Input:
Abstract
Behavioural surveillance surveys (BSSs), an evolution from the knowledge �attitudes practice surveys (KAPs), are a tool to track trends in HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes
and risk behaviour among populations. The data collected support organizations in
targeting specific HIV/AIDS prevention and care activities, monitoring their effectiveness
and coverage, and allocating scarce resources. The objectives are to evaluate the quality and
standardization of BSS-like surveys undertaken in conflict and post-conflict situations, and
to provide recommendations to humanitarian agencies and governments on how to
improve their quality. Survey methodology was classified as reproducible if the populationbased sampling defined a sampling frame using probabilistic sampling. Survey indicators
were compared to internationally-accepted HIV indicators. The results showed that 14
(45.2%) of the 31 BSS-like surveys evaluated between 1998 and 2005 in 14 countries were
classified as reproducible. Surveys undertaken by non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) were significantly less reproducible than those undertaken by non-NGOs (p �/
0.05). The majority of surveys used at least one identical or similarly worded
internationally-accepted HIV indicator for prevention and misperception but not for
practice and attitudes. Few reported disaggregated indicators according to age or gender. It
was concluded that the majority of BSS-like surveys are of insufficient methodological rigor
to be reproducible. Few surveys reported internationally-accepted HIV indicators by
gender and age which makes interpretability and comparison difficult. United Nations
agencies, NGOs, and governments undertaking BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings
should proceed with a BSS survey once the design and plan for execution has been prepared
by experienced and qualified experts. These experts should then oversee the survey, assure
data quality and incorporate training of others in the process. A practical and field userfriendly BSS manual is needed for conflict affected and displaced population situations,
one which is customized to take into account the special circumstances of such populations.

Abstract
Behavioural surveillance surveys

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Input: Figure A4: Participation certiﬁcate to boost ‘ resume ’ CERTIFICATE THIS ACKNOWLEDGES THAT I engaged with Pulse Bangladesh to do data collection Notes: The wording of the certiﬁcate was made such that it could be applied to both arms; cash-only arms participated in weekly surveys along with all other experiment participants, so technically also engaged in data collection for our project. 60 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Page 14 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys From the education perspective, an improvement in the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed, even though there are some exceptions. In fact, in most of the countries of our sample, the prevalence of workers with secondary and tertiary education increases in detriment of workers with a lower educational level. However, there are some differences by type of non-standard employment. In the case of part-time employment (Figure 10), several countries show an obvious rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary and tertiary education (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico). There is a second group of countries that presents a decrease in the prevalence of workers at the secondary level, but, this decrease is more than compensated by the greater incidence of tertiary workers, so that, taken together, workers with secondary or higher education increased their share within part-time employees (Uruguay and Chile). Therefore, we can also conclude from this group that part-time employment presents a better educational profile today than two decades ago. In the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, we find a rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary education but a decrease in the share of workers at the tertiary level.

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Input: during the sampling and data collection stages. Moreover, our thanks go to the following UNHCR colleagues for their invaluable comments on the various draft stages of this report: Emily Lugano, Annick-Laure Tchuendem, Jed Fix, Theresa Beltramo, Alessio Baldaccini, Anna Gaunt, Asaad Kadhum, Benoit d’Ansembourg, Berhanu Geneti, Campbell Macknight, Daniel Gebrekidan, Florah Bukania, Florence Nimoh, Johannes Abate, Joyce Wahome, Katie Ogwang, Nada Omeira, Nathalie Bussien, Robert Nyambaka and Yukta Kumar. Our thanks also go to our JDC colleagues Felix Schmieding (Senior Statistician, UNHCR) and Harriet Kasidi Mugera (Senior Data Scientist, World Bank) for their tireless support and advice during the preparation of SESRE. The report benefited from the insights of peer reviewers: Leslie Velez, Mulualem Desta, Takaaki Masaki (Senior Economist, World Bank), and Precious Zikhali (Senior Economist, World Bank). We are indebted to Nistha Sinha (Senior Economist, World Bank) for her constructive comments that significantly enhanced the report. We also recognize Aldo Morri for his excellent editorial support. Finally, we extend our deepest gratitude to the survey respondents for their willingness to share their experiences which has been instrumental in deepening our understanding of the challenges and needs faced by both refugees and host households. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Introduction E thiopia, with

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Input: Using Afrobarometer ’ s geocoded surveys, we focus on clusters as our unit of observation. 10 Our sample consists of 7, 547 such locations and 76, 518 individuals in 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. “ The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, they [we] exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hos- pitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. ” (Afrobarometer, https: / / afrobarometer. org / surveys − and − methods / sampling − principles) Since the sampling frame is based on recent censuses, with the aim of representing all citizens of voting age in a given country, the Afrobarometer samples are unlikely to include refugees. Note also that “ the sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, 8We explain the construction of theses indices in Section 4. 2. 9We test the robustness of our results with a smaller (40 km) and a larger (120 km) radius in Section 5. 3. This choice of buffer size assures us that between 75 percent and virtually all refugee camps fall within a cluster buffer. Other studies relying on Afrobarometer data construct buffers ranging from 25 km (e. g., Michaelopoulos and Papaioannou (2011), investigating ethnic-specific pre-colonial institutional structures) to 100 km (e. g., McGuirk and Burke (2020a), analyzing the impact of food-price shocks on conflict). 10Afrobarometer is a pan-African research network conducting public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, the economy, and society in African countries that are repeated on a regular basis (Afrobarometer, 2020). 10 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Second, there are cases where the current study reports data by nationality, but the corresponding figure in the Trends in International Migrant Stock refers to the foreign born. This situation generally arises when a census does not report the number of foreign-born migrants on a bilateral basis. Examples include Austria and Côte d ‘ Ivoire. Third, differences in the years to which the data refer can generate large disparities. For example, this study uses the 1966 data for Australia, whereas Trends in International Migrant Stock reports data for 1970. Overall, however, the fact that the totals are remarkably close in every decade adds credence to the estimates here. IV. THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL BILATERAL MIGRATION The greatest strengths of the global migration matrices are their bilateral coverage, the number of decades covered, and the disaggregation by gender. These data are too rich for a full analysis of all movements between all pairs of countries. Instead, this section summarizes the major trends in the evolution of bilateral migrant stocks, based primarily on World Bank regions. 25 Global Trends The migration matrix for the 1960 census round reflects a realigning world in the postcolonial era. Over the 1960-2000 period, the composition of world migration 25 Appendix 1 details the World Bank regions: South Asia, East Asia and Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, and Middle East and North Africa. High-income Middle East and North Africa refers to the predominantly oil producing countries in the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and to Israel. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
### 6.1 Grievance Redress Mechanism

The project-level GRM will receive and process complaints related to beneficiary selection, service delivery, labor conditions, environmental impacts, and GBV incidents. A dedicated toll-free hotline, an SMS channel, and physical suggestion boxes at community centers will serve as intake points. All complaints will be logged in the MIS within 24 hours of receipt and assigned to the responsible district coordinator for investigation. Complainants will receive a response within 15 working days, with more complex cases referred to the PIU's E&S specialist for resolution.

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Input: natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to eﬀectively detect and punish tax avoiders, tax evaders, and tax arrears. Although an imperfect measure of states ’ deterrent capacity, Afrobarometer includes two survey questions on perceptions of government enforcement and monitoring capacities. One question probes respondents on how often ordinary people who break the law go unpunished. The other probes respondents on how often oﬃcials who commit crimes go unpunished. This latter question is also a measure of perceived government fairness- the extent to which a government implements the law evenly across all social groups. 6. 2. 5 Procedural Justice I include two indicators of procedural justice. The ﬁrst probes respondents on how often people are treated unequally under the law. The next taps citizens ’ perceptions of the government ’ s treatment of their ethnic group. Speciﬁcally, respondents were asked how often their ethnic group is treated unfairly by their government. 9 6. 2. 6 Donor and Non-State Actor Provision of Services I include a measure of who citizens believe is responsible for collecting income taxes.

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Input:
<!-- PAGE 7 -->
As we did not have meteorological data for each and every municipality in Chile, this
information was estimated. Since average annual temperature in any particular location
depends principally on distance from the equator and elevation above sea-level, we
estimated a simple model (see Table 2) using information on average annual temperature,
latitude, and altitude for all the Chilean stations for which we could obtain "normal"
temperature data (from www.worldclimate.org). In order to get sufficient variation in the
elevation variable, we included 4 stations located close to Chile (Catamarca, Mendoza,
Arequipa, and Oruro).

In this section we will analyze climate data for Chile from May 1948 to March 2008 to test
whether there are any significant trends, and whether these trends differ between regions.

We will use the Monthly Climatic Data for the World database collected by the National
Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in the US. This project started in May 1948 with 100
selected stations spread across the World, including five in Chile. Since then, many more
stations have been included in the data base, but only seven stations in Chile have
contributed systematically throughout the period, with only inconsequential gaps. These are
listed in Table 5, ordered from north to south.

According to the model simulations reported in Christensen et al (2007), temperatures are going to increase faster in the northern part of Chile than in the southern part

temperature data are extracted from the New et al. (2000) gridded 0.5 degree dataset. Calculation of

indices, such as the Palmer Drought Severity Index which uses precipitation and temperature to measure

Monthly Climatic Data for the World
Palmer Drought Severity Index

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Input: Indeed, despite the recent literature rejecting the conflictive impact of refugees in hosting areas (Zhou and Shaver, 2021), the magnitude of our coefficients might be explained by the confounding presence of refugees. Columns (5) and (6) further introduce climatic controls. Column (6) corresponds to Equation 1 and refers to our benchmark specification. Columns (1) and (2) show that without incorporating the changes in ethnic diversity induced by refugees we would not be able to identify a relationship between diversity and violent conflicts. In column (3), the revised refugee fractionalization index has a negative and significant coefficient, while the revised refugee polarization index has a positive and significant effect on the incidence of violent conflicts. In columns (2), (4), and (6), our coefficients of interest are of the same order of magnitude when the number of refugees is controlled for. Our results are not altered by incorporating rainfall and temperature anomalies (columns (5) and (6)), but the estimates become slightly more precise. 21 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
"Life in Transition Survey, Transition Report 2020-2021: The State Strike Back", [https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-](https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-202021) [202021.](https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-202021)

"Strengthening the business environment for productivity convergence," in OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris, [https://doi.org/10.1787/63318cf5-en.](https://doi.org/10.1787/63318cf5-en)

_Encuesta_ _Dirigida_ _a_ _la_ _Población_ _Venezolana_ _que_ _Reside_ _en_ _El_ _País_ _(ENPOVE)_ is a special ized survey of Venezuelans living in Peru conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INEI) in December 2018. The sample covers five main urban areas in the country where Venezuelan immigrants were most likely to be present. The survey collects data on the immi grant's origin, migration date, and details on their current employment. Importantly, a full module asks about the immigrant's experiences with locals, which includes questions about discrimination and hostile attitudes towards them. The respondent's current location is iden tified down to the _centro_ _poblado_ level, which roughly corresponds to an urban neighborhood or a rural town.

_Encuesta_ _Nacional_ _de_ _Hogares_ _(ENAHO)_ is the Peruvian version of the Living Standards Measurement Survey, e.g. a nationally representative household survey collected monthly on a continuous basis. For our analysis, we use data from January 2007 to December 2020. The survey covers a wide variety of topics, including basic demographics, educational back ground, labor market conditions, crime victimization, and a module on respondent's percep tions about the main problems in the country and trust on different local and national level institutions. Observations are also spatially identified at the municipality level, but here we focus on variation in the Venezuelan share of the population at the province level, of which there are 196, as these are best representative of local labor markets.

_Latin_ _American_ _Public_ _Opinion_ _Project_ _(LAPOP)_ is a opinion survey conducted bi-annually in all countries in Latin America and designed to be representative of urban populations. This was fielded in Peru in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2019 and consists of about 2,000 observations from mostly urban areas. The survey questions are centered around politics,

Life in Transition Survey
ENPOVE
ENAHO
LAPOP

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Input:
[7] We use the expanded December 2017 vintage of the I2D2   database. Only select members of the research team or individuals in charge of   harmonizing the data can access the database.

**Sample** **Size.** The version of the I2D2 database that we use includes about 1,500   survey/census samples. However, wages are only reported for about two thirds of them.

The baseline sample that we obtain includes 24,437,020 individuals from 1,073   surveys and 11 censuses in 145 countries from 1990-2016 (median number of samples   7The I2D2 database has been used to study labor markets or returns to education (Montenegro and Patrinos, 2014; de Hoyos et al., 2015; Gindling and Newhouse, 2014; Gindling et al., 2016).    <!-- PAGE 10 --> 7   per country = 6; mean = 7.5; min = 1; max = 44).

Also, the I2D2 team does not provide details on how the   harmonized variables were created for each survey, and thus the level of consistency   across surveys. However, given the wide use of the data across flagship World Bank   reports, we feel compelled to trust that the I2D2 team did a good enough job that the   results generated in our study do not capture statistical artefacts.

In addition, we measure _potential_ work   experience as I2D2 does not include direct measures of work experience. Ability (e.g.,   test scores) is also not measured.

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Input: internal control over fate, as opposed to a greater sense of chance or the role of other individuals (though in South Sudanese camps, the role of chance and powerful others is more important). LOC increases with higher levels of education for both hosts and refugees. Still, it has little relationship with age or gender, or how much time refugees have spent in Ethiopia, nor their aspirations to go abroad. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Internal Control Chance or Fate Powerful Others All Hosts All Refugees Figure 4.4: Locus of control by type of control 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis All Hosts Refugees Figure 4.3: Locus of control Source: World Bank staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: This index is the unweighted average of 10 questions about feelings of control over one’s fate. The index ranges from 0 to 4, where more positive indicates greater control. The internal control index uses four questions regarding personal control over destiny. The chance index uses five questions regarding the role of chance or determinism. The role of the powerful others index is 1 question on whether others determine fate. Refugees’ Aspirations 42 T

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Input: impression of the state ’ s role in development and give credit to the state for helping to leverage external resources. Citizens are also likely to give the state credit where mechanisms to voice complaints about non-state actors exist and where bureaucrats are able to eﬀectively respond to complaints. Under these conditions, non-state service provision is likely to strengthen the ﬁscal contract. 5 Data and Methods I explore the relationship between external service provision and deference to government using Afrobarometer survey data from 19 Sub-Saharan African countries (see Table 1). Africa is an especially good place to examine these issues because of the large amount of variation both within and across African countries in the extent to which non-state actors, donors and other states are active in service provision and the extent to which governments are relatively eﬀective and fair. Government responsiveness, corruption and reliance on non-public resources vary considerably among localities with consequences for citizen understanding of and relationship to government (Gibson and Hoﬀman, 2005). This project relies on the fourth round of Afrobarometer data that surveys Africans ’ views towards democracy, economics, and civil society with random, stratiﬁed, nationally representative samples. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: The Protection Monitoring Tool's data dictionary specifies response codes for 47 variables, covering legal status, documentation, shelter security, livelihoods, and protection incident types. Codes are standardized across all implementing partners using the Protection Monitoring Tool to enable aggregation of responses at national level. When partners introduce context-specific questions not included in the standard Protection Monitoring Tool module, these are flagged as supplementary variables and excluded from inter-agency comparative analyses.

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Input: not work and must rely solely on aid or assistance, the annual cost of basic needs per refugee is approximately US$378. Under the “current” scenario—where refugees can find opportunities to earn money or work—the amount of assistance needed to cover basic needs reduces annual costs by 44 percent to US$210 per capita. The saving can be viewed as an economic-inclusion dividend made possible by Ethiopia’s prevailing refugee policies. Under a hypothetical “full inclusion” scenario— where in-camp refugees have equal opportunities as hosts—the cost of basic needs decreases further to only US$78 per refugee, per year. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Percent Figure 5.20: Share of consumption provided in-kind or for free by consumption per capita quintiles among in-camp refugees Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Quintiles are constructed for in-camp refugees only. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Addis Ababa All camp Total Total consumption Pre-assistance income Percent Figure 5.21: Poverty incidence at consumption and pre-assistance consumption levels Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Poverty rates are calculated based on $2.15 in the 2017

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Input:
While we know approximately the number of persons affected by flooding worldwide
(106 million, on average, between 2000 and 2005 according to the _International_
_Disaster Database_ ), and by hurricanes (38 million), the total number of people
threatened by an eventual increase of this kind of disaster is, however, very difficult to
estimate (EM-DAT). No climate model is able to predict with accuracy whether or not
the affected zones will be densely populated and whether the damage will have tragic
consequences.

Apart from this difficulty of forecasting, the studies carried out after such events tend
to relativize their effects in terms of migration in general, and long-term migration in
particular. Living mainly in poor countries, the victims have little mobility (Lonergan

5

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Input: Figure A. 2: Injective relations We also isolate many-to-one (bijective) relations. In this case, we have to aggregate the Afro- barometer ethnicities with their unique and more aggregated correspondence in the UNHCR refugee camps data (See Figure A. 3). Figure A. 3: Bijective relations The remaining correspondences are either (i) one-to-many (bijective) but opposite to Figure A. 3 (i. e., many ethnicities from the UNHCR refugee camps data correspond to one ethnicity from the Afrobarometer) or (ii) many-to-many relations. For both cases, we apply a more pragmatic approach: a. In both cases, we disregard ethnicities that do not appear either in the Afrobarometer or in the UNHCR refugee camps data. This means that for the remaining ethnicity that has no counterpart in either the Afrobarometer or the UNHCR refugee camps data, we simply keep the name of the ethnicity as such, i. e., this information is not dropped. b. Then, after ignoring ethnicities that have no occurrence in our datasets, we check whether the one-to-many or the many-to-many relation has not boiled down to a one-to-one resp. many-to- one relation again. If so, we can treat them as above. c.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 11055 The paper examines the early integration of Ukrainian refugee students into Italy ’ s education system following the Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Using administrative and survey data, the study presents enrollment trends, academic performance, and barriers to educational integration. Findings from the analysis indicate that Ukrainian refugees face lower enrollment rates, higher absenteeism, and lower test scores than other students, particularly in subjects requiring language proficiency. Despite these challenges, teachers often recommend Ukrainian refugee students for advanced educational tracks, thus revealing their optimism about the potential of these students. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 10 scored on a Likert scale running from 0 (significantly worse) – 10 (significantly better). The survey questions on optimism were collected at outreach, baseline and endline. Employment status: Due to slight differences in access to labor markets for refugees in Jordan and Lebanon and differences in how we were able to ask about employment status, we tabulate employment status as whether or not an individual is employed. Participants were asked at outreach about their employment status, and, in subsequent rounds, whether or not this had changed. This variable is coded 0 for not currently employed and 1 for employed. Economic scarcity: We collect survey questions on individual perceptions on: ability to meet current needs; ability to meet future needs; expectation that access to jobs is fair; expectation that salaries are fair; and belief that unfair access to labor markets fuels tensions. Ability to meet current and future needs are coded on a Likert scale running from 1 (completely unable) to 5 (fully able). The “ fairness ” indicators are coded: 0 (unfair) or 1 (fair). Whether or not competition around employment contributes to tensions is captured on a 1 (not at all) to 5 (absolutely) Likert scale. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 4 policy relevance, which is that it could show how differences in camp location and administration affect refugees. This paper aims to analyze how the living arrangement (camp vs. out-of-camp) affects Syrian refugees'QOL by studying the case of Syrian refugees hosted in Jordan. Besides its policy relevance, another reason for looking at Syrian refugees in Jordan is availability of data. The Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey (SRHCS) implemented in 2015 in Jordan allows comparing living conditions of separate samples of out-of-camp and in-camp refugees, as well as a sample of a host population. While Jordan hosts Syrian refugees in two refugee camps, Zaatari and Al Azraq, most refugees live outside camps in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas of the country. How has the decision to live out-of-camp improved their QOL? Does living out- of-camp reduce deprivations and vulnerability of female-headed refugee households? Moreover, does living in either of the two camps affect the refugees'QOL? This paper investigates these issues. Data are analyzed using the difference-in-difference and propensity score matching methods. Combining these methods helps control selection bias and other unobserved variables that could bias estimates of causal effects. Multidimensional indicators are used to measure QOL to capture deprivations that cannot be measured by income indicators alone. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At baseline, additional indicators were collected, relating to the behavior, attitudes, opinions and personalities of the participants. The only exception to this is data on optimism, which were collected at both outreach and endline. This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects, even before the training began. Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments. Variables: We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses: 6 Economic and life optimism: We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach, baseline and endline. These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now. Answers are 4 In addition, data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL).

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Input: 8 we use a cutoff distance of 20 km, we assume there is little economic footprint beyond that distance. Of course, any such distance is arbitrarily chosen, which is why we try different specifications to explore the spatial heterogeneity by varying this distance (using 10 km, 20 km, through 50 km) as well as a spatial lag structure (using 0 to 10 km, 10 to 20 km, through 40 to 50 km distance bins). 4 Second, we collapse the DHS mining data at the district level. 5 The number of districts has changed over time in Ghana, because districts with high population growth have been split into smaller districts. To avoid endogeneity concerns, we use the baseline number of districts that existed at the start of our analysis period, which are 137. Eleven of these districts have industrial mining. Because some mines are close to district boundaries, we additionally test whether there is an effect in neighboring districts. 3. 1 Resource data The Raw Materials Data are from InterraRMG (2013). The data set contains information on past or current industrial mines. All mines have information on annual production volumes, ownership structure, and GPS coordinates on location. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers  New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs  Positive decisions (convention status, complementary protection status)  Rejected  Otherwise closed Refugees  Spontaneous arrivals (group recognition, temporary protection, individual recognition), separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs  Resettlement arrivals  Births  Administrative corrections  Repatriation  Resettlement  Cessation  Naturalization  Deaths  Administrative corrections IDPs  New internal displacement  Births  Administrative corrections  Cross border flight, becoming an asylum-seeker or refugee  Return  Settlement elsewhere in the country  Local integration  Administrative corrections Source: UNHCR Global Trends, IDMC Forced Displacement Data Model Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: 2 International migration — the movement of people across national borders — has important economic, social, and political implications. Despite the recent emergence of a dynamic literature, empirical analysis of migration flows and their impact lags behind the policy debate and the theoretical literature. The main reason is the absence of comprehensive and reliable data on international migration patterns and migrant characteristics at either the aggregate or the household level. The objective of this article is to use data from more than one thousand national censuses and population registers to estimate a complete global origin – destination migration matrix for each decade over 1960 – 2000. These 226 * 226 matrices, comprising every country, major territory, and dependency around the world, are divided into periods corresponding to the last five completed census rounds. The gender dimension of international migration over this period is also presented. The primary source of the raw data is the United Nations Population Division ‘ s Global Migration Database, created through the collaboration of the United Nations Population Division, the United Nations Statistics Division, the World Bank, and the University of Sussex (United Nations [2008]). This unique data repository comprises 3, 500 individual census and population register records1 for more than 230 destination countries and territories over the last five decades.

national censuses and population registers

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Input: Geospatial data overlays comparing the project's planned shelter upgrade sites with post-disaster satellite imagery acquired after the 2022 cyclone revealed that six priority sites had sustained significant damage to existing structures during the storm. The geospatial data analysis was used to update the project's engineering scope and cost estimates to include debris removal and foundation remediation at the affected sites. Updated cost estimates were submitted to the Bank as part of a Level 1 restructuring request that also extended the project's closing date by 14 months.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers  New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs  Positive decisions (convention status, complementary protection status)  Rejected  Otherwise closed Refugees  Spontaneous arrivals (group recognition, temporary protection, individual recognition), separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs  Resettlement arrivals  Births  Administrative corrections  Repatriation  Resettlement  Cessation  Naturalization  Deaths  Administrative corrections IDPs  New internal displacement  Births  Administrative corrections  Cross border flight, becoming an asylum-seeker or refugee  Return  Settlement elsewhere in the country  Local integration  Administrative corrections Source: UNHCR Global Trends, IDMC Forced Displacement Data Model Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: A survey was carried out in the health sector (health centers) with the support of the World Bank in 2005, but has not been yet validated. In the rural development sector, where the first expenditure tracking survey between the decentralized center and services was to be carried out in 2005 on PEFA funds, the survey is yet to be carried out. It is critical that adequate management measures are gradually put in place to stop the current waste of resources. These measures include, inter alia, the accounting improvement of material, improvement of the inventory and delivery control, and especially a transparent planning of the deliveries, including, the posting of the received deliveries, their comparison with the planned deliveries and their certification by users within each service. It would also be desirable that in each ministry, an action plan is prepared for the implementation of these measures, on the basis of existing ones, and with target indicators as regards improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at intended destination. The social ministries could usefully open the way in this field, on the basis of some projection already carried out. Without a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at their final recipient, the increase in the budgetary appropriations to the priority sectors will hardly be translated into substantial concrete results on the ground. 29 It is difficult to make accurate forecasts for the implementation of certain programs or developments in economic parameters such as inflation or interest rate. Some immediate needs that were not foreseen during budget execution may appear during budget execution. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Eritrean refugees26 and 41 percent of Somali refugees have better usage of out-of-camp healthcare services compared to South Sudanese (5 percent). Overall, in- camp refugees with chronic27 illnesses tend to receive treatment in health institutions located outside of camps compared to those with non-chronic diseases (Figure 2.17b). Refugees receive follow-up treatment for tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS in camp health facilities and also get treatment for common illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, hypertension, epilepsy, and mental issues. OCP refugees spend more on health compared to hosts. OCP refugees can no longer rely on international aid sources for healthcare, and do not have health insurance. However, OCP refugees who get out-of-camp residency permits due to health problems receive medical services free of charge under the urban assistance program. UNHCR is working with the GoE tow include OCP refugees in the Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) Scheme. Of the total refugee households living under OCP, 10 percent moved to Addis Ababa to access basic social services, such as education and health. Thus, some refugees from the above may receive medical services free of charge. Based on SESRE data, most OCP refugees (58 percent) rely primarily on private healthcare services, while

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: of being available on a yearly basis independently of the quality of local statistical oﬃces and data gathering. While it comes with its own problems it can shed light on local economic activity where gathering of statistical data is incomplete. 7 This makes it a great ﬁt for measuring growth in a context of civil conﬂict. Conﬂict incidence is measured through the number of battle-related deaths from UCDP / PRIO dataset. We run the following regression for country i at time t: git = β × incidenceit + µi + ηt + ϵit (1) where git is economic performance per capita growth of country i in year t, incidenceit is conﬂict incidence, µi and ηt are respectively country and year ﬁxed eﬀects. A cross-country analysis as in equation (1) bears considerable potential for both reverse causality and omitted variable bias. Thus, a priori, a convincing causal link is hard to establish. However, here we expect the resulting bias to be small for two rea- sons.

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Input: such as education and caste. We also construct measures of social proximity between a migrant ’ s place of birth and each possible destination, using detailed available data on ethnicity, caste, language, and religion. We also investigate a number of factors that may inﬂuence the choice of migration destination but have not received much attention in the existing literature. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2009) have shown that the subjective welfare cost of geographical isolation is high. To investigate this issue, we include regressors controlling for population density and for the average distance to various amenities. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2008) have further shown that migrants are concerned with their welfare relative to that of their birth district as well as to that in their destination location. We examine whether relative welfare considerations inﬂuence the choice of migration destination. Additional controls include distance and prices. The empirical analysis is conducted using LSMS survey data as well as the 2001 population Census data from Nepal. The diverse terrain of Nepal along with geographical variation in amenities makes it ideal for our study. The mountainous nature of Nepal means that the country faces daunting challenges in the provision of transport and energy infrastructure. These challenges are unique to Nepal, however. Similar constraints are faced by many developing countries — or regions within such countries.

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Input: 26 education Turkish to a subregion. In sum, there is some evidence that the inflow of Syrian refugees results in a decrease in the number of Turkish living in a subregion. The evidence, however, is weak and the impact unlikely to be very large. 5. PLACEBO TESTS AND ROBUSTNESS CHECKS 5. 1 Placebo Tests The key threat to the validity of our instrument is that there are subregion specific economic trends that are correlated with the instrument, and not fully controlled for by the inclusion of the log distance of a Turkish subregion from the Syrian border. A priori this seems unlikely since the instrument is also based on travel distances, but we can test for the existence of such trends in a pre-period. Specifically, we run regressions that are analogous to those reported in Tables 5, 6 and 7 using data from the LFS 2009 and 2011. As a placebo test we pretend that the Syrian refugees had arrived between 2009 and 2011, rather than between 2011 and 2014, to see if the instrument is correlated with Turkish outcomes in this pre-period. Table 10a presents the results of our placebo tests. For the overall sample there is no statistically significant trend that is correlated with subsequent (instrumented) refugee flows in formal or informal employment, or in log wages. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Finally, the expenditure shock which we discussed in the theory section (international aid or an increase in public spending associated with the forced displacement crisis) is considered by only a handful of papers. This is a possible confounding factor of the impact of forced displacement on host communities and one that is not easily addressed with the use of fixed effects. This is clearly a shortcoming of this literature that will require increased attention in the future. 4. Meta-analysis of empirical results 4. 1 Data The literature review covers 49 papers spanning over a period of 29 years. We were not able to find published papers prior to the work by Card in 1990, which effectively started this literature, and there is a relatively low interest in this topic between 1990 and 2011 with only one or two papers published per year. With the Syrian crisis starting in 2011 and the EU crisis in 2015 the number of papers per year increased by several fold. Most of the papers and results considered in this review are therefore very recent (Figure 2). We used academic databases and search engines (EconLit, Social Science Research Network, JSTOR, Google Scholar) and searched websites of institutions with relevant working paper series (NBER, IZA, ERF and others). Relevant unpublished papers were included by searching agendas of workshops and conferences organized during the past few years. From the papers reviewed, we selected a total of 762 results summarized in Table 3. The results database was compiled as follows. For each paper we focused on the results that the authors considered the main and Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 40 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Stunted Underweight Wasted Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.18: Child nutritional indicators Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total <=18 years In camp Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees 40 30 20 10 0 Percent Addis Ababa Total >18 to 60 years >60 years Percent Figure 2.19: Presence of any disability Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Overall b. By age group Sociodemographic Profile 22 housing schemes (such as Kebele housing). OCP refugees thus tend to rent in the private housing market, typically more extensive and better quality, but which increases the cost of renting. High rents are a large challenge for OCP refugees, with rent expenditure taking the highest share of their total non-food expenditure (56 percent), compared to only 37 percent for host households in Addis Ababa. Housing quality varies across camps. Housing quality is measured using three indicators: overcrowding, quality of the wall, and roof construction materials. Both in camps and in Addis Ababa, refugee households live in more overcrowded32

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Input: in SESRE of 13,898 birr, but still low compared to hosts at 28,324 birr. The level of disaggregation of food items matters. The more disaggregated, the higher the food aggregates. To summarize, food rations received are lower than admin data suggests, regardless of the data source. Possible explanations for lower food quantities include. First, SESRE only asks one aggregate question: “How much on average of your food ration do you sell in the market”? Second, food rations are only received once a month, which may not coincide with the interview date. Yet, SESRE asks about what food they consumed (not even a list of food items), not about food received as aid. Third, refugees might carry over food aid in the future. Annexes 128 Annex F: Comparison of Results from Skills Profile Survey and SESRE Table F.1: Results on common indicators from SPS 2017 and SESRE 2023 Skills Profile Survey 2017 SESRE 2023 (In camp) Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Country of origin South Sudanese 23% 53% Somali 24% 30% Eritrean 25% 5% Sudan 28% Demographics Female headed 35% 66% 44% 73% Children (0 to 14) 55% 61% 47% 53% Youth (15 to 24) 13% 17% 19% 21% Adults (25 to

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Input: This question is examined in Jordan using a unique dataset that links individual data on own schooling and parents ’ schooling for adults, from a household survey, with the supply of schools in the subdistrict of birth at the time the individual was of age to enroll, from a school census. The identification strategy exploits the variation in the supply of basic and secondary public schools across cohorts and subdistricts of birth in Jordan, controlling for year and subdistrict-of-birth fixed effects and interactions of governorate and year-of-birth fixed effects. The findings show that the local availability of basic public schools does, in fact, increase intergenerational mobility in education. For instance, a one standard deviation increase in the supply of basic public schools per 1, 000 people reduces the father- son and mother-son associations of schooling by 18 – 20 percent and the father-daughter and mother-daughter associations by 33 – 44 percent. However, an increase in the local supply of secondary public schools does not seem to have an effect on the intergenerational mobility in education. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
monthly temperature and rainfall data for the period 1961-2000 (CRU), provided for

We compute R [2] 's between CRU and each of the eight GCMs for temperature and rainfall

We require separate benchmarks for the CRU and each of the GCMs. We establish

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Input: Observations are clustered at the DHS cluster level in all regressions to account for design effects arising from the DHS program's stratified multi-stage sampling. The design effect associated with clustering at the DHS cluster level ranges from 1.4 to 2.1 across our main outcome variables, consistent with values reported in prior DHS-based studies for countries with similar levels of within-cluster homogeneity. Failure to cluster at the DHS cluster level would produce standard errors that are approximately 40 percent too small on average.

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Input:
The raw data has been sourced from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors mounted on US satellites, and has been cleaned to remove irregularities, such as lighting used for the year-round growing of dragon fruit.

In order to analyze the exposure of industrial activity to natural hazards, a dataset of 372 industrial zones in Vietnam was obtained (World Bank, 2020).

This analysis circumvents the lack of available data sources by using data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM)
project. OSM is an open and free initiative that aims to create and continuously update a map of the world
that is created entirely from user-contributed data. Next to detailed street networks, the locations of
various points of interests are published by community volunteers. From this source, a dataset of 5,658
hotels, hostels, guest houses, and motels was downloaded in early 2019 (OpenStreetMap, 2019). Each
datapoint includes an exact point location. Of the hotels, 3,309 are located in coastal provinces and 1,531
are located within 5 kilometers of the coastline.

Insights into the exposure of health care facilities are based on a dataset provided by a collaboration between the Government of Vietnam, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization. The dataset contains 1,583 geocoded public hospitals and district health centers.

As no official datasets of school locations could be obtained for this analysis, just as with hotels, volunteer-contributed geolocations of schools were sourced from the OSM project (OpenStreetMap, 2019).

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Input: The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a short discussion of the literature on the economic participation of refugees. Section 3 compares the characteristics of newly arrived refugees from Sudan with previous arrivals for whom survey data is available, to find that both groups are highly comparable. Section 4 uses the existing data to explore how the basic needs refugees are covered from own-income. Sections 5 and 6 dig deeper by exploring econometrically the correlates of higher incomes of refugees. A discussion of the results and their policy implications follows in section 7, after which section 8 concludes. 2. Benefits of economic participation of refugees Whether or not the arrival of Sudanese refugees in Chad contributes to economic growth is of limited immediate relevance as concerns about the safety of fellow humans drive the response. Nor does any decision maker suggest that hosting refugees is a development strategy Chad should pursue. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey

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Input: Therefore, the final sample size consisted of 759 youth, of which 473 treatment and 286 comparison. Detailed baseline data were collected through face-to-face interviews from July to September 2015 prior to implementation. The actual implementation varied between projects and ranged between the second half of August and end of December 2015. Sampled youth from both selected and non- selected NGOs were invited to fill out a questionnaire with detailed information on volunteers ’ socio-economic backgrounds, education levels, interests and attitudes towards volunteering, employment, soft skills, as well as social cohesion values. Follow-up data were collected between November 2016 and March 2017, approximately one year following the start of implementation, through phone and face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire contained the same modules asked and collected at baseline. Despite the high 8 Proposals were ranked based on four main selection criteria: institutional appraisal (25 points), technical appraisal (40 points), project impact (25 points), and financial appraisal (10 points). There was also a fifth criterion related to sustainability of volunteering activities, which was assigned a bonus score (5 points). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: percent for female refugees and 36 percent for female hosts). Boys in camps have higher schooling rates (75 percent relative to 65 percent for hosts), reflecting their higher propensity to stay enrolled in primary or secondary schooling after the typical completion age, especially in South Sudanese camps where 84 percent of boys aged 15- 24 are in school. The relaxed unemployment rate is high among boys in the workforce, as it is for girls (60 percent for male refugees and 24 percent for male hosts). 0 20 40 60 80 100 Addis Hosts Addis Refugees Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure 3.27: Youth work status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 3.3: Youth labor force statistics (age 15-24) Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Addis Hosts Addis Refugees Participation (strict) 25% 12% 48% 37% Unemployment (strict) 15% 25% 12% 71% Participation (relaxed) 30% 22% 54% 60% Unemployment (relaxed) 30% 57% 21% 82% Employment-to-population ratio 21% 9% 43% 11% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed

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Input: migration, and reason for movement including asylum / refugee protection (or conflict-induced internal migration) (UNHCR 2016), or a specific question to identify IDPs or refugees. However, not all censuses cover refugees and asylum-seekers (if foreigners are considered outside the scope of the census or because they are considered a special category), 71 nor is it common practice for national censuses to include questions related to forced displacement. 72 Nevertheless, there are several examples of national censuses that have included relevant questions on forced displacement. 73, 74 In the case of protracted internal displacement situations, IDPs are likely to be included in national censuses; however, census instruments may be subject to manipulation for political purposes. There are several drawbacks of population censuses including their cost, the significant training required for enumerators to ensure consistent answers to questions on forced displacement, impediments to field operations and data processing (such as weather conditions and technical problems), the relative infrequency with which they are carried out, and the long processing time before data and statistics become available, which have consequences for the timeliness of data. Moreover, often censuses are not conducted in contested territory or conflict zones where many displaced persons reside, and this limits the completeness of the data. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 18 household socioeconomic information. In some cases, socioeconomic information is collected at the individual or household level but more often information is collected at the community level. It is extremely rare to have unit record data sets on IDPs, which explains why we found only 18 studies in the Econpaper repository as already documented. Recognizing the problem of scarcity and availability of information on IDPs, international organizations have set up in several countries coordination mechanisms to count IDPs usually coordinated by IOM, UN ‐ OCHA or the UNHCR. There are also global efforts to centralize this information on the part of organizations such as the UNHCR, UN ‐ OCHA, the international Displacement Monitoring Centre (iDMC) or the Joint IDP Profiling Services (JIPS). These efforts are making good progress on harmonizing counts of IDPs but remain short of establishing proper data collection systems that could deliver in the years to come unit data of quality for research. Hence, research on IDPs remains constrained by lack of data, lack of a blueprint on how to collect data and lack of an organization dedicated to IDP data collection.

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Input:
**4.3 Climate Risk Screening**

All infrastructure subprojects were screened against flood hazard maps provided by the national disaster risk management agency and validated by the project's environmental specialist. Subprojects located within the 100-year flood hazard zone were required to incorporate climate-resilient design features, including elevated floor levels, flood-resistant construction materials, and stormwater drainage systems sized for a 50-year return period. Flood hazard maps will be updated at project midterm to incorporate revised hydrological projections under the IPCC SSP2-4.5 scenario.

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Input: interactions between hosts and refugees may help improve hosts’ attitudes (Betts et al., 2023). In some contexts, refugee inflows have been found to harden in-group identification and increase support for ideological extremes. This was the case with refugee inflows in Denmark, for instance, but only in rural areas (Dustmann et al., 2019). On the other hand, refugees hosted in Austrian municipalities for extended periods, as opposed to those who passed through, were found to reduce support for anti-immigrant parties, pointing to the benefits of refugee-host interactions (Steinmayr, 2021). All-in-all, there is little evidence that refugee hosting tends to worsen attitudes toward refugees in the Global South (World Bank, 2023b). 7.1 Attitudes between refugees and hosts SESRE data show that, while some hosts have negative attitudes towards refugees, most attitudes are generally positive. Sixty-five percent of hosts agree that refugees are friendly and good people, and only 20 percent are uncomfortable with having a refugee neighbor. This is an important finding, highlighting the potential for integration policies. Host attitudes are generally most favorable in the Somali region and most negative around South Sudanese camps; the share not comfortable with having a refugee neighbor increases to 37 percent in the South Sudanese

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Input:
6 However, this may reflect differences in rainfall or farming intensity.
7 We use two poverty maps based on the General Population and Housing Censuses of 1998 and 2009. The poverty
map for 1998 was developed by GREAT (Applied and Theoretical Economics Research Group) and combines the
1998 census and the household survey ELIM (Integrated Light Household Survey) of 2006.

household survey ELIM (Integrated Light Household Survey)

General Population and Housing Censuses of 1998 and 2009

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: violent conﬂict. Besley and Mueller (2015a) argue that foreign investors seem to know that growth volatility changes with strong executive constraints and therefore react signiﬁcantly to their adoption. In summary, the literature suggests that a lack of constraints on executive power at the country level could play a key role in building inequalities across regions and ethnic groups. In the absence of strong executive constraint, we expect regions populated by ethnic groups that have access to executive power to perform better relative to others due to ethnic favoritism. Conversely, excluded ethnic groups should experience relatively worse economic performance compared to other groups in the absence of such constraints. 46 To test these hypothesis we use data on ethnic groups ’ access to executive power and night light intensity from the GROWup Research Front-End (RFE Release 2. 0) dataset and executive constraint data from the Polity IV dataset. We use night light intensity as a proxy for economic activity at the ethnic group level. 47 Night light data has the beneﬁt of being available on a yearly basis and of being measured at the local level where there is poor availability of statistical data.

GROWup Research Front-End
Polity IV dataset

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Input: These data are only for three districts in the province of Punjab, but is very recent, was conducted by an independent team of academics, and is a complete census of all households in the selected villages. Consequently, it yields sufficient madrassa enrollment to examine correlations with household attributes in a meaningful manner (this data source provides information on four times as many children as the PIHS). Table A2 in the appendix shows how these different data sources are used in the paper. Each source asks about madrassa enrollment in a slightly different but comparable way. The population census (1998) asks about the field-of-education (“ What is name ’ s field of education? ”) with options that include (for instance) engineering, medicine, or religious education. This question is also asked of all literate adults irrespective of their current enrollment status, allowing for comparisons in the stock of religious education over time. The PIHS rounds ask, “ What type of school is name currently attending? ” with options that include government school, private school, or deeni-madrassa (religious schooling). Finally, the LEAPS census directly asks, “ Is the child enrolled in a madrassa or an Islamic education school? ” Fortunately these different questions all give rise to similar numbers. This is reassuring since it suggests that any one particular result is not driven by the specific question or definition that was used. 7 This is complemented with the census of private schools carried out by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in 2000 (www. statpak. gov. pk).

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Input: animal-drawn carts. Across all domains, refugees have a lower value of productive assets such as farming tools and construction equipment. They are also less likely to own commercial cars, motorcycles, or Bajaj, a cause of a significant portion of the gap in total value of assets between refugees and hosts. With low employment rates, earnings, and value of household income-generating activities, in-camp refugee households rely heavily on aid. Expanding refugee access to agricultural land, livestock, and legal work outside of camps are vital for refugees to maintain their livelihoods without depending on donations. On average, 78 percent of in-camp refugee households report that NGOs or government donations are their primary source of income (Figure 3.20), increasing to 88 percent for South Sudanese households. On the other hand, their host counterparts rely most on employment, and 32 percent rely on agricultural income compared to only 3 percent of refugee households. This contrasts with refugees’ previous livelihoods in their country of birth, where they relied on traditional income sources, especially agriculture and remittances, along with a smaller amount of aid. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Figure 3.14: Household owns crops Source: World Bank Staff based on

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Input: General population registers In a small but growing number of countries, information from the central population register is the main source of migration statistics. 80 While population registers may generate statistics on both internal and international migration (if they record changes of residence, and international arrivals and departures) they do not typically record reasons for movement. However, it may be possible to link data from the central population register to those from immigration or border authorities to identify refugees and asylum- 76 Using standard ILO definitions, Labor Force Surveys collect data on work-related issues and provide a basis for measuring employment and unemployment indicators. They are typically conducted monthly in developed countries and quarterly or annually in developing countries. 77 Supported by USAID and implemented by ICF International, the DHS Program has collected, analyzed and disseminated data on population, health, HIV and nutrition through more than 300 surveys in over 90 countries. 78 MICS is an initiative of UNICEF that assists countries in collecting and analyzing health and education data in order to fill data gaps for monitoring the situation of children and women. 79 Many refugee hosting countries issue a form of identification, either specific to refugees or based on national identification documents or those issued to non-national residents. In many cases where such documents are not issued, refugee identity cards are issued in collaboration with UNHCR. 80 A population register provides a mechanism for the continuous recording of selected data on the resident population including a unique identification number, date of birth, sex, marital status, place of birth, place of residence, citizenship and language and possibly also socio-economic data, such as occupation or education.

national identification documents
population register

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Input: Notably, while we cannot rule out that time outside due to employment may play a role (e. g., fresh air may boost one ’ s mood), our time-use data indicates that the average refugee already spends at least three hours outside per day, with no measurable diﬀerence between employed and cash arms. As we are powered to detect changes of at least twenty minutes for each activity, our results suggest that large substitutions away from unsavory activities are unlikely to be driving the improvements in psychosocial well-being, insofar as the respondent recalls. 1718 We also investigate whether those who were more idle prior to being employed beneﬁt more from employment. We ﬁnd no impact along this margin, suggesting that the elimination of boredom per se is not the driving force behind the psychosocial value of employment (Appendix Table A10). 17Most respondents do not track their day by time, making collection of reliable time use data challenging (though recent literature documents the broader unreliability of such data). We piloted a variety of strategies, and settled on asking respondents how much time they spent on a set of activities in the previous day. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: The activity monitoring dashboard provides a consolidated real-time view of implementation progress across the three project components. It is updated daily by the MIS system's automated batch processes and accessed by national and regional coordinators through a password-protected web portal. Dashboard visualizations include cumulative beneficiary counts by gender and age group, disbursement rates by component, and a map of active subproject sites. The dashboard does not constitute an official reporting instrument; official results are reported through the structured Interim Financial Reports and annual progress reports.

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Input:
The COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households sample is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas.

The EHCVM sample itself covered 8,390 households across Mali and is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas. The survey relies on a multi-module instrument covering topics including a household's socio-economic characteristics, time use, production activities, and welfare indicators such as consumption expenditure and food security.

use sampling weights derived from the 2018 EHCVM sampling frame and adjusted for response rates

in the COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households. These sampling weights are applied both in our

In this study, we use the FAO's Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as primary outcome of interest. The FIES aims to measure food insecurity based on the direct experiences of people relating to food security (Ballard _et_ _al._, 2013; Smith _et_ _al._, 2017).

COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households

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Input: 2 1. INTRODUCTION Refugees pose a massive moral, political and economic challenge for potential host countries. 1 The scale of the challenge is larger than ever, with 60 million people forcibly displaced by conflicts across the world (UNHCR, 2014). War in Syria has produced more refugees than any other conflict of the past two decades: around 4. 6 million have fled the country, with an additional 7. 6 million internally displaced. 2 About 2. 5 million Syrians have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess the impact on Turkish employment and wages. The large majority (85 percent) of Syrians have left the refugee camps and entered the Turkish labor market. 3 They are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits. This makes their arrival a well-defined supply shock to informal labor, and a particularly good context in which to test the predictions of basic economic theory. We instrument for refugee flows using travel distance between 13 origin governorates in Syria and 26 Turkish subregions (338 origin-destination pairs). This allows us to also control for distance from the Syrian border, and thus any confounding factors that are correlated with proximity to Syria.

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Input:
We also simulate the livestock effects across three AOGCM climate scenarios. The AOGCM scenarios predict a 2-3% increase in the probability of owning livestock by 2020, a 4-7% increase by 2060, and a 0-13% increase by 2100.

Washington W et al., 2000. Parallel Climate Model (PCM): Control and transient scenarios.
_Climate Dynamics_ 16: 755-774.

<!-- PAGE 28 -->
**Table 7: AOGCM climate scenarios**

The empirical analysis is based on a household survey conducted of 11 countries across Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (for more information about the entire study, see Dinar et al. 2006).

In this study, we relied on monthly temperature data collected from US Department of Defense satellites (Basist et al. 2001). This set of polar orbiting satellites obtain measurements at a given location on earth at 6am and 6pm every day. The satellites are equipped with sensors that measure surface temperature by detecting microwaves that pass through clouds (Weng & Grody 1998).

household survey
monthly temperature data

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Input: The GLSS follows a multi-stage stratified cluster design with 580 enumeration areas selected in proportion to population size. Within each GLSS cluster, 20 households are systematically selected using a random start. The GLSS sample is designed to be representative at the regional level and for urban/rural disaggregation within each region. Analytical weights supplied with the GLSS public-use file must be applied to produce nationally representative estimates; unweighted analyses will produce biased results due to differential sampling rates across strata.

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Input:
This is exactly what we will do in the present paper. Using data from 333 municipalities
( _comuna_ s) in Chile, we will estimate short-run relationships between climate variables

1
For example, an extensive drought in Central America might damage its coffee-production and the reduced
supply of coffee would increase the world price of coffee, which could benefit coffee-producers in other parts
of the world.

Two different types of climate change will be assessed. First, the documented recent
climate change in each of the 333 municipalities, as estimated from average monthly
temperature series from 1948 to 2008 for all the Chilean meteorological stations that have
contributed systematically to the Monthly Climatic Data for the World (MCDW)
publication of the US National Climatic Data Center. Second, we will use the predictions
of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC4) climate models to simulate the likely effects of projected future climate change in
Chile.

The municipal level cross-section data-base, which is used to estimate the relationship between climate and development in Chile, is constructed using data from different sources. Table 1 lists the variables, their definitions, and the sources of the information.

Monthly Climatic Data for the World
US National Climatic Data Center

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