Input: 13 The 2007 Liberia DHS asks respondents “ During the war, did you leave your house? ”- a question intended to explore whether respondents moved to a camp, lived in the bush or faced another form of displacement because of conflict. Those respondents who answered “ yes ” to this question were classified as forcibly displaced. It is noteworthy that this question was followed by a question about where the respondent was displaced. Answers included: stayed with relatives or friends inside Liberia; went to a camp; living in the bush; went outside Liberia. However, respondents could choose multiple of these options. For this reason, the first question was chosen as the most simple and accurate measure of displacement. Conflict at the District-Level Previous studies have used number of conflict fatalities as an effective proxy for levels of political instability (Kelly, 2018), since fatalities are the most definitive and violent measure of armed conflict. In addition, since the UCDP and ACLED data sets code conflict events differently, fatality measures were the most comparable between the data sets. For both UCDP and ACLED, the conflict was coded as 1 if women lived in a district with conflict fatalities and 0 if she did not. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners compared to men further away, and that women in mining communities may more likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities, compared to the evolution in communities further away. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As explained in section 4, the HRVD dataset contains data on the number of human rights violations occurred since the start of the conflict in 1975 until its end in 1999 for each district. The types of violations recorded are killings, deaths due to deprivation and disappearances. We use only the number of killings to identify years and districts affected by the conflict. We exclude the deaths due to deprivation because the districts in which this occurred may very likely not be those where the conflict was most intense, but were simply places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops, and died for starvation. In addition, since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation, there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative to the latter one (Silva and Ball 2006). We also exclude disappearances as, according to HRVD data, they do not show enough time and geographical variation in order to identify individuals more or less exposed to the conflict. We believe that the number of killings proxies quite well the intensity of the conflict across time and space as their occurrence largely tracked the movements of the Indonesian military operations. The other two types of violations do not seem to show the same pattern (Silva and Ball 2006). For the same reason, we believe that it proxies quite well the destruction of houses and infrastructure and the displacement of people given the way in which the last wave of violence occurred (i. e. the scorch-earth technique employed by Indonesian troops as they moved towards West Timor). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 { Tables 4 and 5 here} Among the first six categories that are based on raw census data, three categories (raw scaled, R & R not scaled, and R & R scaled) are constructed through the summation of bilateral raw numbers and disaggregations of some aggregate categories in the original censuses. Since these categories together constitute around 45 percent of migrants in each census round, the original bilateral portion of each cell was compared with the final number assigned to them after the various calculations as a check on accuracy. For each decade, therefore, the overall percentage contribution of the raw bilateral data to the total is calculated (table 6). 23 In each census round, at least 92 percent of all those categories are derived from the raw data. { Table 6 here} Simulating Missing Data Finally, to examine the reliability of the estimated missing census data and test the methodologies, several scenarios are assumed. All bilateral observations for a single year for four countries (Australia, United States, Switzerland, and Chile) in different parts of the world are deleted and the missing cells are filled using one of five methods. 24 The first simulation assumes that all bilateral data for 2000 are missing but that the total number of migrants is available.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Refugee Policies on Self-Reliance and Resilience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 22-41. Kvittingen A., Valenta M., Tabbara H., Baslan D., and Berg B. (2018). The Conditions and Migratory Aspirations of Syrian and Iraqi Refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies 32(1), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015. Lebow, J. (2023). Immigration and Occupational Downgrading in Colombia. Journal of Development Economics, Forthcoming Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance. Research with the Locus of Control Construct, 1, 15-63. Liu, D. and Kwan, M. (2020). Measuring Spatial Mismatch and Job Access Inequity Based on Transit-Based Job Accessibility for Poor Job Seekers. Travel Behaviour and Society, 19, 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.01.005 ESS and World Bank. (2023). Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey Report – Wave 2, 2021/22. Marbach, M., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. (2018). The Long-Term Impact of Employment Bans on the Economic Integration of Refugees. Science Advances, 4. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9519. Martin, S. F. (2010). The Causes and Consequences of Forced Migration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, TX. Maystadt, J. F., and Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and Losers among a Refugee-Hosting Population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769-809. MoE. (2022). Education Statistics Annual Abstract (ESAA). MoE MoLSA. (2019). Revised Directives

Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey Report

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: street vending (48 % of those with at least 1 IGA), food processing for sale, including baking, cooking, and drying (16 %), and home production of crops, livestock, and fish (11 %). It is important to note that the EPAG program was not targeted toward the most vulnerable segments of Liberian society, but rather toward young women with enough education to be able to benefit from a training program of this nature. Based on comparisons from the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire) survey, the average EPAG participant is more educated, more literate, more likely to be engaged in an income-generating activity, and owns more assets than the average Liberian women of the same age group: mobile phone ownership was high (63 %), as was the proportion reporting that they had some money of their own (79 %). Even compared to other similar residents of Monrovia, the EPAG participants are better educated and have higher income. A strong sense of female empowerment at baseline emerges from the sections of the survey instrument having to do with self-confidence and agency. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 35 Inputs: 1. Household Survey with consumption or income welfare aggregates 2. Project data / Other survey data without welfare aggregates 3. Set of harmonized common variables in both surveys Outputs: 1. Set of imputed welfare variables for project data / other survey for each household in the data 2. Imputed welfare variables can be used for poverty, distributional analysis (quintiles or more), profiling of the poor or group of interest Models: 1. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) 2. Probit 3. Multiple Imputation (MI) Table 18. Model Specification Variables Demographic Share of children, share of adults, share of adults squared and share of old (omitted) Characteristics of head Age, gender, and level of education Interactions with urban dummy variable Level of education of the head, age of the head Geography Dummies for regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) Interactions with Geography Level of education of the head, age of the head interacted with regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) and urban-rural division 1. Validation and Robustness Check Figure 7. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 21 Lebanon. It was the obvious step forward in overcoming these problems and the answer to the increasing demand for evidence around the Syrian crisis. The study benefitted from a unique and unprecedented set of data. The UNHCR registry data in Jordan and Lebanon were among the better quality registry data available worldwide and the UNHCR also conducted home visits in Jordan that, at the time of the study, covered over a third of all refugees. There were also sample surveys in both Jordan and Lebanon that were small in size but representative of the population present in the registry. The home visits and the surveys included questions on income and expenditure that could be used for the welfare assessment. Using these data, the study addressed ten questions defined as follows: 1) Who are the refugees?; 2) How different are refugees from “ regular ” populations?; 3) How poor are refugees?; 4) What are the main predictors of refugees ’ welfare and poverty?; 5) How vulnerable are refugees from a monetary and non ‐ monetary perspective?; 6) Do poverty and vulnerability statuses overlap?; 7) How effective are refugee assistance programs?; 8) What is the potential for alternative policies?; 9) How does welfare compare across countries and data sets?; 10) How transferable are Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The activity monitoring dashboard displays three traffic-light indicators for each of the four project components: disbursement rate against plan, beneficiary registration progress, and grievance resolution rate. Components rated yellow have fallen 10–20 percent below target; red indicates more than 20 percent below target and triggers an escalation report to the Bank within five business days. At the end of Q3, Component 1 was rated green on all three indicators, Component 2 yellow on disbursement, and Components 3 and 4 green.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: this way, profiling of IDP situations aims to underpin advocacy, protection and assistance activities as well as support the achievement of durable solutions by informing joint strategies between government, humanitarian and development actors. Profiling provides an overview of displacement-affected populations through the collection and analysis of minimum core data (number of IDPs, disaggregated by location, age and sex) and where possible additional quantitative and qualitative data (causes of displacement, patterns of displacement, protection concerns, humanitarian needs, vulnerabilities, and aspirations and prospects for durable solutions). Profiling may utilize data collection techniques at individual, household and community levels, often combining population estimation methods, a review of secondary data, focus group discussions, household surveys and key informant interviews targeted specifically at forcibly displaced populations (UNSD 2014). 70 Profiling methods focus on displacement situations, rather than only on displaced populations, and therefore includes comparisons to conditions in the host population. IDMC estimates that humanitarian profiling data forms the basis for 18 of their 60 country estimates and around 63 percent of their annual estimates (IDMC 2015), with the largest volume of data on conflict-induced internal displacement provided by OCHA followed by IOM. There are several practical challenges associated with IDP profiling exercises in displacement situations. Insecurity or terrain may impede access to displaced populations in conflict-affected or hard to reach areas. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
_Source_ : EM-DAT (2008) _Notes_ : Figures greater than 1,000 such as the total number affected by storm in 1995 (  1,145 affected per 1,000 people) are possible due to instances where there are multiple occurrences of a particular disaster in one country in a given year.

This paper presents a set of estimates of the impacts of natural disasters on different forms of capital (physical, human, natural and energy), and thereby on real GDP per capita. The capital database is compiled by the World Bank for three periods - 1995, 2000 and 2005 and for 210 countries. This was combined with data on four types of natural disasters - droughts earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes/storms - for 196 countries, taken from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). The disasters database lists a total of 55 events of drought, 82 events of earthquake, 447 events of flood and 303 events of storm that started during the three years of 1995, 2000 and 2005.

Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). 2008. _Data on Natural Disasters by type_ . Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), School of Public Health of the Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.

EM-DAT
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)

Data on Natural Disasters
capital database

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In a mortality study in Iraq, Galway et al. (2012) used GIS and Google earth imagery for household sampling. The method used gridded population data for selection of clusters. The first cluster sampling stage of their study used the ‘ Create Spatially Balanced Points ’ (CSBP) function in the ArcGIS (v10) software. Boo et al. (2020) introduces a sampling design based on gridded population estimates as their sampling frame to implement a PPS design and derive sample size estimates for the number of grid cells. Assuming the grid square method is applied to the area itself rather than a selected PSU, the weights for the grid method are similar to those for segmentation, where the cells are the PSUs, but without the additional step of selecting segments. The weights can therefore be represented as 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ′ = (𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘) ൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 2. 4. North Method The “ Qibla method ” described in Himelein et al. (2017), or what is called in this paper the “ North method ” method, is an attempt to assign probability weights to random point selection methods. Several random point selection methods can be found in the literature, particularly in relation to epidemiological studies. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
rents to GDP from WDI), we can implicitly compute 𝛾.

Source:_
_Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Figure 2 plots the sources of growth for the Sub-Saharan Africa region as well as the different groups according

Source: Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. H. (1999). "Does trade cause growth?" American Economic Review 89(3): 379-399.

reported in the Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015). [15]

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 of the most fragile countries where due to security concerns, physical access to reach them is restricted. Furthermore, many IDPs do not live in camps but rather mix with other population groups particularly in urban areas, thereby making it even more difficult to identify them (Baal and Ronkainen 2017). Figure 4: Number of IDP datasets vis-à-vis size of IDPs hosted by country A) Number of IDP datasets and number of IDP (ln) B) Number of IDP datasets by country Notes: Panel A shows the bivariate relationship between the number of IDP datasets and number of IDPs (log-transformed). Panel B shows the ranking of countries in terms of the number of IDP datasets available in the MDLs. Note that some survey datasets are stored as separate entries in the UNHCR and WB MDLs even though they are indeed part of the same survey (e. g., entries by camp or by wave). Those independent entries are counted as one dataset when they are part of the same survey, thus resulting in a total number of 22 IDP datasets excluding those datasets that are project specific or collected before 2010. Topic coverage In terms of the coverage of topics, FDP datasets are relatively richer in topics such as coping mechanisms, protection, water and sanitation, food insecurity, and health. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The GLSS poverty module follows the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement framework, using the national absolute poverty line established by the Ghana Statistical Service. The GLSS consumption aggregate includes food and non-food expenditure, imputed rental values for owner-occupied housing, and the estimated value of in-kind transfers. The GLSS poverty line is set at the 2005/06 prices and updated using a spatial price deflator that accounts for urban-rural and regional price differences. All welfare estimates in this paper use GLSS analytical weights and are adjusted for adult equivalence.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 Figure 5. Share of refugees hosted in camps, 2013 Source: Authors ’ presentation based on UNHCR Global Trends 2013 (UNHCR 2014). In summary, investigating the recent trends in forced displacement in Sub ‐ Saharan Africa points to the regional nature of this displacement, emphasizing the unfortunate increase in refugee movements in Eastern Africa over the most recent years. Such regional emphasis also takes some distance from the widespread view that refugees are mainly moving to Europe or other developed countries. In 2013, about 3. 7 million refugees originated from SSA but about 5. 6 million were hosted there. Most refugees from SSA remain in Africa. Refugees are mainly hosted in camps in peripheral and poor areas. The next sections will explore how refugees and hosting communities are affected by such forced displacement.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At baseline, additional indicators were collected, relating to the behavior, attitudes, opinions and personalities of the participants. The only exception to this is data on optimism, which were collected at both outreach and endline. This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects, even before the training began. Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments. Variables: We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses: 6 Economic and life optimism: We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach, baseline and endline. These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now. Answers are 4 In addition, data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At baseline, additional indicators were collected, relating to the behavior, attitudes, opinions and personalities of the participants. The only exception to this is data on optimism, which were collected at both outreach and endline. This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects, even before the training began. Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments. Variables: We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses: 6 Economic and life optimism: We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach, baseline and endline. These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now. Answers are 4 In addition, data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Firstly, we do not capture all items in Uganda ’ s public spending or revenue collections, such as the large investments in infrastructure, expenditure on national security (on the spending side) or the corporate income tax (on the revenue side), despite that these fiscal instruments provide indirect benefits (or detriments) for households. 7 Secondly, as Inchauste and Lustig (2017) point out, the approach does not provide information on the trade-off between long-term human capital spending- which creates higher future levels of human capital (for example, a better educated and healthier, more productive citizenry)- and short-term spending on programs that bring immediate poverty relief (such as conditional cash transfers). 5 The corresponding publications for these analyses are: Hill et al. (2017) for Ethiopia, Younger et al. (2017) for Ghana, Inchauste et al. (2017) for South Africa, Younger et al. (2016) for Tanzania, and World Bank (2018a) for Kenya. 6 http: / / www. oecd. org / tax / tax-policy / revenue-statistics-in-africa-2617653x. htm 7 Identifying the individual beneficiaries of general infrastructure spending as well as the individuals who might bear the burden of a corporate income tax is difficult with only a standard household budget survey. In addition, investment in infrastructure in the current fiscal year will also provide benefits in the future that are impossible to allocate to the households identified in the household survey. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 though somewhat lower than that of the Turkish at 30- 50 percent. Child labor is also quite prevalent, though there have been extensive efforts made to ensure that refugee children attend school. 19 Publicly available information on refugees comes from an AFAD survey of 2, 700 households in June and July 2013. Figure 2, using data from AFAD (2013), provides an overview of the Syrian governorates from which the refugees to Turkey originated. The refugees primarily come from northwest Syria. The largest source regions are Aleppo (36 percent), Idleb (21 percent) al-Raqqah (11 percent), Lattakia (9 percent), and Hamah (8 percent). Consistent with travel distance being a good predictor of refugee flows to Turkey, 80 percent of respondents report that they chose to flee to Turkey, instead of another country, due to the ease of transportation. The refugees in Turkey, unlike the later 2015 refugee flows to Western Europe, are nearly 50 percent female. Slightly over 50 percent are minors (under the age of 18). These facts reflect that to large extent Syrian families fled to Turkey together.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Border crossings The registration of people crossing internationals borders is conducted in many countries, and in some cases these data are used to estimate migration flows. Identifying refugees among people crossing borders is a significant challenge, particularly if individuals decide not to apply for asylum or refugee status (UNSD 2014). Additional problems associated with the collection of data on border crossings include: (a) difficulties distinguishing migrants from other people crossing a border, such as tourists, commuters, traders and truck drivers; (b) lack of capacity of many border posts and officials to handle large migration flows; (c) less scrutiny and diligence of emigration flows compared with immigration flow; and (d) lack of tight controls at most borders and the high incidence of undocumented or irregular crossings (UNSD 2014). Administrative records and registers Many countries have administrative records or registers of immigrants that could generate statistics on asylum-seekers and refugees. In particular, data on residence permits issued to refugees or asylum- seekers could be used to generate statistics on both flows and stocks of refugees. 79 For example, Eurostat collects and disseminates data on residence permits granted to those with refugee status and subsidiary protection (UNSD 2014). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: When national or international actors provide assistance, there may be an incentive for people to register in camps even if they are staying elsewhere, or to register in multiple locations (Brookings 2011). 69 Furthermore, registration data provide only a snapshot of the stock of IDPs at a particular point in time and may be out of date if registers are not maintained regularly. Registration methodologies can vary across displacement situations. For example, families may be registered rather than individuals and the population estimated based on an assumption of average family size, which can differ among organizations (UNSD 2014). IDPs may be required to present documentation, meet specific criteria or re-register periodically to maintain their benefits, which affects aggregate numbers (IDMC 2015). For example, in Ukraine, pre-requisites for IDP registration (including valid documentation, arrival from a recognized conflict zone and permanent residence registration in recognized conflict zone) means that people displaced within a non-government controlled area, people displaced from a non- recognized conflict zone in a government controlled area, unaccompanied children or people without current / valid identification are not counted as IDPs (IDMC 2015). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In aggregate, we expect to observe a negative relationship between the percentage of the population that reports displacement, but at the individual level we expect that experience with hosting may, in certain circumstances, be positively associated with perceptions of social cohesion, regarding perceptions of relationships and solidarity. 4 Displacement and Social Cohesion: Survey Evidence To empirically evaluate the relationships between hosting displaced populations and social cohe- sion, this paper analyzes a series of surveys of civilian adults conducted in eastern DRC. 8 Each survey uses a multi-stage cluster sampling strategy capturing all territoires9 in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri provinces. The ﬁnal sampling units are randomly selected adults above the age of 18 to avoid bias toward men and / or heads of households. Multiple attempts are made over the course of one day to contact selected respondents and if necessary, appointments are made for in- terview. Surveys are enumerated by Congolese college students or professionals and interviews are conducted by members of the same gender and ethnicity as respondents to minimize enumerator- induced response bias. Further methodological details have been published (Vinck, Pham, Bindu, Bedford & Nilles 2019) elsewhere and additional details and sample size calculation are detailed in Appendix.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 Figure 3: Location of refugee camps in Ethiopia and the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) sample households Source: Authors ’ compilation using the database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed November 20, 2020) and the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) database for the refugee location (https: / / data. humdata. org / dataset / ethiopia- refugee-camp-locations, accessed November 20, 2020). From the Ethiopia DRDIP data set, we derive two measures of livelihood diversification and two measures of agricultural commercialization (all at household level). The measures of diversification include: (i) the degree of labor diversification in different productive livelihood activities (e. g., farming, wage employment) as a primary activity (occupation), and (ii) the degree of labor diversification in different livelihood activities as a secondary activity (occupation). 13 These two outcomes were constructed using the inverse Simpson diversity index as 1 ∑ 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 2, where 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 is the share of the number of adult labor engages in 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡ℎ livelihood activity to total active adult household labor and 𝑖𝑖 ranges from 1 to the number of livelihood activities that a household engages in (Valdivia et al. 1996).

database of the Global Administrative Areas

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 Where 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 represents one of the indicators of social cohesion explained above, 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 is the province indicator, 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 is the share of returnees in the community, 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖 indicates a series of household level controls and 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 are a series of community level of controls. In the main regressions we estimate the share of returnees in the community, using the information from the survey (i. e. share who are returnees), but in the robustness section we show that results are robust to the use of an alternative indicator in which the information is provided by a community leader. The Appendix (Table A2) includes the descriptive statistics for the control variables. We present results for the full sample and divided by communities with lower / higher ethnic diversity, less / more pre-1993 war land availability and better / worse attitudes towards return. In the robustness checks we also present the results if we limit the analysis to stayees only. Limiting the sample in this way does not affect the main results of the paper. 4. 4 Identification As mentioned above, Tanzania mandated the return of all Burundian refugees from the 1993 conflict. Returnees also had a very strong incentive to return to their communities of origin as this was the place in which they were entitled to land, a very scarce resource in the country.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 17 Revealingly, in Betts et al. ’ s (2013) survey of refugees in Uganda, 96 % of all interviewed households in the capital and 70 % outside the capital said they owned and used a mobile phone. They use this mobile phone to communicate with customers and suppliers, to get market information and to transfer money. Half of the urban refugees and 11 % of rural refugees also have access to the Internet. 4. Refugees As a Burden? As pointed in Section 2, most refugees in SSA are hosted in neighboring countries. Most of these hosting countries are likely among the least developed countries. It has been argued that these refugees may constitute an additional burden in terms of economic development in hosting countries (Mabiso et al. 2014). UNHCR (2014: 17) implicitly recognizes that potential burden by suggesting that the ratio of the size of the country ’ s hosted refugee population to its average income level can provide a proxy measure of the burden of hosting refugees. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: ethnic group e at time t. It can also be expressed as one minus the Herfindahl index (Alesina et al., 2016). The EP index gives more weight to intergroup differences at the expense of within group homo- geneity. It can be defined as (Esteban and Ray, 1994, 1999; Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 2005) 14 EPjt = Nrt X e = 1 (g2 et) (1 − get). (3) We compute this index for each cluster at the time of each Afrobarometer survey to assess how refugee-induced changes in diversity differ from standard indices of diversity. In order to construct the revised refugee diversity indices according to ethnicity e, we first combine information about the country of origin of refugees hosted in refugee camps c in year t with the data from the EPR-ER 2019 dataset. The EPR-ER records the ethnic composition of refugee stocks originating from neighboring countries and countries in proximity to each other (maximal distance between country borders ≤ 950 km) with at least 2, 000 refugees and provides the ethnic composition of refugees (Vogt and Girardin, 2015). More specifically, the EPR-ER dataset gives us the share of refugees from ethnic group e moving from country o to country d at year t. The EPR-ER data gives us the three main ethnic groups. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

EPR-ER 2019 dataset
Afrobarometer survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: itative exercise empowered focus group participants to guide the research and conceptualization. The results from these exercises then dictating the deﬁnition and measurement strategy for social cohesion in the quantitative assessment. The participatory research strategy was based mainly on structured focus group discussions. The project conducted consultations in seven territoires with the objective to develop localized understandings of what elements were important to social cohesion in eastern DRC. Participants were selected from civil society and the public sector. 96 individuals participated in these exercises (Table 1), 55 % of whom were men and 45 % of whom were women. 6 Location (Groupement) Date Number Participants Goma City 06 Oct 2017 11 Bukavu City 13 Oct 2017 13 Nyabibwe (Kalehe) 12 Oct 2017 14 Ishungu & Lughendo (Kabare) 12 Oct 2017 15 Kamisimbi (Walungu) 16 Oct 2017 18 Wassa (Walikale) 20 Oct 2017 12 Biiri (Masisi) 03 Nov 2017 13 Table 1: Descriptive Information on Focus Groups The focus group discussions began with an open discussion on social cohesion designed to ascertain participants familiarity with the concept. The facilitator further asked participants to write down words or concepts participants related to social cohesion. These words were written on individual post-its, which were then posted on a wall. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 5 if they are built to code. 2 These spillovers or externalities are absent in more sparsely populated rural areas where damages to smaller sized and dispersed dwellings will cause less or no collateral damage. Exposure The main reason why urban risk is large and increasing is the rise in exposure. Although urbanization statistics suffer from a lack of standard definitions of what should be considered ‘ urban ’, the assumption of half the world ’ s population living in cities seems realistic. Urban populations are growing in practically all developing countries. About 40-60 percent of this growth can be attributed to natural growth, i. e., fertility of urban dwellers (Montgomery 2009). The remaining growth is due to urban expansion and migration, reducing the share of rural residents except where rural fertility is vastly larger. The latest UN urban population estimates suggest that, globally, urban population exceeded rural population for the first time in 2008 (UN 2008). In less developed regions, this threshold is expected to be reached by 2019. This continuing urbanization process will lead to an increase of exposure of people and economic activity in hazard prone urban areas. Although we can only speculate about the global distribution of disaster damage in cities today and in the future, newly available geographically referenced data yield some estimates of urban exposure to natural hazards. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 1. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa is the youngest region in the world, and the world ’ s fastest-growing. Between 2010 and 2025, the number of people between 15 and 24 will grow to 250 million – a net increase of nearly 50 percent. Over the next decade, roughly one million young people will enter the labor market each month in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, these young people often enter the labor market too early and unprepared. Although access to education is growing, illiteracy remains high and schooling low: among the 32 Sub-Saharan African countries in the Barro-Lee (2010) data set, nearly 40 percent of women aged 15 and above have received no education at all; and the most recent (2007-2011) statistics in the World Bank ’ s Edstats data reveal that female literacy is less than 60 percent, on average. 1 This lack of preparedness contributes to a growing problem of youth unemployment. Quantifying the level of unemployment is bedeviled by lack of data and measurement issues. Household and labor force surveys throughout Africa usually record unemployment rates of less than 10 percent, 2 but those figures belie the extent of underemployment and vulnerability. Those same surveys indicate that the vast majority of working adults have insecure work in the informal sector, on the family farm, or in less- productive or unremunerated labor.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a short discussion of the literature on the economic participation of refugees. Section 3 compares the characteristics of newly arrived refugees from Sudan with previous arrivals for whom survey data is available, to find that both groups are highly comparable. Section 4 uses the existing data to explore how the basic needs refugees are covered from own-income. Sections 5 and 6 dig deeper by exploring econometrically the correlates of higher incomes of refugees. A discussion of the results and their policy implications follows in section 7, after which section 8 concludes. 2. Benefits of economic participation of refugees Whether or not the arrival of Sudanese refugees in Chad contributes to economic growth is of limited immediate relevance as concerns about the safety of fellow humans drive the response. Nor does any decision maker suggest that hosting refugees is a development strategy Chad should pursue. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Overall, the results remain unchanged from those in table 4. A third concern is that the samples of males and females that are employed in the analysis may include adult siblings who belong to the same household. This could introduce intra- household serial correlation among these observations. Thus, as a robustness check, the sample is restricted to males and females who are household heads or their spouses, hence excluding adult 10. This results in excluding 381 “ movers ” among males and 371 “ movers ” among females, or roughly 9 percent of the original samples. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We only found reliable approximations from the International Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) between 2003 and 2013. According to IDMC, there were about 12. 5 million internally displaced people in SSA at the end of 2013 (IDMC 2014), more than one third of the total number of IDPs and more than tripling the number of refugees in SSA. Although the number of IDPs in SSA is the highest since 2007, the share of IDPs in SSA has been decreasing from 53 % in 2003.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Formula (5) can be decomposed into two parts: eδs, which measures the average income level in district s, and eηszh ≡ eβs (Eh s − Es) + eχs (Hh s − Hs) which captures individual-speciﬁc variation in income. Migration models predict that, other things being equal, the choice of migration destination should depend on g E [yhs | zh]. This means that if we regress the choice of destination separately on eδs and eηszh, they should have the same coeﬃcient. The same methodology is used to construct other variables that may aﬀect the choice of 9The literature has often emphasized that migrations often serve an important role in household formation. For migrants, the prospect of forming a large, successful household is likely to be one of the purposes of migration. 10The 1995 / 96 NLSS survey adopted the following sampling strategy. Within each district a small number of wards were selected at random. Within each ward, 12 randomly selected households were interviewed. Because the wards diﬀer widely in terms of population, applying sampling weights is essential in order to obtain consistent estimates of δs. 16

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
We then use international data (EMDAT 2009) to estimate the relationship between storm damages and national income and population density (vulnerability).

The analysis relies on the A1B SRES emissions scenario generated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2000). The scenario assumes that mitigation is tightened gradually over time so that greenhouse gas concentrations finally peak and stabilize at 720 ppm.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Cash assistance is provided after a thorough assessment process. Following a family’s registration in UNHCR’s
registration and case management system (ProGres V4), partner organizations carry out an evaluation to assess
the applicants’ socio-economic situation and prioritize assistance requests based on pre-set vulnerability criteria,
including persons at risk, with disabilities or serious medical conditions.

Assistance is provided for up to 3 months, which can be extended for an additional three months after supplementary
evaluations. The MPG value depends on family composition, and ranges from BRL 839 for one person and BRL
1,284 for a family of 6 or more. The amount of assistance provided is standardized based on socio-economic publicly
available data through an annual costing survey (minimum expenditure basket). Beneficiaries receive the cash
transfer immediately after it is approved by UNHCR. Prepaid cards are distributed by partners and cash is transferred
to the cards directly by UNHCR. During the COVID-19 emergency, cash assistance has been delivered following
security and preventive measures, reducing personal interactions with remote evaluations and registration.

### 2.PDM METHODOLOGY

- Details about the PDM:

UNHCR’s
registration and case management system

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 to 32 percent (see Table A1 in appendix). The total number of internally displaced people (IDP) outnumbers the stock of refugees in SSA and in the world but overall has followed a similar trend compared to the number of refugees (by country of origin). 1 Major civil wars in Central Africa mainly explained the peak in 1993 and 1994 and the increase at the end of the 1990s. Figure 1. Refugee population by origin, 1990 ‐ 2013 Note: Authors ’ aggregation based on UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations. Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). Refugees in Africa seem to have mainly remained in Africa. Although SSA also hosts refugees from other regions, the closeness of the ‘ blue ’ and ‘ red ’ lines in Figure 2 ‐ representing the number of refugees originating from and hosted in SSA ‐ is an indication that most refugees cross borders within Africa. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Concerns raised during consultations about the GBV risk associated with construction-phase migrant labor were addressed through a site-specific GBV annex appended to each contractor's ESMP. The annex requires contractors to conduct community sensitization sessions on the project's SEAH prohibitions before works mobilization, to post information on the GBV Action Plan reporting hotline at all worksites, and to participate in quarterly coordination meetings with the local SGBV response service providers.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**SOUTH SUDAN** | October 2023

#### **PROTECTION RISKS**

Persons with disabilities in South Sudan share a history of exclusion and are generally considered to be non-equal members of
society. Today, persons with disabilities still have few opportunities to improve their socioeconomic status, integrate into
society, or demand rights and recognition by society and the government, despite recognition of their rights under the
Transitional Constitution of South Sudan, 2011, as amended in Article 30. They continue to face significant social and political
exclusion and are among the most marginalized in society. Awareness of disability issues among key decision-makers and the
public is low, negative social attitudes and structural discrimination prevail, and persons with disabilities have limited access
to essential services and employment. [ix] According to a survey conducted by Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare in
2011, in Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Jonglei states, 89% of persons with disabilities are unemployed. [x]

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 al. 2014), mobile phone surveys also turn out to be remarkably flexible and adaptive. New questions can be introduced on a needs basis and in-depth qualitative interviews can be carried out at a moment ’ s notice. These qualities make mobile phone surveys well suited for monitoring welfare in volatile environments: they have been used for welfare monitoring during the ebola crisis in Liberia (Himelein 2014) and for welfare monitoring in conflict-affected areas such as South Sudan (Demombynes et al. 2013). Unique about using a mobile phone survey with a displaced, mobile population is that it allows tracking welfare during displacement, and upon return. 8 Three target populations were identified for the purpose of this survey: Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) living in Bamako, refugees in refugee camps in Mauritania and Niger, and returnees in Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal, the capitals of regions that bear their names. The sample does not include those who were not displaced by the crisis nor those who returned to places other than the three regional capitals in the North. While the sub-sample of IDPs includes exclusively IDPs in Bamako, and the refugee sub-sample only refugees in Niger and Mauritania, the returnee group includes people who were displaced elsewhere (33 %). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 10 Our sample consists of married couples in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries covered by the DHS for which both husband and wife answered the question “ who usually makes decisions about making major household purchases? ” The question is asked about large purchases overall and is not obtained by aggregating different survey questions on decision making over individual asset purchases. It was introduced in the questionnaire administered to husbands in 2004. The last two phases of the DHS thus include a consistent question on decision making for both women and men in married couples over making large household purchases. Response options were (a) respondent, (b) husband / wife, (c) respondent and husband / wife jointly, (d) someone else, (e) other. In these 12 countries, women were also asked questions about their experience with different forms of violence through the Domestic Violence Module. This module asks eligible women whether they ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence perpetrated by their husband. 1 The answer options are (a) never, (b) often (c) sometimes (d) yes, but not in the last 12 months or (e) yes, but currently widowed / divorced / separated. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: For example, profiling exercises in Pakistan do not cover all IDPs or areas affected by displacement due to insecurity, and in Afghanistan profiling of IDPs by UNHCR underestimates the scale of the initial displacement as IDPs are only interviewed once displacement sites are accessible, if they are profiled at all (IDMC 2015). Additional challenges include unwillingness of IDPs to participate due to fear of persecution, and mobile populations (IDMC 2008). There may also be political pressures to inflate or reduce numbers. Population movement tracking systems In situations where the movement of displaced populations is fluid or continuous, a movement tracking system can be a useful tool for providing rough estimates of population flows, including recurrent displacements. Movement tracking systems are useful for monitoring fluid population movements (including spontaneous and organized, internal and cross-border, and returns and resettlement) in remote or inaccessible routes and locations (including displacement sites, places of origin, and places of return and resettlement). UNHCR, IOM and other organizations have developed methods for tracking and monitoring movements of IDPs in over 30 countries, particularly in cases of disaster-induced displacement, but also in some cases of conflict-induced displacement (UNSD 2014). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
the ENILEMS-ENLACE panel. The first panel is formed by a cohort of students' test

panel merges a special module of the Mexican labor survey, _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo_

_y_ _Ocupaciones_, ENOE, applied to individuals aged 18, 19 and 20 years during the third

quarter of 2010, with students that sat for the ENLACE test in Grade 12 in 2008, 2009,

ENILEMS-ENLACE panel
Encuesta Nacional de Empleo
ENOE

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 8 as self-confidence, responsibility, and respect. Additionally, the curriculum includes workplace readiness skills, such as interviewing and time management. SECTION 2: STUDY TIMELINE & DATA A quasi experimental impact evaluation design was embedded into the NVSP. As mentioned before, the NVSP received 38 applications from eligible NGOs. Per well-developed selection criteria, 8 the highest 22 ranked proposals were selected to receive funding. Each of the 38 proposals included a list of 50 youth (the minimum number of youth set by the NVSP) who would benefit from the project if selected for funding. However, as mentioned before, the 22 selected projects benefited a total of 1, 296 youth, exceeding the set target of 1, 100 volunteers. Of the 50 volunteers included in each of the 38 proposals, 22 youth per proposal were randomly selected to participate in the impact evaluation study. Therefore, the initial sample size of the study comprised a total of 825 youth: 473 youth who served as the treatment group (representing the 22 selected NGOs that received NVSP funding) and 352 youth who served as the comparison group (representing the 16 non-selected NGOs). However, two NGOs refused to participate in the study once informed that their proposals had not been selected for funding. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The welfare of Afghan refugees has now been studied in their main host country, Pakistan, and in Afghanistan upon return, providing elements to compare the living conditions of this population in the two locations. Again, all these surveys and studies are either very recent or were not used before for poverty / welfare analyses. Whereas individual and household data on refugees are now more systematically collected, data collection for IDPs remains extremely scarce when compared to refugees, mostly limited to head counting. Refugees and IDPs are very different in that they have a different legal status, which leads to different access to public services, labor markets, government, and international assistance. Surveys for IDPs are often more difficult to conduct because the host country might be linked to the cause of displacement, and a registration system like UNHCR ’ s proGres is absent, making it more challenging to obtain a representative sample. Given the large number of IDPs (58 percent of all FDPs), the real challenge will be to collect microdata on IDPs systematically in all those countries that are home to large numbers of IDPs. So far, the only country that collects data on IDPs systematically is Colombia and this country has shown that, when quality microdata are available, research on IDPs flourishes. While many of the discussed issues need more attention and research, some processes are in place that should lead to the establishment of guidelines that address some of these questions. A recent process 12 All these surveys can be found in the World Bank microdata library at: https: / / microdata. worldbank. org / index. php / catalog? sort_by = rank & sort_order = desc & sk = refugees. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 12 of 51 Figure 6: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys. In the case of temporary employment, there is evidence of increasing female participation in the five countries analyzed, with large variations in several cases. Indeed, in the five countries for which we identified temporary workers, while temporary employment was predominantly male in the 1990s, today women show a participation higher than 50 % in all cases. Figure 7: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) employment by gender (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Female Male Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: and female refugees narrows as the location gets more remote. Female refugees are 8 percentage points less likely to be employed then male refugees in remote areas, but 13 percentage points in locations near Zone capital cities (Figure 6.9). Refugees in Woredas well-connected to markets have better prospects of being employed. Compared to other locations, Woredas with above- average market accessibility increase employment probability for refugees (Annex D, Table D.15). Regardless of education level and gender, the chance of being employed is below 25 percent for refugees living in a Woreda with a level of market access >1.5 standard deviations below the average. Moreover, the gender gap in employment persists at any level of market access but becomes more pronounced with decreased market accessibility. Female Male 2 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 102 112 122 132 142 Distance to nearest capital city (Km) Probability of being employed Figure 6.8: Distance to the nearest city and the chance of obtaining a job for refugees Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Predicted marginal probabilities of being employed based on the distance to the nearest Zone capital city, tabulated by

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 22 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). To uncover the main drivers of the observed gender based differences in multidimensional poverty at country level, we study the absolute contribution of the gender difference in each indicator to the overall household gender gap (see Figure 6), calculated as the difference between the censored headcount ratio for males versus females. We find that in Ethiopia, the gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mostly driven by the difference in financial insecurity measures (lack of legal ID and bank account) and health measures (early marriage, physical safety, and food insecurity), which is further reinforced by the differences in the living standard and education measures. Female-headed refugee households are more food insecure, live in unimproved housing, have lower access to electricity, are more likely to be married at an early age, and have lower access to legal identification and a bank account. In South Sudan, gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mainly explained by the differential in the financial insecurity and health measures, but cumulative gaps in the living standard and education indicators also contribute to the overall gap at the household level.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Therefore, in addition we adopted another adapted calculation method which is based on travel paths simulations using OD pairs from the JICA travel survey.

The conventional approach calculates shortest paths between every possible pair of nodes within the network whereas the adapted approach simulates the travel trajectories based on the multimodal transportation model and accounts for public transport waiting times, road speed limits, and designated origin and destination pairs acquired from the JICA commuter travel survey.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank GoMetro for leading the public transport mapping, and in
particular Bob Kabeya and Clayton Lane, as well as the enumerators that conducted these surveys. We thank
Shohei Nakamura, Takaaki Masaki and Mervy Ever Viboudoulou Vilpoux for their help in accessing
Kinshasa commuter and household surveys. We are grateful to Laurent Corroyer, Stephane Hallegatte and
Kirsten Homman for their inputs and feedback throughout this project. We are also grateful to Catalina
Ochoa for her review of an earlier draft of this paper and her thoughtful comments. This study was supported
by the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR).

These data sets were combined with travel survey data containing travelers' socioeconomic attributes and trip parameters, as well as a high-resolution flood maps.

JICA travel survey
JICA commuter travel survey

Kinshasa commuter and household surveys
travel survey data

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Drawing on two years of panel survey data, this paper studies the dynamics of vaccine acceptance, its correlates, and reasons for hesitancy over time. The data come from multiple rounds of national High-Frequency Phone Surveys in five countries in East and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda), covering the period between 2020 and 2022.

We use data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) in five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda. The surveys were conducted by study countries' national statistical organizations (NSOs), supported by the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). Since May 2020, the LSMS-supported HFPS have collected cross-country comparable longitudinal data on a wide range of topics, focused on COVID-19 impacts on households and individuals.

The HFPS have national coverage and draw their samples from nationally representative samples of households interviewed in pre-pandemic face-to-face surveys of the LSMS-Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) series. In the settings at hand, mobile phone coverage is not universal, and the sample selection of phone surveys may not yield samples fully representative of the general population.

We use weather data taken from the _Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01_ compiled
by the University of Delaware (Willmott and Matsuura 2001) that has widely been used in the economics
literature (Dell Jones and Olken 2012, Burke Hsiang and Miguel 2015, among others). This data set provides
monthly total precipitation and temperature at a 0.5-degree spatial resolution. Data are available for each
month between 1901 and 2014. Annual precipitation at the cell level between 1990 and 2014 ranged
between 3mL in Sudan to 10,187mL in India.

Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: C Details on outcome measures Outcome Variable Descriptions Psychological Well-being PHQ9 The standardized total score of 9 questions from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) Life Satisfaction Index A standardized average of survey responses to four questions from Di- ener ’ s standardized scale, responses made along a seven-point Likert scale. Stress Index The standardized total score from three elements of adapted from the Cohen Stress scale. “ How many of the last 7 days have you [been able to fall asleep peacefully / felt nervous / felt frustrated]? ” Sociability (Total) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults. Sociability (Positive) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults that the respondent felt were positive. Self-Worth Index The standardized total score from the responses on a scale from 1 to 10 to two questions: “ Think of a person you know who you most respect and who brings greatest value to your [family / community].

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Most importantly for the purpose of the analysis is the fact that the survey provides individual-level data on own schooling and parents ’ schooling for all adults in the sample, which is quite rare in household surveys from developing countries. Also, the survey provides the actual years of schooling completed and not only the highest educational degree attained, which allow observing the schooling variable with precision. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This distinction is also applied to foreign students, with those entering the system after February 2022 referred to as “ Migrant post-Feb 2022 ” and others referred as “ Migrant pre-Feb 2022 ”. 7 Administrative data from MoE. The Ministry data includes information for all students who enrolled at any point during the academic year. 8 This information covers academic year, grade, gender, birth date, birthplace, citizenship. They also include school-speciϐic information such as the name and identifying code of the institution where the student is enrolled. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of school outcome variables, including grades in English, Italian, Mathematics, overall GPA calculated as the average across all subjects, behavior scores from grade 9 to grade 12, guidance council evaluations from lower secondary school, records of absences, late entries, and early exits. Given the timing of this study, data for academic year 2022-23 are the most complete. For academic year 2022-2023, school enrollment data at the provincial level was provided for 4, 269, 348 enrolled students across the 8 years of Italian lower and upper secondary school, encompassing both public and private institutions. The dataset includes nearly all students in the country irrespective of their citizenship. 9 Table 1 shows the distribution of the different groups of students by grade. In the 7 For ease of reference, we refer to non-Italian and non-Ukrainian students as migrants. However, we acknowledge that some of these students may be refugees or displaced students. 8 At the time of writing this paper, both MoE and INVALSI data were not fully available and, as such, only the information on enrollment was used for the academic year 2023-24. 9These numbers do not include students enrolled in Provincial centers for adult education (CPIA). See footnote 5. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Protection monitoring for the northern corridor documented 487 households between January and March. Findings indicate that 41 percent of surveyed households face barriers to accessing documentation services, and 28 percent report incidents of property or land disputes with host community members. Protection monitoring results were shared with the district authorities and the national protection cluster secretariat, which incorporated the findings into its quarterly situation report and used them to support an advocacy letter to the Ministry of Interior requesting streamlined access to civil registration services.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Enumerators reminded respondents that the survey was part of an academic study and not connected to service provision decisions, which we hope alleviate some of these incentives. That said, it is important to note that this project analyzes self- reported perceptions of the presence of IDPs or refugees, not the conﬁrmed presence of displaced populations. Hosting Status Aggregate Individual % Respondents Displaced Currently Self-Reported Hosting % Respondents Recently Displaced Self Reported Hosting IDPs Self Reported Hosting Refugees Table 3: Operationalizing Hosting Status 24 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This allowed for consistent ranking the households into welfare quintiles and cross- tabulation of welfare status with household characteristics and indicators derived from the survey data. The imputation was carried out using s2sc algorithm in STATA. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Historical trends and patterns of forced displacement: Insights from available global data This section provides an overview of the available global data on conflict-induced forced displacement, drawing largely on UNHCR ’ s published data on asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs. 41 Data are presented visually in a series of figures to highlight the scope and character of the current global forced displacement crisis and identify historical trends and anomalies. These data largely focus on the scale and trends in conflict-induced displacement (i. e. the numbers of forced displaced) with some coverage of other elements such as demographics, location and accommodation. Globally, there has been an unprecedented increase in the numbers of displaced people over the last decade, largely explained by the expansion in the number of reported IDPs. Historical data show a substantial increase in the numbers of forced displaced (see Figure 3), however the expanding geographical scope and quality of displacement monitoring systems are likely to account for much of the increase in forced displacement figures. The numbers of refugees under UNHCR ’ s mandate have recorded a number of variations over time, peaking in the early 1990s (at a level 10 percent over 2015 numbers) with the conflict and displacement associated with the end of the Cold War. The number of Palestinian refugees steadily has increased steadily over time, largely as a result of natural growth. IDP numbers (for which the underlying data are the least robust) have recorded the largest progression as a consequence of: (a) the expanded scope of monitoring efforts (IDPs were not counted before 1989 and methodologies were 41 UNHCR ’ s data only include IDPs protected or assisted by the agency.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: With this estimation strategy, we identify the ‘ pure ’ effects of genocide on fertility over and above conflict-related effects like urbanization, destroyed infrastructure, and weaker health infrastructure – which in turn also affect fertility. We study the short- and long-term effects of genocide and differentiate the analysis by cohort, kinship relation and gender of the deceased persons. Our approach is unique in that we estimate the effects of genocide on fertility using multiple measures of conflict exposure and disaggregating in more dimensions than done previously. In Rwanda, this is important as by law collecting a key conflict proxy, ethnicity, is not possible. In other contexts using conflict proxies may be important if data-sets, which do not contain any direct identification of conflict at the micro-level, are to be analyzed retrospectively. The paper has five major findings. First, we find a significant direct (or ‘ pure ’) effect of mass violent conflict in determining fertility. Of all conflict proxies studied, the loss of a child Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: schooling decisions, occupational choice, and savings (Cobb-Clark et al., 2016; Heckman et al., 2006). In Ethiopia, higher LOC has been shown to predict farmer adoption of modern agricultural technologies (Taffesse and Tadesse, 2017). In refugee populations, low LOC also correlate with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress (Schlechter et al., 2023; Tsionis et al., 2022). Higher LOC has also been found to improve employment and socio-economic integration among immigrants and refugees in Germany (Hahn et al., 2019; Thum, 2014). Compared to hosts, South Sudanese refugees perceive less personal control over their lives and destinies. Based on SESRE data, the index used to construct a measure of personal control over one’s life is an unweighted average of 10 LOC- related questions. The index (Likert scale) ranges from 1—”little control over one’s life”—to 4—”more control over one’s life”. The index is 0.12 points (.25 standard deviations) lower for refugees than hosts indicating they feel they have lower control over their lives and destinies, and this difference is statistically significant. This difference, however, is driven by South Sudanese refugees. When comparing LOC by country of origin, we find that there is only for South Sudanese there is a significant difference between refugees and hosts

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source