Input: 14 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 5. 2 Composition of poverty Unpacking the headline numbers further, important patterns emerge about the composition of multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced and host communities in these countries. Overall, the censored headcount ratios (proportion of people who are poor and deprived in a given indicator) are lower among non-displaced communities than among refugees and IDPs, but there are large differences in which indicators are the most salient in different countries. The indicators with the largest difference between the two populations are bank account and cooking fuel in Ethiopia, years of schooling in Somalia, electricity in Sudan, drinking water in South Sudan, and legal identification in Nigeria. These findings reinforce the need for policies and programming that take into account the measured experiences of IDPs and refugees. In this way, the MPI can function both as tool to monitor, track, and bear witness to the lived experiences of forcibly displaced communities, as well as advise on evidence-based interventions that address the needs of the local population. Figure 1 shows the censored headcounts of each indicator in Sudan ’ s MPI, with large differences appearing by displacement. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Programs designed to enhance employment among young people can focus on the supply side of the labor market, including skills training programs for both wage employment and entrepreneurship training; or programs to augment demand, such as wage subsidies, public works, and community service programs; or programs to help the labor market clear, such as job search assistance and placement services. In addition, it may be that the constraints facing young people are not in the labor market itself, but in other markets, such as for credit. The vast majority of jobs programs have focused on the supply side: training programs make up about 79 percent of over 600 cases included in the World Bank ’ s Youth Employment Inventory database. 3 Although rigorous and general evidence of success is limited, it seems that successful skills training programs share a few key features: they are responsive to local market conditions, they provide more than just technical skills in a specific area (including, for example, “ life skills ”), and they include ancillary services that alleviate other constraints preventing successful labor market integration (e. g., access to credit). Among the most celebrated are the Jovenes programs that provide demand-driven technical training, plus social skills that help in the labor market, plus internships. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The countries in our sample are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. As described in Table B. 1, we also incorporate information on the quality of our refugee data, which is determined by comparison with official UNHCR bilateral data. Below we describe how these data have been used to define our main variables of interest and present some descriptive statistics in Table B. 2. 11 Conflict. In Equation 1, we first relate variation in ethnic diversity with data on conflict from ACLED (Linke et al., 2010). Two main definitions are used: the incidence of conflict and the intensity of conflict. Incidence is captured by an indicator equal to one if conflict occurred in a particular year within a pre-defined buffer around cluster j. Intensity is measured by summing the number of conflict events occurring in a particular year within the same buffer area. A conflict event is defined as a single altercation wherein force is used by one or more groups for a political end (Linke et al., 2010). We further describe events (non-exclusively) as violent events, non-violent events, violence against civilians, and riots. In our main analysis, we focus on violent conflicts (Section 5. 1) and report results for other outcomes as robustness tests (Section 5. 3). In doing so, we follow a recent and large literature that has combined the ACLED dataset with geographically disaggregated data in Africa (Besley and Reynal-Querol, 2014; Berman and Couttenier, 2015; Michaelopoulos and 11Panel A of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for the data from refugee-hosting areas specifically, whereas panel B of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for our data in all covered areas. 11 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The data on total gross proﬁts and net sales acquired from the Turkish Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology are compiled from administrative taxation data and was provided upon request by the ministry. The key diﬀerence from the Chamber of Commerce data is that the sales and proﬁts data include all businesses including self- proprietorships. 9 Data were provided for the years between 2010 and 2014 and are re- ported in nominal Turkish Liras (TL). It is worth noting that the administrative data will not include any informal activities by deﬁnition and they are likely to be less accurate and complete for smaller ﬁrms. Firms whose sales do not exceed an annually determined limit do not have to report their balance sheets which includes sales and proﬁt ﬁgures. 10 We scale the variables according to province size by dividing sales and proﬁts by the pop- ulation of the provinces. If we use sales and proﬁts in absolute terms, we get qualitatively similar results. The IV estimations use data from the years 2011 and 2014. Since the number of refugees was still relatively small in 2011 and really started picking up only in 2012, we 12

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Figure 5 Panel A illustrates the percent of FDP datasets that cover various topics in their questionnaire modules and Panel B shows differences in the percent of datasets covering each topic between FDP datasets and all other non-FDP datasets stored in the WB MDL. 32 The topic of health is by far the most common with roughly 78 percent of datasets mentioning keywords related to health in their descriptions of the questionnaire modules. Other common topics include food insecurity (49 percent) and water sanitation (39 percent). Less frequently included are topic areas related to labor and employment (19 percent); security and conflict (18 percent); finance, credit and debt (14 percent); agriculture and livestock (10 percent), and shocks (9 percent). The fact that topics such as security, conflict and shocks are often not included in the survey modules is not unique to FDP datasets. In fact, those topics are also relatively uncommon in other micro-level household surveys available in the WB MDL. When compared to the topic coverage of all non-FDP micro-level datasets in the WB MDL, FDP datasets are scarcer in such topics as labor, finance, agriculture / livestock / fishery, and education. As shown in Figure 5 Panel B, these topics are much more likely to be picked up in the non-FDP micro-level datasets. When it comes to labor and employment in particular, the gap is over 50 percentage points illuminating 32 See Annex C for further details on the methodology used to analyze topic coverage. For this topic coverage analysis, we exclude those datasets that are project specific or collected before 2010. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: However, an endline survey was conducted after the second round of the EPAG program as per the timeline depicted in Figure 1. Examination of this endline survey data will permit a descriptive analysis of the outcomes of the first group of trainees 12 months after they completed the EPAG program, as well as examination of the outcomes of the second batch of trainees. The second round included not only the control group from this impact evaluation but also newly recruited participants who were offered brief basic literacy and numeracy training program prior to program entry. Work is already underway to design and implement the third round of EPAG, with a substantial redesign of the Job Skills track, an emphasis on reaching younger girls with lower literacy, and expansion to communities outside of Monrovia. If the high success rates found in this study are replicated for these future cohorts, the EPAG program should serve as a model for policy makers in Africa and the world seeking to improve lives and livelihoods of all youth, male and female. 25

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: Ababa live in rented houses; the team faced challenges in tracing some refugees due to changes in their residential locations. Challenges related to identifying the eligible sample households were also observed due to outdated names of the household heads in UNHCR lists, and UNHCR’s registration of names which is not consistent with the Ethiopian context58. Thus, these challenges required additional effort by the team to ensure that sampled households and replacements were traced, identified, and interviewed. Another challenge was that some refugees were not willing to provide their current location due to personal security reasons, but these situations were resolved by reaffirming the confidentiality of the survey. 58 UNHCR register names starting with last name, whereas, in Ethiopia names starts with first name. Annexes 97 Annex D: Descriptive Statistics and Regression Results Results on Sociodemographic Profile Table D.1: Demographic characteristics by survey domains Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Age group <15 39% 46% 54% 50% 47% 56% 15 to 24 19% 19% 17% 22% 21% 21% 25 to 44 26% 25% 21% 17% 21% 16% 45 to 64 13% 8% 7% 9% 8% 5% >=65 4% 2% 2% 2% 3% 1% Gender Male 48% 51%

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Still, despite these critiques, the evidence in this paper cautions against a naive switch to the HCES
direct method. In our survey experiment, we calculate hunger to range between 19 and 68 percent -this

is a difference of more than 23 million people in Tanzania (a country with a population of 45 million

presenting a strong challenge to both the HCES-direct and the FBS-CV methods. The FBS-CV is

Note: estimates of Equation (1). Each column represents the results of a (separate) regression (OLS or LPM) of a selected HCES-derived measure (mentioned in the titles of the panels) on 7 module assignment dummies, a single selected household characteristic (mentioned in the column headings) and 7 interaction terms of that household characteristic with the module assignment dummies.

Smith L. 1998. Can FAO's Measure of Chronic Undernourishment be Strengthened? _Food Policy_ 23(5):

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Input: about 333,000 Venezuelan children were enrolled in government schools in 2020 (about 3.4 percent of the total student population in Colombia) (UNHCR, 2021a). In Turkey, the government is supporting the transition of Syrian refugee children into the national school system, redirecting resources to locations with high concentrations of refugees (Abu-Ghaida and Silva, 2020), resulting in nearly 80 percent of Syrian primary school-aged refugee children being enrolled in education programs by 2020/2021 (UNHCR, 2021). In addition to benefiting refugee children, high school enrolment and learning outcomes increased for local Turkish students (Tumen, 2019; 2021). Educational attainment is low among both hosts and refugees, especially in camps. About 73 percent of in-camp adult refugees and 59 percent of adult hosts (aged 18 and above) either did not attend school or did not complete primary education. South Sudanese refugees have the worst educational attainment. Refugees in Addis Ababa have relatively better educational attainment compared to their hosts, with a higher percentage of refugees in Addis Ababa completing primary (45 percent) and secondary (27 percent) education (Figure 2.7). Although more educated, even youth’s (age 15 to 24) educational attainment is low, with large differences by survey domains. Many youth refugees and hosts have not

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source