Input: 21 Table 6: Percentage of displaced individuals deprived in selected indicators by gender Ethiopia South Sudan Sudan Male Female Male Female Male Female Years of schooling 55 78 * * * 36 63 * * * 32 46 * * * School attendance 16 19 * * 21 29 23 23 Early marriage 3 13 * * * 8 75 * * * 6 50 * * * Unemployment 7 5 * * * 2 0 * 3 3 Legal id 45 46 48 74 * * * 10 10 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). Asterisks indicate statistical significance of mean differences between male and female at 1 % * * *, 5 % * * and 10 % * levels. Returning to patterns of household headship, Figure 5 breaks down the variation in censored headcount ratios among refugee households in Ethiopia, depending on the gender of the household head. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Both treatment and control group respondents report equally high confidence in their ability to return to school “ should [she] decide to do so. ” These findings from the quantitative impact evaluation complement the results from a set of qualitative focus group discussions that were held with participants at the end of the 6 months of classroom training. Twenty-five percent of the trainees from Round 1 participated in a total of 34 focus group discussions that covered a variety of topics including their satisfaction with the program and their empowerment in both social and economic realms. The trainees overwhelmingly voiced a high degree of satisfaction with the training, and trainers commented on how the motivation or “ seriousness ” of the participants grew over the 6 month period. The trainees credited the transport allowance and free childcare in particular as features that facilitated their full participation; as one trainee commented, 22 Questions adapted from the Adolescent Self-Regulation Inventory, developed and validated for youth in the United States by Moilanen, 2006. The questions were revised and translated into an 11-item for the Liberian context. In the future, we plan to conduct basic testing on this scale on internal consistency and reliability. 17 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The ESMF screening form requires the subproject proposer to answer a series of yes/no questions covering potential impacts on biodiversity, cultural heritage, land acquisition, labor rights, community health, and flood risk. Responses trigger a risk classification that determines the level of environmental and social documentation required. ESMF screening is completed electronically through the MIS's subproject pipeline module, and all completed screening forms are reviewed by the PIU E&S officer within five working days of submission.

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Input: street vending (48 % of those with at least 1 IGA), food processing for sale, including baking, cooking, and drying (16 %), and home production of crops, livestock, and fish (11 %). It is important to note that the EPAG program was not targeted toward the most vulnerable segments of Liberian society, but rather toward young women with enough education to be able to benefit from a training program of this nature. Based on comparisons from the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire) survey, the average EPAG participant is more educated, more literate, more likely to be engaged in an income-generating activity, and owns more assets than the average Liberian women of the same age group: mobile phone ownership was high (63 %), as was the proportion reporting that they had some money of their own (79 %). Even compared to other similar residents of Monrovia, the EPAG participants are better educated and have higher income. A strong sense of female empowerment at baseline emerges from the sections of the survey instrument having to do with self-confidence and agency. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Protection monitoring in settlement areas revealed that the most common protection incidents relate to intra-community disputes over land boundaries and natural resource access, followed by documentation denial and cases of gender-based violence. Protection monitoring findings are disaggregated by sex, age, and legal status of the affected individual and shared with the national protection cluster monthly. Patterns emerging from three consecutive protection monitoring cycles are escalated to national authorities through formal dialogue letters drafted by the protection cluster coordinator.

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Input:
<!-- PAGE 5 -->
tracks ownership of state business entities with at least 10 percent stake in over 90 countries, including
Romania. The first part of the paper examines whether the degree of ownership and control levels of SOEs
matter for differences in performances-in terms of employment, average wages, assets per worker,
investment, and (labor) productivity-between SOEs and POEs over the 2011-2019 period.

**that justifies an SOE presence** . The taxonomy was developed by Dall'Olio et al. (2022b) in conjunction
with the BOS database. It classifies 4-digit NACE industries into three broad sectors (competitive, partially
contestable, and natural monopoly) based on the economic rationale-the intrinsic features and associated
market failures-that justifies SOE presence in an industry (see Table 2). Other NACE codes are excluded
from the sector classification of SOEs because firms in those industries provide public goods (e.g., public
administration and defense and activities of extraterritorial organizations). In contrast, others are
characterized by externalities (e.g., education and human health activities).

3.2 World Bank Global BOS Database
**The World Bank BOS database maps the footprint of the state within the corporate sector and across**
**economic activities based on a uniform definition** . The BOS dataset tracks all corporations where
national or subnational governments have an ownership stake of at least 10%, either directly or indirectly
(Dall'Olio et al. (2022a)). In this dataset, corporations are business entities that are (a) capable of generating
a profit or other financial gain for their owners, (b) recognized by law as legal entities separate from their
owners and with limited liability, and (c) set up for purposes of engaging in market production.

BOS database
World Bank BOS database
BOS dataset

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Input: GIS-enabled monitoring of road rehabilitation subprojects allowed the PIU to track physical progress at the segment level using georeferenced inspection records uploaded by field engineers. Each road segment was assigned a unique GIS identifier linked to the MIS contract record, allowing financial and physical progress to be reconciled in a single dashboard view. The GIS monitoring layer was shared with the national road authority and the Ministry of Public Works to support their own infrastructure maintenance planning.

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Input: 29 evaluations have been conducted (Renton et al., 2000; Shaw, 2000; Shaw, 2002a; Shaw, 2002b; Paine et al., 2002; White, Greene and Murphy, 2003; Interagency working Group, 2003). For example, the Medical Research Council (from the United Kingdom) conducted an external evaluation of program effectiveness in the Gambia using key informant interviews, focus groups, and a KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) survey in four villages, including two program sites and two controls. That study found that the Gambia program improved self-reported attitudes and behaviors related to violence against women. Specifically, the program reduced the social acceptability of wife-beating at the community level and appeared to produce a corresponding drop in that behavior. Qualitative findings from other Stepping Stones sites suggest similar benefits. Program H (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru) is being carried out by four NGOs. It aims to change gender norms and sexual behaviors in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru (Barker, 2003; White, Green and Murphy, 2003; Guedes, 2004). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) survey

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Input: The MHPSS technical working group convened three times during the reporting period to review the integration of psychosocial support into primary health care delivery. Discussions focused on staff caseload thresholds, supervision ratios for community-based MHPSS workers, and referral criteria for cases requiring clinical psychiatric intervention. The working group endorsed revised MHPSS training modules and recommended that implementation partners adopt standardized intake forms to enable consistent tracking of service utilization across sites.

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Input: The information was provided to the family either by a resident of the village or from family members who remained in their village in Syria. As part of this survey, we also collected information on the vulnerability of the sur- veyed refugees using the subset of common questions from the VAF and VASyr surveys. Since the data for this survey was collected through a third party unaﬃliated with the UNHCR- and, thus, any decision to allocate assistance- we would expect answers on income, food security, and poverty coping strategies to be more truthful. These data provide important contextual information on the correlations between income, food security and employment status. Overall, our ability to put together a comprehensive data set with key dimensions 17 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: There is one limit to our approximation in Equation 4. The ethnic composition of refugees in each year t for a given origin – destination pair of countries obtained from the EPR-ER database is assumed to be homogeneous across camps of the same origin – destination pair of countries for the refugees at year t. This may seem to be a strong assumption; however, the risk of misallocating refugees is reduced as the annual variation in the EPR-ER is generated by just a few dominant groups for a given origin – destination pair and the geographical distribution of refugees by country of origin is highly influenced by the proximity to their countries of origin. 16 As can be seen from panel A of Table B. 2, in refugee-hosting areas, on average, both EF and the EP seem to increase quite significantly when they are revised by incorporating the number of refugees in an 80-km buffer: the mean value of the standard EF index is 25. 58 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EF index is 37. 90 %. The mean value of the standard EP index is 10. 11 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EP index is 14. 07 %. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input:
set that satisfies this requirement is the World Value Survey (WVS) spanning the years from   1990 to 2011, that is, a period covering about 20 years.

in the WVS regarding immigrants are quite different from those of the ESS. Moreover, they are   not available for all years, so we end up with only two countries from the Europe area: Spain

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Input: These tariff rate modifications are essential for this analysis as suggested by the substantial differences between the tariff rates available in the GTAP 8 database, especially those implied for Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (Figure 1), and the updated tariff rates, presented by country, product, and source in Appendix Tables B1-B6. Since the GTAP tariffs attributed to Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria are composite rates, they do not correspond to the actual trade profile of these countries. Therefore, the new tariff rates differ from the GTAP ones both because of differences in the tariff lines and trade composition. By contrast, the tariff information on Egypt and Turkey in the GTAP 8 database represents relatively accurately existing preferences (Figure 1). 3. Simulation design The pre-war efforts for deeper trade integration in the Levant are reflected in the pre-simulation analysis. Starting from the newly constructed database, the pre-simulation analysis implements the deep trade initiatives discussed by the Levant countries prior to the onset of the Syrian war in 2011. The context for these reforms and the shocks associated with each of these reforms are presented in section 3. 1.

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Input: In aggregate, we expect to observe a negative relationship between the percentage of the population that reports displacement, but at the individual level we expect that experience with hosting may, in certain circumstances, be positively associated with perceptions of social cohesion, regarding perceptions of relationships and solidarity. 4 Displacement and Social Cohesion: Survey Evidence To empirically evaluate the relationships between hosting displaced populations and social cohe- sion, this paper analyzes a series of surveys of civilian adults conducted in eastern DRC. 8 Each survey uses a multi-stage cluster sampling strategy capturing all territoires9 in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri provinces. The ﬁnal sampling units are randomly selected adults above the age of 18 to avoid bias toward men and / or heads of households. Multiple attempts are made over the course of one day to contact selected respondents and if necessary, appointments are made for in- terview. Surveys are enumerated by Congolese college students or professionals and interviews are conducted by members of the same gender and ethnicity as respondents to minimize enumerator- induced response bias. Further methodological details have been published (Vinck, Pham, Bindu, Bedford & Nilles 2019) elsewhere and additional details and sample size calculation are detailed in Appendix. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: the degree to which the global response should include a development element. We ﬁnd that the average stood at around 10. 3 years at the end of 2015, with a median duration of 4 years, and signiﬁcant sensitivity to a few situations. Such numbers re-emphasize the importance of effective humanitarian interventions on the right scale. They suggest that development actors have a role to play but that they need to focus their interventions on a set of discrete protracted situations. To produce these numbers, we rely on the Population Statistics Database compiled and main- tained by UNHCR. The database records the number of “ persons of interest ” to UNHCR in each year since 1951 and for each situation, where a situation consists of a pair host-origin countries. The calculation of duration of exile is obtained under a no-turnover assumption, whereby a de- crease in the number of refugees for any given situation is fully attributed to exits from refugee status, while increases are assumed to be fully accounted for by new cases. Although such ap- proach tends to over-estimate the true duration of exile, the lack of individual-level data on regis- tration precludes reﬁning the estimate further. Attempts to estimate similar statistics have been limited. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input:
They can be viewed and downloaded at [https://doi.org/10.48529/2ZH0-JF55](https://doi.org/10.48529/2ZH0-JF55) or, currently, [https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4218.](https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4218) The citation is Andr´ee (2021). 6There are also country-specific data gathered by FSNAU (Somalia) and CLiMIS (South Sudan). More recently, the International Food Policy Research Institute has piloted gathering high frequency prices in several countries. 7For instance, estimates have also been developed for Papua New Guinea in collaboration with IFPRI in a separate pilot project.

For example, maize, sorghum, millet, wheat, vegetable oil, to name a few common food items, are also tracked in the World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet) that is used to construct the World Bank Food Price Index used to track international food price developments.

Using detailed data on expenditures from a 2017/18 household budget survey and caloric information from the Brazilian Table of Food Composition, calorie intake is assigned to more than 1,400 items to estimate the cost per calorie for a representative group of the population.

World Bank Food Price Index
Brazilian Table of Food Composition

country-specific data gathered by FSNAU
household budget survey

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Input: 17 Figure 10: Children aged 7-12 attending school (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. 5. Challenges Faced by Returnees The results suggest that returnees were less affected by the crisis than IDPs and refugees. This is reflected in data on asset and livestock ownership, but also in the information pertaining to exposure to violence. Returnees reported fewer victims; fewer returnees reported to have lost income as a consequence of the crisis; more of their children were able to continue schooling; and relative to IDPs and refugees, fewer perceived being poorer in June 2014 than before the crisis. Returnees are also the group that feels most secure, that has high levels of trust in the Malian army and police and that has a positive attitude towards most government policies. 88 88 97 79 76 78 99 88 92 55 74 72 91 98 92 96 100 85 90 91 96 90 86 87 87 95 89 76 75 90 94 92 97 86 73 98 Bamako Gao Timbuktu Kidal Niger Mauritania IDPs Returnees Refugees 14-Aug 14-Oct 14-Nov 14-Dec 15-Jan 15-Feb

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Input: An alternative version of the database that has been mapped to the United Nations (2006, 2009) Trends in International Migrant Stock database is available from the authors. These data are standardized over time in terms of the years to which they refer. { Table 3 here} Calculating Missing Gender Splits Although common in the underlying data, bilateral migration data disaggregated by gender are sparser than aggregate migrant totals (see table 1). An important contribution of the current work is in estimating the gender breakdown of all migrants in destination countries in the global migration matrices. Similar to the allocation from aggregated categories in the Global Migration Database to specific origins in the master list, two measures are used for calculating gender splits; they are described in appendix 5. Combining Migrant Definitions Only a single definition of a migrant (foreign born or foreign citizen) can be applied to each destination country in the final matrices. Switching definitions over time 17 The subregions used for the disaggregations are the 21 UN regions (see http: / / unstats. un. org / unsd / methods / m49 / m49regin. htm, with the countries of Oceania aggregated into a single subregion. They do not match the large World Bank regions used in the analysis in section IV. 18 While this propensity measure is clearly inappropriate, less than 1 percent of all migrants and observations are assigned on this basis. This method is included so that every migrant in the underlying data is accounted for.

Trends in International Migrant Stock
Global Migration Database

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Input: 80 100 Addis Hosts Male Addis Refugees Male Addis Hosts Female Addis Refugees Female Self-employed Employee Public NGO/RRS Private household Unpaid Percent Figure 3.23: Work type by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Addis Hosts Male Addis Refugees Male Addis Hosts Female Addis Refugees Female Elementary occupations Machine operators/assemblers Craf/related trade workers Skilled agricultural workers Service/sales workers Clerical support workers Tech/associate professionals Managers/professionals Percent Figure 3.24: Occupation Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Addis Hosts Male Addis Refugees Male Addis Hosts Female Addis Refugees Female Elementary occupations Machine operators/assemblers Craf/related trade workers Skilled agricultural workers Service/sales workers Clerical support workers Tech/associate professionals Managers/professionals Percent Figure 3.25: Occupation among completed secondary or more Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 37 These results indicate that the OCP model is not ideal for refugees’ labor market inclusion. Few refugees primarily enroll through an existing formal employer; thus, the OCP is mainly open to refugees with networks that can support them with remittances, and this makes these households less likely to work

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Input: Page 28 of 51 Figure 20: Part-time employment by age groups. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 21: Temporary employment by age groups. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys A less clear picture is observed in the case of temporary employment. Indeed, in the four countries where temporary employees are identified, we observe different dynamics in the age profile. On the one hand, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey do not evidence significant changes in the age profile of temporary workers in the last 10 / 15 years. On the other hand, Georgia and Armenia present changes in the age profile but in opposite directions. Armenia shows today a higher share of the older groups within temporary employees while Georgia evidences a younger profile of temporary workers. Finally, analyzing the composition of non-standard employment by gender, we have a heterogeneous picture by types of non-standard employment in the levels but with a similar trend (Figure 22 and 23).

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Input:
In 42 % of interviewed families, two children were attending school in displacement,
followed by families with three kids attending schools (35 %) and four kids attending school
(29 %). 16 % of families have one child at school, while in 10 % of families five children
attend the school in displacement.

Five families have one elderly in their families, and eight families have two. 11 families were
having at the time of interview a pregnant or lactating women present in their family.

Most of the interviewed IDPs currently live in Peshawar district (38 %), whole breakdown of
locations is provided below.

_Graph 1: Current location of IDPs originating from Shalozan Tangi_

**IV.** **Main findings of the Return Intention Survey**

**A.** **Displacement timing and trends**

Only two of the interviewed persons came from areas of origin in less than 18 months,
others were in displacement for a longer period. For most of the interviewed persons (62 %)
the **reason for displacement** was sectarian violence, followed by reason of military
operations (29 %) and lack of livelihood opportunities due to the conflict (3 %).

4

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Input:
**Coordination and advocacy.** In response to the significant conflict-driven internal
displacement that has occurred, UNHCR has begun scaling up protection coordination in
areas where new IDP responses are now underway. UNHCR and partners are also taking
pragmatic approaches to address the mixed nature of displacement flows, i.e. refugees
and IDPs. Protection Sector coordination platforms have been established in White Nile,
Kassala, Gedaref, Madani, and Wadi Halfa. Additionally, in areas where protection sector
coordination platforms were already present, outreach to protection partners planning to
initiate responses in new areas affected by conflict and displacement is underway. In
addition, since the outbreak of the conflict on 15 April, UNHCR-led Protection Sector has
issued nine flash updates titled ‘At a Glance: Protection Impacts of the Conflict’. These
weekly updates, primarily based on desk review of secondary data, highlight the severity
of the protection impacts experienced by the civilian population as a result of the conflict.
The specific protection concerns around the intensity of the violence and its intercommunal
dimension in Darfur were underscored in dedicated Darfur Protection of Civilians Advocacy
Notes. These have included two regional-level advocacy notes and one focused
specifically on West Darfur. Flash updates were also issued in relation to the attacks on
Kutum and Tawila in North Darfur. Finally, key advocacy messages related to urgent
protection of civilians’ priorities were drafted in preparation for the high-level pledging event
to support the humanitarian response in Sudan on 15 June, in collaboration with the Global
Protection Cluster.

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Input: 1 POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS WORKING PAPER NO. 16 Population Size, Concentration, and Civil War. A Geographically Disaggregated Analysis * Håvard Hegre Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO (CSCW) Clionadh Raleigh CSCW, PRIO & University of Colorado at Boulder Abstract Why do larger countries have more armed conflict? This paper surveys three sets of hypotheses forwarded in the conflict literature regarding the relationship between the size and location of population groups: Hypotheses based on pure population mass, on distances, on population concentrations, and some residual state-level characteristics. The hypotheses are tested on a new dataset – ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) – which disaggregates internal conflicts into individual events. The analysis covers 14 countries in Central Africa. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper develops a statistical method to analyze this type of data. The analysis confirms several of the hypotheses. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4243, June 2007 The Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about post-conflict development (more information about the Post- Conflict Transitions Project can be found at http: / / econ. worldbank. org / programs / conflict). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 14 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 5. 2 Composition of poverty Unpacking the headline numbers further, important patterns emerge about the composition of multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced and host communities in these countries. Overall, the censored headcount ratios (proportion of people who are poor and deprived in a given indicator) are lower among non-displaced communities than among refugees and IDPs, but there are large differences in which indicators are the most salient in different countries. The indicators with the largest difference between the two populations are bank account and cooking fuel in Ethiopia, years of schooling in Somalia, electricity in Sudan, drinking water in South Sudan, and legal identification in Nigeria. These findings reinforce the need for policies and programming that take into account the measured experiences of IDPs and refugees. In this way, the MPI can function both as tool to monitor, track, and bear witness to the lived experiences of forcibly displaced communities, as well as advise on evidence-based interventions that address the needs of the local population. Figure 1 shows the censored headcounts of each indicator in Sudan ’ s MPI, with large differences appearing by displacement. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Using Afrobarometer ’ s geocoded surveys, we focus on clusters as our unit of observation. 10 Our sample consists of 7, 547 such locations and 76, 518 individuals in 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. “ The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, they [we] exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hos- pitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. ” (Afrobarometer, https: / / afrobarometer. org / surveys − and − methods / sampling − principles) Since the sampling frame is based on recent censuses, with the aim of representing all citizens of voting age in a given country, the Afrobarometer samples are unlikely to include refugees. Note also that “ the sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, 8We explain the construction of theses indices in Section 4. 2. 9We test the robustness of our results with a smaller (40 km) and a larger (120 km) radius in Section 5. 3. This choice of buffer size assures us that between 75 percent and virtually all refugee camps fall within a cluster buffer. Other studies relying on Afrobarometer data construct buffers ranging from 25 km (e. g., Michaelopoulos and Papaioannou (2011), investigating ethnic-specific pre-colonial institutional structures) to 100 km (e. g., McGuirk and Burke (2020a), analyzing the impact of food-price shocks on conflict). 10Afrobarometer is a pan-African research network conducting public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, the economy, and society in African countries that are repeated on a regular basis (Afrobarometer, 2020). 10 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: services or institutional support Lack of freedom or mobility Lack of community/family networks Insecurity or discrimination Figure D.16: Top 3 difficulties with being a refugee by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Self-employed Employee Public NGO/RRS Private household Unpaid Percent Figure D.18: Type of work by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure D.17: Work status by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Elementary Occupations Machine Operators/Assemblers Craf/Related Trade Workers Skilled Agricultural Workers Service/Sales Workers Clerical Support Workers Tech/Associate Professionals Managers/Professionals Percent Figure D.19: Occupation by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Inside the camp Outside the

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Input: C Details on outcome measures Outcome Variable Descriptions Psychological Well-being PHQ9 The standardized total score of 9 questions from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) Life Satisfaction Index A standardized average of survey responses to four questions from Di- ener ’ s standardized scale, responses made along a seven-point Likert scale. Stress Index The standardized total score from three elements of adapted from the Cohen Stress scale. “ How many of the last 7 days have you [been able to fall asleep peacefully / felt nervous / felt frustrated]? ” Sociability (Total) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults. Sociability (Positive) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults that the respondent felt were positive. Self-Worth Index The standardized total score from the responses on a scale from 1 to 10 to two questions: “ Think of a person you know who you most respect and who brings greatest value to your [family / community]. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 14 3. ANALYSIS Has the increase in Syrian refugees impacted the welfare and socioeconomic conditions of the host community? Summary statistics in the previous section showed clear trends of increasing poverty among recent migrants throughout the country, both near the Syrian border and across rest of the country. While the poverty rates of recent migrant households spiked in 2013, poverty of host community households maintained a relatively constant level in the whole country. From these trends, it appears that there at least has not been an increasing trend in poverty among the host community over the latest years. The empirical model is shown in Equation 1. Regressions are estimated at the NUTS2-year level and using data from only the years 2011 and 2013. The dependent variable of interest is the host community poverty rate by region and year, where the poverty rate is based on spatially deflated imputed household income. Unlike the computation of the poverty rates, “ recent migrant ” information is not used for the analysis. Only the host community poverty rates are calculated using the LFS and the number of Syrians are taken from government sources.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10100 This paper explores the impact of refugee return on social cohesion using data from Burundi, a country that experienced high levels of repatriation during the 2000s. It uses a nationwide survey conducted in 2015 and relies on geographic features of the communities for identification purposes. The results suggest varying impacts of refugee return on different aspects of social cohesion. The stronger effects, suggest that refugee return has a negative impact on the feeling that community members help each other, could borrow money for emergencies from non-household members and feeling that the community is peaceful. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Papaioannou, 2016; Berman et al., 2017; Harari and Ferrara, 2018; Eberle et al., 2020; McGuirk and Burke, 2020b). As a further robustness check, we also use data on conflict incidence and intensity from the UCDP, which uses a more conservative definition of conflict. The UCDP dataset is manually curated and compiled with automated computer assistance (Sundberg and Melander, 2013). The UCDP defines an armed conflict event as “ an incident where armed force was used by an organized actor against another organized actor, or against civilians, resulting in at least one direct death at a specific location and a specific date ” (Pettersson et al., 2020). We extract daily event observations from the UCDP dataset if the location of the actual event is exactly known, the event location is within a radius of less than 25 km around a known point, or at least the administrative district where the event happened is known. As pointed out by Eberle et al. (2020), the UCDP events are more likely to capture violence between large-scale and more structured groups. Table B. 2 shows that on average, conflict events seem to occur more in refugee-hosting areas. This is of course not a causal interpretation but a simple correlation. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Specifically, a 1 percent increase of the refugees ’ presence5 leads to a 2. 7 and 15. 9 percent increase in the diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and value of livestock product sale, respectively. It should be noted that this analysis is taking place during a period where refugees in Ethiopia were prohibited by law from seeking work outside designated camps. This has changed after 2019 because of the revised Ethiopian Refugee Law. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across regions and to a limited extent, vary depending on the gender of the household head. The negative effects tend to be concentrated in Gambella, a region that hosts most of the refugee population in Ethiopia and where the refugee population is as large as the population of the region. Overall, compared to women-headed households, households with a male head seem to benefit through increased diversification of activities as a secondary 4 Region refers to the administration level 1 from the Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM). The nearest region to the refugee camp is identified as the one that has the shortest straight distance to the refugee camp among all neighboring regions in the major refugee source countries. 5 As explained above, refugee presence is the number of refugees (population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household ’ s inverted distance to the camp.

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Input:
random variation, seasonal variation, and measurement error. Furthermore the FAO forces any CV to lie

motivation for this second approach, which is purely illustrative, is that the FAO derives this mean from

The third and final component needed to replicate the FAO calculations is to use the sample average of

daily energy requirement (2068 kcal per person per day). Using these estimates, the FAO approach

11 This is the last FAO report on which we have a detailed description of the exact mechanisms used. The
methodology used has been modified slightly since then, as explained Annex 2 of FAO (2012) and footnote 4.

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Input: 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Figure D.28: Value of productive assets in households with business Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Figure D.30: Youth work status by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees-Current Refugees-COB Hosts Refugees-Current Refugees-COB Hosts Refugees-Current Refugees-COB Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Salary (employment/casual labor) Crops/livestock Donations(NGO/gov) Remittances (local/international) Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Percent Figure D.29: Primary source of income pre-post migration by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 111 Results on Refugees’ Aspirations Table D.10: Refugee intention to migrate abroad (1) (2) Camp-Based Refugees OCP Refugees Male 0.022 -0.001 (0.019) (0.008) Age Under 30 - - Age 30-44 -0.000 -0.007 (0.020) (0.008) Age 45-64 -0.082*** -0.088** (0.027) (0.036) Education: Primary incomplete - - Education: Completed primary -0.008 0.004 (0.036) (0.009) Education: Completed secondary 0.016 0.006 (0.064)

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Input: than 500, 000 refugees, together accounting for half of all refugees and people in refugee-like situations (excluding Palestine refugees). Major refugee hosting countries are typically the neighbors of countries of origin. For example, Syria ’ s neighbors (Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan) together accounted for 27 percent of total refugee numbers; Afghanistan ’ s neighbors (Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran) together accounted for 16 percent; and Somalia ’ s and South Sudan ’ s neighbors (Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda) together accounted for 11 percent. Some countries (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) are hosting a particularly large share of refugees relative to their population (see Figure 10). 45 However, in all other countries, the number of refugees as a percentage of the population is 3 percent or lower, and most often below 1 percent. Figure 7: Top 15 Host Countries as a Share of Total Refugees and Asylum-Seekers 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database Note: Includes refugees, people in refugee-like situations and asylum-seekers. Excludes Palestinian refugees under UNRWA ’ s mandate. 45 Nauru is a special case since the Australian government funds the offshore processing center where refugees and asylum-seekers intercepted at sea are detained pending determination of their status. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

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Input: Surveys of employers consistently find that more than hard, technical skills, employers value these harder-to-quantify skills of honesty and integrity, problem-solving ability, work ethic, communication skills, the ability to work productively with others, responsibility and dependability (Blom and Hobbs 2007). The AGI program has focused on the development and measurement of these softer attributes that matter for employment as well as those that matter more to the individual, such as self-confidence and empowerment. Despite the challenges of measuring such subjective outcomes, the survey instruments included panels of questions designed to elucidate a nuanced picture of the personality and psychosocial characteristics that are most relevant for labor market success. Table 6A presents results on empowerment and decision-making. The first series of questions have to do with control over resources, spending decisions and earnings. Respondents were asked how much control they had over how to spend their own earnings; also, whether they had money of their own for basic uses that they alone could decide how to use, without having to ask for permission. The EPAG baseline survey found that respondents reported a high degree of control over resources even before the program started.

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Input: In aggregate, we expect to observe a negative relationship between the percentage of the population that reports displacement, but at the individual level we expect that experience with hosting may, in certain circumstances, be positively associated with perceptions of social cohesion, regarding perceptions of relationships and solidarity. 4 Displacement and Social Cohesion: Survey Evidence To empirically evaluate the relationships between hosting displaced populations and social cohe- sion, this paper analyzes a series of surveys of civilian adults conducted in eastern DRC. 8 Each survey uses a multi-stage cluster sampling strategy capturing all territoires9 in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri provinces. The ﬁnal sampling units are randomly selected adults above the age of 18 to avoid bias toward men and / or heads of households. Multiple attempts are made over the course of one day to contact selected respondents and if necessary, appointments are made for in- terview. Surveys are enumerated by Congolese college students or professionals and interviews are conducted by members of the same gender and ethnicity as respondents to minimize enumerator- induced response bias. Further methodological details have been published (Vinck, Pham, Bindu, Bedford & Nilles 2019) elsewhere and additional details and sample size calculation are detailed in Appendix. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 10 Last, specific adjustments are made in the case of Germany and the Republic of Korea. For Germany, bilateral data are available only by nationality. However, these data fail to take adequate account of the large number of ethnic Germans who arrived from other countries between 1944 and 1950 (mainly expellees) and those who arrived after1950 (mainly resettlers). Material from the German 2005 micro-census was therefore used to supplement the data for Germany (see appendix 3). In the case of Korea, data by nationality are readily available for each census round. However, these data fail to account for the large numbers of migrants from the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea living in the Republic of Korea. Since the United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock details the total migrant stock in the Republic of Korea by the country of birth definition and because citizenship is rarely granted to people from outside, it is simply assumed that the nationality data were comparable to the foreign-born definition. The nationality total was then subtracted from the UN total and the remaining migrants were assigned to the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea.

United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock

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Input: In a mortality study in Iraq, Galway et al. (2012) used GIS and Google earth imagery for household sampling. The method used gridded population data for selection of clusters. The first cluster sampling stage of their study used the ‘ Create Spatially Balanced Points ’ (CSBP) function in the ArcGIS (v10) software. Boo et al. (2020) introduces a sampling design based on gridded population estimates as their sampling frame to implement a PPS design and derive sample size estimates for the number of grid cells. Assuming the grid square method is applied to the area itself rather than a selected PSU, the weights for the grid method are similar to those for segmentation, where the cells are the PSUs, but without the additional step of selecting segments. The weights can therefore be represented as 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ′ = (𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘) ൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 2. 4. North Method The “ Qibla method ” described in Himelein et al. (2017), or what is called in this paper the “ North method ” method, is an attempt to assign probability weights to random point selection methods. Several random point selection methods can be found in the literature, particularly in relation to epidemiological studies. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 33 recommendations (Jewkes, 2000). Their efforts contributed to the Employment of Educators Act and new Department of Education guidelines, both of which were introduced in 2000. These regulations mandate dismissal of educators found guilty of sexual or physical assault, or of having a sexual relationship with a student. They also define penalties for failing to report abuse. It remains to be seen whether these measures will have the intended impact. After the act was passed, Human Rights Watch (2001) suggested that the South African government needed to do more to increase awareness of the law among school principals and to strengthen enforcement. Institutional reform Efforts to improve the institutional response to gender-based violence range from sensitization and training of staff, sexual harassment policies, curriculum reform, school-wide anti-violence awareness campaigns, counseling and referrals, and broader efforts to reduce discrimination against girls and improve school safety. Initiatives to increase female enrolment by improving girls ’ safety at and on the way to school As mentioned earlier, parental concerns about girls ’ safety in school appears to lower female school enrolment in settings such as South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.

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Input: 2 1. Introduction The most common sampling approach for cross-sectional household surveys in the developing world is a stratified two-stage design (Grosh and Munoz, 1996). Following stratification based on administrative boundaries, clusters are selected in the first stage with probability proportional to size from a national census-based frame. In the second stage, a canvassing operation is conducted in the selected clusters to compile an updated list from which households are randomly selected. While this methodology is straight forward to implement in the field and reliably produces unbiased estimates, there are several downsides. The first downside is cost. The World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study team, which provides technical assistance on large-scale household surveys around the world, estimates the field listing operation increases the overall budget for data collection by 25 percent. Due to confidentiality concerns, the data collected during a field listing operation, typically the name of the household head and address or location description of dwellings, does not have any analytical applications beyond as a component of the weight calculations. 2 At a time when typical survey costs are in the USD millions, reducing a significant cost component will increase the financial sustainability of data collection. The second drawback to the traditional design relates to timeliness. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: vices. Our findings reveal significant delays in the physical and cognitive development of Venezuelan minors compared to their Colombian peers. Specifically, we observe a 0. 3 standard deviation difference in Body Mass Index (BMI), indicative of nutritional status, and a 12-percentage point difference in the Peabody Vocabulary Test scores, which as- sesses receptive vocabulary and verbal ability. Surprisingly, our analysis does not identify any disparities in socio-emotional and mental health between the two groups. This out- come is unexpected, given the high incidence of socio-emotional and mental health chal- lenges among forcibly displaced populations. The absence of discernible gaps in these areas could be attributed to the non-exposure of Venezuelan migrants to warfare, or it may reflect the vulnerabilities of the Colombian population, which has its own extensive history of internal forced displacement and violence. When examining the role of time of settlement, regularization status, and service access on the developmental disparities between Venezuelan and Colombian minors, we un- cover two significant facts. On the one hand, the gaps in both cognitive and physical development are diminishing over time. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: stipend money, and they were formed into small groups or"EPAG teams", each with a coach or mentor, to foster support networks and boost attendance. 3. Methodology 3. 1. Research design The impact evaluation of the EPAG project uses a randomized controlled trial, in which eligible applicants to the program were randomly assigned to participate in one of two cohorts (or “ rounds ”) of training. The treatment group is defined as those who were offered a space in the first round of training and the control group comprises those assigned to the second round. Selection into the training rounds was performed on a computer (using Excel) and was stratified by the track choice of the applicant (job skills versus business development skills), community, and service provider. Data were collected using three quantitative household surveys (baseline, midline, and endline) and two sets of qualitative focus group discussions (one after each round of training). A timeline of the impact evaluation is depicted in Figure 1. During both the baseline and midline surveys, the head of the household in which the EPAG participant was residing was also interviewed, in order to examine potential spillover effects of the program on non-treated household members. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: Nevertheless, censuses are the only nation-wide source of population data for potentially providing estimates of displaced populations, especially those in non-camp settings, and often provide a basis for sampling frames for survey instruments (UNHCR 2016). Capturing displacement situations in official statistics also increases their visibility. Sample surveys Sample surveys can potentially provide a rich source of data on forcibly displaced populations. Compared with censuses and registers, sample surveys allow more detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households. If survey instruments identify displaced populations based on individuals ’ and households ’ self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status (UNSD 2014). There are opportunities to mainstream forced displacement into international survey instruments, but this has only been done in a handful of cases. Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), 75 Labor Force 71 The UN census recommendations for the 2010 World Population and Housing Census Programme stipulate that refugees and IDPs living in camps should be counted and their numbers disaggregated in population statistics, however there is no requirement to separately distinguish displaced people living outside of camps (UNHCR 2016).

World Population and Housing Census Programme

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Input: 5. 5 Ethnic diversity at different levels Despite the use of sampling weights in the construction of the diversity indices, we have no guarantee that our diversity indices are representative at the local level. Although similar ethnic diversity indices have been used at the local level (Nunn and Wantchekon, 2011; Rohner et al., 2013; Robinson, 2017; Desmet et al., 2020; Gomes, 2020b, a; Hodler et al., 2020), we cannot exclude the possibility that a lack of representativeness at the local level introduces some noise into our estimates. Ideally, we would have liked to construct our local diversity indices based on census data. However, such data are not available on an annual basis and only a minority of African countries include ethnicity questions on their censuses (Robinson, 2017). Robinson (2017) highlights other benefits but also warns against the risk of using non-random samples or of the size of samples introducing significant errors.

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Input: In 2008, trained enumerators conducted face-to-face interviews in local languages with 26, 513 respondents across 19 countries. 5 The sample is designed as a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The dataset used for this paper has a multilevel structure; individuals are nested within primary sampling units (PSUs), which are nested within countries. The PSUs are the smallest, well-deﬁned geographic units for which reliable population data are available and they tend to be socially homoge- nous, thereby producing highly clustered data. In most countries, these will be Census Enumeration Areas (Afrobarometer, 2005, 37-38). Although re- spondents were not sampled based on their ethnic aﬃliation, there is likely to be a high level of clustering in the dataset around ethnicity. In other work, I discuss the advantages of multilevel modeling (Levi and Sacks, 2009). Treating the dependent variable as a binary outcome and taking into account the multilevel nature of our data, I estimate random intercepts for 5I excluded Zimbabwe from the analysis because of missing data on key variables. 9

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Input: their earnings on household expenses than men. Most of these studies have focused on adult women, specifically married women with children. It is not known whether the same holds true for young women, who may have other spending priorities, have less experience in managing households, and have younger children. Given the large increases in employment and earnings documented above, the EPAG program serves as a good setting to examine these types of spillovers. The evaluation included detailed interviews with the heads of the household in which EPAG participants were residing. The purpose of the household questionnaires was precisely to examine the hypothesis that investing in young girls would benefit her household. A secondary hypothesis was that EPAG participation may change gender-related attitudes in the participants ’ households. Household data was collected for 1601 out of the 1622 individuals who were interviewed at both baseline and midline; this same sample of 1601 individuals serves as the basis for both the individual and household level analysis in this paper. The estimated impact of the program on a broad range of household outcomes is summarized in Tables 8 and 9. Panel A of Table 8 examines the household size.

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Input: Chew et al. (2018) use a baseline convolutional neural network model on a gridded population sampling frame to select a sample of households in Nigeria and Guatemala. The authors found this technique to be on par with human canvassing in terms of accuracy, and to outperform other machine learning models based on crowdsource or remote sensing data. Grais et al (2007) compared an unweighted random point selection methodology to a random walk in their study of vaccination rates in urban Niger. The authors do not find statistically significant differences between the methods, though the sample size was limited and both methods were non-probabilistic. 3. Design and Field Protocols 3. 1. Experiment Design This paper makes use of a dataset from the purposefully designed methodology experiment conducted in one section of the Protection of Civilians site 1 (PoC1, Figure 1), one of the largest IDP camps in Juba, South Sudan. To generate a gold standard as the basis of comparison, a household census was conducted between August and September 2017. During this exercise, 2, 655 households were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to collect demographic information, dwelling characteristics, household consumption, and perception data. At the end of each census interview, households received a unique barcode that could be used to identify them later in the experiment. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 3 quest for imaginative and convincing instruments for migration (see the review of the migration and poverty literature by McKenzie and Sasin, 2007, and the references therein). An additional hurdle is the need for panel data to study migration and economic mobility. The costs and difficulties in re-surveying migrants mean that attrition may be relatively high for this group and may also result in the loss of some of the most relevant households to study this process (Beegle, 2000; Rosenzweig, 2003). This paper uses unique data from a region in Tanzania to address this key question: What is the impact of physical movement out of the original community on poverty and wealth? Although we do not have experimental data, the nature of our data allows us to limit the potential sources of unobserved heterogeneity considerably. Building on a detailed panel survey conducted in the early 1990s, we re- interviewed individuals in 2004, making a notable effort to track individuals who had moved. The tracking of individuals to new locations proves crucially important for assessing welfare changes among the baseline sample. The average consumption change of individuals who migrated was more than four times higher than that of individuals who did not moved. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
150 P. B. Spiegel & P. V. Le

situations and lack of epidemiological expertise in many humanitarian agencies,
the data provided are often unreliable (Boss et al. 1994, Spiegel et al. 2004). To
assess the quality and standardization of BSSs, and its predecessor, the KAP
survey, undertaken in conflict and post-conflict situations, we evaluated the
methodological quality and use of internationally-accepted indicators of these
surveys conducted among refugee, IDP, host community, returnee, conflict and
post-conflict populations. Recommendations were then provided to humanitarian
agencies and governments on how to improve the quality and standardization of
BSSs among conflict and post-conflict populations.

Methods

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Input: Page 19 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Finally, we analyze the trends in the task content performed by non-standard workers following the task methodology following the methodology proposed by Acemoglu and Autor (2011). Figure 13 presents the variation in the task content index by non-standard workers vis-a-vis standard workers. A first general view suggests that non-routine cognitive task content of jobs (both analytical and interpersonal) increased in both NSE and SE even though we have some exceptions. Indeed, the only countries where non-standard employment shows a less intense profile in non-routine cognitive analytical tasks are Peru and the Dominican Republic. Additionally, Chile and El Salvador show a virtually null change in the intensity of this kind of tasks. In the case of standard employment, the change in the profile towards non-routine cognitive analytical tasks is even more obvious (the Dominican Republic is the only exception). A similar scenario is recorded in the case of the intensity of non-routine cognitive interpersonal tasks, even though in this case the trend is more pronounced in both, standard and non-standard employment. Additionally, the trends in SE and NSE are more correlated for this type of tasks. The evolution of the intensity in the routine cognitive tasks in the last two decades in NSE presents a much more heterogeneous picture. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: This paper analyzes data from the initial wave of VenRePS-Kids, conducted from Oc- tober to December 2022, to outline key demographics and stylized facts about forcibly displaced children and adolescents. Initially, we examine the human development dis- parities of forcibly displaced Venezuelan children and adolescents in comparison to their Colombian counterparts. Our approach to human development is broad, covering physi- cal, cognitive, socio-emotional, and mental health aspects. Additionally, we complement our analysis by exploring differences in food security, social cohesion, and the economic status of parents. Although our analysis is descriptive, it represents a crucial initial step 2Venezuelan households are defined as those where both parents and their children have a Venezuelan nationality. Colombian households are composed of Colombian citizens only. 3

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Input: representative sample of undocumented migrants in Colombia ’ s major cities as of 2020. 10 This survey encompasses information on the socioeconomic status, health, well-being, access to services, and labor market outcomes of adult undocumented migrants. Second, we compare our sample with the Administrative Venezuelan Migrant Registry (RAMV), a nationwide census of undocumented Venezuelan migrants conducted by the Colom- bian government in 2018. 11 This census surveyed Venezuelan households regarding their socioeconomic conditions and the labor market characteristics of the household head. We compare the household characteristics and the labor market outcomes of the house- hold heads in our sample with those in VenRePS and RAMV surveys in Table A. 3. 12 We observe that households in the VenRePS-Kids survey are smaller on average and have a greater number of children living in the household. The latter is anticipated since one of the eligibility criteria to participate in our survey is the presence of at least one child in the household. Furthermore, the household heads in our sample are disproportionately female and more likely to be married, aligning with the family structure targeted in our sampling frame. Regarding labor outcomes, household heads in our sample are more likely to be employed and engaged in the informal sector compared to those surveyed in VenRePS and the RAMV census. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Administrative Venezuelan Migrant Registry

Administrative Venezuelan Migrant Registry (RAMV)

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 9533 Refugee camps are believed to represent safe havens for forcibly displaced persons, but studies looking at refugees ’ quality of life in camps are few. This paper explores how Syrian refugees ’ quality of life in camps in Jordan differs from that of Syrian refugees residing outside camps. Using data from the Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey, the study measures life quality through indicators of subjective life experience and material living conditions. Data are analyzed using advanced statistical methods (difference-in-difference and propensity score matching) to control for selection bias that could skew estimates of causal effects. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: This distinction is also applied to foreign students, with those entering the system after February 2022 referred to as “ Migrant post-Feb 2022 ” and others referred as “ Migrant pre-Feb 2022 ”. 7 Administrative data from MoE. The Ministry data includes information for all students who enrolled at any point during the academic year. 8 This information covers academic year, grade, gender, birth date, birthplace, citizenship. They also include school-speciϐic information such as the name and identifying code of the institution where the student is enrolled. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of school outcome variables, including grades in English, Italian, Mathematics, overall GPA calculated as the average across all subjects, behavior scores from grade 9 to grade 12, guidance council evaluations from lower secondary school, records of absences, late entries, and early exits. Given the timing of this study, data for academic year 2022-23 are the most complete. For academic year 2022-2023, school enrollment data at the provincial level was provided for 4, 269, 348 enrolled students across the 8 years of Italian lower and upper secondary school, encompassing both public and private institutions. The dataset includes nearly all students in the country irrespective of their citizenship. 9 Table 1 shows the distribution of the different groups of students by grade. In the 7 For ease of reference, we refer to non-Italian and non-Ukrainian students as migrants. However, we acknowledge that some of these students may be refugees or displaced students. 8 At the time of writing this paper, both MoE and INVALSI data were not fully available and, as such, only the information on enrollment was used for the academic year 2023-24. 9These numbers do not include students enrolled in Provincial centers for adult education (CPIA). See footnote 5. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 2 Background Information 2. 1 Characteristics of West Bank and Gaza ’ s labor markets The labor markets of the West Bank and Gaza exhibit features typical of the broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, but also have attributes that are highly unique. Additionally, important differences exist between the West Bank and Gaza. This section provides an overview of these characteristics. We use data from the Labor Force Surveys (LFS) of the West Bank and Gaza and we focus on 20-59 years old men. In Section 3. 1, we provide more information about the data sources and sample selection. We divide each labor market into five mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive states: public sector employment, private formal sector employment, private informal sector employment, unemployment, and out of labor force. 1 We focus our discussion exclusively on men, as women ’ s labor force participation in both the West Bank and Gaza is very low, never reaching values above 25 %. This low participation rate is common in MENA countries and makes the role of the pandemic on women ’ s labor market outcomes relatively less important than other, more relevant structural factors.

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Input: The third proxy for economic activity is given by per capita growth of night light, computed using satellite data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 6 Night light data has the beneﬁt 6Satellite data is available for a shorter time period, 1992-2013. 9 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
- Promote meaningful participation of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action, seek advice and collaborate with
national and local organizations of persons with disabilities in coordination structures and build their capacities.

- Prioritize the integration of disability inclusion and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) services into the
overarching humanitarian response framework. This involves incorporating MHPSS elements into needs assessments and
program planning.

- Encourage the recruitment of persons with disabilities as staff at all levels of humanitarian organizations, including as
front-line workers and community mobilizers.

- Enhance age, gender and disability disaggregated data collection and analysis to develop risk mitigating measures and
appropriate indicators and use them to monitor the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all phases of humanitarian
action. When possible, collect data and information on the risks, barriers and needs of persons with disabilities,
particularly in remote regions that are difficult to access.

- Address the attitudinal and other barriers within the humanitarian community and perceptions of disability as an
‘additional complexity’ in an already complex context, and include it from the onset as part of human diversity.

#### RISK 2 Gender-based violence

**PROTECTION SECTOR AND PARTNERS**

age, gender and disability disaggregated data

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Input: The endogeneity of refugee inflow is addressed by exploiting differences in factors that influence refugee arrival in the host communities. Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow as an instrument, which is the product of population density and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event) in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to the closest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index to proxy households ’ livelihood diversification strategies. The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs, in which people engage as secondary occupations, and triggers an increasing demand for livestock products. Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification of activities such as a primary occupation and crop product sales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2. 7 percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and a 15. 9 percent increase in the value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender of the household head: negative effects were mainly observed in Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee population in the country, and male-headed households were more likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the whole sample.

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Input: Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In camp Addis Ababa Total Female Male Percent Figure D.9: Stunting by gender of children Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Faced any problem b. Types of problems faced Annexes 103 - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In camp Addis Ababa Total Average household annual expenditure on health Average per capita annual expenditure on health Figure D.12: Average annual per capita health expenditure Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Percent Figure D.11: No birth evidence available (children under five years) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In camp Addis Ababa Total Health institutions (health center/hospital) Home Other Percent Figure D.10: Childbirth in health institutions (children under five years) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 104 Hearing Walking or climbing steps Percent Refugees

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