Input: and their hosts by: (i) understanding different dimensions of welfare, such as monetary poverty, inequality, multidimensional poverty, food security, and shocks; and (ii) understanding determinants of welfare and estimating the cost to meet basic needs through a combination of assistance and some economic inclusion of refugees into national systems. Chapter 6 aims to understand how the location of camps determines labor market outcomes, highlighting the importance of refugees’ location as part of the development strategy for refugees in Ethiopia. Chapter 7 looks at social cohesion by showcasing attitudes between refugees and hosts and the level of social integration of refugees. Chapter 8 highlights policy directions based on the conclusions of the report to maximize the benefits of hosting refugees while minimizing the costs. (vi) Differences in poverty estimation: The poverty measurement methodology is distinct for each survey with SESRE applying the same methodology as HoWStat. Despite the difference in methodology used in the Skills Profile Survey (SPS) and SESRE, we find similar patterns in some of the indicators common in both surveys among in camp refugees such as demographic composition, primary and secondary net enrollments, housing condition, access to basic infrastructures, employment and attitude of hosts toward refugees. Moreover, both

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
effects is Calahorrano (2011). Using panel data for Germany between 1999 and 2008, she finds   that immigration concerns decrease over the life-cycle.

similar to Calahorrano (2011). However, given the lack of comparable panel data surveys for a   large group of countries, we use pooled cross-sections from the European Social Survey (ESS)

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Input: Because the DHS cluster displacement algorithm can misassign households at cluster boundaries to the wrong treatment group, we conduct a robustness check in which we exclude all DHS clusters located within 10 km of the treatment threshold. This boundary exclusion sample represents 74 percent of the original sample. Point estimates in this restricted sample are almost identical to those in the full sample, and the exclusion of boundary clusters reduces rather than inflates the estimated treatment effect, allaying concerns about bias from spatial misassignment.

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Input:
2 Data from the EM-DAT database, created and maintained by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Catholic University of Louvain. 3 There are multiple formal definitions.

For a disaster to be listed in the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria should be met: (i) 10 or more people are reported killed; (ii) 100 people are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; (iv) a call for international assistance is issued.

Hazard maps for countries can provide this information
(with uncertainty) based on historical data; hazard maps
can be adjusted based on climate models to investigate
future conditions (even larger uncertainty)

nd evacuation
schemes.
Information and education
campaigns on risk maps|
|Vulnerability|The vulnerability of the
exposed capital𝑉 (or
equivalently, total asset
losses )|Fraction of the population covered by an early warning
system and with ability to prepare and evacuate|Fraction of the population covered by an early warning
system and with ability to prepare and evacuate|
|Macro-economic
resilience ( )|The interest rate and
marginal
capital
productivity ( );|Macroeconomic data provide this information|Policies
to
improve
the
macroeconomic context|

_Figure B1: Roofer wages in an area where losses have been significant after the 2004 hurricane season in_
_Florida. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Surveys in May 03, Nov 03,_
_May 04, Nov 04, May 05, May 06, May 07._

Figure B2 is a classical quantity-price plot, showing the long-term demand and supply curves for a goods
or service aggregated at the macroeconomic level. The green line is the demand curve: it shows how the

EM-DAT database
Occupational Employment Surveys

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Input: 15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemiology group (1995) found high prevalence of child mortality as well as acute malnutrition among children in refugee camps in Eastern Zaire, especially in female headed households. The magnitude of the difference between ‘ normal ’ mortality in the country under study, in the absence of conflict and the mortality in a refugee camp, depends on several parameters: the health infrastructure in the country as well as in the camp, the food available to camp and non ‐ camp residents, the frequency of visits by nurses or doctors, the intensity of the conflict (e. g. attacks on camps), and so on. Thus, the results are highly dependent on the context. For example, Singh et al (2005) do not find a difference in under 5 mortality among refugee versus non ‐ refugee households in western Uganda and South Sudan, whereas Verwimp and Van Bavel (2005) find higher child mortality and fertility among Rwanda refugees in Congo versus Rwandan women who did not became a refugee. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau

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Input: 6 3. The Data The Kagera Health and Development Survey (KHDS) was originally conducted by the World Bank and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), and consisted of about 915 households interviewed up to four times from fall 1991 to January 1994 (at 6-7 month intervals) (see World Bank, 2004, and http: / / www. worldbank. org / lsms /). The KHDS 1991-1994 serves as the baseline data for this paper. Initially designed to assess the impact of the health crisis linked to the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the area, it used a stratified design to ensure relative appropriate sampling families with adult mortality. Comparisons with the 1991 HBS suggest that in terms of basic welfare and other indicators, it can be used as a representative sample for this period for Kagera (results not shown but available upon request). The objective of the KHDS 2004 survey was to re-interview all individuals who were household members in any round of the KHDS 1991-1994 and who were alive at the last interview (Beegle, De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006). This effectively meant turning the original household survey into an individual longitudinal survey. Each household in which any of the panel individuals live would be administered the full household questionnaire.

KHDS 1991-1994
KHDS 2004 survey
Kagera Health and Development Survey

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Input: 33 Ratha, D., and W. Shaw. 2007. ― South-South Migration and Remittances. ‖ World Bank Working Paper 102, World Bank, Washington, DC. United Nations Statistics Division. 1998. Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration Revision 1. New York: United Nations. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. [2008]. United Nations Global Migration Database. New York: United Nations. http: / / esa. un. org / unmigration — — —. 2006. Trends in Total Migrant Stock 1960 – 2000, 2005 Revision. Database. POP / DB / MIG / Rev. 2005 / Doc. New York: United Nations. — — —. 2009. Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Database. POP / DB / MIG / Stock / Rev. 2008. New York: United Nations. http: / / www. un. org / esa / population /. — — —. 2010. ― World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, Highlights ‖, Working Paper No. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

United Nations Global Migration Database

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Input: The lack of certainty means children are trying to prepare for further studies (e. g., in universities) in two separate systems with varying requirements. The survey results indicate that students enrolled in both systems spend as much time in Italian schools as those attending only Italian schools, averaging 31 hours per week. However, students participating in both systems spend an additional 8 hours per week on online Ukrainian classes. This puts an extra burden on these children. Connectedness to Italy is correlated with demographic characteristics and social environment of refugee children. Additionally, Table 6 shows that making new friends in the country of destination and speaking Italian are strongly associated with higher connection to Italy. The mental distress resulting from displacement is a key barrier to educational integration for many Ukrainian refugees in Italy. The link between poor mental health and low school attendance and performance is widely acknowledged in the literature (see Fiining et al., 2019 for a systematic review). In the World Bank survey data, children and caregivers reported signs of mental distress, with 16 % of children and 24 % of refugee caregivers reported experiencing psychological distress 61 % 35 % 31 % 68 % 50 % 36 % 23 % 68 % 59 % 26 % 26 % 59 % Would like to continue living in Italy Would like to move back to Ukraine Feel strongly connected to Italy Feel strongly connected to Ukraine Caregivers (N = 283) Children between 9 and 14 years old (N = 141) Children between 15 and 20 years old (N = 96) Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
The study is based on two-period panel data collected by the IHDS, which was jointly carried out by researchers from the University of Maryland and the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi. This nationally representative survey covers a wide-ranging set of topics, including energy use, income, expenditure, education, health, and employment. The survey covers all of India's key states and union territories except Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. The first round of the survey was carried out in 2004-05 (mostly in 2005) and collected information on 41,554 households in 33 states and union territories, 383 districts, 1,503 villages, and 971 urban blocks. The second one, conducted in 2011-12 (mostly in 2012), re-interviewed 83 percent of the original households and split households (if located within the same village or town), and interviewed 2,134 new households, for a total of 42,152 households.

According to IHDS 2012 data, the average duration of power outages of households who have less than 24 hours of power supply is about 12.5 hours a day. Increasing the supply of electricity to 24 hours a day would lead to an estimated income gain for the rural population of US$6.5 billion annually.

2 In the following, we use the terms "access" and "grid-connection" interchangeably.
3 World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org).

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Input: Beneficiary assessments completed during the project preparation phase established that the primary constraint to economic inclusion among the target population was lack of legal work authorization, cited by 74 percent of respondents, followed by limited language proficiency in the dominant national language (58 percent) and absence of recognized educational credentials (51 percent). These beneficiary assessments were conducted through a combination of individual household interviews and focus group discussions with community representatives, using a standardized protocol developed with the Ministry of Labor.

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Input: 2 INTRODUCTION In 2015, an estimated 2. 2 million Syrians Under Temporary Protection (SUTPs) were residing in Turkey, the majority arriving in the country over the last 4 years. 2 Turkey ’ s national population is roughly 75 million; recent refugees account for approximately 3 percent of the population. For a country that has never experienced such a large-scale, sudden inflow of foreigners, demographic changes in the composition of the population and labor force will yield unprecedented implications. This paper examines, as data allows, the relationship between the size of the foreign-born population and host community poverty rates in Turkey. First, this paper finds the poverty rates of ‘ recent migrants ’ near the Syrian border (NSB) significantly increased from 2009 to 2013. Second, the number of foreign-born households being captured by the Labor Force Survey (LFS) is expanding, which suggests a growing number of foreign households that are likely to be Syrians. Third, with respect to poverty, the results show no negative impacts on the host community as a result of the increasing size of the foreign-born population. The impact of SUTPs has been both positive and negative. Overall, a significant negative impact on host communities ’ welfare is not observed in the data. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
Night-time lights data are a beneficial by-product of a meteorological satellite program. The data are
collected by the United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). DMSP
satellites have been circling the earth since the 1970s in a polar orbit that allows observations of every

1. Number of illuminated pixels with _DN_ >=6 within the borders of a country.
2. Average _DN_ within all illuminated pixels.
_Sources:_ NGDC v4, World Development Indicators for land area, and author's calculations.

Long-run patterns in _AoL_ and _R_ are consistent with some country circumstances. For example, as shown
in Table 1, a country with a rapidly expanding _AoL_ is more likely to be a country with a high urban
population growth rate. China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Yemen are examples. A country with
shrinking _AoL_ could be in the early, painful stages of transition from a planned economy to a market
economy. Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Ukraine are examples. Countries with growing average radiance, _R_,

Souknilanh et al (2015) find their night-light based _GDP_ estimates are improved when supplemented by ground cover data from a second satellite (MODIS).

16 Normally there is a quasi-fixed ratio of intermediates to gross output which slowly falls as productivity improves. Countries that import most of their intermediates will be subject to external shocks (trading partner demand, terms of trade) that disrupt this relationship. 17 From a sample of 166 countries in 2010, from the World Development Indicators.

[26] The result is the v.4 DMSP stable lights data set with between 20 and 100 observations per year per pixel depending upon circumstances (Baugh et al.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

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Input: than 500, 000 refugees, together accounting for half of all refugees and people in refugee-like situations (excluding Palestine refugees). Major refugee hosting countries are typically the neighbors of countries of origin. For example, Syria ’ s neighbors (Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan) together accounted for 27 percent of total refugee numbers; Afghanistan ’ s neighbors (Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran) together accounted for 16 percent; and Somalia ’ s and South Sudan ’ s neighbors (Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda) together accounted for 11 percent. Some countries (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) are hosting a particularly large share of refugees relative to their population (see Figure 10). 45 However, in all other countries, the number of refugees as a percentage of the population is 3 percent or lower, and most often below 1 percent. Figure 7: Top 15 Host Countries as a Share of Total Refugees and Asylum-Seekers 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database Note: Includes refugees, people in refugee-like situations and asylum-seekers. Excludes Palestinian refugees under UNRWA ’ s mandate. 45 Nauru is a special case since the Australian government funds the offshore processing center where refugees and asylum-seekers intercepted at sea are detained pending determination of their status.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

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Input:
The firm-level financial data for 1997 are primarily from the Worldscope database. The World

in Australia and Canada, respectively. Using industry data from Mexico, Blomstrom and Persson

Commission on an annual basis. We use [group-affiliation data from the 1994-1997 lists of business]

by the level of growth of a sector or a country. Indeed, using firm level data, Haddad and Harrison

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Input: 9 Figure 10. Selected characteristics across Ugandan and refugee households, % Source: RHCS 2018, WB staff calculations. A simple comparison between refugees and Ugandan households demonstrates that refugees lag with regards to selected characteristics found to narrow the poverty gap. For example, refugees are less likely to have access to land than Ugandans. If refugees have access to land, the majority do not own it, but have user rights. The size of land also differs a lot among Ugandan and refugee households. Most Ugandans have at least 0. 05 hectare per capita, while the majority of refugees have less than 0. 05 hectare per capita. Refugee heads of household are also less likely to work and less likely to be literate compared to their Ugandan counterparts. Refugees have higher shares of children and elderly in household size compared to Ugandans. For example, among almost 60 percent of refugee households, more than half of the household members are children and elderly compared to 42 percent of households among Ugandans. Economic inclusion dividend When a development approach to hosting refugees is followed and refugees earn incomes, there are two key beneficiaries. Refugees themselves, who gain dignity, financial autonomy and pathways to self-reliance. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
In the alternative specification, an additional step has been taken to assign calories to food items registered in the POF household expenditure questionnaire on frequent purchases (POF 3). The cost per calorie in this alternative scenario is minimally higher, leading to a food poverty line of R$259 in 2018 urban Southeast prices.

_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.
_Note:_ Main specification estimates the cost per calorie based on assigning food items in POF to the TBCA and imputation for food
items at the 5-digit level (i.e., steps 1 and 2 described above). The alternative specification extends the imputation to larger food
groups based on categorization by IBGE (2020).

**Lower** **Upper**
**Total poverty line** R$455 R$1,061
𝒔 [𝑭𝑭] 0.235 0.243
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18 data.
_Note:_ These total poverty lines are based on the food poverty line of R$258, coming from our main specification, which is based
on the minimum calorie requirement of 2,100 calories per person per day and average cost per calorie of the bottom 40 percent
of the welfare distribution, with calories having been assigned in a two-step procedure and deflated by household-specific foodprice Paasche indices, as described earlier in this section.

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Input: New Research. World Bank. (2023b). Welfare in Forcibly Displaced Populations: From Measuring Outcomes to Building Capabilities. Leveraging Harmonized Data to Improve Welfare among Forcibly Displaced Populations and their Hosts: A Technical Brief Series. World Bank. (2023c). Do Legal Restrictions Affect Refugees’ Labor Market and Education Outcomes? Evidence from Harmonized Data World Bank. (2023d). Ethiopia Economic Opportunities Program: Aide Memoire. World Bank Group. 2021. “IDA19 Mid-Term Refugee Policy Review.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Zanfrini L., and Giuliani, C. (2023). Look at Me, but Better: The Experience of Young NEET Migrant Women between Vulnerability and Stifled Ambitions. Social Sciences 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020110. Zetter R., and Ruaudel, H. (2016). Refugees’ Right to Work and Access to Labor Markets – An Assessment, Part 1. World Bank Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) and the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Thematic Working Group on Forced Migration. http://bit.ly/KNOMAD-Zetter-Ruaudel-2016-1 Zhou, Y. Y., Grossman, G., and Ge, S. (2022). Inclusive Refugee Hosting in Uganda Improves Local Development and Prevents Public Backlash. References ANNEXES Annexes 83 E thiopia hosts refugees from some 24 countries. By far the largest groups are refugees from South Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Each of these groups is described below, including

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Input: It will also be useful to compare the main labor market outcomes (employment, informality, temporality, work hours, earnings and hourly wages) between Venezuelan migrants and Ecuadoran workers with the same (nominal) education levels. This com- parison also allows us to examine whether the outcomes of highly educated Venezuelans are relatively better or worse than the outcomes for the less educated ones. 13 Table 4 reports this information. As before, we restrict the sample to the working- age population (age 15-70). The ﬁrst column summarizes the values for Ecuadoran natives, column 2 reports the data for the Venezuelan migrants, and column 3 presents the ratio of the value in column 2 relative to column 1. Several points are worth noting. As noted earlier, Venezuelan workers are much less likely to have low education levels (26 percentage points) and much more likely to have a college degree (25 percentage points) than the average native. In terms of employment rates, we observe that among 13 We have not succeeded in obtaining a systematic comparison of the quality of education in Venezuela and Ecuador. The best assessment is based on an analysis by Juan Maragall (Inter-American Development Bank) based on a 2009 PISA study conducted in the state of Miranda in Venezuela. The data show that students in Venezuela have lower reading and math levels than the average for Latin America. More speciﬁcally, the gap is estimated to be 13 percentage points for public schools and 6 percentage points for private schools. Given that Ecuador ’ s scores are in line with the average for Latin America, these data suggest that the quality of the Venezuelan education system is somewhat below the Ecuadoran counterpart. However, we also note that many Venezuelan migrants were schooled prior to the recent deterioration of educational institutions in Venezuela and that migrants are typically pos- itively selected in regards to their origin populations. As a result, it seems reasonable to assume that the educational credentials of Venezuelans are comparable to those of Ecuadoran workers. 8 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 7 Figure 1: Map of regions in Ethiopia, location of refugee camps, and refugee source countries. Source: Database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed on November 20th, 2020) In Ethiopia, the Refugees and Returnees Services (RRS, former Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affairs (ARRA)) is responsible for managing refugee camps and its oversight by making sure that the commitment of the federal government is met (Nigusie and Carver 2019). Except for Eritrean refugees, most of whom are eligible for out of camp policy, arriving refugees, at the time the data was collected, were allocated to one of the 26 refugee camps spanning the five refugee hosting regions. Refugees living outside of camps represent about 10 percent of the refugees in Ethiopia (Abebe et al. 2018). The allocation tends to be based on shared identity between the refugee and the host communities and the distance of the refugee camps from the border of the source country. The South Sudanese refugees are hosted in the refugee settlements in Gambella, except the few who were relocated to the refugee camps in Benishangul-Gumuz region. Most of these refugees arrived during the civil conflict in South Sudan in 2013 (Nigusie and Carver 2019). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Database of the Global Administrative Areas

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Input: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ’ s (UNECE) guidelines include a question on reason for migration, population with a refugee-like background and IDPs as non-core topics / questions (UNHCR 2016). 72 While most countries include questions on country of birth and citizenship, only about 40 percent include a question on year of migration, less than a quarter include a question on reason for international migration, and about a fifth include a question on the reason for internal migration (UNHCR 2016). 73 E. g. Kyrgyz Republic 1999 (refugee status), West Bank and Gaza 2007 (refugee status), Zambia 2000 and 2010 (purpose of stay), Germany 1970 (federal refugee identity card), Greece 2001 (reason for settling in Greece), Sudan and South Sudan 2008 (type of household including IDP and refugee), Liberia 1990 (ever displaced by war since 1990), Uganda 2014 (refugees). 74 UNHCR is collaborating with the Statistics Norway on systematically embedding forcibly displaced peoples in national statistics exercises and collaborates with national authorities and with UNFPA in various countries on the design of census exercises that include refugees, IDPs, returnees and stateless persons. 75 LSMS is a household survey program housed in the Bank's Development Research Group that provides technical assistance to national statistical offices in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys covering household behavior, welfare and interactions with government policies. All data gathered through the LSMS is published online in the Bank ’ s Central Microdata Catalog. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: As can be seen from both panel A and panel B, non-violent conflicts seem to occur slightly more than violent conflicts. On average, the likelihood of violent conflict stands at about 48 %, while this figure increases to 52 % in refugee-hosting areas. Conflicts among more structured and large groups, as captured by the UCDP data, appear to be less frequent. UNHCR refugee data. To exploit the variation in ethnic diversity induced by the annual variation in refugees (and also to control for the direct effect of refugees on our outcomes), we use data on refugee camps provided by the UNHCR. The dataset contains detailed time-series information on the locations and sizes of 1, 453 refugee camps across the world and 821 refugee camps in Sub-Saharan Africa over the 2000 – 2016 period. To the best of our knowledge, the UNHCR currently provides the most comprehensive information available on refugees at the subnational level, allowing us to assess the ethnic composition of camps, which is key to our research question. First, we use the country of origin of refugees recorded for each year at the camp level to approximate the ethnic composition each camp. Second, we restrict the data on refugees to those aged 18 and above in order to make it comparable to the Afrobarometer- based individual data. Third, we only use data on refugees hosted within the boundaries of the host country. Merging data on refugee camps with the Afrobarometer, we end up with information on 172 camps 12 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10100 This paper explores the impact of refugee return on social cohesion using data from Burundi, a country that experienced high levels of repatriation during the 2000s. It uses a nationwide survey conducted in 2015 and relies on geographic features of the communities for identification purposes. The results suggest varying impacts of refugee return on different aspects of social cohesion. The stronger effects, suggest that refugee return has a negative impact on the feeling that community members help each other, could borrow money for emergencies from non-household members and feeling that the community is peaceful.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Responding to the evolving situation, in line with the Return SOP endorsed by the
Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in February 2012, but also in accordance with the
“Return Policy Framework for IDP from FATA” endorsed by the FATA authorities in 2010, the
Protection Cluster agreed to conduct a series of consultations with the Shalozan Tangi
population to capture their intentions and position vis-à-vis the return process.

**II.** **Methodology**

After the crosscheck of UNHCR data on Shalozan Tangi IDPs, 359 records were found. Out of
those, telephone numbers were available for 171 families. The return intention survey was
conducted through IVAP call centre (enumerators trained by protection cluster on 20 May
2014 on the return intention survey form) and 137 of IDPs responded to the calls. The
quantitative data collection was facilitated by the use of Personal Data Assistants (PDAs)
programmed with ODK system software. The RIS was conducted by 6 enumerators who
contacted displaced families from a call centre using the contact information available
through the IVAP records. This strategy was chosen due to limited time constraint before
the start of returns.

UNHCR data on Shalozan Tangi IDPs
return intention survey

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Input: The descriptive characteristics of foreign-born and host community households are still comparable, and therefore allow for comparisons between 2013 and 2014. It is possible to make some inferences on welfare changes by looking at changes in host community employment rates and labor market characteristics. Overall, this paper finds no negative effects on host community welfare from an increasing population of SUTPs. As other authors have stated, the influx of SUTPs has had both positive and negative impacts. It seems on average, the host community has been strong and adaptive, and not negatively impacted. This is not to disregard that real strains do exist in some regions where the SUTP population is very large. Nor do these results undermine findings of displacement effects in the labor market that certain types of workers are experiencing. However, on average nationally, we do not see a systematic decline in the welfare of the host community between 2011 and 2013. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the data availability and technical issues. Section 3 discusses descriptive statistics of the foreign-born and host community. Section 4 explores the impact of the foreign-born population on host community welfare. 1. DATA AND TECHNICAL ISSUES Data Sets Data availability limits which data set can be used to identify the foreign-born population and geographic location while measuring poverty. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) has been conducting three nationally representative surveys annually since 2005; the Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (HICES), the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS). However the HICES, which is the national survey that is used to measure official poverty, 5 UNCHR, 2013pg 13 6 UNHCR (22 November 2013), UNHCR (15 September 2014) 7 UNHCR (22 March 2013), Erdogan (2014), pg 14 8 This technical issue will be discussed further later in the paper. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey

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Input: However, permit-holding status is neither sufficient for, nor necessary to, working in Israel. As of 2019Q4, just under a fifth of West Bank residents had the right to work in Israel and the occupied territories, but almost a quarter among them were not commuting across the border for work. The vast majority of such individuals are holders of Israeli or Jerusalem IDs. Conversely, among those who do commute to Israel and occupied territories, 17 % do not hold valid permits or IDs. Likewise, permit-holding status does not logically affect the formality status of the commuter. The frequent border crossings between the West 2This is derived from authors ’ own calculations using the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. 3It is worth noting that the LFS is representative of the residents of the West Bank and Gaza, whose work may not lie in the country. 6

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Input:
Data on municipal level requests and approvals for disaster declarations were constructed from

the archives of Mexico's official diary. Data on municipal level Fonden expenditures, and

level. Specifically, we calculate by municipality, from the 2005 population conteo and the 2010 population census, the number of dwellings with the following characteristics: dwelling has non

12The source of state level GDP data is INEGI. GDP is measured in constant 2008 pesos.

UNDP estimates of municipal GDP per capita in 2000 by municipal population. Third, we

2005 population conteo and the 2010 population census

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Input: In principle, the positive attitudes among many hosts towards refugees, the high degree of cultural similarity between groups, and the willingness of refugees to be engaged in their community are all promising signs for social integration. Yet, even in the Somali domain, where cultural similarity and host attitudes are greatest, more than two-thirds of refugees do not have an Ethiopian friend, and more than half do not find social interactions with hosts easy. Better employment outcomes for refugees with Ethiopian friends indicate the benefits of facilitating social integration for refugee livelihoods and economic integration. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Age Under 30 Age 30-44 Age 45-64 Age Over 64 Female Male Discrimination/harassment in past year Victim of crime in past 2 weeks Figure 7.20: Discrimination and harassment by demographic group Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Discrimination/harassment in past year Victim of crime in past 2 weeks Figure 7.19: Discrimination and harassment Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 72 A ddressing the challenges refugees face in Ethiopia requires a concerted effort to promote their self-reliance, economic integration, and

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Input: It also increases women ’ s household decision making autonomy but decreases women ’ s ability to decide how their earnings are deployed. The results imply that to be successful, programs to mitigate these adverse effects of conflict on women need to be context specific and rely on data-driven evidence from situations of conflict whenever possible. Policy makers are called to design programs that address harmful gender norms and intimate partner violence at the individual / household and community levels, especially for women residing in areas with high-intensity conflict. Measurement of women ’ s empowerment should consistently include several domains of women ’ s lives to gauge progress in voice and agency, financial autonomy, and violence reduction. This paper is a product of the Gender Global Theme. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / www. worldbank. org / prwp. The authors may be contacted at uekhator @ worldbank. org, jkelly @ hsph. harvard. edu, Amalia. h. rubin @ gmail. com, and darango @ worldbank. org. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: The notion that volunteering may affect positively youth ’ s sense of social cohesion has gained policy relevance since the publication of the World Development Report 2013: On Jobs, which stresses that in countries affected by conflict situations, creating the types of productive opportunities that strengthen social cohesion can help reduce the volatility of economic growth and achieve international development goals by defusing tensions and building trust among the different communities involved. This paper provides novel empirical evidence on the impact of volunteering on enhancing social cohesion values in Lebanon, a country with a fragile and highly complex political, religious and social landscape, as well as high degrees of social and economic exclusion among its young population. To our knowledge, this is the first impact evaluation that rigorously addresses this research question in Lebanon and in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The main results show that youth who were selected to participate in a volunteering program that consisted of 80 hours of inter-community volunteering activities and 20 hours of soft skills training were more likely to report higher and improved values of social cohesion in the short term. In specific, they were more likely to report higher tolerance values as well as a stronger sense of belonging to Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: For a detailed definition see section 4 Household size Number of people included in the case records of each PA in Individual ProGress dataset Wage Income 1 if the household receives income from employment and / or daily or irregular work Income from remittances 1 if the household receives income from remittances Income per capita Raw sum of household income from all sources; work, pension, assets in Syria transfers, donations, other organizations'humanitarian aid, and other divided by household size Male Adults Number of males above 18 (inclusive) in the household Marital Status Categorical variable. The classification includes married PAs with spouse in the household, married PAs without spouse in the household, widowed, single or engaged, and divorced or separated. Proportion of female Number of female divided by the household size Location Categorical variable for 11 Governorates / cities. Ajloun City, Aqaba, Balqa, Irbid Jerash, Karak, Maan, Madaba, Mafraq, Tafilah, Zarqa. In Camp 1 if the household is located in a refugee camp Poverty before UNHCR and WFP assistance 1 if household expenditure before UNHCR plus WFP assistance is below the poverty line (JD50) Poverty before UNHCR assistance 1 if household expenditure after WFP assistance but before UNHCR assistanc is below the poverty line (JD50) Source: Authors ’ elaboration. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a short discussion of the literature on the economic participation of refugees. Section 3 compares the characteristics of newly arrived refugees from Sudan with previous arrivals for whom survey data is available, to find that both groups are highly comparable. Section 4 uses the existing data to explore how the basic needs refugees are covered from own-income. Sections 5 and 6 dig deeper by exploring econometrically the correlates of higher incomes of refugees. A discussion of the results and their policy implications follows in section 7, after which section 8 concludes. 2. Benefits of economic participation of refugees Whether or not the arrival of Sudanese refugees in Chad contributes to economic growth is of limited immediate relevance as concerns about the safety of fellow humans drive the response. Nor does any decision maker suggest that hosting refugees is a development strategy Chad should pursue.

Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey

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Input: In most other cases, sexual and gender-based violence is a crime of opportunity that is often committed by relatives rather than strangers (Wood 2009, 2006). A study of sexual violence in a pediatric ward in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, showed the predominance of domestic sexual violence over militarized rape. Of 500 pediatric cases treated for sexual violence at the hospital (2006 – 2008), nearly all were females between the ages of 10 and 18 (Kalisya and others 2011). Also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the results of a population-based household survey with a randomly assigned module on sexual violence (a subsample of 3, 436 women) yielded a very high prevalence of rape — an estimate of more than 400, 000 women were raped in the 12 months prior to the 2007 survey — and showed that the most pervasive form of sexual violence was from intimate partners and that the most conflict-affected provinces were at higher risk of sexual violence (Peterman, Palermo, and Bredenkamp 2011). A population-based random cluster survey of adults in Liberia (conducted in 2008) is one of the few quantitative studies on the legacy of sexual violence in conflict situations. The study showed Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: The household head interviews also provided an opportunity to gather useful household-level information (including assets, housing characteristics, and household head characteristics) to be used as control variables in our analysis. The baseline survey was conducted before participants were informed of the outcome of the randomization, and the midline survey was conducted one year after the baseline survey, one month after completion of the first round of training and before the start of the second round. The results in this paper are based on a panel data set that includes data from the baseline and midline surveys as well as administrative and monitoring data from the program implementation team. Note that although the midline data collection occurred just one month after the completion of the intervention, the intervention itself includes 6 months of post-training follow-up; hence the midline survey captures outcomes of the first cohort 7 months after they exited the classroom-based training. This timing was necessary to prevent too long of a delay between cohorts; the second cohort of trainees started immediately after the midline survey was completed. Future analysis using endline data will examine the trends in outcomes of both groups after Round 1 completion, but will not involve comparison against a pure control group of non-participants. 3. 2. Sample and attrition Following the communications and outreach campaigns in each of the nine target communities, during which 2, 106 young women were originally recruited to be a part of the EPAG program, 8 a randomized 8 The original recruitment effort fell short of the target of enrolling 2500 participants. Hence, before the second round of training, another recruitment effort was launched and an additional 617 girls were enrolled. These girls are not included in the impact evaluation since they were not subject to the initial random assignment. 7

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Input:
In the absence of objective measures of these factors at the commune level, we leverage the Afrobarometer [15] surveys to investigate at the individual level the effect of the proximity to gold-mining activities on perceptions of governance and quality of public services.

We use the 2005, 2012, and 2014 rounds of the nationally representative Afrobarometer survey in
Mali. We focus on variables of political responsiveness, corruption, and quality of public services
that are similar across the three rounds. Geocoded enumeration areas are combined with location
of industrial mine sites to construct our treatment variable, which is the cumulative gold production
within 20 kilometers of the mine at the time of the survey. This assumes that both distance to mines
and intensity of production matter for the effect. We then estimate the following logistic regression
of the form:

<!-- PAGE 24 -->
**Figure 17 Locations of Afrobarometer enumeration areas**

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Input: We find no evidence that Pashtun households are more likely to send their children to Madrassas compared to the rest of the sample, suggesting that geopolitical factors and geographical proximity to Afghanistan matter more than cultural preferences. 16 Similarly there is no evidence for religiosity or household preference-based models of madrassa enrollment. The radical religiosity argument suggests that children are more likely to be sent to madrassas when the family favors a radical brand of Islam. If true, what are we to make of the fact that more than 75 percent of all households with a child in a madrassa also send a child to a public or private school? In a multivariate context we checked whether households identified as “ radically Islamic ” were more likely to send their child to a madrassa. 17 Again, we found no 16 The data from the LEAPS census asked about ethnic and caste identity, and households that classified themselves as “ Pathan ” or “ Afghani ” were used to represent Pashtun households. In line with the usual residential patterns of individuals with Pashtun backgrounds, most of these households are in district Attock in the North of Punjab. 17 In a largely Islamic country it is difficult to find good measures of religiosity.

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Input: Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individuals in irregular migration flows may also choose not to apply for asylum due to fear of declaring themselves to the authorities. A significant challenge with refugee registers is keeping them up to date. Individual registration can provide a robust snapshot of the stock of refugees and asylum-seekers, but registers need to be updated regularly to reflect flows, i. e. increases in refugee and asylum-seeker numbers (births, new arrivals) and decreases (deaths, departures, durable solutions). In situations of sudden mass influxes, existing registration capacity may not be adequate and the scope of registration data is then rationalized. 65 Additionally, it may not be possible to capture all demographic changes in the case of highly mobile populations.

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Input: While most existing theories of madrassa enrollment are based on household attributes (for instance, a preference for religious schooling or the household ’ s access to other schooling options) the data show that among households with at least one child enrolled in a madrassa, 75 percent send their second (and / or third) child to a public or private school or both. Widely promoted theories simply do not explain this substantial variation within households. 1 Corresponding Author: Tahir Andrabi (tandrabi @ pomona. edu). This study would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and continuous support we received from Tara Vishwanath. Charles Griffin first encouraged us to look at the data. We thank Veena Das, Shehla Andrabi, Sehr Jalal, Ritva Reinikka and Carolina Sánchez for their encouragement and to Hedy Sladovich for her excellent editorial suggestions. The paper has also benefited from comments by Ismail Radwan, Naveeda Khan, Shahzad Sharjeel and Shanta Devarajan. The research department of the World Bank provided funding for this study through the Knowledge for Change trust fund. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Working papers describe research in progress by the authors and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WPS3521

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Input:
14 % of respondents think that a **go and see visit** prior to the return would be useful. From
those who responded positively, 63 % would like to send community leaders for the go and
see visit, while remaining 37 % male family members.

9 % were aware about some kind of information campaign on the return. It is to be noted
that at the time of the interviewed conducted, the information campaign on return has not
yet been officially launched.

In 64 % of interviewed families, the response on **who decides on the return** was political
administration **.** This percentage is relatively high compared to other return intention
surveys conducted by protection cluster. In 23 % it is the community elders who reportedly
make the decision on return, followed by family members in 13 % of cases (which is usually
the highest category reported). Only 49 % of respondents felt that they **participate in the**

**decision making process** on the return.

**Despite the fact that IDPs wish to return to their area of origin, 26 % indicated that not**

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Input: integrate into the surrounding community and labor market. Among Eritreans in Afar and Amhara, the share working is 43 percent and 9 percent, respectively. Among workers, Eritreans in Amhara are three times as likely to work for NGOs or RRS, and very few work outside the camp. Box 3.1: Eritrean refugee sample in the SESRE Jobs and Livelihoods 27 Ethiopia relies on a camp-based model, with 88 percent of refugees hosted in camps. As outlined, in-camp refugees generally do not have work permits or business licenses and largely depend on work inside the camp or informal work outside the camp. On the other hand, the GoE introduced an out-of- camp policy (OCP)39 in 2010 that provides refugees the opportunities to live in Addis Ababa and different non-camp locations of their choice. Roughly 71,000 Eritreans were under the OCP regime as of 2022, with over 90 percent living in Addis Ababa. In practice, most of those approved for the OCP have family and friends in Ethiopia who support them with remittances—fewer than 1,500 OCP work permits were issued by 2022. The permit allows refugees to freely move and establish residence in all areas of the country except restricted areas. OCP refugees

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Input: 41 Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected. Since some adjustments could take place over time, we always use the figures from the last available report. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

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Input: positive long-term integration as it limits long-term scarring effects, such as long- term unemployment or inactivity (Fasani et al., 2022; Slotwinski et al., 2019). Refugee employment after arrival depends on policies in the host country concerning work permits and mobility (Fuller, 2015; World Bank, 2017). On the other hand, arrival of refugees may have a complex range of positive and negative effects on local labor markets in host communities, including on sectoral employment, wages, and prices. Studies in Ethiopia show that 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Addis Refugees Camp Refugees Lack of work/business opportunities High cost of living Poor services or institutional support Lack of freedom or mobility Lack of community/family networks Insecurity or discrimination Figure 3.1: Top 3 difficulties with being a refugee Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 26 refugees may decrease employment among hosts in rural areas (Ayenew, 2021), while other studies find no effect on employment and increases in consumption (von der Goltz, 2023) and product diversification and livestock sales (Walelign et al., 2022) as refugees increase consumer demand for agricultural products, with variations in effects across the different regions of Ethiopia. Most refugees in Ethiopia do

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Input: The sample households are located within varying distance from the nearest refugee camp (approx. 67 to 76, 665 meters) (see Figure 3). 12DRDIP aims to improve access to basic social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for communities hosting refugees through providing funding for community driven projects.

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Input: 13 Second, each individual in the JLMPS restricted sample is matched to the 2010 Jordanian school census. The matching process determines for each individual the number of sex- appropriate public basic and secondary schools per 1, 000 individuals available in the individual ’ s subdistrict of birth when the individual was of age to accede to this educational level (six years of age for the basic level and 15 years of age for the secondary level). 7 A school is considered sex-appropriate for a female if it is a girls ’ or a mixed school and for a male if it is a boys ’ or mixed school. The empirical analysis is also performed by entering boys ’, girls ’, and mixed schools separately. 8 Measuring the local supply of public schools at the subdistrict of birth of the individual (i. e., the child) mitigates potential endogeneity originating from parents who had a higher taste for schooling moving to subdistricts where public schooling was more abundant when their child was of school age, although it is not possible to rule out that parents might have moved across subdistricts prior to the birth of their child.

JLMPS restricted sample
2010 Jordanian school census

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Input: The study: (i) compares the socio- economic profile of refugees with that of the Syrian population before the crisis and with the hosting populations of Jordan and Lebanon; (ii) provides a welfare and vulnerability assessment of Syrian refugees including a poverty profile, the socio-economic characteristics of higher poverty and where pockets of deep poverty are located; (iii) analyzes key drivers of welfare and poverty; and (iv) models monetary and non- monetary vulnerability.  In Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, the Bank is leading an initiative to evaluate the socio-economic impact of the regional crises on the welfare of Syrian refugees and host communities in neighboring countries [ongoing]. Data on living conditions, access to services and economic opportunities, coping strategies and economic status are to be collected via a specialized household survey and a sub-component of the survey will be carried out on a semi-annual basis to continue to monitor and adapt support as needed.  A recent Bank paper, “ Turkey ’ s Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Road Ahead ” [completed in 2015] assessed the impact of Syrian refugees on host areas in various sectors. It found that the presence of Syrian refugees is placing a strain on municipal services, housing rental markets, social relations, and education services for Turkish households. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 40 Sub ‐ Saharan Africa 8604000 5895000 7055000 5406100 5068000 N. A. MENA 6230000 8000000 6675000 8592900 10892000 N. A. Asia and Pacific 4325000 2405000 3392000 2128800 5490000 N. A. (excl. Australia, Japan, New Zealand) Americas 1126000 1280000 2176000 2900000 3661000 N. A. (excl. North America) Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). As indicated in Figure A1, these data are much lower compared to those provided from 2003 by IDMC but provide a longer time series. UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

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Input: ICRC ’ s work is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949, their Additional Protocols, its Statutes — and those of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement — and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. 84 WFP is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. 85 See: popstats. unhcr. org. 86 IDP data are only included from 1998 onwards. 87 See: http: / / data. unhcr. org. Currently the Burundi situation, Yemen (regional refugee and migrant response plan), DRC regional refugee response, Mediterranean (refugees / migrants emergency response), CAR, Côte d ’ Ivoire, Syria Emergency, Sahel Emergency, South Sudan Situation, Horn of Africa Emergency, and the Liberia Portal. 88 IOM ’ s new Global Migration Data Analysis Centre provides limited data on global migration trends such as data on asylum application in Europe and selected countries (including demographics, country of origin, and country of asylum). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
Throughout the war, HLP rights violations has been one
of the main impacts, particularly related to

**secondary/unauthorized occupation, destruction,**

**and confiscation** . Absence of ownership documents
(either due to loss or verbal agreements) increased the
exposure to house, land, and property related
violations. In the case of youth, these risks are
enhanced, due to **lack of procedures to secure tenure**

**for youth when parents have died** .

Occupied I don't
know

**What is the status if your familys property?**

**54%**

Abandoned Destroyed Rented Confiscated

Family separation, lack of access to legal services,
informality on tenure, ethnic background,
discrimination, are some of the existing drivers for **additional HLP violations for youth** . The percentage of destroyed
properties documented by the survey raised additional concerns related to future restitution of HLP rights for young
people and the need to safeguarding these documents for transitional justice purposes.

Youth participating in the FDGs also mentioned:

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Input: Bank and Israel and occupied territories strongly suggest that commuters would be differently affected during the pandemic when border closures were enacted. Another unique feature is the presence of a large refugee population in the West Bank and Gaza. However, it is important to note that refugees in this context are de- fined quite differently from other contexts. Here, not only the individuals immediately displaced are considered refugees, but also their patrilineal descendants, even if born many decades later. In particular, the LFS dataset follows the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) definition of refugees, which is “ persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict, ” as well as “ the descendants of Palestine refugee males, including adopted children ” (UNRWA, 2023). Consequently, most refugees are indistinguishable in socio-economic outcomes and labor market behavior from non-refugees. However, residence in refugee camps does make a significant difference. As of 2019Q4, 5 % of the West Bank ’ s residents live in refugee camps, as do 14 % in Gaza. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: tanker water. 36 Improved bathing refers private or shared bathtub, shower, separate room for bathing. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Overcrowded Improved wall Improved roof Percent Figure 2.21: Housing quality Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Owned Rented UN/NGO temporary UN/NGO permanent Other Percent Figure 2.20: Dwelling type Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 23 Refugees’ access to improved sanitation facilities is similar to hosts. Refugees’ access to improved toilet facilities37 is the same as hosts, or even better in some cases. Eritrean, Somali, and OCP refugees and their hosts have similar toilet facilities. Even though the percentage of households with access to improved toilet facilities is lower among South Sudanese refugees than other refugees, it is higher compared to their hosts. Moreover, refugees have higher access to improved waste disposal methods38 than hosts. Both refugee and host households have low access to electricity, except for hosts of Eritrean refugees. Hosts around Eritrean refugees have better access to electricity (meter private or shared) for

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 16 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 6. Gender differences in multidimensional poverty Next we examine differences in multidimensional poverty outcomes by the gender of the household head. Existing literature points out the limitation of household level MPI analysis in masking the intrahousehold distribution of deprivations, and thus being less sensitive to gender based differences in individual outcomes within the family unit, which might lead to underestimation of inequality and gender gaps (Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen 2018; Franco 2017; Klasen and Lahoti 2020, Rodriguez, 2016). However, as the MPI identifies poverty at the household level, our initial analysis focuses on disaggregated results by the gender of the household head. 19 We acknowledge that this approach has several limitations since most women reside in male-headed households, and the composition of households can change after displacement due to separation of family members, and widowhood. Regardless, the analysis at the household level remains relevant given the high prevalence of female-headed households that emerge after displacement, with the analysis showing large differences across countries between households based on the gender of the head. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Figure 3. Wealth Index Distribution (a) Wealth Index- Total 0. 05. 1. 15. 2. 25 k-Density- 5 0 5 10 15 Wealth Index Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (b) Adequate Housing Materials (% of Total) 0 1 2 3 4 k-Density 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Average- Dwelling Material Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (c) Asset Ownership (# Total) 0. 05. 1. 15 k-Density 0 10 20 30 40 Total Assets Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (d) Access to Services (% of Total) 0 1 2 3 k-Density 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Average- Access to Services Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating Notes: Panel (a) presents the distribution of the wealth index for Colombian and Venezuelan households in our sample in 2022 and pre-migration. Wealth Index is an index measure of the household ’ s cumula- tive living standard constructed following The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) methodology.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
Death Rates, Adolescent Mothers, and

Children and Adolescents out of school

using primary data from the MSNA and

secondary data sources.

Calculations were refined using qualita
tive information obtained from experts

during needs assessments validation

workshops conducted in Miranda, Zulia,

Falcón, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Sucre,

Amazonas, Apure, Táchira, Lara, and

the Capital District. The overall PIN for

the Protection Cluster is 4,425,466.00,

representing a 5% increase compared

to the calculation for the Humanitarian

Response Plan (HRP) 2022-2023.

Further, throughout October, the national

Protection Cluster participated in the

facilitation of extended OCHA Local

Coordination Fora meetings in the states

of Miranda, Sucre, Bolivar, Delta Ama
curo, Apure, Amazonas, Táchira, Zulia,

Falcón, and Lara. The primary objective

of these workshops was to validate data

collected from the MNSA on the human
itarian situation of the respective state

and, to gather complementary informa

tion to contribute to the narrative of the

HNO. Finally, it helped to validate the

prioritization of municipalities in collabo
ration with Cluster partners and OCHA.

**II.** **Coordination** **with** **other**

**platforms, subnational Clusters,**

**ICCG, and Partners**

**Coordination with the Response for**

**Venezuela (R4V) continued through-**

**out September and October through**

**bilateral meetings and common work-**

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Input: Indeed, despite the recent literature rejecting the conflictive impact of refugees in hosting areas (Zhou and Shaver, 2021), the magnitude of our coefficients might be explained by the confounding presence of refugees. Columns (5) and (6) further introduce climatic controls. Column (6) corresponds to Equation 1 and refers to our benchmark specification. Columns (1) and (2) show that without incorporating the changes in ethnic diversity induced by refugees we would not be able to identify a relationship between diversity and violent conflicts. In column (3), the revised refugee fractionalization index has a negative and significant coefficient, while the revised refugee polarization index has a positive and significant effect on the incidence of violent conflicts. In columns (2), (4), and (6), our coefficients of interest are of the same order of magnitude when the number of refugees is controlled for. Our results are not altered by incorporating rainfall and temperature anomalies (columns (5) and (6)), but the estimates become slightly more precise. 21

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Input: natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to eﬀectively detect and punish tax avoiders, tax evaders, and tax arrears. Although an imperfect measure of states ’ deterrent capacity, Afrobarometer includes two survey questions on perceptions of government enforcement and monitoring capacities. One question probes respondents on how often ordinary people who break the law go unpunished. The other probes respondents on how often oﬃcials who commit crimes go unpunished. This latter question is also a measure of perceived government fairness- the extent to which a government implements the law evenly across all social groups. 6. 2. 5 Procedural Justice I include two indicators of procedural justice. The ﬁrst probes respondents on how often people are treated unequally under the law. The next taps citizens ’ perceptions of the government ’ s treatment of their ethnic group. Speciﬁcally, respondents were asked how often their ethnic group is treated unfairly by their government. 9 6. 2. 6 Donor and Non-State Actor Provision of Services I include a measure of who citizens believe is responsible for collecting income taxes. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: In other contexts, deregistration signifies not the achievement of a durable solution but rather the end of state or international support (IDMC 2015). 33 The absence of a clear and operational approach to defining the ‘ end ’ of internal displacement may be one of the factors behind the continued overall increase in the global numbers of IDPs. Lack of clarity around when displacement ends also leaves room for political manipulation. Governments may find it politically expedient to artificially prolong IDP status by deterring returns or local integration, for example in Azerbaijan and Georgia to promote claims over territory (Beau 2003). In other contexts, national 28 UNHCR ’ s IDP data focus only on internally displaced populations to which it extends protection or assistance. IDMC coverage of IDP data is more expansive and in 2015 included additional data on: (a) 26 countries accounting for 4. 5 million IDPs including some significant IDP hosting countries (Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Kenya); and (b) IDPs in countries where UNHCR is active who are not protected or assisted by the agency. In 2015, IDMC ’ s aggregate figure for conflict-induced internal displacement was 3. 3 million higher than UNHCR ’ s aggregate figure for IDPs protected or assisted by the agency. 29 IDMC ’ s 2016 report presents both data sets alongside each other.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 13 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR). 7 This information has been collected from deponents to the Commission ‘ s statement-taking process. 8 We make use of data on the number of killings that occurred during the war in order to derive patterns and variation of violence in Timor Leste over time and across space. We use this data to identify districts and years that experienced high and low violence-intensity, both at the start of the occupation and following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops in 1999. This allows us to estimate both the impact of the first years of the conflict and the impact of the last wave of violence in 1999. 4. 1. Identification strategy: The impact of violence on school attendance in 2001 We first investigate the short-term impact of the 1999 violence. The empirical questions being addressed are: (i) whether the violence in 1999 imperiled school attendance9 and school grade deficit, and (ii) whether different channels of exposure to conflict – displacement and house destruction – affected boys and girls and different age groups differently. 4. 1. 1. Primary school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001 We make use of information in TLSS 2001 collected at the individual and household levels on displacement and house destruction to identify conflict-affected individuals. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

data on the number of killings that occurred during the war

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10100 This paper explores the impact of refugee return on social cohesion using data from Burundi, a country that experienced high levels of repatriation during the 2000s. It uses a nationwide survey conducted in 2015 and relies on geographic features of the communities for identification purposes. The results suggest varying impacts of refugee return on different aspects of social cohesion. The stronger effects, suggest that refugee return has a negative impact on the feeling that community members help each other, could borrow money for emergencies from non-household members and feeling that the community is peaceful. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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