Input: 7 All data collection is done by GISSE a research institute in Bamako. The anonymized unit record data of the baseline and the monthly surveys can be downloaded from www. gisse. org. The response rate for the phone interviews has been very high (Table 1): after 6 rounds of monthly interviews the original sample is almost entirely intact. The low level of attrition demonstrates that mobile phone samples can be maintained over prolonged periods without being unduly affected by (non-random) respondent drop-out. 3. Characteristics of the Displaced and Returnee Population According to the 2009 population census, the two most sizeable ethnic groups in northern Mali are the Songhai (45 %) and Kel Tamasheq (32 %)-- see Table 2. The crisis brought about an ethnic divide, which is reflected in the composition of the three sub-samples. The majority of IDPs and returnees are Songhai (75 % and 71 % respectively), while the majority of refugees are Kel Tamasheq. Results suggest that the decision of where to flee was determined by ethnicity: Kel Tamasheq and Arabs left the country; Songhai fled towards Bamako. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Thirty-eight percent of the sample was already engaged in at least one income-generating activity (IGA) at baseline. This is consistent with the national figures from the 2007 DHS survey, which found labor force participation rates of 34 % for women aged 15-19 and 49 % for women ages 20-24. It is also consistent with the Liberian 2010 Labor Force Survey, which found labor force participation rates of 25 % for women aged 15-19 and 47 % for women aged 20-24. For the purposes of this study, to be consistent with program objectives and the Liberian context, our definition of income-generating activity encompasses the full range of activities through which people earn money, including paid employment, either formal or informal, and self-employment in small business or through petty trade. The most common types of IGAs reported at baseline were petty trade, including 15 The balance tests are run on the same sample as will be used in the impact analysis in Section 4, that is, the subset of individuals for whom we have a panel. Balance tests run on the full sample of baseline survey respondents, regardless of whether they also participated in the midline survey, confirm the same findings. A report summarizing the balance tests on the full sample, including comparisons to nationally representative data, is available upon request from the authors. 9 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

2007 DHS survey
Liberian 2010 Labor Force Survey

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Input: 25 contributions to the local communities. More than other studies, this analysis points to the transfer of physical and human capital by refugees as an important source of benefits for the local economies. Interestingly, Kreibaum (2016) provides a more quantitative approach to the issue by assessing the impact of an increase in the presence of Congolese refugees on the hosting population in the Southern and Western parts of Uganda. The results indicate a positive ‐ although small in magnitude ‐ impact on the hosts ’ welfare (consumption per adult equivalent) but with distributional effects. Those depending on wage income and transfers experienced a deterioration in welfare, suggesting labor substitutability with rural landless workers. That seems to constitute a commonality with the Tanzanian case study. In addition, increase in the provision of private education services are also found, which is consistent with the move to the so ‐ called self ‐ reliance strategy in Uganda (see below). A major contribution of this paper is to contrast these results to the Ugandan households ’ perceptions in local communities. Conditional on assuming a common trend (that could not be tested with the available data), people are found to perceive their living conditions as having worsened off in areas with a higher number of refugees. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 48 unemployment rate, contributing to irregular migration and participation in extremist activities, including Al ‐ Shabaab. Joining militant jihadist group is viewed as another form of employment61. Social Services The lack of infrastructure and basic service hinders IDP settlements. On top of that “ urban areas are being overwhelmed with new arrivals62 ”. Access to basic needs, such as health and education, are unmet. South Sudan Security South Sudan ’ s civil war began in December 2013 and continues with serious abuses against civilians. A peace agreement was signed in August 2015 but the ceasefire was not achieved63. On May 25th, 2017, South Sudan President declared a ceasefire. According to the World Report by Human Rights Watch, South Sudanese “ government soldiers killed, raped and tortured civilians as well as destroying and pillaging civilian property during counterinsurgency operations in the southern and western parts of the country, and both sides committed abuses against civilians in and around Juba and other areas. UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide Adma Dieng said the ongoing violence had transformed into an “ ethnic war ” and warned of a “ potential for genocide64 ” On top of the precarious living situation, security and logistical challenges posed constraints to the delivery of much ‐ needed humanitarian assistance 65. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: In all these cases violence probably did not aﬀect the entire economy notably. In what follows we focus on positive net ﬂows, i. e. we subtract outﬂows from inﬂows and code negative numbers as 0s. Our results are robust to using gross inﬂows but as these are not provided by all sources. 40See Frome (1983) for a discussion of using the Poisson model to study rates. For a general discus- sion of count data models, see Cameron and Trivedi (2013). Our results are also robust to using year ﬁxed eﬀects instead of exposure. 41The reason is that the OECD data, the Dutch Central Bank data and the UN data allows us to distinguish between net ﬂows and gross ﬂows. 42We also distinguish two diﬀerent ways of calculating the cut-oﬀof intensity using contemporaneous and average population in a country. In total we therefore have 14 diﬀerent estimates per cut-oﬀ. 43Each coeﬃcient is also estimated quite precisely at this cut-oﬀ. 50

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Input: It is diﬃcult to draw causal inference from observational data. This study is no exception. The results presented here are nevertheless suﬃciently suggestive to cast doubt on the theory that the choice of migration destination is driven primarily by income diﬀerentials. Other factors seem to play a strong — and probably more important — role. References 1. Adams, Richard, Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan, 30

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Input: Combining almost 50, 000 responses to 11 cross-sectional surveys between 2017 and 2021, displacement is negatively associated with perceptions of social cohesion in aggregate. But at the individual level, those who report hosting displaced populations in their communities often have higher perceptions of social cohesion. These results are strongest among respondents who self-report hosting IDPs as opposed to refugees, but important heterogeneity across indicators, local context, and gender should guide policy meant to promote social cohesion in forced displacement. This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / www. worldbank. org / prwp. The authors may be contacted at ppham @ hsph. harvard. edu.

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Input: These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefore, little time is spent in surveying IDPs or trying to find durable solutions in the place where they migrated. Moreover, national censuses are usually conducted every ten years and statistical agencies have little incentives to revise censuses, master samples and sample survey structure for situations that are perceived as short ‐ term. In most cases, new surveys are suspended or carried out under the pre ‐ crisis frameworks and, in either case, information on IDPs is not collected or poorly collected. This leaves specialized government agencies or international organizations in charge of IDP statistics (and care). However, unlike refugees, the IDPs do not benefit from a specialized international agency such as the UNHCR. IDP assistance is currently provided by a multitude of organizations including ministries of interior, specialized government agencies, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (UN ‐ OCHA), specialized NGOs and others. Some of these organizations collect information on IDPs and make this information public while others collect information that is not published and others do not collect information and focus on providing assistance. Most data collected are for the simple purpose of counting IDPs and do not include individual or Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: The model includes ϐixed effects for grade, school, and language spoken. 14 The results are presented in Table 3. We then narrow our focus to foreign students who joined Italian schools after February 2022, speciϐically comparing Ukrainian refugees to other newly arrived foreign students. This approach allows us to examine how Ukrainian refugees compare to other foreign students who entered the education system around the same time. By restricting the sample to these two categories of students, we estimate the following regression: 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 + 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑓𝑓𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 + 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (2), with variables as deϐined in (1), and results presented in Table 4. Our analysis also aims to explore potential mechanisms that could explain results derived from equations (1) and (2). Using the administrative data, we investigate whether being placed in a smaller class inϐluences school achievement in the sample of Ukrainian refugees. The results are presented in Table 5. We then draw on ϐindings from the survey data to unpack and analyze how Ukrainian refugees feel in Italy, the challenges they face, and their aspirations. 4. Results 4. 1. Integration challenges faced by Ukrainian refugees in Italy Low enrollment and substantial dropout rates At the end of the 2021-2022 school year, the enrollment rate of Ukrainian refugee children in Italian schools was low. In the months following Russia ’ s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, 3, 320 Ukrainian refugees were enrolled into Italian secondary schools. This ϐigure constitutes 24 % of the 14, 106 Ukrainian refugees aged between 11 and 18 years who sought temporary protection as of 14 This variable is included to account for the potentially greater ease of learning experienced by students who speak languages that are considered closer to Italian. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
_Source: World Bank calculations based on Ministry of Finance data. DAU data is for 2007, Natural Resource_
_Revenues represent 2006 data._

Four types of natural disasters are considered in the study: droughts, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes/storms. Data on the number of natural disasters are obtained for 196 countries from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [1] . _Drought_ is characterized by a shortage in a region's water supply as a result of constantly below average precipitation. _Earthquake_ is characterized by the shaking and displacement of ground due to seismic waves. This variable refers to the occurrences of earthquakes only without secondary effects. _Flood_ is defined by a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. _Storm_ is represented by wind with a speed between 48 and 55 knots.

DAU data
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)

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Input:
The human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the
broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral
part, albeit with a very particular focus. The various human rights treaty
monitoring bodies and the jurisprudence developed by regional bodies
such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights are an important complement in this regard, not
least since they recognize that refugees and asylum-seekers benefit both
from specific Convention-based protection and from the range of general
human rights protections as they apply to all people, regardless of
status. [55]

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Input: standard ﬁxed or random eﬀect approach is not suﬃcient to ensure correct inference; clustering standard errors by individual is necessary. This is what we do. Having described how the dependent variable is constructed, we turn to regressors. We begin by describing how we construct an estimate of g E [yhs | zh], the level of income (or consumption) yh s that a migrant with characteristics zh can expect to earn in district s. To construct such estimate, we use the 1995 / 96 NLSS data. The reason for using the 1995 / 96 data instead of the 2002 / 3 NLSS survey is to avoid reverse causation, i. e., migration causing a change in income patterns. Migrants are unlikely to be able to accurately predict the evolution of incomes in each district over time. Income and consumption levels observable before migration are thus a reasonable starting point. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 5. 5 Ethnic diversity at different levels Despite the use of sampling weights in the construction of the diversity indices, we have no guarantee that our diversity indices are representative at the local level. Although similar ethnic diversity indices have been used at the local level (Nunn and Wantchekon, 2011; Rohner et al., 2013; Robinson, 2017; Desmet et al., 2020; Gomes, 2020b, a; Hodler et al., 2020), we cannot exclude the possibility that a lack of representativeness at the local level introduces some noise into our estimates. Ideally, we would have liked to construct our local diversity indices based on census data. However, such data are not available on an annual basis and only a minority of African countries include ethnicity questions on their censuses (Robinson, 2017). Robinson (2017) highlights other benefits but also warns against the risk of using non-random samples or of the size of samples introducing significant errors. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: 12 One could think of Jordan ’ s growth of local supply of public basic and secondary schools as a progressive public investment in human capital that increases the human capital production for children of marginal parents in terms of income and educational attainment. Those are parents who would have chosen higher investment in the human capital of their offspring, but were constrained by the limited supply of schools in their subdistricts of residence and could not afford to send their children to more distant schools outside their jurisdiction or to provide them with homeschooling. However, the increase in public schools is expected to have less of an effect on richer or more educated parents, who are expected to provide education to their children regardless of the availability of schools in their subdistricts either by sending their children to distant schools or through homeschooling. On average, however, the increase in the local supply of public schools is expected to reduce the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment or enhance intergenerational educational mobility. III. DATA Two new and unique data sources are employed in the empirical analysis. First, the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey of 2010, carried out by the Economic Research Forum in cooperation with the Jordanian Department of Statistics, is a rich source of information on all aspects of the Jordanian labor market (JLMPS 2010).

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Input: Economics and Statistics, 103(2), 310-327. Tabellini, M. (2020). Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration. The Review of Economic Studies, 87(1), 454-486. Taffesse, A. S., and Tadesse, F. (2017). Pathways Less Explore: Locus of Control and Technology Adoption. Journal of African Economies, 26(suppl_1), i36-i72. Tasic, H., Akseer, N., Gebreyesus, S. H., Ataullahjan, A., Brar, S., Confreda, E., Conway, K., Endris, B. S., Islam, M., Keats, E., Mohammedsanni, A., Wigle, J., and Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Drivers of Stunting Reduction in Ethiopia: A Country Case Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112, 875S-893S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa163 Thum, A. E. (2014). Labor Market Integration of German Immigrants and their Children: Does Personality Matter? Thompson, A. M. (1997). The Impact of Spatial Mismatch on Female Labor Force Participation. Economic Development Quarterly, 11(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124249701100203 Tsionis, A., Pantoglou, D., and Kasvikis, Y. (2022). Mental Health Locus of Control in Refugees With Clinically Established Psychopathology. Psychiatrike= Psychiatriki. Tsolak, D., and Bürmann, M. (2023). Making the Match: The Importance of Local Labor Markets for the Employment Prospects of Refugees. Social Sciences, 12,339. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060339 Tumen, S. (2019). Refugees and ‘Native Flight’ from Public to Private Schools. Economics Letters, 154 - 159.

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Input:
Annual grid-level GDP data between 1990 and 2014 at a 0.5-degree resolution come from Kummu, Taka
and Guillaume (2018). The data are primarily based on sub-national GDP per capita data constructed by
Gennaioli, _et al._ (2013) and covers 82 countries, representing 85% of the global population and 92% of
global total GDP (PPP) in 2015. Population data is taken from HYDE 3.2 (Klein, Beusen and Janssen 2010).

we use World Bank income group classifications to divide the world into developing countries (that includes low-income, lower-middle and upper-middle income countries), and high-income countries.

We also use the Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Climate Database (Trabucco and Zomer 2019) to differentiate grid cells based on their aridity.

Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Climate Database

Annual grid-level GDP data between 1990 and 2014

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Input: First, there is reason to believe that better service delivery may aﬀect citizens ’ willingness to defer to the tax department only through its eﬀect on improved outcomes that matter for citizens ’ livelihoods. Unless improved services and infrastructure have a positive impact on citizens ’ welfare, indi- viduals are unlikely to credit the government for these outputs (Sacks and Levi, 2010). The Afrobarometer ’ s objective measures of service delivery only denote the presence or absence of infrastructure and services. The data do not indicate the condition of the services and infrastructure. Citizens may perceive and reward relative improvements or sanction de- teriorations in services, rather than the absolute level of service quality they receive. If services deteriorate or improve, taxpayers may alter their beliefs about governments ’ performance and should attempt to adjust their terms 10I also tested whether there is a relationship between the presence of a concrete road, health clinic, post oﬃce and electricity grid in the enumeration areas and respondents ’ willingness to pay taxes. None of these objective indicators except for the presence of an electricity grid were signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. The presence of an electricity grid is negatively associated with the willingness to defer to the tax department. 17 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: 10 Finally, we divide the communities based on land scarcity before the 1993 conflict in order to explore the possible role of posterior rules regarding land provision to returnees. Respondents in communities that had more and less pre-war land available have broadly similar attitudes towards return. 4. Research design 4. 1 The survey We collected the data for this project during January to March 2015 as part of a nationwide survey on issues related to migration for the Labour Market Impacts of Forced Migration (LAMFOR) project. The survey had two components. First, a household survey in which 15 households were interviewed in 100 communities (i. e. sous-collines) across the 17 provinces of the country. Second, a community survey in which a local leader was interviewed in each of the 100 communities. The number of communities selected in each province was based on information from the 2008 Census. Figure 4 indicates the location of the communities surveyed. Figure 4 – Location of communities surveyed in Burundi Note: Geolocation of the 100 communities (i. e. sous-collines) sampled in the survey. Each community corresponds to a dot. Fifteen households and a local leader were interviewed in each community. The number of communities selected in each province was based on information from the 2008 Census. In the analysis below we focus on rural areas. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: hosts only, we find higher poverty incidence; roughly 84 percent of in-camp refugees and 32 percent of hosts live in poverty. Although poverty incidence is higher for refugees, the high poverty rates among host communities also imply that they live in severely resource- constrained conditions. This calls for development approaches that invest in refugee-hosting areas in a manner that benefits both refugees and hosts alike (Annex D, Table D.11 presents detailed poverty rates by refugee domains). 5. Welfare and Equity Refugees’ Aspirations 43 Refugees in Addis Ababa are less poor than their hosts, as well as in-camp refugees and their hosts. Poverty incidence in Addis Ababa for refugees living under the OCP is lower (7 percent) than their hosts (18 percent).43 This difference is driven primarily by the high rent expenditures of refugees since they cannot benefit from public housing schemes, increasing their overall consumption expenditure. As discussed in Chapter 2, about 97 percent of refugee and 39 percent of host households in Addis Ababa live in rented houses. The data show that Addis Ababa refugees pay higher rents (ETB 31,600 per year, per adult equivalent) than hosts (ETB 18,700 per year, per adult equivalent). Moreover, rent expenditures make up

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Input: Excluding respondents who have relocated would omit those with the higher rates of income growth and poverty reduction. Table 5 reports confidence intervals for the incremental samples (which are not mutually exclusive); it gives a more detailed picture of how inference on consumption growth and poverty reduction would have changed if we had not tracked movers. It is apparent that inference from a ‘ simple ’ panel survey of respondents continuing to reside within the original communities would have produced underestimates of actual consumption growth and poverty reduction in this population. These conclusions are robust across the distribution of consumption, as well as at the mean and poverty line. Panel A in Figure 2 depicts the cumulative density function for consumption per capita for those people who remained living in the same community. Panels B, C and D make the same graph for respondents found residing in neighboring communities, elswehere in Kagera Region and outside Kagera Region. As respondents were located further from their location in 1991, so the difference between the 1991 and 2004 graphs becomes more pronounced. Note how, for people who remained in the baseline community, the 1991 and 2004 distributions lie close to each other under the poverty line and diverge above it, while for other mobility categories there is more divergence at the bottom of the graph. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 20 Note: Poverty is defined as the percent of the population living with less than $ 2 a day (World Development Indicators database). The annual number of refugees in each country is given by the Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). 4. 2. Lessons from Case Studies in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda Given the limits of cross ‐ country comparisons, we present below three short case studies on the impact of protracted refugee situations on hosting communities. These case studies were not chosen based on a systematic review but they are sufficiently close to each other to allow for comparative learning. These case studies are also those emerging from a growing literature on the quantitative assessment of the impact of refugees on hosting communities (Mabiso et al. 2014). Case Study # 1: The protracted refugee situations in Tanzania Tanzania has been known as a refugee ‐ hosting country for long due to its peaceful history and its location surrounded by conflict ‐ affected countries (Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Mozambique). The first president of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, welcomed most of refugees as a sign of pan ‐ African solidarity in the post ‐ independence periods from many African nations. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: times before replacing a household from the list of replacements. The list of replacement households was only provided to the enumerators upon demonstrating that three visits were attempted. In the case of in- camp refugees, if the enumerators, together with the focal person from RRS and UNHCR, could not identify the selected household within the camp, they were provided with a list of replacements. Second, in case of missing to identify even the replaced sampled households, the enumerators were requested to go back to the original sampled household and skip ten households using a counterclockwise rule to find a new replacement household. (d) Implementation Plan The survey implementation plan involved collaboration with the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS), World Bank, UNHCR, and RRS. The ESS was responsible for administering the pre- and post- fieldwork implementation and management, including fieldworkers’ recruitment, training, field tests, data collection, data quality assurance, and data management The UNHCR supported in engaging refugee communities and leaders. The RRS facilitated access to all camps for the survey teams; this is the first time that the RRS facilitated access to all camps for such an extensive survey. Notably, the UNHCR and RRS facilitated the collaboration of the field workers

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Input: 8 Most previous studies have measured QOL narrowly by focusing on income, an approach that researchers have often criticized. Diener & Suh (1997) elaborate on the limitations of the income-only QOL approach, include the failure of increased income to guarantee happiness or to reduce several deprivations experienced by the poor. These criticisms paved the way for broader multidimensional QOL assessments (Alkire & Foster, 2011a; Nussbaum & Sen, 1993). Multidimensional QOL assessment is critical in a situation of forced displacement. Refugees may be economically engaged yet have low life satisfaction due to exploitation or multidimensional deprivations in nutrition, health, education, employment, and shelter (Becchetti & Rossetti, 2009; Sand & Gruber, 2018). These deprivations disproportionally affect refugees ’ QOL compared to the host population. The level at which these issues affect refugees living in camps may also differ from how they affect refugees living out of camps. Another issue is that the income indicator alone may not provide reliable information about refugee welfare. For example, refugees may not be truthful about their earnings if they conceive that the purpose of the survey is to plan for refugee assistance or resettlement. Therefore, for policy consideration and proper targeting, the multidimensional QOL indicator is appropriate in understanding refugees'deprivations, whether they live in or out of camps. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Page 15 of 51 Figure 10: Education profile of Part-time employees. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys On the other hand, in the case of temporary employment, the improvement of the educational profile is more evident and generalized than in part-time employment (Figure 10). In fact, in all the cases in which temporary employment was identified, taken together, the share of workers at the secondary or higher education increased in proportion in the last two decades. The countries in which the improvements in the education profile are less deep are Chile, where the participation of workers with secondary education decreased in the last two decades, even though this decrease is more than compensated by the greater proportion of tertiary workers, and El Salvador, where the share of workers with tertiary education remains almost constant. 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Incomplete primary (starting point) Incomplete primary (ending point) Primary (starting point) Primary (ending point) Secondary (starting point) Secondary (ending point) Tertiary (starting point) Tertiary (ending point)

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Input: 20 capacity to offer these services. Many may be at risk of violence or trafficking. These are very important aspects from the perspective of welfare economists interested in measuring well ‐ being but these measurements are complex and not usually included in multidimensional indicators of deprivation or poverty. The dimensions of deprivations to consider are more numerous and more complex to measure. Again, there is very little research in welfare economics dedicated to the special needs of these populations. Risks and vulnerabilities. The analysis of risk and vulnerability is also much more complex in the context of the forcibly displaced. Welfare economics has only approached these topics recently, in the past decade or so. Essentially, the idea is to measure the risk of being poor or falling poor in the future using cross ‐ section or panel data studying spells of poverty over time. This is work that requires accurate and complex data sets that would be rarely available in a refugee or IDP context. More importantly, the nature of the problem changes. Refugees and IDPs are by definition more at risk and more vulnerable than regular populations and these vulnerabilities are not only linked to skills and efforts but to legal status, discrimination, limited mobility and other factors that are unique or much more acute with refugees and IDPs. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

biometric and individual data of asylum-seekers in the UNHCR-managed refugee management database,
ensuring that this process remains distinct from the registration of an asylum application carried out strictly
by CNARR.

Article 31 of the 2020 Law and Article 73 of the 2023 Decree outline that refugees are entitled by the
competent authorities to be issued with civil status documents including birth certificates, death certificates
and marriage certificates on par with nationals. Furthermore, the specific legal framework on civil status
[documents consists of the National Civil Status Code and Law No. 008/PR/2013 of 10 May 2013, governing](http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Loi-no-13-08-Etat-Civil-10-mai-2013.pdf)
civil status organizations in the Republic of Chad. Under Decree No. 660/PR/PM/MATSP/2015, establishing
the modalities of application of the Law of 10 May 2013, all births in Chad are subject to a mandatory
registration requirement. In line with this universal principle of civil registration, all foreigners, including
refugees and asylum-seekers to whom vital events have occurred in Chad, are allowed to benefit from civil
registry services on par with nationals. Additionally, [Ordinance No. 002/PR/2020](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Ordonnance-002-PR-2020-Etat-Civil-14-fevrier-2020.pdf) on the organization of civil
status in the Republic of Chad has extended the registration delay for births to three months.

UNHCR-managed refugee management database

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Input:
HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 155

BSSs are expensive and time consuming. In conflict and post-conflict settings,
the costs of BSSs vary according to population and geographic size, but generally
cost at least US$50,000 for a typical refugee camp when conducted by qualified
specialists (source: UNHCR based on 11 BSSs in five countries from 2004 to
2005). Anecdotally, some organizations having insufficient funding undertook
surveys on their own or with inexperienced consultants; these surveys often had
poor results. Therefore, adequate funding is needed before such surveys are
undertaken.
BSSs collect crucial HIV/AIDS data to inform local and national interventions
as well as for programme monitoring and evaluation, and for the allocation of
scarce resources. Scientifically sound and reproducible studies with structured
and detailed reports are needed. Our results showed that organizations that are
specifically trained and have extensive experience in doing these surveys, such as
CDC, undertook surveys and produced reports that were superior to those of
NGOs. As was previously recommended for nutrition surveys in humanitarian
emergencies, NGOs, governments, and UN agencies interested in undertaking
BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings must ensure that the process is
developed and directed by qualified and experienced experts (Spiegel et al.
2004). This may require hiring organizations that specialize in undertaking such
surveys. The decision to undertake such surveys should be made in a coordinated
fashion with all relevant organizations, governments and affected populations.
Persons writing such proposals should be aware of the financial, time and
logistical constraints in correctly undertaking BSSs. Donors should only fund
realistic and technically sound proposals. Systematic training and ongoing
advocacy on these issues among NGOs, UN agencies, governments and donors
is needed. An inventory of international experts that can assist in planning and
undertaking field missions should be developed.
Unlike nutrition surveys in humanitarian settings (Spiegel et al. 2004), there is
currently no standard questionnaire, methodology nor practical manual on how
to undertake BSSs in conflict and post-conflict settings. Many BSSs are
undertaken on a nationwide scale with large samples that require significant
technical expertise and resources (e.g. demographic and health surveys with an
HIV component). The FHI BSS guidelines for repeated behavioural surveys in
populations at risk of HIV (Family Health International 2000) are often used as
the standard manual for undertaking BSSs. However, this 350 page manual
describes how BSSs can be undertaken in numerous different situations and is not
designed to be a ‘how to manual’ such as those designed for nutrition surveys in
humanitarian emergencies (Me´decins Sans Frontie´res 1995, Save the Children
2004). Furthermore, conflict and post-conflict situations are unique and require
different information from other populations (Spiegel 2004, UNHCR 2005).
These include questions on displacement and interaction with surrounding host
populations as well as sensitive questions on sexual exploitation and violence.
Recognizing this need, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in
collaboration with the World Bank, UNAIDS and the Great Lakes Initiative on

demographic and health surveys with an
HIV component

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Input: Page 9 of 51 Figure 2: Prevalence of NSE by categories of occupations ISCO. (Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys When these results are analyzed by the type of NSE, we find significant differences between the trends in Part-time and Temporary employment. On the one hand, there is a stable or growing prevalence of part-time employment among the salaried employees, where Uruguay is the only exception, characterized by a decrease in the incidence of this type of employment (Figure 3). In the cases of Peru and Bolivia, we find almost the same prevalence of part-time employment as two decades ago while in the remaining countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic) there is a greater prevalence of part-time employment. Likewise, the prevalence of temporary employment shows a downward trend in most of the analyzed countries in the last 20 years (Figure 4). In fact, three of the five countries in which temporary employment could be identified show a significant drop in the prevalence of this type of employment (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile). El Salvador presents a stable incidence of temporary employment, while Mexico is the only country in our sample for which there is an increase in this type of NSE. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 19 children and 61 % of caregivers prefer to remain in Italy. Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 express a greater desire to continue living in Italy compared to children aged between 9 and 14. Another survey conducted across Europe from June to December 2022 shows that only 8 % of Ukrainian refugees planned to settle outside Ukraine (Adema et al., 2024). Compared to other foreign children in Italy, the aspirations of Ukrainian refugees to return to Ukraine seems signiϐicantly higher: indeed, a recent study from ISTAT on children 11 to 19 years old shows that only 11 % of foreign children wish to return to their home country (ISTAT, 2024). The relatively strong desire to return to Ukraine can have negative effects in refugee parents'educational decisions, particularly in encouraging their children to learn the language of the host country and in enrolling in school (Dryden-Peterson et al., 2019; Zengin and Atas-Akdemir, 2020). Figure 6- Aspirations and identity of refugee caregivers and students (Source: World Bank Survey on Ukrainian refugees in Italy) Many students facing uncertain futures try to stay connected to both educational systems. Findings from the World Bank survey indicate that 25 % of children are engaging in online Ukrainian schooling while being enrolled and attending Italian schools. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

World Bank Survey on Ukrainian refugees in Italy

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Input: 9 Methods Data sources Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS): Individual-Level Data The DHS Program has been collecting data since 1984 in over 90 countries. The surveys examine fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, gender dynamics, HIV / AIDS, malaria, and nutrition. A core standard questionnaire is administered in all countries, with some variation to ensure that questions are culturally appropriate and relevant. This project uses DHS data from 2010 in Colombia and 2007 in Liberia. These surveys were chosen because they represent data collection that has occurred after or during a period of active conflict, and have Geographic Information System (GIS) information about the cluster where the women were sampled. 2 The DHS surveys use a two-stage cluster sampling design that first randomly selects clusters and then randomly selects households within the cluster. Only one woman per household is eligible to take the domestic violence module for privacy concerns. The DHS Women ’ s Questionnaire collects data on women aged 15 to 49 years. Data on interpersonal and partner violence is collected as part of the DHS Domestic Violence (DV) Module, now applied in conjunction with the Women ’ s Individual Questionnaire. 3 Dependent Variables This study examines three outcomes: lifetime IPV, past-year IPV and injury resulting from IPV, each is described below. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: These systems employ a combination of data collection techniques including key respondent interviews, focus group discussions, registration, observations and physical counts, samplings and other statistical methodologies. For examples, UNHCR ’ s population tracking systems identifies and trains local NGOs to monitor key locations such as IDP settlements, bus stations and roads to report on movements. The accuracy of data from movement tracking systems is subject to several caveats. These include: limited access to locations and routes due to insecurity; vast geographical areas to monitor; mixed population flows that include refugees, IDPs, pastoral and seasonal movements and economic migrants; massive population flows that overwhelm monitoring capacity; disinclination of individuals to provide information when there is no assistance being offered; pressures from communities to inflate figures to maximize future assistance; and political pressures to suppress accurate reporting on IDP movements. Additionally, due to the fluid nature of displacement in many contexts and the likelihood of recurring displacements, it is not possible to use movement data to provide estimates of population stocks. Population censuses National population and housing censuses often provide the most comprehensive source of population data and offer the potential for estimating numbers of forcibly displaced people. To estimate the size of displaced populations a census would need to include questions on country (and / or place) or birth, year of (internal) 70 Other data collection methods may be used such as movement tracking systems, registration, big data etc. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input:
factor between nightlights and economic activity as measured by Gross Domestic Prod uct (GDP). Using World Bank data on GDP in Parity Purchasing Power (PPP) in 2011

The data source for the terrain roughness is the Global Land Cover Dataset 2000 and for the topography characteristics is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission database.

The local wind speeds experienced due to a hurricane are derived from a spatial hurricane windstorm model developed by the World Bank Group Latin America and the Caribbean Disaster Risk Management team (Pita et al., 2015). The model estimates maximum wind speeds at the height of 10 meters with a spatial resolution of 1 km [2] for observed hurricanes and tropical storms in Central America during our sample period.

The focus in the paper is on one specific family of household surveys, the Living Standard

Measurement Study (LSMS). This is one prominent type of household survey widely

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission database

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: General population registers In a small but growing number of countries, information from the central population register is the main source of migration statistics. 80 While population registers may generate statistics on both internal and international migration (if they record changes of residence, and international arrivals and departures) they do not typically record reasons for movement. However, it may be possible to link data from the central population register to those from immigration or border authorities to identify refugees and asylum- 76 Using standard ILO definitions, Labor Force Surveys collect data on work-related issues and provide a basis for measuring employment and unemployment indicators. They are typically conducted monthly in developed countries and quarterly or annually in developing countries. 77 Supported by USAID and implemented by ICF International, the DHS Program has collected, analyzed and disseminated data on population, health, HIV and nutrition through more than 300 surveys in over 90 countries. 78 MICS is an initiative of UNICEF that assists countries in collecting and analyzing health and education data in order to fill data gaps for monitoring the situation of children and women. 79 Many refugee hosting countries issue a form of identification, either specific to refugees or based on national identification documents or those issued to non-national residents. In many cases where such documents are not issued, refugee identity cards are issued in collaboration with UNHCR. 80 A population register provides a mechanism for the continuous recording of selected data on the resident population including a unique identification number, date of birth, sex, marital status, place of birth, place of residence, citizenship and language and possibly also socio-economic data, such as occupation or education. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: obtained from the multilevel logistic model. Thus, I am conﬁdent that I did not lose substantial statistical information by dichotomizing this variable. 6. 2 Independent Variables 6. 2. 1 Socio-Demographic Variables I control for standard socio-demographic variables that can aﬀect citizens ’ acceptance of government ’ s right to make people pay taxes. A question prob- ing respondents on their household income was not included in the fourth round of Afrobarometer surveys. Asking respondents to quantify their in- come can be problematic in the context of developing economies, where in- dividuals are often embedded in barter or commodity exchange, rather than, market economies. There are, however, reasonably good proxies including whether respondents own a television, radio, car, and mobile phone, and use the internet. Age, education, employment, and urban or rural residence are demographic factors that also aﬀect household resources. 6. 2. 2 Experience with Paying Taxes or Fees It is diﬃcult to assess just how ubiquitous taxes are in ordinary Africans ’ lives. There has not been any systematic eﬀort to take stock of the types and amount of taxes citizens pay across Africa. Similar to pre-modern European states, African states ’ revenue raising capacity is generally low. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: VII Figures Figure 1. Registry and Program Rollout: RAMV Census Registration, PEP Application, and Data Collection 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 SAMPLE April 6, 2018 RAMV registry starts June 8, 2018 RAMV registry ends July 25, 2018 Residency permit (Permiso Especial de Permanencia – PEP) for irregular refugees registered in the RAMV is announced August 2, 2018 PEP program starts December 21, 2018 PEP program ends October 2020 Survey collection starts February 2021 Survey collection ends 442, 462 refugees registered in 395 municipalities in Colombia (35 % of the territory) Around 281, 307 people received the PEP document 38 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**2022 VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION**

As of 30 September 2022

MAP OF VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION WHERE THE FLOW INVOLVE 5 POCs OR MORE

KEY FIGURES

15,042

Total Individuals
repatrieted since

January 2022

Individuals repatrieted

**within Southern Africa**

**Region** since January

2022

6,786 8,256

Individuals repatrieted

**from Southern Africa**

**Region** to other countries
outside of the region since

January 2022

VOLREP* WHERE THE FLOW INVOLVE 5 POCs OR MORE

TRENDS

MONTHLY REPATRIATION SINCE JANUARY

**3,874**

ANNUAL REPATRIATION SINCE 2019

*VolRep = Voluntary Repatriation  PoCs = Persons of Concern Source : UNHCR PRIMES   Author : DIMA/RBSA    Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES.  For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhcr.org)

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Input: In both waves, the selected households to be interviewed are those UNHCR considers to be most vulnerable in terms of education, specific needs and the use of livelihood coping strategies, 7 thus, they are a nonrandom sample of all registered Syrian households in Jordan. During Home Visits, data on household expenditures, aid, income, schooling, and other demographics are collected. Each wave of data is a snapshot of a different nonrandom sample of registered refugees because the pool of registered households changed over time. However, because of data confidentiality, we could not link records across years. For this reason, we treat each wave as an independent sample of cross-sectional data. We compare 204, 941 individuals in 54, 900 cases (households) in the 2013 wave, with 195, 930 individuals in 43, 292 cases in 2018. We focus on comparisons between different types of households; however, we use individual characteristics to determine the household categories. A case is formed when a Principal Applicant (PA) registers at a UNHCR office seeking asylum. Initially the self- identified PA reports all members of the household and their demographic characteristics, which are recorded in ProGres. Subsequently UNHCR carries out individual interviews with each family 7 See UNHCR (2018b) available at https: / / data2. unhcr. org / en / documents / download / 65143. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Second, there are cases where the current study reports data by nationality, but the corresponding figure in the Trends in International Migrant Stock refers to the foreign born. This situation generally arises when a census does not report the number of foreign-born migrants on a bilateral basis. Examples include Austria and Côte d ‘ Ivoire. Third, differences in the years to which the data refer can generate large disparities. For example, this study uses the 1966 data for Australia, whereas Trends in International Migrant Stock reports data for 1970. Overall, however, the fact that the totals are remarkably close in every decade adds credence to the estimates here. IV. THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL BILATERAL MIGRATION The greatest strengths of the global migration matrices are their bilateral coverage, the number of decades covered, and the disaggregation by gender. These data are too rich for a full analysis of all movements between all pairs of countries. Instead, this section summarizes the major trends in the evolution of bilateral migrant stocks, based primarily on World Bank regions. 25 Global Trends The migration matrix for the 1960 census round reflects a realigning world in the postcolonial era. Over the 1960-2000 period, the composition of world migration 25 Appendix 1 details the World Bank regions: South Asia, East Asia and Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, and Middle East and North Africa. High-income Middle East and North Africa refers to the predominantly oil producing countries in the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and to Israel. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Figure 5: Part-time employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: Page 15 of 51 Figure 10: Education profile of Part-time employees. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys On the other hand, in the case of temporary employment, the improvement of the educational profile is more evident and generalized than in part-time employment (Figure 10). In fact, in all the cases in which temporary employment was identified, taken together, the share of workers at the secondary or higher education increased in proportion in the last two decades. The countries in which the improvements in the education profile are less deep are Chile, where the participation of workers with secondary education decreased in the last two decades, even though this decrease is more than compensated by the greater proportion of tertiary workers, and El Salvador, where the share of workers with tertiary education remains almost constant. 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Incomplete primary (starting point) Incomplete primary (ending point) Primary (starting point) Primary (ending point) Secondary (starting point) Secondary (ending point) Tertiary (starting point) Tertiary (ending point) Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 23 The Kakuma refugee camp was established in 1992 in response to the inflow of 23, 000 Sudanese refugees (Jamal 2000). The camp is now home to over 100, 000 refugees from South Sudan, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the DRC (UNHCR, 2012). The ongoing unrest in South Sudan is likely to exacerbate the refugee situation in the upcoming year. Moreover, the restrictions imposed by the government on refugee movement and employment makes the Kakuma population completely dependent on assistance provided by international organizations present on the field (Jamal 2000) The evidence on the impact of refugees in Kenya is quite limited. However, the Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology (NORDECO 2010) provides a detailed description, backed by sound descriptive statistics, on the impact of Dadaab refugee camps on host communities. Despite the very different structure of the local economy, mainly driven by pastoralist livelihoods, a pattern somewhat similar to the Tanzanian case is observed. According to NORDECO (2010), the aggregated economic impact is positive. It is estimated that about USD 3 million annual income accrues to the host community thanks to livestock and milk sales to the refugee camps. Trade and employment opportunities have also been reported around Dadaab camps in Kenya.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 23 and females. 10 The results are shown in table S. 1 in the supplemental appendix. The baseline effects of basic schools on educational attainment and their effects on mobility are stronger and often more significant than those estimated in table 4 for both males and females. A second concern is that Jordan received a large influx of Palestinian refugees in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. While refugees benefited from the UNRWA basic schools, their educational attainment and intergenerational educational mobility were perhaps subject to a different set of constraints than those facing other Jordanians. Thus, as a robustness check, individuals who are likely to be Palestinian refugees were excluded from the sample. Since the JLMPS 2010 does not allow directly identifying Palestinian refugees who are now mostly Jordanian citizens, two indirect methods were employed to identify individuals who are likely to be Palestinian refugees. Method 1 excludes individuals born in subdistricts where the percentage of individuals who were ever enrolled (or are currently enrolled) in an UNRWA school exceeds ten percent out of all individuals below 36 years of age in the sample. Method 2 excludes individuals born in subdistricts where the percentage of UNRWA schools exceeds ten percent of the total number of schools. The results for the restricted sample according to both methods are shown in tables S. 2 and S. 3 respectively. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: itative exercise empowered focus group participants to guide the research and conceptualization. The results from these exercises then dictating the deﬁnition and measurement strategy for social cohesion in the quantitative assessment. The participatory research strategy was based mainly on structured focus group discussions. The project conducted consultations in seven territoires with the objective to develop localized understandings of what elements were important to social cohesion in eastern DRC. Participants were selected from civil society and the public sector. 96 individuals participated in these exercises (Table 1), 55 % of whom were men and 45 % of whom were women. 6 Location (Groupement) Date Number Participants Goma City 06 Oct 2017 11 Bukavu City 13 Oct 2017 13 Nyabibwe (Kalehe) 12 Oct 2017 14 Ishungu & Lughendo (Kabare) 12 Oct 2017 15 Kamisimbi (Walungu) 16 Oct 2017 18 Wassa (Walikale) 20 Oct 2017 12 Biiri (Masisi) 03 Nov 2017 13 Table 1: Descriptive Information on Focus Groups The focus group discussions began with an open discussion on social cohesion designed to ascertain participants familiarity with the concept. The facilitator further asked participants to write down words or concepts participants related to social cohesion. These words were written on individual post-its, which were then posted on a wall.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: Specifically, a 1 percent increase of the refugees ’ presence5 leads to a 2. 7 and 15. 9 percent increase in the diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and value of livestock product sale, respectively. It should be noted that this analysis is taking place during a period where refugees in Ethiopia were prohibited by law from seeking work outside designated camps. This has changed after 2019 because of the revised Ethiopian Refugee Law. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across regions and to a limited extent, vary depending on the gender of the household head. The negative effects tend to be concentrated in Gambella, a region that hosts most of the refugee population in Ethiopia and where the refugee population is as large as the population of the region. Overall, compared to women-headed households, households with a male head seem to benefit through increased diversification of activities as a secondary 4 Region refers to the administration level 1 from the Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM). The nearest region to the refugee camp is identified as the one that has the shortest straight distance to the refugee camp among all neighboring regions in the major refugee source countries. 5 As explained above, refugee presence is the number of refugees (population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household ’ s inverted distance to the camp. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 7253 This paper is a product of the Poverty Global Practice Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. The authors may be contacted at jlendorfer @ worldbank. org and jhoogeveen @ worldbank. org. This paper analyzes the impact of the 2012 crisis in Mali on internally displaced people, refugees and returnees. It uses information from a face-to-face household survey as well as follow-up interviews with its respondents via mobile phones.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 2 1. INTRODUCTION Refugees pose a massive moral, political and economic challenge for potential host countries. 1 The scale of the challenge is larger than ever, with 60 million people forcibly displaced by conflicts across the world (UNHCR, 2014). War in Syria has produced more refugees than any other conflict of the past two decades: around 4. 6 million have fled the country, with an additional 7. 6 million internally displaced. 2 About 2. 5 million Syrians have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess the impact on Turkish employment and wages. The large majority (85 percent) of Syrians have left the refugee camps and entered the Turkish labor market. 3 They are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits. This makes their arrival a well-defined supply shock to informal labor, and a particularly good context in which to test the predictions of basic economic theory. We instrument for refugee flows using travel distance between 13 origin governorates in Syria and 26 Turkish subregions (338 origin-destination pairs). This allows us to also control for distance from the Syrian border, and thus any confounding factors that are correlated with proximity to Syria. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The original questionnaire was adjusted and trimmed because of the challenges posed by phone surveys. We decided not to collect data for the entire household roster, and collected the labor module only for the respondent and one other member of the nuclear family. 18 In total, we collected information from 3, 455 Venezuelan families living in Colombia. This sample included families with some members who were Colombian, either from birth or 16The call was rescheduled when the respondent was not available. When ineligible respondents were called, the team included them in a rafﬂe for 50, 000 COP (approximately $ USD 18). 17As discussed above, PEP was also awarded in previous waves to forced migrants who entered Colombia using a passport and therefore had regular migratory status. By asking if respondents had a Venezuelan passport, the team ensured the exclusion of other PEP holders who were typically wealthier. 18The nuclear family includes the household head, partner, children, parents, parents-in-law, daughters-in- law, and sons-in-law. 57 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
Strzepek K & McCluskey A, 2006. District level hydroclimatic time series and scenario analysis to assess the impacts of climate change on regional water resources and agriculture in Africa. CEEPA Discussion Paper No 13, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria.

#### 2 The Survey Data   Progressing in the e¤orts to better understand the development economics of public  debt management strategies across di¤erent country groups and individual coun tries, the Banking and Debt Management Department of the World Bank conducted  a survey on public debt management strategies.

#### 5 Conclusion   This paper analyzed survey data on public debt management strategies across income  groups, regions and levels of indebtedness using graphical tools.

As mentioned in the introduction, we see this paper as a ...rst attempt to charac terize the variations in the survey data on public debt management strategies across  countries where establishing a regularly repeated survey would be incredibly bene... cial.

total government debt to GDP, should result in an e¤ort to consolidate government

...nances and adopt a debt management strategy. One can also expect that if this

indicator reaches high levels the government may give up on debt management and

survey on public debt management strategies

survey data on public debt management strategies

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary GER Secondary GER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.11: Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary NER Secondary NER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.12: Net Enrollment Rate (NER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary school (15 to 18 years) Secondary school (19 to 24 years) Percent Figure 2.13: Share of children and youth above school age in education Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 17 family unwillingness is higher among refugee girls compared to boys (Annex D, Figure D.5). Refugee parents are less likely to send their children to secondary school in part because the opportunity cost of schooling becomes higher since children going to school cannot help support the family (UNHCR, 2020a). Across refugees, Somali refugee children of secondary school age do not attend school due to family unwillingness (52 percent). On the other

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We use the sum of conflict events occurring in the historic homeland of ethnic group e in the previous year t − 1, denoted as Conflictet − 1, and we use the mean distance between the historic homeland of ethnic group e and the border of country d to predict the number of refugees of a certain ethnic group e moving from country o to d at time t. 22 In order to be consistent with EPR-ER data construction, we restrict our analysis to all origin – destination country pairs that are at a maximum distance ≤ 950 km from each other. Predicted numbers of refugees are then transformed into predicted shares for the three largest groups to follow the logic used by the EPR-ER dataset. We then plug in these predicted shares in the following way: X \PredictedRefcet = Refocdt ∗ \Shareodet. (6) The predicted shares of refugees per camp c are then used to compute (as documented above) refugee diversity indices to be used as instrumental variables. The first-stage equations corresponding to the 2SLS-equivalent of Equation 1 can be expressed as 20We conduct a robustness check on Equation 5, replacing the dyadic origin – destination fixed effects with separate origin and destination fixed effects (Section 5. 4). 21More information on LEDA can be found in Appendix A. 1. 22The construction of the IV follows a long tradition in using the gravity model to predict bilateral migration flows (Ravenstein, 1985, 1989; Crozet, 2004; Mayda, 2010; Garcia et al., 2015; Beine et al., 2016). In our analysis, a major difference is that we have an additional dimension: the ethnic group e. 20 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Survey instruments enable detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households, and if they identify displaced populations based on self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status. Additionally, more innovative tools and technologies for data collection, analysis and compilation should be explored and leveraged. For example, new methodologies (such as high resolution satellite imagery and unmanned drones) may expand the coverage of data collection efforts in insecure or inaccessible areas. Additionally, new techniques could be explored to improve the collection of robust data on flows of refugees and IDPs. Organizations such as the World Bank, UNHCR, IOM and IDMC are already exploring and in some cases are beginning to use more innovative data collection tools. These techniques include: 99 Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including Living Standards Measurement Studies, Labor Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Labor Force Surveys
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Demographic and Health Surveys
Living Standards Measurement Studies

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The lack of certainty means children are trying to prepare for further studies (e. g., in universities) in two separate systems with varying requirements. The survey results indicate that students enrolled in both systems spend as much time in Italian schools as those attending only Italian schools, averaging 31 hours per week. However, students participating in both systems spend an additional 8 hours per week on online Ukrainian classes. This puts an extra burden on these children. Connectedness to Italy is correlated with demographic characteristics and social environment of refugee children. Additionally, Table 6 shows that making new friends in the country of destination and speaking Italian are strongly associated with higher connection to Italy. The mental distress resulting from displacement is a key barrier to educational integration for many Ukrainian refugees in Italy. The link between poor mental health and low school attendance and performance is widely acknowledged in the literature (see Fiining et al., 2019 for a systematic review). In the World Bank survey data, children and caregivers reported signs of mental distress, with 16 % of children and 24 % of refugee caregivers reported experiencing psychological distress 61 % 35 % 31 % 68 % 50 % 36 % 23 % 68 % 59 % 26 % 26 % 59 % Would like to continue living in Italy Would like to move back to Ukraine Feel strongly connected to Italy Feel strongly connected to Ukraine Caregivers (N = 283) Children between 9 and 14 years old (N = 141) Children between 15 and 20 years old (N = 96) Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: These calculations conﬁrm our earlier assessment. 5 Conclusion Combining data from a household survey and an 11 % census of the population, we have estimated destination choice regressions for Nepalese internal migrants. Results show that population density, social proximity, and access to amenities exert a strong inﬂuence on migrants ’ choice of destination. These results conﬁrm earlier work on the factors aﬀecting the subjective welfare cost of isolation (Fafchamps and Shilpi, 2008). 29

household survey
11 % census of the population

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: The initiative includes four components, namely: a) training professionals to work with young men in the area of health and gender-equity using a set of manuals and videos; b) social marketing of condoms; c) promoting health services; and d) evaluating changes in gender norms. In 2002, PROMUNDO and Horizons began a 2-year evaluation to measure the effectiveness of two different approaches, compared to a control site. Researchers have developed a"Gender-Equitable Men"(Leichert) scale with 24 items for measuring attitudes. Methods include pre and post-tests as well as a six-month follow-up community-based survey. In addition, they are gathering qualitative information among men and their female partners. Preliminary results suggest that the program has been successful at increasing gender equitable norms and reducing behavior that puts men at increased risk of HIV / AIDS. ReproSalud (Peru): Manuela Ramos launched ReproSalud in 1995 as a USAID-funded rural reproductive health program. ReproSalud used participatory rural appraisal (PLA) to help women's groups identify women's reproductive health needs and to organize community meetings to design strategies to address those needs. Domestic violence and forced sex within marriage emerged as important problems in those communities. In response, ReproSalud organized workshops for women and men on gender issues, carried out community awareness campaigns and established a microcredit program for women.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: the original variables used to predict fragility as controls without changing results. It is only in the post-war period that exclusion and refugees become a factor that inﬂuences foreign investment ﬂows. Finally, the results we ﬁnd are robust across all datasets of foreign investment we use. These results make it at least plausible that political exclusion and refugees matter because they predict a relapse to more intense violence. As ﬁnal piece of evidence for this idea we use data on political short and mid-term credit risk from the Belgian insurer Delcredere Ducroire (ONDD). We collected data on political risk evaluations from ONDD who, according to their annual report, insured transactions worth about 7 billion EUR in 2011. The variable we use measures the risk of a credit default for rea- sons beyond the control of the debtor, i. e. due to political or ﬁnancial macroeconomic events. We choose this variable because it provides the most consistent time-series in the ONDD data. ONDD measures both short- and mid-term risk on a scale from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk). Table 12, columns (1) and (4) show that risk ratings are decreasing in peacetime. Note that, as before, we control for country ﬁxed eﬀects which implies that we look at changes within country.

data on political short and mid-term credit risk

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source