Input: 13 baseline that were found to be uncorrelated with the treatment in Table 1. 12 Observations are then weighted by the inverse of their probability of having data observed. Therefore, those who had a small chance of being observed are given increased weight, to compensate for those similar observations who are missing. The pseudo R-squared from the probit model suggests that those baseline covariates explain about 8 percent of the probability of data being observed. A Wald test confirmed that those variables are jointly statistically different from zero (the P-value is 0. 000). However, this still leaves a large percentage of attrition (around 92 percent) unexplained. 13 Therefore, we note that the results in the following section should be interpreted with caution. We present results in the next section for four specifications. Specification 1 presents OLS estimates from equation 1. Specification 2 presents results that control for individual fixed effects from equation 3. Specification 3 presents OLS estimates for the full sample by imputing missing observations for attritors at follow-up using lower and upper bound estimates. Specification 4 presents OLS estimates with the estimated constructed weights. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: of difficulty, ranging from those suitable for children as young as 2 and a half years old to more complex items for individuals over 18 years old. 19 The Peabody Vocabulary Test is calibrated with a mean standard score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, placing scores between 85 and 115 within the average range. This test, in its Spanish edition, has been validated for use in Colombia. Additionally, to ensure relevance and accuracy for Venezuelan nationals, we conducted a preliminary validation by administering the test to a sample of Venezuelan mothers in our study. This step confirmed that the words used in the test held consistent meanings for participants from Venezuela. Figure B. 1 depicts the distribution of PVTS scores for Venezuelan and Colombian chil- dren and adolescents in our sample. This visualization indicates that Venezuelan minors consistently score lower on the PVTS compared to their Colombian peers across the en- tire score distribution. In Table 6, we present the average disparities in percentile rank on the Peabody scale, revealing that Venezuelan children and adolescents, who are forcibly displaced, score approximately 12 p. p. lower than their Colombian counterparts. The difference is meaningful and in turn translated into Venezuelan minors falling into the a higher likelihood of having extremely low, moderately low, and low score categories.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The GBV Action Plan was finalized in consultation with the Ministry of Gender, UN Women, and civil society organizations specializing in survivor support. It prescribes mandatory training for all project workers on the prevention of sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment (SEAH), establishes a confidential reporting hotline, and defines the referral pathway from grievance intake to survivor-centered case management. The GBV Action Plan will be reviewed and updated at 18-month intervals to incorporate lessons from case management data and survivor feedback mechanisms.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In contrast, districts of origin are distributed widely across the country. This reﬂects the fact that much work migration is from remote rural areas to towns and cities. The main characteristics of work migrants are reported in Table 1, together with those of non- migrant adult males. We see that work migrants are on average younger and better educated. The census contains detailed information about ethnicity, language, and religion. In the Nepal census, the term ‘ ethnicity ’ is used to capture a hodgepodge of caste and tribal distinctions. The census distinguishes up to 103 ethnic categories. Most of these categories only account for a tiny proportion of the total population. In terms of the total adult population, the most common ethnic categories are Chhetri, Brahmin, and Newar who, together, account for 35 % of 13 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Internally displaced women are extremely vulnerable to rape by armed men, “ including government soldiers and militia. ” Protection for them basically does not exist58. According to UNHCR, Somalia has over 1. 4 million internally displaced people. In the year 2016, some 24, 500 refugees and asylum ‐ seekers were registered in Somalia. Refugee return from Kenya began in 2014. Voluntary repatriation number is close to 40, 000 Somali nationals from 2014 to December 201659. Economic Opportunity According to Berlin ‐ based Transparency International, Somalia is one of the world ’ s most corrupt countries. Improved governance could enable Somalia ’ s economy to grow on the basis of its oil and gas reserves. Ongoing droughts continue to drive hungry and thirsty refugees to surrounding countries, and large parts of the population are in need of humanitarian aid. The agriculture sector contributes to over two ‐ thirds of its GDP while industry only makes up for 7 % in 201360. According to the IMF, Somalia has a very high youth 57 EIU Syria economy: Quick View ‐ Wheat harvest set to fall short of government forecast, July 2017 58 Human Rights Watch, Somalia Events of 2016, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / somalia 59 UNHCR, Somalia, http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2550? y = 2016 # year 60 CIA The World FactBook, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / so. html Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: the power calculations performed to determine the sample size. 3. 3 Randomized Assignment and Job Applications Each week we randomly selected 300 job ads from the sample of ads meeting our inclusion criteria. Among these 300 ads, each job ad was randomly assigned to a single applicant profile. Job ads are stratified to ensure that our treatment and comparison units are balanced on key variables. We use two variables for our strata: company size and company location. Company size is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 if the company has up to 50 employees, and takes the value of 0 if companies have 51 or more employees. Company location is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 if the company is located in greater Kuala Lumpur, the capital and largest metropolitan area in Malaysia, and 0 otherwise. 6 Our stratified randomization procedure guarantees balance in the assignment of job profiles to specific characteristics of companies. The application process was carried out manually from May 17 to July 28, 2023. At the beginning of each week, a research assistant was given a list of randomly assigned jobs for each applicant profile. Applications were completed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays of every week (with day of the week randomly assigned).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Appendix Figure A3 replicates the analysis using all refugee stocks available in the data, without constraining the sample to refugee events. The results are very similar to the baseline. Taking another approach, Appendix Figure A4 instead uses refugee ﬂows. As argued above, without individual-level data, ﬂows cannot be computed precisely. We build ﬂows by taking annual time diﬀerences in stocks by source-destination pair. In some instances, stocks fall over time. Since we do not have conﬁdence that a reduction in stocks represents a return to the home country – as opposed to transition to another host country – we set ﬂows to zero whenever the diﬀerence in stocks is negative. As evidenced in the ﬁgure, the point estimates of the time eﬀects and their statistical signiﬁcance are quite similar for ﬂows to the baseline. Fourth, it may be that the destination-speciﬁc conditions (such as the global ﬁnan- cial crisis) also aﬀect the distance traveled by refugees, or the probability of not going to a contiguous country. To account for this possibility, we net out the time variation in the destination country conditions as follows. In step 1, we project the refugee stocks at the 16 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 10 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 4: Prevalence of Temporary employment among salaried employees (Mid-90s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Analyzing the evolution of non-standard employment according to their age profile, we found a slight increase in the share of the older groups (Figure 5 and 6). This slight aging in the profile of non- standard workers is observed in both part-time and temporary employment. This finding is striking since, in principle, it was expected that the non-standard modalities of employment would show an increasing participation of the younger groups of the population. However, this change in the age composition of NSE is consistent with the age profile observed in total employment. In fact, the 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % Argentina Brazil Peru Dominican Republic El Salvador Starting point 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador Starting Point Ending Point

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: ethnic group e at time t. It can also be expressed as one minus the Herfindahl index (Alesina et al., 2016). The EP index gives more weight to intergroup differences at the expense of within group homo- geneity. It can be defined as (Esteban and Ray, 1994, 1999; Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 2005) 14 EPjt = Nrt X e = 1 (g2 et) (1 − get). (3) We compute this index for each cluster at the time of each Afrobarometer survey to assess how refugee-induced changes in diversity differ from standard indices of diversity. In order to construct the revised refugee diversity indices according to ethnicity e, we first combine information about the country of origin of refugees hosted in refugee camps c in year t with the data from the EPR-ER 2019 dataset. The EPR-ER records the ethnic composition of refugee stocks originating from neighboring countries and countries in proximity to each other (maximal distance between country borders ≤ 950 km) with at least 2, 000 refugees and provides the ethnic composition of refugees (Vogt and Girardin, 2015). More specifically, the EPR-ER dataset gives us the share of refugees from ethnic group e moving from country o to country d at year t. The EPR-ER data gives us the three main ethnic groups. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

Afrobarometer survey
EPR-ER 2019 dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
148 P. B. Spiegel & P. V. Le

Introduction

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behavioural surveillance surveys
(BSSs), an evolution from the knowledge-attitudes-practice surveys (KAPs), are
an assessment, monitoring and evaluation tool designed to track trends in HIV/
AIDS knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour among populations. When used
together with qualitative and quantitative research and proper measurement of
appropriate programme indicators, the data collected from BSSs can assist
organizations in targeting specific HIV/AIDS prevention and care activities,
allocating scarce resources, and monitoring and evaluating the interventions’
effectiveness and coverage. BSSs are useful because they alert policy makers and
programme managers to emerging or changing risks in existing behaviour, reveal
gaps in knowledge and attitudes, help to identify vulnerable segments of
populations, contribute to improved programme content, provide data on specific
target groups and ensure compatibility and standardization of data collection
(Family Health International 2000).
The core BSS indicators have been evolving over time (Table I). Until the
United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS)
indicators were developed in 2002, there were no internationally-accepted HIV
indicators. The UNGASS indicators were followed by the development of the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators in 2003 and, subsequently,
the US President’s Emergency Preparedness Fund on AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
indicators in 2004. Although all of these indicators are similar to one another,
there are minor differences. Thus, it is difficult for persons implementing BSSs to
choose which indicators to use and complicated for others to compare studies
which use different indicators. Furthermore, there are numerous other indicators
that can be used in BSSs depending upon the target groups and objectives of the
survey.
Conflict, displacement, food insecurity and poverty have the potential to make
affected populations more vulnerable to HIV transmission. The UNGASS
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, states that ‘populations destabilised
by armed conflict . . . including refugees, internally displaced persons, and in
particular women and children, are at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection’
(United Nations General Assembly 2001). However, the common assumption
that this vulnerability necessarily translates into increased HIV infections and
consequently fuels the epidemic is not supported by data (Spiegel 2004). In the
recent past, HIV/AIDS interventions were generally not included by humanitarian organizations as part of their immediate response to conflict; HIV/AIDS was
considered more of a developmental issue and not an immediate life threatening
disease such as malaria or cholera. However, thinking has evolved and it is now
generally accepted that HIV/AIDS programmes must begin at the onset of a
humanitarian emergency, be multisectoral, and continue at every stage thereafter
(Inter-Agency Standing Committee 2003). Furthermore, for refugees and
internally displaced persons (IDPs), HIV/AIDS programmes should be integrated

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The 2024 survey data will be supplemented by qualitative case studies in six purposively selected communities to capture implementation dynamics and beneficiary experiences that structured questionnaire data cannot adequately document. Case study fieldwork will involve key informant interviews with community leaders, implementing agency staff, and local government officials, as well as focus group discussions with male and female beneficiary subgroups. Findings from the case studies will be presented alongside quantitative results in the project's midterm review report.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
3 For a disaster to be listed in the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria should be met: (i) 10 or more people are reported killed; (ii) 100 people are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; (iv) a call for international assistance is issued. 4 The study was carried out by a consortium including the OECD, Risk Management Solutions, CIRED, Météo-France, NATCOM PMC, and the Indian Institute for Technology Bombay at Mumbai, and published in Ranger et al. (2011).

Then, the population and assets exposed to flood risks is assessed, using data on population and assets collected by Risk Management Solutions from an insurance database developed for the assessment of earthquake risks.

In the absence of vulnerability curves for the buildings that can be found in Mumbai, the analysis uses "average damage ratio". It is assumed that when a property is flooded, a constant share of its value is lost, regardless of the water level and the detailed characteristics of buildings. Using three different techniques (based on published loss estimates for the 2005 floods, insurance data for the 2005 floods, and simple

data on population and assets
insurance data for the 2005 floods

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Sources of information This work includes a descriptive analysis that allows us to identify how the prevalence of non- standard employment (NSE) has evolved in the last two decades in different regions of the planet, as well as the evolution of the profile of workers in those roles, in terms of their educational level, salary per hour, and type of tasks performed. This analysis was based mainly on periodic surveys of households that included information regarding the employment and educational situation of individuals. Although the denomination of this type of surveys varies from country to country, in all the cases analyzed there is usually a survey of annual or higher frequency that includes information required to identify the labor status of the individuals as well as to analyze the salary profile and education of the employed. However, it should be noted that the identification of the type of work relationship (standard or non- standard) is frequently limited in these data sources. Indeed, it is only possible to identify part-time employment and temporary employment (not in all cases) within the non-standard forms of employment mentioned in the previous section. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to the Venezuelan migratory crisis, whereas the VenRepPS survey was conducted during the pandemic in 2020. These temporal inconsistencies result in varying sample composi- tions across surveys, diverging from the landscape we observe in 2022. Notably, forced migrants in the VenReps Kids survey migrated during the crisis but have since remained in the country for several years, potentially leading to disparities in household integration outcomes. IV GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IV. A Key characteristics of adults Table 2 provides descriptive statistics for the adults in our study, encompassing the pri- mary caregiver, mother and father (if residing with the child), and the individual finan- cially responsible for the child (should they be different from the aforementioned per- sons). Typically, the roles of primary caregiver and financial provider are fulfilled by either the mother or the father. The table is organized into three panels for clarity: Panel A details key individual characteristics, Panel B outlines adults ’ access to services, and Panel C focuses on labor market characteristics. Within the table, columns (1) and (2) present average values for adults from Colombia and Venezuela, respectively, while the final column displays the results of mean difference tests between these two groups, with standard errors noted in brackets. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Annex 1**

**Demographics information.**

 This report is based on the information provided by 2176
young Syrians, between 18 – 23 ages, living in 34
different sub-districts within the governorates of Aleppo
and Idleb in Northwest Syria, covering 225 communities,
and 106 IDPs camp sites. 47% identified as IDPs and 53%
as part of the host community.

**Are you from the Host community or**

**IDPs?**

**Internally**

**displaced**

**person …**

**Host**

**Community**

**53%**

 In terms of marital status, the results showed a close split

between married (48%) and single (49%).
 With a representative number of respondents (at least 200) as widows and same amount for divorced.
Adding a layer of complexity and needs probably related to management of loss, livelihoods, and social
stigma.

**Marital status of interviewee**

**48%** **49%**

Married Single Widow Divorced Seperated

**16**

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These data are only for three districts in the province of Punjab, but is very recent, was conducted by an independent team of academics, and is a complete census of all households in the selected villages. Consequently, it yields sufficient madrassa enrollment to examine correlations with household attributes in a meaningful manner (this data source provides information on four times as many children as the PIHS). Table A2 in the appendix shows how these different data sources are used in the paper. Each source asks about madrassa enrollment in a slightly different but comparable way. The population census (1998) asks about the field-of-education (“ What is name ’ s field of education? ”) with options that include (for instance) engineering, medicine, or religious education. This question is also asked of all literate adults irrespective of their current enrollment status, allowing for comparisons in the stock of religious education over time. The PIHS rounds ask, “ What type of school is name currently attending? ” with options that include government school, private school, or deeni-madrassa (religious schooling). Finally, the LEAPS census directly asks, “ Is the child enrolled in a madrassa or an Islamic education school? ” Fortunately these different questions all give rise to similar numbers. This is reassuring since it suggests that any one particular result is not driven by the specific question or definition that was used. 7 This is complemented with the census of private schools carried out by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in 2000 (www. statpak. gov. pk). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Because of this, the program impacts on control over resources were small, albeit statistically significant: 80 percent of respondents at baseline said they controlled their own resources, with a seven percentage point increase for the treatment group (relative to control). Similarly, 80 percent of those engaged in income-generating activities said that they controlled the money they earned. The midline results indicated that among the treatment group, this had increased by roughly eight percentage points. As shown in the second panel, EPAG graduates report that they worry less than those in the control group. They are less likely to worry about their jobs or incomes or that they won ’ t be able to pay for basic necessities, and those with partners are less worried about their relationships breaking up. The impact on subjective well-being, as measured by a series of questions about the respondent ’ s satisfaction with various dimensions on her life, indicate that EPAG was most 20 See for example Ashraf et. al. (2010); Morcos and Sebstad (2010); and Austrian and Ghati (2010). 21 “ Formal ” loans are those from banks, credit groups, susu, or money lenders; “ informal loans ” are those from parents, friends, relatives, or business partners. 16 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In 2003, almost 60 % of young girls and 40 % of young boys had no formal schooling (ILO / UNICEF 2005). Data from the Demographic and Health survey shows that more than 40 percent of adult women have no education, compared to fewer than 20 percent of men, while 23 percent of women and 44 percent of men have some secondary schooling (DHS 2007). Happily, access to education is rising rapidly, especially for girls: according to the Liberian labor force survey from 2010, the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school has risen from 72 in 2000 to 90 in 2009. Enrollment levels and sex ratios are lower among older children and youth, as they become increasingly engaged in 1 Both are unweighted averages; Barro-Lee comprises 32 countries with data from 2010; Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011. 2 Defined as without work, available for work, and actively looking for work (LISGIS 2010). 2

Barro-Lee
Demographic and Health survey
Liberian labor force survey
Edstats

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Disaggregated data on IDPs who are not protected or assisted by UNHCR are collected by other agencies, including IOM, but data are not comprehensive and therefore not published in IDMC ’ s global reports. 93 The difficulties of collecting disaggregated data on locations of IDPs are compounded by the fluidity of IDP movements — IDPs might suffer multiple displacements or they might resort to changing locations as a coping strategy (e. g. moving between their homes and place of displacement or testing different locations before deciding where to stay) (Brookings 2011). In recent years, efforts have been made to improve data collection for IDPs living outside of camps by employing a range of techniques including: (a) profiling; (b) household surveys; (c) collecting information on IDPs who come to camps to visit family members or collect relief items; and (d) community outreach programs (Brookings 2013). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: World Bank team undertook field supervision, providing on-time and on-the-spot guidance for the field teams whenever and wherever they encountered a challenge. (e) Challenges faced and lessons learned The SESRE served as a learning experience for including refugees in future rounds of the official household survey (HoWStat). Given the unique feature of refugees compared to Ethiopians, the sampling methodology for the SESRE is unique for sampling refugees. Therefore, SESRE successfully tested the feasibility of sampling refugees and their hosts. To ensure the successful implementation of the sampling procedures, the ESS implemented a pilot sampling methodology before data collection started to ensure that all systems and processes were functioning. The ESS and World Bank teams conducted field visits for this pre-test in Afar and Addis Ababa. The field visits included discussions with camp community leaders, including the refugee community leaders, about the upcoming survey to understand better any sensitivities that may arise. The field visits helped to understand the camp administrative structure and environment of the teams facilitating the camp and to test the accessibility of sampled refugee households inside the camp, in Addis Ababa, and the identification of the host. ESS provided detailed feedback on the fieldwork procedures and adjustments

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: There is one limit to our approximation in Equation 4. The ethnic composition of refugees in each year t for a given origin – destination pair of countries obtained from the EPR-ER database is assumed to be homogeneous across camps of the same origin – destination pair of countries for the refugees at year t. This may seem to be a strong assumption; however, the risk of misallocating refugees is reduced as the annual variation in the EPR-ER is generated by just a few dominant groups for a given origin – destination pair and the geographical distribution of refugees by country of origin is highly influenced by the proximity to their countries of origin. 16 As can be seen from panel A of Table B. 2, in refugee-hosting areas, on average, both EF and the EP seem to increase quite significantly when they are revised by incorporating the number of refugees in an 80-km buffer: the mean value of the standard EF index is 25. 58 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EF index is 37. 90 %. The mean value of the standard EP index is 10. 11 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EP index is 14. 07 %. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 6. Gender differences in multidimensional poverty Next we examine differences in multidimensional poverty outcomes by the gender of the household head. Existing literature points out the limitation of household level MPI analysis in masking the intrahousehold distribution of deprivations, and thus being less sensitive to gender based differences in individual outcomes within the family unit, which might lead to underestimation of inequality and gender gaps (Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen 2018; Franco 2017; Klasen and Lahoti 2020, Rodriguez, 2016). However, as the MPI identifies poverty at the household level, our initial analysis focuses on disaggregated results by the gender of the household head. 19 We acknowledge that this approach has several limitations since most women reside in male-headed households, and the composition of households can change after displacement due to separation of family members, and widowhood. Regardless, the analysis at the household level remains relevant given the high prevalence of female-headed households that emerge after displacement, with the analysis showing large differences across countries between households based on the gender of the head. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
income has not led to more happiness using Eurobarometer and US GSS data. Variables used

or panel data) but a few use variables transformations of income and relative income that would

problem one would need panel data, good instruments for personality traits or variables that

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Chew et al. (2018) use a baseline convolutional neural network model on a gridded population sampling frame to select a sample of households in Nigeria and Guatemala. The authors found this technique to be on par with human canvassing in terms of accuracy, and to outperform other machine learning models based on crowdsource or remote sensing data. Grais et al (2007) compared an unweighted random point selection methodology to a random walk in their study of vaccination rates in urban Niger. The authors do not find statistically significant differences between the methods, though the sample size was limited and both methods were non-probabilistic. 3. Design and Field Protocols 3. 1. Experiment Design This paper makes use of a dataset from the purposefully designed methodology experiment conducted in one section of the Protection of Civilians site 1 (PoC1, Figure 1), one of the largest IDP camps in Juba, South Sudan. To generate a gold standard as the basis of comparison, a household census was conducted between August and September 2017. During this exercise, 2, 655 households were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to collect demographic information, dwelling characteristics, household consumption, and perception data. At the end of each census interview, households received a unique barcode that could be used to identify them later in the experiment.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The panel database was constructed by merging administrative enrollment records with survey data collected at baseline for a representative sample of 1,800 households. Individual household identifiers were assigned at enrollment and used to link administrative and survey records throughout the panel. The panel database is maintained by the evaluation firm and stored on encrypted servers with access restricted to the principal investigator and designated data analysts. De-identified extracts from the panel database will be provided to the Bank's task team for independent verification of reported outcome changes.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The relation- ships between displacement dynamics and perceptions of each manifestation of social cohesion are analyzed separately by running 12 models for each independent variable (6 regressions for each sample). The regressions are correlations and should not be interpreted causally. Hosting status and displacement ﬂows are likely related to perceptions of social cohesion in indirect ways and the structure of the survey data limit the ability to specify the channels through which these relation- ships run. Each regression controls for characteristics that may inﬂuence respondents ’ perceptions of social cohesion outside of the presence of IDPs or refugees in the local community such as province, gender, age, marital status, level of education, employment, and exposure to violence. 11Poll numbers correspond to the number wave in our larger project, as described and shown in Table 2. 28

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 149

Table I. Internationally accepted key BSS indicators.

Knowledge International standard

Prevention Percentage of young women and men
aged 15 �24 years who, in response to
prompted questions, say that:
1) people can protect themselves from
contracting HIV by having sex with only one
faithful, uninfected partner. [a]

UNGASS, MDG, PEPFAR

2) people can protect themselves from UNGASS, MDG, PEPFAR
contracting HIV by using condoms. [a]

Misconceptions Percentage of young women and men
aged 15 �24 years who, in response to
prompted questions, correctly reject that:
1) A person can get HIV from mosquito UNGASS, MDG, PEPFAR
bites. [a]

2) A person can get HIV from sharing a UNGASS, MDG, PEPFAR
meal with someone who is infected. [a]

General Percentage of young women and men
aged 15 �24 who, in response to
prompted questions, know that:
1) A healthy-looking person can have UNGASS, MDG, PEPFAR
HIV. [ab]

Attitudes

Care and support The number of respondents who report
an accepting or supportive attitude of:
1) Would be willing to care for a family
member who became sick with the AIDS
virus.

PEPFAR

2) Would buy fresh vegetables from a vendor PEPFAR
whom they knew was HIV�/.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
twins) variation on 6th grade ENLACE, identifying, therefore, the relationship between

as captured by ENLACE, on future outcomes and the (within-family) individual-level

characteristics. In the ENLACE panel, this last specification uses the sample of students

who answered the ENLACE context questionnaire to control for differences in household

ENILEMS-ENLACE panel regressions, _Xi_ _[′]_ [includes] [upper] [secondary] [school] [grade] [point]

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
<!-- PAGE 3 -->
**Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil Based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey** **[+]**

**Keywords:** poverty lines; food poverty line; basic needs; household budget survey; Brazil

2017/18 Household Budget Survey
Household Budget Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
FAO (2012) being the latest. More recently, the FAO indicator is used to track progress toward the first

country. [2] Combining this with population data allows the FAO to estimate the total kilo calories available

number of HCES. [3] For most countries the CV was kept constant across years and only the mean was

revised. [4] Finally, the FAO estimates the required energy of a population by determining age-sex specific

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**3.3** **Open Street Map (OSM) Road Network Data Set**

In addition to the five public transportation networks, we also added the drive as well as the pedestrian network leveraging the Open Street Map data set to account for commuters who walk or drive to work.

**3.4** **Fathom Flood Maps**

<!-- PAGE 10 --> Pluvial and fluvial flood maps from the Fathom global flood model were first clipped to the bounding box [9] of the Kinshasa city and then mosaiced together using the maximum operator so that the maximum flood depth from both fluvial and pluvial flood estimates were preserved.

Flood models are an integral tool for understanding and managing flood risks on transportation networks. In
the past decades, increased computing power and precision of remote sensing data sets have led to the
development of multiple global flood models (Bernhofen et al., 2018; Wood et al., 2011). Among them, the
lastest flood map products from Fathom (A. Smith et al., 2015) are selected to provide flood depth and extent
estimates in Kinshasa for the following reasons: 1) the map products from Fathom have relatively high
spatial resolution (90 meters) which is sufficient for this study given the geographic extent of the Kinshasa
city; 2) flood extent and depth estimates for both pluvial and fluvial floods under 10 return periods [8] are
included in this data product; 3) it uses 2D hydrologic flood model which is more advanced in mapping flood
plain and modeling dynamic water flows.

Open Street Map (OSM) Road Network Data Set

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In practice, most of those approved for the OCP have family and friends in Ethiopia who support them with remittances—fewer than 1,500 OCP work permits were issued by 2022. The permit allows refugees to freely move and establish residence in all areas of the country except restricted areas. OCP refugees are systematically different from in-camp refugees, as seen in their livelihood strategies. Therefore, the remainder of this chapter divides the analysis between in-camp refugees and OCP refugees. 3.1 Labor market outcomes of in-camp refugees and their hosts In-camp refugees have high inactivity rates (not working or unemployed) and low labor force participation. Table 3.1 shows that only 31 percent of all in-camp refugees aged 15-64 “participated” in the workforce (in the week before the survey), meaning they were employed or available to work and actively searching (strict unemployment). This compares to 52 percent for hosts. This figure increases to 43 percent for refugees and 57 percent for hosts if you include all available to work regardless of whether they are searching (relaxed unemployment). The remaining 57 percent of refugees are inactive, and just over half are currently in school, leaving 23 percent of refugees neither working nor studying, compared to

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Impacts on the labor market are unclear; initial research suggests that there has been a supply shock to informal labor markets. This has had a large-scale impact on the employment of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, research suggests there has been a boost to formal employment for the Turks, but this has been uneven: the low educated and women experience net displacement from the labor market and, together with those in the informal sector, declining earning opportunities.  The “ Socio-economic Assessment of the Impact of Syrians under Temporary Protection (SuTPs) on Turkish Hosting Communities ” [ongoing], to be undertaken in partnership with the Government of Turkey, will include a nationally representative household survey with SuTP and local Turkish households including camp and non-camp environments. The questionnaire will cover welfare (assets, income, expenditure), municipal services, labor and employment, education, social networks and quality of life. F. Options to improve forced displacement statistics Significant efforts are needed to enhance the reliability, comparability, quality and scope of the global data on forced displacement. In particular, more robust estimates are needed of the scale (stocks, flows and locations) and typology (demographics, location and accommodation) of forced displacement crises. This requires substantial improvements in the rigor of data collection and compilation methodologies including: (a) Harmonization of definitions and methodologies used in the collection and analysis of statistical data on forced displacement — covering stocks and flows of refugees, asylum- seekers and IDPs — to ensure comparability across regions and countries;

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: camp refugee households with improved bathing facilities36 is low, especially among Somali refugees and their hosts. In addition, few refugee and host households have a place or item designated for hand washing in their dwellings. Availability of water or detergent for hand washing is low, especially among refugees (Annex D, Figure D.15). Regarding rented homes, OCP refugee households live in houses with better bathing facilities (82 percent) than hosts (66 percent). Also, around 80 percent of refugee and host households in Addis Ababa have a place for hand washing, and more than half of refugees and hosts have water or soap. 32 Overcrowding occurs when if more than three people live per room (UN-Habitat). 33 Improved wall is made of stone & cement, blocks-plastered with cement or bricks. 34 Improved roof is made of corrugated iron sheet or concrete/cement. 35 Improved sources of drinking water are piped, bottled, sachet, or tanker water. 36 Improved bathing refers private or shared bathtub, shower, separate room for bathing. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Overcrowded Improved wall Improved roof Percent Figure 2.21: Housing quality Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 23 86 % of the IDPs, 91 % of the refugees and 88 % of the returnees are confident or fully confident that a coalition like this would be capable of providing security. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. In an open-ended question on who can be trusted most when it comes to ensuring security in the North, survey results suggest that the majority of refugees in Mauritania (86 %) trust the armed rebel groups as opposed to the army or police. This does not hold for refugees in Niger of whom 75 % trust the army and police. Similar results hold for IDPs and returnees, who put much more confidence in state authorities when it comes to securing the North: most trust is placed in the army and police (72 % of the IDPs and 66 % of the returnees) while little to no trust is placed in armed rebel groups (3 % of IDPs, 1 % of returnees). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants (Table 2). Two papers use general equilibrium models (Bodvarsson, Van den Berg, and Lewer 2008; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimations (Card, 1990 and Alix-Garcia and Bartlett, 2015). [Table 2] The unit of observation varies depending on the data at hand. Most studies rely on household survey data where individuals or households are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension (more frequently administrative areas). Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included. Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level, various types of population groups (based on gender, age etc.), and, in a few cases, economic sectors, industry or labor market segments. The use of fixed effects varies. Some papers use the full set of parameters depicting units of observation (for example, household, region and time fixed effects in equations where the unit of observation is constructed using household, region and time). Other papers use subsets of these parameters whereas other papers introduce variables that are not used to identify the unit of observation. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 5. 3 Desire to return (Y / N) Keeping our attention on refugees and IDPs, we wanted to deepen our understanding about their migration plans. In particular, we would like to discover which characteristics are associated with the desire to return to Northern Mali. To this end, we estimated a probit model using the same regressors as in the previous sections. The dependent variable was set equal to one when the respondent was considering the possibility to eventually go back to the North, zero otherwise. The estimated marginal effects have been reported in Table 3 for all respondents (Column 1-2), as well as for only the household heads or their spouses (Column 3-4). The strongest predictor of a planned future return was refugee status: individuals living abroad in refugee camps were up to 25 percentage points more willing to go back than IDPs. Joining this result with those on unemployment presented in the descriptive statistics, we may wonder whether this desire to go back home may have resulted from a more general malaise experienced by these respondents forced to migrate and halted in a limbo not fully integrated with the local community and labor market.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10631 This paper aims to understand the existing gaps in micro- level data on forcibly displaced people — refugees and internally displaced persons. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of all existing micro-level data sets in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Microdata Library and the World Bank Microdata Library. It first identifies a corpus of micro-level data sets that are designed to have a representative sample of refugees and / or internally displaced persons and assesses gaps in geographical and thematic coverage. The paper then evaluates whether the data sets contain a core set of questions that are essential for the proper identification of refugees and internally displaced persons. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: They exclude other categories of displaced people who were not forced to move because of conflict or violence, such as economic migrants and victims of natural or environmental disasters. 4 Of course, many people cannot be simply categorized in these groups and this makes statistics on FDPs gross estimates, but the growth and relevance of these numbers are undisputed. The growth in the number of FDPs poses a challenge to the measurement of global and national poverty. Those who are forcibly displaced and in need of international protection tend to be persons who have lost their assets, financial resources, and social networks. They are typically very poor with no obvious path out of poverty. For refugees, their number vanishes from poverty statistics of their own country because they are no longer counted in the place of origin. Both IDPs and refugees are also not properly accounted for in the country in which they reside. Their numbers – even though high in absolute terms – are often low relative to the non-displaced population (with some exceptions like Lebanon and South Sudan). Hence, they do not explicitly show up in official statistics. Even if – as in some but not all countries – their locations are appropriately included in the sampling frame, they are unlikely to be sampled due to their small proportion relative to the population and high clustering in specific locations. 3 https: / / www. unhcr. org / refugee-statistics / 4 Note that the IASC definition of IDPs explicitly includes those fleeing from disasters. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: assignment process was conducted to assign the trainees to the first or second round of training. 9 Of those entered into the random selection, 1273 young women were assigned to the first round of training, with the remaining 808 to serve as a control group (the control group would participate in the second round of training starting in July 2011). Of the 1273 assigned to treatment, 118 women were not found or chose not to participate after they were selected. 10 In order to fill at least some of these slots, 39 young women from the control group were randomly issued as replacements, resulting in a modified control group of 769 individuals. In the end, 1191 young women entered the first round of training. 11 The assignment process and all post-randomization modifications are summarized in Figure 2. Table 1 reports the baseline and midline survey response rates leading to the sample used for the analysis in this paper. The target sample for both the baseline and midline survey consisted of the original 2106 EPAG recruits, of which 1989 were successfully interviewed during the baseline survey. 12 At midline, 1736 were interviewed, including 56 who were not interviewed at baseline. For our analysis, we drop individuals who were excluded from the randomization or who were manually re-assigned from control to treatment as replacements after the randomization.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: milk and milk products, oils and fats, sugar/honey, and others. Food consumption status is determined based on food consumption score. a. Dietary diversity score (out of 12 groups) b. Food consumption status Refugees’ Aspirations 49 Moreover, insecurity and displacement-related shocks are common for Eritrean refugees, with 14 percent having experienced a recent displacement event. This result is driven by refugees in the Alemwach refugee hosting site, all of whom moved to the refugee site within a few months before the survey as a result in the conflict in Tigray, and would have reported a recent displacement event. Both refugees and host communities use “consumption-smoothing” to cope with the various shocks they face. Households utilize a mix of coping strategies to mitigate harm to their welfare that shocks cause. “Consumption smoothing”, among the major risk coping strategies, mainly involves relying less on preferred food and more on less expensive food (diet changes) and reducing the number of meals eaten daily (negative food intake). Borrowing food or cash from friends and relatives and purchasing food on credit second represent the second and third most common coping strategies. Refugees in camps and in Addis Ababa are more likely to rely on these coping

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefore, little time is spent in surveying IDPs or trying to find durable solutions in the place where they migrated. Moreover, national censuses are usually conducted every ten years and statistical agencies have little incentives to revise censuses, master samples and sample survey structure for situations that are perceived as short ‐ term. In most cases, new surveys are suspended or carried out under the pre ‐ crisis frameworks and, in either case, information on IDPs is not collected or poorly collected. This leaves specialized government agencies or international organizations in charge of IDP statistics (and care). However, unlike refugees, the IDPs do not benefit from a specialized international agency such as the UNHCR. IDP assistance is currently provided by a multitude of organizations including ministries of interior, specialized government agencies, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (UN ‐ OCHA), specialized NGOs and others. Some of these organizations collect information on IDPs and make this information public while others collect information that is not published and others do not collect information and focus on providing assistance. Most data collected are for the simple purpose of counting IDPs and do not include individual or Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: ESS translated the survey instrument into different main languages and undertook an in- depth training of supervisors and enumerators for enumerators to understand better the concepts of the questions related to the refugee context. Moreover, a close follow-up and coordination in the field helped to get better quality data and provided timely responses to challenges faced during data collection. During the survey implementation period, the main challenge was tracking sampled refugee households in all refugee domains. One of the Eritrean camps, Alemwach Camp, was newly established at time of data collection. Tracing the originally sampled and backup households initially took a lot of work. The issue of missing households in Asayita camp was severe during the second data collection phase. Moreover, some camps were very large; for example, there were more than 100,000 refugees in one camp, creating challenges for field workers in tracing the sampled households. Refugees in Addis Ababa live in rented houses; the team faced challenges in tracing some refugees due to changes in their residential locations. Challenges related to identifying the eligible sample households were also observed due to outdated names of the household heads in UNHCR lists, and UNHCR’s registration of names which is not

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Road data quality in the southern provinces is lower than in other regions due to the absence of electronic traffic count equipment on rural roads and the reliance on visual condition assessments conducted by untrained district public works staff. The project will support a road condition data quality improvement program under Component 3 that trains district engineers in standardized pavement condition index methodology and equips them with ruggedized tablets for electronic data entry. Improved road data quality is expected to reduce the cost of prioritization errors in future maintenance planning.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The SEIS was fielded over a 14-week period by a nationally certified survey firm using CAPI on Android tablets. Interviewers received five days of training covering the survey instrument, tablet operation, and protocols for interviewing households with protection concerns. The SEIS questionnaire was translated into four languages in addition to the national language to accommodate the linguistic diversity of the target population. Response rates exceeded 94 percent in all settlement types, and back-checks were completed for 12 percent of interviews, revealing no systematic interviewer effects.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 The only publicly available sources of data to document patterns of enrollment and available educational options for Pakistani families are household-based surveys. These are the official 1998 Census of Population (Government of Pakistan) 3, the 1991, 1998, and 2001 rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey4, and a 2003 census of schooling choice conducted by our research team. The fact that three sources use different definitions of madrassa enrollment, and were collected at different times by individuals with very different institutional affiliations provides independent verification of enrollment estimates and allows us to determine the sensitivity of our results. The household data tell us whether a child is enrolled full-time in a madrassa, but not whether a child goes for an hour on any given day to study the Quran. Therefore this data does not confound full-time with part-time attendees — a child who attends a public school during the day and a madrassa in the evening is recorded as enrolled in a public school. This is an important distinction since parents might use a modicum of madrassa or mosque based education to teach their children about religion. Consequently, if we contrast these household-based numbers with numbers from establishment-based reports, discrepancies can arise. From virtually any policy perspective, including evening quran classes in enrollment figures seems misguided. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

1998 Census of Population
Pakistan Integrated Household Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
come ratios relative to extractives,
2008-13|
|---|---|
||Kayes
Sikasso
Other
regions
Total
Agriculture
6%
37%
60%
40%
**Extractives**
**100%**
**100%**
**100%**
**100%**
Industry
111%
50%
110%
85%
Construction
14%
75%
413%
214%
Services (tradable)
129%
68%
107%
84%
Services (non tradable)
76%
73%
183%
126%|
|_Source:_ CPS/SME (Mining and Energy Sector Planning and
Statistics Unit), 2013.|_Source:_ EPAM (Permanent Household Survey), 2010.|

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Ideally, we would conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants residing in Medellin versus those in other parts of the coun- try to discern the extent of these differences. However, the lack of comprehensive data regarding the living conditions of this population makes such analysis unfeasible. To explore how this population compares with other migrant groups in the country, we turn to the only two available data sources on migrants. First, we use the Venezuelan Refugees Panel Survey (VenRePS), conducted by Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. (2022), which captures a 19 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
composite measure for human capital. We extract real GDP and human capital data from Penn World

Table 10 (Feenstra et al., 2015), using the "rgdpna" series, which measures real GDP in constant 2017

schooling and returns to education (Inklaar and Timmer, 2013). We extract the population from World

Development Indicators (WDI).

#### **3.3 Sample Construction**

The baseline populations served by the East Road (within the buffer zones) were established by utilizing
WorldPop open source data. To estimate the number of people affected by rain event, however, a series
of models were run to simulate the locus of impacts for each rain event (3-, 10-, and 30-year events) and
their subsequent effects on access. Repeated events might affect the same people, and so, the cumulative
impacts over the lifetime of the road can be thought of as 'person-disruptions' - i.e., the sum of individual
disruptions. If, for example, an individual living on the East Road was cut off from access to hospitals three
times over the thirty-year period, this experience would account for three person-disruptions.

Using Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking records for the Malaita East Road from Atori to Dala, 5,856
road segments with gradient details were delineated and mapped using geographic information system
(GIS) mapping software. These segments were mapped for the current road and also used to model surface
conditions defined by the proposed upgrading projects.

Cost data for similar road projects also informed assumptions about per-unit (km) repair costs
for each type of road surface subject to various damage levels.

Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking records

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Poverty remains widespread and social indicators are well below the average for Sub-Saharan Africa. Chad is ranked 173 among the 177 countries surveyed in the 2006 UNDP Human Development Report. The incidence of poverty (defined as the proportion of households with annual spending below what is necessary to meet minimal needs) is estimated at 55 percent according to a 2003 household survey; an estimated four-fifths of the population of about 8. 8 million is living on less than a dollar a day3. Of the population over 15 years old, more than 73 percent (and 76 percent of women) are illiterate. Access to potable water has improved over past years, but is still limited to one out of three people in 2005. Less than two percent of the population has access to electricity and only 1021 kilometers of roads has been paved on a surface area of over 1. 2 million square kilometers. As already mentioned, Chad has recently become oil producing country; however, the economy remains largely agricultural and pastoral. About 80 percent of the country ’ s population lives in rural areas and continue to make their living4 from agriculture and livestock. Cotton is the principal cash crop, employing about 300, 000 families. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: a relatively higher percentage of married individuals. In Addis Ababa, 60 percent of refugees are unmarried. 16.2 15.7 14.9 8.8 14.1 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees All 0 20 40 Percent 60 80 100 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees Conflict and violence Natural/man-made disaster Personal threat and political persecution Social and economic reasons Hope to go to a Western country Other reasons Figure 2.3: Refugees arrival in Ethiopia (15 years and above) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Years since arrival b. Reasons for leaving the country of birth 13 For details on OCP refugees, please see Box 2.2. Sociodemographic Profile 11 Refugees have larger households, younger heads, and a higher proportion of female heads than hosts. Household size is higher among in-camp refugees compared to hosts. Across in-camp refugees, South Sudanese refugees have the highest number of household members, averaging roughly seven members per household. The dependency ratio— the ratio of dependents of those under age 15 and above age 64—to working members in a household, is also higher for in-camp refugees relative to hosts and highest among South Sudanese refugees. OCP refugees have the smallest average household size and the lowest dependency ratio.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source