Input: this marginal progress. In 2020, the COVID pandemic closed markets, albeit relatively briefly, and this immediately decreased job opportunities. While most reentered the labor market, many changed their work situation, and some permanently exited the workforce or reduced working hours. At the same time, more and more people— rural women in particular—are unemployed or out of the labor market altogether. Nationally, unemployment doubled between 2013 and 2021, and it tripled in rural areas. Women and youth both saw particularly sharp increases in unemployment. There was also a decrease in the labor force participation rate (LFPR), from 86 percent in 2013 to 74 percent in 2021, following a long period of steady LFPR in the two previous LFS surveys. Like for unemployment, LFPR was much more affected in the rural labor market, and these trends are particularly striking for women. 3. Jobs and Livelihoods Jobs and Livelihoods 25 Within this challenging context, vulnerable populations—including refugees—face unique barriers to accessing quality work. On average, rural women, urban youth, people with disabilities, and rural-urban migrants are more likely to be inactive and less likely to have improved their livelihoods over the last two decades. In this context, it is unsurprising that refugees cite

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A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: If many people migrate to a speciﬁc location, such as the capital city, this is likely to aﬀect wages, incomes, and access to amenities in that location. 7 This would generate a potential endogeneity bias due to the fact that incomes and amenities in that location result in part from the decision of many migrants to locate there. To eliminate this bias, we use past data to estimate the income regression. More precisely, let T be the period for which we have income information and T + t the period at which we 5The dropped observation corresponds to the location of origin M h ii which, as explained earlier, we do not include in the analysis since including M h ii would mean de facto including the decision of whether to migrate or not. 6McFadden (1974) has shown that, in multiple choice problems of the kind studied here, the application of logit estimation is justiﬁed if (1) the errors in each latent choice equation follow the extreme value distribution and (2) errors are independent across choices. See Train (2003), Chapter 3 for a detailed discussion. The estimation of models with correlated errors across choices requires either multiple integration or the use of Bayesian estimation techniques relying on Gibbs sampling. With a choice of over 70 possible destinations, multiple integration is out of the question. Gibbs sampling remains a possibility but would require extensive programming. We choose instead to keep the logit approach but to correct the standard errors for possible correlation in errors across choices. In our case the possible eﬃciency gain achieved by Bayesian methods does not appear to justify the programming cost. 7The eﬀect could be negative — e. g., congestion — or positive — e. g., agglomeration externalities. 10 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
- This report includes all referrals data for the period January to December 2016

- Data was collected from 11 sites; 6 Urban (Amman, Zarqa, Mafraq, Irbid, Ramtha,
and south Mobile Medical Unit), 4 camps (Zaatri, Azraq, Cyber City and King
Abdullah Park), and Ruwaishid.

- Data was captured on-site daily then compiled and shared on a monthly basis with
JHAS referral hub, where the initial data compilation and cleaning was done.
Compiled and cleaned data was then shared with the UNHCR Public Health Unit,
where secondary data cleaning and analysis was carried out.

- Descriptive analysis carried out using Microsoft Excel 2013.

**3 |** P a g e

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
7 UNHCR Pakistan PA 2016 participants reported regularly experienced arrest, detention, threats of deportation and extortion
(Punjab: 24% female / 17% male; KP: 4% female / 5% male; Sindh: female 7% /male 10%; Baluchistan: 7% female /  4% male)
8 Locations that reported Police Harassment to be the most common safety and security concern, include Peshawar in KP, Attock
and Rawalpindi in Punjab, and Chiltan Town (Tehsil) in Baluchistan. However, male respondents from Chiltan Town Tehsil (Killi Landi
Kuchlak, Qadri Abad, Ghous Abad) reported a significant improvement in the overall security situation compared to last year.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Humanitarian organizations such as UNHCR and OCHA as well as international organizations such as IOM are also involved in the collection of data on IDPs, often involving international and local 59 OCHA is the part of the United Nations Secretariat responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies. See http: / / www. unocha. org /. 60 This section draws heavily on the “ Report of Statistics Norway and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees on statistics on refugees and IDPs ” presented at the UNSD in March 2015. 61 The number of countries where UNHCR exclusively collects data on refugees declined from 76 in 2010 to 72 in 2014, while the proportion of countries where refugee data were exclusively provided by governments gradually increased over the same period from 33 to 38 percent. In 2014, the proportion of countries where data were provided through collection conducted jointly by governments and UNHCR was 15 percent, while in the remaining proportion (13 percent), refugee data were provided exclusively by NGOs and other organizations. In 2014, more than 173 countries and territories provided data on refugees. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The age categories are 15 – 19, 20 – 24, 25 – 29, 30 – 34, 35 – 39, 40 – 44, 45 – 49, 50 – 54, 55 – 59, and 60 – 64 years. There are 183 groups since we exclude groups containing less than 40 observations. 24 An additional advantage of the IV approach is that it helps deal with measurement problems. Despite the improved measures of refugee numbers in Turkey by subregion starting in 2014, there is likely considerable measurement error, resulting in attenuation bias in the OLS estimates. For the IV estimates to be consistent, it is only necessary that- conditional on the fixed effects and control variables- the flows of Syrian refugees are uncorrelated with the instrument. 25 Using data from AFAD (2013) we can also weight the aggregate refugee numbers using the Syrian source governorates of refugees in 2012-13 (see Figure 2). Results are qualitatively robust to this alternative instrument and first-stage F-statistics about the same. We prefer the use of the pre-war distribution of population in Syria,

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 14 Bearing in mind that this data is then translated to semi-annual data, i. e. the specific month is not used, among those who reported the starting month of their different jobs, the probability of starting a job in a given half-year was approximately 50 percent. We, therefore, think that a random assignment that gives equal weight to all months (and to each of the two half years) is a sensible choice. We construct a semi-annual synthetic panel. In doing so, we assume that each individual in the sample is observed over the period from the first half year of 2016 to the second half year of 2020. Individuals who entered the job market later than the first half of 2016 are considered non- employed until entry. Using the starting and ending dates for all the jobs an individual has engaged in, we can identify the individual ’ s job finding and job separation events. In particular, we convert the starting and ending month of a job into the half year they belong to. For example, a person who started a job in May of 2017 is coded as found a job in the first half year of 2017. In Table 2, we present the transitions by half-year, nationality of individual, their camp residency if they are Syrian and the imputation status. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The most recent labor force survey from Liberia mirrors these statistics: there are roughly 1. 1 million people in the workforce, of whom 195, 000 (about 18 percent) are engaged in wage employment; the remaining 900, 000-plus workers (82 percent) are considered in vulnerable employment, working for themselves or working unpaid for their own households (LISGIS 2010). Among young women (15-24) in Liberia, the unemployment rate is 8 percent, double the rate among young men (LISGIS 2010). Most of these gaps can be explained by differences across individuals, especially in educational attainment, skills training, and years of experience. But segregation, market segmentation, and discrimination do play a role in determining these individual characteristics. Women have fewer opportunities for education or training, less access to credit, a larger share of domestic responsibilities, and less independence and control over their own lives. In Liberia, women comprise half of the employed, but only about one-quarter of paid employment (LISGIS 2011). Fourteen years of civil war in Liberia devastated the country ’ s infrastructure and institutions, and left a generation of young people with very low levels of education and training. Girls were particularly disadvantaged. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant ’ s for these households remain after humanitarian assistance is received. To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experienced by the Syrian refugees, we use two UNHCR datasets: The Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home Visits round 3 (JD ‐ HV). The ProGres database for Jordan includes information on refugees ’ registration since 1935. The registration process assigns refugees a unique registration number that serves as a reference for recording data at the initial registration and in all subsequent activities, including decisions on refugee status and right of return or resettlement in a third country, as applicable. UNHCR issues refugees residing in camps a ‘ proof of registration ’ document, which they hold while they remain there. For those who live outside the camp, UNHCR provides an asylum seeker certificate stating that those on the certificate are persons of concern. The asylum seeker certificate allows Syrians to access United Nations (UN) services and assistance provided outside the camps, such as monthly cash support, nonfood goods, and healthcare (NRC and IHRC 2016).

Profile Global Registration System (ProGres)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Annex 8: SIGAF Configuration and Reporting Requirements**

The SIGAF installation at the PIU uses Version 4.2 of the government's integrated financial management system. Key configuration parameters include: project budget structure mapped to the loan disbursement categories; reporting hierarchy linking district accounts to the central project account; and automated monthly statements that consolidate transactions across all spending units. SIGAF user accounts are managed by the Ministry of Finance's system administrator and must comply with the government's password security policy updated in 2022.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Restrictive norms perpetuated by men continue to severely restrict women ’ s access to the formal labor market. Fortunately, the Jordanian government has worked in recent years to address this problem. For example, in the amendment made to the Jordanian labor law in 2019, the provision of childcare services was made mandatory in every business that has 15 or more employees, male or female, with children under 5 (World Bank, 2019). However, implementation is not consistent and low-income households report less access to childcare services (Weldali, 2022). Home-based businesses can also provide important access to economic opportunities for women, albeit within a limited number of sectors and the Government of Jordan ’ s 2017 amendments of the regulations governing the licensing of home-based businesses is particularly important for female entrepreneurs in both host and refugee communities (Slimane et al, 2020; Turner, 2019). 3. Data and descriptive statistics We use two rounds of household-level data collected by UNHCR in 2013-14 and 2017-18. 6 These data come from two sources, namely, the Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home 6 For simplicity, from here on we refer to the first wave as the 2013 wave, and to the second wave as the 2018 wave. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) (Alkire et al. 2012) uses individual-level data, and the linked Gender Parity Index reflects inequalities across women and men ’ s deprivation scores within the same household. Alkire, Apablaza and Jung (2014) design and implement an exploratory individual-level MPI for 31 European countries over six waves of data using EU-SILC data sets, finding no cases in which are women significantly less poor than men, and in many cases, they are significantly poorer. Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen (2018) create an individual-level MPI to understand differences in poverty between women and men in Nicaragua, finding similar overall incidence, but much higher intensity of poverty among women. Bessell (2015) and Pogge and Wisor (2016) explore deeply contextual gendered poverty measures and elucidate the ways that participatory consultations can inform the design and uses of gendered measures. Rogan (2016) uses the global MPI to analyze the gender poverty gap in South Africa. Alkire, Ul Haq, and Alim (2019) use individual-level data alongside MPI data to expose gendered and intrahousehold differences among MPI poor and non-poor children.

Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Annex 3: Flood Hazard Maps — Data Sources and Update Schedule**

Flood hazard maps were derived from three hydrological datasets: (i) daily streamflow records from 18 gauge stations maintained by the national water authority for the period 1990–2022; (ii) a 12.5-meter resolution digital elevation model produced from ALOS PALSAR radar data; and (iii) land cover classifications from the national land use inventory. Flood hazard maps will be updated at project midterm using a revised hydrological model that incorporates non-stationarity in flood frequency distributions attributable to observed trends in extreme precipitation.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). As the Sudanese sample surveys IDPs living in the Abu Shouk and El Salam camps, we must understand these deprivations with the background that these settlements were created as emergency and crisis responses rather than durable, long-term solutions (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019). Although Sudan does have a national electric grid that supplies electricity to the urban and peri-urban areas of the nearby city El Fasher, IDP communities living in the camps report limited connection to the city ’ s electricity supply, reflected in the high deprivations in the electricity and cooking fuel indicators. The ad-hoc construction of dwellings in the two camps explains why 71 % of the IDP households in Abu Shouk and 65 % in El Salam live in tukuls or other permanent mud or wood structures (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019: p. 50), both of which register as unimproved housing types.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Using a survey of 4,500 manufacturing firms for the year 2010-11, this paper estimates the impact of electricity shortages on firm productivity in Pakistan.

We match firm-level data from the Census of Manufacturing Industry conducted by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics with district-level power shortage data reported by distribution utilities.

The Census of Manufacturing Industries provides a thorough annual overview of firmlevel activities, including detailed information on a variety of input costs, including labor, capital and electricity, as well as revenue data. The 2010-2011 census mainly covers firms in Punjab province.

The census covers 4,499 firms in 23 sectors at the 2-digit level of Pakistan Standard
Industrial Classification (PSIC). [ 4] The distribution of firms by the 2-digit classification are
shown in Table 1. Of the 23 divisions, number 13 (Manufacturing of Textiles) covers
roughly 28 percent of our sample, division 10 (Manufacturing of Food Products)
accounts for 15 percent, and division 32 (Other Manufacturing) is the third-largest with
11 percent of the sample. The 23 sectors can be further broken down into 236
subcategories at the 5-digit level of PSIC.

Census of Manufacturing Industry
Census of Manufacturing Industries

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: violent conﬂict. Besley and Mueller (2015a) argue that foreign investors seem to know that growth volatility changes with strong executive constraints and therefore react signiﬁcantly to their adoption. In summary, the literature suggests that a lack of constraints on executive power at the country level could play a key role in building inequalities across regions and ethnic groups. In the absence of strong executive constraint, we expect regions populated by ethnic groups that have access to executive power to perform better relative to others due to ethnic favoritism. Conversely, excluded ethnic groups should experience relatively worse economic performance compared to other groups in the absence of such constraints. 46 To test these hypothesis we use data on ethnic groups ’ access to executive power and night light intensity from the GROWup Research Front-End (RFE Release 2. 0) dataset and executive constraint data from the Polity IV dataset. We use night light intensity as a proxy for economic activity at the ethnic group level. 47 Night light data has the beneﬁt of being available on a yearly basis and of being measured at the local level where there is poor availability of statistical data. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

GROWup Research Front-End
Polity IV dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The household head interviews also provided an opportunity to gather useful household-level information (including assets, housing characteristics, and household head characteristics) to be used as control variables in our analysis. The baseline survey was conducted before participants were informed of the outcome of the randomization, and the midline survey was conducted one year after the baseline survey, one month after completion of the first round of training and before the start of the second round. The results in this paper are based on a panel data set that includes data from the baseline and midline surveys as well as administrative and monitoring data from the program implementation team. Note that although the midline data collection occurred just one month after the completion of the intervention, the intervention itself includes 6 months of post-training follow-up; hence the midline survey captures outcomes of the first cohort 7 months after they exited the classroom-based training. This timing was necessary to prevent too long of a delay between cohorts; the second cohort of trainees started immediately after the midline survey was completed. Future analysis using endline data will examine the trends in outcomes of both groups after Round 1 completion, but will not involve comparison against a pure control group of non-participants. 3. 2. Sample and attrition Following the communications and outreach campaigns in each of the nine target communities, during which 2, 106 young women were originally recruited to be a part of the EPAG program, 8 a randomized 8 The original recruitment effort fell short of the target of enrolling 2500 participants. Hence, before the second round of training, another recruitment effort was launched and an additional 617 girls were enrolled. These girls are not included in the impact evaluation since they were not subject to the initial random assignment. 7 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: the West Bank and Gaza. Out of all the estimated coefficients for each period for both outcomes (job loss and job gain), we only find a negative effect on job gain in 2019Q4, which is very small in magnitude (1 percentage point). Taken altogether, the results presented in this section bolster our confidence that we are correctly identifying the effects of the pandemic shock on labor market outcomes. Figure 12: Placebo effect on labor market flows Notes: The figure shows the output of a placebo test with a set-up analogous to Figures 6 and 9. We perform the same regression as specified in Equation (2). Our sample includes data from 2018Q2 to 2020Q1 and assumes that the pandemic started in 2019Q2. Therefore, the post-pandemic period refers to the quarters between 2019Q2 to 2020Q1. The analysis is restricted to men aged 20-59. 7 Conclusion This paper examines the effect of the pandemic on labor markets in the West Bank and Gaza using quarterly labor market data provided by national labor force surveys. With a focus on men ’ s labor market outcomes, this paper sheds light on how labor markets in the West Bank and Gaza adjusted to the COVID-19 shock examining adjustments at the extensive (employment) and intensive (hours of work) margins.

national labor force surveys
quarterly labor market data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The poverty map for 2009 is the result of collaboration between the World Bank and INSTAT (National Statistics Institute) and uses data from the 2009 census and the 2010 ELIM. One major methodological difference between the two maps is that the map of 1998 is based on a consumption model that considers urban and rural areas inside each administrative region with a total number of 17 models, whereas the map of 2009 uses only 8 regional models.

|Figure 16a Own revenues (CFA francs/capita),
2005-08|Figure 16b Capital investment and Current
expenditures (CFA francs/capita), 2000-08|
|---|---|
|

|
|
|**Figure 16c Capital investment by sector (CFA**
**francs/capita, 2000-08)**|**Figure 16d Components of current expenditures**
**(CFA francs/capita, 2006-08)**|
|||
|_Source:_ Authors' calculations from ODHD (Sustainable Development Observatory) data 2003, 2006, 2008.|_Source:_ Authors' calculations from ODHD (Sustainable Development Observatory) data 2003, 2006, 2008.|

A clean econometric identification of the impact of mining activities on local government budget
outcomes would require data on budgets for both mining and non-mining _communes_ during preand post-mining. However, we have annual budget data available for only 2006 to 2008, during
which most of the mines had already opened. Industrial gold production started with the first site
in Sadiola in 1996, just two years before the second population census of Mali. Fortunately, we
are able to use the 1998 population census to fully control for some initial differences across
communes, such as poverty and education levels prior to the mining boom. We also test whether
larger mines have bigger impacts on budget outcomes by using the cumulative level of production
measured in metric tons as an alternative measure of mining activity.

ODHD (Sustainable Development Observatory) data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Power shortage data are reported annually by distribution companies (DISCO) to NEPRA and are published in the DISCO Performance Evaluation Report. The latest evaluation report includes shortage data at the DISCO level from year 2010-2011 to year 2014-2015.

Source: DISCO Performance Evaluation Report 2014-2015 by NEPRA.
Notes: SAIFI is the average number of interruptions that a customer experiences in a year.
Specifically, SPAIFI is calculated as the total annual number of consumer supply
interruptions divided by the total number of consumers that the distribution company
serves in any a given year. For the purposes of illustration, the index has been
transformed using the inverse hyperbolic sine.

The second measure, the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), captures the outage duration (in minutes) that an average customer experiences in a year.

- (2016). Enterprise Surveys. Available http://www.enterprisesurveys.org,
Accessed June 10, 2017.

13

<!-- PAGE 16 -->
### **Figures**

**Figure 1 Power outages and their impact**

Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey for Pakistan (2013)

System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

World Bank Enterprise Survey for Pakistan

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: E Nigeria Somalia Sudan Host community Refugees Host community IDP Host community IDP Host community IDP No earners 40 % 51 % 62 % 50 % 32 % 64 % 7 % 45 % Remittance recipients only 7 % 8 % 76 % 69 % 16 % 37 %-- Female single earner 12 % 52 % 23 % 37 % 35 % 70 % 24 % 55 % Male single earner 8 % 23 % 4 % 14 % 24 % 50 % 8 % 39 % Majority female earners 3 % 57 % 9 % 28 % 9 % 28 % 15 % 45 % Equal contribution 10 % 24 % 17 % 16 % 23 % 63 % 8 % 41 % Majority male earners 5 % 16 % 15 % 19 % 20 % 52 % 9 % 39 % Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). Overall, the results show that besides gender, displacement status and the number of household contributors plays a key role in the identification and level of poverty. In comparison with female-headed non-displaced households, more female-headed displaced households are classified as multidimensionally poor. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Some data sources (such as registration systems and population censuses) are more appropriate for estimating stocks of asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs at a particular point in time, while other data sources (such as population tracking systems and border crossings) are more appropriate for estimating flows over a specific period. In general, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data available on all stocks and flows for a particular displacement situation (see Table 4). Consequently, data on flows might be used to estimate stocks, for example in the absence of government data, the stock of refugees in many industrialized countries is estimated by UNHCR based on 10 years of individual asylum-seeker recognition. And, especially in the case of IDPs, changes in the total population combined with some contextual analysis, may be used to deduce estimates of new internal displacement or returns. However, these approximations are flawed unless data on all other flows (births, deaths, repatriation etc.) are also available, which is not usually the case. Even a static figure for the stock of IDPs in a particular location might obscure substantial flows including new displacement and returns. Moreover, there are no common definitions of the various stocks and flows, and therefore the risk of double counting or gaps cannot be discounted. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

population censuses
population tracking systems

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Beneficiary assessments conducted in the southern provinces highlighted that women-headed households faced compounded barriers to accessing project services due to mobility constraints related to caregiving responsibilities and social norms discouraging women from attending mixed-gender community meetings. In response, the project's operational manual specifies that beneficiary assessments in subsequent years must include separate consultation sessions for women, held at times and locations identified as accessible by female community members themselves.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Markandya and Pedroso-Galinato (2007) dealt with cross-sectional data of 208 countries for 2000. The underlying production function was assumed to take a nested CES form. The results indicated a relatively high elasticity of substitutability between different types of capital; for example, loss of natural capital could be made up relatively easily by increases in human and physical capital. In addition, the paper also showed that the efficiency of all capital is significantly influenced by changes in economic indicators (trade openness and private sector investment).

Data will be gathered for "household final consumption expenditure (current US$)" as an alternative.|World Bank- World Development Indicators (WDI) database| |Wages (10-45 years old)|Wages affect schooling outcomes but the direction of influence is uncertain.

Data for the following will be gathered: `o` Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) `o` Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)

|Determinants|Description|References|Notes|Data Source| |---|---|---|---|---| |Income from agriculture|This variable captures the importance of agriculture to the economy.|Turner, et al. (1993); Lopez and Galinato (2005a,b); Irwin (2006)|Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)|WDI| |Demographic factors|Major determinants of land use include demographic factors such as population size and density.|Major determinants of land use include demographic factors such as population size and density.|Data needed: `o` Total population `o` Population density (people per sq.

We already have data for the following indicators of governance: `o` Government effectiveness - perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.

World Development Indicators (WDI) database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: market access Level two 0.2065*** (0.0607) Level three 0.2358** (0.0788) Level four 0.3559*** (0.0769) Distance to Zone city (Km) 0.0022*** (0.0006) Market accessibility indicator -0.0792* (0.0330) Observations 742 737 742 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.2517 0.2435 0.2128 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Standard errors in parentheses. All estimates are controlled for regions. +p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Annexes 120 Table D.17: Proximity and market accessibility effects on engagement in service sector: logit model Variables Proximity Market access Model I Model II Individual feature Male -0.2151*** -0.2199*** -0.2153*** (0.0309) (0.0304) (0.0312) Age 0.0368*** 0.0331*** 0.0340*** (0.0089) (0.0089) (0.0096) Age squared -0.0005*** -0.0004*** -0.0004*** (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) Some primary 0.1561*** 0.1636*** 0.1683*** (0.0333) (0.0334) (0.0344) Household feature HH size: member age [15,29] 0.0217+ 0.0226+ 0.0248* (0.0121) (0.0117) (0.0119) HH size: member age (30,44] -0.0664*** -0.0657*** -0.0553** (0.0197) (0.0195) (0.0205) HH size: member age (45,64] -0.0146 -0.0232 -0.0248 (0.0246) (0.0258) (0.0269) HH access electricity -0.0637 -0.0571 -0.1051+ (0.0489) (0.0499) (0.0559) Proximity and market access Level two -0.3000*** (0.0713) Level three -0.3988*** (0.0821) Level four -0.4862*** (0.0832) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.002* (0.0008) Market accessibility indicator 0.0897** (0.0307) Observations 787 782 787 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: UNHCR regularly publishes statistical reports, including “ Global Trends ”, “ Mid-Year Trends ”, “ Asylum Trends ” and “ Statistical Yearbook ”. Additionally, UNHCR hosts interagency information sharing portals for significant emergencies. 87 These portals provide data on populations of concern at regional and country levels, including time series data, demographics, location and accommodation information. 88 Eurostat compiles and publishes data on asylum (applications and decisions) and managed migration in European Union member countries. Countries and national and international NGOs also publish these statistics, based on sources of various completeness, quality and timeliness (UNSD 2014). There are sometimes substantial inconsistencies between the numbers published by different organizations for the same country, including high-income countries with good statistical systems, usually due to differences in definitions, times and statistical methods, including the mixing of data on flows and stocks (UNSD 2014). There are several challenges associated with the compilation of data on asylum-seekers and refugees. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Figure 18: Significant Refugee Returns by Country of Origin 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Note: Countries selected based on their cumulative returns of refugees over the period 1991-2015. Return does not necessarily lead to the full reintegration of a person into their home country or area of origin. In the absence of global data on the success of reintegration following return, data on returns appear to be taken as indication of sustainable return. In reality, many returnees face impediments to reintegration and continue to have specific economic and social vulnerabilities linked to their displacement. They may not be able to reclaim land, access sufficient financial resources (e. g. accumulated during their displacement) or reestablish social networks in areas of origin, which are critical factors for successful reintegration (World Bank 2015). Sustainable refugee return is therefore not a one-off event but a process that provides returnees with adequate safety, housing, livelihoods and services that address their specific vulnerabilities and reduce the likelihood of secondary displacement (World Bank 2015). Figure 19: Voluntary Returns of Refugees 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Note: Includes returns of refugees and people in refugee- like situations protected or assisted by UNHCR. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: of trade with government. Because the dataset used for this study is cross- sectional rather than longitudinal, I am unable to examine whether citizens adjust their beliefs and behavior to relative changes in service delivery. I was only able to test whether there are associations between the absolute service quality across neighborhoods, countries and ethnic groups and deference to the tax department, police and courts. Further, citizens may not be attributing goods and services to the gov- ernment. Rather, citizens may be attributing goods and services, such as roads, electricity grids, sewage systems, health care and education to vari- ous non-state actors including the following: the private sector; NGOs and community-based groups; churches, mosques and other religious institutions; traditional leaders; and, bilateral and multilateral donors. Survey questions on the Afrobarometer only indicate the presence or absence of services and infrastructure, and the quality of these services, but these questions do not probe respondents on who they believe are providing these services. Each of the indicators of perceptions of government performance is sig- niﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. Food security is positively associated with a willingness to defer to the tax department. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This paper analyzes data from the initial wave of VenRePS-Kids, conducted from Oc- tober to December 2022, to outline key demographics and stylized facts about forcibly displaced children and adolescents. Initially, we examine the human development dis- parities of forcibly displaced Venezuelan children and adolescents in comparison to their Colombian counterparts. Our approach to human development is broad, covering physi- cal, cognitive, socio-emotional, and mental health aspects. Additionally, we complement our analysis by exploring differences in food security, social cohesion, and the economic status of parents. Although our analysis is descriptive, it represents a crucial initial step 2Venezuelan households are defined as those where both parents and their children have a Venezuelan nationality. Colombian households are composed of Colombian citizens only. 3 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (24 percent) with higher livestock ownership relative to other domains. Somalis are also more likely to work for private households, including household services, construction, and agricultural work. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure 3.2: Work status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 3.1: Labor force statistics Camp- Hosts Camp- Refugees Labor force participation rate (strict) 52% 31% Unemployment rate (strict) 7% 21% Labor force participation rate (relaxed) 57% 43% Unemployment (relaxed) 15% 43% Employment-to-population ratio 48% 25% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed or unemployed. Unemployment is the share of people participating in the labor force who are not employed. The “relaxed” definition of labor force participation includes anyone who is available to work. The “strict” definition of labor force participation includes only those who are available to work and also actively searching for work. Employment-to- population ratio is the share of working-age people who are employed. 41 In Ethiopia, in-camp

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The assumption of perfect implementation, however, is quite strong as interviewers have shown a preference for selecting respondents willing to participate in the survey (Alt, 1991), and a number of other studies found that data collected with random walk designs exhibit differences from known population statistics on gender, age, education, household size, and marital status (Bien et al. 1997, Hoffmeyer ‐ Zlotnick 2003, Blohm 2006, Eckman & Koch 2016). Probabilities of selection inherently cannot be calculated in a random walk sample design as no information is collected on how many structures are in the camp, or how likely it was that a given structure was the xth structure along any path. Random walk must then assume all structures have the same selection probability, implying constant sampling weights. Therefore, the only component of the weights for the random walk is the sub-sampling of households within a selected structure: 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ′ = 𝑁𝑁𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖. 2. 6. Comparison of Methods As mentioned above, stratified cluster samples with the canvassing of selected clusters is the most common sample design used to collect official socioeconomic statistics in the developing world, but in Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Figure 1: Data and Descriptive Statistics: Clusters, Refugee Camps, and Conflicts Revised refugee diversity indices. We first use Afrobarometer data to construct standard indices of diversity, namely the EF and the EP indices (Bazzi et al., 2019; Esteban and Ray, 1994). The EF index describes the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a given location belong to two different ethnic groups (Alesina et al., 2003, 2016; Gomes, 2020b). The EF index can be defined as EFjt = Njt X e = 1 get (1 − get), (2) where Nj is the number of ethnic groups in cluster j at time t and get is the population share of 14 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Component 2 Update: Infrastructure Works**

Civil works under 12 of the 14 contracted sites are progressing on schedule. ESMF compliance audits conducted in March found that all sites met the LMP requirements for worker accommodation and wage payment, but two sites required corrective action on dust and noise management during construction. GIS-based photographic tracking of construction progress — using geotagged photos uploaded by site engineers — has been added to the activity monitoring dashboard, providing real-time visual verification of works completion to supplement the progress certificates issued by the supervising engineer.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: of trade with government. Because the dataset used for this study is cross- sectional rather than longitudinal, I am unable to examine whether citizens adjust their beliefs and behavior to relative changes in service delivery. I was only able to test whether there are associations between the absolute service quality across neighborhoods, countries and ethnic groups and deference to the tax department, police and courts. Further, citizens may not be attributing goods and services to the gov- ernment. Rather, citizens may be attributing goods and services, such as roads, electricity grids, sewage systems, health care and education to vari- ous non-state actors including the following: the private sector; NGOs and community-based groups; churches, mosques and other religious institutions; traditional leaders; and, bilateral and multilateral donors. Survey questions on the Afrobarometer only indicate the presence or absence of services and infrastructure, and the quality of these services, but these questions do not probe respondents on who they believe are providing these services. Each of the indicators of perceptions of government performance is sig- niﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. Food security is positively associated with a willingness to defer to the tax department.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This study aims to assess the consequences of forced migration on ethnic diversity and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. We combine a unique dataset on refugee camps with individual data from the Afrobarometer Surveys across 23 African countries for the 2005 — 2016 period. We construct two standard measures of ethnic diversity: indices of ethnic fractionalization (EF) and ethnic polarization (EP). Ethnic fractionalization measures the probability that two individuals drawn from the society at random will belong to two different ethnic groups and thus increases with the number of ethnic groups present. Ethnic polarization captures antagonism between individuals and is maximized when the society is divided into two equally sized and distant ethnic groups. Although these indices have been widely used, little variation over time has been found, making causal inference difficult. The innovative aspect of our analysis is that we use data on the precise locations of refugee camps, their yearly size, and — most importantly — their annual composition in terms of countries of origin. Combined with the Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees 2019 dataset, we are able to predict changes in ethnic diversity induced by refugee inflows. We then assess the relationship between refugee diversity and the likelihood of conflict. In an additional analysis, we also assess how refugee-induced changes in diversity affect the incidence of theft and violence, participation in protests, and perceptions of ethnic attachment, inter-personal trust, and institutional trust. Other studies have investigated the links between displacement and social conflict or social co- 3

Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees 2019

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 One could think of Jordan ’ s growth of local supply of public basic and secondary schools as a progressive public investment in human capital that increases the human capital production for children of marginal parents in terms of income and educational attainment. Those are parents who would have chosen higher investment in the human capital of their offspring, but were constrained by the limited supply of schools in their subdistricts of residence and could not afford to send their children to more distant schools outside their jurisdiction or to provide them with homeschooling. However, the increase in public schools is expected to have less of an effect on richer or more educated parents, who are expected to provide education to their children regardless of the availability of schools in their subdistricts either by sending their children to distant schools or through homeschooling. On average, however, the increase in the local supply of public schools is expected to reduce the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment or enhance intergenerational educational mobility. III. DATA Two new and unique data sources are employed in the empirical analysis. First, the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey of 2010, carried out by the Economic Research Forum in cooperation with the Jordanian Department of Statistics, is a rich source of information on all aspects of the Jordanian labor market (JLMPS 2010). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 { Tables 4 and 5 here} Among the first six categories that are based on raw census data, three categories (raw scaled, R & R not scaled, and R & R scaled) are constructed through the summation of bilateral raw numbers and disaggregations of some aggregate categories in the original censuses. Since these categories together constitute around 45 percent of migrants in each census round, the original bilateral portion of each cell was compared with the final number assigned to them after the various calculations as a check on accuracy. For each decade, therefore, the overall percentage contribution of the raw bilateral data to the total is calculated (table 6). 23 In each census round, at least 92 percent of all those categories are derived from the raw data. { Table 6 here} Simulating Missing Data Finally, to examine the reliability of the estimated missing census data and test the methodologies, several scenarios are assumed. All bilateral observations for a single year for four countries (Australia, United States, Switzerland, and Chile) in different parts of the world are deleted and the missing cells are filled using one of five methods. 24 The first simulation assumes that all bilateral data for 2000 are missing but that the total number of migrants is available. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 26 value of consumption flow of durable goods. 22 While monetary poverty can measure temporal resource holdings, multidimensional poverty, as a more comprehensive measure, includes chronic and exacerbating sources of poverty. This difference explains the existence of mismatches between individuals identified as monetary versus MPI poor, which are often more prominent in poorer countries (Evans et al 2020). This section examines these differences in the contexts of displacement. Table 9. Percentage of the sample in each poverty category: Rows sum to 100 % Non-poor by both measures Only Monetary Poor Only Multidimensional Poor Monetary and multidimensional poor Ethiopia 38 % 23 % 12 % 27 % N. E Nigeria 13 % 69 % 4 % 15 % Somalia 20 % 32 % 14 % 34 % Sudan 33 % 47 % 4 % 17 % Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). This table presents the distribution of households in each of the categories in the columns. Thus, each row adds up to 100 %. South Sudan is excluded from this analysis as monetary data is not available for the country. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
assemble annual observations as follows for each grid square: the first 40 from the CRU

scores). We do this for both future periods, as well as for the historical CRU data (here

of rainfall and temperature for the past (from the benchmark CRU series that we have

table presents average R [2] scores for the bivariate relationships between the CRU

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In settings with clearly distinguishable individual structures, these methods can also be reasonably accurate for the purposes of rapid estimation of displaced population (Checchi, et al. 2013). 101 The use of unmanned drones is also becoming more popular as the cost of this technology falls. This technique has been used by UNHCR to update its estimates of IDPs in Somalia ’ s Afgooye corridor (IDMC 2015) and by IOM to monitor disaster-induced displacement in Haiti, including the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in collaboration with UNOSAT. (g) Open data initiatives. There are several initiatives to provide free and open data that enable Internet users to independently mine and analyze data and generate customized summaries, charts and visualizations. For example, the Bank has provided free, open access to its development data since the launch of its Open Data Initiative in 2010, however there is little open data on asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs. JIPS has developed a web-based platform that allows users to explore, analyze and visualize profiling data online, and IDMC has 100 See http: / / www. flowminder. org /. 101 These methods are not effective in settings with connected structures, a complex pattern of roofs or multi-level buildings, as are prevalent in urban areas. Additionally, cloud cover and dense foliage can also obscure structures. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR). 7 This information has been collected from deponents to the Commission ‘ s statement-taking process. 8 We make use of data on the number of killings that occurred during the war in order to derive patterns and variation of violence in Timor Leste over time and across space. We use this data to identify districts and years that experienced high and low violence-intensity, both at the start of the occupation and following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops in 1999. This allows us to estimate both the impact of the first years of the conflict and the impact of the last wave of violence in 1999. 4. 1. Identification strategy: The impact of violence on school attendance in 2001 We first investigate the short-term impact of the 1999 violence. The empirical questions being addressed are: (i) whether the violence in 1999 imperiled school attendance9 and school grade deficit, and (ii) whether different channels of exposure to conflict – displacement and house destruction – affected boys and girls and different age groups differently. 4. 1. 1. Primary school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001 We make use of information in TLSS 2001 collected at the individual and household levels on displacement and house destruction to identify conflict-affected individuals. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

data on the number of killings that occurred during the war

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 9 3. 1 Data Sources We use three different types of data to verify our estimates and determine how sensitive they are to changes in definition and the year of the survey. Two sources are nationally representative, but date from 2001 or before, the third is data from a census of households carried out by the authors in 2003 as part of a project on educational choice. The first source is the “ long ” form of the population census in 1998, which is a large sample-based survey with information on enrollment. This survey is representative at the level of the district and region (rural or urban) and provides comprehensive coverage of the entire country. 7 We use this data to examine enrollment patterns across districts. The second type of data, based on household surveys, are different rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) carried out in 1991, 1998 and 2001. While the data is not as extensive as the census, it contains detailed household information on schooling and income, and has been used extensively by researchers both in Pakistan and the United States. Finally, we use the census of schooling choice among households that our research team conducted in August 2003 (referred to as the project on “ Learning and Educational Achievement in Punjab Schools ”, or LEAPS). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

census of schooling choice among households

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Appendix C: Robustness to DHS Cluster Geocoding Uncertainty**

The standard DHS jitter algorithm displaces cluster centroids by up to 5 km (urban) or 10 km (rural). To assess sensitivity of our results to this measurement error, we implement a simulation in which each DHS cluster centroid is displaced 1,000 times by a random draw from the DHS jitter distribution, and the treatment indicator is recomputed after each displacement. We report the median coefficient and the 5th and 95th percentile bounds across simulations. The simulated bounds are narrow relative to the estimated confidence intervals, indicating that DHS cluster geocoding uncertainty does not substantially bias our estimates.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 to 32 percent (see Table A1 in appendix). The total number of internally displaced people (IDP) outnumbers the stock of refugees in SSA and in the world but overall has followed a similar trend compared to the number of refugees (by country of origin). 1 Major civil wars in Central Africa mainly explained the peak in 1993 and 1994 and the increase at the end of the 1990s. Figure 1. Refugee population by origin, 1990 ‐ 2013 Note: Authors ’ aggregation based on UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations. Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). Refugees in Africa seem to have mainly remained in Africa. Although SSA also hosts refugees from other regions, the closeness of the ‘ blue ’ and ‘ red ’ lines in Figure 2 ‐ representing the number of refugees originating from and hosted in SSA ‐ is an indication that most refugees cross borders within Africa. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Worse Same Better Figure 5.8: Perceived changes in household living standards Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: The survey asks how the household living standard has changed compared to last year and the last five years. a. Last 5 years b. Last 1 year Refugees’ Aspirations 48 scale44 gap between refugees and hosts is higher for in-camp refugees, the gap is relatively narrower for Addis Ababa refugees. The average food insecurity scale for in-camp refugees is “8” and for their hosts it is “4” out of 10; that is, in- camp refugee households experienced about eight food insecurity events while host households experienced about 4 in the past year. Consistent with other welfare indicators discussed, food insecurity tends to be more severe among in-camp refugees than their hosts or OCP refugees. In-camp refugees have less diverse diets and poor food consumption status compared to their hosts. The average household dietary diversity score—the number of food groups consumed out of twelve—is 7.5 for hosts and 6.5 for refugees (Figure 5.10a). Overall, the average dietary diversity score is also lower for in-camp refugees than their hosts. The

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The model includes ϐixed effects for grade, school, and language spoken. 14 The results are presented in Table 3. We then narrow our focus to foreign students who joined Italian schools after February 2022, speciϐically comparing Ukrainian refugees to other newly arrived foreign students. This approach allows us to examine how Ukrainian refugees compare to other foreign students who entered the education system around the same time. By restricting the sample to these two categories of students, we estimate the following regression: 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 + 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑓𝑓𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 + 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (2), with variables as deϐined in (1), and results presented in Table 4. Our analysis also aims to explore potential mechanisms that could explain results derived from equations (1) and (2). Using the administrative data, we investigate whether being placed in a smaller class inϐluences school achievement in the sample of Ukrainian refugees. The results are presented in Table 5. We then draw on ϐindings from the survey data to unpack and analyze how Ukrainian refugees feel in Italy, the challenges they face, and their aspirations. 4. Results 4. 1. Integration challenges faced by Ukrainian refugees in Italy Low enrollment and substantial dropout rates At the end of the 2021-2022 school year, the enrollment rate of Ukrainian refugee children in Italian schools was low. In the months following Russia ’ s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, 3, 320 Ukrainian refugees were enrolled into Italian secondary schools. This ϐigure constitutes 24 % of the 14, 106 Ukrainian refugees aged between 11 and 18 years who sought temporary protection as of 14 This variable is included to account for the potentially greater ease of learning experienced by students who speak languages that are considered closer to Italian. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
approximated by wealth measured by the EMDHS asset index; and e)mothers' education. Note that the alternative

The asterisks indicate the significance level: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Standard errors in parentheses. Regressions take sample
design and household weights into account by using Stata's svy command. Data: EMDHS 2014.

2007 Census. The 2007 census has two formats - a long and a short format. The long format is richer in terms of

The Ethiopian census has both a short and a long form, and to increase model fit, the models use the long

observed in Ethiopia before, based on other data sets [30]. SAE results in addition to these variables are highly

EMDHS
EMDHS 2014
2007 Census
Ethiopian census

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Typically, registers have evolved over time (from parish records, for example). They were never developed specifically to record international migration information, and they vary considerably across countries. For example, the laws under which individuals are classified as migrants and the conditions under which they are inscribed or deregistered differ greatly (Bilsborrow and others 1997). The Raw Data The Global Migration Database is a vast collection of destination country data sources detailing migrant stocks from numerous origin countries and regions (United Nations [2008]). Compiling and maintaining the underlying primary sources require herculean efforts to scour the key census collections of the world and enter the data manually. In total, the database comprises records from some 3, 500 separate censuses from more than 230 migrant destination countries and territories, by sex and age. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The LMP appended to the ESMF specifies that all contractors must submit workforce management plans prior to mobilization, detailing recruitment procedures, wage payment schedules, and the mechanism through which workers may raise concerns without fear of retaliation. Contractors employing more than fifty workers are required to establish a worker accommodation standard compliant with IFC Performance Standard 2. Compliance with the LMP will be verified through quarterly site inspections conducted jointly by the PIU's E&S officer and a representative of the national labor inspectorate.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Management Information System (EMIS) (UNHCR, 2020), and a separate chapter on refugee education is included in the annual education statistics report of the MoE. The GoE included expanding primary and secondary education for refugees in the national five-year Education Sector Development Programme VI (ESDP), covering 2020 to 2025, but little progress has been made. Box 2.1: Education system for refugees in Ethiopia 0 20 40 60 Percent 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total No education Incomplete primary Complete primary Complete secondary Complete post-secondary Figure 2.7: Education level (18 years and above) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total No education Incomplete primary Complete primary Complete secondary Complete post-secondary Percent Figure 2.8: Youth (15 to 24) education level Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 14 OCP refugees attended education outside of Ethiopia and have relatively better educational attainment. One reason why OCP refugees have higher educational attainment compared to other refugees (especially other Eritreans) could be related to being relatively better off in their countries of origin (qualification for OCP requires having

SESRE 2023
Management Information System

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source