Input: We, therefore, first examine whether or not there is structure, both, to selection into the treatment group and attrition, which could undermine our econometric approach, where we rely on difference-in-difference estimators. Imbalance between treatment and control groups could undermine the key assumption of parallel trends. For example, given that men and women face different barriers in the labor market, we should not expect employment to evolve in the same way for men and women after the treatment. We would expect to observe a difference-in-differences for a treatment group where women are more common than in the reference group, even without the program. To test for imbalances, we run a simple regression of treatment and attrition indicators at baseline on the socio-economic and demographic controls, GRIT indicators, self-reported optimism, employment status and risk. Table 4 (Column 1 for the treatment analysis, Column 2 for the attrition analysis) shows some signs of structure. In particular, host status and risk preferences are significantly different between treatment and control, with 9 For example, “ hummus ” is used to refer to chickpeas in general but can also be used for the dish involving mashed chickpeas, tahini, lemon and garlic in Lebanon. In other dialects, some qualifiers are required to specify this dish (e. g. hummus ne ’ em, or smooth hummus). This is akin to identifying a British or American individual using similar variations in foodstuffs such as courgette / zucchini; coriander / cilantro; etc. 10 Specifically, we regress variables with missing observations on the list of all variables with a complete record. We then use the predicted values from this regression to populate the missing variables. Where appropriate, predicted values are rounded to the nearest integer and within answer codes of that variable. In a second round, this process is repeated on the full set of actual and predicted values from the first stage.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The MPI can be decomposed by any groups for which the data are representative and broken down by indicator to show the composition of multidimensional poverty, adding to the policy relevance of the analysis. To tackle individual-level and intrahousehold analyses, we build on the work of Alkire, Ul Haq and Alim (2019). The focus is on individual deprivations, and we call the persons with individual-level data in each indicator the eligible household members. For example, children aged 6-16 years might be eligible for deprivations in terms of school attendance, but not those older or younger. For individual-level indicators, we identify who and how many household members are deprived: their gender and their age, and what proportion of eligible household members are deprived. This is a powerful and potentially informative steppingstone for analysis. Consider two households, each of which has five eligible members with data on nutrition. The aggregation rule in this example is that if any household member is undernourished then the household is undernourished. So, both households are deprived in terms of Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The descriptive characteristics of foreign-born and host community households are still comparable, and therefore allow for comparisons between 2013 and 2014. It is possible to make some inferences on welfare changes by looking at changes in host community employment rates and labor market characteristics. Overall, this paper finds no negative effects on host community welfare from an increasing population of SUTPs. As other authors have stated, the influx of SUTPs has had both positive and negative impacts. It seems on average, the host community has been strong and adaptive, and not negatively impacted. This is not to disregard that real strains do exist in some regions where the SUTP population is very large. Nor do these results undermine findings of displacement effects in the labor market that certain types of workers are experiencing. However, on average nationally, we do not see a systematic decline in the welfare of the host community between 2011 and 2013. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the data availability and technical issues. Section 3 discusses descriptive statistics of the foreign-born and host community. Section 4 explores the impact of the foreign-born population on host community welfare. 1. DATA AND TECHNICAL ISSUES Data Sets Data availability limits which data set can be used to identify the foreign-born population and geographic location while measuring poverty. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) has been conducting three nationally representative surveys annually since 2005; the Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (HICES), the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS). However the HICES, which is the national survey that is used to measure official poverty, 5 UNCHR, 2013pg 13 6 UNHCR (22 November 2013), UNHCR (15 September 2014) 7 UNHCR (22 March 2013), Erdogan (2014), pg 14 8 This technical issue will be discussed further later in the paper.

Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Ethiopia in 2017. The SPS 2017 was conducted in refugee camps and host communities in four regions in Ethiopia. The survey was used to draw a profile for skills and potential opportunities for refugees and host 9 See Annex C for detailed information on survey design and methodology. 10 Financial support was provided by the World Bank and UNHCR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement. Introduction 7 communities to design a better mix of approaches that could help the government in designing livelihood opportunities for these communities. Due to differences in scope, sampling design, and methodology, results based on the SPS cannot be directly compared with those of SESRE. Box 1.1 summarizes the similarities and differences between SPS 2017 and SESRE 2023. The Skills Profile Survey (SPS), conducted in 2017, is a household survey focused on collecting data on refugees from South Sudan, Somali, Eritrea, and Sudan living in camps in Ethiopia, as well as from host communities. The sample frame for the survey was derived from the list of all refugee camps, sites, and locations provided by UNHCR-Ethiopia as of January 2017, covering the four main regions that host refugees: Tigray, Afar, Gambella, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Somali. The SPS specifically

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Wages: the earnings measure we use is the response to the question “ how much did you earn from your main job activity during the last month? ” In the LFS 2011 there is further information on how much of that income was irregular, for example a bonus payment, but the LFS 2014 no longer provides that breakdown. There is also a measure of the “ number of hours per week worked in the main job ” (both usual and total hours), which can be used to construct hourly wages. Since the hours worked measure does not correspond exactly to the earnings measure and introduces additional measurement error, our preferred wage measure is the monthly wage. We exclude wage observations were respondents report having usual working hours of less than 14 or more than 84 hours per week. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Disaggregated data on IDPs who are not protected or assisted by UNHCR are collected by other agencies, including IOM, but data are not comprehensive and therefore not published in IDMC ’ s global reports. 93 The difficulties of collecting disaggregated data on locations of IDPs are compounded by the fluidity of IDP movements — IDPs might suffer multiple displacements or they might resort to changing locations as a coping strategy (e. g. moving between their homes and place of displacement or testing different locations before deciding where to stay) (Brookings 2011). In recent years, efforts have been made to improve data collection for IDPs living outside of camps by employing a range of techniques including: (a) profiling; (b) household surveys; (c) collecting information on IDPs who come to camps to visit family members or collect relief items; and (d) community outreach programs (Brookings 2013).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: impression of the state ’ s role in development and give credit to the state for helping to leverage external resources. Citizens are also likely to give the state credit where mechanisms to voice complaints about non-state actors exist and where bureaucrats are able to eﬀectively respond to complaints. Under these conditions, non-state service provision is likely to strengthen the ﬁscal contract. 5 Data and Methods I explore the relationship between external service provision and deference to government using Afrobarometer survey data from 19 Sub-Saharan African countries (see Table 1). Africa is an especially good place to examine these issues because of the large amount of variation both within and across African countries in the extent to which non-state actors, donors and other states are active in service provision and the extent to which governments are relatively eﬀective and fair. Government responsiveness, corruption and reliance on non-public resources vary considerably among localities with consequences for citizen understanding of and relationship to government (Gibson and Hoﬀman, 2005). This project relies on the fourth round of Afrobarometer data that surveys Africans ’ views towards democracy, economics, and civil society with random, stratiﬁed, nationally representative samples.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: I expect citizens who perceive tax collection to be the responsibility of non-state actors to be less likely to be willing to pay taxes to the state ’ s tax department than citizens who perceive tax collection to be the responsibility of the state. Perceptions of the eﬀectiveness of donor and non-state actor provision of services are assessed using the following items. Respondents were probed on how much they believe the following non-state actors and donors do to help their country: the United Nations; international donors and NGOs; international businesses and investors; China; and the United States. 9 I also include Freedom House ’ s political liberties and civil rights ratings for the 19 countries in the sample. These two variables should capture the relative equality of inﬂuence in making policy. They indicate whether citizens are able to express their voice without fear of repression and whether elections are free and fair. Neither of these variables are signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. 14

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Outcome Variable Collection Periods Basline Midline Weekly Endline Psychological Well-being PHQ9 X X Life Satisfaction Index X X Stress Index X X X Sociability (Total) X X X Sociability (Positive) X X X Self-Worth Index X X Locus of Control X X Allocation Decision Game X X Stability Index X X Physiological Well-being Index X X Gender Dynamics Gender Perceptions- Work X X Gender Perceptions- Violence (IPV) X X Financial Well-being Savings X X ∗ X Borrowing X X Economic Decision Making Risk Preference X X Time Preference X X Other Outcomes Cognitive Ability X X ∗ X Physical Health X X ∗ X Notes: The “ Baseline ” survey was conducted with respondents before treatment assignment was revealed. The “ Midline ” survey were questions asked immediately after treatment assignments were disclosed after the baseline survey, but before the work task had begun. “ Weekly ” surveys were conducted after each week of work (if any).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Component 4: Project Management, Monitoring, and Evaluation (US$3.8 million)**

This component will finance the operating costs of the Coordination Unit and support the rollout of the Management Information System (MIS) across all twelve participating district offices. The MIS will track beneficiary registration, service delivery milestones, and grievance redress outcomes, providing real-time dashboards for national coordinators. Quarterly progress reports generated from the MIS will form the basis of implementation support missions. The component also covers the cost of the endline evaluation, contracted to an independent firm, and capacity-building workshops for district-level M&E officers.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) (Alkire et al. 2012) uses individual-level data, and the linked Gender Parity Index reflects inequalities across women and men ’ s deprivation scores within the same household. Alkire, Apablaza and Jung (2014) design and implement an exploratory individual-level MPI for 31 European countries over six waves of data using EU-SILC data sets, finding no cases in which are women significantly less poor than men, and in many cases, they are significantly poorer. Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen (2018) create an individual-level MPI to understand differences in poverty between women and men in Nicaragua, finding similar overall incidence, but much higher intensity of poverty among women. Bessell (2015) and Pogge and Wisor (2016) explore deeply contextual gendered poverty measures and elucidate the ways that participatory consultations can inform the design and uses of gendered measures. Rogan (2016) uses the global MPI to analyze the gender poverty gap in South Africa. Alkire, Ul Haq, and Alim (2019) use individual-level data alongside MPI data to expose gendered and intrahousehold differences among MPI poor and non-poor children. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: include the rice price — which appears with the wrong sign but is only marginally signiﬁcant — and elevation and population density — which are no longer signiﬁcant. Comparing Tables 7 and 5, we ﬁnd that in the smaller NLSS 2002 / 3 dataset none of the anticipated consumption variables is statistically signiﬁcant. Other results are as before. 4. 4 Magnitude To assess the relative magnitude of our results, we multiply coeﬃcients estimated in Tables 4 and 5 by the standard deviation of their respective regressors. We then average over the various regressions reported in Tables 4 and 5. Calculations are summarized in Table 8. The larger the value, the more inﬂuence the regressor has on the choice of a destination district. We see that the most important regressors in terms of magnitude are travel time to the near- est road, elevation, language similarity, and the price of rice. Consumption variables have an eﬀect on migration destination that is smaller in magnitude: a one standard deviation increase in anticipated relative consumption, for instance, has an eﬀect on destination that corresponds to a third of the eﬀect of a one standard deviation in elevation — and one-sixth of a one stan- dard deviation in distance from the nearest road. Income variables have a negligible eﬀect on migration decisions. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 25 less cohesion. The increase in solidarity is less apparent among refugees where the majority (53 %) stated that the crisis had no effect on solidarity. Figure 18: Levels of trust, by group (June) (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. Perceptions that different groups have of others are important elements of peace. When asking for the degree to which neighbors, other villagers and people from other ethnic groups can be trusted the survey finds positive outcomes. Although all groups trust people from other ethnic groups slightly less, the general level of trust is high and it remains stable over time. Finally, consider how IDPs, refugees and returnees envision the future of Mali. The majority of refugees in Mauritania vie for an independent or autonomous North, while the majority of IDPs, returnees and refugees in Niger wish to see full government control over the North. 20 20This contradicts, in part, findings of an Afrobarometer perception survey on causes and consequences of the conflict in Mali conducted in December 2013. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Displaced People Survey
Afrobarometer perception survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: the Refugee Proclamation of 2019, while encampment undermines achieving the goals set out in the Proclamation. The GoE pledged to transform camps into settlements and facilitate mobility for refugees to take advantage of opportunities in the labor market and increase work authorization to allow for the formalization of working conditions. Humanitarian and development partners should strongly support this pledge by swiftly investing in and accelerating inclusive approaches through the engagement of line ministries. Yet, large gaps in financing remain to fill the needs of refugees and host communities. Better coordination and engaging line ministries can achieve better outcomes for refugees and their hosts. Implementing an overarching coordination mechanism across line ministries to track investments and progress on refugee inclusion could leverage the existing humanitarian resources to deliver the first mile investment into inclusive development approaches, led by development actors. Improved communication, collaboration, and connections between RRS and line ministries could support initiatives seeking to mainstream refugees into existing governance structures. Encouraging these collaborative efforts of departments and agencies of the GoE can achieve a successful implementation of development solutions. Efforts to improve the coverage, accuracy, reliability, quality, and comparability of data can provide the analytical underpinning for policy decisions. Better

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 5 implemented in six areas: Bamako, the regional capitals of Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal as well as one refugee camp in Mauritania and one in Niger. Bamako was selected because it is home to a large number of IDPs. The refugee camps were selected to obtain a sample of refugees. Returnees were identified in the regional capitals of Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal where the phone network was (still) functional. The approach to selecting respondents differed by location and depended on the availability of pre-existing population information.  Bamako: Listing information of all households with IDPs was obtained from the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Based on this data 10 districts were selected and in each district 10 households were randomly identified.  Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal: No listing data was available and the cities were divided into different sectors. The enumerator was assigned a starting point in a sector, a direction (North, South, East, West) and based on the code of the day 9 the enumerator selected the first household. If the code of the day was 4, the enumerator would choose the 5th house to conduct the first interview. No more than 6 houses were to be interviewed from one starting point.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Protection monitoring interviews conducted in the three northern border districts revealed persistent gaps in access to civil documentation, with 42 percent of respondents reporting that at least one household member lacked a valid national identity document. Barriers cited most frequently included costs of administrative fees, distance to documentation offices, and limited awareness of entitlements. Protection monitoring interviews were conducted with 1,840 households across 18 communities between January and April, with samples drawn using systematic random sampling from updated household registration lists.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Total Population**

**11,735 Individuals**

**(6,548 Cases)**

**Vulnerabilities***

Unaccompanied or

separated child

Woman at risk

Single parent

Child at Risk

Disability

Chronic Illness

**136**

_*One individual may have multiple specific needs_

**2,288**

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

_*Pre-registration data refers to a headcount upon arrival or at disembarkation sites. Some individuals departed prior to registration with UNHCR._

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 3

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
cereal production (in kilograms) per residential [household member reported by the] household head in the immediate post harvest [period as the measure of agricultural] production.

index. [8] Here, we construct a food variety score (FVS) to combine the diversity of a

person's diet into a single index (Hatloy, _et al.,_ 1998). The FVS is based on the number

of different food items eaten over a registration period. We evaluate two versions: 1) a

associated with food shortages into a numerical index. Our third alternative indicator is

an index of these 'coping strategies'. We asked the most knowledgeable woman within

1996 and the World Bank's forthcoming World Development Report on Poverty 2000/1, the demand for such comprehensive measures is more urgent than ever.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
each country. However, while we are aware of this limitation, the ESS has been extensively

(2012) mentions that these questions in the ESS eliminate ambiguities by referring to _people_   _who come to live in a country_, rather than to _immigrants_ . In countries where citizenship is   based on blood ancestry such as Germany, a translation of immigrants would include people   who were born in the country but are not citizens.

section survey data. The second specification incorporates age, year of birth and survey year   dummy variables as explanatory variables (blue line). According to the model without any   cohort controls, older people are less likely to exhibit positive attitudes toward immigrants than   their younger peers in almost all countries considered.

_Is the period of time long enough to capture life cycle effects?_

It could be argued that the period of time covered by the ESS - from 2002 to 2012 - may not be

long enough to capture life cycle patterns. Preferences may change over a longer period of

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: There is one limit to our approximation in Equation 4. The ethnic composition of refugees in each year t for a given origin – destination pair of countries obtained from the EPR-ER database is assumed to be homogeneous across camps of the same origin – destination pair of countries for the refugees at year t. This may seem to be a strong assumption; however, the risk of misallocating refugees is reduced as the annual variation in the EPR-ER is generated by just a few dominant groups for a given origin – destination pair and the geographical distribution of refugees by country of origin is highly influenced by the proximity to their countries of origin. 16 As can be seen from panel A of Table B. 2, in refugee-hosting areas, on average, both EF and the EP seem to increase quite significantly when they are revised by incorporating the number of refugees in an 80-km buffer: the mean value of the standard EF index is 25. 58 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EF index is 37. 90 %. The mean value of the standard EP index is 10. 11 %, while the mean value of the revised refugee EP index is 14. 07 %. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The countries in our sample are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. As described in Table B. 1, we also incorporate information on the quality of our refugee data, which is determined by comparison with official UNHCR bilateral data. Below we describe how these data have been used to define our main variables of interest and present some descriptive statistics in Table B. 2. 11 Conflict. In Equation 1, we first relate variation in ethnic diversity with data on conflict from ACLED (Linke et al., 2010). Two main definitions are used: the incidence of conflict and the intensity of conflict. Incidence is captured by an indicator equal to one if conflict occurred in a particular year within a pre-defined buffer around cluster j. Intensity is measured by summing the number of conflict events occurring in a particular year within the same buffer area. A conflict event is defined as a single altercation wherein force is used by one or more groups for a political end (Linke et al., 2010). We further describe events (non-exclusively) as violent events, non-violent events, violence against civilians, and riots. In our main analysis, we focus on violent conflicts (Section 5. 1) and report results for other outcomes as robustness tests (Section 5. 3). In doing so, we follow a recent and large literature that has combined the ACLED dataset with geographically disaggregated data in Africa (Besley and Reynal-Querol, 2014; Berman and Couttenier, 2015; Michaelopoulos and 11Panel A of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for the data from refugee-hosting areas specifically, whereas panel B of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for our data in all covered areas. 11 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
for the exam in 2007, we were able to identify 71 percent three years later in ENLACE

we use administrative data from the annual school census ( _Formato_ _911_ ) to estimate the

ENLACE panel has a survival rate that is 6 and 7 percentage points lower vis-a-vis the

<!-- PAGE 11 -->
matching. Take-up rate in the ENLACE test is high, 87.3 percent of the population

secondary in 2013. The difference in graduation or survival rates between the ENLACE

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: restrictions on their employment. Legal restrictions (i.e., not having work permits) and location often prevent refugees from working, which limits their ability to generate income and improve their economic situation. As a result, many refugees rely on food aid and have limited access to necessities such as housing and electricity. Multidimensional poverty tends to be high among refugees. Low living standards and low education primarily drive multidimensional poverty. Standard of living indicators, low-quality cooking fuel, inadequate housing and low asset ownership, contribute half to non-monetary poverty. Moreover, deprivation in education and child malnutrition also contribute most to multidimensional poverty among refugees. Refugee households tend to have worse food security than hosts. In-camp refugees have less diverse diets, suffer food insecurity, and have low consumption status compared to hosts (Figure ES.4). Broadly, there is a need to enhance the economic self-sufficiency and food security of in-camp refugees and host communities by improving their livelihood opportunities. For in-camp refugees, consumption (expenditures) tends to increase with certain characteristics. These include higher education, access to mobile phones, owing a non-farm business, possessing a bank account, and being closer to a market town or and Woreda capitals. Education (of the household head) and employment strongly

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to inform decisions such as the size of schools to ensure progress toward inclusive systems that support refugees and their hosts can be made. Strengthening the use of statistics includes facilitating access to data and disseminating results. The SESRE is an excellent start to this initiative. Yet, the need to systematically integrate refugees in every round of the national household surveys and other data collection activities is key to allowing for evidence-based policy making. 77 Abdelhady D., and Al Ariss, A. (2023). How Capital Shapes Refugees’ Access to the Labour Market: The Case of Syrians in Sweden. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(16), 3144-3168, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2022.2110845 Abu-Ghaida, D., and Silva, K. (2020). Forced Displacement and Educational Outcomes: Evidence, Innovations, and Policy Indications. Second issue. Quarterly Digest on Forced Displacement. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group, UNHCR and JDC. Adda, J., Dustmann, C., and Görlach, J. S. (2022). The Dynamics of Return Migration, Human Capital Accumulation, and Wage Assimilation. The Review of Economic Studies, 89(6), 2841-2871. Alix-Garcia, J., Walker, S., Bartlett, A., Onder, H., and Sanghi, A. (2018). Do Refugee Camps Help or Hurt Hosts? The Case of Kakuma, Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 130, 66-83. Alkire, S., Kanagaratman, U.,

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: and their hosts by: (i) understanding different dimensions of welfare, such as monetary poverty, inequality, multidimensional poverty, food security, and shocks; and (ii) understanding determinants of welfare and estimating the cost to meet basic needs through a combination of assistance and some economic inclusion of refugees into national systems. Chapter 6 aims to understand how the location of camps determines labor market outcomes, highlighting the importance of refugees’ location as part of the development strategy for refugees in Ethiopia. Chapter 7 looks at social cohesion by showcasing attitudes between refugees and hosts and the level of social integration of refugees. Chapter 8 highlights policy directions based on the conclusions of the report to maximize the benefits of hosting refugees while minimizing the costs. (vi) Differences in poverty estimation: The poverty measurement methodology is distinct for each survey with SESRE applying the same methodology as HoWStat. Despite the difference in methodology used in the Skills Profile Survey (SPS) and SESRE, we find similar patterns in some of the indicators common in both surveys among in camp refugees such as demographic composition, primary and secondary net enrollments, housing condition, access to basic infrastructures, employment and attitude of hosts toward refugees. Moreover, both

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
effects is Calahorrano (2011). Using panel data for Germany between 1999 and 2008, she finds   that immigration concerns decrease over the life-cycle.

similar to Calahorrano (2011). However, given the lack of comparable panel data surveys for a   large group of countries, we use pooled cross-sections from the European Social Survey (ESS)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Because the DHS cluster displacement algorithm can misassign households at cluster boundaries to the wrong treatment group, we conduct a robustness check in which we exclude all DHS clusters located within 10 km of the treatment threshold. This boundary exclusion sample represents 74 percent of the original sample. Point estimates in this restricted sample are almost identical to those in the full sample, and the exclusion of boundary clusters reduces rather than inflates the estimated treatment effect, allaying concerns about bias from spatial misassignment.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
2 Data from the EM-DAT database, created and maintained by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Catholic University of Louvain. 3 There are multiple formal definitions.

For a disaster to be listed in the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria should be met: (i) 10 or more people are reported killed; (ii) 100 people are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; (iv) a call for international assistance is issued.

Hazard maps for countries can provide this information
(with uncertainty) based on historical data; hazard maps
can be adjusted based on climate models to investigate
future conditions (even larger uncertainty)

nd evacuation
schemes.
Information and education
campaigns on risk maps|
|Vulnerability|The vulnerability of the
exposed capital𝑉 (or
equivalently, total asset
losses )|Fraction of the population covered by an early warning
system and with ability to prepare and evacuate|Fraction of the population covered by an early warning
system and with ability to prepare and evacuate|
|Macro-economic
resilience ( )|The interest rate and
marginal
capital
productivity ( );|Macroeconomic data provide this information|Policies
to
improve
the
macroeconomic context|

_Figure B1: Roofer wages in an area where losses have been significant after the 2004 hurricane season in_
_Florida. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Surveys in May 03, Nov 03,_
_May 04, Nov 04, May 05, May 06, May 07._

Figure B2 is a classical quantity-price plot, showing the long-term demand and supply curves for a goods
or service aggregated at the macroeconomic level. The green line is the demand curve: it shows how the

EM-DAT database
Occupational Employment Surveys

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemiology group (1995) found high prevalence of child mortality as well as acute malnutrition among children in refugee camps in Eastern Zaire, especially in female headed households. The magnitude of the difference between ‘ normal ’ mortality in the country under study, in the absence of conflict and the mortality in a refugee camp, depends on several parameters: the health infrastructure in the country as well as in the camp, the food available to camp and non ‐ camp residents, the frequency of visits by nurses or doctors, the intensity of the conflict (e. g. attacks on camps), and so on. Thus, the results are highly dependent on the context. For example, Singh et al (2005) do not find a difference in under 5 mortality among refugee versus non ‐ refugee households in western Uganda and South Sudan, whereas Verwimp and Van Bavel (2005) find higher child mortality and fertility among Rwanda refugees in Congo versus Rwandan women who did not became a refugee. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 6 3. The Data The Kagera Health and Development Survey (KHDS) was originally conducted by the World Bank and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), and consisted of about 915 households interviewed up to four times from fall 1991 to January 1994 (at 6-7 month intervals) (see World Bank, 2004, and http: / / www. worldbank. org / lsms /). The KHDS 1991-1994 serves as the baseline data for this paper. Initially designed to assess the impact of the health crisis linked to the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the area, it used a stratified design to ensure relative appropriate sampling families with adult mortality. Comparisons with the 1991 HBS suggest that in terms of basic welfare and other indicators, it can be used as a representative sample for this period for Kagera (results not shown but available upon request). The objective of the KHDS 2004 survey was to re-interview all individuals who were household members in any round of the KHDS 1991-1994 and who were alive at the last interview (Beegle, De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006). This effectively meant turning the original household survey into an individual longitudinal survey. Each household in which any of the panel individuals live would be administered the full household questionnaire.

KHDS 1991-1994
KHDS 2004 survey
Kagera Health and Development Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 33 Ratha, D., and W. Shaw. 2007. ― South-South Migration and Remittances. ‖ World Bank Working Paper 102, World Bank, Washington, DC. United Nations Statistics Division. 1998. Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration Revision 1. New York: United Nations. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. [2008]. United Nations Global Migration Database. New York: United Nations. http: / / esa. un. org / unmigration — — —. 2006. Trends in Total Migrant Stock 1960 – 2000, 2005 Revision. Database. POP / DB / MIG / Rev. 2005 / Doc. New York: United Nations. — — —. 2009. Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Database. POP / DB / MIG / Stock / Rev. 2008. New York: United Nations. http: / / www. un. org / esa / population /. — — —. 2010. ― World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, Highlights ‖, Working Paper No. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

United Nations Global Migration Database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The lack of certainty means children are trying to prepare for further studies (e. g., in universities) in two separate systems with varying requirements. The survey results indicate that students enrolled in both systems spend as much time in Italian schools as those attending only Italian schools, averaging 31 hours per week. However, students participating in both systems spend an additional 8 hours per week on online Ukrainian classes. This puts an extra burden on these children. Connectedness to Italy is correlated with demographic characteristics and social environment of refugee children. Additionally, Table 6 shows that making new friends in the country of destination and speaking Italian are strongly associated with higher connection to Italy. The mental distress resulting from displacement is a key barrier to educational integration for many Ukrainian refugees in Italy. The link between poor mental health and low school attendance and performance is widely acknowledged in the literature (see Fiining et al., 2019 for a systematic review). In the World Bank survey data, children and caregivers reported signs of mental distress, with 16 % of children and 24 % of refugee caregivers reported experiencing psychological distress 61 % 35 % 31 % 68 % 50 % 36 % 23 % 68 % 59 % 26 % 26 % 59 % Would like to continue living in Italy Would like to move back to Ukraine Feel strongly connected to Italy Feel strongly connected to Ukraine Caregivers (N = 283) Children between 9 and 14 years old (N = 141) Children between 15 and 20 years old (N = 96) Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The study is based on two-period panel data collected by the IHDS, which was jointly carried out by researchers from the University of Maryland and the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi. This nationally representative survey covers a wide-ranging set of topics, including energy use, income, expenditure, education, health, and employment. The survey covers all of India's key states and union territories except Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. The first round of the survey was carried out in 2004-05 (mostly in 2005) and collected information on 41,554 households in 33 states and union territories, 383 districts, 1,503 villages, and 971 urban blocks. The second one, conducted in 2011-12 (mostly in 2012), re-interviewed 83 percent of the original households and split households (if located within the same village or town), and interviewed 2,134 new households, for a total of 42,152 households.

According to IHDS 2012 data, the average duration of power outages of households who have less than 24 hours of power supply is about 12.5 hours a day. Increasing the supply of electricity to 24 hours a day would lead to an estimated income gain for the rural population of US$6.5 billion annually.

2 In the following, we use the terms "access" and "grid-connection" interchangeably.
3 World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Beneficiary assessments completed during the project preparation phase established that the primary constraint to economic inclusion among the target population was lack of legal work authorization, cited by 74 percent of respondents, followed by limited language proficiency in the dominant national language (58 percent) and absence of recognized educational credentials (51 percent). These beneficiary assessments were conducted through a combination of individual household interviews and focus group discussions with community representatives, using a standardized protocol developed with the Ministry of Labor.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 2 INTRODUCTION In 2015, an estimated 2. 2 million Syrians Under Temporary Protection (SUTPs) were residing in Turkey, the majority arriving in the country over the last 4 years. 2 Turkey ’ s national population is roughly 75 million; recent refugees account for approximately 3 percent of the population. For a country that has never experienced such a large-scale, sudden inflow of foreigners, demographic changes in the composition of the population and labor force will yield unprecedented implications. This paper examines, as data allows, the relationship between the size of the foreign-born population and host community poverty rates in Turkey. First, this paper finds the poverty rates of ‘ recent migrants ’ near the Syrian border (NSB) significantly increased from 2009 to 2013. Second, the number of foreign-born households being captured by the Labor Force Survey (LFS) is expanding, which suggests a growing number of foreign households that are likely to be Syrians. Third, with respect to poverty, the results show no negative impacts on the host community as a result of the increasing size of the foreign-born population. The impact of SUTPs has been both positive and negative. Overall, a significant negative impact on host communities ’ welfare is not observed in the data. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Night-time lights data are a beneficial by-product of a meteorological satellite program. The data are
collected by the United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). DMSP
satellites have been circling the earth since the 1970s in a polar orbit that allows observations of every

1. Number of illuminated pixels with _DN_ >=6 within the borders of a country.
2. Average _DN_ within all illuminated pixels.
_Sources:_ NGDC v4, World Development Indicators for land area, and author's calculations.

Long-run patterns in _AoL_ and _R_ are consistent with some country circumstances. For example, as shown
in Table 1, a country with a rapidly expanding _AoL_ is more likely to be a country with a high urban
population growth rate. China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Yemen are examples. A country with
shrinking _AoL_ could be in the early, painful stages of transition from a planned economy to a market
economy. Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Ukraine are examples. Countries with growing average radiance, _R_,

Souknilanh et al (2015) find their night-light based _GDP_ estimates are improved when supplemented by ground cover data from a second satellite (MODIS).

16 Normally there is a quasi-fixed ratio of intermediates to gross output which slowly falls as productivity improves. Countries that import most of their intermediates will be subject to external shocks (trading partner demand, terms of trade) that disrupt this relationship. 17 From a sample of 166 countries in 2010, from the World Development Indicators.

[26] The result is the v.4 DMSP stable lights data set with between 20 and 100 observations per year per pixel depending upon circumstances (Baugh et al.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: than 500, 000 refugees, together accounting for half of all refugees and people in refugee-like situations (excluding Palestine refugees). Major refugee hosting countries are typically the neighbors of countries of origin. For example, Syria ’ s neighbors (Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan) together accounted for 27 percent of total refugee numbers; Afghanistan ’ s neighbors (Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran) together accounted for 16 percent; and Somalia ’ s and South Sudan ’ s neighbors (Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda) together accounted for 11 percent. Some countries (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) are hosting a particularly large share of refugees relative to their population (see Figure 10). 45 However, in all other countries, the number of refugees as a percentage of the population is 3 percent or lower, and most often below 1 percent. Figure 7: Top 15 Host Countries as a Share of Total Refugees and Asylum-Seekers 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database Note: Includes refugees, people in refugee-like situations and asylum-seekers. Excludes Palestinian refugees under UNRWA ’ s mandate. 45 Nauru is a special case since the Australian government funds the offshore processing center where refugees and asylum-seekers intercepted at sea are detained pending determination of their status.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The firm-level financial data for 1997 are primarily from the Worldscope database. The World

in Australia and Canada, respectively. Using industry data from Mexico, Blomstrom and Persson

Commission on an annual basis. We use [group-affiliation data from the 1994-1997 lists of business]

by the level of growth of a sector or a country. Indeed, using firm level data, Haddad and Harrison

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 9 Figure 10. Selected characteristics across Ugandan and refugee households, % Source: RHCS 2018, WB staff calculations. A simple comparison between refugees and Ugandan households demonstrates that refugees lag with regards to selected characteristics found to narrow the poverty gap. For example, refugees are less likely to have access to land than Ugandans. If refugees have access to land, the majority do not own it, but have user rights. The size of land also differs a lot among Ugandan and refugee households. Most Ugandans have at least 0. 05 hectare per capita, while the majority of refugees have less than 0. 05 hectare per capita. Refugee heads of household are also less likely to work and less likely to be literate compared to their Ugandan counterparts. Refugees have higher shares of children and elderly in household size compared to Ugandans. For example, among almost 60 percent of refugee households, more than half of the household members are children and elderly compared to 42 percent of households among Ugandans. Economic inclusion dividend When a development approach to hosting refugees is followed and refugees earn incomes, there are two key beneficiaries. Refugees themselves, who gain dignity, financial autonomy and pathways to self-reliance. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
In the alternative specification, an additional step has been taken to assign calories to food items registered in the POF household expenditure questionnaire on frequent purchases (POF 3). The cost per calorie in this alternative scenario is minimally higher, leading to a food poverty line of R$259 in 2018 urban Southeast prices.

_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.
_Note:_ Main specification estimates the cost per calorie based on assigning food items in POF to the TBCA and imputation for food
items at the 5-digit level (i.e., steps 1 and 2 described above). The alternative specification extends the imputation to larger food
groups based on categorization by IBGE (2020).

**Lower** **Upper**
**Total poverty line** R$455 R$1,061
𝒔 [𝑭𝑭] 0.235 0.243
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18 data.
_Note:_ These total poverty lines are based on the food poverty line of R$258, coming from our main specification, which is based
on the minimum calorie requirement of 2,100 calories per person per day and average cost per calorie of the bottom 40 percent
of the welfare distribution, with calories having been assigned in a two-step procedure and deflated by household-specific foodprice Paasche indices, as described earlier in this section.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: New Research. World Bank. (2023b). Welfare in Forcibly Displaced Populations: From Measuring Outcomes to Building Capabilities. Leveraging Harmonized Data to Improve Welfare among Forcibly Displaced Populations and their Hosts: A Technical Brief Series. World Bank. (2023c). Do Legal Restrictions Affect Refugees’ Labor Market and Education Outcomes? Evidence from Harmonized Data World Bank. (2023d). Ethiopia Economic Opportunities Program: Aide Memoire. World Bank Group. 2021. “IDA19 Mid-Term Refugee Policy Review.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Zanfrini L., and Giuliani, C. (2023). Look at Me, but Better: The Experience of Young NEET Migrant Women between Vulnerability and Stifled Ambitions. Social Sciences 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020110. Zetter R., and Ruaudel, H. (2016). Refugees’ Right to Work and Access to Labor Markets – An Assessment, Part 1. World Bank Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) and the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Thematic Working Group on Forced Migration. http://bit.ly/KNOMAD-Zetter-Ruaudel-2016-1 Zhou, Y. Y., Grossman, G., and Ge, S. (2022). Inclusive Refugee Hosting in Uganda Improves Local Development and Prevents Public Backlash. References ANNEXES Annexes 83 E thiopia hosts refugees from some 24 countries. By far the largest groups are refugees from South Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Each of these groups is described below, including

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: It will also be useful to compare the main labor market outcomes (employment, informality, temporality, work hours, earnings and hourly wages) between Venezuelan migrants and Ecuadoran workers with the same (nominal) education levels. This com- parison also allows us to examine whether the outcomes of highly educated Venezuelans are relatively better or worse than the outcomes for the less educated ones. 13 Table 4 reports this information. As before, we restrict the sample to the working- age population (age 15-70). The ﬁrst column summarizes the values for Ecuadoran natives, column 2 reports the data for the Venezuelan migrants, and column 3 presents the ratio of the value in column 2 relative to column 1. Several points are worth noting. As noted earlier, Venezuelan workers are much less likely to have low education levels (26 percentage points) and much more likely to have a college degree (25 percentage points) than the average native. In terms of employment rates, we observe that among 13 We have not succeeded in obtaining a systematic comparison of the quality of education in Venezuela and Ecuador. The best assessment is based on an analysis by Juan Maragall (Inter-American Development Bank) based on a 2009 PISA study conducted in the state of Miranda in Venezuela. The data show that students in Venezuela have lower reading and math levels than the average for Latin America. More speciﬁcally, the gap is estimated to be 13 percentage points for public schools and 6 percentage points for private schools. Given that Ecuador ’ s scores are in line with the average for Latin America, these data suggest that the quality of the Venezuelan education system is somewhat below the Ecuadoran counterpart. However, we also note that many Venezuelan migrants were schooled prior to the recent deterioration of educational institutions in Venezuela and that migrants are typically pos- itively selected in regards to their origin populations. As a result, it seems reasonable to assume that the educational credentials of Venezuelans are comparable to those of Ecuadoran workers. 8 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 7 Figure 1: Map of regions in Ethiopia, location of refugee camps, and refugee source countries. Source: Database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed on November 20th, 2020) In Ethiopia, the Refugees and Returnees Services (RRS, former Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affairs (ARRA)) is responsible for managing refugee camps and its oversight by making sure that the commitment of the federal government is met (Nigusie and Carver 2019). Except for Eritrean refugees, most of whom are eligible for out of camp policy, arriving refugees, at the time the data was collected, were allocated to one of the 26 refugee camps spanning the five refugee hosting regions. Refugees living outside of camps represent about 10 percent of the refugees in Ethiopia (Abebe et al. 2018). The allocation tends to be based on shared identity between the refugee and the host communities and the distance of the refugee camps from the border of the source country. The South Sudanese refugees are hosted in the refugee settlements in Gambella, except the few who were relocated to the refugee camps in Benishangul-Gumuz region. Most of these refugees arrived during the civil conflict in South Sudan in 2013 (Nigusie and Carver 2019). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Database of the Global Administrative Areas

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ’ s (UNECE) guidelines include a question on reason for migration, population with a refugee-like background and IDPs as non-core topics / questions (UNHCR 2016). 72 While most countries include questions on country of birth and citizenship, only about 40 percent include a question on year of migration, less than a quarter include a question on reason for international migration, and about a fifth include a question on the reason for internal migration (UNHCR 2016). 73 E. g. Kyrgyz Republic 1999 (refugee status), West Bank and Gaza 2007 (refugee status), Zambia 2000 and 2010 (purpose of stay), Germany 1970 (federal refugee identity card), Greece 2001 (reason for settling in Greece), Sudan and South Sudan 2008 (type of household including IDP and refugee), Liberia 1990 (ever displaced by war since 1990), Uganda 2014 (refugees). 74 UNHCR is collaborating with the Statistics Norway on systematically embedding forcibly displaced peoples in national statistics exercises and collaborates with national authorities and with UNFPA in various countries on the design of census exercises that include refugees, IDPs, returnees and stateless persons. 75 LSMS is a household survey program housed in the Bank's Development Research Group that provides technical assistance to national statistical offices in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys covering household behavior, welfare and interactions with government policies. All data gathered through the LSMS is published online in the Bank ’ s Central Microdata Catalog. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As can be seen from both panel A and panel B, non-violent conflicts seem to occur slightly more than violent conflicts. On average, the likelihood of violent conflict stands at about 48 %, while this figure increases to 52 % in refugee-hosting areas. Conflicts among more structured and large groups, as captured by the UCDP data, appear to be less frequent. UNHCR refugee data. To exploit the variation in ethnic diversity induced by the annual variation in refugees (and also to control for the direct effect of refugees on our outcomes), we use data on refugee camps provided by the UNHCR. The dataset contains detailed time-series information on the locations and sizes of 1, 453 refugee camps across the world and 821 refugee camps in Sub-Saharan Africa over the 2000 – 2016 period. To the best of our knowledge, the UNHCR currently provides the most comprehensive information available on refugees at the subnational level, allowing us to assess the ethnic composition of camps, which is key to our research question. First, we use the country of origin of refugees recorded for each year at the camp level to approximate the ethnic composition each camp. Second, we restrict the data on refugees to those aged 18 and above in order to make it comparable to the Afrobarometer- based individual data. Third, we only use data on refugees hosted within the boundaries of the host country. Merging data on refugee camps with the Afrobarometer, we end up with information on 172 camps 12 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10100 This paper explores the impact of refugee return on social cohesion using data from Burundi, a country that experienced high levels of repatriation during the 2000s. It uses a nationwide survey conducted in 2015 and relies on geographic features of the communities for identification purposes. The results suggest varying impacts of refugee return on different aspects of social cohesion. The stronger effects, suggest that refugee return has a negative impact on the feeling that community members help each other, could borrow money for emergencies from non-household members and feeling that the community is peaceful.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Responding to the evolving situation, in line with the Return SOP endorsed by the
Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in February 2012, but also in accordance with the
“Return Policy Framework for IDP from FATA” endorsed by the FATA authorities in 2010, the
Protection Cluster agreed to conduct a series of consultations with the Shalozan Tangi
population to capture their intentions and position vis-à-vis the return process.

**II.** **Methodology**

After the crosscheck of UNHCR data on Shalozan Tangi IDPs, 359 records were found. Out of
those, telephone numbers were available for 171 families. The return intention survey was
conducted through IVAP call centre (enumerators trained by protection cluster on 20 May
2014 on the return intention survey form) and 137 of IDPs responded to the calls. The
quantitative data collection was facilitated by the use of Personal Data Assistants (PDAs)
programmed with ODK system software. The RIS was conducted by 6 enumerators who
contacted displaced families from a call centre using the contact information available
through the IVAP records. This strategy was chosen due to limited time constraint before
the start of returns.

UNHCR data on Shalozan Tangi IDPs
return intention survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The descriptive characteristics of foreign-born and host community households are still comparable, and therefore allow for comparisons between 2013 and 2014. It is possible to make some inferences on welfare changes by looking at changes in host community employment rates and labor market characteristics. Overall, this paper finds no negative effects on host community welfare from an increasing population of SUTPs. As other authors have stated, the influx of SUTPs has had both positive and negative impacts. It seems on average, the host community has been strong and adaptive, and not negatively impacted. This is not to disregard that real strains do exist in some regions where the SUTP population is very large. Nor do these results undermine findings of displacement effects in the labor market that certain types of workers are experiencing. However, on average nationally, we do not see a systematic decline in the welfare of the host community between 2011 and 2013. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the data availability and technical issues. Section 3 discusses descriptive statistics of the foreign-born and host community. Section 4 explores the impact of the foreign-born population on host community welfare. 1. DATA AND TECHNICAL ISSUES Data Sets Data availability limits which data set can be used to identify the foreign-born population and geographic location while measuring poverty. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) has been conducting three nationally representative surveys annually since 2005; the Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (HICES), the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS). However the HICES, which is the national survey that is used to measure official poverty, 5 UNCHR, 2013pg 13 6 UNHCR (22 November 2013), UNHCR (15 September 2014) 7 UNHCR (22 March 2013), Erdogan (2014), pg 14 8 This technical issue will be discussed further later in the paper. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: However, permit-holding status is neither sufficient for, nor necessary to, working in Israel. As of 2019Q4, just under a fifth of West Bank residents had the right to work in Israel and the occupied territories, but almost a quarter among them were not commuting across the border for work. The vast majority of such individuals are holders of Israeli or Jerusalem IDs. Conversely, among those who do commute to Israel and occupied territories, 17 % do not hold valid permits or IDs. Likewise, permit-holding status does not logically affect the formality status of the commuter. The frequent border crossings between the West 2This is derived from authors ’ own calculations using the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. 3It is worth noting that the LFS is representative of the residents of the West Bank and Gaza, whose work may not lie in the country. 6

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source