Input: The data shows that cohorts that were of school age during the Indonesian occupation achieved higher level of education than older cohorts (i. e. those born in the 1970s compared to those born in the 1960s or before) testifying for an increasing trend as expected. The figure shows that despite the increasing trend a large fraction of individuals have low education levels. Interestingly, all curves start to drop after the 1987 cohort. This decreasing trend is observed among individuals aged 20 or younger in 2007 and provides evidence of a mismatch between the grade attended and the grade that they should have achieved at their age. 4 This is caused by a persistent sluggishness in grade achievement due to the high level of delayed entry to school and high rates of repetition. 5 The impact of the conflict in its different phases and the subsequent reconstruction efforts on schooling levels of children in Timor Leste is therefore unclear. The early years of violence coincided with an education for all policy in which quantity was preferred to quality. In addition, the 1999 violence that followed the withdrawal of Indonesian troops led to the destruction of schools and the removal of children from school. The reconstruction program implemented after 1999 tried to counteract this destruction, and achieved fast progress. However, the education sector was still in very poor shape. In the next section, we investigate in more detail the effects of the conflict on educational outcomes of boys and girls in Timor Leste. 4. Identification strategy and data description 4 Those born in 1992 are 15 in 2007. So they might have at most completed grade 9 and this justifies part of the drop in the curves as the grade completed is right censored. 5 The high levels of school delay are also confirmed by the figures on gross and net enrolment ratios calculated using the TLSS 2001 and 2007: primary gross enrolment ratio was 105 percent in 2001 and 128 percent in 2007, while net enrolment ratios were 74 and 94 percent, respectively, in 2001 and 2007. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
using purchasing power parity rates. It comes from the World Development Indicators

The governance indicators come from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)

Data on the Gini coefficient were drawn from a more complete World Bank source

100 km of ice-free coast) come from Gallup et al. (1999). Data on total forest area (km [2] ),

precipitation come from WDI (2010). Latitude (in absolute value), mean elevation (meters

World Development Indicators
International Country Risk Guide

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefore, little time is spent in surveying IDPs or trying to find durable solutions in the place where they migrated. Moreover, national censuses are usually conducted every ten years and statistical agencies have little incentives to revise censuses, master samples and sample survey structure for situations that are perceived as short ‐ term. In most cases, new surveys are suspended or carried out under the pre ‐ crisis frameworks and, in either case, information on IDPs is not collected or poorly collected. This leaves specialized government agencies or international organizations in charge of IDP statistics (and care). However, unlike refugees, the IDPs do not benefit from a specialized international agency such as the UNHCR. IDP assistance is currently provided by a multitude of organizations including ministries of interior, specialized government agencies, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (UN ‐ OCHA), specialized NGOs and others. Some of these organizations collect information on IDPs and make this information public while others collect information that is not published and others do not collect information and focus on providing assistance. Most data collected are for the simple purpose of counting IDPs and do not include individual or

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: There is a clear increase in the entry of new foreign ﬁrms which may be driven by refugees ’ enterpreneurship. Cheaper low-skilled labor may have helped all businesses cutting costs. Balkan and Tumen (2016) had also found a decline in prices and attribute their ﬁnding to lower labor costs, which may also be one of the mechanisms driving our results. Gross proﬁts and sales also appear to have gone up, which would be consistent with an increase in demand. As noted by Maystadt and Verwimp (2014), heterogeneous eﬀects on speciﬁc subgroups of the native population should be expected from refugee crises. In case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey, the business activity in hosting region appears to have beneﬁted. For a complete picture of the eﬀects of the Syrian refugee crisis on local economies in Turkey, further research will be needed on market activity, health and longer term eﬀects. More speciﬁcally for the line of research this study focused on, further analysis using micro-level ﬁrm data would be needed to understand how ﬁrms adjust their activity, 24 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
From 23 to 25 May 2014, 137 interviews were conducted with the Shalozan Tangi displaced
population. The Return Intention Survey (RIS) was conducted using a specific tool/
questionnaire developed in 2013 for previous consultations and slightly adapted to the
current situation.

Furthermore, during an inter cluster mission from 26 to 28 May, protection cluster
representative conducted additional consultations with populations displaced from
Shalozan Tangi (12 male key informants) and in areas of return in Shalozan Tangi (two male
key informants from amongst the population already returned to the area of origin in 2012).

**III.** **Profile of respondents**

Out of the 137 respondents, one was women (a female headed household) and 126 men. 69
% of the respondents were heads of households (including one female respondent) and also
included three community leaders.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The LFS question on usual occupation was re-coded using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) at the two-digit level for comparability with other countries' labor force surveys. Occupational coding was conducted by the national statistics office's coding team using an automated coding software trained on prior LFS data. For unusual occupational descriptions, manual coding was applied after a verification call with the interviewer. Approximately 4.2 percent of the LFS occupation responses required manual review.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In contrast, districts of origin are distributed widely across the country. This reﬂects the fact that much work migration is from remote rural areas to towns and cities. The main characteristics of work migrants are reported in Table 1, together with those of non- migrant adult males. We see that work migrants are on average younger and better educated. The census contains detailed information about ethnicity, language, and religion. In the Nepal census, the term ‘ ethnicity ’ is used to capture a hodgepodge of caste and tribal distinctions. The census distinguishes up to 103 ethnic categories. Most of these categories only account for a tiny proportion of the total population. In terms of the total adult population, the most common ethnic categories are Chhetri, Brahmin, and Newar who, together, account for 35 % of 13 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
PREPAREDNESS
EMERGENCY
TRANSITION
LONG-TERM INCLUSION
OTHER ACTIVITIES (PUBLIC HEALTH, NUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY)
Review national health plans and policies
and advocate that activities for refugees
are included and equitably provided as
nationals.
Measles, polio vaccination on arrival and vitamin A
supplementation.
Expand vaccination to national immunization schedule (EPI) and supplementary immunization activities (SIA).
Additional support for vaccines and human resources may be needed and may be sought as per the GAVI, Fragility,
Emergencies, and Refugees Policy.
UNICEF may support cold chain capacity, training of health workers and vaccine related activities
As above
Essential primary health care.
Integrated primary health services.
Gradually integrate refugees into national health services, support services if need be with human resources for
health, medications, medical supplies and equipment.
Engage other UN agencies (UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO) to support efforts to include refugees in national program/
systems.
If refugee standalone facilities, aim for accreditation and inclusion in national system.
Engage supervision from Ministry of Health especially for malaria, TB, HIV, nutrition, reproductive health and
immunization.
Use national clinical management protocols.
International (and in exceptional situations, local) procurement of medicines in line with UNHCR policy. Review of
and support to MoH procurement protocols/systems and integrate where applicable (context-specific and based on
quality assurance assessment).
8
PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Woreda Nearest to Zone Share of individuals (%) Trade Industry Other service Agriculture Trade Industry Other service Agriculture Low accessibility Medium accessibility High accessibility Share of individuals (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Markets and Opportunities 61 6.2 Effects of local factors on refugees’ labor market outcomes This section estimates the effect of local factors on refugees’ employment outcomes. It shows how local factors matter for employment opportunities by looking at refugees aged 18 to 64 not currently studying. More specifically, it sheds light on the importance of accessible locations and proximity to economic and resource hubs for refugees to perform better in local labor markets and to access sustainable economic opportunities. The analysis uses household and individual information from SESRE data and geospatial information. The estimation applies logistic regressions to predict the effects of the various indicators on the probability of being employed and working in different sectors of employment (see Annex D, Table D.14). Annex D, Table D.15 shows the average marginal effects of the explanatory variables. We discuss the results using predicted marginal probabilities of being employed based on various local factors. The local labor market structure affects49 the possibility of refugees finding jobs. Consistent with

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: However, the program itself was designed to fit within the young women ’ s lives, specifically with regard to their employment, education, and childcare duties. Training schedules were flexible, to allow participants to continue with their pre-existing educational and income-generating activities (and many participants did report continuing with these activities) and free childcare was provided. Hence, at least for these three dimensions of life, there would not have been much incentive to change one ’ s behavior prior to starting the program. While these explanations do not erase concerns about anticipatory behavior, they at least mitigate them. The generalizability of these results is also limited by the differences between the EPAG target group and the population of young women in Liberia. First, a high proportion of adolescent girls and young women in Liberia are illiterate or have very low literacy, while the participants recruited for the EPAG 17 Gender-based violence questions were administered in line with international ethical protocols, with additional informed consent procedures and referral mechanisms as needed. 18 See Ashenfelter (1978). 11

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Section A.1, [9] we verify that the I2D2 database generates   global patterns that are broadly consistent with patterns observed when using other   global databases such as the _World Development Indicators_ (WDI) database of the World   Bank. More precisely, we find that our samples are globally representative in terms of   per capita incomes, age structure, education, and self-employment.

10For example, we find that log mean earnings in I2D2 are strongly correlated across country-years with log per capita GDP in WDI. We show that wage variance is in line with what is expected.

In our case, I2D2 calculates their wage as the amount of salary taken from the business; and (iii) public sector workers because they receive nonwage compensation and their wages may not reflect the full payment for their labor. 23Results hold if we use 12 or 14 years or information about high school graduation (Web Appx.

If   34Since most low-income countries are in sub-Saharan Africa and to ensure that our results are not driven by a lower quality of surveys from the region, we verify that the patterns that we obtain for subSaharan Africa in I2D2 are consistent with the patterns observed when using other global databases such as the _World Development Indicators_ database of the World Bank (see Web Appx. Section A.1).

We set the schooling transition probabilities _πs_ ( _·_ ) to match the schooling  distribution in developed and developing economies (I2D2). [49] We assume agents may   only accumulate up to 25 years of schooling as some countries only record schooling   up to 25.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Both the EHCVM sample and the COVID-19 phone survey include each of the eight FIES questions, allowing us to get a measure of food insecurity for both periods.

_Notes:_ These figures come from Google's COVID-19 Community Mobility Data. With the same kind of aggregated and anonymized data used in Google Maps, these data show changes for each day in time spent at specific types of places relative to the baseline period.

Baqueano, F., Christensen, C., Ajewole, K. and Backman, J. (2020). International food security

assessment, 2020-30. _GFA-31,_ _U.S._ _Department_ _of_ _Agriculture,_ _Economic_ _Research_ _Service_ .

Barrero, J., Bloom, N. and Davis, S. (2020). Covid-19 is also a reallocation shock. _NBER_ _Working_

The Kinshasa Commuter Travel Survey (CTS), conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA, 2018), reports information on local commuting patterns as well as socio-economic attributes at both household (income/expenditure, number of vehicles, members, etc.) and individual (age/sex, work/school type and place, industrial category, income, vehicle availability, etc.) levels.

Building on the resulting wet network, we then ran travel simulations for a total of 8,866 commuters [13] in Kinshasa using the origin and destination location information provided in the JICA commuter travel survey under both dry and wet conditions for five flood return periods.

Google's COVID-19 Community Mobility Data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Table 4: Financial Management Capacity Assessment**

| Dimension | Rating | Key Weakness | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budgeting | Moderate | Delays in budget releases | Contingency drawdown procedure |
| Accounting | Moderate | Partial SIGAF rollout | PIU parallel records |
| Internal Controls | Substantial | Limited segregation of duties | Additional FM staff |
| Reporting | Moderate | IFR delays in prior project | Monthly reporting schedule |
| External Audit | Low | N/A | Competitive audit firm selection |

The overall financial management risk is rated **Moderate** following agreed mitigation measures. SIGAF will be fully operational within six months of project effectiveness.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 35 Inputs: 1. Household Survey with consumption or income welfare aggregates 2. Project data / Other survey data without welfare aggregates 3. Set of harmonized common variables in both surveys Outputs: 1. Set of imputed welfare variables for project data / other survey for each household in the data 2. Imputed welfare variables can be used for poverty, distributional analysis (quintiles or more), profiling of the poor or group of interest Models: 1. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) 2. Probit 3. Multiple Imputation (MI) Table 18. Model Specification Variables Demographic Share of children, share of adults, share of adults squared and share of old (omitted) Characteristics of head Age, gender, and level of education Interactions with urban dummy variable Level of education of the head, age of the head Geography Dummies for regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) Interactions with Geography Level of education of the head, age of the head interacted with regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) and urban-rural division 1. Validation and Robustness Check Figure 7. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 10 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 4: Prevalence of Temporary employment among salaried employees (Mid-90s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Analyzing the evolution of non-standard employment according to their age profile, we found a slight increase in the share of the older groups (Figure 5 and 6). This slight aging in the profile of non- standard workers is observed in both part-time and temporary employment. This finding is striking since, in principle, it was expected that the non-standard modalities of employment would show an increasing participation of the younger groups of the population. However, this change in the age composition of NSE is consistent with the age profile observed in total employment. In fact, the 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % Argentina Brazil Peru Dominican Republic El Salvador Starting point 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador Starting Point Ending Point Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 28 In section three of this study, we could not find taxes and regulations among the potential barriers to sales and employment growth that clearly separated the ups from the downs in the formal sec- tor. We also showed that the large sector has become a smaller share of the economy rather than a bigger share due to self-employment growth and due to the process of de-industrialisation. In substance, the CIS-7 may fit the developing countries scenario better than the transitional countries scenario in the Schneider and Klinglmair (2004) regressions. If this is the case, we should expect that the growth of the informal sector negatively contributes to growth. The data we have do not contradict this hypothesis given that the shadow economy has been on the rise during the recession period and has stabilised during the growth period. This digression on informality suggests that self-employment may partially act as an host to in- formal and illegal activities especially during recessions where self-employment may constitute a refuge for small informal and illegal businesses. Self-employment is also evidently a sector of ne- cessity for those who wish to keep health and pension records alive and do not want to formally register anywhere else. In times of growth this sector may instead function as a first step to for- mality, an entry gate to the formal sector given its lower entry barriers and taxes.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these papers are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. * Contact author: Håvard Hegre; CSCW, PRIO, Hausmanns gate 7, N-0187 Oslo, Norway. Email: hhegre @ prio. no. Thanks to Joachim Carlsen for writing a program to create the dataset used in the analysis, to Siri Aas Rustad for research assistance, and to Kristian Gleditsch, Anke Hoeffler, Pat Regan, Mike Ward, Nils Weidmann and Jen Ziemke for valuable comments. The research has been funded by the Research Council of Norway, grant no. 163115 / V10. WPS4243 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: displaced children and adolescents residing in host communities, rather than in refugee camps. Particularly, VenRePs-Kids collects data on 2, 556 households including 1, 338 Colombian and 918 Venezuelan households, respectively. The study collects rich and comprehensive data on children ’ s and adolescent ’ s development including anthropometric measures, vo- cabulary ability tests, and socio-emotional and mental health assessments. It also collects data on risk behaviors, time use, social integration measures, prosocial behaviors, and parents and caregivers sociodemographics, among other dimensions. 2 The study includes Colombian children and adolescents as the comparison group to high- light the developmental differences of Venezuelan forcibly displaced children. This choice stems from the fact that comparing Venezuelan children in Colombia with their counter- parts remaining in Venezuela is impractical due to the latter ’ s exposure to a severe eco- nomic and humanitarian crisis, marked by limited access to services and food. This envi- ronment severely hampers their potential for normal human development. Additionally, many Venezuelan children and adolescents have spent more of their lives in Colombia than in Venezuela. Therefore, Colombian children and adolescents serve as the most ap- propriate benchmark for assessing the developmental gaps of their Venezuelan peers. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 8 neighboring community, (iii) residing elsewhere in the Kagera Region and (iv) residing outside the Kagera Region. Table 3 shows that the basic needs poverty rate declined 8 percentage points in the full sample. This figure masks significant differences in changes between subgroups based on migration. For those found residing in the baseline community, poverty rates dropped by 4 percentage points, but rates dropped by 11, 13 and 23 percentage points for those who moved to neighboring communities, elsewhere in Kagera Region and outside the Kagera Region respectively. A similar pattern is found for consumption per capita. While consumption per capita grew by $ 65 overall, it grew by only $ 30 for those found in the same community and by $ 65, $ 100 and $ 287 for those who moved to neighboring communities, elsewhere in Kagera Region and outside the Kagera Region respectively. Dividing consumption into food and non-food components gives the same result. The most basic assessment of welfare changes would have been wrong if we had focused only on individuals still residing in the community, a practice found in many panel data surveys. We would have underestimated the growth in consumption by half of its true increase. The differences in consumption changes of groups in Table 3 are statistically significant, as shown in Table 4. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This paper ’ s scope of analysis includes the country as a whole using a nationally representative survey. While regional case studies may reveal salient stresses on public services and job displacement, nationally, there is no significant impact. Over the period of 2009 to 2013, the poverty rates of host community households have stayed relatively stable near the Syrian border; despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants. By country of origin, the displacement of Syrians is one of the largest in recent history. As a result of the civil war that began in 2011, Syrians started to leave their homes and look for safety in neighboring countries across the region. By November 2015, about 4. 3 million Syrians were seeking refuge in primarily Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and the Arab Republic of Egypt. 3 The only other time in the last half century that the world experienced a larger group of refugees from a single country is the case of Afghan refugees during the 1980s to 1990s. Refugee displacements of this size are rare. Consequently, they are not well studied and their impacts are not well understood. Moreover, the case of Afghan refugees in Pakistan is different, since they were stigmatized to a larger extent, which limited their movement in Pakistan.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Refugees Hosts Refugees Age group <15 39% 46% 54% 50% 47% 56% 15 to 24 19% 19% 17% 22% 21% 21% 25 to 44 26% 25% 21% 17% 21% 16% 45 to 64 13% 8% 7% 9% 8% 5% >=65 4% 2% 2% 2% 3% 1% Gender Male 48% 51% 50% 49% 48% 46% Female 52% 49% 50% 51% 52% 54% Marital Status Never Married 22% 27% 21% 30% 22% 25% Married 62% 56% 69% 52% 66% 57% Other 16% 17% 10% 18% 12% 18% Household characteristics Household size 4.3 4.7 5.7 6.0 5.4 6.5 Dependency ratio 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.7 Female-headed 38% 43% 43% 61% 51% 84% Head’s age 45.4 39.3 41.0 43.6 40.7 37.1 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 98 Table D.2: Education outcomes by survey domains Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Education level No education 38% 49% 52% 56% 31% 43% Incomplete primary 20% 30% 13% 20% 24% 27% Complete primary 20% 17% 21% 18% 27% 25% Complete secondary 12% 4% 6% 4% 10% 3% Complete post-secondary 10% 0% 9% 2% 8% 2% Education level (youth -15 to 24 years) No education 4% 17% 20% 18%

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (b) Disaggregation and geo-mapping of data by location (current location and location of habitual residence; urban, peri-urban or rural location), accommodation (organized camp versus non- camp), and demographics (age and sex); (c) Expanded coverage of data collection exercises to include all areas of affected countries (security permitting); (d) Improved coverage and detailed data on displaced populations living outside of organized camps; (e) Improved coverage of ‘ flows ’, i. e. new displacement, durable solutions (returns, integration, resettlement), births, deaths, and in the case of IDPs, the numbers that flee across international borders becoming refugees; (f) Systematic data collection beginning from the earliest moment following displacement, following up as populations disperse, and continuing until sustainable / durable solutions have been achieved; and (g) Better aggregation, analysis and presentation of forced displacement data currently compiled separately by UNHCR, IOM, IDMC and UNRWA. Additional efforts are required to address the gaps in the data required for development policy and planning. These data are critical for informing the design of development policies and assistance programs. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Quality Metrics A standard Measure in the assessment of a sampling designs is the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and calculated as: 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = ∑ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1000 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1 1000 = ൥ 1 1000 × ඥ (𝑌𝑌 ෠ − 𝑌𝑌) 2 𝑌𝑌 ൩ × 100 Expressed here as percentage deviation from the population mean Y and calculated for each parameter of interest. Equation.. is only the empirical representation though and a result of rearranging the definition of the Mean squared Error, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ ൯ = 𝐸𝐸൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ − 𝑌𝑌൯ 2 = 𝐸𝐸 ൣ ൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ − 𝑌𝑌෨൯ + ൫𝑌𝑌෨ − 𝑌𝑌൯൧ 2 = 𝐸𝐸 (𝑌𝑌 ෠ − 𝑌𝑌෨) 2 + 2𝐸𝐸൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ − 𝑌𝑌෨൯൫𝑌𝑌෨ − 𝑌𝑌൯ + ൫𝑌𝑌෨ − 𝑌𝑌൯ 2 And decomposing it into 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ ൯ = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉൫𝑌𝑌 ෠ ൯ + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (𝑌𝑌 ෠) with 𝑌𝑌 ෠, 𝑌𝑌෨ and 𝑌𝑌 being the estimate from the sample, the mean of this estimate and the true value in the population respectively. Var is the corresponding variance, and Bias the resulting bias component, which is defined as: 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ൫𝑌𝑌෨൯ = 𝑌𝑌෨ − 𝑌𝑌 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A growing number of low and middle-income countries have tried to improve the law enforcement response to gender-based violence by training professionals, reorganizing police and courts, and trying to provide a more comprehensive response to survivors. Evidence of effectiveness is relatively limited; most well-evaluated initiatives come from high-income countries, and the lessons learned may not be applicable to developing countries. Evaluations of law enforcement reforms in low and middle income countries have typically been limited to case study approaches drawing from police records (notorious for under-reporting), qualitative perspectives from key informant interviews, intermediate outcomes such as changes in attitudes and knowledge among police and judges, and interviews with small numbers of women who have sought legal redress. Population-based data collection, control groups, or follow-up among more than a handful of survivors are rare. Nonetheless, the following initiatives illustrate the types of efforts that have produced important lessons learned. Training personnel in the police and judiciary and other parts of the justice system Throughout the world, organizations have launched efforts to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of justice sector personnel regarding gender-based violence. Some law enforcement institutions organize training internally, as did South Africa following passage of the 1998 Domestic Violence Act (Usdin et al., 2000).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Having seen that mandatory e-auctions significantly increased land prices, we estimate (1) using data from   the entire 2015-22 period as an additional robustness check and using data from 2018/19 when e-auctions

the nearest main road, grain elevator, and city. A land use map, constructed based on remotely sensed data

Adding data on (offline and online) auctions conducted in the 2015 to 2020 period serves not only as a

data from
remotely sensed data
data on (offline and online) auctions

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: in primary compared to their hosts, refugees struggle to attend secondary education. Secondary GER22 and NER23 for refugees are almost half those of hosts. For example, only 23 percent of secondary school-aged refugee children and youth attend secondary school. This share is higher (41 percent) for hosts. Refugee Secondary NER also is very high compared to the national 5 percent in 2021/22 (MoE, 2022). By country 0 20 40 60 80 100 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees South Sudanese Addis refugees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean Somali Incomplete primary Complete primary Complete secondary Complete post-secondary Percent Percent Figure 2.9: Refugees’ education outside of Ethiopia (18 years and above) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Attending school Primary school Secondary school 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Primary school (7 to 14 years) Secondary school (15 to 18 years) Percent Percent Figure 2.10: Children currently attending school Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
fact that they are time consuming and therefore expensive to collect. At least three other less resource
intensive alternatives to the FAO approach have been suggested to derive hunger numbers:

anthropometric data, self-assessments, and direct use of HCES.

quicker and cheaper to collect than full HCES efforts. However, how well they correlate with other

The third approach, and the one that we concentrate on here, is to use HCES to derive hunger statistics

HCES are positioned between the single subjective hunger question and the intensive 24-hour recall.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Section 6 presents the differing views of IDPs, refugees and returnees on what happened during the crisis and prospects for peace. Section 7 concludes the paper. 2. The Listening to Displaced People Survey The Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS) combines a baseline face-to-face survey with mobile phone follow-up interviews. During the baseline survey respondents were identified and information on household and respondent characteristics was collected. Once the baseline interview was completed, respondents were given a mobile phone and started to receive, at monthly intervals, phone interviews from a call center in Bamako. During these phone interviews structured questions were asked about welfare of the household. Phone interviews are standard practice in developed countries and they are increasingly being used in less developed countries, as the coverage of cell phone networks expands. Not only do these kinds of surveys allow for low cost, high frequency representative data collection (Hoogeveen et Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
(1) GDP growth, (2) agricultural GDP value added, (3) industrial GDP value added, and (4) poverty

growth, (2) agricultural GDP value added (%), (3) industrial GDP value added (%), and (4) poverty

<!-- PAGE 28 -->
###### **_References_**

Alley, William: The Palmer Drought Severity Index: Limitations and Assumptions, Journal of Climate and Applied
Meteorology, 1984, 23,1100 - 1109.

16 For this research, the model was updated by the Institute of Water Modeling (IWM) with river alignments of GBM basins using available physical maps of India, Nepal, Tibet; and sub catchments of the GBM basins were redelineated using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on SRTM-version 3. The model has been first calibrated using round the year hydrological feature of 2005 and validated for two subsequent years 2006 and 2007. Then the model was further updated using most recent data of last hydrological year 2009. 17 Bathymetries of the rivers have been updated incorporating the available latest cross-sections and bathymetries of floodplain routing channels are taken from national land terrain model developed in FAP (Flood Action Plan) 19.

channels. It is based on the existing national DEM for Bangladesh and model simulations

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We use the sum of conflict events occurring in the historic homeland of ethnic group e in the previous year t − 1, denoted as Conflictet − 1, and we use the mean distance between the historic homeland of ethnic group e and the border of country d to predict the number of refugees of a certain ethnic group e moving from country o to d at time t. 22 In order to be consistent with EPR-ER data construction, we restrict our analysis to all origin – destination country pairs that are at a maximum distance ≤ 950 km from each other. Predicted numbers of refugees are then transformed into predicted shares for the three largest groups to follow the logic used by the EPR-ER dataset. We then plug in these predicted shares in the following way: X \PredictedRefcet = Refocdt ∗ \Shareodet. (6) The predicted shares of refugees per camp c are then used to compute (as documented above) refugee diversity indices to be used as instrumental variables. The first-stage equations corresponding to the 2SLS-equivalent of Equation 1 can be expressed as 20We conduct a robustness check on Equation 5, replacing the dyadic origin – destination fixed effects with separate origin and destination fixed effects (Section 5. 4). 21More information on LEDA can be found in Appendix A. 1. 22The construction of the IV follows a long tradition in using the gravity model to predict bilateral migration flows (Ravenstein, 1985, 1989; Crozet, 2004; Mayda, 2010; Garcia et al., 2015; Beine et al., 2016). In our analysis, a major difference is that we have an additional dimension: the ethnic group e. 20 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
This means that night lights data can be used to estimate economic activity at levels that are not usually captured in national accounts, such as subnational administrative units (provinces, districts, counties, cities, etc.) or regions not coinciding with national borders (coastal vs inland regions, connected vs unconnected regions, etc.). For instance, Henderson, Storeygard and Weil (henceforth HSW) estimate, counter to intuition, that coastal areas in Sub-Saharan Africa are growing slower than the hinterland.

Data on night lights are provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). The DMSP satellites circle the earth 14 times a day and record the intensity of Earth-based lights.

We used stable light imagery of SSA derived from scores of orbits of the DMSP OLS in from 1992-2013 since this product inter-calibrated where fires and other ephemeral lights have been removed, although there are noteworthy blunders associated with over-glow effects where lighting spreads to neighboring pixels (and hence economic activity is wrongfully attributed to certain places). The stable lights imagery has annual quantized pixels with values (Digital Numbers) with integers ranging from 0 to 63.

Data on GDP and other indicators used in the analysis (surface of country territory, electricity consumption, etc.) are provided by the World Development Indicators (2014). Following HSW, we use constant GDP in local currency units.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
refugees, as defined under the 1951 UN Convention. It is consequently not surprising
that surveys of refugee studies only give very limited attention to environmental
aspects, except for the degradation that refugees might cause themselves (Black and
Robinson 1993; Richmond 1988; Zolberg, Suhrke, and Arguayo 1986).

**A problematic concept**

One last element that may have curbed the study of links between environment and
migration is that several researchers have rejected the very concept of environmental
refugees (Black 2001). Rightly highlighting the shaky empirical character and sloppy
nature of most work on the subject, they have brought to the fore problems arising
from a unidirectional link between environmental changes and migrations in the face
of well-established results from research on population flows. For Castles, "the term
environmental refugee is simplistic, one-sided and misleading. It implies a
monocausality which very rarely exists in practice (…) [Environmental and natural
factors] are part of a complex pattern of multiple causality, in which [they] are closely
linked to economic, social and political ones." (Castles 2002, 5).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
154 P. B. Spiegel & P. V. Le

Discussion

Overall, the majority of surveys that met the inclusion criteria were of insufficient
methodological rigor to be reproducible. Other important methodological issues,
such as households or persons who were absent or refused to participate, as well
as whether replacement of such households or persons occurred, were not stated
in most of the reports. Sample sizes had a wide range and some may have been of
insufficient size to be precise enough to interpret results or make meaningful
comparisons with future surveys. The majority of questionnaires were not field
tested or back-translated nor were qualitative methods used to complement the
quantitative methodology used in many of these surveys. Only a minority of
surveys obtained informed consent from participants. Few provided definitions
of essential terms, such as high risk sex or non-regular partners. Although most
of the surveys included training of surveyors, few reported gender balance of
interviewers. All of the above methodological flaws inject sufficient biases into
these surveys to make the most of them unacceptable.
The majority of the written reports lacked sufficient detail and structure to be
analysed and interpreted by the reader in a meaningful way. Most reports
provided objectives for the survey as well as conclusions and recommendations.
However, few stated limitations and biases and only half appended the
questionnaire to the report. Important methodological details were missing in
many surveys, including information on how the sample size was chosen, the
specifics of the sampling methodology and whether replacement was used. Most
of the analyses were descriptive in nature with few reports using comparative
statistics. The majority of reports used some variation of the internationallyaccepted HIV indicators for knowledge (e.g. prevention and misconceptions) but
only a minority used some variation of these indicators for practice and attitudes.
The disaggregation by age or gender varied considerably among reports which led
to difficulties in comparing results; furthermore, few studies reported indicators
according to both gender and age.
There are limitations to this article. Despite an attempt to search as widely as
possible in the published and grey literature, as well as to contact organizations
known to undertake BSSs in conflict and post conflict settings, some surveys will
have been missed. In addition, those included are not just BSSs but reproductive
health KAP surveys with an HIV component. The latter may not contain as much
detail on HIV as BSSs, however, this would neither affect the basic methodological weaknesses nor the absence of key internationally-accepted standardized
HIV indicators. Some of the BSSs examined in this report were conducted before
2002 when the internationally accepted UNGASS indicators were developed; this
together with the changing of indicators over time makes it difficult to interpret
the usage of internationally-accepted indicators. Misclassification may have
occurred because results were based on findings written in the reports reviewed.
For those reports that omitted key methodological issues or results, the data were
recorded in a negative fashion (e.g. if type of sampling was not mentioned, the
survey was recorded as not employing random sampling).

internationally accepted UNGASS indicators

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
[8] Daewoo Securities (1988 and 1999) _Handbook of Listed Companies,_ Daewoo Securities: Korea.

scope data were missing or incomplete, we collected additional company information from Wisenet

Korea. [7] This internet server provides detailed financial information, including income statements

Second, using data on foreign ownership from 1998 and 1999 and firm characteristics from the

'° Of course, a drawback of this approach is that the estimates of elements of E will not be very precise, as the crosssectional dimension in these regressions is large relative to the time dimension. For this reason, we use only 20 states
because annual data for gross state product is only available for 23 years, from 1963-1986. To give some idea of the
magnitude of the spatial correlations, note that the average cross-sectional correlation for the U.S. state data is .193, with
a maximal value of .629, while for the O.E.C.D., the corresponding figures are .312 and .761.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: While camps have been recognized as posing serious challenges (Jacobsen and Crisp 1998), it is quite striking to observe that this organizational feature is not as spread in other regions of the world as in SSA. At best, only 28, 25 and 15 percent refugees are hosted in planned / managed camps in Asia, Americas, and the MENA region, respectively. Such figures are based on the most recent year available (2013) and may change significantly following the large inflows of Syrian refugees into Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Turkey. Nonetheless, the differences are sufficiently striking to believe that this is a distinct feature of refugee hosting in SSA. 2 UNHCR defines a protracted refugee situation as “ one in which 25, 000 or more refugees of the same nationality have been in exile for five years or longer in a given asylum country ” (2012: 23). 3 The figures are based on refugees (including those in refugee ‐ like situation). Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). The number of refugees and people in refugee ‐ like situation for which demographic data is available does not necessarily equal the total number of refugees. However, for SSA, there is little difference between the two. We also restrict the number of refugees to those whose accommodation is known by the UNHCR (approximately 19 % in the world and 8 % for SSA).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 14 Data Analysis All analyses were conducted with Stata / SE 14. 0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). A bivariate model was also used to examine the relationship between the main predictor (fatalities) and each outcome. For the final model, a multilevel approach was used to account for the nested structure of the data, with clustering of women within districts. Model Specification Multilevel logistic regression models were used to quantify the effect of district level conflict on the odds of IPV after sequentially adding blocks of independent variables as described in Table 2. The models included a random intercept for district, to account for the geographic clustering of the sample and systematic differences between districts that would not otherwise be captured in a simple logistic regression. This approach has been used in similar analysis in past research (Kelly et al, 2018; Kelly, 2019). Multilevel Model- Dichotomous Exposure: In the regression equation above, i indexes the district and j indexes the individual. 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the indicator for whether a woman (j) in district (i) has reported experiencing violence in the last 12 months. β_0 + b0i defines the district level odds of a woman experiencing violence in district i given no conflict holding the individual-level covariates fixed. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: • The government, UNHCR, and GIZ are working together to develop a national roadmap for including refugees in the national TVET system. Protection/Capacity “Strengthening Asylum System and Social Protection: (i) Refugee Status Determination (RSD), refugee registration, civil documentation, and permits; (ii) National social protection system in refuge hosting areas-particularly for vulnerable individuals.” • The 2019 Refugee proclamation improved provisions related to registration, documentation, and protection of refugees and asylum seekers as well as refugee status determination, and three implementation directives adopted. • RSD procedures are simplified for asylum seekers from Syria and Sudan. • Refugees are included in a Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems (CRVS) and the National Social and Behavior Strategy (awareness raising about the need for vital events registration). • A backlog of birth registration of 120,000 refugee children is cleared, and 72,286 vital events (62,816 birth, 8,177 marriage, and 757 divorce ) have been registered since 2017. • 890,825 refugees enrolled in the Level 3 Registration and Biometric Identity Management System (BIMS). Refugee ID cards and proof of registration are issued to 55 and 98 percent of refugees, respectively. Out-of-camp Permit is issued to 48,346 refugees. • One-stop shops have been established in 13 refugee camps

Level 3 Registration and Biometric Identity Management System

Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 10 Figure 3: Level of education age 25 +; compared with regional average (%) (*) INSTAT refers to census 2009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. With regards to ownership of consumer durables, IDPs, refugees and returnees were better endowed than the average citizen of the North (see Figure 4). As was the case for education, they are more comparable to the average citizen in Bamako than to the average citizen in the regions of Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal. Figure 4: Asset ownership compared with regional average Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and EMOP 2011 (INSTAT). The main occupation of IDPs, refugees and returnees before the crisis was commerce (Table 5). This held for over half of the IDPs, 37 % of refugees and 34 % of returnees. 18 % of the refugees 51 85 60 47 85 89 87 15 6 18 29 11 8 8 34 9 22 25 5 3 5 IDPs Refugees Returnees Bamako (INSTAT) Gao (INSTAT) Timbuktu (INSTAT) Kidal (INSTAT) Secondary or Higher Primary None 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 IDPs Refugees Returnees Bamako (Instat) Gao (Instat) Timbuktu (Instat) Kidal (Instat) Percentage Mobile Phone Car / Motorized Vehicle Motorbike / scooter Bicycle Refridgerator TV CD Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 32 of 51 Figure 25: Education profile of Temporary employees. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Note: SP indicates the starting point of the analysis and EP states de ending point. It should be noted, however, that, like in the case of Latin American countries, the improvement in the educational profile of workers is a generalized trend in the countries considered and cannot be considered a specific characteristic of non-standard employment since it is also observed in standard wage employment and self-employed workers. Statistics regarding the educational profile of standard employees are included in the Annex of the paper. When we analyze what has happened at the salary level in the period of consideration (Figure 26), two important conclusions emerge. On the one hand, a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed, indicating an increase in their average. This growth in wages is simply a consequence of the economic growth experienced by the economies. Note that this average wage increase is also observed in the counterpart of standard employment in all cases. 10 10As mentioned above, standard employment is calculated as the total number of employees who do not identify with any of the non-standard categories (temporary or part-time). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Percentage of women who reported sexual violence by an intimate partner (ever), physical violence by an intimate partner (ever), and physical violence by an intimate partner in the past 12 months. 50 % 59 % 30 % 27 % 34 % 13 % 31 % 50 % 62 % 34 % 33 % 47 % 23 % 41 % 37 % 20 % 10 % 14 % 6 % 17 % 23 % 47 % 23 % 29 % 31 % 6 % 23 % 40 % 42 % 49 % 3 % 18 % 19 % 16 % 8 % 19 % 16 % 8 % 13 % 29 % 3 % 17 % 25 % 13 % 15 % Bangladesh (Urban) Bangladesh (Province) Brazil (Urban) Brazil (Province) Ethiopia (Province) Japan (Urban) Namibia (Urban) Peru (Urban) Peru (Province) Thailand (Urban) Thailand (Province) Tanzania (Urban) Tanzania (Province) Serbia Samoa sexual violence ever physical violence ever physical violence past 12 months Source: Unpublished data from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women ’ s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. The final published comparative report is forthcoming. Cited with permission. Prevalence data on sexual violence is even more limited than physical violence. However, evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of girls and women have experienced child sexual abuse, forced sex and other forms of sexual coercion in virtually every setting of the world. For example, population-based studies have asked about “ forced ” sexual debut among sexually experienced young people and found rates from 7 % (New Zealand), to 46 % (in the Caribbean) (Heise and Garcia Moreno, 2002). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

WHO Multi-Country Study on Women ’ s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Finally, Gunther and Fink (2010) analyze data from 172 DHS  surveys and find that households having flush toilets have 13 percent lower odds of diarrhea

We use a subsample of 209,762 children between 0 to 48 months of age that live in ru ral areas from the Third Round of the District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3). The

The sample  design of the DLHS-3 survey makes this measure possible since in rural areas the DLHS-3  uses census villages as PSU (International Institute for Population Sciences (2010)).

DLHS is a nationwide survey with district level representation of India's households, which

collects information on family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health of

These ratios are reasonably comparable with the estimations of JMP for rural  areas in India. Table 2 presents the summary statistics of these variables for the 209,762

Third Round of the District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3)

District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
### **Registration and Documentation**

UNHCR Indonesia undertakes registration of persons seeking asylum in Indonesia on behalf of the
Government of Indonesia and issues UNHCR identity documentation. Registration interviews are
primarily conducted in-person for verification of biometric data and relevant records. Most
registration interviews take place at the Reception Center in Jakarta or during accommodation
visits/missions by the respective field team for individuals residing outside the greater Jakarta area. In
2023, 2,547 individuals (1,324 cases) were registered by UNHCR Indonesia, which includes 1,225
Rohingya refugees registered during emergency registration missions following boat disembarkations
in Aceh in November and December 2023. UNHCR Indonesia provides continuous registration services
to registered refugees and asylum-seekers and maintains updated personal data in our internal
database to ensure vulnerable refugees and asylum-seekers are identified and assisted with
protection interventions and solutions.

### **Refugee Status Determination**

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 Figure 3: Location of refugee camps in Ethiopia and the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) sample households Source: Authors ’ compilation using the database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed November 20, 2020) and the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) database for the refugee location (https: / / data. humdata. org / dataset / ethiopia- refugee-camp-locations, accessed November 20, 2020). From the Ethiopia DRDIP data set, we derive two measures of livelihood diversification and two measures of agricultural commercialization (all at household level). The measures of diversification include: (i) the degree of labor diversification in different productive livelihood activities (e. g., farming, wage employment) as a primary activity (occupation), and (ii) the degree of labor diversification in different livelihood activities as a secondary activity (occupation). 13 These two outcomes were constructed using the inverse Simpson diversity index as 1 ∑ 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 2, where 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 is the share of the number of adult labor engages in 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡ℎ livelihood activity to total active adult household labor and 𝑖𝑖 ranges from 1 to the number of livelihood activities that a household engages in (Valdivia et al. 1996). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:  In Somalia, the Mogadishu Household Survey covered both residential areas and IDP camps, collecting data on expenditures, demographics and living conditions [survey completed; analysis forthcoming]. As part of the Somalia Knowledge for Operations and Political Economy (SKOPE) initiative, the Puntland Household Survey will also cover both residential and IDP populations [ongoing].  An IDP study in South Sudan [ongoing] aims to assess the economic needs of IDPs and host communities in urban areas, covering livelihoods, water and sanitation, infrastructure as well as intentions and conditions to return. Basic information about education, employment and general health variables will also be collected.  The Iraq Crisis Response Study [ongoing] will assess the impact of the Islamic State and oil price-related crises on IDPs and households left behind in IS controlled areas. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 9826 Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 3 The Government of Chad subscribes to this logic as evidenced by the application decree of Chad ’ s Asylum Law signed in 2023, 1 and the National Response Plan to the Impact of the Sudanese Crisis which is under preparation. The Law and the Plan promote the local integration of refugees, aim to avoid settling refugees in permanent camps and promote self-sufficiency. They offer refugees the right to own land, to engage in formal employment and commercial activities, to move freely, and to access to banking services. While participation is the stated policy objective, the reality is that previous arrivals are almost exclusively living in camps, and that the new arrivals live in “ organized sites ” (as humanitarians now call them), presumably to cope with massive arrivals but with little concrete evidence for the onward movement of refugees. This note explores the size of this four-way benefit (for refugees, hosts, the Chadian state and the international community) by estimating how much could be saved on aid for basic needs consumption by enabling refugees from Sudan to realize their economic potential. For its empirical work the note draws primary on data from the ECOSIT4 survey. 2 In 2018 – 19, Chad became one of the first countries in Africa to capture refugees and host communities in its national household survey.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 The only publicly available sources of data to document patterns of enrollment and available educational options for Pakistani families are household-based surveys. These are the official 1998 Census of Population (Government of Pakistan) 3, the 1991, 1998, and 2001 rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey4, and a 2003 census of schooling choice conducted by our research team. The fact that three sources use different definitions of madrassa enrollment, and were collected at different times by individuals with very different institutional affiliations provides independent verification of enrollment estimates and allows us to determine the sensitivity of our results. The household data tell us whether a child is enrolled full-time in a madrassa, but not whether a child goes for an hour on any given day to study the Quran. Therefore this data does not confound full-time with part-time attendees — a child who attends a public school during the day and a madrassa in the evening is recorded as enrolled in a public school. This is an important distinction since parents might use a modicum of madrassa or mosque based education to teach their children about religion. Consequently, if we contrast these household-based numbers with numbers from establishment-based reports, discrepancies can arise. From virtually any policy perspective, including evening quran classes in enrollment figures seems misguided. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 9 3. 1 Data Sources We use three different types of data to verify our estimates and determine how sensitive they are to changes in definition and the year of the survey. Two sources are nationally representative, but date from 2001 or before, the third is data from a census of households carried out by the authors in 2003 as part of a project on educational choice. The first source is the “ long ” form of the population census in 1998, which is a large sample-based survey with information on enrollment. This survey is representative at the level of the district and region (rural or urban) and provides comprehensive coverage of the entire country. 7 We use this data to examine enrollment patterns across districts. The second type of data, based on household surveys, are different rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) carried out in 1991, 1998 and 2001. While the data is not as extensive as the census, it contains detailed household information on schooling and income, and has been used extensively by researchers both in Pakistan and the United States. Finally, we use the census of schooling choice among households that our research team conducted in August 2003 (referred to as the project on “ Learning and Educational Achievement in Punjab Schools ”, or LEAPS).

census of schooling choice among households

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source