Input: Some data challenges common to refugees and IDPs Irrespective of the specific questions related to refugee and IDP data, there are also general questions that refer to the forcibly displaced in general and that are distinct from data collection of regular populations or even migrant populations. We explore here selected issues including sampling, unit of analysis, welfare measurement, multidimensional aspects, and the measurement of risks and vulnerabilities. Sampling. As mentioned, the UNHCR is really the only statistical agency for refugees and the UNHCR registry the only population census. As for any other populations, sampling requires the preparation of a master sample that derives from the population census. With various degrees of knowledge and accuracy, this is also what happens with refugees. However, the master sample is more difficult to construct than for regular populations because refugees live in camps and outside camps and are diluted in a host population with different types of arrangements. Some households rent, others stay at relatives ’ places, other live in makeshift shacks and others stay in camps. The information available in the UNHCR registry (the census) can also be quite inaccurate, as already discussed, and the degree of accuracy changes for different groups of refugees. Stratification by urban and rural areas, a typical approach in sampling, may mean little for a population that is mostly in urban areas whether in camps or outside camps. Refugees and IDPs are also mobile and more difficult to track over time than other populations. Several statistical institutes worldwide have developed methodologies to track and measure mobile populations such as herders, nomads or homeless people. However, tracking refugees from other countries has been in the

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Table 2 presents summary statistics for the ENILEMS-ENLACE panel dataset. Columns

12 ENLACE scores than individuals out of college (by around 0.38 SD), but they are also

We are interested in the predictive power of ENLACE test scores over future schooling

individual's ENLACE test score in Grade 6 as a predictor of future education outcomes or

We use the ENLACE panel to study the relationship between Grade 6 test scores

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Several studies have examined the benefits of rural electrification in India. For example, van de Walle et al. (2015) estimate the long-run effects of electrification on household consumption in rural India based on data for 1981-98; Burlig and Preonas (2016) investigate the effect of India's national rural electrification program on labor force participation, living standards, and other village-wide outcomes using census data for 2001 and 2011; and Khandker et al. (2014) estimate the benefits of electrification projects in rural India based on cross-sectional data for 2005.

For example, using night lights data, Min and Gaba (2016) show that many villages in India that were officially classified as electrified under the RGGVY program remained in the dark for years after the completion of electrification projects.

This paper estimates the welfare impact of rural electrifi cation in India using nationally representative household panel survey data for 2005 and 2012.

nationally representative household panel survey data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: labor markets shape the employment trajectories of refugees. Restrictions on land access for refugees restrict their access to rural labor markets, primarily shaped by agricultural activities. Livelihood activities in cities or work similar to that found in urban areas are most promising for refugees to utilize their labor and skills. Yet, many refugee camps are in more agrarian locations, and local labor market characteristics and connectivity drive refugees’ labor market outcomes (Hedberg and Tammaru, 2013; Kalter and Kogan, 2014; Kogan and Kalter, 2020; Schuettler and Caron, 2020; Dorian and Burmann, 2023). The GoE vision to create sustainable livelihood opportunities and build refugees’ self-reliance and resilience has yet to be fully implemented; roughly 88 percent of refugees in Ethiopia remain in camps based on SESRE data. Globally, approximately one- quarter of all refugees live in camps, a proportion that varies widely by country income status. Roughly half of refugees hosted in low-income countries live in camps (UNHCR, 2022b), but this share is much higher in Ethiopia (88 percent). Long-term encampment policies leave refugees isolated with limited or no economic rights, a situation that wastes their human capital and capacity for work (World Bank, 2017; Ibáñez et al., 2022). Although it may

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: cash transfer value from Oct 2022_refugee camps” file received from the WFP document that helps to get information regarding the changes in cereal cash equivalent – data on cereal cash equivalent for cash camps which is used to calculate cereals provided in those camps and cash transfer value per year. Based on this information, we compare how the list shared with us on what refugees should have received to what they reported regarding food consumption. Table E.4: Food aid data/information received from WFP Item Remark Assumptions Cereal Not clear Mapped to wheat* Pulse Not clear Mapped to peas* Vegetable oil Mapped to edible oil CSB/famex (CSB+) Not in SESRE Average of other cereals/pulses Salt Matched Cash - - Source: UNHCR Note: Rice was distributed for some months in Afar and Somali Dollo area camps, though wheat remained the main cereal distributed. YSP (Yellow Split Pea) was the main pulse distributed among refugees and their best-preferred pulse. CSB is a corn soya blend with added essential micronutrients and vitamins called super cereal. Based on this information, we compare how the distribution list shared what refugees should have received to what they reported regarding food consumption. The results show that refugees reported

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 9 where a government might be a real or perceived contributor to displacement or is harboring an overt or covert policy to reduce the number of refugees in the country. With limited results in including FDPs in national sampling frames, alternative approaches remain necessary. The UNHCR, the World Bank and numerous scholars and practitioners worldwide are experimenting with satellite images and phone surveys to try detecting refugee and IDP populations that may escape the UNHCR and national registers with some initial encouraging results. In Lebanon, Jordan and the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Aguilera et al. (2020) designed sampling strategies for Syrian refugees with known ex-ante selection probabilities. They used a variety of data sources, including data collected by humanitarian agencies, and also employed geospatial segmenting to create enumeration areas where they did not exist. Systematic field experiments are also underway to test different sampling approaches for IDPs living in camps. For example, Himelein, Pape and Wild (forthcoming) compare the performance of five alternative sampling approaches (satellite mapping, segmentation, grid squares, “ Qibla method, ” and random walk). Different indicators are assessed including household size, consumption, poverty and ownership of assets. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**5.2 Geospatial Data Integration in M&E**

Geospatial data from the national statistics office's 2020 census cartographic database have been integrated into the MIS to enable automatic generation of geographic coverage reports. When a community is registered in the MIS, its geographic code is linked to the corresponding census enumeration area boundary in the geospatial data layer, allowing the M&E team to produce maps of beneficiary coverage against the total population of each target district without additional data processing.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Figure 17: Peace and Foreign Inﬂow Across Cut-oﬀs and Data Sources The basic results are in Table 8 which shows results for equation (9) using the threshold of 0. 008 battle-related deaths per 1000 population. According to this the investment from OECD countries was almost 70 percent larger in peacetime than during conﬂict. The ﬂows from other data sources shows an increase of between 35 and 50 percent. The consistency of this result across very diﬀerent datasets is striking. Note also that the average change in inﬂows implied by these rates is very large. In 2012, average inﬂows in the World Bank dataset were over 9. 5 billion USD and over 3 billion USD in the OECD data. Our estimates therefore imply a gain of between 2 billion and 4 billion USD in yearly inﬂows for countries which emerge from conﬂict. In order to understand the dynamics of recovery it is useful to understand the dynamics of this change around the end of conﬂict. For this purpose we add a set of dummies to the equation above. We construct a dummy that indicates the start of recovery and add three forward and lag dummies to trace average investment around this date. As before we always lag the explanatory variables by one year. Results for the OECD data are shown in Figure 18. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Institutional arrangements would need to delineate data collector and data compiler roles, as well as reflect the following principles to ensure sustainability: (a) Pursue additional activities within the overall framework of existing initiatives to ensure coherence with the activities of other actors. (b) Primary responsibility for data collection rests with national statistical agencies (with adequate arrangements in the case of IDPs to mitigate political risks). (c) Definitions and methodologies should be harmonized across countries, through a process managed under the auspices of the UN Statistical Commission. (d) Agencies such as UNHCR and IDMC can play a leading role in ensuring quality, providing technical assistance as may be needed, and aggregating data for global analyses. 102 See http: / / www. internal-displacement. org / database. 103 See http: / / unstats. un. org / unsd / statcom / doc15 / 2015-9-RefugeeStats-E. pdf. 104 See conference documentation at http: / / www. efta. int / seminars / refugee. 105 See http: / / unstats. un. org / unsd / statcom / 47th-session / documents / 2016-14-Refugee-statistics-E. pdf. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 3 trust in the government and its institutions and perspectives on conflict resolution. By analyzing the impact of the crisis on welfare, the consequences of returning home versus remaining in displacement and by comparing immediate with longer term impacts, this paper contributes to the literature on refugee, IDP and returnee populations. The paper combines data from a face-to-face baseline survey with information collected via mobile phone interviews from respondents identified during the baseline. This innovative approach to data collection makes it possible to collect welfare data with high frequency (monthly) – important in a volatile crisis situation – and allows measuring changes over time. It also permits following displaced and refugee households once they return, even if they return to areas that are inaccessible to enumerators. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief overview of the methodology, the sample and sample selection. Section 3 discusses the characteristics of the displaced and returnees, looking specifically at ethnic composition, place of origin, household size, education, asset ownership and employment status. Section 4 considers how the crisis affected food consumption, employment, assets and school attendance. Section 5 is devoted to the specificities of returnees who turn out to be, on aggregate, less affected by the crisis and better off than IDPs or refugees.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Expenditure). In the calculation, values for the measuring poverty rate (P) and design factor (deft) 1.5, the expected Relative Standard Error (RSE) of 4.63%, and finally, an adjusted Response Rate of 99% at a 95% Confidence level used to represent the expected precision is acceptable at the domain level. To select a representative sample from this population, first, the initial sample size was determined by using the following scientific formula: where the deft is the design factor defined as the ratio between the square root of standard error using the given sample design and the standard error resulting from a simple random sample used. Based on the above scenario, total sample size =3,456 Households, and EAs = 288 . An equal allocation method was used to ensure that the survey precision was comparable across domains, where 36 EAs were selected from each domain. Based on a fixed sample take of 12 households per cluster, Equal Allocation formula Where: = total number of sample households and = Number of sample households allocated to stratum Table C.1: The distribution of sampled and surveyed households by domains EA HH Sampled Covered Sampled Covered Eritrean refugee domain 36 36 432 432 Somalian refugee domain

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
15 We followed Anginer, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Zhu's (2013) methodology and computed the index by aggregating the answers to 14 selected questions on supervisory powers that were collected in the 2003, 2007 and 2011 surveys conducted by Barth, Caprio, and Levine (2008). 16 The methodology for assessing central banks' FSRs was introduced by Čihák (2006) in the first worldwide survey of FSRs. 17 Alternatively, one could use as the control the availability or even better the actual implementation of macroprudential tools prior to the 2008 crisis.

It derives from the database developed by Melecky and   Podpiera (2013) and the Bank Regulation and Supervision Surveys carried out by the World Bank in

empirical link between a simple publication of FSRs and financial stability. The data on FSR publication

are available for only 78 countries, covering 22 of the 25 crisis countries. The data on the quality of FSRs

database developed by Melecky and   Podpiera

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Sarvimaki (2011) uses the elements of the government ’ s placement policy as instruments (i. e. the proportion of a municipality ’ s population speaking Swedish and the hectares of potential agricultural land). Other authors focus instead on the counterfactual group testing alternative designs of the control group, sometimes including placebo groups and other times recurring to matching methods. The choice of matching methods varies from ordinary methods such as nearest neighbor to more recent advances such as Synthetic Control Methods (Abadie and Gardeazabal, 2003). The inclusion of fixed effects is common to almost all papers although the choice of fixed effects can be very different, as described above. Only one paper uses Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) formal models in conjunction and tests for differences (Esen and Binatli 2017). Cross-section econometrics is, by far, the method of choice even if time is included into the equations but we also found three papers employing time-series models (Carrington and de Lima 1996, Makela 2017, Fakih and Ibrahim 2015). Only few papers are able to exploit panel data (Foged and Peri 2015, Depetris-Chauvin and Santos 2017) and several of them use the same data set (Maystadt and Duranton 2018, Maystadt and Verwimp 2014; Ruiz and Vargas-Silva 2015, 2016, 2017). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 21 Results suggest that 66 % of the returnees trust the Malian police and army most when it comes to providing security in the North. Almost half believe that the Malian army is brave and well trained. The vast majority of returnees believe that the government ’ s policies regarding reconciliation, security and social cohesion are good or very good. They also support the government ’ s approach towards decentralization and providing infrastructure such as access to potable water and electricity. As the next section will illustrate this differs strongly with the opinions of refugees. 6. Prospects for Peace IDPs, refugees and returnees have comparable opinions with regard to the requirements for peace: (i) addressing the ongoing crisis, (ii) improving security and (iii) reconciliation. Although there is agreement on what needs to be done, there is little consensus on what happened during the crisis, who the culprits are and who the main victims. Figure 15: What is the most important problem the Government needs to resolve today? (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Annex 9: Implementation Support Plan**

World Bank supervision missions will be conducted biannually and will focus on: (i) review of implementation progress against the results framework; (ii) fiduciary compliance, including review of IFRs and audit reports; (iii) environmental and social risk management, including field visits to at least two active subproject sites; and (iv) assessment of data quality for MIS-generated indicators. Between missions, task team members will maintain monthly contact with PIU coordinators via video conference and review outputs from the activity monitoring dashboard.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Figure A2: Refugees a burden for SSA? Panel A: Not weighted by economic capacity Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: hinders future prospects. Globally in 2019, almost half of all refugee children were out of school (UNHCR, 2020d). Of those attending school, most do not make it past basic education; gross enrolment in primary education stood at 77 percent in 2019. Yet, the contrast between primary and secondary school enrolment remains stark, and only 31 percent of refugee children were enrolled in secondary school, much below the global average of secondary school enrolment. A recent study of refugee children in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya, for example, found that literacy and learning outcomes for refugee children were significantly lower than in immediate host community or the rest of Kenya (Piper et al., 2020). This report shows that education outcomes for children in Ethiopia are low across all population groups and ages but particularly for refugee children. COVID-19 exacerbated this situation for many refugee children (Wieser, 2020). 1.2 How does Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) contribute to the debate on policies? The Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) is a representative survey of the refugee population in Ethiopia and their host communities, the first of its kind.9 Ethiopia made significant progress over the past few years in articulating

Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: One of the main contributions of this paper is the use of panel data which allows us to examine the effect of the pandemic on labor market transitions — job loss and job gain rates — in addition to the effect on labor market stocks. Studying both stocks and flows provides a comprehensive framework to analyze the impact of the pandemic on labor markets and allows for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms 30 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 The 2007 Liberia DHS asks respondents “ During the war, did you leave your house? ”- a question intended to explore whether respondents moved to a camp, lived in the bush or faced another form of displacement because of conflict. Those respondents who answered “ yes ” to this question were classified as forcibly displaced. It is noteworthy that this question was followed by a question about where the respondent was displaced. Answers included: stayed with relatives or friends inside Liberia; went to a camp; living in the bush; went outside Liberia. However, respondents could choose multiple of these options. For this reason, the first question was chosen as the most simple and accurate measure of displacement. Conflict at the District-Level Previous studies have used number of conflict fatalities as an effective proxy for levels of political instability (Kelly, 2018), since fatalities are the most definitive and violent measure of armed conflict. In addition, since the UCDP and ACLED data sets code conflict events differently, fatality measures were the most comparable between the data sets. For both UCDP and ACLED, the conflict was coded as 1 if women lived in a district with conflict fatalities and 0 if she did not. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners compared to men further away, and that women in mining communities may more likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities, compared to the evolution in communities further away. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As explained in section 4, the HRVD dataset contains data on the number of human rights violations occurred since the start of the conflict in 1975 until its end in 1999 for each district. The types of violations recorded are killings, deaths due to deprivation and disappearances. We use only the number of killings to identify years and districts affected by the conflict. We exclude the deaths due to deprivation because the districts in which this occurred may very likely not be those where the conflict was most intense, but were simply places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops, and died for starvation. In addition, since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation, there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative to the latter one (Silva and Ball 2006). We also exclude disappearances as, according to HRVD data, they do not show enough time and geographical variation in order to identify individuals more or less exposed to the conflict. We believe that the number of killings proxies quite well the intensity of the conflict across time and space as their occurrence largely tracked the movements of the Indonesian military operations. The other two types of violations do not seem to show the same pattern (Silva and Ball 2006). For the same reason, we believe that it proxies quite well the destruction of houses and infrastructure and the displacement of people given the way in which the last wave of violence occurred (i. e. the scorch-earth technique employed by Indonesian troops as they moved towards West Timor). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 { Tables 4 and 5 here} Among the first six categories that are based on raw census data, three categories (raw scaled, R & R not scaled, and R & R scaled) are constructed through the summation of bilateral raw numbers and disaggregations of some aggregate categories in the original censuses. Since these categories together constitute around 45 percent of migrants in each census round, the original bilateral portion of each cell was compared with the final number assigned to them after the various calculations as a check on accuracy. For each decade, therefore, the overall percentage contribution of the raw bilateral data to the total is calculated (table 6). 23 In each census round, at least 92 percent of all those categories are derived from the raw data. { Table 6 here} Simulating Missing Data Finally, to examine the reliability of the estimated missing census data and test the methodologies, several scenarios are assumed. All bilateral observations for a single year for four countries (Australia, United States, Switzerland, and Chile) in different parts of the world are deleted and the missing cells are filled using one of five methods. 24 The first simulation assumes that all bilateral data for 2000 are missing but that the total number of migrants is available.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Refugee Policies on Self-Reliance and Resilience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 22-41. Kvittingen A., Valenta M., Tabbara H., Baslan D., and Berg B. (2018). The Conditions and Migratory Aspirations of Syrian and Iraqi Refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies 32(1), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015. Lebow, J. (2023). Immigration and Occupational Downgrading in Colombia. Journal of Development Economics, Forthcoming Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance. Research with the Locus of Control Construct, 1, 15-63. Liu, D. and Kwan, M. (2020). Measuring Spatial Mismatch and Job Access Inequity Based on Transit-Based Job Accessibility for Poor Job Seekers. Travel Behaviour and Society, 19, 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.01.005 ESS and World Bank. (2023). Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey Report – Wave 2, 2021/22. Marbach, M., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. (2018). The Long-Term Impact of Employment Bans on the Economic Integration of Refugees. Science Advances, 4. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9519. Martin, S. F. (2010). The Causes and Consequences of Forced Migration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, TX. Maystadt, J. F., and Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and Losers among a Refugee-Hosting Population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769-809. MoE. (2022). Education Statistics Annual Abstract (ESAA). MoE MoLSA. (2019). Revised Directives

Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey Report

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: street vending (48 % of those with at least 1 IGA), food processing for sale, including baking, cooking, and drying (16 %), and home production of crops, livestock, and fish (11 %). It is important to note that the EPAG program was not targeted toward the most vulnerable segments of Liberian society, but rather toward young women with enough education to be able to benefit from a training program of this nature. Based on comparisons from the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire) survey, the average EPAG participant is more educated, more literate, more likely to be engaged in an income-generating activity, and owns more assets than the average Liberian women of the same age group: mobile phone ownership was high (63 %), as was the proportion reporting that they had some money of their own (79 %). Even compared to other similar residents of Monrovia, the EPAG participants are better educated and have higher income. A strong sense of female empowerment at baseline emerges from the sections of the survey instrument having to do with self-confidence and agency. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 35 Inputs: 1. Household Survey with consumption or income welfare aggregates 2. Project data / Other survey data without welfare aggregates 3. Set of harmonized common variables in both surveys Outputs: 1. Set of imputed welfare variables for project data / other survey for each household in the data 2. Imputed welfare variables can be used for poverty, distributional analysis (quintiles or more), profiling of the poor or group of interest Models: 1. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) 2. Probit 3. Multiple Imputation (MI) Table 18. Model Specification Variables Demographic Share of children, share of adults, share of adults squared and share of old (omitted) Characteristics of head Age, gender, and level of education Interactions with urban dummy variable Level of education of the head, age of the head Geography Dummies for regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) Interactions with Geography Level of education of the head, age of the head interacted with regions at NUTS 1 level (12 regions) and urban-rural division 1. Validation and Robustness Check Figure 7. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 21 Lebanon. It was the obvious step forward in overcoming these problems and the answer to the increasing demand for evidence around the Syrian crisis. The study benefitted from a unique and unprecedented set of data. The UNHCR registry data in Jordan and Lebanon were among the better quality registry data available worldwide and the UNHCR also conducted home visits in Jordan that, at the time of the study, covered over a third of all refugees. There were also sample surveys in both Jordan and Lebanon that were small in size but representative of the population present in the registry. The home visits and the surveys included questions on income and expenditure that could be used for the welfare assessment. Using these data, the study addressed ten questions defined as follows: 1) Who are the refugees?; 2) How different are refugees from “ regular ” populations?; 3) How poor are refugees?; 4) What are the main predictors of refugees ’ welfare and poverty?; 5) How vulnerable are refugees from a monetary and non ‐ monetary perspective?; 6) Do poverty and vulnerability statuses overlap?; 7) How effective are refugee assistance programs?; 8) What is the potential for alternative policies?; 9) How does welfare compare across countries and data sets?; 10) How transferable are Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The activity monitoring dashboard displays three traffic-light indicators for each of the four project components: disbursement rate against plan, beneficiary registration progress, and grievance resolution rate. Components rated yellow have fallen 10–20 percent below target; red indicates more than 20 percent below target and triggers an escalation report to the Bank within five business days. At the end of Q3, Component 1 was rated green on all three indicators, Component 2 yellow on disbursement, and Components 3 and 4 green.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: this way, profiling of IDP situations aims to underpin advocacy, protection and assistance activities as well as support the achievement of durable solutions by informing joint strategies between government, humanitarian and development actors. Profiling provides an overview of displacement-affected populations through the collection and analysis of minimum core data (number of IDPs, disaggregated by location, age and sex) and where possible additional quantitative and qualitative data (causes of displacement, patterns of displacement, protection concerns, humanitarian needs, vulnerabilities, and aspirations and prospects for durable solutions). Profiling may utilize data collection techniques at individual, household and community levels, often combining population estimation methods, a review of secondary data, focus group discussions, household surveys and key informant interviews targeted specifically at forcibly displaced populations (UNSD 2014). 70 Profiling methods focus on displacement situations, rather than only on displaced populations, and therefore includes comparisons to conditions in the host population. IDMC estimates that humanitarian profiling data forms the basis for 18 of their 60 country estimates and around 63 percent of their annual estimates (IDMC 2015), with the largest volume of data on conflict-induced internal displacement provided by OCHA followed by IOM. There are several practical challenges associated with IDP profiling exercises in displacement situations. Insecurity or terrain may impede access to displaced populations in conflict-affected or hard to reach areas. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
_Source_ : EM-DAT (2008) _Notes_ : Figures greater than 1,000 such as the total number affected by storm in 1995 (  1,145 affected per 1,000 people) are possible due to instances where there are multiple occurrences of a particular disaster in one country in a given year.

This paper presents a set of estimates of the impacts of natural disasters on different forms of capital (physical, human, natural and energy), and thereby on real GDP per capita. The capital database is compiled by the World Bank for three periods - 1995, 2000 and 2005 and for 210 countries. This was combined with data on four types of natural disasters - droughts earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes/storms - for 196 countries, taken from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). The disasters database lists a total of 55 events of drought, 82 events of earthquake, 447 events of flood and 303 events of storm that started during the three years of 1995, 2000 and 2005.

Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). 2008. _Data on Natural Disasters by type_ . Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), School of Public Health of the Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.

EM-DAT
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)

Data on Natural Disasters
capital database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In a mortality study in Iraq, Galway et al. (2012) used GIS and Google earth imagery for household sampling. The method used gridded population data for selection of clusters. The first cluster sampling stage of their study used the ‘ Create Spatially Balanced Points ’ (CSBP) function in the ArcGIS (v10) software. Boo et al. (2020) introduces a sampling design based on gridded population estimates as their sampling frame to implement a PPS design and derive sample size estimates for the number of grid cells. Assuming the grid square method is applied to the area itself rather than a selected PSU, the weights for the grid method are similar to those for segmentation, where the cells are the PSUs, but without the additional step of selecting segments. The weights can therefore be represented as 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ′ = (𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘) ൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯൫𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘൯ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 2. 4. North Method The “ Qibla method ” described in Himelein et al. (2017), or what is called in this paper the “ North method ” method, is an attempt to assign probability weights to random point selection methods. Several random point selection methods can be found in the literature, particularly in relation to epidemiological studies. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
rents to GDP from WDI), we can implicitly compute 𝛾.

Source:_
_Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Figure 2 plots the sources of growth for the Sub-Saharan Africa region as well as the different groups according

Source: Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. H. (1999). "Does trade cause growth?" American Economic Review 89(3): 379-399.

reported in the Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015). [15]

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 of the most fragile countries where due to security concerns, physical access to reach them is restricted. Furthermore, many IDPs do not live in camps but rather mix with other population groups particularly in urban areas, thereby making it even more difficult to identify them (Baal and Ronkainen 2017). Figure 4: Number of IDP datasets vis-à-vis size of IDPs hosted by country A) Number of IDP datasets and number of IDP (ln) B) Number of IDP datasets by country Notes: Panel A shows the bivariate relationship between the number of IDP datasets and number of IDPs (log-transformed). Panel B shows the ranking of countries in terms of the number of IDP datasets available in the MDLs. Note that some survey datasets are stored as separate entries in the UNHCR and WB MDLs even though they are indeed part of the same survey (e. g., entries by camp or by wave). Those independent entries are counted as one dataset when they are part of the same survey, thus resulting in a total number of 22 IDP datasets excluding those datasets that are project specific or collected before 2010. Topic coverage In terms of the coverage of topics, FDP datasets are relatively richer in topics such as coping mechanisms, protection, water and sanitation, food insecurity, and health. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The GLSS poverty module follows the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement framework, using the national absolute poverty line established by the Ghana Statistical Service. The GLSS consumption aggregate includes food and non-food expenditure, imputed rental values for owner-occupied housing, and the estimated value of in-kind transfers. The GLSS poverty line is set at the 2005/06 prices and updated using a spatial price deflator that accounts for urban-rural and regional price differences. All welfare estimates in this paper use GLSS analytical weights and are adjusted for adult equivalence.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 Figure 5. Share of refugees hosted in camps, 2013 Source: Authors ’ presentation based on UNHCR Global Trends 2013 (UNHCR 2014). In summary, investigating the recent trends in forced displacement in Sub ‐ Saharan Africa points to the regional nature of this displacement, emphasizing the unfortunate increase in refugee movements in Eastern Africa over the most recent years. Such regional emphasis also takes some distance from the widespread view that refugees are mainly moving to Europe or other developed countries. In 2013, about 3. 7 million refugees originated from SSA but about 5. 6 million were hosted there. Most refugees from SSA remain in Africa. Refugees are mainly hosted in camps in peripheral and poor areas. The next sections will explore how refugees and hosting communities are affected by such forced displacement.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At baseline, additional indicators were collected, relating to the behavior, attitudes, opinions and personalities of the participants. The only exception to this is data on optimism, which were collected at both outreach and endline. This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects, even before the training began. Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments. Variables: We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses: 6 Economic and life optimism: We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach, baseline and endline. These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now. Answers are 4 In addition, data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At baseline, additional indicators were collected, relating to the behavior, attitudes, opinions and personalities of the participants. The only exception to this is data on optimism, which were collected at both outreach and endline. This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects, even before the training began. Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments. Variables: We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses: 6 Economic and life optimism: We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach, baseline and endline. These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now. Answers are 4 In addition, data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Firstly, we do not capture all items in Uganda ’ s public spending or revenue collections, such as the large investments in infrastructure, expenditure on national security (on the spending side) or the corporate income tax (on the revenue side), despite that these fiscal instruments provide indirect benefits (or detriments) for households. 7 Secondly, as Inchauste and Lustig (2017) point out, the approach does not provide information on the trade-off between long-term human capital spending- which creates higher future levels of human capital (for example, a better educated and healthier, more productive citizenry)- and short-term spending on programs that bring immediate poverty relief (such as conditional cash transfers). 5 The corresponding publications for these analyses are: Hill et al. (2017) for Ethiopia, Younger et al. (2017) for Ghana, Inchauste et al. (2017) for South Africa, Younger et al. (2016) for Tanzania, and World Bank (2018a) for Kenya. 6 http: / / www. oecd. org / tax / tax-policy / revenue-statistics-in-africa-2617653x. htm 7 Identifying the individual beneficiaries of general infrastructure spending as well as the individuals who might bear the burden of a corporate income tax is difficult with only a standard household budget survey. In addition, investment in infrastructure in the current fiscal year will also provide benefits in the future that are impossible to allocate to the households identified in the household survey. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 though somewhat lower than that of the Turkish at 30- 50 percent. Child labor is also quite prevalent, though there have been extensive efforts made to ensure that refugee children attend school. 19 Publicly available information on refugees comes from an AFAD survey of 2, 700 households in June and July 2013. Figure 2, using data from AFAD (2013), provides an overview of the Syrian governorates from which the refugees to Turkey originated. The refugees primarily come from northwest Syria. The largest source regions are Aleppo (36 percent), Idleb (21 percent) al-Raqqah (11 percent), Lattakia (9 percent), and Hamah (8 percent). Consistent with travel distance being a good predictor of refugee flows to Turkey, 80 percent of respondents report that they chose to flee to Turkey, instead of another country, due to the ease of transportation. The refugees in Turkey, unlike the later 2015 refugee flows to Western Europe, are nearly 50 percent female. Slightly over 50 percent are minors (under the age of 18). These facts reflect that to large extent Syrian families fled to Turkey together.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Border crossings The registration of people crossing internationals borders is conducted in many countries, and in some cases these data are used to estimate migration flows. Identifying refugees among people crossing borders is a significant challenge, particularly if individuals decide not to apply for asylum or refugee status (UNSD 2014). Additional problems associated with the collection of data on border crossings include: (a) difficulties distinguishing migrants from other people crossing a border, such as tourists, commuters, traders and truck drivers; (b) lack of capacity of many border posts and officials to handle large migration flows; (c) less scrutiny and diligence of emigration flows compared with immigration flow; and (d) lack of tight controls at most borders and the high incidence of undocumented or irregular crossings (UNSD 2014). Administrative records and registers Many countries have administrative records or registers of immigrants that could generate statistics on asylum-seekers and refugees. In particular, data on residence permits issued to refugees or asylum- seekers could be used to generate statistics on both flows and stocks of refugees. 79 For example, Eurostat collects and disseminates data on residence permits granted to those with refugee status and subsidiary protection (UNSD 2014). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: When national or international actors provide assistance, there may be an incentive for people to register in camps even if they are staying elsewhere, or to register in multiple locations (Brookings 2011). 69 Furthermore, registration data provide only a snapshot of the stock of IDPs at a particular point in time and may be out of date if registers are not maintained regularly. Registration methodologies can vary across displacement situations. For example, families may be registered rather than individuals and the population estimated based on an assumption of average family size, which can differ among organizations (UNSD 2014). IDPs may be required to present documentation, meet specific criteria or re-register periodically to maintain their benefits, which affects aggregate numbers (IDMC 2015). For example, in Ukraine, pre-requisites for IDP registration (including valid documentation, arrival from a recognized conflict zone and permanent residence registration in recognized conflict zone) means that people displaced within a non-government controlled area, people displaced from a non- recognized conflict zone in a government controlled area, unaccompanied children or people without current / valid identification are not counted as IDPs (IDMC 2015). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In aggregate, we expect to observe a negative relationship between the percentage of the population that reports displacement, but at the individual level we expect that experience with hosting may, in certain circumstances, be positively associated with perceptions of social cohesion, regarding perceptions of relationships and solidarity. 4 Displacement and Social Cohesion: Survey Evidence To empirically evaluate the relationships between hosting displaced populations and social cohe- sion, this paper analyzes a series of surveys of civilian adults conducted in eastern DRC. 8 Each survey uses a multi-stage cluster sampling strategy capturing all territoires9 in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri provinces. The ﬁnal sampling units are randomly selected adults above the age of 18 to avoid bias toward men and / or heads of households. Multiple attempts are made over the course of one day to contact selected respondents and if necessary, appointments are made for in- terview. Surveys are enumerated by Congolese college students or professionals and interviews are conducted by members of the same gender and ethnicity as respondents to minimize enumerator- induced response bias. Further methodological details have been published (Vinck, Pham, Bindu, Bedford & Nilles 2019) elsewhere and additional details and sample size calculation are detailed in Appendix.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 Figure 3: Location of refugee camps in Ethiopia and the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) sample households Source: Authors ’ compilation using the database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed November 20, 2020) and the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) database for the refugee location (https: / / data. humdata. org / dataset / ethiopia- refugee-camp-locations, accessed November 20, 2020). From the Ethiopia DRDIP data set, we derive two measures of livelihood diversification and two measures of agricultural commercialization (all at household level). The measures of diversification include: (i) the degree of labor diversification in different productive livelihood activities (e. g., farming, wage employment) as a primary activity (occupation), and (ii) the degree of labor diversification in different livelihood activities as a secondary activity (occupation). 13 These two outcomes were constructed using the inverse Simpson diversity index as 1 ∑ 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 2, where 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 is the share of the number of adult labor engages in 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡ℎ livelihood activity to total active adult household labor and 𝑖𝑖 ranges from 1 to the number of livelihood activities that a household engages in (Valdivia et al. 1996).

database of the Global Administrative Areas

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 13 Where 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 represents one of the indicators of social cohesion explained above, 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 is the province indicator, 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 is the share of returnees in the community, 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖 indicates a series of household level controls and 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 are a series of community level of controls. In the main regressions we estimate the share of returnees in the community, using the information from the survey (i. e. share who are returnees), but in the robustness section we show that results are robust to the use of an alternative indicator in which the information is provided by a community leader. The Appendix (Table A2) includes the descriptive statistics for the control variables. We present results for the full sample and divided by communities with lower / higher ethnic diversity, less / more pre-1993 war land availability and better / worse attitudes towards return. In the robustness checks we also present the results if we limit the analysis to stayees only. Limiting the sample in this way does not affect the main results of the paper. 4. 4 Identification As mentioned above, Tanzania mandated the return of all Burundian refugees from the 1993 conflict. Returnees also had a very strong incentive to return to their communities of origin as this was the place in which they were entitled to land, a very scarce resource in the country.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 17 Revealingly, in Betts et al. ’ s (2013) survey of refugees in Uganda, 96 % of all interviewed households in the capital and 70 % outside the capital said they owned and used a mobile phone. They use this mobile phone to communicate with customers and suppliers, to get market information and to transfer money. Half of the urban refugees and 11 % of rural refugees also have access to the Internet. 4. Refugees As a Burden? As pointed in Section 2, most refugees in SSA are hosted in neighboring countries. Most of these hosting countries are likely among the least developed countries. It has been argued that these refugees may constitute an additional burden in terms of economic development in hosting countries (Mabiso et al. 2014). UNHCR (2014: 17) implicitly recognizes that potential burden by suggesting that the ratio of the size of the country ’ s hosted refugee population to its average income level can provide a proxy measure of the burden of hosting refugees. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: ethnic group e at time t. It can also be expressed as one minus the Herfindahl index (Alesina et al., 2016). The EP index gives more weight to intergroup differences at the expense of within group homo- geneity. It can be defined as (Esteban and Ray, 1994, 1999; Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 2005) 14 EPjt = Nrt X e = 1 (g2 et) (1 − get). (3) We compute this index for each cluster at the time of each Afrobarometer survey to assess how refugee-induced changes in diversity differ from standard indices of diversity. In order to construct the revised refugee diversity indices according to ethnicity e, we first combine information about the country of origin of refugees hosted in refugee camps c in year t with the data from the EPR-ER 2019 dataset. The EPR-ER records the ethnic composition of refugee stocks originating from neighboring countries and countries in proximity to each other (maximal distance between country borders ≤ 950 km) with at least 2, 000 refugees and provides the ethnic composition of refugees (Vogt and Girardin, 2015). More specifically, the EPR-ER dataset gives us the share of refugees from ethnic group e moving from country o to country d at year t. The EPR-ER data gives us the three main ethnic groups. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

EPR-ER 2019 dataset
Afrobarometer survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: itative exercise empowered focus group participants to guide the research and conceptualization. The results from these exercises then dictating the deﬁnition and measurement strategy for social cohesion in the quantitative assessment. The participatory research strategy was based mainly on structured focus group discussions. The project conducted consultations in seven territoires with the objective to develop localized understandings of what elements were important to social cohesion in eastern DRC. Participants were selected from civil society and the public sector. 96 individuals participated in these exercises (Table 1), 55 % of whom were men and 45 % of whom were women. 6 Location (Groupement) Date Number Participants Goma City 06 Oct 2017 11 Bukavu City 13 Oct 2017 13 Nyabibwe (Kalehe) 12 Oct 2017 14 Ishungu & Lughendo (Kabare) 12 Oct 2017 15 Kamisimbi (Walungu) 16 Oct 2017 18 Wassa (Walikale) 20 Oct 2017 12 Biiri (Masisi) 03 Nov 2017 13 Table 1: Descriptive Information on Focus Groups The focus group discussions began with an open discussion on social cohesion designed to ascertain participants familiarity with the concept. The facilitator further asked participants to write down words or concepts participants related to social cohesion. These words were written on individual post-its, which were then posted on a wall. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 5 if they are built to code. 2 These spillovers or externalities are absent in more sparsely populated rural areas where damages to smaller sized and dispersed dwellings will cause less or no collateral damage. Exposure The main reason why urban risk is large and increasing is the rise in exposure. Although urbanization statistics suffer from a lack of standard definitions of what should be considered ‘ urban ’, the assumption of half the world ’ s population living in cities seems realistic. Urban populations are growing in practically all developing countries. About 40-60 percent of this growth can be attributed to natural growth, i. e., fertility of urban dwellers (Montgomery 2009). The remaining growth is due to urban expansion and migration, reducing the share of rural residents except where rural fertility is vastly larger. The latest UN urban population estimates suggest that, globally, urban population exceeded rural population for the first time in 2008 (UN 2008). In less developed regions, this threshold is expected to be reached by 2019. This continuing urbanization process will lead to an increase of exposure of people and economic activity in hazard prone urban areas. Although we can only speculate about the global distribution of disaster damage in cities today and in the future, newly available geographically referenced data yield some estimates of urban exposure to natural hazards. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 1. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa is the youngest region in the world, and the world ’ s fastest-growing. Between 2010 and 2025, the number of people between 15 and 24 will grow to 250 million – a net increase of nearly 50 percent. Over the next decade, roughly one million young people will enter the labor market each month in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, these young people often enter the labor market too early and unprepared. Although access to education is growing, illiteracy remains high and schooling low: among the 32 Sub-Saharan African countries in the Barro-Lee (2010) data set, nearly 40 percent of women aged 15 and above have received no education at all; and the most recent (2007-2011) statistics in the World Bank ’ s Edstats data reveal that female literacy is less than 60 percent, on average. 1 This lack of preparedness contributes to a growing problem of youth unemployment. Quantifying the level of unemployment is bedeviled by lack of data and measurement issues. Household and labor force surveys throughout Africa usually record unemployment rates of less than 10 percent, 2 but those figures belie the extent of underemployment and vulnerability. Those same surveys indicate that the vast majority of working adults have insecure work in the informal sector, on the family farm, or in less- productive or unremunerated labor.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a short discussion of the literature on the economic participation of refugees. Section 3 compares the characteristics of newly arrived refugees from Sudan with previous arrivals for whom survey data is available, to find that both groups are highly comparable. Section 4 uses the existing data to explore how the basic needs refugees are covered from own-income. Sections 5 and 6 dig deeper by exploring econometrically the correlates of higher incomes of refugees. A discussion of the results and their policy implications follows in section 7, after which section 8 concludes. 2. Benefits of economic participation of refugees Whether or not the arrival of Sudanese refugees in Chad contributes to economic growth is of limited immediate relevance as concerns about the safety of fellow humans drive the response. Nor does any decision maker suggest that hosting refugees is a development strategy Chad should pursue. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Overall, the results remain unchanged from those in table 4. A third concern is that the samples of males and females that are employed in the analysis may include adult siblings who belong to the same household. This could introduce intra- household serial correlation among these observations. Thus, as a robustness check, the sample is restricted to males and females who are household heads or their spouses, hence excluding adult 10. This results in excluding 381 “ movers ” among males and 371 “ movers ” among females, or roughly 9 percent of the original samples. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We only found reliable approximations from the International Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) between 2003 and 2013. According to IDMC, there were about 12. 5 million internally displaced people in SSA at the end of 2013 (IDMC 2014), more than one third of the total number of IDPs and more than tripling the number of refugees in SSA. Although the number of IDPs in SSA is the highest since 2007, the share of IDPs in SSA has been decreasing from 53 % in 2003.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source