Input: 2 Background Information 2. 1 Characteristics of West Bank and Gaza ’ s labor markets The labor markets of the West Bank and Gaza exhibit features typical of the broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, but also have attributes that are highly unique. Additionally, important differences exist between the West Bank and Gaza. This section provides an overview of these characteristics. We use data from the Labor Force Surveys (LFS) of the West Bank and Gaza and we focus on 20-59 years old men. In Section 3. 1, we provide more information about the data sources and sample selection. We divide each labor market into five mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive states: public sector employment, private formal sector employment, private informal sector employment, unemployment, and out of labor force. 1 We focus our discussion exclusively on men, as women ’ s labor force participation in both the West Bank and Gaza is very low, never reaching values above 25 %. This low participation rate is common in MENA countries and makes the role of the pandemic on women ’ s labor market outcomes relatively less important than other, more relevant structural factors. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Next, we evaluate firm level data on ownership to get a better understanding of what foreigners

2Aitken and Harrison (1999) argue a similar point. Using plant level data on productivity in Venezuela, they find

hypotheses testing. Data on mergers and acquisitions in Korea are from Securities Data Corporation

from Securities Data Corporation (2000) or have a foreign ownership share exceeding 25 percent.

Handbook of Listed Companies, Daewoo Securities (1998 and 1999). In cases where the World

plant level data on productivity in Venezuela

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We contribute to this literature by exploring the eﬀect of refugees ’ proximity on the migration policy preferences of host community populations in a low-income country. 5 Focused almost exclusively on the Global South, the second strand of research explores whether the presence of refugees is associated with a greater risk of conﬂict (Jacobsen, 2002). Earlier studies highlighted possible tensions with local citizens that are exacerbated by resource competition or ethnic rivalry (Salehyan and Gleditsch, 2006; Rüegger, 2017). Much of this scholarship recognizes that refugees are often victims of conﬂict (Onoma, 2013; Fisk, 2018; Böhmelt, Bove and Gleditsch, 2019; Savun and Gineste, 2019). Recent research suggests that conﬂict between host communities and refugees may be avoided if refugees ’ presence attracts aid and economic activity that beneﬁts both (Lehmann and Masterson, 2020). We complement this literature on the refugee – conﬂict nexus, which thus far has relied on cross-country analysis, by exploiting — following Zhou and Shaver (2021) — within-country variation in exposure to refugee settlements. The third strand explores the welfare consequences of refugees ’ presence on host communities in developing countries. However, without auxiliary data (such as survey data on policy preferences regarding refugee policies), these studies cannot tell us how the economic consequences of refugee hosting aﬀect social cohesion (if at all). Moreover, almost all studies in this research domain strand of the literature concentrate on a single domain, such as labor market outcomes (Fallah, Kraﬀt and 5See also Zhou (2018), which examines how the presence of refugees can change local citizens ’ opposition to citizenship inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
PAGE 25 --> similar income aggregates can be obtained between POF and PNADC (Paffhausen et al., 2021), which could be exploited in further work in this direction.

Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance & World Bank Group. (2017). Technical Poverty Estimation
Report: Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey. World Bank, Yangon.

Oliveira, L. S., De Souza, D. F., Dos Santos, L. A., Antunes, M., Brendolin, N. C., & Quintaes, V. C. (2016). "Construction of a Consumption Aggregate Based on Information from POF 2008-2009 and Its Use in the Measurement of Welfare, Poverty, Inequality and Vulnerability of Families." _Review of Income and_ _Wealth_, 62, 179-S210.

Rodrigues, C.T., & Helfand, S., & Lima, J.E. (2018). Novas linhas de pobreza para o Brasil: Uma análise a partir das Pesquisas De Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 e 2008-2009.

Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: impression of the state ’ s role in development and give credit to the state for helping to leverage external resources. Citizens are also likely to give the state credit where mechanisms to voice complaints about non-state actors exist and where bureaucrats are able to eﬀectively respond to complaints. Under these conditions, non-state service provision is likely to strengthen the ﬁscal contract. 5 Data and Methods I explore the relationship between external service provision and deference to government using Afrobarometer survey data from 19 Sub-Saharan African countries (see Table 1). Africa is an especially good place to examine these issues because of the large amount of variation both within and across African countries in the extent to which non-state actors, donors and other states are active in service provision and the extent to which governments are relatively eﬀective and fair. Government responsiveness, corruption and reliance on non-public resources vary considerably among localities with consequences for citizen understanding of and relationship to government (Gibson and Hoﬀman, 2005). This project relies on the fourth round of Afrobarometer data that surveys Africans ’ views towards democracy, economics, and civil society with random, stratiﬁed, nationally representative samples. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
For example, the baseline year for children sampled in the 2007 DHS will be the year 2000.

We do not  have any particular expectations regarding the relationship between DHS years and the likelihood of  enrollment (Year [2011], Year [2014]).

[14] Clusters from  DHS 2000 were geomatched with DHS 2007 to estimate the exposure to unimproved sanitation when children in the 2007 sample were 1 or 2 years old.

Our data set is a pseudo-panel with children ages 6-9 sampled from three cohort pairs of  independent repeated cross-sections of DHS 2000-07, 2004-11, and 2007-14, following Deaton (1985),  Magadi (2016), and Ncube and Shimeles (2012), respectively.

We matched the children within each DHS year, using the Stata user-written program _cem_ introduced in Blackwell et al.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: assignment process was conducted to assign the trainees to the first or second round of training. 9 Of those entered into the random selection, 1273 young women were assigned to the first round of training, with the remaining 808 to serve as a control group (the control group would participate in the second round of training starting in July 2011). Of the 1273 assigned to treatment, 118 women were not found or chose not to participate after they were selected. 10 In order to fill at least some of these slots, 39 young women from the control group were randomly issued as replacements, resulting in a modified control group of 769 individuals. In the end, 1191 young women entered the first round of training. 11 The assignment process and all post-randomization modifications are summarized in Figure 2. Table 1 reports the baseline and midline survey response rates leading to the sample used for the analysis in this paper. The target sample for both the baseline and midline survey consisted of the original 2106 EPAG recruits, of which 1989 were successfully interviewed during the baseline survey. 12 At midline, 1736 were interviewed, including 56 who were not interviewed at baseline. For our analysis, we drop individuals who were excluded from the randomization or who were manually re-assigned from control to treatment as replacements after the randomization. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
|Figure 6a Share of population working primarily
in agriculture (%) in mining communes|Figure 6b Share of population working primarily
in extractives (%) in mining communes|
|---|---|
|||
|_Source:_ RGPH (General Population and Housing Census) 1998 and 2009.|_Source:_ RGPH (General Population and Housing Census) 1998 and 2009.|

RGPH (General Population and Housing Census)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The pregnancy care indicator is also excluded from the intrahousehold inequalities analysis as the reference populations for the analysis did not permit rigorous statistical testing. 3. 3 Limitations With a few exceptions, gendered MPIs have been designed using indicators that are present in standard survey instruments, which themselves struggle with normative challenges (Alkire 2018). To create improved gendered MPIs, in which people ’ s poverty can be compared across gender and age or the life cycle, research must develop “ comparable ” definitions of capability deprivation that matter to people in different age cohorts or different life situations. Reliable indicators comparing men and women ’ s income, ownership of assets, and decision-making powers in the same household are difficult, as are those measuring decent work. Health indicators also differ by gender, change across the life cycle, and vary across family structures and disability status. The MPI constructed in Admasu et al. (2021) has the same weaknesses as these measurement paradoxes, but it remains a step in the right direction. We aim to mitigate the limitations of this household-level measure by unpacking the deprivations of indicators available at the individual level, disaggregating those deprivations by gender Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Percent <15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >=65 Addis refugees Addis hosts Figure 2.4: Age structure Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 49% 48% 45% 45% 47% 47% 51% 52% 55% 55% 53% 53% 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Male Female Figure 2.5: Gender composition Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 22% 27% 36% 60% 30% 33% 66% 55% 54% 28% 59% 50% 12% 18% 9% 12% 11% 17% 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Never Married Married Other Figure 2.6: Marital status (18 years and above) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 2.1: Household characteristics In camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Household size 5.2 6.2 3.5 2.7 4.2 5.4 Dependency ratio 1.1 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.3 Female-headed 44% 73% 45% 58% 44% 69% Head’s age 42.3 39.6 42.0 30.9 42.1 37.6 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 12 2.2 Education Integrating refugee children into educational programs soon after arrival14 avoids the loss of

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 10099 Situations of forced displacement create unique challenges for social cohesion because of the major disruption of social dynamics among both displaced persons and host communities. This paper uses a sequential mixed method approach to analyze the relationship between hosting displaced persons and perceptions of social cohesion in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. First, participatory research methods in focus groups empowered participants to pro-duce a locally driven definition of social cohesion. The results from these exercises inform the quantitative assessment by dictating measurement strategies when analyzing original surveys.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These systems employ a combination of data collection techniques including key respondent interviews, focus group discussions, registration, observations and physical counts, samplings and other statistical methodologies. For examples, UNHCR ’ s population tracking systems identifies and trains local NGOs to monitor key locations such as IDP settlements, bus stations and roads to report on movements. The accuracy of data from movement tracking systems is subject to several caveats. These include: limited access to locations and routes due to insecurity; vast geographical areas to monitor; mixed population flows that include refugees, IDPs, pastoral and seasonal movements and economic migrants; massive population flows that overwhelm monitoring capacity; disinclination of individuals to provide information when there is no assistance being offered; pressures from communities to inflate figures to maximize future assistance; and political pressures to suppress accurate reporting on IDP movements. Additionally, due to the fluid nature of displacement in many contexts and the likelihood of recurring displacements, it is not possible to use movement data to provide estimates of population stocks. Population censuses National population and housing censuses often provide the most comprehensive source of population data and offer the potential for estimating numbers of forcibly displaced people. To estimate the size of displaced populations a census would need to include questions on country (and / or place) or birth, year of (internal) 70 Other data collection methods may be used such as movement tracking systems, registration, big data etc. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

movement tracking systems
population tracking systems

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Looking also at the impact of IDPs in Colombia on wages, Morales (2017) uses a labor force survey, census data and registry data to study short and long-term effects as follows: 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ௧ ି ଵ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ௧ ൅ 𝛾௧ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ ௧ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 െ 𝑟𝑢𝑛: 𝑦 ௜ ௠ ൌ 𝛼 ൅ 𝛽𝑑 ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௜ 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ൅ 𝜆 ௠ 𝑋 ௠ ൅ 𝛿 ஽ ௠ ൅ 𝜀 ௜ ௠ where y is the log of wages, i, m, and i are individuals, municipalities and time respectively, 𝑋 ௜ ௠ ௧ are individual controls, 𝑋 ௠ ௧ is the log of total population or other municipality controls, 𝛾௧ and 𝛿 ௠ are time and municipality fixed effects, 𝛿 ௠ 𝑇 are municipality time trends, 𝛿 ஽ ௠ are department fixed effects and d is the inflow of IDPs defined as 𝑑 ௠ ௧ ൌ 100 𝑝𝑜𝑝 ௠ ௧ 𝑓 ௠ ௧ where 𝑓 ௠ ௧ is the total number of IDPs arriving in municipality m at time t. The same variable without the t subscript is used for the long-run effects equation.

labor force survey
census data
registry data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This question is examined in Jordan using a unique dataset that links individual data on own schooling and parents ’ schooling for adults, from a household survey, with the supply of schools in the subdistrict of birth at the time the individual was of age to enroll, from a school census. The identification strategy exploits the variation in the supply of basic and secondary public schools across cohorts and subdistricts of birth in Jordan, controlling for year and subdistrict-of-birth fixed effects and interactions of governorate and year-of-birth fixed effects. The findings show that the local availability of basic public schools does, in fact, increase intergenerational mobility in education. For instance, a one standard deviation increase in the supply of basic public schools per 1, 000 people reduces the father- son and mother-son associations of schooling by 18 – 20 percent and the father-daughter and mother-daughter associations by 33 – 44 percent. However, an increase in the local supply of secondary public schools does not seem to have an effect on the intergenerational mobility in education.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: two partial indices: the headcount ratio (H) and the intensity of poverty (A) i.e. (MPI = H*A). The headcount ratio is the share of poor people in the population, while the intensity shows how much deprivation poor people experience on average. A cut-off point of 0.33 is used for the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio; that is, a household is multidimensionally poor if the MPI is greater than 0.33. The population vulnerable to poverty is defined as those who experience 20-32.9 percent intensity of deprivation, and the population in severe poverty are those with an intensity of 50 percent or higher (that is, if the MPI is 0.50 or higher). Box 5.3: MPI methodology 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Worse Same Better Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Worse Same Better Figure 5.8: Perceived changes in household living standards Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: The survey asks how the household living standard has changed compared to last year and the last five

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The data shows that cohorts that were of school age during the Indonesian occupation achieved higher level of education than older cohorts (i. e. those born in the 1970s compared to those born in the 1960s or before) testifying for an increasing trend as expected. The figure shows that despite the increasing trend a large fraction of individuals have low education levels. Interestingly, all curves start to drop after the 1987 cohort. This decreasing trend is observed among individuals aged 20 or younger in 2007 and provides evidence of a mismatch between the grade attended and the grade that they should have achieved at their age. 4 This is caused by a persistent sluggishness in grade achievement due to the high level of delayed entry to school and high rates of repetition. 5 The impact of the conflict in its different phases and the subsequent reconstruction efforts on schooling levels of children in Timor Leste is therefore unclear. The early years of violence coincided with an education for all policy in which quantity was preferred to quality. In addition, the 1999 violence that followed the withdrawal of Indonesian troops led to the destruction of schools and the removal of children from school. The reconstruction program implemented after 1999 tried to counteract this destruction, and achieved fast progress. However, the education sector was still in very poor shape. In the next section, we investigate in more detail the effects of the conflict on educational outcomes of boys and girls in Timor Leste. 4. Identification strategy and data description 4 Those born in 1992 are 15 in 2007. So they might have at most completed grade 9 and this justifies part of the drop in the curves as the grade completed is right censored. 5 The high levels of school delay are also confirmed by the figures on gross and net enrolment ratios calculated using the TLSS 2001 and 2007: primary gross enrolment ratio was 105 percent in 2001 and 128 percent in 2007, while net enrolment ratios were 74 and 94 percent, respectively, in 2001 and 2007.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 2 1. INTRODUCTION Refugees pose a massive moral, political and economic challenge for potential host countries. 1 The scale of the challenge is larger than ever, with 60 million people forcibly displaced by conflicts across the world (UNHCR, 2014). War in Syria has produced more refugees than any other conflict of the past two decades: around 4. 6 million have fled the country, with an additional 7. 6 million internally displaced. 2 About 2. 5 million Syrians have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess the impact on Turkish employment and wages. The large majority (85 percent) of Syrians have left the refugee camps and entered the Turkish labor market. 3 They are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits. This makes their arrival a well-defined supply shock to informal labor, and a particularly good context in which to test the predictions of basic economic theory. We instrument for refugee flows using travel distance between 13 origin governorates in Syria and 26 Turkish subregions (338 origin-destination pairs). This allows us to also control for distance from the Syrian border, and thus any confounding factors that are correlated with proximity to Syria. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Page | 7

Priority 4 of the CBP and
Outreach strategy aims to
contribute to prevention of
violence through Community
safety action plans to reduce
violence in the community
community makes contributions to pay the salary of the Imam and may pool together funds to provide
support to persons living in poverty, vulnerable persons (i.e. widows, orphans, PWSN), and persons
seeking financial assistance for medical treatment or to pursue educational opportunities.
Positive Coping Mechanisms [Questions about how people cope with stress and what activities in the community help persons
overcome traumatic events].
For stress relief, males referenced different coping mechanisms such as: discussing their issues with
elders and/or religious scholars, engaging in prayer to seek help and guidance from their faith, and
gathering with their friends or relatives to discuss issues (peer counseling). Those who can afford it,
engage in sports, go to recreational spaces or restaurants with
friends, or gather in common places (Hujras) to play cards or
other games. Negative coping mechanisms reported by males
include domestic violence against women and children, or
“unusual religious activities” such as going beyond the required
number of prayers and excessive citation of the Qur’an.
Due to movement restrictions, females do not have the same
availability of stress relief opportunities outside the home. As a
result, females reported that to cope with stress they may isolate themselves in the home and cry, seek
medication, and talk to relatives to find support and solutions (peer counseling). Females also mentioned
that due to stress, a negative coping mechanism is emotional and physical abuse of children. The findings
reinforce previous PA findings and lend strong support for Community safety plans as a means to
empower the community to address the negative coping mechanisms.
Voluntary Repatriation [Questions about the decision making process of return to Afghanistan, how persons receive information on
return to Afghanistan and how return to Afghanistan has affected community dynamics].
The majority of community members report that they have relatives, friends or know of community
members that have returned to Afghanistan, for the following reasons3:

Police harassment in Pakistan

Uncertainty of POR card extension in Pakistan

Poverty and lack of employment opportunities in Pakistan

Strict border crossing control between Pakistan and Afghanistan

Desire to join relatives and/or communities back in Afghanistan
Community members report they receive information on repatriation from4:

UNHCR/partner helplines

Print and electronic media

Contact with friends and relatives back in Afghanistan via phone and internet

Information from persons that have recently traveled to Pakistan from Afghanistan
As a result of return, the community reports a decrease in livelihoods5 opportunities and increased
exposure to security issues as community numbers reduce and government authorities actively support
returns. Furthermore, loneliness and sadness due to friends and family departing Pakistan is reported as a
negative impact as well as decreased educational opportunities for children due to teachers returning.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: According to the 2012 Institutional Profiles report, the quality of public services and its territorial coverage, which was weak to being with, have significantly deteriorated since 2006. 1 A combination of rising poverty, rising insecurity, and deteriorating public services have further strained inter-communal relations and contributed to deteriorations in social cohesion. Many Lebanese youth do not trust their state and become disillusioned as they are not able to affect their own life or contribute productively to society at large. 2 Political and civic engagement is reported to be low (Status of Women in the Middle East and North Africa Survey Project, 2010). 3 In an already fragile context with a highly complex political, religious and social landscape consisting of 18 religious sects, numerous political parties, and large numbers of refugees, many Lebanese 1 On the quality of public services indicator, Lebanon ’ s score declined from 2. 5 in 2006 to 0. 8 in 2012 on a 4-point scale. On the territorial coverage indicator, its score went down from 2. 7 in 2006 to 1. 5 in 2012. 2In a Gallup World Poll, Lebanese reported low confidence in (a) their national government (37 percent) and the judiciary, (b) the honesty of elections (15 percent), and (c) the honesty of government (4 percent) (World Bank, 2016). 3 According to the SWMENA survey, only 18 percent of Lebanese women are members of an organization, compared to 34 percent of men. Men are more likely to be members of a political organization than women (21 percent of men vs. 7 percent of women), whereas women are more likely to be active in religious groups and charity organizations than men.

Middle East and North Africa Survey Project

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: and purchase goods at better prices. In Ethiopia, refugees’ locations differ vastly in terms of proximity to resource and economic hubs. About 37 percent of refugees live within 10 kilometers of the nearest Woreda city and another 43 percent live within 10 to 20 kilometers. Zone capital cities are farther away, but almost half (45 percent) of in-camp refugees live within 20 kilometers of the nearest Zone capital city (Figure 6.1a). Borders seem farther, with 18 percent of refugees living within 30 46 Labor Force and Migration Survey 2021. Markets and Opportunities 58 kilometers of the nearest border. When defining mutually exclusive location categories to measure proximity to resource hubs, we see that 44 percent of refugees live closest to the nearest Zone capital city. Another 28 percent live closest to a Woreda City, which is not a Zone capital city. About 11 percent live close to a border but not the Zone capital or Woreda city, and 17 percent of in-camp refugees live in remote areas far from a Zone capital city, Woreda city, or a border. When looking at accessibility, as defined by a market accessibility index, more than one-third of the refugees are located in areas with

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Specifically, the monthly mVAM began in August 2015 and has been conducted in nearly every month since. [7] The 10-minute survey is conducted by mobile phone and reaches approxi mately 2400 households every month through random digit dialing. The survey is stratified by

Every month, the survey collects information necessary to construct the Food Consumption Score (FCS) [10], information on food coping strategies necessary to construct the Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI) [11], information on whether the household received food assistance in

publicly available. However, the WFP publicly shares each month the governorate-level averages and confidence intervals of all key variables collected [13], and these monthly governorate-level  estimates are used in the empirical analysis to analyze changes in food assistance and food access following the 2017 IPC announcement. [14] We further merge the mVAM data with data

Food Consumption Score (FCS)
Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Disaggregated data on IDPs who are not protected or assisted by UNHCR are collected by other agencies, including IOM, but data are not comprehensive and therefore not published in IDMC ’ s global reports. 93 The difficulties of collecting disaggregated data on locations of IDPs are compounded by the fluidity of IDP movements — IDPs might suffer multiple displacements or they might resort to changing locations as a coping strategy (e. g. moving between their homes and place of displacement or testing different locations before deciding where to stay) (Brookings 2011). In recent years, efforts have been made to improve data collection for IDPs living outside of camps by employing a range of techniques including: (a) profiling; (b) household surveys; (c) collecting information on IDPs who come to camps to visit family members or collect relief items; and (d) community outreach programs (Brookings 2013). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As explained in section 4, the HRVD dataset contains data on the number of human rights violations occurred since the start of the conflict in 1975 until its end in 1999 for each district. The types of violations recorded are killings, deaths due to deprivation and disappearances. We use only the number of killings to identify years and districts affected by the conflict. We exclude the deaths due to deprivation because the districts in which this occurred may very likely not be those where the conflict was most intense, but were simply places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops, and died for starvation. In addition, since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation, there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative to the latter one (Silva and Ball 2006). We also exclude disappearances as, according to HRVD data, they do not show enough time and geographical variation in order to identify individuals more or less exposed to the conflict. We believe that the number of killings proxies quite well the intensity of the conflict across time and space as their occurrence largely tracked the movements of the Indonesian military operations. The other two types of violations do not seem to show the same pattern (Silva and Ball 2006). For the same reason, we believe that it proxies quite well the destruction of houses and infrastructure and the displacement of people given the way in which the last wave of violence occurred (i. e. the scorch-earth technique employed by Indonesian troops as they moved towards West Timor). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We complete this data with exact geographic location data from MineAtlas (2013), where satellite imagery shows the actual mine boundaries, which allows us to identify and update the center point of each mine. The production data and ownership information are double-checked against the companies ’ annual reports. For Ghana, this exercise results in 17 industrial mines tracked over time. We have annual production levels from 1990 until 2012. As mentioned, Table 1 shows the mining companies active in Ghana during recent decades, with opening and closing years (although some were closed in between, and are not presented in the table). Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of these mines. Figure 2 Gold mines and DHS clusters in Ghana Panel A Gold mines and 20 km buffer zones Panel B Gold mines, DHS clusters, and 100 km buffer zones 4 The distances are radii from mine center point, and form concentric circles around the mine. 5 The DHS and the GLSS data are representative at the regional level, and not at the district level. Since the regional level is too aggregated, we do the analysis at the district level, but note that the sample may not be representative. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 5. Time Use and Child Labor: The fifth module examined how children spend their leisure time, their involvement in child labor, and interactions with peers. 6. Pro-social Preferences and Migration Outlook: The sixth module concentrated on adolescents ’ pro-social behaviors, such as altruism and trust, and explored their expectations and intentions regarding migration. 7. Socio-emotional and Mental Health: The final module involved the administration of various scales to assess socio-emotional well-being and mental health, includ- ing trauma, behavioral problems, anxiety, and depression. The scales include the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). All these scales and the corresponding outcomes that we evaluated are described in the next subsection. The survey also employed the Peabody vocabulary test to evaluate the cognitive devel- opment of all participating children and adolescents. A summary of the survey modules is depicted in Table A. 1. III. C Sample comparability While Medell ´ ın ranks as the third city with the highest migration in Colombia, it is crucial to recognize the degree to which migrants arriving in the city differ from those migrating to other regions in Colombia.

Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (see Annex E for detailed information). Food aid information received from WFP includes five food items and their quantities distributed to refugees: cereal (mainly wheat but in some camps rice), pulses (mostly yellow split peas), CSB+, vegetable oil, and salt. We have computed the per person, per month in-kind aid quantities into annual values using the same prices as other food items based on SESRE data, mapping them to the closest food item in SESRE (this was not straightforward as the items are different). We further considered the changes in quantities of food rations that took place across survey months due to funding shortages, which can significantly affect the overall wellbeing of refugees in Ethiopia. Based on this information, we compare items refugees should have received with what refugees reported regarding food consumption. The results show that refugees reported quantities lower than UNHCR food aid admin data for every item except biscuits. Refugee households still report lower quantities, even when valuing the food ration quantities indicated as sold in markets. Possible explanations for lower food quantities are that food rations are only received once a month, which may not coincide with the interview date. Moreover, SESRE asks what food people

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (0.0814) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.0030* (0.0013) Market accessibility indicator 0.4056** (0.1381) Observations 2024 2024 2024 2024 2205 2024 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1172 0.1373 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Average marginal effects are estimated. a refers whether a household ran out of food in the last 12 months. b refers if most of the land is covered in the community by agriculture activities i.e., less built-up and shops. c refers recent (5 years) internal migrants from rural to urban centers. Distance to the nearest bank variable is excluded from proximity model II, as it is captured by effect of distance to the nearest zone city. The left side for years in exile, Head education level, HH size, most land cover, and proximity level is less than 15 years, Head with no education, non-working age members, most land cover by built-up and shops, and nearest to Zone capital city, respectively. All estimates are controlled for refugee camps. Standard errors in parentheses. +p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Variables Basic Model Local Market Proximity Market access Model I Model II Model I Model II Annexes 119

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: sectoral distribution of employment, the poorest refugees—in- and out-of- camp—tend to be employed in the service sector. While employment in the industry sector is low for refugees, the poorest are less likely to be employed in the industry sector than the richest. The poorest hosts of in-camp refugees are more likely to be employed in agriculture, and the richest appear to be employed in the industry or service sectors (Figure 5.18b). Not surprisingly, the poorest hosts of in-camp refugees and the poorest refugees work in low (or medium)-skilled occupations, while the richest are employed in high-skill occupations (Figure 5.18c). - 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 No education Primary incomplete Primary complete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Post- secondary No education Primary incomplete Primary complete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Post- secondary In Camp Refugees In Camp Hosts Addis Ababa Refugees Addis Ababa Hosts All Refugees All Hosts In Camp Refugees In Camp Hosts Addis Ababa Refugees Addis Ababa Hosts All Refugees All Hosts - 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Predicted total expenditure Predicted poverty rate Figure 5.16: Poverty incidence decreases with education of the household head Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess their labor market impact. Syrian refugees are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits, making their arrival a well-defined supply shock to informal labor. Consistent with economic theory our instrumental variable estimates, which also control for distance from the Turkish-Syrian border, suggest large-scale displacement of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, consistent with occupational upgrading, there are increases in formal employment for the Turkish- though only for men without completed high school education. Women and the high-skilled are not in a good position to take advantage of lower cost informal labor. The low educated and women experience net displacement from the labor market and, together with those in the informal sector, declining earning opportunities.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: seekers. 81 There are several challenges associated with using central population registers to estimate refugee and asylum-seeker populations, including: consistency of the definition of refugees with the definition in the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol; difficulty and cost of establishing and maintaining a population register (UNSD 2014); and confidentiality safeguards. Compilation of statistics on forcibly displaced populations Several international organizations are involved in the compilation, analysis and dissemination of statistics on forced displacement including UNHCR, 82 Eurostat, IDMC, OCHA, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 83 WFP84 and IOM. Each of these actors has their own thematic focus and specific objectives, and applies their own methodologies. Asylum-seekers and refugees UNHCR is the principal organization responsible for the compilation, analysis and dissemination of data on asylum-seekers and refugees. UNHCR maintains a publicly available statistical online database85 with data for the period 1951-2014 on refugees (including people in refugee-like situations), asylum-seekers (pending cases), returned refugees, IDPs protected or assisted by UNHCR, returned IDPs previously protected or assisted by UNHCR, stateless persons and others of concern to UNHCR, disaggregated by country of origin and asylum. 86 Data are also provided on demographics, location, asylum-seekers (refugee status determination and monthly data) and resettlement. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
### INTRODUCTION

Within UNHCR public health covers various areas including primary health
care, nutrition and food security, reproductive health and HIV, mental
health and integrated refugee Health Information Systems (iRHIS). Sectoral
programming in a comprehensive response context means applying a wholeof-government (i.e. relevant national and local authorities for health and
nutrition response) multi-stakeholder approach and planning with relevant
partners. The overall responsibility of coordinating the health sector
response in refugee-only situations will be with the Ministry of Health, with
support of UNHCR and relevant partners. A wide range of partners play
a role in planning and delivering public health interventions in different
areas and at different stages of the refugee response. For an effective and
comprehensive response it is therefore essential to know how and when to
engage these various partners. Though the establishment of refugee-specific
services may be needed in the early phases of a refugee situation, longer
term solutions are required to ensure that refugees have access to services
through the national health system. Host countries may require assistance
from other partners, including international organizations but also local
partners, to make the necessary adjustments to comprehensively include
refugee health needs into national development and local health plans,
to strengthen/reinforce national and local resilience of national and local
health systems to meet the health needs of refugees and host communities.

integrated refugee Health Information Systems

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The rapid humanitarian assessments of newly conflict-induced displaced populations often detect
children amongst those injured by the armed clashes. Aside from material hardships, the psychological
impact of the conflict and subsequent flight is deemed to be severe. Recruitment and use of children
by armed forces and armed groups remains a significant risk in light of the fragmentation of NSAG and
varying degrees of interest in compliance with IHL. Active conflict led to 11,418 civilian casualties [5 ] in
2016 - approximately 11% were women and 31% were children. In 2016, the Country Taskforce on
Monitoring and Reporting (CTFMR) verified 57 incidents of recruitment and use of children in the
conflict (89 boys) who were recruited and mainly used for planting IEDs, transporting explosives,
carrying out suicide attacks and spying. Forced recruitment is primary reason given by Afghan asylum
seekers in Sweden and Norway. Poverty, coercion and lack of livelihood opportunities, including
during the more prolonged phases of displacement, is also a factor that contributes to the recruitment
of children, particularly adolescents. Access to education in displacement is generally hindered by
several factors: Poverty and destitution, with a loss of assets and means of livelihood, often forces
displaced families to engage children in support of family resilience and interim livelihood strategies.
Lack of civil documentation, cultural and social norms, threats and intimidation, social status and
poverty are significant obstacles. In 2016, 423 schools were intermittently closed due to conflict and

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: only 12 percent relied on crops or livestock. This contrasts with the Eritreans in camps, who previously relied primarily on agricultural and labor income, and demonstrates the large differences between Eritrean households that could and could not acquire OCP status. This, coupled with the finding that OCP refugees have much higher levels of education compared to in- camp Eritrean refugees (as highlighted in Chapter 2), again indicates that OCP refugees were relatively well-off before displacement, and they still have family members or other support systems. Refugees across all regions of Ethiopia have benefited from livelihood training interventions provided by RRS, domestic and international NGOs, and humanitarian organizations. For example, the Ikea Foundation, through UNHCR, invested around US$100 million in the Dollo Ado camps in Somalia between 2012 and 2019. Much of this funding supported economic development and livelihood opportunities for refugees and the host community, including creating livelihood cooperatives in agriculture, livestock value chain, energy, firewood, and microfinance (Betts et al., 2020). In the north of the country, UNHCR worked with various partners to provide Eritrean refugees with vocational skills training, tools, and start-up capital for crafts, such as leather products, weaving, and tailoring. UNHCR records indicate that more than

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: related to education, gender, and age. The results in Figure 3.26 show that refugees are under-represented in high-skill occupations and services and sales relative to what we would expect based on their age, gender, and education, and substantially over-represented in crafts and related trades. Among employee workers, OCP refugees also earn less than hosts, though the wage gap is smaller than for in-camp refugees. Annex D, Table D.9 shows that refugees in Addis earn 25 percent less than their hosts. Even after adjusting for demographic characteristics, occupation, and sector of work, this wage gap remains at around 19 percent. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Addis Hosts Male Addis Refugees Male Addis Hosts Female Addis Refugees Female - Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure 3.22: Work status by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Addis Hosts Male Addis Refugees Male Addis Hosts Female Addis Refugees Female Self-employed Employee Public NGO/RRS Private household Unpaid Percent Figure 3.23: Work type by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Addis Hosts Male

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location. Area stratifi- cation reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analyzed. ” Afrobarometer provides geocoded data for 6 rounds, which correspond to the 1991 – 2016 period, with the information on an individual ’ s ethnicity available from round 3 (corresponding to 2005 – 2006). We therefore restrict our analysis to the 2005 – 2016 period. The selection of countries is driven by data availability. Among the 33 countries with available Afrobarometer data, we exclude Botswana, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, and Swaziland, for which no data is available on refugee camps or from the EPR-ER. We also exclude Sudan since the question on individual ethnicity is not asked in this country ’ s survey.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to documentation: Enhance digital infrastructure in refugee hosting areas to facilitate refugee inclusion to the digital economy including digitally enabled livelihood opportunities and financial inclusion as well as to foster their access to socio- economic e-services, including standardized travel documents. Source: Ethiopia GRF Pledge Progress Report (RRS & UNHCR, 2021 and 2023) Pledges Progress as of 2023 Annexes 92 S ESRE is a separate but integrated survey alongside the Ethiopian Household Welfare Statistics Survey (HoWStat),54 the national household survey to measure poverty and other socio-economic outcomes. Like most national poverty surveys, HoWStat excludes displaced populations—Internally Displaced People (IDPs) or refugees—including in Ethiopia. To have up-to-date information on the socio-economic outcomes and poverty levels of refugees and to allow comparison to Ethiopian host communities, the SESRE applied the same questionnaire and data collection methods as the HoWStat, with some modifications. Training of the enumerator team and implementation arrangements of the survey followed the same standards and procedures as the HoWStat. SESRE data was not collected alongside HoWStat due to security concerns at the time of data collection for HoWStat, especially in the refugee areas. The SESRE aimed to solve two problems: (i) gaps in data on the socioeconomic dimensions of refugees,

Ethiopian Household Welfare Statistics Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to the Venezuelan migratory crisis, whereas the VenRepPS survey was conducted during the pandemic in 2020. These temporal inconsistencies result in varying sample composi- tions across surveys, diverging from the landscape we observe in 2022. Notably, forced migrants in the VenReps Kids survey migrated during the crisis but have since remained in the country for several years, potentially leading to disparities in household integration outcomes. IV GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IV. A Key characteristics of adults Table 2 provides descriptive statistics for the adults in our study, encompassing the pri- mary caregiver, mother and father (if residing with the child), and the individual finan- cially responsible for the child (should they be different from the aforementioned per- sons). Typically, the roles of primary caregiver and financial provider are fulfilled by either the mother or the father. The table is organized into three panels for clarity: Panel A details key individual characteristics, Panel B outlines adults ’ access to services, and Panel C focuses on labor market characteristics. Within the table, columns (1) and (2) present average values for adults from Colombia and Venezuela, respectively, while the final column displays the results of mean difference tests between these two groups, with standard errors noted in brackets. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Aldo Morri for his excellent editorial support. Finally, we extend our deepest gratitude to the survey respondents for their willingness to share their experiences which has been instrumental in deepening our understanding of the challenges and needs faced by both refugees and host households. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Introduction E thiopia, with its long history of hosting refugees, is grappling with the complex challenges of accommodating close to 1 million refugees and asylum seekers. These come primarily from neighboring countries like South Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, and Sudan housed in camps in mostly rural areas spread around the country near border areas. While Ethiopia has adopted progressive refugee policies, including the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), challenges persist in translating these policies into tangible socioeconomic outcomes for refugees. Despite Ethiopia’s efforts to shift from a camp-based approach to a more inclusive model promoting self-reliance and integration, refugees live largely in camps, are reliant on humanitarian aid, and face barriers to accessing employment and education. The country’s new Refugee Proclamation grants refugees the right to basic services, work, and freedom of movement, but implementation delays hinder their realization. To address these challenges and achieve better development outcomes for both refugees and host communities, a

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The LFS's rotating panel design introduces attrition that is potentially non-random: households that relocate between LFS interview waves are excluded from panel analyses, and mobile households may differ systematically from stayers in their labor market outcomes. We test for selective attrition by comparing baseline characteristics of households observed in all four LFS waves with those lost to follow-up due to residential relocation. Attritors are somewhat younger and have lower educational attainment on average, but observable baseline differences are small in magnitude.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Furthermore, in some contexts, registration as an IDP can expire after a prescribed timeframe without regard to whether the person achieved a durable solution (e. g. after five years in Russia). The accuracy of IDP registers is greatly impacted by political considerations, particularly a government ’ s willingness to acknowledge internal displacement and to enable the humanitarian community to respond. Some countries may be reluctant to acknowledge the presence of IDPs, or may be inclined to understate numbers to demonstrate progress in military operations or limit assistance provided to IDPs. For example, in Kenya, registration of individuals displaced by the 2007 and 2008 post-election violence excluded ‘ integrated ’ IDPs, i. e. those who had sought refuge with host communities or rented accommodation in urban areas, as assistance was limited to registered IDPs. Alternatively, aggregate numbers of IDPs in particular countries may be inflated to suggest a deterioration of the situation or to maximize humanitarian assistance. Therefore, access to IDP areas and the willingness of IDPs to be counted may be largely dependent on government policies. These political considerations can lead to disagreements on the data, undermine cooperation and in some cases even lead to reduced humanitarian funding. Profiling of IDP situations Profiling of IDP situations is a collaborative process aimed at generating reliable data that can be broadly agreed upon. As a collaborative process, it can be a crucial tool for generating agreement on persistent questions such as who is recognized as internally displaced within a given context, what are the most prevalent vulnerabilities caused by displacement, and how do IDPs fare compared to host populations. In sought refuge with host communities or rented accommodation in urban areas, as assistance was limited to registered IDPs. 68 However, in many conflict-affected countries, governments lack the basic capacity to maintain Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) systems including the registration of births and deaths in non-displacement situations, let alone the registration of IDPs displaced due to natural disasters or conflict. 69 IOM has introduced biometric registration systems in South Sudan, Sudan, DRC and Nigeria to circumvent these problems.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: While there is a large literature on the role of immigrants on the native-born population in terms of labor market competition, there is a limited amount of studies that examine the effect from displaced populations. Many conclusions from the traditional literature on the study of immigrants ’ impact on natives cannot be applied to the case of Syrians in Turkey. There are many differences between the inflow of Syrians and other flows of extended family and economic immigrants. First, the sheer volume of Syrian refugees and the short time- frame in which they entered Turkey is unprecedented. For the case of Syrians in Turkey, or displaced populations in general, large movements of refugees are not restricted due to humanitarian reasons. Second, formal immigration processes are controlled, limited, and regulated by destination countries. Therefore, results from literature on “ immigrants ” are very different than a focus on displaced or refugee populations. Recent literature on the labor market effects of SUTPs estimates negative impacts on host community employment rates. The negative displacement results are largest for the young, women, informal workers, 2 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Syrian Regional Refugee Response, Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal 3 (UNHCR) – Syrian Regional Refugee Response, Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal 3

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Annex 2**

**FGDs Questionnaire**

FGDs Questions :

1. Torture, Arbitrary detention, and Forced Disappearance, are some of the protection risks faced by youth
in NWS, from your point of view What solutions or actions would help mitigate/overcome these
protection risks?
2. The survey results conducted earlier in NWS indicated that 66% of youth are facing discrimination, if you
agree with that statement, can you please clarify and elaborate the factors contributing to
discrimination, exclusion, and stigmatization among youth in the region?
3. What challenges do young people encounter when trying to acquire official documents?
4. Which are the top 5 risks you believe young males face? and which are the tops 5 protection risks young
females face?
5. How can organizations engage young people in NWS in the rebuilding of their communities?
6. 54% of the surveyed youth in NWS who themselves or their family have properties and 83% of them
have property documents, could you explain more by whom it is occupied?
7. What are the main protection risks related to your/your family's properties?

Demographics:

Female Participants: Total of 50 across all FGDs, 25 in Aleppo/ A'zaz and 25 in Idleb/Idleb.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: tegrated in Tajik labor markets relative to their previous situation in Afghanistan. This is a typical characteristic of forcibly displaced populations as it naturally take time for them to recover their livelihood. Moreover, females have lower labor market participa- tion rates, hours worked, and wages relative to men. We also see that student enrollment for individuals of schooling age is dramatically lower in Tajikistan relative to Afghanistan. Finally, not surprisingly, household size for refugees is smaller in Tajikistan, which likely originates from family separation due to forced displacement from Afghanistan. Outcome variables. Using the census data, we construct five index variables for each of the outcomes of interest: refugee integration, educational attainment, mental health, income and consumption, and labor market outcomes. Indexes for dichotomous vari- ables were constructed as the average of all outcomes. Indexes that include continuous variables were constructed standardizing each variable, averaging all variables, and stan- dardizing the average once again. The methodology to construct indexes was adopted from Kling, Liebman and Katz (2007). Appendix B. A describes in detail all the variables included in each of the indexes. In sum, each of the indexes comprises the following: Integration index: Includes four variables that measure the feelings of belonging of refugees in Tajikistan. These are measured using a Likert scale. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Papaioannou, 2016; Berman et al., 2017; Harari and Ferrara, 2018; Eberle et al., 2020; McGuirk and Burke, 2020b). As a further robustness check, we also use data on conflict incidence and intensity from the UCDP, which uses a more conservative definition of conflict. The UCDP dataset is manually curated and compiled with automated computer assistance (Sundberg and Melander, 2013). The UCDP defines an armed conflict event as “ an incident where armed force was used by an organized actor against another organized actor, or against civilians, resulting in at least one direct death at a specific location and a specific date ” (Pettersson et al., 2020). We extract daily event observations from the UCDP dataset if the location of the actual event is exactly known, the event location is within a radius of less than 25 km around a known point, or at least the administrative district where the event happened is known. As pointed out by Eberle et al. (2020), the UCDP events are more likely to capture violence between large-scale and more structured groups. Table B. 2 shows that on average, conflict events seem to occur more in refugee-hosting areas. This is of course not a causal interpretation but a simple correlation.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The cooperative medical scheme's benefit package was reviewed during project preparation to assess its adequacy for the health care needs of the target population. The review found that the scheme covered primary care visits and generic medicines at contracted facilities but excluded dental care, mental health outpatient services, and optical care. The project will support a targeted benefit expansion for enrolled refugees and host community members in the lowest two wealth quintiles, covering MHPSS outpatient consultations at no additional premium cost.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: groupement level data cannot measure the character of the displacement in any meaningful way, but analysis at the individual level can. 5. 2 Individual Level Relationships Two survey waves posed additional questions on local displacement dynamics. While these ad- ditional questions restrict comparison with other survey waves, they provide the opportunity to unpack the mixed results found in the aggregate analysis. Poll 14 is a special survey that only sam- ples cities (Ville de Goma, Ville de Beni, Ville de Butembo, Ville de Bukavu, Ville d ’ Uvira, Ville de Bunia and Irumu in particular) while Poll 15 is a representative sample of all territoires in the three provinces. 11 These survey waves are labeled as “ Cities ” and “ General ” samples in the indi- vidual analysis. Analyzing these two surveys together enables the comparison of relationships by the local context, which may distort the impact that hosting has on perceptions of social cohesion. Figure 5 plots the coefﬁcients from series of logistic regressions to account for the binary na- ture of the dependent variables. The regressions include Province ﬁxed effects and groupement clustered standard errors to account for unmeasured context-speciﬁc dynamics. Responses are weighted by the inverse proportion of selection at the territoire in each regression.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The resulting migration matrices should be viewed as work in progress, but they are an important step in an ongoing global effort to improve migration data. The matrices can be readily updated as additional or superior information surfaces, and they can easily be extended to include future census rounds. Bilateral datasets of international migration are rare. Attempts to create them have focused almost exclusively on industrialized countries as destinations because these countries have more accurate and more frequently produced data. Harrison and others (2003) calculate bilateral remittances for the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) together with the 27 largest nonmembers. These estimates are based on international bilateral migrant stock data that the authors also provide, although many of the data are derived from the Trends in International Migration (OECD 2002). This report, published annually since 1973, was arguably the most comprehensive guide to international migration for many years and has been the basis for many studies (see, for example, Mayda 2007). More recently, the OECD has developed a database that provides a comprehensive overview of migration to OECD countries in 2000 (OECD 2008). These data are disaggregated by a number of covariates including age, gender, educational attainment, and place of birth. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

international bilateral migrant stock data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source