Input: Formula (5) can be decomposed into two parts: eδs, which measures the average income level in district s, and eηszh ≡ eβs (Eh s − Es) + eχs (Hh s − Hs) which captures individual-speciﬁc variation in income. Migration models predict that, other things being equal, the choice of migration destination should depend on g E [yhs | zh]. This means that if we regress the choice of destination separately on eδs and eηszh, they should have the same coeﬃcient. The same methodology is used to construct other variables that may aﬀect the choice of 9The literature has often emphasized that migrations often serve an important role in household formation. For migrants, the prospect of forming a large, successful household is likely to be one of the purposes of migration. 10The 1995 / 96 NLSS survey adopted the following sampling strategy. Within each district a small number of wards were selected at random. Within each ward, 12 randomly selected households were interviewed. Because the wards diﬀer widely in terms of population, applying sampling weights is essential in order to obtain consistent estimates of δs. 16

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
We then use international data (EMDAT 2009) to estimate the relationship between storm damages and national income and population density (vulnerability).

The analysis relies on the A1B SRES emissions scenario generated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2000). The scenario assumes that mitigation is tightened gradually over time so that greenhouse gas concentrations finally peak and stabilize at 720 ppm.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Cash assistance is provided after a thorough assessment process. Following a family’s registration in UNHCR’s
registration and case management system (ProGres V4), partner organizations carry out an evaluation to assess
the applicants’ socio-economic situation and prioritize assistance requests based on pre-set vulnerability criteria,
including persons at risk, with disabilities or serious medical conditions.

Assistance is provided for up to 3 months, which can be extended for an additional three months after supplementary
evaluations. The MPG value depends on family composition, and ranges from BRL 839 for one person and BRL
1,284 for a family of 6 or more. The amount of assistance provided is standardized based on socio-economic publicly
available data through an annual costing survey (minimum expenditure basket). Beneficiaries receive the cash
transfer immediately after it is approved by UNHCR. Prepaid cards are distributed by partners and cash is transferred
to the cards directly by UNHCR. During the COVID-19 emergency, cash assistance has been delivered following
security and preventive measures, reducing personal interactions with remote evaluations and registration.

### 2.PDM METHODOLOGY

- Details about the PDM:

UNHCR’s
registration and case management system

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 to 32 percent (see Table A1 in appendix). The total number of internally displaced people (IDP) outnumbers the stock of refugees in SSA and in the world but overall has followed a similar trend compared to the number of refugees (by country of origin). 1 Major civil wars in Central Africa mainly explained the peak in 1993 and 1994 and the increase at the end of the 1990s. Figure 1. Refugee population by origin, 1990 ‐ 2013 Note: Authors ’ aggregation based on UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations. Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). Refugees in Africa seem to have mainly remained in Africa. Although SSA also hosts refugees from other regions, the closeness of the ‘ blue ’ and ‘ red ’ lines in Figure 2 ‐ representing the number of refugees originating from and hosted in SSA ‐ is an indication that most refugees cross borders within Africa. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Concerns raised during consultations about the GBV risk associated with construction-phase migrant labor were addressed through a site-specific GBV annex appended to each contractor's ESMP. The annex requires contractors to conduct community sensitization sessions on the project's SEAH prohibitions before works mobilization, to post information on the GBV Action Plan reporting hotline at all worksites, and to participate in quarterly coordination meetings with the local SGBV response service providers.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**SOUTH SUDAN** | October 2023

#### **PROTECTION RISKS**

Persons with disabilities in South Sudan share a history of exclusion and are generally considered to be non-equal members of
society. Today, persons with disabilities still have few opportunities to improve their socioeconomic status, integrate into
society, or demand rights and recognition by society and the government, despite recognition of their rights under the
Transitional Constitution of South Sudan, 2011, as amended in Article 30. They continue to face significant social and political
exclusion and are among the most marginalized in society. Awareness of disability issues among key decision-makers and the
public is low, negative social attitudes and structural discrimination prevail, and persons with disabilities have limited access
to essential services and employment. [ix] According to a survey conducted by Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare in
2011, in Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Jonglei states, 89% of persons with disabilities are unemployed. [x]

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 al. 2014), mobile phone surveys also turn out to be remarkably flexible and adaptive. New questions can be introduced on a needs basis and in-depth qualitative interviews can be carried out at a moment ’ s notice. These qualities make mobile phone surveys well suited for monitoring welfare in volatile environments: they have been used for welfare monitoring during the ebola crisis in Liberia (Himelein 2014) and for welfare monitoring in conflict-affected areas such as South Sudan (Demombynes et al. 2013). Unique about using a mobile phone survey with a displaced, mobile population is that it allows tracking welfare during displacement, and upon return. 8 Three target populations were identified for the purpose of this survey: Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) living in Bamako, refugees in refugee camps in Mauritania and Niger, and returnees in Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal, the capitals of regions that bear their names. The sample does not include those who were not displaced by the crisis nor those who returned to places other than the three regional capitals in the North. While the sub-sample of IDPs includes exclusively IDPs in Bamako, and the refugee sub-sample only refugees in Niger and Mauritania, the returnee group includes people who were displaced elsewhere (33 %). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 10 Our sample consists of married couples in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries covered by the DHS for which both husband and wife answered the question “ who usually makes decisions about making major household purchases? ” The question is asked about large purchases overall and is not obtained by aggregating different survey questions on decision making over individual asset purchases. It was introduced in the questionnaire administered to husbands in 2004. The last two phases of the DHS thus include a consistent question on decision making for both women and men in married couples over making large household purchases. Response options were (a) respondent, (b) husband / wife, (c) respondent and husband / wife jointly, (d) someone else, (e) other. In these 12 countries, women were also asked questions about their experience with different forms of violence through the Domestic Violence Module. This module asks eligible women whether they ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence perpetrated by their husband. 1 The answer options are (a) never, (b) often (c) sometimes (d) yes, but not in the last 12 months or (e) yes, but currently widowed / divorced / separated. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: For example, profiling exercises in Pakistan do not cover all IDPs or areas affected by displacement due to insecurity, and in Afghanistan profiling of IDPs by UNHCR underestimates the scale of the initial displacement as IDPs are only interviewed once displacement sites are accessible, if they are profiled at all (IDMC 2015). Additional challenges include unwillingness of IDPs to participate due to fear of persecution, and mobile populations (IDMC 2008). There may also be political pressures to inflate or reduce numbers. Population movement tracking systems In situations where the movement of displaced populations is fluid or continuous, a movement tracking system can be a useful tool for providing rough estimates of population flows, including recurrent displacements. Movement tracking systems are useful for monitoring fluid population movements (including spontaneous and organized, internal and cross-border, and returns and resettlement) in remote or inaccessible routes and locations (including displacement sites, places of origin, and places of return and resettlement). UNHCR, IOM and other organizations have developed methods for tracking and monitoring movements of IDPs in over 30 countries, particularly in cases of disaster-induced displacement, but also in some cases of conflict-induced displacement (UNSD 2014). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
the ENILEMS-ENLACE panel. The first panel is formed by a cohort of students' test

panel merges a special module of the Mexican labor survey, _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo_

_y_ _Ocupaciones_, ENOE, applied to individuals aged 18, 19 and 20 years during the third

quarter of 2010, with students that sat for the ENLACE test in Grade 12 in 2008, 2009,

ENILEMS-ENLACE panel
Encuesta Nacional de Empleo
ENOE

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 8 as self-confidence, responsibility, and respect. Additionally, the curriculum includes workplace readiness skills, such as interviewing and time management. SECTION 2: STUDY TIMELINE & DATA A quasi experimental impact evaluation design was embedded into the NVSP. As mentioned before, the NVSP received 38 applications from eligible NGOs. Per well-developed selection criteria, 8 the highest 22 ranked proposals were selected to receive funding. Each of the 38 proposals included a list of 50 youth (the minimum number of youth set by the NVSP) who would benefit from the project if selected for funding. However, as mentioned before, the 22 selected projects benefited a total of 1, 296 youth, exceeding the set target of 1, 100 volunteers. Of the 50 volunteers included in each of the 38 proposals, 22 youth per proposal were randomly selected to participate in the impact evaluation study. Therefore, the initial sample size of the study comprised a total of 825 youth: 473 youth who served as the treatment group (representing the 22 selected NGOs that received NVSP funding) and 352 youth who served as the comparison group (representing the 16 non-selected NGOs). However, two NGOs refused to participate in the study once informed that their proposals had not been selected for funding. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The welfare of Afghan refugees has now been studied in their main host country, Pakistan, and in Afghanistan upon return, providing elements to compare the living conditions of this population in the two locations. Again, all these surveys and studies are either very recent or were not used before for poverty / welfare analyses. Whereas individual and household data on refugees are now more systematically collected, data collection for IDPs remains extremely scarce when compared to refugees, mostly limited to head counting. Refugees and IDPs are very different in that they have a different legal status, which leads to different access to public services, labor markets, government, and international assistance. Surveys for IDPs are often more difficult to conduct because the host country might be linked to the cause of displacement, and a registration system like UNHCR ’ s proGres is absent, making it more challenging to obtain a representative sample. Given the large number of IDPs (58 percent of all FDPs), the real challenge will be to collect microdata on IDPs systematically in all those countries that are home to large numbers of IDPs. So far, the only country that collects data on IDPs systematically is Colombia and this country has shown that, when quality microdata are available, research on IDPs flourishes. While many of the discussed issues need more attention and research, some processes are in place that should lead to the establishment of guidelines that address some of these questions. A recent process 12 All these surveys can be found in the World Bank microdata library at: https: / / microdata. worldbank. org / index. php / catalog? sort_by = rank & sort_order = desc & sk = refugees. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 12 of 51 Figure 6: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys. In the case of temporary employment, there is evidence of increasing female participation in the five countries analyzed, with large variations in several cases. Indeed, in the five countries for which we identified temporary workers, while temporary employment was predominantly male in the 1990s, today women show a participation higher than 50 % in all cases. Figure 7: Temporary employment by age group. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) employment by gender (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Republic Mexico El Salvador Female Male Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: and female refugees narrows as the location gets more remote. Female refugees are 8 percentage points less likely to be employed then male refugees in remote areas, but 13 percentage points in locations near Zone capital cities (Figure 6.9). Refugees in Woredas well-connected to markets have better prospects of being employed. Compared to other locations, Woredas with above- average market accessibility increase employment probability for refugees (Annex D, Table D.15). Regardless of education level and gender, the chance of being employed is below 25 percent for refugees living in a Woreda with a level of market access >1.5 standard deviations below the average. Moreover, the gender gap in employment persists at any level of market access but becomes more pronounced with decreased market accessibility. Female Male 2 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 102 112 122 132 142 Distance to nearest capital city (Km) Probability of being employed Figure 6.8: Distance to the nearest city and the chance of obtaining a job for refugees Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Predicted marginal probabilities of being employed based on the distance to the nearest Zone capital city, tabulated by

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 22 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). To uncover the main drivers of the observed gender based differences in multidimensional poverty at country level, we study the absolute contribution of the gender difference in each indicator to the overall household gender gap (see Figure 6), calculated as the difference between the censored headcount ratio for males versus females. We find that in Ethiopia, the gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mostly driven by the difference in financial insecurity measures (lack of legal ID and bank account) and health measures (early marriage, physical safety, and food insecurity), which is further reinforced by the differences in the living standard and education measures. Female-headed refugee households are more food insecure, live in unimproved housing, have lower access to electricity, are more likely to be married at an early age, and have lower access to legal identification and a bank account. In South Sudan, gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mainly explained by the differential in the financial insecurity and health measures, but cumulative gaps in the living standard and education indicators also contribute to the overall gap at the household level.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Therefore, in addition we adopted another adapted calculation method which is based on travel paths simulations using OD pairs from the JICA travel survey.

The conventional approach calculates shortest paths between every possible pair of nodes within the network whereas the adapted approach simulates the travel trajectories based on the multimodal transportation model and accounts for public transport waiting times, road speed limits, and designated origin and destination pairs acquired from the JICA commuter travel survey.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank GoMetro for leading the public transport mapping, and in
particular Bob Kabeya and Clayton Lane, as well as the enumerators that conducted these surveys. We thank
Shohei Nakamura, Takaaki Masaki and Mervy Ever Viboudoulou Vilpoux for their help in accessing
Kinshasa commuter and household surveys. We are grateful to Laurent Corroyer, Stephane Hallegatte and
Kirsten Homman for their inputs and feedback throughout this project. We are also grateful to Catalina
Ochoa for her review of an earlier draft of this paper and her thoughtful comments. This study was supported
by the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR).

These data sets were combined with travel survey data containing travelers' socioeconomic attributes and trip parameters, as well as a high-resolution flood maps.

JICA travel survey
JICA commuter travel survey

Kinshasa commuter and household surveys
travel survey data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Drawing on two years of panel survey data, this paper studies the dynamics of vaccine acceptance, its correlates, and reasons for hesitancy over time. The data come from multiple rounds of national High-Frequency Phone Surveys in five countries in East and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda), covering the period between 2020 and 2022.

We use data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) in five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda. The surveys were conducted by study countries' national statistical organizations (NSOs), supported by the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). Since May 2020, the LSMS-supported HFPS have collected cross-country comparable longitudinal data on a wide range of topics, focused on COVID-19 impacts on households and individuals.

The HFPS have national coverage and draw their samples from nationally representative samples of households interviewed in pre-pandemic face-to-face surveys of the LSMS-Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) series. In the settings at hand, mobile phone coverage is not universal, and the sample selection of phone surveys may not yield samples fully representative of the general population.

We use weather data taken from the _Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01_ compiled
by the University of Delaware (Willmott and Matsuura 2001) that has widely been used in the economics
literature (Dell Jones and Olken 2012, Burke Hsiang and Miguel 2015, among others). This data set provides
monthly total precipitation and temperature at a 0.5-degree spatial resolution. Data are available for each
month between 1901 and 2014. Annual precipitation at the cell level between 1990 and 2014 ranged
between 3mL in Sudan to 10,187mL in India.

Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: C Details on outcome measures Outcome Variable Descriptions Psychological Well-being PHQ9 The standardized total score of 9 questions from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) Life Satisfaction Index A standardized average of survey responses to four questions from Di- ener ’ s standardized scale, responses made along a seven-point Likert scale. Stress Index The standardized total score from three elements of adapted from the Cohen Stress scale. “ How many of the last 7 days have you [been able to fall asleep peacefully / felt nervous / felt frustrated]? ” Sociability (Total) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults. Sociability (Positive) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults that the respondent felt were positive. Self-Worth Index The standardized total score from the responses on a scale from 1 to 10 to two questions: “ Think of a person you know who you most respect and who brings greatest value to your [family / community].

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Most importantly for the purpose of the analysis is the fact that the survey provides individual-level data on own schooling and parents ’ schooling for all adults in the sample, which is quite rare in household surveys from developing countries. Also, the survey provides the actual years of schooling completed and not only the highest educational degree attained, which allow observing the schooling variable with precision. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This distinction is also applied to foreign students, with those entering the system after February 2022 referred to as “ Migrant post-Feb 2022 ” and others referred as “ Migrant pre-Feb 2022 ”. 7 Administrative data from MoE. The Ministry data includes information for all students who enrolled at any point during the academic year. 8 This information covers academic year, grade, gender, birth date, birthplace, citizenship. They also include school-speciϐic information such as the name and identifying code of the institution where the student is enrolled. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of school outcome variables, including grades in English, Italian, Mathematics, overall GPA calculated as the average across all subjects, behavior scores from grade 9 to grade 12, guidance council evaluations from lower secondary school, records of absences, late entries, and early exits. Given the timing of this study, data for academic year 2022-23 are the most complete. For academic year 2022-2023, school enrollment data at the provincial level was provided for 4, 269, 348 enrolled students across the 8 years of Italian lower and upper secondary school, encompassing both public and private institutions. The dataset includes nearly all students in the country irrespective of their citizenship. 9 Table 1 shows the distribution of the different groups of students by grade. In the 7 For ease of reference, we refer to non-Italian and non-Ukrainian students as migrants. However, we acknowledge that some of these students may be refugees or displaced students. 8 At the time of writing this paper, both MoE and INVALSI data were not fully available and, as such, only the information on enrollment was used for the academic year 2023-24. 9These numbers do not include students enrolled in Provincial centers for adult education (CPIA). See footnote 5. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Protection monitoring for the northern corridor documented 487 households between January and March. Findings indicate that 41 percent of surveyed households face barriers to accessing documentation services, and 28 percent report incidents of property or land disputes with host community members. Protection monitoring results were shared with the district authorities and the national protection cluster secretariat, which incorporated the findings into its quarterly situation report and used them to support an advocacy letter to the Ministry of Interior requesting streamlined access to civil registration services.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Enumerators reminded respondents that the survey was part of an academic study and not connected to service provision decisions, which we hope alleviate some of these incentives. That said, it is important to note that this project analyzes self- reported perceptions of the presence of IDPs or refugees, not the conﬁrmed presence of displaced populations. Hosting Status Aggregate Individual % Respondents Displaced Currently Self-Reported Hosting % Respondents Recently Displaced Self Reported Hosting IDPs Self Reported Hosting Refugees Table 3: Operationalizing Hosting Status 24 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This allowed for consistent ranking the households into welfare quintiles and cross- tabulation of welfare status with household characteristics and indicators derived from the survey data. The imputation was carried out using s2sc algorithm in STATA. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Historical trends and patterns of forced displacement: Insights from available global data This section provides an overview of the available global data on conflict-induced forced displacement, drawing largely on UNHCR ’ s published data on asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs. 41 Data are presented visually in a series of figures to highlight the scope and character of the current global forced displacement crisis and identify historical trends and anomalies. These data largely focus on the scale and trends in conflict-induced displacement (i. e. the numbers of forced displaced) with some coverage of other elements such as demographics, location and accommodation. Globally, there has been an unprecedented increase in the numbers of displaced people over the last decade, largely explained by the expansion in the number of reported IDPs. Historical data show a substantial increase in the numbers of forced displaced (see Figure 3), however the expanding geographical scope and quality of displacement monitoring systems are likely to account for much of the increase in forced displacement figures. The numbers of refugees under UNHCR ’ s mandate have recorded a number of variations over time, peaking in the early 1990s (at a level 10 percent over 2015 numbers) with the conflict and displacement associated with the end of the Cold War. The number of Palestinian refugees steadily has increased steadily over time, largely as a result of natural growth. IDP numbers (for which the underlying data are the least robust) have recorded the largest progression as a consequence of: (a) the expanded scope of monitoring efforts (IDPs were not counted before 1989 and methodologies were 41 UNHCR ’ s data only include IDPs protected or assisted by the agency.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: With this estimation strategy, we identify the ‘ pure ’ effects of genocide on fertility over and above conflict-related effects like urbanization, destroyed infrastructure, and weaker health infrastructure – which in turn also affect fertility. We study the short- and long-term effects of genocide and differentiate the analysis by cohort, kinship relation and gender of the deceased persons. Our approach is unique in that we estimate the effects of genocide on fertility using multiple measures of conflict exposure and disaggregating in more dimensions than done previously. In Rwanda, this is important as by law collecting a key conflict proxy, ethnicity, is not possible. In other contexts using conflict proxies may be important if data-sets, which do not contain any direct identification of conflict at the micro-level, are to be analyzed retrospectively. The paper has five major findings. First, we find a significant direct (or ‘ pure ’) effect of mass violent conflict in determining fertility. Of all conflict proxies studied, the loss of a child Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: schooling decisions, occupational choice, and savings (Cobb-Clark et al., 2016; Heckman et al., 2006). In Ethiopia, higher LOC has been shown to predict farmer adoption of modern agricultural technologies (Taffesse and Tadesse, 2017). In refugee populations, low LOC also correlate with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress (Schlechter et al., 2023; Tsionis et al., 2022). Higher LOC has also been found to improve employment and socio-economic integration among immigrants and refugees in Germany (Hahn et al., 2019; Thum, 2014). Compared to hosts, South Sudanese refugees perceive less personal control over their lives and destinies. Based on SESRE data, the index used to construct a measure of personal control over one’s life is an unweighted average of 10 LOC- related questions. The index (Likert scale) ranges from 1—”little control over one’s life”—to 4—”more control over one’s life”. The index is 0.12 points (.25 standard deviations) lower for refugees than hosts indicating they feel they have lower control over their lives and destinies, and this difference is statistically significant. This difference, however, is driven by South Sudanese refugees. When comparing LOC by country of origin, we find that there is only for South Sudanese there is a significant difference between refugees and hosts

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 8 agreements that did not fully satisfied either party (Ndayirukiye and Takeuchi 2014). This tension related to land, and who has a claim to the land, can lead to social tensions in communities with higher levels of return. Figure 3 – Refugees in Tanzania in 2005 by province of origin in Burundi Note: The number in brackets is the number of refugees in Tanzania in 2005 which was originally from the given province in Burundi. This information comes from (UNHCR 2021b). The number in parenthesis is that number as a percentage share of the population of the provinces as estimated in 1990 Burundi Census. An important question for our hypotheses is the degree to which there is evidence of migration-related societal divisions in the country. There is no direct quantitative evidence on identity issues (i. e. returnees versus stayees), but we have data on attitudes towards emigration, remittances and return that can provide insights on these identities and even be a proxy for migration-related identity in some cases. Overall, attitudes towards emigration and return are mixed and show that there is scope for the existence of migration-related divisions. In Table 1 we report the share of respondents who agreed with different statements regarding emigration, remittances and return.

data on attitudes towards emigration, remittances and return

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We measure time-use through the number of hours in the previous day a respondent reports spending idle, as well as the amount of time spent on a variety of other common activities one might do in the camps (including bathing, market, chores, collection of rations, eating, child-rearing, sitting at tea stalls, praying, sleeping, visiting friends / relatives, playing games, playing sport, sitting idle). Finally, we ask respondents how much they consume, borrow and save over the past week. We further consider changes in perceptions on gender and power in two ways. First, we generate a Household Power Index, composed of a set of questions on perceptions of gendered decision-making and intimate partner violence. The questions are drawn from Haushofer and Shapiro (2016), which are themselves adapted from the Demographic Health Surveys. In addition, we produce a Work Rights Index, composed of questions around whether respondents feel that women should be allowed to work inside or outside the home or the camp block. Each outcome is described in greater detail in Appendix C. The frequency with which each outcome is collected is also presented in Appendix C. Multiple hypothesis testing We utilize two approaches to address the issue of multiple hypothesis testing. First, we present our primary outcome, psychosocial well-being, as an inverse-covariance weighted index variable following Anderson (2008). We also generate index variables for other outcomes in which this is possible, such as the cognitive index, the household power index, and the work rights index. Our second strategy is to report the sharpened False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-values for all outcomes within a particular table, which control for the expected proportion of rejections that are type I errors, likewise 12

Demographic Health Surveys
Work Rights Index

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The daily precipitation data used are from the 3- hourly data set from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Project (TRMM), which is aggregated up to daily data.

\n<!-- PAGE 28 -->\ndata set product 3B42RT 3 hour product gives the best results in a basket of 8 near real-time rainfall products. The 3B42RT daily derived product is what is used in this paper.

\n<!-- PAGE 8 -->\nthrough 2015. During the period from 1985 to 2016, the Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) registered 3,808 floods of magnitude 4 or more and 1,175 floods of magnitude 6 and up. [3]

According to the Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), there were more than 19,000 natural hazards in the period 2001 - 2015 (National Disaster Management Agency 2016), making Indonesia a useful country for any natural hazard analysis.

According to the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the Philippines is at high risk from several types of natural hazards (GFDRR 2019). Prime among them are cyclones, where an average of 20 make landfall every year. In 2013, typhoon Yolanda led to 6,000 casualties and damaged more than 1.1 million houses. The Philippines are also exposed to earthquake and flood risks.

Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Project (TRMM)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In the third (Rahim Yar Khan) there is a large difference, with the census reporting that 1 percent of all school-going children attended madrassas, and the LEAPS showing that the fraction is closer to 3. 7 percent (Table II). There are three potential explanations for this difference. First, the LEAPS data is not representative of the district and could be off the mark for districts with wide variation in madrassa enrollment across rural and urban samples. Second, the experience of the last five years could have varied dramatically across districts — in some, the enrollment fractions did not change and in others it increased substantially. Third, the data could point to systematic problems with the census estimates from certain districts, or the statistical problems that arise when we try to estimate low-probability events. 3. 3 Explaining the Differences A number of reasons could account for differences between the estimates presented here and those in the popular press. 1. Differences in the sampling unit. Our estimates are all based on household surveys — an interviewer goes to a household and asks about the enrollment status of every child. Some census estimates of home rather than religious schooling in the United States — the former ranges from 1 to 2 percent (Bauman 2001) while the latter is closer to 8 percent (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001). 10 In our own analysis, we find the quality of the data generated by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Pakistan to be consistently high. We have used the FBS Census of Private Schools (PEIP, 2000) to guide our fieldwork and feasibility study for LEAPS and found it tallied with the situation on the ground quite well, even in remote villages.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The countries that are the largest source of refugees include: Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Iraq, Myanmar, and Eritrea (UNHCR, 2017). These countries account for the vast majority of refugees worldwide. We will also consider three countries in Europe that are an important source of asylum seekers in Europe, and whose recognition rate is low, and account for many returnees – these are Kosovo, Serbia and Albania. Is return possible and safe, and if so, does the economic situation bode well to provide essentials, namely a job, housing, education and reliable public services? It is helpful to identify three groups of countries: ones that are still mired in war and / or high ‐ intensity civil conflicts, countries where medium ‐ intensity conflict persist and are already in the process of rebuilding, and countries which are not in conflict. According to the Armed Conflict Survey (IISS 2017), high ‐ intensity conflict is defined by frequent (daily) armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents, or among non ‐ state armed groups that control territory. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (a) High frequency sample surveys using smartphone and cellular technologies. For example, a high-frequency survey initiative in Somalia employs a dynamic questionnaire loaded onto smartphones, which enables data to be collected from household interviews in 60 minutes. This approach was developed to overcome the challenges of insecurity, limited data gathering capacity and budgetary constraints. (b) The use of mobile phones to conduct surveys or follow up interviews following face-to-face household surveys. For example, a Bank paper on the impact of the 2012 crisis in Mali on IDPs, refugees and returnees used information from a face-to-face household survey as well as follow-up interviews with its respondents via mobile phones. This combination provided a mechanism to monitor the impact of conflict on hard-to-reach populations who at times live in areas inaccessible to enumerators. And in Sierra Leone and Liberia, the Bank supported the use of mobile phones to collect key socio-economic data on the effects of the Ebola virus. (c) Crowdsourcing data on displacement. Platforms such as the Kenyan Ushahidi has crowd- sourced data on displacement in Kenya and eastern DRC by encouraging IDPs and host communities to report incidents using their mobile phones or the internet, including information about living conditions. The platform references these reports geo-spatially. (d) Geo-mapping of data on displaced populations and affected host communities.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The algorithm is fed with 24 different satellite bands, measuring surface reflectance in the visible and infrared spectra, topographical data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and road network data from the OpenStreetMap project.

Information on aquaculture production in Vietnam's two main river deltas was obtained from two data
sources. In the Red River Delta, a vector dataset of the locations of individual aquaculture ponds was used.
It was created and provided by researchers of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). As part of their
methodology, an algorithm extracted individual ponds from time series of radar satellite data. Specifically,
83 Sentinel-1 scenes from between 2014 and 2016 were processed. Radar data, such as the observations
from the Sentinel-1 series of satellites, enables the detection of water-covered surfaces irrespective of
daylight and clouds.

Overall, an
accuracy of 0.84 is reported for pond detection in the Red River Delta (Ottinger et al. 2018). In the Mekong
Delta, a vector dataset containing the locations of individual aquaculture ponds was provided by SWIRR.

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
OpenStreetMap project

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Not all cross-sectional studies have multiple rounds of comparable data, covering the period before and after the crisis. When comparing impacts between locations within a country, cross-sectional data also usually does not allow to capture impacts on those who moved out and to differentiate impacts between those who were already there before the shock and those who moved in afterwards. Some of the models based on administrative areas qualify as spatial econometrics models in that they use estimation methods that derive from this literature and are published in spatial econometrics journals. Studies that compare different areas within a country are not only confronted with the potential endogeneity of the size and skill composition of the inflow and the choice of destination, but also with the endogenous reactions of the host community. Local workers might respond to the labor supply shock by dropping out of the labor force, investing in education, occupational upgrading or moving to other areas and diffusing the impact of the inflow. Even if local workers do not respond to wage variations, capital flows may equalize capital / labor ratios within the country, labor-intensive industries might move towards the regions with a high refugee or IDP influx or firms might use more labor-intensive production technologies. The reactions of the host country workers, investors and firms are medium-to long-term in nature and will play less of a role in the short-term if there are large, sudden and geographically concentrated inflows. Some of the papers explicitly analyze these potential channels, notably migration of local workers, and, to a lesser extent, occupational upgrading. Outmigration of hosts is a critical complement to the labor market analysis and excluding this outcome can lead to an underestimation of the impacts of forced displacement on the labor market outcomes of natives. The papers we reviewed that looked at tasks complexities and the question of substitution vs complementarities between refugees and natives found occupational upgrading among Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Figure 5: Significant Historical Crises as a Share of Total Forced Displaced 1991 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Note: Includes IDPs protected or assisted by UNHCR, asylum-seekers and refugees. Excludes IDPs not protected or assisted by UNHCR and Palestinian refugees under UNRWA ’ s mandate. Figure 6: Top 15 Countries of Origin end-2015 Source: IDMC Global Report on Internal Displacement 2016, UNHCR Global Trends 2015, UNRWA A small number of countries carry the burden of hosting the majority of refugees. Historically since 1991, 15 asylum countries, overwhelmingly in the developing world, have hosted more than 50 percent of refugees and asylum-seekers (see Figure 7). 44 By the end of 2015, while almost all countries in the world were hosting refugees, the burden was unevenly shared (see Figure 8). Only seven countries hosted more 44 Major host countries are identified based on the cumulative number of refugees and asylum-seekers over the period 1991-2015.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 4. 1. 2. Empirical strategy In order to make use of the retrospective information on school attendance provided in the dataset, we have constructed what we have called an ‘ ad hoc panel ’, whereby we exploit the time-variation of the variables of interests (age, attendance status and grade attained by the respondents) by reshaping the cross-sectional structure of the TLSS 2001 dataset. In this way, we are able to obtain observations for each individual over three academic years. All key education variables are time- variant, while other individuals and households characteristics are time-invariant. Within these three years, we focus our analysis on individuals that were of primary school age (between 7 and 12 years old) in each year. In practice, we keep all children aged at minimum 7 years old in 1998 and at maximum 12 years old in 2000. As a consequence, our panel data contains children aged 8-11 years in 1999, the year of the violence. 11 Since we are interested in looking at different effects across groups of individuals, we have split the sample between boys and girls and between younger children (aged 8-9 in 1999) and older children (aged 10-11 in 1999). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Respondents who were untraced were much more likely to be residing outside Kagera (43 %) compared to their counterparts who were re-interviewed (8 %). The consumption data come from an extensive consumption module administered in 1991 and again in 2004. The consumption aggregate includes home produced and purchased food and non-food expenditure. The non-food component includes a range of non-food purchases, as well as utilities, expenditure on clothing / personal items, transfers out and health expenditures. Funeral expenses and health expenses prior to the death of an ill person were excluded. Monetary levels were adjusted to account for spatial and temporal price differences, using price data collected in the Kagera survey in 1991 and 2004, and, for households outside Kagera, data from the National Household Budget Survey. Consumption is expressed in per capita, per annum terms. The poverty line is set at TZS 109, 663, calibrated to yield for our sample of respondents who remained in Kagera the same poverty rate as the 2000 / 1 National Household Budget Survey estimate for Kagera (29 %). 4. Growth, Poverty and Physical Mobility in Kagera In this section, we discuss changes in living standards overall, and the changes for four mutually exclusive groups based on residence in 2004: (i) still residing in the baseline community, (ii) residing in a

National Household Budget Survey
Kagera survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: namely those refugees who arrived in Addis Ababa after November 2020. Data collection took place between November 2022 and January 2023. Sample population The SESRE covers three types of groups, all of which require a distinct sampling procedure:55 (i) refugees in camps; (ii) refugees out-of-camps; and (iii) host communities. This section discusses the sampling frames of each group. (a) Refugees in Camps The sampling frame for refugee camps is based on UNHCR’s proGRES database. The refugee camps were grouped into three domains based on the concentration of refugees from the three major origin countries: South Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea.56 The first sampling stage divided each camp into enumeration areas (EAs). Based on the proGRES database, we created pseudo EAs by taking 150-200 Annex C: Survey Design and Methodology 54 Formerly the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and Welfare Monitoring Survey. 55 Prior to the sampling process, the survey team conducted a pre-sampling assessment by visiting the camps to verify on-the-ground conditions. 56 Refugees from Sudan were not included in SESRE as, at the time of sampling, there were less than 50,000 Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia and inclusion was not deemed cost effective. Annexes 93 households in a row from the

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We, therefore, first examine whether or not there is structure, both, to selection into the treatment group and attrition, which could undermine our econometric approach, where we rely on difference-in-difference estimators. Imbalance between treatment and control groups could undermine the key assumption of parallel trends. For example, given that men and women face different barriers in the labor market, we should not expect employment to evolve in the same way for men and women after the treatment. We would expect to observe a difference-in-differences for a treatment group where women are more common than in the reference group, even without the program. To test for imbalances, we run a simple regression of treatment and attrition indicators at baseline on the socio-economic and demographic controls, GRIT indicators, self-reported optimism, employment status and risk. Table 4 (Column 1 for the treatment analysis, Column 2 for the attrition analysis) shows some signs of structure. In particular, host status and risk preferences are significantly different between treatment and control, with 9 For example, “ hummus ” is used to refer to chickpeas in general but can also be used for the dish involving mashed chickpeas, tahini, lemon and garlic in Lebanon. In other dialects, some qualifiers are required to specify this dish (e. g. hummus ne ’ em, or smooth hummus). This is akin to identifying a British or American individual using similar variations in foodstuffs such as courgette / zucchini; coriander / cilantro; etc. 10 Specifically, we regress variables with missing observations on the list of all variables with a complete record. We then use the predicted values from this regression to populate the missing variables. Where appropriate, predicted values are rounded to the nearest integer and within answer codes of that variable. In a second round, this process is repeated on the full set of actual and predicted values from the first stage. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These surveys are part of a long-term data collection effort by the research team (Vinck & Pham 2014) and were collected separately from the focus group discussions. The focus group discussions thus did not directly inﬂuence the design of the surveys, but rather directed the analysis strategy of the surveys that our team has collected at regular intervals in eastern DRC. The survey data are analyzed in two ways. First, 11 surveys collected between 2017 and 2021 8Eastern DRC is a site of ongoing violence, raising a number of ethical, methodological, and practical concerns about collecting data. We discuss the ethical protections we implemented when collecting this survey data in the Appendix, Section B. 9Territoires are sub-provincial administrative units. Additional details on the structure of administrative units are available in the Appendix, Section A. 1. 21

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: First, I include a measure of whether citizens believe that a large portion of tax administrators is corrupt. Second, I in- clude a variable indicating whether citizens approve of how well their local government is handling the collection of license fees on bicycles, carts and barrows. 8 Third, both the size of a country and the size of the government may aﬀect a government ’ s ability to detect and punish evaders. I include the 7I also include a country-level indicator of government performance, the World Bank Governance indicator of government eﬀectiveness, in the model. This indicator measures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implemen- tation, and the credibility of the government ’ s commitment to such policies (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi, 2006, 4). This variable is not signiﬁcant at the p <. 05 level. 8I included two additional measures in the model neither of which were signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. One is a measure of citizens ’ approval of how well their local government council provides citizens with the information about the councils budget (i. e. revenues and expenditures). The other, the World Bank governance indicator, control of corruption, measures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, as well as capture of the state by elites and private interest (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi, 2006, 4). 13

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The JLMPS sample is restricted, after matching it to the 2010 school census, to individuals born in Jordan who are aged 25 to 70 in 2010 and who have nonmissing information on age, subdistrict of birth, years of schooling, father ’ s schooling, mother ’ s schooling, and local supply of schools in subdistrict of birth. 9 These exclusions resulted in a sample of 4, 139 males and 4, 131 females, which are referred to as the male and female full samples, respectively. 7. Because of the absence of annual estimates of subdistrict populations, the population used to normalize the supply of schooling at the subdistrict level is the 2004 population of the subdistrict. There are 86 subdistricts in Jordan. If subdistrict populations are growing at different rates, this could introduce some measurement error of the true supply of schooling available to different cohorts. 8. Secondary schools include both general and vocational secondary schools. Public schools include schools under the jurisdiction of: (i) Ministry of Education, (ii) Ministry of Higher Education, (iii) Ministry of Defense, (iv) Ministry of Social Development, (v) Ministry of Religious Endowments (Awqaf), and (vi) UNRWA. 9. The original sample size of all individuals who are aged 25 to 70 years in 2010 and are born in Jordan is 8, 312 observations. The sample restrictions on the missing values result in the exclusion of 34 observations (missing age), 1 observation (missing father ’ s schooling), and 7 observations (missing mother ’ s schooling).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: B Description of Variable ’ s Construction This section describes how we constructed each of the variables in our main analysis. B. A Outcome Variables Outcome variables were constructed using the data from the Afghanistan Welfare Moni- toring Survey conducted for this study in the fall of 2021. • Integration: we measured the integration dimension with three different types of questions. The first included the individual reported answer from a 1 to 5 scale, where 1 means strongly disagree, and 5 strongly agree of the following questions: (i) ” Would you feel comfortable if your child or grandchild were to socialize or be friends with children of Refugee community people? ”, (ii) ” Do you feel welcomed in this village / town / city? ”, (iii) ” Do you think that everyone living in this village / town / city feels like they are a part of this village? ”. The second, included the answer to the following question ” On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not very much to 10 very much, how much do you feel that Tajikistan is your home? ”, and the third, the total number of refugee, and Tajik friends among all of their friends, respectively. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: C Details on outcome measures Outcome Variable Descriptions Psychological Well-being PHQ9 The standardized total score of 9 questions from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) Life Satisfaction Index A standardized average of survey responses to four questions from Di- ener ’ s standardized scale, responses made along a seven-point Likert scale. Stress Index The standardized total score from three elements of adapted from the Cohen Stress scale. “ How many of the last 7 days have you [been able to fall asleep peacefully / felt nervous / felt frustrated]? ” Sociability (Total) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults. Sociability (Positive) The total number of conversations in the past day with adults that the respondent felt were positive. Self-Worth Index The standardized total score from the responses on a scale from 1 to 10 to two questions: “ Think of a person you know who you most respect and who brings greatest value to your [family / community]. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 7 Database. Where both censuses and population registers are available, censuses receive priority. Censuses, generally conducted decennially, are retrospective tools for surveying an entire population (or in some cases, a representative sample) at a single point in time. In addition to their universal coverage, their greatest strength is the inclusion of questions on place of birth and nationality. Censuses also typically aim to enumerate the resident population, whether documented or undocumented (Bilsborrow and others 1997). So although some migrants have a strong incentive to provide false information to enumerators, many undocumented migrants will be captured in these matrices. 7 The size and scope of the census questionnaires vary enormously, both over time and in different destination countries. And there is potential variation in the quality of censuses both across countries and over time. Richer countries have many resources at their disposal to design questionnaires, train interviewers, employ statisticians, and disseminate results. Researchers have little choice but to accept the data at face value. However, where the underlying census is clearly substandard (when there are errors that are obviously not coding errors or not easily corrected), these data are omitted from the analysis. Popular in many parts of Europe, population registers are continuous reporting systems providing up-to-date demographic and socioeconomic information for everyone surveyed. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Host response to “Would you feel comfortable having a refugee as a neighbor?” by gender ��������������������������������������� 65 Figure 7.5: Share of hosts who agree refugees should have access to... 66 Figure 7.6: Host beliefs about refugee impact in Ethiopia ......................... 66 Figure 7.7: Negative experiences due to refugees �������������������������������������� 66 Figure 7.8: Positive experience due to refugees ����������������������������������������� 66 Figure 7.9: Are most Ethiopians/refugees in Ethiopia trustworthy? .......... 67 Figure 7.10: Host attitudes index................................................................... 67 Figure 7.11: Host attitudes index by gender ������������������������������������������������� 67 Figure 7.12: Share with family or friends in Ethiopia ������������������������������������� 68 Figure 7.13: Share with friends in Ethiopia by demographic group ............. 68 Figure 7.14: Share of refugees who think interactions with hosts are “easy to do” ........................................................................... 69 Figure 7.15: Who do refugees rely on in times of need �������������������������������� 69 Figure 7.16: Share of refugees who agree they are “culturally similar to hosts”....................................................................... 70 Figure 7.17: Share or refugees involved in a community representative body 70 Figure 7.18: Share or refugees engaged in a community representative body by demographic group ���������������������������������������������������� 70 Figure 7.19: Discrimination and harassment ������������������������������������������������ 71 Figure 7.20: Discrimination and harassment by demographic group ....... 71 Figure D.1: Age group by

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 26 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 95 % of the refugees in Mauritania envision an independent or autonomous North and 26 % of the refugees in Mauritania even state the independence of Azawad (= the north) as a main condition for returning home. Stark differences can also be observed with regard to the discussion around a possible federalist solution for the North that was ongoing when the monthly phone interviews were conducted in October. As illustrated in the Figure 20 below, 80 % of the refugees in Mauritania support a federalist solution, while the majority of IDPs, returnees and refugees in Niger are not in favor. Of those who do not support a federalist solution (96 % of the IDPs, 88 % of the refugees in Niger and 95 % of the returnees), the majority of IDPs (61 %) and returnees (70 %) as well as 38 % of the refugees in Niger suggest decentralization as a possible solution to resolve the conflict. 13 % of the refugees in Niger also mention war and 27 % the integration of the North. Nonetheless, 49 % of IDPs, 86 % of returnees and 89 % of refugees believe a stable and sustainable peace accord can be achieved. by 4 % of the population living Timbuktu, 2 % in Gao and nobody in Kidal.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source