Input: The vulnerability of the Internally Displaced People in SSA has certainly been overlooked for too long, but the increased support provided by UNHCR is an encouraging but challenging sign in that respect. Figure 3. Refugees and Internally Displaced People in SSA, 2003 ‐ 2013 Source: Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). The annual number of IDPs is collected from the IDMC (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2012, 2013, 2014) annual reviews. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
and hourly wages. For this objective, we merge upper secondary ENLACE test scores

limitations, large-scale standardized tests like ENLACE capture skills that are important

una comparación entre ENLACE, Excale y Pisa," 2014. Nexos.

_Promise_, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018.

28

<!-- PAGE 31 -->
#### **Tables**

Table 1: ENLACE Panel       - Means and Standard Deviations

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: -0.0232 -0.0248 (0.0246) (0.0258) (0.0269) HH access electricity -0.0637 -0.0571 -0.1051+ (0.0489) (0.0499) (0.0559) Proximity and market access Level two -0.3000*** (0.0713) Level three -0.3988*** (0.0821) Level four -0.4862*** (0.0832) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.002* (0.0008) Market accessibility indicator 0.0897** (0.0307) Observations 787 782 787 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.2871 0.2738 0.2538 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Standard errors in parentheses. All estimates are controlled for regions. +p<0.10, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Annexes 121 Results on Social Cohesion Table D.18: Regression analysis of host and refugee attitudes (1) (2) (3) Hosts: Attitudes Index Hosts: Trusts Refugees Refugees: Trusts Hosts Male -0.021 -0.025 -0.029 (0.060) (0.036) (0.039) Age 0.004 0.003 -0.003 (0.009) (0.005) (0.006) Age Sq. -0.000 -0.000 0.000 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Educ: Primary incomplete - - - Educ: Completed primary -0.094 -0.040 -0.009 (0.066) (0.050) (0.052) Educ: Completed secondary -0.003 0.033 -0.083 (0.098) (0.055) (0.066) Educ: Completed post-sec. -0.074 -0.073 -0.055 (0.103) (0.050) (0.106) Agrees on improved local services 0.408*** 0.116** (0.103) (0.055) Years in Ethiopia 0.002 (0.005) Agrees hosts culturally similar 0.215*** (0.055) Region Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes N 1724 1666 1613 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The vulnerability of the Internally Displaced People in SSA has certainly been overlooked for too long, but the increased support provided by UNHCR is an encouraging but challenging sign in that respect. Figure 3. Refugees and Internally Displaced People in SSA, 2003 ‐ 2013 Source: Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). The annual number of IDPs is collected from the IDMC (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2012, 2013, 2014) annual reviews.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Excluding respondents who have relocated would omit those with the higher rates of income growth and poverty reduction. Table 5 reports confidence intervals for the incremental samples (which are not mutually exclusive); it gives a more detailed picture of how inference on consumption growth and poverty reduction would have changed if we had not tracked movers. It is apparent that inference from a ‘ simple ’ panel survey of respondents continuing to reside within the original communities would have produced underestimates of actual consumption growth and poverty reduction in this population. These conclusions are robust across the distribution of consumption, as well as at the mean and poverty line. Panel A in Figure 2 depicts the cumulative density function for consumption per capita for those people who remained living in the same community. Panels B, C and D make the same graph for respondents found residing in neighboring communities, elswehere in Kagera Region and outside Kagera Region. As respondents were located further from their location in 1991, so the difference between the 1991 and 2004 graphs becomes more pronounced. Note how, for people who remained in the baseline community, the 1991 and 2004 distributions lie close to each other under the poverty line and diverge above it, while for other mobility categories there is more divergence at the bottom of the graph.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These findings were also echoed in the context of other developing countries such as India (Allard et al., 2022) and Zimbabwe (Mabugu, Maisonnave, Henseler, Chitiga-Mabugu, & Makochekanwa, 2023). In the MENA economies ’ context, the evidence is considerably sparcer. Early work on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor markets in the MENA region re- lied on high-frequency phone surveys and highlight important job losses among wage workers and an uneven impact across industries (Krafft, Assaad, & Marouani, 2021, 2022). Providing evidence from Labor Force Surveys in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Dang and Salehi-Isfahani (2023) find that the pandemic exacerbated the pre-existing low participation of females in the labor force. Wahby and Assaad (2023), on the other hand, focus on the impact of the pandemic on Syrian refugees in Jordan and find a divergence in job finding and separation rates of Syrian refugees relative to their Jorda- nian hosts after the onset of the pandemic. Focusing on cross-border commuters in the West Bank and Gaza, Adnan and Etkes (2022) find that undocumented commuters benefited relative to their documented peers after the pandemic, as Israeli policies inadvertently created incentives for employers to favor the former. This sharply con- trasts the results by Borjas and Cassidy (2020) on the impact of the pandemic on immigrants in the United States. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides background information on labor markets in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as background in- formation on the COVID-19 pandemic and government responses. Section 3 describes the data. Section 4 discusses our methodology. Section 5 presents the main regression results and investigates heterogeneous effects. Section 6 provides robustness checks. Finally, we provide concluding remarks in Section 7. 4 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

Labor Force Surveys
high-frequency phone surveys

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A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 22 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). To uncover the main drivers of the observed gender based differences in multidimensional poverty at country level, we study the absolute contribution of the gender difference in each indicator to the overall household gender gap (see Figure 6), calculated as the difference between the censored headcount ratio for males versus females. We find that in Ethiopia, the gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mostly driven by the difference in financial insecurity measures (lack of legal ID and bank account) and health measures (early marriage, physical safety, and food insecurity), which is further reinforced by the differences in the living standard and education measures. Female-headed refugee households are more food insecure, live in unimproved housing, have lower access to electricity, are more likely to be married at an early age, and have lower access to legal identification and a bank account. In South Sudan, gender gap that disadvantages female-headed households is mainly explained by the differential in the financial insecurity and health measures, but cumulative gaps in the living standard and education indicators also contribute to the overall gap at the household level. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The long-term consequences of these trends are signiϐicant, as diminished educational outcomes and social isolation can hinder successful integration into host communities. Conversely, sustained social and educational integration efforts are vital for positive outcomes. For instance, studies indicate that long-term integration can be hampered by social, economic, and institutional barriers (Chiswick and Miller, 2014), while interventions focused on language support and community engagement can lower these barriers (Ozden and Wagner, 2020). Further, speciϐic interventions aimed at removing obstacles to education for children on the move can contribute signiϐicantly to better integration outcomes (Schuettler and Caron, 2020). This paper beneϐits from key information coming from administrative data on educational records of Ukrainian refugees in Italy for the academic years 2021-2022 to 2023-2024 for grades 6 to 13. This provides a unique opportunity to examine enrollment, attendance, test performance, and other indicators of integration into the Italian educational system. Supplemented by survey data collected in 2023-2024, this study offers an overview of the challenges and opportunities faced by Ukrainian students in secondary schools and highlights areas for potential policy development. This study advances the literature by adding empirical evidence on the short- to medium-term educational impacts of displacement on young refugees within a European host country, offering insights into the role of education policy in mitigating human capital losses. It also contributes to discussions on human development by identifying factors that support or hinder integration, highlighting pathways for improving educational and social outcomes for refugee students. Results highlight that despite gradual improvements, enrollment rates remain signiϐicantly lower among refugees compared to native and other foreign students. Ukrainian refugees also demonstrate higher absenteeism and lower academic performance, particularly in subjects requiring language proϐiciency such as Italian and English. However, good performance in mathematics suggests potential strengths linked to their prior educational backgrounds. Despite these challenges, teachers seem to be more inclined to recommend Ukrainian refugees for high-track education compared to other newly arrived foreigners, indicating potential optimism about their academic capabilities. The Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 household displacement and the destruction of household dwellings during the violent events. We are also able to measure conflict intensity across time – including peaks of violence at various stages of the conflict – at the district level from event data on violence intensity during the conflict in Timor Leste. We focus on primary school effects because only a small percentage of the Timorese population attended secondary school. Our results show mixed evidence for the impact of violent conflict on educational outcomes. Mirroring some of the findings of Bellows and Miguel (2006) and others, we find evidence for a rapid recovery of the education sector in Timor Leste, and of educational outcomes, particularly for girls. However, in line with emerging results in the micro-level literature, we find that the 1999 wave of violence in Timor Leste – as well as peaks of violence in the 1970s and 1980s – resulted in negative effects on primary school attendance and attainment. This effect is particularly strong for boys. We attribute the first result to a process of educational catch-up among girls in Timor Leste that started before the conflict and continued despite the conflict. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

event data on violence intensity during the conflict

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A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: If registration is linked to the provision of services or other entitlements, there may be strong incentives to register births and new arrivals and weak incentives to deregister, leading to the inflation of the register over time or even instances of fraud and abuse (e. g. multiple registration, “ borrowing children ” etc.) (UNHCR 2003). Consequently, data from a refugee register may overestimate the number of refugees, requiring periodic corrective action through the verification of records. For example, in 2014 a verification of registration records for Somali refugees in the Dadaab camps in Kenya led to the deactivation of tens of thousands of records for individuals that are believed to have returned spontaneously to Somalia (UNHCR 2015). Additional problems with refugee registers include security concerns or inclement weather preventing refugees from accessing registration sites (UNHCR 2003) and the application of data protection principles. Registration of IDPs Individual registration is not as common a method of estimating numbers of IDPs as it is for refugees. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Figure** **2.** Source: WDR 2020 team, based on World Bank's World Development Indicators (database).
Note: The blue line represents the average of all pair-wise GDP correlation taken over all country-pairs
that include China. The orange line represents the average taken over all countries that include the
United States. The grey line represents country-pairs that contain neither the United States nor China.
The date corresponds to the midpoint of a 10-year rolling window.

Change in Production Connectivity

**Figure 4.** WDR 2020 team, based on World Bank's World Development Indicators (database) and World
Integrated Trade Solution (database). Note: Each dot represents a pair of regions-for example, East
Asia and Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America and Caribbean and South Asia are two
different observations). The horizontal axis measures the change over time in production connectivity
defined as the total trade in intermediates as a share of GDP of both regions. The vertical axis measures
the proportional change in GDP correlation over time.

Source: WDR 2020 team, based on World Bank's World Development Indicators (database) and a classification of sticky vs. non sticky trade from Martin et al. (2018).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: increase in earnings. Most importantly, the relationship between completing secondary and post-secondary schooling and wage earnings becomes significant only when the refugee sample is restricted to workers outside the camps (see Annex D, Table D.7). This indicates that refugees only benefit from education and are incentivized to invest in education if they can access work outside the camps. This highlights the importance of refugees’ access to the labor market without restrictions, particularly outside the camps, as a critical component to achieving positive long- term effects. Refugee outcomes in the labor market do not improve over time in Ethiopia. Annex D, Table D.7 also shows that, after adjusting for domain and demographic characteristics, there is a slight increase in the probability of working for each year that a refugee is in Ethiopia, by around one percentage point per year, but no change in the likelihood of being in a high-skill occupation, likelihood of working outside the camp, or in monthly earnings. Agriculture is an important source of livelihood for host households, but refugee households have low agricultural holdings, reflecting their inability to own land legally. Refugee households are less than half as likely as hosts to report an agricultural holding with

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A map highlighting Medell ´ ın ’ s geographic position and the locations of the households interviewed for this study is provided in Figure 2, offering visual context to our research setting. Representativeness and stratification. VenRepS-Kids is designed to be representative of two groups of youth. The first group consists of Colombian children and adolescents, aged 5 to 17, born to Colombian parents. The second group encompasses Venezuelan migrant children and adolescents of the same age range, born to Venezuelan parents, who mi- grated to Colombia between 2016 and 2020. The sample was further stratified by gender and socioeconomic levels, using Colombia ’ s neighborhood income-based classification system that ranges from 1 to 6, where six indicates the wealthiest neighborhoods. Our 13 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Global Public Health, June 2006; 1(2): 147�156

# HIV behavioural surveillance surveys in conflict and post-conflict situations: A call for improvement

P. B. SPIEGEL & P. V. LE

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: . 12 10. 45 – # 20 December 2019 5752 4. 71 8. 14 – # 21 November 2020 2627 4. 19 5. 14 – # 22 February-March 2021 5847 6. 86 9. 30 – Overall July 2017-March 2021 49831 4. 64 8. 19 30. 58 Table 2: Details on Surveys and Displacement Trends Second, the paper conducts an individual-level analysis of two cross-sectional surveys of 1, 933 and 5, 951 individuals conducted in March-April 2018 and June- July 2018, respectively, to probe the relationship between hosting displacees and social cohesion in more detail. This survey wave 22 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A recent global hazard analysis generated a comprehensive database of hazard events during 1975- 2007 from observed data and of event probabilities from geo-physical models (ISDR 2009). We combined this hazard information with city-specific population projections 2 It should be noted that well-documented evidence for such externalities is quite scarce. Their importance is usually taken as given: “ A building collapse may create externalities in the form of economic dislocations and other social costs in addition to the economic loss suffered by the owner. The owners may not have taken these consequences into account when evaluating specific mitigation measures. Consider the following example. A building toppling off its foundation after an earthquake could break a pipeline and cause a major fire, which would damage other homes that had not been affected by the earthquake in the first place. “ Kuenreuther and Roth (1998). See also www. quakesmart. org / index. php? option = com_content & view = article & id = 92 & Itemid = 209. But some experiences have been documented: “ As shown by research on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, including that conducted by the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Japan (1997), houses with inferior earthquake-resistant quality triggered large negative externalities in the neighborhood. For example, broken fragile houses blocked transportation networks, thereby preventing effective fire fighting and, by severing lifelines, they made recovery more difficult. ” (Nakagawaa et al. 2007). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 18 Figure 11: Timing of Return (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 94 % of the returnees were displaced inside Mali and 6 % outside the country. 67 % went to Bamako, 11 % in Koulikoro, 9 % to Ségou, 5 % to Mopti and 3 % went elsewhere (Kidal, Gao and Sikasso). The majority returned between June and October 2013 a period that followed the signing of a peace deal between the interim government and rebel factions to allow presidential elections to be held in July (first round) and August (second round) 2013. In October security in the North worsened again and ever since the number of people returning has been very limited. The main challenges reported by returnees in June 2014 were (i) poverty and food insecurity; (ii) lack of infrastructure (including lack of safe drinking water) and (iii) unemployment. 11 % of the returnees stated not to be facing any challenges (Figure 12).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In the third (Rahim Yar Khan) there is a large difference, with the census reporting that 1 percent of all school-going children attended madrassas, and the LEAPS showing that the fraction is closer to 3. 7 percent (Table II). There are three potential explanations for this difference. First, the LEAPS data is not representative of the district and could be off the mark for districts with wide variation in madrassa enrollment across rural and urban samples. Second, the experience of the last five years could have varied dramatically across districts — in some, the enrollment fractions did not change and in others it increased substantially. Third, the data could point to systematic problems with the census estimates from certain districts, or the statistical problems that arise when we try to estimate low-probability events. 3. 3 Explaining the Differences A number of reasons could account for differences between the estimates presented here and those in the popular press. 1. Differences in the sampling unit. Our estimates are all based on household surveys — an interviewer goes to a household and asks about the enrollment status of every child. Some census estimates of home rather than religious schooling in the United States — the former ranges from 1 to 2 percent (Bauman 2001) while the latter is closer to 8 percent (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001). 10 In our own analysis, we find the quality of the data generated by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Pakistan to be consistently high. We have used the FBS Census of Private Schools (PEIP, 2000) to guide our fieldwork and feasibility study for LEAPS and found it tallied with the situation on the ground quite well, even in remote villages. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The third graph represents the kernel density of our productivity loss measure for observations with positive loss, which represents around 11 percent of country-year observations in our dataset. It gives an idea of the distribution of this variable across country-years. The distribution shows a long and thin upper tail driven by countries with repetitive and highly intense conﬂict history like Afghanistan or the Lebanon. The average productivity loss is 15 percent in this sample and one fourth of all country-year observations are associated with losses of more than 20 percent of productivity. Even if these estimates were drastically overestimated they indicate that the long run impact of mass violence through this channel could be substantial. 5. 2 Macro Evidence In this subsection, we investigate the correlation between the aggregate loss measure and output. For this purpose, we use the height loss measure from the previous sub- section to estimate the marginal eﬀect of an extra cm loss on log GDP. This serves two objectives. First, we explore whether the micro evidence can be used as a conduit for understanding the long-term damage to output from conﬂict. Second, we check whether the aggregate loss in output that we get is consistent with the micro estimates of marginal economic return to health. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The
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 27 [th] June
2012,
 the
 United
 Nations
 Country
 Task
 Force
 on
 Monitoring
 and
 Reporting
 (CTFMR)
and
 the
 Government
 signed
 a
 Plan
 of
 Action
 with
 regards
 to
 underage
 recruitment
 in
 the
Myanmar
 Army.
 Procedures
 are
 underway
 for
 the
 systematic
 identification
 and
discharge
 of
 verified
 minors
 from
 the
 national
 forces.
 However,
 plans
 of
 action
 with
non-‐state
 armed
 groups
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 have
 not
 yet
 been
 agreed
 and
 it
 remains
 to
 be
seen
 whether
 the
 Plan
 of
 Action
 with
 the
 Government
 will
 be
 comprehensively
implemented.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 There may be grounds for skepticism about these estimates for madrassa enrollment. Since the data were collected prior to 2001, geopolitical changes after September 11 could have led to greater madrassa enrollment. In addition, the household-based survey faces the usual problems of accurately estimating a low-probability event — although enrollment is less than 1 percent in these surveys, the sampling error is large (see Bauman, 2001, for a description of similar problems in estimating home-schooling in the United States). Finally, while the census of populations does not face the problem of small samples, it is not that recent (1998) and some may have reservations regarding the quality of government data. 10 The LEAPS census of schooling choice conducted in 2003 provides a rough check on these numbers (see appendix for details). This census was conducted in three districts of Punjab and villages were chosen randomly based on the criterion that each village must have at least one private school. Typically, this means that the villages lies somewhere between fully urban and fully rural populations and are not representative of the districts that they are in. Estimates from the LEAPS census show that as a percentage of enrolled children, the numbers in two of the three districts are slightly higher than those of the population census.

census of populations
household-based survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD) provides information on the number of Syrian refugees. The numbers used in this paper are taken from Erdogan (2014), who draws on information from AFAD and the Ministry of Interior and reports the number of refugees by NUTS 2 subregion. To construct our instrument we use the Syrian Labor Force Survey for 2010 (the year before the beginning of the war). Finally, Google Maps was used to derive the travel distance between each governorate in Syria and the most populous city in each NUTS 2 subregion in Turkey. 14 Most recently, in January 2016, labor market access for Syrian refugees in Turkey was eased considerably. Importantly, they now can benefit from vocational training under the Turkish Employment Agency, employers will be able have to Syrians comprise up to 10 percent of their staff, and seasonal workers are exempted from the work permit, see http: / / www. resmigazete. gov. tr / eskiler / 2016 / 01 / 20160115-23. pdf. It is of course too early to evaluate the impact of these legislative changes. 15 Hurriyet Daily News (February 2015) http: / / www. hurriyetdailynews. com / turkey-urges-worlds-help-on- syrian-refugees-as-spending-reaches-6-billion. aspx? pageID = 238 & nID = 78951 & NewsCatID = 359. 16 Starting with 2014 there was a change in the design of the Household Labour Force Survey to ensure full compliance with European Union standards. This has caused some difficulty in making comparisons across years. However, our identification strategy does not use aggregate variation across years for identification and should hence be unaffected by the changes to the design of the survey. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

Household Labour Force Survey
Syrian Labor Force Survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 4 The only publicly available sources of data to document patterns of enrollment and available educational options for Pakistani families are household-based surveys. These are the official 1998 Census of Population (Government of Pakistan) 3, the 1991, 1998, and 2001 rounds of the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey4, and a 2003 census of schooling choice conducted by our research team. The fact that three sources use different definitions of madrassa enrollment, and were collected at different times by individuals with very different institutional affiliations provides independent verification of enrollment estimates and allows us to determine the sensitivity of our results. The household data tell us whether a child is enrolled full-time in a madrassa, but not whether a child goes for an hour on any given day to study the Quran. Therefore this data does not confound full-time with part-time attendees — a child who attends a public school during the day and a madrassa in the evening is recorded as enrolled in a public school. This is an important distinction since parents might use a modicum of madrassa or mosque based education to teach their children about religion. Consequently, if we contrast these household-based numbers with numbers from establishment-based reports, discrepancies can arise. From virtually any policy perspective, including evening quran classes in enrollment figures seems misguided. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Pakistan Integrated Household Survey
1998 Census of Population

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 6. Gender differences in multidimensional poverty Next we examine differences in multidimensional poverty outcomes by the gender of the household head. Existing literature points out the limitation of household level MPI analysis in masking the intrahousehold distribution of deprivations, and thus being less sensitive to gender based differences in individual outcomes within the family unit, which might lead to underestimation of inequality and gender gaps (Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen 2018; Franco 2017; Klasen and Lahoti 2020, Rodriguez, 2016). However, as the MPI identifies poverty at the household level, our initial analysis focuses on disaggregated results by the gender of the household head. 19 We acknowledge that this approach has several limitations since most women reside in male-headed households, and the composition of households can change after displacement due to separation of family members, and widowhood. Regardless, the analysis at the household level remains relevant given the high prevalence of female-headed households that emerge after displacement, with the analysis showing large differences across countries between households based on the gender of the head.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
HIV behavioural surveillance surveys 151

Results

A total of 40 BSS or KAP surveys were identified, of which 31 (77.5%) were
eligible according to the inclusion criteria. The 31 eligible surveys were undertaken between 1998 and 2005 in 14 countries. There were 12 countries (25
surveys) in Africa: Angola (1), Eritrea (1), Ethiopia (2), Kenya (2), Rwanda (2),
Sierra Leone (3), Somalia (1), South Africa (1), Sudan (2), Tanzania (3), Uganda
(5) and Zambia (2); and 2 countries (six surveys) in Asia: Nepal (2) and Thailand
(4). Eight (25.8%) surveys were undertaken in conflict settings, nine (29.0%) in
post-conflict settings and 14 (45.2%) in relatively stable countries hosting
refugees. Among some of the eligible surveys, more than one affected population
was studied; refugees were included in 28 (90.3%) surveys, IDPs in six (19.4%)
surveys, returnees in three (9.7%) surveys and surrounding host populations
in six (19.4%) surveys. The primary organizations responsible for the surveys
were NGOs, (23 surveys, 74.2%), CDC four surveys (12.9%), a United Nations
agency three surveys (9.7%) and one government survey (3.2%). The sample
sizes of the surveys ranged from 148 to 7,484, with a mean of 1,261 and a median
of 549 persons. Fourteen (45.2%) of the 31 surveys were classified as
reproducible (see Table II). Surveys undertaken by NGOs were significantly
less reproducible than those undertaken by non-NGOs (chi-square test,
p �/0.05).

HIV behavioural surveillance surveys
BSS or KAP surveys

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The age categories are 15 – 19, 20 – 24, 25 – 29, 30 – 34, 35 – 39, 40 – 44, 45 – 49, 50 – 54, 55 – 59, and 60 – 64 years. There are 183 groups since we exclude groups containing less than 40 observations. 24 An additional advantage of the IV approach is that it helps deal with measurement problems. Despite the improved measures of refugee numbers in Turkey by subregion starting in 2014, there is likely considerable measurement error, resulting in attenuation bias in the OLS estimates. For the IV estimates to be consistent, it is only necessary that- conditional on the fixed effects and control variables- the flows of Syrian refugees are uncorrelated with the instrument. 25 Using data from AFAD (2013) we can also weight the aggregate refugee numbers using the Syrian source governorates of refugees in 2012-13 (see Figure 2). Results are qualitatively robust to this alternative instrument and first-stage F-statistics about the same. We prefer the use of the pre-war distribution of population in Syria, Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 25 less cohesion. The increase in solidarity is less apparent among refugees where the majority (53 %) stated that the crisis had no effect on solidarity. Figure 18: Levels of trust, by group (June) (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. Perceptions that different groups have of others are important elements of peace. When asking for the degree to which neighbors, other villagers and people from other ethnic groups can be trusted the survey finds positive outcomes. Although all groups trust people from other ethnic groups slightly less, the general level of trust is high and it remains stable over time. Finally, consider how IDPs, refugees and returnees envision the future of Mali. The majority of refugees in Mauritania vie for an independent or autonomous North, while the majority of IDPs, returnees and refugees in Niger wish to see full government control over the North. 20 20This contradicts, in part, findings of an Afrobarometer perception survey on causes and consequences of the conflict in Mali conducted in December 2013.

Displaced People Survey
Afrobarometer perception survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: According to the 2012 Institutional Profiles report, the quality of public services and its territorial coverage, which was weak to being with, have significantly deteriorated since 2006. 1 A combination of rising poverty, rising insecurity, and deteriorating public services have further strained inter-communal relations and contributed to deteriorations in social cohesion. Many Lebanese youth do not trust their state and become disillusioned as they are not able to affect their own life or contribute productively to society at large. 2 Political and civic engagement is reported to be low (Status of Women in the Middle East and North Africa Survey Project, 2010). 3 In an already fragile context with a highly complex political, religious and social landscape consisting of 18 religious sects, numerous political parties, and large numbers of refugees, many Lebanese 1 On the quality of public services indicator, Lebanon ’ s score declined from 2. 5 in 2006 to 0. 8 in 2012 on a 4-point scale. On the territorial coverage indicator, its score went down from 2. 7 in 2006 to 1. 5 in 2012. 2In a Gallup World Poll, Lebanese reported low confidence in (a) their national government (37 percent) and the judiciary, (b) the honesty of elections (15 percent), and (c) the honesty of government (4 percent) (World Bank, 2016). 3 According to the SWMENA survey, only 18 percent of Lebanese women are members of an organization, compared to 34 percent of men. Men are more likely to be members of a political organization than women (21 percent of men vs. 7 percent of women), whereas women are more likely to be active in religious groups and charity organizations than men. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Middle East and North Africa Survey Project

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 20 between 1948 and 1965, with increases in the percentage of adults with religious education in the cohorts born after this date. There is also wide geographical dispersion in the prevalence of madrassa education in Pakistan. Although all districts report that less than 2. 5 percent of children in the relevant age group (children between the ages of 5 and 19) are going to madrassas, the Pashto speaking belt that borders Afghanistan stands out in terms of the popularity of madrassas as an educational choice. The notion that the madrassa movement coincided with resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan is supported by the 1998 data from the population census. The increase in the stock of religiously educated individuals starts with the cohort that came of age in 1979 (the year of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan) and the largest increase is for the cohort co-terminus with the rise of the Taliban. Combined with the fact that the largest enrollment percentage in Pakistan is in the Pashtun belt bordering Afghanistan, this suggests events in neighboring Afghanistan influence madrassa enrollment. Is there something intrinsic about Pashtun sensibility or tribal culture that leads to higher madrassa enrollment? The differentiation of the Pashtun and non-Pashtun districts does not extend to Pashtun and non-Pashtun households in the LEAPS data. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Our evaluation explicitly investigated these spillovers by including household-level indicators such as food security and attitudes of the household head toward gender norms. Our results show strong impacts on economic outcomes, including large and statistically significant increases in employment and earnings of EPAG participants. We show mixed results on empowerment- related outcomes, and very little evidence of spillovers on non-participants. Self-assessed measures of self-confidence show huge gains, as does ownership and control over monetary resources such as savings. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the EPAG project including some of its innovative design features and implementation details. Section 3 reviews the methodology of the evaluation and Section 4 presents results on the three groups of outcomes discussed above: economic, empowerment, and spillovers. Section 5 includes a short discussion of cost-effectiveness. Section 6 presents a series of robustness checks and Section 7 concludes with a discussion of next steps and policy implications. 2. The EPAG Project The EPAG project is part of a larger Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI) administered by the World Bank with support from the Nike Foundation and the Governments of Australia, the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Launched in Washington DC in October 2008, the AGI was spearheaded by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, who signed on to undertake the initiative ’ s first pilot project in Liberia. The Liberian pilot was launched in March 2010 and has served as a role model to seven subsequent pilot projects in Rwanda, South Sudan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Haiti, Jordan, and Lao PDR. Under the global AGI, young women and adolescent girls are given a package of skills training and complementary services in order to facilitate their successful transition to employment. In the case of EPAG, the intervention consisted of a six month phase of classroom-based training, followed by a six 4

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 5.1.3 Multidimensional poverty ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 5.1.4 Food security........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 5.1.5 Shocks and coping strategies....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 5.2 Determinants of welfare......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 5.3 Cost of basic needs for refugees ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 6. Markets and Opportunities ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 6.1 Spatial disparities in refugees labor market access and outcomes...................................................................................................................................... 57 6.2 Effects of local factors on refugees’ labor market outcomes...................................................................................................................................................... 61 7. Social Cohesion...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 7.1 Attitudes between refugees and hosts...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 7.2 Social interactions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 8. Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 82 Annex A: Description of Refugees by Country of Origin.............................................................................................................................................. 83 Annex B: Refugee Policies in Ethiopia.............................................................................................................................................................................. 85 Annex C: Survey Design and Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Annex D: Descriptive Statistics and Regression Results............................................................................................................................................. 97 Annex E: Robustness Checks of Refugees’ Consumption.......................................................................................................................................... 124 Annex F: Comparison of Results from Skills Profile Survey and SESRE................................................................................................................. 128 TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure ES.1: Desired location in three years ����������������������������������������������������� iv Figure ES.2: Expected location in three years ��������������������������������������������������� iv Figure ES.3: Poverty incidence........................................................................... v Figure ES.4: Food insecurity scale...................................................................... v Figure ES.5: Refugee employment and proximity to resource hubs .................. vi Figure ES.6: Host response to “Refugees are good people” ............................ vii Figure ES.7: Host response to “Would you feel comfortable having

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: informal sector in surrounding communities or the camps., this may include selling aid rations on the local market, informal trade, and economic exchange, or working for local NGOs and UN agencies (ReDSS, 2018). Extensive research has shown that not being able to enter local labor markets legally is detrimental to refugees’ ability to earn for their families, and for them to find an occupational match that maximizes the benefits they contribute to Ethiopia (World Bank, 2023). Because of conflict, the SESRE data collection could not include refugees in the Tigray region in Ethiopia, where most Eritrean refugees were hosted before the conflict. Since outbreak of the conflict in November 2020, many Eritrean refugees moved to Addis Ababa, and many fled from the Mai Ani and Adi Harush refugee camps in Tigray to the newly established refugee hosting site of Alemwach, Dabat in the Amhara region. Between February and July 2022, over 15,000 refugees relocated from the Tigray camps to Alemwach, and an additional 7,000 refugees were resettled in November 2022 following the cessation of hostilities (UNHCR, 2022). Before the conflict, 64 percent of all Eritrean refugees were hosted in camps in Tigray and 36 percent in camps in Afar (UNHCR,

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 40 Sub ‐ Saharan Africa 8604000 5895000 7055000 5406100 5068000 N. A. MENA 6230000 8000000 6675000 8592900 10892000 N. A. Asia and Pacific 4325000 2405000 3392000 2128800 5490000 N. A. (excl. Australia, Japan, New Zealand) Americas 1126000 1280000 2176000 2900000 3661000 N. A. (excl. North America) Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). As indicated in Figure A1, these data are much lower compared to those provided from 2003 by IDMC but provide a longer time series. UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Combining almost 50, 000 responses to 11 cross-sectional surveys between 2017 and 2021, displacement is negatively associated with perceptions of social cohesion in aggregate. But at the individual level, those who report hosting displaced populations in their communities often have higher perceptions of social cohesion. These results are strongest among respondents who self-report hosting IDPs as opposed to refugees, but important heterogeneity across indicators, local context, and gender should guide policy meant to promote social cohesion in forced displacement. This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / www. worldbank. org / prwp. The authors may be contacted at ppham @ hsph. harvard. edu. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The resulting migration matrices should be viewed as work in progress, but they are an important step in an ongoing global effort to improve migration data. The matrices can be readily updated as additional or superior information surfaces, and they can easily be extended to include future census rounds. Bilateral datasets of international migration are rare. Attempts to create them have focused almost exclusively on industrialized countries as destinations because these countries have more accurate and more frequently produced data. Harrison and others (2003) calculate bilateral remittances for the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) together with the 27 largest nonmembers. These estimates are based on international bilateral migrant stock data that the authors also provide, although many of the data are derived from the Trends in International Migration (OECD 2002). This report, published annually since 1973, was arguably the most comprehensive guide to international migration for many years and has been the basis for many studies (see, for example, Mayda 2007). More recently, the OECD has developed a database that provides a comprehensive overview of migration to OECD countries in 2000 (OECD 2008). These data are disaggregated by a number of covariates including age, gender, educational attainment, and place of birth.

international bilateral migrant stock data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). As the Sudanese sample surveys IDPs living in the Abu Shouk and El Salam camps, we must understand these deprivations with the background that these settlements were created as emergency and crisis responses rather than durable, long-term solutions (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019). Although Sudan does have a national electric grid that supplies electricity to the urban and peri-urban areas of the nearby city El Fasher, IDP communities living in the camps report limited connection to the city ’ s electricity supply, reflected in the high deprivations in the electricity and cooking fuel indicators. The ad-hoc construction of dwellings in the two camps explains why 71 % of the IDP households in Abu Shouk and 65 % in El Salam live in tukuls or other permanent mud or wood structures (Sudanese Government ’ s Joint Mechanism for Durable Solutions 2019: p. 50), both of which register as unimproved housing types. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
data source listed most prominently in the announcement was the Emergency Food Security  and Nutrition Assessment (EFSNA), which was conducted between November and December

the IPC classification. For example, the EFSNA avoided the two most conflict-affected gover norates, was potentially plagued by a host of logistical difficulties given the security situation

by the WFP used in this analysis and the Gallup World Poll both find that the size of the

displaced population is up to three times as large as is being identified by the Task Force for  Population Movement (TFPM), which is the official source used in the IPC 2017 classification

occur. This article utilizes the mobile Vulnerability and Assessment Mapping Survey (mVAM)

Emergency Food Security  and Nutrition Assessment (EFSNA)

Emergency Food Security  and Nutrition Assessment

Task Force for  Population Movement (TFPM)

mobile Vulnerability and Assessment Mapping Survey (mVAM)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: UNICEF (2017) reports that for boys, child labor, school violence, and the high costs of schooling (for transportation and stationery supplies) are the main barriers to their enrollment. For girls, barriers include the distance to the nearest school, the high cost of transportation, the need to help with household chores, health problems, and families refusing to educate their daughters. According to the JD ‐ HV database, the most common reasons parents gave for their children not attending school were financial constraints (35 percent), lack of capacity in schools (29 percent), or that children were required to work to support their family (14 percent). By 2016, the enrolment rate of Syrian refugee school ‐ age children in Jordan was 83 percent, 54 percent in formal education, and 29 percent in nonformal education (World Bank 2017b). 10 Refugee Employment It has been hard for refugees to find work in Jordan. The slowdown in growth in Jordan pre ‐ dates the arrival of Syrian refugees and the economy has been increasingly unable to absorb new labor market entrants. Between 2010 and 2016, labor force inactivity increased, employment decreased, and unemployment increased in Jordan (Malaeb and Wahba, 2018).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Our main specification for the poverty line estimations defines an expenditure threshold of R$500 to
classify lumpy (all above) and not lumpy (all below) items. Items that are above the threshold are thus not
included in the consumption aggregate as it is assumed that they are infrequently purchased, and in many
cases, an accurate incorporation into the poverty line calculation would be by estimating a value of the
flow of services they provide to the owner. The data required to run those estimations is not available in
POF 2017/18.

Below we list the items that were excluded in our main specification by POF module.

by floods, and which strategies they use to cope and adapt.
These insights are based on firm survey data collected in

2018 using a tailored questionnaire, covering a sample of

more than 800 firms. To assess the impact of disasters on
businesses, the study considers direct damages and indirect
effects through infrastructure systems, supply chains, and
workers.

This study presents evidence from a dedicated Tanzanian firm survey conducted with 837 businesses in Dar es Salaam and the provinces of Tanga and Dodoma.

The survey's target population was all 58,959 firms in Dar es Salaam, Tanga, and Dodoma that were registered with the National Bureau of Statistics' (NBS) in 2015.

firm survey data
dedicated Tanzanian firm survey

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: using a regression analysis to compare the earnings of refugees and hosts and how this wage gap changes after adjusting for the effects of demographic and job characteristics. Column 1, Annex D, Table D.6 shows that, after controlling for the domain, monthly earnings is 70 percent lower for refugees than for hosts. After controlling for age, gender, and education in Column 2, this earnings gap remains at 64 percent. This means 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camp Hosts Male Camp Refugees Male Camp Hosts Female Camp Refugees Female Employed Unemployed, searching Percent Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Figure 3.5: Work status by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 Female Male Figure 3.6: In-camp refugee share employed by age Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Jobs and Livelihoods 30 that, after adjusting for any differences explained by age, gender, and education, refugees still earn significantly less than hosts. Column 3 indicates that refugees face this same earnings gap even after adjusting for differences explained by occupation and industry. Only after restricting the

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: First, there is reason to believe that better service delivery may aﬀect citizens ’ willingness to defer to the tax department only through its eﬀect on improved outcomes that matter for citizens ’ livelihoods. Unless improved services and infrastructure have a positive impact on citizens ’ welfare, indi- viduals are unlikely to credit the government for these outputs (Sacks and Levi, 2010). The Afrobarometer ’ s objective measures of service delivery only denote the presence or absence of infrastructure and services. The data do not indicate the condition of the services and infrastructure. Citizens may perceive and reward relative improvements or sanction de- teriorations in services, rather than the absolute level of service quality they receive. If services deteriorate or improve, taxpayers may alter their beliefs about governments ’ performance and should attempt to adjust their terms 10I also tested whether there is a relationship between the presence of a concrete road, health clinic, post oﬃce and electricity grid in the enumeration areas and respondents ’ willingness to pay taxes. None of these objective indicators except for the presence of an electricity grid were signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. The presence of an electricity grid is negatively associated with the willingness to defer to the tax department. 17

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 3 restrictions on job search, but they do not benefit from the same humanitarian assistance refugees in camps benefit from (Betts et al., 2017b). We investigate the determinants of the vulnerability of Syrian refugees to the COVID-19 shock in Jordan. In particular, we examine whether Syrian disadvantage during the shock is completely explained by institutional barriers reflected in precarious jobs and residency in camps, or if they experience added vulnerability by virtue of their refugee status. We use retrospective data on the job histories of young Jordanian and Syrian men between the ages of 16 and 30 years from the Survey of Young People in Jordan (SYPJ) (Assaad et al., 2021a; OAMDI, 2022) to construct a synthetic semi-annual panel dataset that tracks the job finding and separation experiences of respondents. We compare the trends of job finding and separation across the two populations before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that Syrians have generally experienced lower job finding rates and higher job separation rates compared to Jordanians, although the differences were generally not statistically significant prior to the pandemic. With the onset of the pandemic, Syrians became significantly disadvantaged on both measures. Controlling for the type of employment showed that workers whose last job was informal were disadvantaged on both measures compared to formal workers regardless of nationality. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Score Grade 6 512.2 527.3 550.0 527.8 515.6 (100.8) (98.96) (95.74) (105.8) (100.7) Enlace taker Grade 9 0.712 1 1 0.769 0.764 (0.453) (0) (0) (0.421) (0.425) Enlace taker Grade 12 0.323 0.453 1 0.370 0.379 (0.468) (0.498) (0) (0.483) (0.485) Girl 0.469 0.498 0.524 0.473 0.535 (0.499) (0.500) (0.499) (0.499) (0.499) Private School Grade 6 0.0822 0.0970 0.119 0.0578 0.0954 (0.275) (0.296) (0.323) (0.233) (0.294) Mother has lower secondary 0.539 (0.499) Father has lower secondary 0.586 (0.493) Mother is white collar 0.114 (0.318) Father is white collar 0.207 (0.405)

Notes: The table shows the mean and standard deviations of all students matched in the ENLACE panel in 2007
(column 1), 2010 (column 2) and 2013 (column 3). Column 4 displays additional variables from student and parents
surveys that were applied to a sample of ENLACE takers. Column 5 reports statistics for the sample of identified
twins in grade 6. Data: ENLACE panel.

Enlace Score 0.213 0.375 -0.0630 0.114 (0.854) (0.856) (0.778) (0.808) College Student 0.630 1 0 0.437 (0.483) (0) (0) (0.496) Employed 0.379 0.263 0.577 1 (0.485) (0.440) (0.494) (0) Upper Secondary GPA -0.0219 0.135 -0.289 -0.0835 (1.007) (0.995) (0.970) (0.987) Girl 0.564 0.546 0.596 0.502 (0.496) (0.498) (0.491) (0.500) Private Upper Secondary 0.175 0.203 0.129 0.134 (0.380) (0.402) (0.335) (0.340) Urban resident 0.848 0.912 0.740 0.814 (0.359) (0.283) (0.439) (0.389) Age 19.18 19.16 19.21 19.23 (

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
However, specifying a control variable for which national accounts or survey data is needed (such as the share of agriculture in GDP or the share of the population engaged in agriculture) would run counter to the purpose of this study, which is to see whether proxies such as nightlights can be used to estimate growth in areas (sub-national or supra-national) for which there are no national accounts or survey data. One option is to use rainfall or vegetation data, which share many of the desirable features of nightlights data, to proxy the performance of the agricultural sector.

In the first step, we estimate national GDP based on specification (1). The estimated GDP is divided into two parts based on the share of agriculture in the economy (based on actual national accounts data): Agricultural GDP and industrial and services GDP. In the second step, we distribute industrial and services GDP among the subnational units in proportion to their share of national nightlights.

6 This is in contrast to Ghosh and others (2010) who use the Landscan data to distribute agricultural GDP among
sub-units.

16

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##### **5.1 Kenya**

survey data
rainfall or vegetation data
nightlights data
national accounts data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In 2003, almost 60 % of young girls and 40 % of young boys had no formal schooling (ILO / UNICEF 2005). Data from the Demographic and Health survey shows that more than 40 percent of adult women have no education, compared to fewer than 20 percent of men, while 23 percent of women and 44 percent of men have some secondary schooling (DHS 2007). Happily, access to education is rising rapidly, especially for girls: according to the Liberian labor force survey from 2010, the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school has risen from 72 in 2000 to 90 in 2009. Enrollment levels and sex ratios are lower among older children and youth, as they become increasingly engaged in 1 Both are unweighted averages; Barro-Lee comprises 32 countries with data from 2010; Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011. 2 Defined as without work, available for work, and actively looking for work (LISGIS 2010). 2 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

Liberian labor force survey
Demographic and Health survey
Barro-Lee
Edstats

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
For this reason, the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency (DEC) has established an open web facility, the XCO2 database, [19] that pre-filters the OCO-2 data and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25 km global grid (G25). The website will also publish annual change estimates for urban areas by statistical significance class and provide information that links G25 grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units (levels 0, 1 and 2). We believe that this web facility will contribute to the global effort to reduce CO2 emissions as rapidly as possible.

Byers, L., J. Friedrich et al. 2021. A Global Database of Power Plants. World Resources
Institute.

JPL/NASA. 2021. OCO-2 Data Set. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology. https://co2.jpl.nasa.gov/?mission=oco-2

XCO2 database
Global Database of Power Plants

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source