Input: 20 of intense conflict. We examine also the overall impact of the 25 years of conflict on educational outcomes. This analysis allows us to consider the full long-term impact of the conflict on educational outcomes of different generations of children in Timor Leste. 4. 2. 1. The educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence We exploit variation in the number of killings over time and across districts to identify conflict affected individuals. Our intention here is to analyze whether individuals exposed to the violence during their primary school age show different primary school completion rates eight years after the end of the war, relative to those not affected by the conflict. The outcome variable in which we are interested is whether individuals completed primary school in 2007. Figure 7 shows average primary school attainment for all individuals in our sample. The graph shows an increasing trend in primary school completion across cohorts and a progressive reduction of the gender gap. The gap among the younger cohort (those born after 1987) is almost zero. The drop in the curve for the younger cohort confirms the presence of significant delays in school attendance. For the purpose of this analysis, we use the TLSS 2007 dataset and the HRVD dataset contained in the CAVR data publication.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Fortunately, there is a very large national longitudinal dataset from Taiwan (China), which permits a robust estimation of the impact of mother's HBV status on sex ratios at birth.

However, a large medical dataset from Taiwan (China) shows that hepatitis B infection raises women's probability of having a son by only 0.25 percent.

However, the findings from the detailed medical dataset from Taiwan (China), indicate that she has massively overestimated the impact of maternal hepatitis B infection on the sex ratio at birth.

She therefore compiles data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) carried out in 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, cautioning that these survey data suffer from defects such as recall bias.

Her third approach uses United States census data to look for patterns in the sex ratios of children born to Chinese immigrants, who are assumed to have levels of HBV prevalence similar to their place of origin.

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
United States census data

national longitudinal dataset from Taiwan

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A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Challenges around skill mismatch exacerbate exclusion, as many young Lebanese lack the skills and competencies demanded by private sector employers, particularly ‘ soft skills ’. To address some of these challenges, the Lebanese government (GOL) identified volunteerism as a mechanism to enable diverse youth to work together for improved community assets and service delivery as well as increased employability. In September 2012, the GOL issued a Decree (Number 8924 / 2012) that created a new extra curriculum program that requires secondary school students to complete 60 hours of civil work. In addition, the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA), through its Volunteering Department, launched annual action plans for the implementation of youth volunteer summer camps across Lebanon. 4 Father ’ s education and residence (region and location of school) are the two largest contributors to inequality of opportunity in students ’ math test scores, accounting for 44 and 23 percent of total inequality, respectively (World Bank, 2016). 5 According to the 2013 Gallup Poll, 90 percent of respondents in Lebanon agreed with the statement that knowing people in high positions is critical to getting a job. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: received/ reported by refugees, refugees’ food expenditures would be much more comparable to those of hosts (Based on this information, we compare how the distribution list shared what refugees should have received to what they reported regarding food consumption. The results show that refugees reported quantities lower than UNHCR food aid admin data for every item except Biscuits. Refugee households still report lower quantities, even correcting for shares indicated as sold (Table E.2). Table E.3: Aggregate food expenditures Value/year (per capita) Value/year (per adult) Food expenditure (all) [A] 11,412 13,898 Food expenditure (UNHCR items only) [B] 3,528 4,335 Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind) [C] 11,313 13,933 Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind + cash) [D] 16,179 19,965 Source: UNHCR and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Food expenditure (all): aggregate food expenditure. Food expenditure (UNHCR items only): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items only Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind + cash): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices plus the cash equivalent transfers Annexes 126 Food aid data received from WFP Food aid information received information from the WFP includes five food items and their

WFP Food aid information
UNHCR food aid admin data

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A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
`o` Respondents were selected randomly from the ProGres database out of the total pool of beneficiaries
who received the assistance from August to November 2021.

`o` With a 95% confidence level, and 7% for confidence interval, the sample size needed for the total of
households (HH) assisted was 182. Nevertheless, a total of 400 HH were selected to address the high
mobility and lack of phone numbers on record.

`o` A total of 174 households answered, out of which 141 were headed by women.

- Limitations and challenges faced:

`o` PoCs are usually registered at the border state of Roraima; however, many individuals continue their
journey to the country resulting, on most occasions, in a change of phone number. As data is collected
using phone calls, this represents a real challenge. An alternative was to reach respondents through
WhatsApp for those that were not initially answering.

`o` This monitoring exercise was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, under the impact of restrictive
measures to combat the spread of the disease.

### 3.KEY FINDINGS

**Household demographics**

- Average household size 3.8

- Nationalities: 97% Venezuelans and 3% other

nationalities

- Number of people by age group who live in the

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 7 of 51 In this sense, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that the non-standard employment statistics presented below are not homogeneous among countries. In countries where both forms of non- standard employment were identified, we define non-standard employment as those occupations that satisfy at least one of the conditions, that is, either corresponds to a part-time occupation or a temporary job. In countries where temporary employment was not identified in the data, our non- standard employment category will coincide with part-time employment. Note that in either case, as other non-standard employment modalities are not identified, the indicators presented in this paper indicate a lower level with respect to the true dimension of the phenomenon. The only aspect addressed that required the use of additional information was the analysis linked to the profile of tasks that are developed in the framework of non-standard jobs. To carry out this analysis, the information available in the O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database was used in conjunction with the Household surveys. This database provides information referring to the content of tasks of the occupations.

O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 10 inflow). We then use the composite variable as an instrument to identify the causal impact of refugee presence on livelihood diversification and commercialization in host communities. Figure 2: Household livelihood strategy framework under refugee inflow Source: Adapted from Nielsen et al. (2013) and Walelign and Jiao (2017) 4. Data sources The major data source of the current study is the World Bank ’ s Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) 12 baseline survey from Ethiopia. The Ethiopia DRDIP survey was administered between September 2017 and August 2018. The survey covers 113 Kebeles (wards) in 16 Woredas (districts) from the top five refugee-hosting regions in Ethiopia. The selection of the sample households follows stratified random sampling with proportion to size (the number of households) using Woredas as a geographic stratum. The sample originally comprised a total of 3, 390 households, who were selected using systematic random sampling within each Woreda. We used data from 3, 375 households, as 15 of them were excluded due to missing location information (GPS). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Several key messages emerge.** **First, SOEs in Romania were larger-employed more people and had**
**larger assets per worker-and paid better wages, on average, than their POE peers from 2011 to**
**2019.** On average, they had lower revenue per worker than POEs over the same period. These results are
robust for the various SOE ownership degrees (i.e., minority and majority owned SOEs) and align with
other studies. In addition, the average SOE experienced higher job growth, investment, and labor
productivity growth but slower wage growth than the average POE over the same period. Nevertheless,
these growth effects are not uniform across the various ownership degrees.

employment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sector size in economy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations **[†]** 704 704 704 704 704 704 704 697 704 704 Within R-squared **[†]** 0.095 0.009 0.039 0.267 0.147 0.193 0.046 0.072 0.045 0.040 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019.

<!-- PAGE 43 -->
Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data from 2018 to 2020. The sample includes all firms. Growth is calculated as the difference between the values
in year t and t-1 divided by the average of the values in year t and t-1.

5 According to the World Bank Businesses of the State database, SOEs with at least 10% state ownership accounted for 3.6% of the formal employment as of 2019 in Romania.

(2022b) to supplement the World Bank BOS database.

World Bank Businesses of the State database

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 32 of 51 Figure 25: Education profile of Temporary employees. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Note: SP indicates the starting point of the analysis and EP states de ending point. It should be noted, however, that, like in the case of Latin American countries, the improvement in the educational profile of workers is a generalized trend in the countries considered and cannot be considered a specific characteristic of non-standard employment since it is also observed in standard wage employment and self-employed workers. Statistics regarding the educational profile of standard employees are included in the Annex of the paper. When we analyze what has happened at the salary level in the period of consideration (Figure 26), two important conclusions emerge. On the one hand, a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed, indicating an increase in their average. This growth in wages is simply a consequence of the economic growth experienced by the economies. Note that this average wage increase is also observed in the counterpart of standard employment in all cases. 10 10As mentioned above, standard employment is calculated as the total number of employees who do not identify with any of the non-standard categories (temporary or part-time).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ’ s (UNECE) guidelines include a question on reason for migration, population with a refugee-like background and IDPs as non-core topics / questions (UNHCR 2016). 72 While most countries include questions on country of birth and citizenship, only about 40 percent include a question on year of migration, less than a quarter include a question on reason for international migration, and about a fifth include a question on the reason for internal migration (UNHCR 2016). 73 E. g. Kyrgyz Republic 1999 (refugee status), West Bank and Gaza 2007 (refugee status), Zambia 2000 and 2010 (purpose of stay), Germany 1970 (federal refugee identity card), Greece 2001 (reason for settling in Greece), Sudan and South Sudan 2008 (type of household including IDP and refugee), Liberia 1990 (ever displaced by war since 1990), Uganda 2014 (refugees). 74 UNHCR is collaborating with the Statistics Norway on systematically embedding forcibly displaced peoples in national statistics exercises and collaborates with national authorities and with UNFPA in various countries on the design of census exercises that include refugees, IDPs, returnees and stateless persons. 75 LSMS is a household survey program housed in the Bank's Development Research Group that provides technical assistance to national statistical offices in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys covering household behavior, welfare and interactions with government policies. All data gathered through the LSMS is published online in the Bank ’ s Central Microdata Catalog.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Section 6 presents the differing views of IDPs, refugees and returnees on what happened during the crisis and prospects for peace. Section 7 concludes the paper. 2. The Listening to Displaced People Survey The Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS) combines a baseline face-to-face survey with mobile phone follow-up interviews. During the baseline survey respondents were identified and information on household and respondent characteristics was collected. Once the baseline interview was completed, respondents were given a mobile phone and started to receive, at monthly intervals, phone interviews from a call center in Bamako. During these phone interviews structured questions were asked about welfare of the household. Phone interviews are standard practice in developed countries and they are increasingly being used in less developed countries, as the coverage of cell phone networks expands. Not only do these kinds of surveys allow for low cost, high frequency representative data collection (Hoogeveen et Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 7 Figure 4 ‐ Research on Migration, Refugees and IDPs (% of total hits) Source: Authors ’ estimations based on Econpapers, SSRN and Google Scholars searches. This phenomenon can be explained by essentially two factors. The first relates to the humanitarian ‐ development nexus. For the longest time, refugees and IDPs remained the quasi monopoly of humanitarian organizations whose mandate is essentially the humanitarian protection of refugees and IDPs. These organizations are not typically staffed by economists and analysists but by field workers and lawyers. There was, therefore, little demand for hard economics on forced displacement for a very long time. This is changing as development organizations typically staffed by economists have started to work on forced displacement situations. The second factor relates to lack of good data. As we will see in the data section, data collection of mobile populations is complex and the main organizations in charge of data collection of refugee and IDPs data are humanitarian organizations that do not necessarily have the complex skills required for issues like sampling, questionnaire design and data analysis and have a duty to protect data by mandate. This, in turn, has resulted in very few micro data that would be both of good quality and accessible to researchers. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 15 4. 1. 2. Empirical strategy In order to make use of the retrospective information on school attendance provided in the dataset, we have constructed what we have called an ‘ ad hoc panel ’, whereby we exploit the time-variation of the variables of interests (age, attendance status and grade attained by the respondents) by reshaping the cross-sectional structure of the TLSS 2001 dataset. In this way, we are able to obtain observations for each individual over three academic years. All key education variables are time- variant, while other individuals and households characteristics are time-invariant. Within these three years, we focus our analysis on individuals that were of primary school age (between 7 and 12 years old) in each year. In practice, we keep all children aged at minimum 7 years old in 1998 and at maximum 12 years old in 2000. As a consequence, our panel data contains children aged 8-11 years in 1999, the year of the violence. 11 Since we are interested in looking at different effects across groups of individuals, we have split the sample between boys and girls and between younger children (aged 8-9 in 1999) and older children (aged 10-11 in 1999).

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Data Description for the HEIS We use the most recent two rounds of Jordan ’ s Household Expenditure and Income Survey (HEIS) in 2008 and 2010, which are the nationally representative surveys used to produce official poverty statistics. The HEIS has been implemented nine times since 1966, and every other year between 2006 and 2010. In addition to household expenditures, it collects data on 18 According to the UNHCR (http: / / data. unhcr. org / syrianrefugees / country. php? id = 107), in July 2012 there were about 29, 000 registered Syrian refugees in Jordan; a year later the number of refugees rose to about 115, 000, and by August 2014 the number further increased to slightly more than 600, 000, which is roughly a tenth of Jordan ’ s population. 20 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The regional protection monitoring harmonization established a regional incident typology framework to efficiently
analyze the regional protection monitoring data. To this extent, 7,503 protection incidents with 106,673 victims were
reported in September 2022 in both countries, which affected 10 provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) and 1 province in Mozambique. It is worth mentioning that of the protection incidents reported in September
2022, some occurred in the same month, and some occurred before September 2022.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: expect the prices of many manufactures to do as well. The 1995 / 96 NLSS collected information on the quantity and price paid for rice by individual households. From this we compute a unit price per Kg. The log of the district median is used as our price index proxy. To construct an index of housing costs, we take advantage of a section of the 1995 / 96 NLSS survey focusing on housing. The survey collected information on hypothetical and actual house rental values of each household together with house characteristics such as square footage, number and type of rooms, quality of materials, and the availability of various utilities. We use these data to construct an hedonistic index of housing costs for each district. Let rk s be the house rental price paid (or estimated) by household h in district s and let xh s denote a vector of house characteristics. We estimate a regression of the form: log rk s = as + bxh s + ek s to obtain estimates of eas, the housing cost premium in each district s. Regression results are shown in Table A1 in appendix. Many house characteristics are signiﬁcant with the expected sign, e. g., larger, better built houses with better in-house amenities are worth more. District price diﬀerentials are large and jointly signiﬁcant. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 1. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa is the youngest region in the world, and the world ’ s fastest-growing. Between 2010 and 2025, the number of people between 15 and 24 will grow to 250 million – a net increase of nearly 50 percent. Over the next decade, roughly one million young people will enter the labor market each month in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, these young people often enter the labor market too early and unprepared. Although access to education is growing, illiteracy remains high and schooling low: among the 32 Sub-Saharan African countries in the Barro-Lee (2010) data set, nearly 40 percent of women aged 15 and above have received no education at all; and the most recent (2007-2011) statistics in the World Bank ’ s Edstats data reveal that female literacy is less than 60 percent, on average. 1 This lack of preparedness contributes to a growing problem of youth unemployment. Quantifying the level of unemployment is bedeviled by lack of data and measurement issues. Household and labor force surveys throughout Africa usually record unemployment rates of less than 10 percent, 2 but those figures belie the extent of underemployment and vulnerability. Those same surveys indicate that the vast majority of working adults have insecure work in the informal sector, on the family farm, or in less- productive or unremunerated labor. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
From 1997-98, 274 households, randomly selected from 10 purposively sampled villages, [2] were surveyed in each of four periods, including the 1997 post-harvest and the subsequent 1998 hunger season.

availability. Women in these households were asked to recollect the quantities of

different foods consumed in the previous seven days. These data were converted into

<!-- PAGE 12 -->
8

daily per capita caloric availability using household size and locally adapted tables that

convert physical units of food into calories. Were data available, however, the measure

The incidence and depth of current caloric shortfall can be directly calculated

from the survey data collected in November 1997. We take 2,345 kcal/person/day as

caloric threshold which corresponds to the needs of a 60 kg male, aged 30-59,

Government of Mali and the USAID sponsored [Famine Early Warning System for Mali]

use it as a leading indicator of food insecurity. Since [the availability of food is necessary]

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 7 other disciplines it is relatively rare. A review of published public health literature by Chen et al. (2018) found most surveys use probabilistic designs in the first stage, but random walk or similar methods in the second stage. Lupu and Michelitch (2018) suggest that the combination of random walk and quota sampling is the common approach for political science-themed surveys conducted in the developing world, with 77 percent of respondents to their expert survey using a variation on this design. Diaz de Rada and Martínez (2014) compare a combination of random walk and quota sampling (based on age and gender) to probability designs and find a more accurate estimation of age and educational attainment in the combined method than in the probability methods, but that the probability methods perform better for measuring unemployment. The authors cite the replacement protocols for the probability methods as a reason for the bias and attribute the use of quota sampling for the success in estimating age and education, compared to the gold standard of a high-quality probability sample design. There are also a limited number of papers which directly compare two or three of the methods, but none that consider this wide range of alternatives. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: While camps have been recognized as posing serious challenges (Jacobsen and Crisp 1998), it is quite striking to observe that this organizational feature is not as spread in other regions of the world as in SSA. At best, only 28, 25 and 15 percent refugees are hosted in planned / managed camps in Asia, Americas, and the MENA region, respectively. Such figures are based on the most recent year available (2013) and may change significantly following the large inflows of Syrian refugees into Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Turkey. Nonetheless, the differences are sufficiently striking to believe that this is a distinct feature of refugee hosting in SSA. 2 UNHCR defines a protracted refugee situation as “ one in which 25, 000 or more refugees of the same nationality have been in exile for five years or longer in a given asylum country ” (2012: 23). 3 The figures are based on refugees (including those in refugee ‐ like situation). Persons in refugee ‐ like situations include “ groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained ” (UNHCR 2014: 39). The number of refugees and people in refugee ‐ like situation for which demographic data is available does not necessarily equal the total number of refugees. However, for SSA, there is little difference between the two. We also restrict the number of refugees to those whose accommodation is known by the UNHCR (approximately 19 % in the world and 8 % for SSA). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: refugees in Addis Ababa residing in rented houses. Most Eritrean refugee households (61 percent) live in temporary30 shelters provided by the UN or NGOs, whereas 50 percent of Somali refugee households and 71 percent of South Sudanese refugee households live in UN or NGO-provided permanent31 shelters. In Addis Ababa, 97 percent of refugee households live in rented houses. SESRE data also show that OCP refugees pay higher rents than hosts; on average, refugees pay roughly ETB 31,600 per year per adult equivalent, while hosts pay slightly less than half of that (ETB 18,700) (Annex D, Figure D.14). Refugees do not qualify for government 29 At least having difficulty with seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, selfcare or communicating. 30 Temporary shelters have walls mainly made of tent, plastic cover, and irons sheet. 31 Permanent shelters have walls mainly made of wood, mud, non-plastered blocks. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Stunted Underweight Wasted Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.18: Child nutritional indicators Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Survey (UNHS) and the 2009/10 Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS), both implemented

The 2005/06 UNHS covered all the districts in Uganda surveying 7,421 households

from 783 Enumeration Areas. The 2009/10 UNPS collected information on 2,975 households

2009/10 Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS)

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. The author may be contacted at asacks @ worldbank. org. and managing these resources. The author assesses these competing hypotheses using multi-level analyses of Afrobarometer survey data. The sample, drawn from a continuum of developing societies in Africa, allows for analysis of associations between donor and non-state actor service provision and the sense of obligation to comply with the tax authorities, the police and courts. The findings yield support for the hypothesis that the provision of services by donors and non-state actors is strengthening, rather than undermining, the relationship between citizens and the state. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A significant increase in non-participation among men can be clearly seen in the West Bank in 2020Q2, mostly at the expense of the private infor- mal sector. The labor market then quickly bounces back. By 2020Q3, labor market stocks in the West Bank appear indistinguishable from pre-pandemic periods. Gaza, on the other hand, experienced three consecutive quarters of depressed employment from 2020Q2 to 2020Q4. Non-participation spiked twice, first in 2020Q2 and then in 2020Q4, corresponding respectively to the initial lockdown orders and the subsequent outbreak in Gaza. Recovery also appears to be slow and uneven. Figure (3) shows the labor market flows. We exploit the specific panel structure of the LFS dataset, described in Section 3. 1 by focusing on one cohort of the same respon- dents who were surveyed in 2019Q1, 2019Q2, 2020Q1, 2020Q2, and finally 2020Q4. This cohort of individuals allows us to observe labor market transitions into the pan- demic; to compare with a period over the same quarters in 2019; and, finally, to observe their recovery outcomes in 2020Q4. Overall, Figure (3) shows two labor markets with high levels of churning. On average, 29 % of individuals in the sample would change their labor market states after just one quarter. These churns are especially prominent between informal employment and unemployment, and in Gaza between unemployment and non-participation. The figure also illustrates the significant differences between the West Bank and Gaza in labor market dynamics, differences already observed in the labor market stocks presented in Figure (1). In addition to the significant flows between unemployment 11 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These calculations conﬁrm our earlier assessment. 5 Conclusion Combining data from a household survey and an 11 % census of the population, we have estimated destination choice regressions for Nepalese internal migrants. Results show that population density, social proximity, and access to amenities exert a strong inﬂuence on migrants ’ choice of destination. These results conﬁrm earlier work on the factors aﬀecting the subjective welfare cost of isolation (Fafchamps and Shilpi, 2008). 29 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

household survey
11 % census of the population

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
(2022b) to supplement the World Bank BOS database.

The database was built using data from ORBIS and complemented with data from government sources, such as business registries, central depositories, central oversight bodies, and the Ministry of Finance.

EC (European Commission). 2015. "Macroeconomic imbalances Country Report - Romania 2015,"
Occasional Papers 223. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs,

Using 1995, 2004, and 2008 data from the Chinese Industrial Census, Brandt, Kambourov, and Storesletten (2020) indicate that a key factor underlying the dispersion and dynamics of aggregate total factor productivity and wages across Chinese prefectures were entry barriers, which in turn were linked to significant state presence in economic activities.

World Bank BOS database
Chinese Industrial Census

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Significant among these are: (a) the lack of capacity of national statistical agencies in many developing countries to collect robust data on refugees; (b) weak or incomplete monitoring of refugees dispersed within host communities; (c) lack of capacity to maintain up to date information on refugees (reflecting new arrivals, 81 General population registers may also provide opportunities for more elaborate analysis of the integration of refugees in asylum countries, as the data could be linked to other administrative registers, for example on labor and education (UNSD 2014). 82 UNHCR collects, compiles and publishes data on asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs protected or assisted by UNHCR, including populations in refugee-like or IDP-like situations. 83 Established in 1863, the ICRC ’ s mission is to ensure humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As in previous sections we follow Henderson et al. (2012) who argue that the relationship between GDP and night light at the country level can be expressed fairly well in a constant elasticity model in which an increase of night light by 1 percent implies an increase of GDP of about 0. 25 percent. Hodler and Raschky (2014) also look at the relationship between log nighttime light intensity and log GDP at the regional level using the panel data of regional GDP per capita assembled by Gennaioli et al. (2013) 48 and they conﬁrm that the relationship is linear and also ﬁnd an elasticity of around 0. 3. Access to political power is ranked on a scale from 1 to 7 in the GROWup dataset. Ethnic groups are"powerful"(monopoly of power or dominant group in power), have access to central power through a formal system of power sharing (as"Senior"or"Ju- nior"partner) or are “ excluded ” from power (self excluded, powerless or discriminated). Strong executive constraint is measured as a dummy indicating whether or not we have executive parity or subordination of the executive at the country level, a value 7 for “ xconst ” variable in Polity IV dataset. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 27 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 7. Conclusion The 2012 crisis in northern Mali led to widespread displacement. The welfare of the displaced – and those who returned – is monitored by combining a baseline survey with structured monthly follow-up interviews carried out by mobile phone. This innovative approach allows tracking changes in welfare with high frequency – even for those who returned to areas that are insecure and inaccessible to enumerators. After 6 rounds of follow-up interviews attrition rates are very low (more than 99 % response rate), demonstrating that it is possible to collect robust and representative data from hard-to-reach, conflict-affected populations. The results show that those who fled were better educated, better off and less affected by violence than the average population in the North. Those who fled lost significant amounts of durable goods (20-60 %) and livestock (50-90 %); many of their children ended up being taken out of school and their welfare (measured subjectively and by the number of meals consumed) declined considerably. Over time, the impact of the crisis on welfare has lessened and by February 2015 the majority of eligible children of the displaced were going to school and levels of employment and number of meals consumed were at pre-crisis levels. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Percentage of women who reported sexual violence by an intimate partner (ever), physical violence by an intimate partner (ever), and physical violence by an intimate partner in the past 12 months. 50 % 59 % 30 % 27 % 34 % 13 % 31 % 50 % 62 % 34 % 33 % 47 % 23 % 41 % 37 % 20 % 10 % 14 % 6 % 17 % 23 % 47 % 23 % 29 % 31 % 6 % 23 % 40 % 42 % 49 % 3 % 18 % 19 % 16 % 8 % 19 % 16 % 8 % 13 % 29 % 3 % 17 % 25 % 13 % 15 % Bangladesh (Urban) Bangladesh (Province) Brazil (Urban) Brazil (Province) Ethiopia (Province) Japan (Urban) Namibia (Urban) Peru (Urban) Peru (Province) Thailand (Urban) Thailand (Province) Tanzania (Urban) Tanzania (Province) Serbia Samoa sexual violence ever physical violence ever physical violence past 12 months Source: Unpublished data from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women ’ s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. The final published comparative report is forthcoming. Cited with permission. Prevalence data on sexual violence is even more limited than physical violence. However, evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of girls and women have experienced child sexual abuse, forced sex and other forms of sexual coercion in virtually every setting of the world. For example, population-based studies have asked about “ forced ” sexual debut among sexually experienced young people and found rates from 7 % (New Zealand), to 46 % (in the Caribbean) (Heise and Garcia Moreno, 2002).

WHO Multi-Country Study on Women ’ s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: a pre-sampling assessment by visiting the camps to verify on-the-ground conditions. 56 Refugees from Sudan were not included in SESRE as, at the time of sampling, there were less than 50,000 Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia and inclusion was not deemed cost effective. Annexes 93 households in a row from the list; that is, 50-200 HHs grouped as EA1 and the next 150-200 households grouped as EA2, and so on. EAs and households from each sampled EAs were selected. (b) Refugees in Addis Ababa We used a slightly different approach for refugees in Addis Ababa because of the difficulty of obtaining a reliable, complete list of locations for refugees living there. The refugee sampling frame in Addis was based on UNHCR’s proGRES registration data, sorted by location. The UNHCR list has information about how many refugee households live in each Woreda in Addis Ababa, their contact details, location, and other information. We developed pseudo-EAs from the list by location (sub-city and Woreda); some EAs covered more than one Woreda, and multiple EAs were in a single Woreda. We selected a sample of EAs and households from each EAs in collaboration with UNHCR. Finding refugees in Addis Ababa was challenging, as they

proGRES registration data
UNHCR’s proGRES registration data

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 however, since they cannot distinguish between a country where the population is concentrated in one cluster covering 10 % of the territory and one where the population is concentrated in two clusters of 5 % each, but with a considerable geographical distance between them. Population and conflict geography in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) corresponds to these arguments regarding population concentration and dispersion. Concentrations of language-based minorities are evident throughout eastern DRC. Due to the limited access of the government, the close proximity to international borders, and the dense population concentrations, these concentrated minorities have a higher potential of conflict than other, more accessible, sparsely populated areas of DRC. Figure 1 shows the population concentrations in 1990 (CIESIN data) for Central Africa. Heavily populated areas are shaded in deeper tones of red / grey. Civil conflict in DRC has overwhelmingly occurred in the eastern portion of the state, which is the most densely populated area and also geographically peripheral to the capital, Kinshasa. Of the eleven Congolese rebel groups accounted for in the dataset used in this paper, all have operated either exclusively or partially in the eastern and southern areas of DRC.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: appear to be a relationship between perceptions of the helpfulness of donors and non-state actors and the willingness to defer to the police and to the courts. Individuals who believe that donors and non-state actors exert too much, rather than, too little inﬂuence over one ’ s government is associated with the willingness to defer to the court and to the police. Findings also suggest that citizens who believe non-state actors are responsible for provid- ing law and order are less likely to be willing to defer to the police and to the courts than respondents who believe the state is responsible for providing law and order. 7. 4 Conclusion This paper demonstrates that the logic of the ﬁscal contract is relevant to a wide variety of contemporary African states. Findings from a cross-national analysis of survey data from Africa link citizens ’ legitimating beliefs — in- dicated by a willingness to defer to the tax department, the police and the courts — to a government ’ s fulﬁllment of a ﬁscal contract. Citizens who are satisﬁed with their government ’ s provision of services and goods are more likely to be willing to defer to the tax department, courts and police than citizens who disapprove of government service provision. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Medium ‐ intensity, on the other hand refers to “ regular armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents. ” (IISS 2017) Within the first category, according to the Armed Conflict Survey in 2016 are Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Iraq, while Myanmar, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan are in medium ‐ intensity conflict. (Eritrea is not included in the Armed Conflict Survey in 2017, discussed in Annex). Minorities in Albania, Kosovo and Serbia are often the objects of discrimination but countries are not in conflict. A capsule summary of the security and social situation in each of the other countries included in this survey can be found in Annex 2. The survey illustrates how impractical return is today in the countries in conflict, such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and voluntary return in large 36 Best practice and new methods in return policy, July 2017, http: / / www. bamf. de / SharedDocs / Meldungen / EN / 2017 / EMN / 20170504 ‐ emnjahrestagung ‐ rueckkehr. html

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The model includes ϐixed effects for grade, school, and language spoken. 14 The results are presented in Table 3. We then narrow our focus to foreign students who joined Italian schools after February 2022, speciϐically comparing Ukrainian refugees to other newly arrived foreign students. This approach allows us to examine how Ukrainian refugees compare to other foreign students who entered the education system around the same time. By restricting the sample to these two categories of students, we estimate the following regression: 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 + 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑓𝑓𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 + 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (2), with variables as deϐined in (1), and results presented in Table 4. Our analysis also aims to explore potential mechanisms that could explain results derived from equations (1) and (2). Using the administrative data, we investigate whether being placed in a smaller class inϐluences school achievement in the sample of Ukrainian refugees. The results are presented in Table 5. We then draw on ϐindings from the survey data to unpack and analyze how Ukrainian refugees feel in Italy, the challenges they face, and their aspirations. 4. Results 4. 1. Integration challenges faced by Ukrainian refugees in Italy Low enrollment and substantial dropout rates At the end of the 2021-2022 school year, the enrollment rate of Ukrainian refugee children in Italian schools was low. In the months following Russia ’ s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, 3, 320 Ukrainian refugees were enrolled into Italian secondary schools. This ϐigure constitutes 24 % of the 14, 106 Ukrainian refugees aged between 11 and 18 years who sought temporary protection as of 14 This variable is included to account for the potentially greater ease of learning experienced by students who speak languages that are considered closer to Italian.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: likelihood of return. Moreover, the sensitivity of this return decision to conditions in Syria (i. e., conﬂict intensity) is also markedly diﬀerent along such characteristics. 4. 3 Conditions in Host Countries A refugee ’ s livelihood opportunities and housing conditions in the host country may also be important determinants of her return decision. In fact, this point often appears in the popular media in diﬀerent forms like"good conditions make refugees stay"and, by extension,"bad conditions make refugees return". 19 In this section, we show that our results do not necessarily support this view. First, we explore how individual return decisions are aﬀected by living conditions in the host countries by estimating equation 4. These results are reported in Table 8, where individual controls from ProGres are suppressed for ease of exposition. In column (1), we ﬁnd that more food secure households have a higher hazard rate of return, a result that is highly signiﬁcant. However, the magnitude of the eﬀect is small: a one standard deviation increase in the food security PCA index increasing the hazard rate by 0. 27 %. Moreover, Column (2) shows that better housing conditions- proxied for by the housing PCA index- also increase the hazard rate by a similar magnitude. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We measure time-use through the number of hours in the previous day a respondent reports spending idle, as well as the amount of time spent on a variety of other common activities one might do in the camps (including bathing, market, chores, collection of rations, eating, child-rearing, sitting at tea stalls, praying, sleeping, visiting friends / relatives, playing games, playing sport, sitting idle). Finally, we ask respondents how much they consume, borrow and save over the past week. We further consider changes in perceptions on gender and power in two ways. First, we generate a Household Power Index, composed of a set of questions on perceptions of gendered decision-making and intimate partner violence. The questions are drawn from Haushofer and Shapiro (2016), which are themselves adapted from the Demographic Health Surveys. In addition, we produce a Work Rights Index, composed of questions around whether respondents feel that women should be allowed to work inside or outside the home or the camp block. Each outcome is described in greater detail in Appendix C. The frequency with which each outcome is collected is also presented in Appendix C. Multiple hypothesis testing We utilize two approaches to address the issue of multiple hypothesis testing. First, we present our primary outcome, psychosocial well-being, as an inverse-covariance weighted index variable following Anderson (2008). We also generate index variables for other outcomes in which this is possible, such as the cognitive index, the household power index, and the work rights index. Our second strategy is to report the sharpened False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-values for all outcomes within a particular table, which control for the expected proportion of rejections that are type I errors, likewise 12 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (0.04) (0.24) HH operates a nonfarm enterprise 0.07** -0.00 -0.05 0.26*** (0.03) (0.03) (0.10) (0.07) Share of employed members 0.35*** 0.57*** 0.14** 0.06 (0.08) (0.06) (0.06) (0.08) Health shock 0.07 -0.02 -0.04 -0.20 (0.06) (0.06) (0.10) (0.18) Market shock -0.01 -0.09*** -0.04 -0.19*** (0.02) (0.03) (0.04) (0.05) Employment shock 0.01 -0.11 -0.06 -0.07 (0.07) (0.11) (0.31) (0.18) Drought shock -0.03 0.08 0.24 (0.05) (0.09) (0.32) Political shock -0.05 -0.23* -0.23** -0.06 (0.05) (0.12) (0.11) (0.38) Constant 10.05*** 10.22*** 10.58*** 10.49*** (0.07) (0.09) (0.32) (0.36) Survey domain Yes Yes Yes Yes Survey time Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 1286 1287 432 430 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Dependent variable is the log of total per adult equivalent consumption expenditure. All regressions include fixed effects for the survey domain and time (year and month) to account for locational and temporal differences. Standard errors in parentheses; * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Annexes 114 The regression specification used is: where is the vector of control variables that include demographic characteristics (sex of household head, age of household head, family size, years of schooling completed by the head), assets and wealth (mobile phone ownership,

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 24% 64% 30% 37% 10% 8% Source of lighting Electricity (meter) 74% 13% 25% 5% 29% 1% Electricity (meter, generator, solar) 89% 91% 38% 17% 34% 4% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < 15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >= 65 < 15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >= 65 < 15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >= 65 < 15 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 >= 65 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa Male Female Percent Figure D.1: Age group by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In camp Addis Ababa Total Average share of primary school age children in primary education Average share of secondary school age children in secondary education Percent Figure D.3: Share of school-age children in education per household Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eritrean Somali South

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 11055 The paper examines the early integration of Ukrainian refugee students into Italy ’ s education system following the Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Using administrative and survey data, the study presents enrollment trends, academic performance, and barriers to educational integration. Findings from the analysis indicate that Ukrainian refugees face lower enrollment rates, higher absenteeism, and lower test scores than other students, particularly in subjects requiring language proficiency. Despite these challenges, teachers often recommend Ukrainian refugee students for advanced educational tracks, thus revealing their optimism about the potential of these students.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: the optimal travel time between Woredas using the transport network of 2020. The trade elasticity, has a value of 8.28 (Eaton and Kortum, 2002). Box 6.1: Measurement of proximity and market access index in Ethiopia 37 43 19 To Woreda City 1-10km 10-20km >20km 1-20km 20-100km >100km 1-30km 30-50km >50km 45 26 29 To Zone capital 18 59 23 To nearest border 44 28 11 17 Proximity to economic hub Nearest to Zone Nearest to Woreda but not Zone Nearest to border but not Zone & Woreda Remote 24 40 36 Market accessibility High accessibility Medium accessibility Low accessibility Figure 6.1: Refugee incidence Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: High, medium, and low accessibility refers to the level of market access, with >0, [-0.5, 0], and <-0.5 standard deviations from the average, respectively. a. Against distance to cities and borders b. By market accessibility, proximity to resource hub Markets and Opportunities 59 Labor market outcomes47 differ by proximity to resource hubs and connectivity. The labor force participation rate for refugees is highest in remote locations and areas with poor connectivity (Figure 6.2). Yet, most refugees in the labor force in remote and low-connected locations are unemployed, highlighting

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The 10-item parenting stress scale used in this sample was found to have a high internal-consistency reliability, with a Cronbach ’ s alpha of. 85 in this sample. Independent (Stressor and Other Covariate) Variables A variety of known stressors and correlates of maternal mental health and child development were also assessed. Stressors, including food insecurity, poverty, flooding impact, experiences of domestic violence, felling unsafe in one ’ s community, discrimination, living in a rural area, lack of enrollment in ECE, and low maternal educational attainment have consistently been associated with lower levels of maternal mental health conditions and child development across contexts (e. g., Hentschel et al., 2023; Iqbal & Ali, 2021; Reed et al., 2012: Sitwat et al., 2015; Yousuf et al., 2023) Other covariates, such as refugee status and child age, were also assessed. Refugee Status. At the time of the survey, sensitivities around “ refugee status ” were particularly heightened. As such enumerators were asked to keep notes on interviews to help identify whether Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The countries that are the largest source of refugees include: Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Iraq, Myanmar, and Eritrea (UNHCR, 2017). These countries account for the vast majority of refugees worldwide. We will also consider three countries in Europe that are an important source of asylum seekers in Europe, and whose recognition rate is low, and account for many returnees – these are Kosovo, Serbia and Albania. Is return possible and safe, and if so, does the economic situation bode well to provide essentials, namely a job, housing, education and reliable public services? It is helpful to identify three groups of countries: ones that are still mired in war and / or high ‐ intensity civil conflicts, countries where medium ‐ intensity conflict persist and are already in the process of rebuilding, and countries which are not in conflict. According to the Armed Conflict Survey (IISS 2017), high ‐ intensity conflict is defined by frequent (daily) armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents, or among non ‐ state armed groups that control territory.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
returns to human capital. Then, we find that relative _pcGDP_ is 53 _._ 5 percent, accounting

48See Web Appx. Fig. 8(a) for the mortality distributions.
49See Web Appx. Fig. 8(b) for the distribution of schooling we use, based on the I2D2 data (1990-2016).
50We compare GDP per capita in levels. An alternative approach would be to compare GDP per capita
in log levels. In that case, the gap is of 51%. In any case, the main point of our inquiry in this section is to
compare the relative contribution of education and experience, so the absolute metric is not important.

According to I2D2 data, workers in developed economies work   43 hours per week on average compared to 50 in developing economies. Assuming three   weeks of time off, we get that workers in developed economies on average train for 3 _._ 4%   of their working time, compared to 2 _._ 0% in developing economies.

To see whether the differences in the experience premium might be accounted for   by differences in hours spent training, we draw on recent data from _OECD.Stat_ (OECD,   2021). The data contain information on 33 developed economies and 4 developing   economies.

[2 Global SDG Indicators Database, accessed April 26, 2022: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/)

Using data from the Armenia Land Tenure and Area (ALTA) study and in the context of land tenure rights, this paper addresses questions on: (i) the data quality implications associated with respondent strategy; (ii) the data quality implications associated with level of data collection; (iii) the interaction of biases stemming from the use of proxy respondents and aggregated level data collection, as relevant; and ultimately, (iv) the implications of these design decisions on the computation and monitoring of SDGs 1.4.2 and 5.a.1.

Armenia Land Tenure and Area (ALTA) study

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The magnitudes are similar as we saw with the overall conﬂict index. A one standard deviation decline in quarterly casualties, which is about 90, is associated with a 2 % higher return rate. The use of chemical weapons and incidents of skirmishes and ﬁghting all have a signiﬁcant negative eﬀect on returns to Syria. In results not shown, we ﬁnd less robust relationships between the number of air strikes and incidents of artillery and carpet bombing and refugees ’ decision to return. 4. 1. 1 Vignette Analysis We complement the study of returns that have already happened with data from hy- pothetical vignettes. There are advantages and disadvantages of both of these data sources. The returns observed to date are still a very small percentage of the overall refugee population, and therefore the factors aﬀecting their return decision may not be representative of the larger Syrian refugee population. The hypothetical vignettes, while clearly weaker in that they represent hypothetical scenarios, seek to provide in- sights into the external validity of the earlier results. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: There is a clear increase in the entry of new foreign ﬁrms which may be driven by refugees ’ enterpreneurship. Cheaper low-skilled labor may have helped all businesses cutting costs. Balkan and Tumen (2016) had also found a decline in prices and attribute their ﬁnding to lower labor costs, which may also be one of the mechanisms driving our results. Gross proﬁts and sales also appear to have gone up, which would be consistent with an increase in demand. As noted by Maystadt and Verwimp (2014), heterogeneous eﬀects on speciﬁc subgroups of the native population should be expected from refugee crises. In case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey, the business activity in hosting region appears to have beneﬁted. For a complete picture of the eﬀects of the Syrian refugee crisis on local economies in Turkey, further research will be needed on market activity, health and longer term eﬀects. More speciﬁcally for the line of research this study focused on, further analysis using micro-level ﬁrm data would be needed to understand how ﬁrms adjust their activity, 24 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We exploit the LFS, which does not collect consumption data and has a different design from the HEIS, to fill the missing poverty data problem in Jordan for the years the HEIS is absent. We validate our imputation-based estimates of poverty against those obtained from the actual consumption data (or design-based estimates) for the two years 2008 and 2010 when consumption data are available, before imputing estimates for other years when consumption 4 See, for example, King et al. (2001) and Honaker and King (2010) for examples of adaptation of multiple imputation methods in the field of political science. 6 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to severe based on the score. Moreover, depression is screened with the Patient Health Questionnaire, a 9-item tool administered directly to adolescents. These instruments collectively gauge a broad spectrum of psychological and emotional states, including post-traumatic stress, emotional disturbances, behavioral issues, inat- tention, peer relationships, prosocial behavior, anxiety, and depression, offering a com- prehensive view of the mental health and socioemotional development of the minors in our study. Figures B. 3 and B. 4 depict the distribution of the raw scores for Venezuelan and Colom- bian minors for each of the four scales. Surprinsingly, we do not observe any stinking differences on the distribution of any of these scores across groups. We are also not able to distinguish statistical differences between Colombian and Venezuelan children in any of the scales, when we estimate the specification highlighted in equation (1) as illustrated in Table 7. This is an unexpected result considering that typically, forcibly displaced pop- ulations have a high prevalence of socioemotional and mental health issues, but might be related to the fact that Venezuelan migrants have not faced war (as many forced migrants have in other contexts) directly and as such, these issues are less prevalent. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In all speciﬁcations, conﬂict incidence correlates nega- tively with country-level economic performance. The estimated coeﬃcients of conﬂict incidence are statistically signiﬁcant and negative. We also ﬁnd that the coeﬃcients 7For a discussion see Henderson et al. (2012). In order to calculate light per capita we use popu- lation data that is provided by a World Bank dataset. 8The standard reference here is Miguel et al. (2004). Ciccone (2011) shows that high rainfall levels three years earlier seem to be best predictors of conﬂict in the reduced form. Miguel and Satyanath (2011) argue that lagged negative growth shocks are a predictor of conﬂict onset. In any case, there is no evidence from this literature that contemporaneous growth declines cause conﬂict. Bazzi and Blattman (2014) corroborate the view that the relationship between income shocks and conﬂict is not straightforward. They do not ﬁnd evidence of an eﬀect of price shocks on conﬂict onset and only weak evidence on incidence. 9Results from this are presented in the Appendix. 10We take the threshold from Mueller (2016) who shows that a threshold like this leads to a similar number of coded civil wars as the threshold of 1000 battle-related deaths often used in the conﬂict literature. In the context here, this is a conservative approach as it is not the threshold which yields the biggest diﬀerence between conﬂict and non-conﬂict countries. 10 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A data mention (a data-bearing mention) is text that talks about or is referenced as data. Specifically, a general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source