Input: The original questionnaire was adjusted and trimmed because of the challenges posed by phone surveys. We decided not to collect data for the entire household roster, and collected the labor module only for the respondent and one other member of the nuclear family. 18 In total, we collected information from 3, 455 Venezuelan families living in Colombia. This sample included families with some members who were Colombian, either from birth or 16The call was rescheduled when the respondent was not available. When ineligible respondents were called, the team included them in a rafﬂe for 50, 000 COP (approximately $ USD 18). 17As discussed above, PEP was also awarded in previous waves to forced migrants who entered Colombia using a passport and therefore had regular migratory status. By asking if respondents had a Venezuelan passport, the team ensured the exclusion of other PEP holders who were typically wealthier. 18The nuclear family includes the household head, partner, children, parents, parents-in-law, daughters-in- law, and sons-in-law. 57 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
Strzepek K & McCluskey A, 2006. District level hydroclimatic time series and scenario analysis to assess the impacts of climate change on regional water resources and agriculture in Africa. CEEPA Discussion Paper No 13, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria.

#### 2 The Survey Data   Progressing in the e¤orts to better understand the development economics of public  debt management strategies across di¤erent country groups and individual coun tries, the Banking and Debt Management Department of the World Bank conducted  a survey on public debt management strategies.

#### 5 Conclusion   This paper analyzed survey data on public debt management strategies across income  groups, regions and levels of indebtedness using graphical tools.

As mentioned in the introduction, we see this paper as a ...rst attempt to charac terize the variations in the survey data on public debt management strategies across  countries where establishing a regularly repeated survey would be incredibly bene... cial.

total government debt to GDP, should result in an e¤ort to consolidate government

...nances and adopt a debt management strategy. One can also expect that if this

indicator reaches high levels the government may give up on debt management and

survey on public debt management strategies

survey data on public debt management strategies

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary GER Secondary GER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.11: Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary NER Secondary NER Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.12: Net Enrollment Rate (NER) Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary school (15 to 18 years) Secondary school (19 to 24 years) Percent Figure 2.13: Share of children and youth above school age in education Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Sociodemographic Profile 17 family unwillingness is higher among refugee girls compared to boys (Annex D, Figure D.5). Refugee parents are less likely to send their children to secondary school in part because the opportunity cost of schooling becomes higher since children going to school cannot help support the family (UNHCR, 2020a). Across refugees, Somali refugee children of secondary school age do not attend school due to family unwillingness (52 percent). On the other

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Input: We use the sum of conflict events occurring in the historic homeland of ethnic group e in the previous year t − 1, denoted as Conflictet − 1, and we use the mean distance between the historic homeland of ethnic group e and the border of country d to predict the number of refugees of a certain ethnic group e moving from country o to d at time t. 22 In order to be consistent with EPR-ER data construction, we restrict our analysis to all origin – destination country pairs that are at a maximum distance ≤ 950 km from each other. Predicted numbers of refugees are then transformed into predicted shares for the three largest groups to follow the logic used by the EPR-ER dataset. We then plug in these predicted shares in the following way: X \PredictedRefcet = Refocdt ∗ \Shareodet. (6) The predicted shares of refugees per camp c are then used to compute (as documented above) refugee diversity indices to be used as instrumental variables. The first-stage equations corresponding to the 2SLS-equivalent of Equation 1 can be expressed as 20We conduct a robustness check on Equation 5, replacing the dyadic origin – destination fixed effects with separate origin and destination fixed effects (Section 5. 4). 21More information on LEDA can be found in Appendix A. 1. 22The construction of the IV follows a long tradition in using the gravity model to predict bilateral migration flows (Ravenstein, 1985, 1989; Crozet, 2004; Mayda, 2010; Garcia et al., 2015; Beine et al., 2016). In our analysis, a major difference is that we have an additional dimension: the ethnic group e. 20 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Survey instruments enable detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households, and if they identify displaced populations based on self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status. Additionally, more innovative tools and technologies for data collection, analysis and compilation should be explored and leveraged. For example, new methodologies (such as high resolution satellite imagery and unmanned drones) may expand the coverage of data collection efforts in insecure or inaccessible areas. Additionally, new techniques could be explored to improve the collection of robust data on flows of refugees and IDPs. Organizations such as the World Bank, UNHCR, IOM and IDMC are already exploring and in some cases are beginning to use more innovative data collection tools. These techniques include: 99 Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including Living Standards Measurement Studies, Labor Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Labor Force Surveys
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Demographic and Health Surveys
Living Standards Measurement Studies

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Input: The lack of certainty means children are trying to prepare for further studies (e. g., in universities) in two separate systems with varying requirements. The survey results indicate that students enrolled in both systems spend as much time in Italian schools as those attending only Italian schools, averaging 31 hours per week. However, students participating in both systems spend an additional 8 hours per week on online Ukrainian classes. This puts an extra burden on these children. Connectedness to Italy is correlated with demographic characteristics and social environment of refugee children. Additionally, Table 6 shows that making new friends in the country of destination and speaking Italian are strongly associated with higher connection to Italy. The mental distress resulting from displacement is a key barrier to educational integration for many Ukrainian refugees in Italy. The link between poor mental health and low school attendance and performance is widely acknowledged in the literature (see Fiining et al., 2019 for a systematic review). In the World Bank survey data, children and caregivers reported signs of mental distress, with 16 % of children and 24 % of refugee caregivers reported experiencing psychological distress 61 % 35 % 31 % 68 % 50 % 36 % 23 % 68 % 59 % 26 % 26 % 59 % Would like to continue living in Italy Would like to move back to Ukraine Feel strongly connected to Italy Feel strongly connected to Ukraine Caregivers (N = 283) Children between 9 and 14 years old (N = 141) Children between 15 and 20 years old (N = 96) Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: These calculations conﬁrm our earlier assessment. 5 Conclusion Combining data from a household survey and an 11 % census of the population, we have estimated destination choice regressions for Nepalese internal migrants. Results show that population density, social proximity, and access to amenities exert a strong inﬂuence on migrants ’ choice of destination. These results conﬁrm earlier work on the factors aﬀecting the subjective welfare cost of isolation (Fafchamps and Shilpi, 2008). 29

household survey
11 % census of the population

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Input: The initiative includes four components, namely: a) training professionals to work with young men in the area of health and gender-equity using a set of manuals and videos; b) social marketing of condoms; c) promoting health services; and d) evaluating changes in gender norms. In 2002, PROMUNDO and Horizons began a 2-year evaluation to measure the effectiveness of two different approaches, compared to a control site. Researchers have developed a"Gender-Equitable Men"(Leichert) scale with 24 items for measuring attitudes. Methods include pre and post-tests as well as a six-month follow-up community-based survey. In addition, they are gathering qualitative information among men and their female partners. Preliminary results suggest that the program has been successful at increasing gender equitable norms and reducing behavior that puts men at increased risk of HIV / AIDS. ReproSalud (Peru): Manuela Ramos launched ReproSalud in 1995 as a USAID-funded rural reproductive health program. ReproSalud used participatory rural appraisal (PLA) to help women's groups identify women's reproductive health needs and to organize community meetings to design strategies to address those needs. Domestic violence and forced sex within marriage emerged as important problems in those communities. In response, ReproSalud organized workshops for women and men on gender issues, carried out community awareness campaigns and established a microcredit program for women.

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Input: the original variables used to predict fragility as controls without changing results. It is only in the post-war period that exclusion and refugees become a factor that inﬂuences foreign investment ﬂows. Finally, the results we ﬁnd are robust across all datasets of foreign investment we use. These results make it at least plausible that political exclusion and refugees matter because they predict a relapse to more intense violence. As ﬁnal piece of evidence for this idea we use data on political short and mid-term credit risk from the Belgian insurer Delcredere Ducroire (ONDD). We collected data on political risk evaluations from ONDD who, according to their annual report, insured transactions worth about 7 billion EUR in 2011. The variable we use measures the risk of a credit default for rea- sons beyond the control of the debtor, i. e. due to political or ﬁnancial macroeconomic events. We choose this variable because it provides the most consistent time-series in the ONDD data. ONDD measures both short- and mid-term risk on a scale from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk). Table 12, columns (1) and (4) show that risk ratings are decreasing in peacetime. Note that, as before, we control for country ﬁxed eﬀects which implies that we look at changes within country.

data on political short and mid-term credit risk

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Input: 15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 16 5. 3 Desire to return (Y / N) Keeping our attention on refugees and IDPs, we wanted to deepen our understanding about their migration plans. In particular, we would like to discover which characteristics are associated with the desire to return to Northern Mali. To this end, we estimated a probit model using the same regressors as in the previous sections. The dependent variable was set equal to one when the respondent was considering the possibility to eventually go back to the North, zero otherwise. The estimated marginal effects have been reported in Table 3 for all respondents (Column 1-2), as well as for only the household heads or their spouses (Column 3-4). The strongest predictor of a planned future return was refugee status: individuals living abroad in refugee camps were up to 25 percentage points more willing to go back than IDPs. Joining this result with those on unemployment presented in the descriptive statistics, we may wonder whether this desire to go back home may have resulted from a more general malaise experienced by these respondents forced to migrate and halted in a limbo not fully integrated with the local community and labor market. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 6832 This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia. The EPAG project was launched by the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development in 2009 with the goal of increasing the employment and income of 2, 500 young Liberian women by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating their transition to productive work. The analysis in this paper is based on data collected during two rounds of quantitative surveys in 2010 and 2011, the second of which was conducted six months after the classroom-based phase of the training program ended.

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Input:
Table 9 presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth

data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys.

active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)

Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15-49.

previous analyses have found evidence for parallel pre-trends in infant mortality and night lights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019) for gold mining countries in West and East Africa (including Ghana).

We use rich geocoded data with information on households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district levels in difference-in-differences analyses.

presents the details from a new, 1997 household budget survey in Egypt. This sunrey,

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Input: Figure 4: Refugees and Asylum-Seekers by Migratory Path 1951 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

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Input: agriculture, livestock value chain, energy, firewood, and microfinance (Betts et al., 2020). In the north of the country, UNHCR worked with various partners to provide Eritrean refugees with vocational skills training, tools, and start-up capital for crafts, such as leather products, weaving, and tailoring. UNHCR records indicate that more than 8,000 Eritrean refugees received such training, which could explain the high share of Eritreans working in crafts and related trades in the SESRE. As another example, the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) has a multi-million-dollar program to improve quality and access to vocational training for refugees and Ethiopians across all refugee-hosting regions (Giordano et al., 2021). World Bank programs include the Economic Opportunities Program (EOP) and the Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project (UPSNJP), which provide economic opportunities for Ethiopians and refugees through various social protection and labor market interventions like public works employment and job search assistance. How effective have these livelihoods and vocational training programs for refugees been in Ethiopia? This question is difficult to answer due to lack of consolidated information on programs, the number of beneficiaries, and the economic outcomes of beneficiaries. Case-study evaluations indicate that vocational training programs have helped to increase incomes, diversify

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Input: not included because they are possibly aﬀected by migration. 9 In contrast, age, education, and caste status can be regarded as exogenous to the migration decisions of adult males. Equation (4) is estimated using correct sampling weights. 10 Regression estimates for equation (4) are summarized in Table 2 where we show α as well as the average and standard error of δs, βs and χs. The coeﬃcients eδi and eηi are large and jointly signiﬁcant. There is considerable variation across districts not only in average log income and consumption but also in the income or consumption premia associated with education and high caste. These results are used to construct, for each of the 16, 000 or so work migrants in the census, a measure of the income or consumption they can expect to achieve in each of the possible destination districts. Formally, this measure is calculated as: g E [yhs | zh] = eδs + eβs (Eh s − Es) + eχs (Hh s − Hs) (5) where Eh s and Hh s are the education and high caste dummy for migrant h. Age is ignored from the calculation since work migrants typically migrate around the same age, i. e., in early adulthood. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
<!-- PAGE 9 -->
the CDM: parties in NA1 countries could carry out GHG mitigation which could be paid for by parties in
A1 countries, thereby equivalently reducing the GHG emissions obligation in the latter. Since GHG
mitigation costs have been far lower in non-Annex 1 countries than in A1 countries, such trades have
been highly beneficial to both groups. The aggregate amount of CER issuance under the CDM by today is
more than 1,600 million tons CO2-e; see UNFCCC (website).

A similar rationale and functioning can be found for JI.

The JI market has, however, turned out to be far less active than the CDM market, with smaller aggregate volumes for emissions reduction units (ERUs) so far. Still, as of today more than 850 million tons of CO2e has been reached in terms of issuance.

Only a quick glance at data from the CDM market reveals that offset prices (per ton of CO2-e) achieved by project hosts have varied a lot across both projects and host countries, and have often (or even typically) been substantially below the respective (policy bloc-internal) quota prices.

Rosendahl and Strand (2011) have simulated likely leakage levels, and come up with "best estimates" for leakage of around 30% of credited emissions reductions, as a rough average for the CDM projects carried out by 2010 (when disregarding HFC-23 related projects).

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Input: (0.098) (0.055) (0.066) Educ: Completed post-sec. -0.074 -0.073 -0.055 (0.103) (0.050) (0.106) Agrees on improved local services 0.408*** 0.116** (0.103) (0.055) Years in Ethiopia 0.002 (0.005) Agrees hosts culturally similar 0.215*** (0.055) Region Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes N 1724 1666 1613 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. The Attitudes Index is the average of 10 questions regarding beliefs about refugees’ character, the rights they should receive, and their impact on the host community, standardized to a mean of 0 and SD of 1, where positive indicates better attitudes. Trusts Refugees is the binary response of hosts to “Do you think most refugees in Ethiopia are trustworthy?” and Trusts Hosts is the binary response of refugees to “Do you think most Ethiopians are trustworthy?”. Standard errors clustered at the EA level. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Annexes 122 Table D.19: Regression analysis of social integration outcomes (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Has in Ethiopia: Easy to do: Family Friend Market Interactions Social Interactions Sharing Resources Male 0.007 0.067** 0.033 0.010 -0.076** (0.017) (0.033) (0.027) (0.036) (0.035) Age Under 30 - - - - - Age 30-44 -0.030 0.033 0.007 0.004 -0.048*

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Input:
We collected all available HIV BSSs and reproductive health KAP surveys with an
HIV component in refugee, IDP, host population, returnee, conflict and postconflict settings. This was accomplished by undertaking a literature review using
PubMed, by searching the internet for key words (i.e. HIV, behavioural
surveillance survey, BSS, knowledge, attitudes practice, KAP, refugee, internally
displaced person, IDP, returnee, conflict and post-conflict), and by contacting
UN offices in affected countries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
which undertake such surveys (e.g. Reproductive Health Response in Conflict
Consortium, International Rescue Committee) and organizations which specialize
in undertaking such surveys (e.g. Family Health International [FHI], US Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]). When titles or abstracts of surveys
were found, but the actual report was not available, authors and organizations
responsible for the report were contacted directly. Inclusion criteria were any BSS
or KAP survey with a quantitative HIV component undertaken among affected
populations, listed above, where a written report was available. Exclusion criteria
were surveys with an HIV component in the affected populations that were solely
qualitative, and nationwide surveys that may have included one or more of the
affected populations but where results were not disaggregated to differentiate
them from the overall population, and where reports were unavailable.
The survey reports were collected, evaluated, categorized and entered into an
EpiInfo 3.2.2 (CDC, Atlanta, GA; version 4/26/2004) database under four broad
categories: background; methodology; report; and indicators. Sampling procedures were classified as reproducible if the population-based sampling defined a
sampling frame and used probabilistic sampling, including proportional to
population size (PPS) sampling if cluster sampling was used during the first
stage, and all persons in the household within the stated age range were surveyed.
Additional indicators for the quality of survey methodology were assessed,
including essential steps of survey preparation and report writing.
Internationally-accepted standardized indicators were recorded as being
included in the survey if the wording was the same or similar to the indicators
in Table I. If information regarding survey methodology or indicators was not
provided in the reports, it was recorded as non-reproducible or accepted
indicators not used, respectively.

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Input:
The primary data source of undernutrition in this study is the Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey

(EMDHS) 2014 [2]. The EMDHS 2014 is a stratified nationally representative survey, including 5,579 children

1. Consensus C Copenhagen Consensus 2012 : Expert panel findings.
2. Agency CS (2014 ) The Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS).
3. Ethiopia GotFDRo (2013) National Nutrition Programme June 2013-June 2015.
4. Andrew Sunil R, Christopher G, Jessica T (2012) Combating Malnutrition in Ethiopia : An Evidence-Based Approach for

Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey

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Input: 2 Over the past three or four decades, the Arab world has experienced a massive expansion in educational attainment. According to the Barro and Lee educational attainment dataset, seven out of the top 20 countries in terms of increase in number of years of schooling from 1980 to 2010 were Arab countries (Barro and Lee 2013). 1 Jordan, the subject of this paper, had the seventh highest increase in educational attainment in the world, with an increase of about five years in the average years of schooling over the period. This increase is widely believed to be attributable to a massive public investment in the supply of schooling in the postindependence period in the context of a state-led development model, which virtually guaranteed employment in the public sector for graduates (Assaad 2014; Saleh 2016). The rapid increase in educational attainment has continued unabated despite the fall in returns to education that accompanied the demise in the state-led model and its employment guarantee schemes (Pritchett 2001). A slew of recent literature on the drivers of the Arab Spring protests, some of which occurred in Jordan, has identified the low economic returns to this massive increase in education as the single most important cause of the uprisings (Goldstone 2011; Campante and Chor 2012a, 2012b, 2014; Sanborn and Thyne 2014).

Barro and Lee educational attainment dataset

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Input: because of nationalization. 19 To guarantee that the results were not confounded by access to the labor market and other services by these Colombians, the sample was stratiﬁed to exclude families with a Colombian citizen 10 years of age or older, and with a member who held PEP from a different wave. The structure of the survey is explained below: 1. Screening Module: the screening was designed to be done in a ﬁrst call to determine the family ’ s eligibility for the survey. The screening and the survey were to be an- swered by any adult in the nuclear family of the person who was originally contacted. The person who answered the survey became the main respondent and would be the only one to provide information for themselves. In turn, they had to answer the survey, from a third-person perspective, for all other family members. In the screening, the main respondent was asked for their age, place of birth, Venezue- lan ID number, current city of residence, whether they had a Venezuelan passport, and if they had registered in the RAMV census in 2018. If the contact came from the sam- pling frame of irregular migrants, they were asked if they had PEP and for the date of their arrival in Colombia. For the census sample, this information was available. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: First, there is reason to believe that better service delivery may aﬀect citizens ’ willingness to defer to the tax department only through its eﬀect on improved outcomes that matter for citizens ’ livelihoods. Unless improved services and infrastructure have a positive impact on citizens ’ welfare, indi- viduals are unlikely to credit the government for these outputs (Sacks and Levi, 2010). The Afrobarometer ’ s objective measures of service delivery only denote the presence or absence of infrastructure and services. The data do not indicate the condition of the services and infrastructure. Citizens may perceive and reward relative improvements or sanction de- teriorations in services, rather than the absolute level of service quality they receive. If services deteriorate or improve, taxpayers may alter their beliefs about governments ’ performance and should attempt to adjust their terms 10I also tested whether there is a relationship between the presence of a concrete road, health clinic, post oﬃce and electricity grid in the enumeration areas and respondents ’ willingness to pay taxes. None of these objective indicators except for the presence of an electricity grid were signiﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. The presence of an electricity grid is negatively associated with the willingness to defer to the tax department. 17 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: month placement and support phase in which the trainees were supported in their transition to self or wage employment. Upon recruitment, the participants are assigned to a"Job Skills (JS)"track or a"Business Development Services (BDS)"track. When possible, the participant's track preference was honored; however, the demand for the Job Skills track greatly exceeded the supply, so the remaining trainees were placed into the BDS track. In the first round of training, the proportion of Job Skills track places was limited to 35 % of the total training places available given the expectation that few wage jobs will be available in the Liberian job market. The Job Skills track provided training in six areas: 1) hospitality, 2) professional cleaning / waste management, 3) office / computer skills, 4) professional house / office painting, 5) security guard services, and 6) professional driving. These areas were determined based on independent labor market assessments, a review of the available market data, and input from EPAG ’ s private sector partners. All Job Skills trainees received training in entrepreneurship skills as well. The BDS training taught young women how to identify micro-enterprise opportunities based on an assessment of market needs, and how to grow and manage any existing businesses they already had. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: where more positive indicates greater control. The internal control index uses four questions regarding personal control over destiny. The chance index uses five questions regarding the role of chance or determinism. The role of the powerful others index is 1 question on whether others determine fate. Refugees’ Aspirations 42 T his chapter examines the state of welfare and poverty levels of refugees and host communities in Ethiopia. The emphasis on refugees and host communities acknowledges both groups’ mutual—and sometimes interdependent— development needs. We assess multiple dimensions of welfare and poverty of refugees and hosts in Ethiopia using household-level consumption data. The data presents a comprehensive set of social and economic indicators to determine poverty incidence, food security, and standard of living. In addition to refugees overall, we look at welfare differences across refugee groups—Eritreans, Somalis, and South Sudanese—and compare differences in contexts and situations. In more detail, we analyze (i) poverty incidence and inequality, (ii) expenditure patterns, (iii) multidimensional poverty, and (iv) food security, perception of standard of living, and shocks. The chapter also provides a poverty profile and determinants of the welfare of refugees and host community households and estimate of the cost of basic needs for refugees. Insights

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Input:
villages in total), based on the 2008 national census.

LC questionnaire and a 12-month AMAD recall had been included in the national ECVMA  survey implemented in 2011 by the 'Institut National de la Statistique' (INS) of Niger, with

via the AMD and LC methods are observed in the data collected via the national ECVMA  survey, which did not include a benchmark measure as did the Dantlait survey.

**Figure 3.** _Comparison of mean, median and standard deviation measures of milk off-take_ _estimates from AMD and LC methods in Dantlait and ECVMA surveys (liters)_

_Source: Dantlait and ECVMA surveys_

2008 national census
national ECVMA  survey
ECVMA survey

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Input: nizations such as UNHCR, and national and international non-governmental organizations. Data is compiled from a number of sources, including but not restricted to individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers (information typically includes name, gender, date of birth, country of origin, marital status, and place of displacement), tracking of population movement in situa- tions where the movement is ﬂuid or continuous, standardized surveys such as Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, Labor Force Surveys (LFS), Demographic and Health Sur- veys (DHS), and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), administrative records and registries. Yet, data collection is a difﬁcult exercise, due to both methodological issues (UNHCR 2014) and practical challenges, especially in situations of heightened insecurity or mass refugee situations. To date, UNHCR maintains the most comprehensive statistical database under a uniform methodology. UNHCR publishes annual data on refugee ﬂows and stocks by countries of resi- dence and origin dating back to 1951, shortly after the Ofﬁce was established. UNHCR publishes annual statistical reports ranging from “ Global Trends ”, “ Mid-year trends ”, “ Asylum trends ”, to a “ Statistical Yearbook ”. There is a consensus that these data provide the most reliable source of information (Sarzin 2016). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

Living Standards Measurement Study
Labor Force Surveys
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys

individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers

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Input: (0.0550) (0.0550) (0.0550) (0.0551) (0.0550) HH own cart 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.0953* 0.09562* 0.0953* (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0421) (0.0423) (0.0421) HH ran out of fooda -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.0859** -0.09167** -0.0859** (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0304) (0.0300) (0.0304) Local demography and economy activity Most land cover: agricultureb -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.0798+ -0.07447 -0.0798+ (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0475) (0.0482) (0.0475) Distance to bank -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 -0.0400 (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) (0.0250) Internal migration: Rural-Urbanc -0.0876*** -0.0391* (0.0262) (0.0157) Local labor market Annexes 118 LFPR 0.0337* 0.0370*** (0.0139) (0.0091) Share of wage employment 0.0427+ (0.0239) Unemployment rate -0.0290** (0.0106) Share of employment in the service sector 0.0429** (0.0077) Share of employment in the trade sector 0.0665*** (0.0147) Share of employment in the manufacturing sector 0.0269 (0.0237) Share of employment in the agriculture sector 0.0206 (0.0131) Proximity and access to market Level two -0.3414** (0.1143) Level three -0.3308** (0.1127) Level four -0.2098** (0.0814) Distance to Zone city (Km) -0.0030* (0.0013) Market accessibility indicator 0.4056** (0.1381) Observations 2024 2024 2024 2024 2205 2024 Chi-square test 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 R2 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1373 0.1172 0.1373 Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Average marginal effects are estimated. a

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Input: 18 the local data on physical geography and population from the raster data. These data can then be imported into statistical programs for analysis. We aggregate all data up to a grid of 8. 6x8. 6km squares. Each grid square is assigned attributes of the country it is in along with information from data disaggregated to the level of the individual squares. Figure 3 illustrates this grid as a fictive country somewhat smaller than the average size in our dataset (50x50 squares, or 430x430 km) with a fairly representative but stylized population distribution. The country has three major cities, one of which is the capital, and two smaller ones. A rebel group has its headquarters at the Eastern border. The ACLED data for the Central African conflicts were aggregated up to the 8. 6x8. 6km squares and merged with information on other explanatory variables aggregated to the same level. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: In principle, individual registration of IDPs is not used to determine the ‘ status ’ of an IDP, since IDPs have the same rights and entitlements as other citizens and do not need to apply or be granted a special legal status. 66 Rather, registration of IDPs can provide a basis for: (a) establishing the number, location, and key demographic characteristics of displaced populations; (b) providing protection and assistance; (c) keeping track of family relationships; (d) preventing fraudulent access to scarce humanitarian assistance; (e) facilitating the issuance of temporary identity cards to replace lost personal documentation (Brookings 2008); and (f) providing social security benefits. 67 Full IDP registration by international organizations is not 62 By the end of 2014, individual refugee registration was the source of about 77 percent of the data on refugees; estimation accounted for 13 percent of data, combined estimation and registration for 5 percent and other sources for 5 percent (UNHCR 2016). 63 UNHCR may undertake registration activities when national governments do not have the capacity to do so. 64 Additional data can also be recorded such as education and occupation. 65 Insufficient budgetary resources, staff, training or materials. 66 Countries with national legislation that provides a legal status for IDPs are an exception to this international standard. 67 The scope of data collected depends on the objectives of the registration exercise, for example in Kenya, registration of individuals displaced by the 2007 and 2008 post-election violence excluded ‘ integrated ’ IDPs, i. e. those who had Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input: Without army protection most parts of the North, especially Kidal remain inaccessible to those working for the central and local government. 3 Armed bandits are active and IED explosions as well as violent attacks on the MINUSMA peacekeeping forces are regular occurrences. Under these circumstances, data collection is very difficult. INSTAT, the National Bureau of Statistics, has not been in a position to collect information from northern Mali since the beginning of the crisis. To our knowledge, our surveys implemented by a private survey entity, GISSE, are the only systematic and representative effort to collect data in north Mali since the crisis. They offer a unique database providing a crucial perspective that would otherwise not be reflected in academic analyses and policy level decision-making, and a perspective that is indispensable in any attempt at understanding the situation in Northern Mali. 4 Preceding the Accord on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali (Accord pour la paix et la réconciliation au Mali) (hereafter, the Peace Accord) of May and June 2015, four peace accords had been signed between the government and Toureg and Arab armed groups in 1 Kel Tamasheq (those who speak Tamasheq) is synonymous for Tuareq. 2 Francis David (2013): The regional impact of the armed conflict and French intervention in Mali. NOREF, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre. 3 Assessing Recovery and Development Priorities in Mali ’ s Conflict-Affected Regions. Draft Report of the Joint Assessment Mission for Northern Mali (January 2016), p. 15-16. 4 All data can be downloaded from www. gisse. org.

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Input: Such a channel would be consistent with psychology literature on behavioral activation, or the act of scheduling structured activities as a means of combatting depression (Cuijpers, van Straten, and Warmerdam (2007)). To explore this question, we supply a random subset of the employed with a calendar marking every date of work (Appendix Figure A5). The re- mainder receive a blank calendar and are instead informed weekly about their schedule. We ﬁnd no impact of a schedule on respondent well-being or decision-making (Appendix Table A7). Despite this exercise, we cannot causally estimate the role of the structure alone on well-being, as the structure imposed by regular employment is coextensive with employment itself. Indeed, our measure of stability, which asks respondents how secure they feel at the moment and expect to feel in the future, increases substantially among the employed relative to both control and cash arms. Time use Does employment improve well-being by allowing participants to substitute time away from unsavory or psychosocially costly activities? Appendix Table A8 presents how cash and work arms use their time. We document no signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the two arms in the number of hours that respondents report spending across a variety of activities. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 7 Database. Where both censuses and population registers are available, censuses receive priority. Censuses, generally conducted decennially, are retrospective tools for surveying an entire population (or in some cases, a representative sample) at a single point in time. In addition to their universal coverage, their greatest strength is the inclusion of questions on place of birth and nationality. Censuses also typically aim to enumerate the resident population, whether documented or undocumented (Bilsborrow and others 1997). So although some migrants have a strong incentive to provide false information to enumerators, many undocumented migrants will be captured in these matrices. 7 The size and scope of the census questionnaires vary enormously, both over time and in different destination countries. And there is potential variation in the quality of censuses both across countries and over time. Richer countries have many resources at their disposal to design questionnaires, train interviewers, employ statisticians, and disseminate results. Researchers have little choice but to accept the data at face value. However, where the underlying census is clearly substandard (when there are errors that are obviously not coding errors or not easily corrected), these data are omitted from the analysis. Popular in many parts of Europe, population registers are continuous reporting systems providing up-to-date demographic and socioeconomic information for everyone surveyed. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 23 The Kakuma refugee camp was established in 1992 in response to the inflow of 23, 000 Sudanese refugees (Jamal 2000). The camp is now home to over 100, 000 refugees from South Sudan, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the DRC (UNHCR, 2012). The ongoing unrest in South Sudan is likely to exacerbate the refugee situation in the upcoming year. Moreover, the restrictions imposed by the government on refugee movement and employment makes the Kakuma population completely dependent on assistance provided by international organizations present on the field (Jamal 2000) The evidence on the impact of refugees in Kenya is quite limited. However, the Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology (NORDECO 2010) provides a detailed description, backed by sound descriptive statistics, on the impact of Dadaab refugee camps on host communities. Despite the very different structure of the local economy, mainly driven by pastoralist livelihoods, a pattern somewhat similar to the Tanzanian case is observed. According to NORDECO (2010), the aggregated economic impact is positive. It is estimated that about USD 3 million annual income accrues to the host community thanks to livestock and milk sales to the refugee camps. Trade and employment opportunities have also been reported around Dadaab camps in Kenya. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
a country belongs to. The regional classi...cation corresponds to that used throughout the graphical analysis in section 2. [16] When constructing the regional dummy

of public sector (government) in economic performance of a country. One may expect

that a larger share of government on real GDP would result in a greater e¤ort to

stabilize government ...nances in the sake of greater macroeconomic stability. Sim
ilarly, if government actions are important for an economy the public will require

Household survey data point towards a large and possibly widening gap between rural and urban levels of consumption and recent increases in poverty. After decreasing from 59.7% in 1992 to 37.4% in 1999/2000, rural poverty increased to 41.1% in 2002/2003.

The data for our study come from the 2005/2006 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), fieldwork for which was conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics from May 2005 to April 2006. The survey collected information at the community, household, and parcel level for about 7,500 households in 753 EAs including 30 IDP camps.

The 2002 population census was used as a sample frame. Following stratification into urban (30%) and rural (70%) sub samples, enumeration areas (EAs) were chosen with the probability of selection being proportional to size.

2005/2006 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS)

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Input:
PAGE 9 --> To calculate a cost per calorie for each food item, we assign caloric intake values to the quantities purchased, as reported in POF. The TBCA contains the caloric information for a myriad of items, but there are no common food item identifiers with the POF 2017/18 that would allow directly matching the information across the two data sources.

Thus, we use the food item description in POF to look up corresponding items and calorie intake per kilogram (kg) in TBCA. Given the large amount of individual food items in POF (4,549) and the fact that their contribution to total average consumption differs, we opted for a simplified approach to assign calorie intake values from TBCA to food consumption in POF. This approach can be divided into two main steps.

We rank all food items in POF 2017/18 and find 350 food items that together account for about three-quarters (73.3 percent) of average total expenditures on food consumed at home and about half (49.2 percent) of all expenditures on food.

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Input: 29 should be entered immediately into the accounts; and (c) Payment must be recorded as soon as they are made. Budget implementation should be reviewed periodically to ensure that programs are implemented effectively and to identify any financial or policy derailment. The review of budget execution should cover financial, physical and other performance indicators. Development budgets are often beset by implementation problems because of insufficient implementation capacities and other factors such as delays in mobilizing external financing, overoptimistic implementation schedules or difficulties in importing supplies. It is thus important to have in place mechanisms for reviewing the most significant or problematic projects. These could consist of a regular monthly or quarterly review of projects within the line ministries and a midyear review involving line ministries and central agencies29. The government has taken steps to improve the tracking of budget expenditure until the intended destination, particularly investments spending, for which a tracking survey was entrusted in 2005 with the Ministry of infrastructures. In addition, the ministries took themselves certain internal initiatives, in particular in health and education sectors, but the action plans of these ministries were not updated as envisaged in 2005, and there are neither reliable benchmark, nor quantitative targets as regards improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at intended destination in these sectors. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: The updated database from the pre-simulation analysis, which represents an integrated Levant in a peaceful alternative world, is the starting point for the simulation analysis of the Syrian conflict and the spread of ISIS as well as the disintegration of the deep regional trade ties. The design of the war and disintegration scenarios are presented in section 3. 2. 11

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Input: % 83 % 28 % 9 % 14 % Equal contribution 93 % 81 % 83 % 16 % 17 % 17 % Majority male earners 78 % 56 % 57 % 19 % 15 % 16 % Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 8. Conclusion This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing multidimensional poverty among refugees and internally displaced populations. We observe that forcibly displaced communities are poorer than host communities in each of the five countries ’ sub-populations covered in the surveys, with the difference in incidence between displaced and non-displaced population ranging between 15 and 19 percentage points in South Sudan and Somalia to over 30 percentage points in Ethiopia and Sudan. Displaced communities also experience greater deprivations in nearly every indicator, although there is significant variation in which indicators are the most salient, with having a bank account and cooking fuel in Ethiopia, years of schooling in Somalia, electricity in Sudan, drinking water in South Sudan, and legal identification in Nigeria showing the largest differences between the two populations. The results also indicate gender differences in the experience of multidimensional poverty, with female-headed households more likely to be poor than male-headed households in most of the countries. In addition, displaced households headed by women have a higher incidence of poverty and MPI than non-displaced female-headed households. Particularly, female-headed households in camps have higher multidimensional poverty and intensity compared to their counterparts living outside camps. Dissaggregating further, we find heterogeneity among de facto and de jure female heads. This variation lends itself to further research questions about Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: No data on religiosity was collected as part of the census and a more recent and detailed household survey that includes information on time-use elicits little variation — everyone reports high mosque attendance and regular prayers. An alternative, suggested by David Evans at Harvard University, which we pursue here, is to use recent developments in the use of “ names. ” Research by Fryer and Leavitt (2004) demonstrates the increasing use of names to define race identity in the United States. We postulate that households who named (at least) one child “ Osama ” (also spelt Usamah, Usamma or Usama) are more likely to favor a radical brand of Islam. The use of the name Osama was minimal until 1998, and then peaks in 1998 and 2001, following disruptive events. Of course, the naming of the child may reflect name recognition rather

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Input: Unfortunately, evidence suggests that without system-wide reforms and support, single training sessions or even routine screening policies rarely produce long-term changes in the quality of care for survivors (McLeer et al., 1989; Heise, Ellsberg, and Gottemoeller, 1999). Instead, Heise and colleagues argue that the most effective way to improve the health care response is to use a “ systems approach ” involving reforms throughout the organization. Typically, these initiatives include changes in norms, policies and protocols, infrastructure upgrades to ensure private consultations, training all staff (including managers), ensuring that providers have adequate resources such as referral networks and directories, and strengthening the ability of staff to provide emergency services such as danger assessment, safety planning, emotional support, STI prophylaxis, and emergency contraception. In settings where adequate referral services do not exist, health programs sometimes offer specialized services such as counseling, legal aid and women ’ s support groups. The International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region (IPPF / WHR) carried out an initiative illustrating the “ systems approach ” in four member associations in Latin America, namely: Profamilia (the Dominican Republic), INPPARES (Peru), and PLAFAM (Venezuela), with some participation from BEMFAM (Brazil).

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Input: UNHCR (2021a) projects that the number of returnees will reach 141, 000 in 2021, up from 41, 000 in 2020. There are no datasets such as the one used in this study to explore the impact of post-2015 returnees on social cohesion and it is not possible to determine the degree to which our findings our applicable to this new context. However, it is possible to explore similarities and differences between the two contexts. Looking at a UNHCR report about the latest wave of returnees, it states that “ almost all returnee households rely on food obtained from their own gardens (93 %) and / or fields- households struggle to get food during the period they do not produce. 81 % of households declared that they are not satisfied with their level of food security because of the low dietary diversity ” (UNHCR 2021a). The report also suggests that “ 88 % of returnee heads of households are subsistence farmers, but most of them declared not having the adequate resources to produce their land. ” This high level of dependence on agriculture and prevalence of food insecurity are similar to the ones in our dataset for returnees and suggests that tensions related to access to agricultural land could also be present for post-2015 returnees. There are also signs of potential differences between current dynamics and the pre-2015 period. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: Do people run away from their home country when a conﬂict breaks out? Does the seriousness of the conﬂict matter in this decision? In which phase of the conﬂict do they leave? When do refugees come back to their home country? In order to answer these questions, we look at the impact of conﬂict incidence on 21We will return to these issues in the policy section. 22According to the UNHCR deﬁnition, this category includes “ individuals recognized under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; its 1967 Protocol; the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Speciﬁc Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; those recognized in accordance with the UNHCR Statute; individuals granted complementary forms of protection; or those enjoying temporary protection; and people in a refugee-like situation ”. 23The UNHCR Global Trends Report 2014 provides evidence that conﬁrms this hypothesis. About 59. 5 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide by the end of year 2014. Among them, 19. 5 million were refugees and 38. 2 million were IDPs. 28 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
To examine the impact of different electricity price assumptions on hurdle prices, we use data from only the two most comprehensive studies (EC (2008) and IEA (2005)) presented in IEA (2012), which implies that the levelized costs for different technologies are more comparable.

Using aggregate energy consumption data and a nationally representative household survey immediately before the crisis, this paper provides an overview of household energy consumption patterns, highlights Armenia's energy vulnerability, and estimates the direct poverty and distributional impacts of the increase in the cost of imported gas.

Using data from a nationally representative household survey of 2008 and national energy

nationally representative household survey

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Input: Respondents who were untraced were much more likely to be residing outside Kagera (43 %) compared to their counterparts who were re-interviewed (8 %). The consumption data come from an extensive consumption module administered in 1991 and again in 2004. The consumption aggregate includes home produced and purchased food and non-food expenditure. The non-food component includes a range of non-food purchases, as well as utilities, expenditure on clothing / personal items, transfers out and health expenditures. Funeral expenses and health expenses prior to the death of an ill person were excluded. Monetary levels were adjusted to account for spatial and temporal price differences, using price data collected in the Kagera survey in 1991 and 2004, and, for households outside Kagera, data from the National Household Budget Survey. Consumption is expressed in per capita, per annum terms. The poverty line is set at TZS 109, 663, calibrated to yield for our sample of respondents who remained in Kagera the same poverty rate as the 2000 / 1 National Household Budget Survey estimate for Kagera (29 %). 4. Growth, Poverty and Physical Mobility in Kagera In this section, we discuss changes in living standards overall, and the changes for four mutually exclusive groups based on residence in 2004: (i) still residing in the baseline community, (ii) residing in a Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

National Household Budget Survey
Kagera survey

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Input:
<!-- PAGE 2 -->  ## WPS4426 Policy Research Working Paper 4426  # Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts in Southern India  #### _Xavier Giné_ _Robert Townsend_ _James Vickery_ The World Bank Development Research Group Finance and Private SectorTeam December 2007     <!-- PAGE 3 -->  Policy Research Working Paper 4426  ### **Abstract**   Using 40 years of historical rainfall data, this paper estimates a distribution for payouts on rainfall insurance policies offered to farmers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2006.

This paper uses historical rainfall data to estimate the distribution of payouts on a   rainfall index insurance product developed by the general insurer ICICI Lombard and   offered to rural Indian households since 2003.

Correspondingly we can use historical rainfall data to calculate a putative history of   insurance payouts for insurance contracts written against the 2006 monsoon.

Applying the insurance contract terms to historical rainfall data, we calculate the   hypothetical payout on the contract for each station, phase and year.

Dependence on Insurance Payouts**   To calculate the degree of cross-sectional dependence in payouts, we calculate the   standard deviation of phase payouts for each weather station, restricting analysis to the 11   contracts for which we have the most historical rainfall data.

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Input: Despite notable disparities in the characteristics of our sample compared to the VenRePS and RAMV samples, understanding the interaction of these attributes within a frame- work of self-selection among migrants into Medellin is challenging. Moreover, it is cru- cial to note two primary distinctions between our survey and the VenRePS and RAMV surveys. Firstly, the inherent differences in the sampling frames of each survey stem from their distinct measurement objectives. Second, both surveys were conducted at different times compared to our survey. The RAMV survey was undertaken in 2018 in response 10See Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. (2022) for specific survey and sampling details. 11Refer to Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. (2022) for further details. 12Since the VenRePS and RAMV surveys lack information regarding children and adolescents within households, our analysis concentrates only on the household and household head characteristics that are available in all three surveys. 20 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input: diverse diets and poor food consumption status compared to their hosts. The average household dietary diversity score—the number of food groups consumed out of twelve—is 7.5 for hosts and 6.5 for refugees (Figure 5.10a). Overall, the average dietary diversity score is also lower for in-camp refugees than their hosts. The share of households with acceptable food consumption status—food consumption score of 35 or above—is considerably lower among in-camp refugees (49 percent) than their host (74 percent). The relatively lower dietary diversity could be due to refugees having limited access to diverse food as they depend on aid. Most Addis Ababa refugees and their hosts have an acceptable food consumption status (Figure 5.10b). 5.1.5 Shocks and coping strategies Market-related shocks are common, but refugees are exposed to more diverse shocks than their hosts. While Ethiopian households face a plethora of risks that affect their livelihoods—risks to assets, income, and food supply (Dercon et al 2005; Woldehanna et al 2008)—market shocks related to rising food prices, food shortage, and health shocks appear to be most prevalent (Figure 5.11). High food prices drive the market shocks. Food shortage seems to represent a crucial economic shock among refugees—roughly 31 percent of in-camp refugees are

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Input: However, an endline survey was conducted after the second round of the EPAG program as per the timeline depicted in Figure 1. Examination of this endline survey data will permit a descriptive analysis of the outcomes of the first group of trainees 12 months after they completed the EPAG program, as well as examination of the outcomes of the second batch of trainees. The second round included not only the control group from this impact evaluation but also newly recruited participants who were offered brief basic literacy and numeracy training program prior to program entry. Work is already underway to design and implement the third round of EPAG, with a substantial redesign of the Job Skills track, an emphasis on reaching younger girls with lower literacy, and expansion to communities outside of Monrovia. If the high success rates found in this study are replicated for these future cohorts, the EPAG program should serve as a model for policy makers in Africa and the world seeking to improve lives and livelihoods of all youth, male and female. 25 Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: MPI of IDP communities is considerably higher than that of the host communities, so it follows that the censored headcount ratios display a similar gap. The difference by indicator is particularly noticeable in the living standards dimension, where the electricity, cooking fuel, housing, and bank account indicators show over 34 percentage point difference between the censored headcount ratios for the IDP and host communities. Figure 1. Censored headcounts of each indicator in the MPI, by displacement status in Sudan (2018) Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 10 Last, specific adjustments are made in the case of Germany and the Republic of Korea. For Germany, bilateral data are available only by nationality. However, these data fail to take adequate account of the large number of ethnic Germans who arrived from other countries between 1944 and 1950 (mainly expellees) and those who arrived after1950 (mainly resettlers). Material from the German 2005 micro-census was therefore used to supplement the data for Germany (see appendix 3). In the case of Korea, data by nationality are readily available for each census round. However, these data fail to account for the large numbers of migrants from the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea living in the Republic of Korea. Since the United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock details the total migrant stock in the Republic of Korea by the country of birth definition and because citizenship is rarely granted to people from outside, it is simply assumed that the nationality data were comparable to the foreign-born definition. The nationality total was then subtracted from the UN total and the remaining migrants were assigned to the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock

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Input: displaced children and adolescents residing in host communities, rather than in refugee camps. Particularly, VenRePs-Kids collects data on 2, 556 households including 1, 338 Colombian and 918 Venezuelan households, respectively. The study collects rich and comprehensive data on children ’ s and adolescent ’ s development including anthropometric measures, vo- cabulary ability tests, and socio-emotional and mental health assessments. It also collects data on risk behaviors, time use, social integration measures, prosocial behaviors, and parents and caregivers sociodemographics, among other dimensions. 2 The study includes Colombian children and adolescents as the comparison group to high- light the developmental differences of Venezuelan forcibly displaced children. This choice stems from the fact that comparing Venezuelan children in Colombia with their counter- parts remaining in Venezuela is impractical due to the latter ’ s exposure to a severe eco- nomic and humanitarian crisis, marked by limited access to services and food. This envi- ronment severely hampers their potential for normal human development. Additionally, many Venezuelan children and adolescents have spent more of their lives in Colombia than in Venezuela. Therefore, Colombian children and adolescents serve as the most ap- propriate benchmark for assessing the developmental gaps of their Venezuelan peers.

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Input: This equation expresses the model in the case of a dichotomous measure of conflict. Here, it gives the odds ratio of IPV if the district experienced any conflict compared to the odds of IPV if the district had experienced no conflict. X_ij contains individual, household and partner characteristics summarized in Table 1. As noted before, the independent variables are added to the model in blocks to examine for possible confounding or effect modification with the main association. For all analyses, significance was assessed using an alpha of 0. 05. For each country, a multilevel model assessed the association between IPV and forced displacement. Stepwise model fitting was undertaken to assess how the main association was affected by sequential blocks of variables. The final model results for each country are given in the tables below. Sample Weights In order to account for the complex survey design of the DHS, the survey weights for the DV module were included in all analyses, using the probability weight or pweight option within the gllamm survey command. The probability weight is defined as the inverse probability of the respondent ’ s being included in the sample. The pweight command assumes weights are specified at least two levels in the data. Since the data were not weighted at the district level, the level-1 weight within Stata was specified as 1. The level-2 weights were calculated using the Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
These climate scenarios are then used to predict how tropical cyclones may change into the future using a newly developed tropical cyclone simulator (Emanuel et al. 2008).

The historic relationship between aggregate damages and the magnitude of each storm is estimated using data from storms that have hit the United States since 1960.

The damages are matched with characteristics of the storm including minimum barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, and location at landfall (NOAA 2009).

speed, and location at landfall (NOAA 2009). Estimates of county income and

population density are inferred from Census data for the five counties closest to the point

of contact. A regression estimates the relationship between storm intensity and damages.

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Input: 21 Lebanon. It was the obvious step forward in overcoming these problems and the answer to the increasing demand for evidence around the Syrian crisis. The study benefitted from a unique and unprecedented set of data. The UNHCR registry data in Jordan and Lebanon were among the better quality registry data available worldwide and the UNHCR also conducted home visits in Jordan that, at the time of the study, covered over a third of all refugees. There were also sample surveys in both Jordan and Lebanon that were small in size but representative of the population present in the registry. The home visits and the surveys included questions on income and expenditure that could be used for the welfare assessment. Using these data, the study addressed ten questions defined as follows: 1) Who are the refugees?; 2) How different are refugees from “ regular ” populations?; 3) How poor are refugees?; 4) What are the main predictors of refugees ’ welfare and poverty?; 5) How vulnerable are refugees from a monetary and non ‐ monetary perspective?; 6) Do poverty and vulnerability statuses overlap?; 7) How effective are refugee assistance programs?; 8) What is the potential for alternative policies?; 9) How does welfare compare across countries and data sets?; 10) How transferable are Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: refugees can find opportunities to earn money or work—assuming that assistance is the gap between the consumption of refugees to the poverty line— reduces the cost by 44 percent to an annual US$221 per person. Further, the cost of basic needs could decrease to an estimated US$78 per year if the country adopts a “full inclusion” scenario 32% 18% 25% 84% 7% 75% In camp Addis Ababa Total Poverty headcount rate (%) Hosts Refugees Figure ES.3: Poverty incidence Source: World Bank staff based on SESRE 2023. 4.0 2.1 2.9 8.1 3.4 7.0 In Camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees Figure ES.4: Food insecurity scale Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Executive Summary vi where in-camp refugees have equal opportunities as hosts. The results show that refugee integration has considerable potential to save money, creating an “economic-inclusion dividend” that could be allocated to other interventions. Markets and Opportunities Ethiopia’s 24 refugee camps2 are spatially dispersed, and location matters significantly in terms of refugee’s ability to work. About 88 percent of refugees in Ethiopia remain in camps (based on SESRE data). The different camp areas have different geographic, social, and economic contexts, and are in different ecological zones, with different

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Input: 1% 1% 2% Difficulty with self-care 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% Communicating 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Any disability 5% 8% 3% 4% 6% 5% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table D.4: Living conditions by survey domains Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Dwelling type Owned 57% 0% 77% 21% 72% 11% Rented 36% 2% 13% 0% 22% 2% UN/NGO temporary 0% 61% 0% 28% 1% 16% UN/NGO permanent 0% 36% 0% 50% 1% 71% Other 7% 0% 10% 1% 4% 0% Housing quality Overcrowded 22% 66% 44% 53% 42% 56% Improved wall 16% 7% 16% 5% 4% 0% Improved roof 72% 64% 75% 81% 58% 8% WASH Improved source of drinking water 80% 99% 97% 99% 64% 79% Improved bathing facilities 30% 28% 5% 9% 25% 14% Improved toilet facility 38% 39% 60% 59% 18% 34% Improved waste disposal method 24% 64% 30% 37% 10% 8% Source of lighting Electricity (meter) 74% 13% 25% 5% 29% 1% Electricity (meter, generator, solar) 89% 91% 38% 17% 34% 4% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < 15

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Input:
Furthermore, these actors and concerned government counterparts
provided their inputs and contributed to the development of a
durable solutions strategy for Sudanese IDPs and refugees and
supported the works of the HLP and DSWGs.

##### 4.1- Funding data

The total funding requirement for **HRP 2021** of Sudan was **USD**

**1.94bn,** out of which **USD 149,928,919 was planned for protection**

**activities.** However **, only 20%** (USD 30,559,006 **) was provided,** and
USD 116,369,913 remained unmet. **The same amount of USD**

**1.94bn is the funding requirement for HRP 2022, with USD**

**161,917,433 for protection activities that incudes General**

**Protection, Child Protection and GBV. However, as of 05 April 2022,**

**only 1,705,350 in funding has been received** **.**

If the funding situation continues as such, and the government does
not take concrete steps towards the implementation of the NPPOC,
protection agencies and actors will not be able to provide effective
assistance, including under:

**a) protection** : conduct protection assessments, protection
monitoring by presence and remotely, referrals to specialised
services, provide legal assistance, psycho-social support, emergency
cash assistance, awareness-raising, implement community support
projects, support community-based protection networks, capacity
building of service providers, conduct advocacy, protective
accompaniment under.

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