Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Barriers in** **accessing care**

For individuals who experienced challenges in accessing care, the main barriers were long wait times (33%), unaffordable transport costs (23%), and inability to make an appointment (21%), indicating a shift in barriers compared to 2023. With the health worker shortage in Europe long waiting times are renowned and potentially exasperated by the increase in the refugee population. Although challenges in making an appointment remain among the top three barriers, the percentage of those experiencing this difficulty has decreased to 21% from 38% in 2023, when it was the topmost challenge. For those who arrived in 2024, challenges in making an appointment remained however the top barrier (34%). This points to improvements in navigating the host country’s health systems for those who arrived before 2024, supported by the extensive information and awareness efforts of health authorities and RRP health partners. At the same time, it highlights the continuous need for information sharing to ensure effective access to care.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Context

In its third year, the war in Ukraine continues to have a devastating impact on the people in Ukraine and causes massive displacement of populations into the European region and beyond. As of 12 December 2024, 6.2 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Europe [1] . Approximately 81% of the refugees are women and children and 13% of the population is older than 60 years [2] . The refugee population includes other vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities, stateless persons, sexual and gender diverse minorities, and ethnic minorities. In June 2024, the European Council adopted a decision to extend the European Union (EU) Temporary Protection Directive until 4 March 2026 [3], granting Ukrainian refugees in the EU access to benefits, including health.

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Input:
International
 Refugee
 Law
 governs
 the
 protection
 of
 refugees,
 including
 the
 realisation
of
 solutions
 to
 their
 plight.
 UNHCR’s
 mandate
 is
 to
 provide
 protection
 to
 refugees
 and
seek
 durable
 solutions
 for
 them
 and
 UNHCR’s
 Statute
 and
 numerous
 Executive
Committee
 Conclusions
 provide
 the
 legal
 framework
 for
 its
 lead
 role
 in
 voluntary
repatriation
 operations [6] .
 UNHCR’s
 Statute
 provides
 for
 key
 activities
 in
 this
 regard,
including
 promoting
 with
 Governments
 measures
 to
 improve
 the
 situation
 of
 refugees
and
 to
 assist
 Governmental
 and
 other
 efforts
 to
 promote
 voluntary
 repatriation.

In
 its
 involvement
 with
 durable
 solutions
 for
 IDPs
 UNHCR
 is
 committed
 to
 contributing
to
 an
 inter-‐agency
 approach
 framed
 by
 the
 standards
 set
 out
 in
 the
 Guiding
 Principles
on
 Internal
 Displacement
 and
 the
 Framework
 for
 Durable
 Solutions [
 7] .

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Input:
Over 11,000 indigenous Venezuelans currently residing in Brazil have been identified by UNHCR
and partners. Compared to the overall Venezuelan population, they face compounded challenges
accessing basic rights and services, including higher rates of food insecurity (58% vs 52%), health
care needs (75% vs 59%) and out of school children (21% vs 15%). [3] Language barriers and limited
formal education of adults (indigenous refugees are 5 times more likely to have no formal
education when compared to the general Venezuelan population in Brazil), significantly affect their
prospects for successful integration. [4]

### Protection brief in graphics

Population category Population category

Breakdown by nationality

_2 World Bank and UNHCR (2021), Integration of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Brazil,_

_[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf;](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para Haitianos no Brasil,_
_[https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf](https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-haitianos-brasil-jun-2024.pdf)_
_ACNUR & Ministerio do Trabalho e Emprego (2024), Informe sobre o mercado de trabalho formal para pessoas refugiadas afegãs no Brasil_
https://www.acnur.org/br/sites/br/files/2024-11/informe-mercado-trabalho-formal-pessoas-afegas-no-brasil-junho-2024.pdf

---
[3] R4V (2023), Refugee and Migrant Needs Analysis, https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/](https://rmrp.r4v.info/rmna2023/) p. 85

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Input:
School feeding programs are largely implemented by the World Food Programme, reaching a total of 13,000
refugees in 14 schools in the provinces of Lake Chad and Logone Oriental.

The Unified Social Registry (RSU), launched in 2019, has made limited progress in capacity, governance and
financing, despite continuous support from WFP and NGOs.

**4.4** **Protection for vulnerable groups**

In practical terms, the national protection system for the most vulnerable has not undergone any changes
and the measures in place to support victims of human trafficking are still insufficient. This holds true for
victims of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and at-risk children. The national protection services aimed at
these vulnerable groups continue to be underdeveloped and underfunded.

12 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
The number of people of working age in Poland is shrinking and is expected to keep declining. Although substantial migrations from Poland after EU accession in 2004 [19] distort population data, the domestic working age population is declining. According to the Labour Force Survey, which better accounts for emigration than the prevalent population definition, the number of Polish citizens aged 20-64 peaked in early 2010, with 23.5 million people. Since then, it has declined by 2.6 million. This trend is set to continue. According to the latest Eurostat projections, without migration, the population (counting all nationalities) aged 20-64 years would decrease by 4.8 million by 2050. [20] © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz 19 Statistics Poland data, [https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-](https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html)
[temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html](https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/information-on-the-size-and-directions-of-emigration-for-temporary-stay-from-poland-between-2004-2020,8,14.html)

---
[20] Eurostat data, [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/proj_23np__custom_8710248/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=97472dd3-3dd2-](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/proj_23np__custom_8710248/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=97472dd3-3dd2-4aca-a51f-15c98be37466)

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Input:
Interestingly, while women and girls and younger men and boys were more likely to access formal services than informal supports, older men (age 35 and older) were more likely to access informal supports than formal services. These results may suggest that while older men are less likely to access formal MHPSS services, perhaps due to stigma or other factors, some may turn to informal means, such as support from friends, family and spirituality.

**22**

60+ years old 35-59 18-34 12-17 5-11 (N=360) 28% 37% 56% 71% 71% 18% 11%

### **Location of** **Received MHPSS**

MHPSS services were most commonly accessed in community centres (38%), followed by online platforms (18%), reception hubs such as Blue Dots (14%), healthcare settings (13%), religious settings (11%), schools (8%), workplaces (4%), and through phone or hotlines (4%). Additionally, 11% indicated “other” locations. This distribution underscores the importance of diverse and accessible service locations to meet varied needs and preferences, leveraging both formal and informal support systems.

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Input:
# **From Stateless to Citizens: the journey** **of the Shona community in Kenya**

Preliminary results from a socioeconomic study on the impact of citizenship on socioeconomic and living conditions.

" _Getting a national ID has really helped me. I can now move freely without fear of getting arrested. I have access to better job_

_opportunities too because of the access the ID has been able to give me. My kids can now pursue their education comfortably because_

_I know I can support them with access to more work opportunities._ " - Azariah Samuel, 27-year-old father of two during a follow-up

socioeconomic study on the Shona community in Kenya. © UNHCR/Charity Nzomo.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 1

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Input:
confirmed the results found in international literature presented above. The most important result is that Ukrainian refugees who are fluent in Polish earn a net wage premium of about PLN 700 (+16% relative to refugee net median wage, PLN 1,000 gross wage) when compared to those with beginner language skills. This result is stable across different model specifications. Note that such an earnings gain would bring the median net wage of a Ukrainian refugee (estimated based on the SEIS UNHCR survey in chapter 2) from 80% to 98% of the median in the economy as a whole (or from 80% to 93% according to Ukrainian refugee’s median in the NBP’s 2024 survey), almost closing the gap to the economy as a whole in these terms. It is in fact higher than the PLN 500 median net wage premium of the pre-war Ukrainian migrants over Ukrainian refugees in the NBP (2024) survey, even though 68% of the former and only 28% of the latter said they had a high level of fluency in Polish.

31

SEIS UNHCR survey
NBP’s 2024 survey
NBP (2024) survey

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Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**ProCap Senior Protection Advisor**

**have provided the WASH, Shelter,**

**Logistics, Health, Education, Food**

**Security, Nutrition Cluster as well as**

**Venezuelan Humanitarian Fund (VHF)**

**partners a Protection Mainstreaming**

**in-person training.** The training com
prised a theoretical component covering i)

humanitarian and protection principles, ii)

fundamental protection concepts and the

risk equation, iii) the distinction between

integrated protection and protection

mainstreaming and their definitions. The

second part involved a practical exercise

where participants selected an activity

within their sector, analyzed the context,

identified three primary protection risks,

and applied the protection equation.

This dynamic and participative exercise

allowed participants to present their

activities and benefit from constructive

feedback. Overall, the positive feedback

given by participants shows the need to

**8**

strengthen humanitarian organizations'

understanding on Protection Main
streaming to guarantee the Centrality of

Protection is in place in the humanitarian

response.

**X. Training on Mixed Migration**

**and Durable Solutions**

**A full-day training session on Mixed**

**Migration and Durable Solutions took**

**place on October 19th. The session**

**began with a review of basic protec-**

**tion concepts, followed by an analysis**

**of strategies to mitigate threats and**

**vulnerabilities, and enhance capabil-**

**ities through practical exercises with**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
Instrumental variables regressions were performed with the Two Stage Least Squares technique. In the first stage, it adjusts for the non-random distribution of Ukrainian refugees across poviats, and in the second stage, it calculates the models. These results can be interpreted causally. The two previously mentioned instruments were used and yielded statistically significant results, as well as passed statistical tests on their appropriateness for instrumenting the employment share of Ukrainian refugees.
One instrument is the share of Ukrainian children in Polish schools, and the other is the distribution of Ukrainian citizens across Poland in 2019, as recorded in declarations

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
by Information Management (IM) per
sonnel in the Protection Cluster and the

Areas of Responsibility. The cluster's IM

automated data transformations to con
solidate information for the year 2023.

The pilot phase for the migration to 345W

has concluded, and final refinements are

underway. These refinements aim to

establish a more automated process for

reporting, validation, and consolidation

of partners' responses.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
World Day Against Trafficking in Persons

2023. The document can be downloaded

[here link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1586/reports/annual-report/boletin-anual-trata-de-personas-agosto-2022-agosto-2o23)

**VII. Food Security and Liveli-**

**hoods (FSL) and Trafficking in**

**Persons (TiP)**

**Under the Food Security and Live-**

**lihoods (FSL) Cluster consultancy,**

**research has been done to under-**

**stand the connection between food**

**insecurity, lack of livelihoods and**

**the likelihood of being recruited into**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Ukraine Refugee Pulse, which is based on a survey carried out between October and December 2022, 40% of respondents have enough income to meet basic needs or are able to support the same lifestyle they had in Ukraine, while 60% say they do not have enough income or have to rely on savings and welfare. At the same time 62% reported staying in accommodation for which they pay themselves.
MSNA Poland 2023 survey also shows that when asked whether they faced any challenges obtaining enough money to meet their needs, the refugees were nearly equally split (around 0.5% more reported no difficulties), with an additional 8% not knowing or refusing to answer. According to the National Bank of Poland survey carried out in November 2022, 28% of refugees said they spend less than half of their income on daily expenses, most spend between 50% and 80%, and 19% spend 80100% of their income.

###### Currently between 225 and 350 thousand of refugees from Ukraine are working in Poland. The lower bound is the number from social security, while the higher bound is the product of employment rate from the surveys and working age population with PESEL numbers.

MSNA Poland 2023 survey
Ukraine Refugee Pulse

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
**it on a higher growth path.** According
to the Deloitte D.Climate model, economic impact of Ukrainian refugees amounted to a higher real GDP by 1.5% in 2022, as they initially entered the labour market.
With more refugees finding employment, their impact grew to 2.3% GDP in 2023, and further to 2.7% GDP in 2024. This corresponds to GDP being higher by PLN 98.7 billion in 2024. In the long term, as the refugees acquire more country-specific skills and firms invest to restore their capital-to-labour ratio, the impact will grow to 3.2% GDP by 2030. Refugees contribute to the economy by increasing the labour supply as both workers and entrepreneurs, and by boosting demand as consumers.
The increase in GDP is not directly proportional to the increase in population or employment. [20] On the one hand, increase in productivity further boosts the economy, on the other net benefits are lowered both due to a decrease in the capital-to-labour ratio, as well as an increase in competition in the labour market. Moreover, the increase in demand in tight labour market conditions work in the direction of higher inflation and lower price competitiveness of Polish products which decrease its overall positive impact.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
physical health of the members of the

community was improved thanks to the

work of PUI, which translates in the need

of the PC to keep supporting partners

implementing such relevant projects in

communities of difficult access.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1658/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-cluster-de-proteccion-venezuela-septiembre)

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Input:
The Polish government introduced a Special Act [26] that facilitated refugees’ inclusion. The work on the Act started when the activation of TPD was not certain, but later it was used for transposition of TPD. As a result, the Polish framework is very similar to the TPD, though the scope of the Act is wider than the TPD.
However, it only covers those that arrived in Poland after 24th February 2022.
This legal framework gave access to the job market, health care and education.
The authorities allowed those fleeing Ukraine to access basic administrative systems like PESEL and “Trusted Profile”, and legalised residency for 18 months.
The government's solutions allow refugees to get a job, run a business or register as unemployed or seeking work.
On top of that, due to constitutional guarantee of access to education for everyone, refugee children were allowed to access schools and kindergartens.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 12.** Structure by occupational group of all employed persons and refugees from Ukraine

All employed persons Ukrainian refugees 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on Statistics Poland and ZUS data.

---
[26] Act of March 12, 2022 on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country

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Input:
As of 30 June 2023, only 1.6 per cent of Chad’s population is covered by the social protection framework,
and the country spends 0.1 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product on social protection (excluding health
and education expenses). After a lengthy process, the document for the new National Social Protection
Strategy (SNPS) 2022-2026 has been finalized and is awaiting validation and signature by the transitional
government. The new SNPS spanning four years aims to gradually establish a comprehensive, effective
and efficient social protection system that addresses financial needs, livelihood security, risk management,
vulnerability reduction and access to basic social services for all individuals residing in Chad, including
refugees.

**1.2** **Social cohesion**

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Input:
Labor force participation [14] is almost on par with the host country weighted average for the region, with just 2 percentage points difference between the two. This is surprising, considering that the distribution of refugee household members is heavily skewed towards women and dependents.
(73% of working age [15] individuals are female and the age dependency ratio stands at 63%, which is 10 percentage points above the regional weighted average). The most common activities reported by respondents who are out of the labor force are retirement (30%) and engagement in household responsibilities (31%). Across countries labor force participation looks uneven – it stands at a staggering 66% in Hungary (6 percentage points above the national indicator), and at just 36% in

**REFUGEE HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES ABOVE AND BELOW THE POVERTY LINE, %** **[1,2]**

Regular employment Above the poverty line Below the poverty line Temporary work Self employment 35% Host country social protection payments 74% 12% Ukraine social protection pensions 34% Ukraine social protection other 9% 4% 6% 10% Other sources 3% 4% 7% Almost half of income of households below the poverty line depends on social protection

---
[15] In this context defined as individuals that are 15 or more years old

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
This contrasts with the government’s promotion of free land access which apply to all people involved
in agriculture. The current arrangements have led to a seasonal migration of refugees from the camps
to fields located in cantons up to 50 or 70 km away, where they establish temporary settlements. These
sharecropping agreements offer the advantage of fostering close relationships between refugees,
landowners and entire villages, because refugees set up tents with their families throughout the growing
season. Furthermore, refugees often do not receive documents confirming their right to sustained access
to the land used. Between 2020 and 2023, approximately 15,000 hectares of agricultural land have been
made available to refugees in Chad for exploitation purposes, under written or verbal agreements lasting
from one to three years.

In the current Ministry of Social Affairs, there is still no housing assistance program for vulnerable Chadian
nationals. Furthermore, the temporary support system for relocating populations affected by floods in the
capital, primarily backed by the humanitarian actors, does not extend its coverage to refugees.

**3.4** **Financial and administrative services**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
main shareowner in the mine. Most of these 17 mines have foreign ownership, such as

Australian, Canadian, or South African, sometimes in partnership with Ghanaian firms or the

Ghanaian state. Most are open-pit mines, although a few consist of a combination of open-pit

and underground operations.

**Table 1 Gold Mines in Ghana**

**Name** **Opening** **Closing year** **Company** **Country**

**year**

Ahafo 2006 active Newmont Mining Corp. USA
Bibiani 1998 active Noble Mineral Resources Australia
Bogoso Prestea 1990 active Golden Star Resources USA
Chirano 2005 active Kinross Gold Canada
Damang 1997 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Edikan (Ayanfuri) 1994 active Perseus Mining Australia
Iduapriem 1992 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Jeni (Bonte) 1998 2003 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Konongo 1990 active LionGold Corp. Singapore
Kwabeng 1990 1993 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada
Nzema 2011 active Endeavour Canada
Obotan 1997 2001 PMI Gold Canada
Obuasi 1990 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa
Prestea Sankofa 1990 2001 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Tarkwa 1990 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa
Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA
_Source:_ InterraRMG 2013.

_Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point.

6

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
**The overall decline in total employment from 74 percent in 2019 to 70 percent in 2024 is indicative of the sum of**

**these shocks.** Although men have re-entered the labor force at a faster rate, the community as a whole is still in

the process of economic recovery. The proportion of unemployed individuals has remained relatively low,

suggesting that many are still re-entering the labor market or seeking labor market opportunities. Only 13 percent

of the Shona working wage-earners have some form of employment contract, demonstrating a high prevalence of

informal work arrangements.

**The increase in the number of individuals out of the labor force, especially among women, underscores the**

**difficulties of returning to the labor market and securing timely employment.** The pandemic's effects have pushed

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 6

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Input:
Data Sources: proGres v4 (PRIMES) hosts the data of refugees and asylum-seekers in 11 countries. In South Africa, the data are managed by the
government. In Angola, DRC, Zambia and Zimbabwe, some portions of the data are external. For IDP data, the source of DRC’s IDP figure is the OCHA;
the sources in Mozambique and Zimbabwe are the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) of the IOM; and the source in the Republic of Congo is the
government, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action (MASAH).

proGres v4 (PRIMES)
Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Chronic illness and** **MHPSS**

Among individuals with chronic illnesses, 41% reported experiencing mental health and psychosocial problems in 2024 (44% of women, 36% of men), up from 33% in 2023 (36% of women, 28% of men). In contrast, only 16% of individuals without chronic illnesses reported such problems in 2024 (20% of women and 11% of men), compared to 13% in 2023 (15% of women and 9% of men). These findings reinforce the strong interplay between chronic health conditions and mental health challenges, emphasizing the need for integrated care models that holistically address both physical and mental health to provide effective and comprehensive support for those managing chronic illnesses.

**26**

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REPORTED EXPERIENCING**

**A MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEM BY**

**CHRONIC ILLNESS STATUS AND COUNTRY**

With chronic illness Without chronic illness Regional Romania Hungary Lithuania Poland Bulgaria Latvia Slovakia Estonia Czechia Moldova (N=17,867)

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Input:
Migrants dispersed to weaker labour markets experience poorer inclusion outcomes in subsequent years, and vice versa. These outcomes can pertain to employment, earnings, or human capital accumulation, and have been shown in Denmark (Foged, Hasager, and Peri, 2022; Azlor, Damm, and Schiltz-Nielsen, 2020), Germany (Aksoy, Giray, Poutvaara, and Schikora, 2020), Norway (Godøy, 2017), Sweden (Åslund, Östh, and Zenou, 2010; Åslund and Rooth, 2007), and Switzerland (Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo, 2022), as well as the previously described crosscountry study. This could in principle stem from scarring on an individual level from weak initial opportunities, or persistently weak local labour market combined with imperfect geographic mobility. The effects are hard to disentangle, while Åslund and Rooth (2007) find some indication that both phenomena are at play, Godøy (2017) finds evidence only for persistently weak local labour markets.

##### Migrants and refugees dispersed away from ethnic enclaves experience weaker labour market inclusion outcomes, and vice versa.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Given that the refugee population is up to three or four times larger than the local population in certain
areas hosting refugees, mainly in Eastern Chad, there is an increased risk of tensions due to already limited
resources. Nevertheless, on a broader scale and across the entire territory, refugees continue to peacefully
coexist with the local population, facilitated by strong ethnic and cultural bonds, along with shared common
traditions. Mixed committees, comprising both refugees and members of the host community, remain active
in all refugee camps and sites. Their objective is to promote peaceful coexistence and proactively address
conflicts. Women continue to play a crucial role in conveying messages of peace and social cohesion,
contributing significantly to dispute resolution efforts.

**1.3** **Environmental management**

There has been no significant change in national environmental protection and resource management
policies. The existing policies continue to lack clarity concerning their application to refugees and/or host
communities.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
prominent in refugee households in terms of poverty and employment. The same holds true for households that contain members with disabilities. It is somewhat encouraging that the share of refugee youth (age 15 to 24) not engaged in employment, education or training stands at just 14% (18% if distance learning is excluded), which is in line with host country national indicators.

**Based on the above findings it is recommended**

**that:**

- Any transitions from subsidized accommodations
are handled with extreme care. Almost 20% of all refugee households depend on this aid to stay out of poverty

- Labor market inclusion efforts continue and
interventions target the removal of the most commonly reported barriers (local language proficiency, lack of decent work opportunities, a mismatch in skills).

- A special focus is put on addressing the needs of
female only led households or members with disabilities. Both groups are more likely to find themselves below the poverty line.

# 50% 74% 14%

of refugees from Ukraine find themselves of all refugee households income above

**below the poverty line** [4] based on the poverty line **comes from regular work**
reported income - this figure stands at 35% for households

---
[4] Defined as 50% of the median equivalized income in the host country

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Input:
towards higher-paid occupational groups.
The share of Poles in the two lowest salary brackets (earning less than gross PLN 4,000 and PLN 4,000-6,000 in 2022) decreased by 0.4 and 1.8 percentage points, respectively, while the subsequent higher salary brackets increased by
1.4 pp. (PLN 6,000-8,000), 0.6 pp.
(PLN 8,000-10,000), and 0.3 pp. (above PLN 10,000) (see Chart 30).

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz Dispersing refugees to weaker labour markets can also have negative social outcomes. Albarosa and Elsner (2022) report more anti-immigrant incidents during the European refugee crisis (2015/2016) in areas of Germany with high unemployment rates and shares of right-wing voters. Damm and Dustmann (2014) show that immigrant men dispersed to areas of Denmark with more convicted criminals, experience higher future crime conviction probabilities, but not overall neighbourhood crime rate.

The estimated employment rate of refugees from Ukraine in Poland is above 60% and was among the highest in the OECD [27] .
Although there is uncertainty around employment rate in different countries due to uncertainty regarding refugee numbers while MSNA Poland 2023 gives a slightly lower figure of 61%. In comparison, the employment rate equalled 61% in the United

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Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REFUGEES SITUATION**

As of 3 0 September 2022

**Author: UNHCR DIMA - RSA** Contact : rsarbdima@unhcr.org **Source:** UNHCR Primes, Government, UNHCR

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Input: Poland 2023 assess that around 56% [23] of refugee arrivals had completed higher education. This means that Ukrainians with higher education were more likely to relocate to Poland or leave Ukraine in general, having the necessary means to achieve this. On average refugees with a bachelor’s degree or higher had an over 30% higher employment rate than peers without a degree, according to MSNA Poland 2023 survey.

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Input:
Table 12 shows that log annual wages are higher close to mines (column 1), and that most of

the increase is driven by the increase in wage rates for women (column 2). Women, however,

have lower wages before the mine, and a smaller share of women earn wages. Globally, it is

considered that the historic expansion in service sector employment (which in this context

increased significantly within 10 km) has played a pivotal role in reducing the gender wage and

hour gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017).

31

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Input:
UNHCR
 first
 established
 an
 operational
 presence
 in
 South-‐Eastern
 Myanmar
 in
 2004
with
 the
 objective
 of
 assisting
 communities
 affected
 by
 armed
 conflict
 in
 Kayin
 and
 Mon
States
 and
 in
 Tanintaryi
 Region.
 Between
 2004
 and
 2012,
 UNHCR,
 in
 partnership
 with
local
 and
 international
 organizations,
 has
 delivered
 over
 3,000
 humanitarian
 projects
 to
ensure
 that
 displaced
 and
 host
 families
 in
 affected
 areas
 have
 access
 to
 proper
sanitation,
 primary
 health
 care
 facilities,
 safe
 and
 clean
 water,
 livelihood
 activities
 and
other
 training
 including
 technical
 support
 to
 community
 management
 capacities,
particularly
 in
 relation
 to
 small
 infrastructure
 management.

UNHCR
 also
 undertakes
 protection
 assessment,
 legal
 awareness
 training,
 and
 provides
assistance
 to
 extremely
 vulnerable
 individuals
 (including
 land
 mine
 victims
 and
survivors
 of
 sexual
 and
 gender-‐based
 violence).
 The
 extent
 and
 capacity
 of
 protection
monitoring
 and
 referral
 networks
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 nonetheless
 remain
 extremely
limited.

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Input:
politicians that have been linked to mining activities in other countries such as Peru

(Maldonado, 2017) and India (Asher and Novosad, 2018), such as clientelism, corruption and

reelection of local politicians were not analyzed within the context of Ghana. We encourage

future analysis along similar lines.

A few caveats should be noted. As the gold mining industry in Ghana matures further, it will

be important to determine the long sustainability of these economic effects. This paper does not

tease out the effect of mine closure on local socio-economic conditions, an aspect that warrants

future focus. Moreover, lack of clearly estimated effects both in the individual level and district

level analysis could stem from limited sample sizes. We encourage future analysis to use more

rounds of data to ensure consistent results. Lastly, for the health and employment effects that

we observe, we cannot determine if they stem from changes in the market-based economy, from

corporate social responsibility policies or public spending. Future studies should try to carefully

disentangle the mechanisms at play.

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# **2.** Situation of refugees from Ukraine on the labour market in Poland

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7.** Unemployment rate

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

**Source:** Harmonized data, Eurostat, [Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/une_rt_m/default/table?lang=en)

##### Refugees from Ukraine fit well into the needs of the Polish labour market.

Ukrainians arrived on a labour market that structurally needs more workers, as the domestic population is ageing rapidly, while the economy is growing. High levels of education, cultural proximity and previous connections to Poland helped refugees adapt to the labour market. Furthermore, Poland made an important and strategic policy decision by promptly opening the labour market and supporting their inclusion.

16 17

**Chart 6.** Working age population with Polish citizenship (20-64 years old)

25 24 23 22 21 20

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Input:
UNHCR and partners provide case management assistance to support children who are
unaccompanied or separated from traditional caregivers or who are suffering from violence,
exploitation, and neglect. UNHCR works with partners, including government partners, to assist
children with heightened protection needs by providing legal assistance, safety and security, and
psychological and health interventions as needed. UNHCR works with YCWS, our implementing
partner, to provide assistance to unaccompanied children (UAC) in a Semi-Independent Living Care
Arrangement (SILCA) through which UAC are accommodated in a rented room and their basic needs
are covered. In response to the emergency situation in Aceh, UNHCR is undertaking Best Interest
Assessments (BIA) for the large number of UAC, child spouses, and other children at risk to better
understand their needs and determine a protection approach that best addresses those needs.

### **Gender-Based Violence (GBV)**

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Input:
## **NAVIGATING HEALTH** **AND WELL-BEING** **CHALLENGES FOR** **REFUGEES FROM** **UKRAINE**

#### An Inter-Agency Exploration of Data 2nd edition January 2025

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Input:
**Average monthly gross earnings in enterprise sector in poviat of employment in 2022**

Natives and other immigrants 36 Note that these percentages are only indicative, as Ukrainian refugee educational attainment is assumed on the basis of November 2022 NBP (2023) survey for 18+ age group and July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey for 15+ age group, while the general population is taken from the 2022 Labour Force Survey for 15-74 (broadest available) age group, and earnings by educational attainment are taken from the GUS (2022) “Structure of wages and salaries by occupations in October 2020”.
37 Note that the numbers of Ukrainian refugees and all workers numbers by poviats are taken from ZUS Statistical Portal on 30th September 2023 from the universe of workers registered for social security (this does not cover the informal sector and some jobs that do not require social security). Ukrainian refugees are identified by PESEL UKR. Salaries and wages are taken from Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022, but cover only the enterprise sector (firms with 10 or more employees).
38 Note that there is no publicly available administrative data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees. We proxied their sectors by taking the difference in workers with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security between H1 2023 and end of 2021 in A-Q 1-letter NACE sections. For the general population we used employment in the 15+ age group in Q2 2023 from the Eurostat Labour Force Survey. Earnings by NACE section have been taken from Statistics Poland Statistical Bulletin wages and salaries for the enterprise sector and public sector in Q2 2023.
39 Note that Ukrainian refugees have been allocated to firm sizes based on the July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey, while general workers from the GUS (2023) “Employment in the national economy in 2022”. Productivity of firms by size is based on gross value added per person employed in industry, construction, and market services sectors (broadest available) in 2021 from Eurostat Structural Business Statistics.

Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022

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Input:
Population Data Analysis – September 2022

Overview

As of the end of September 2022, Southern Africa hosts around **8.6 million persons of concern (PoCs) to UNHCR** .
This includes 1.1 million refugees and asylum-seekers and 6.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as
others of concern, refugee returnees and IDP returnees. **The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) represents 77**

**per cent of the regional data.**

Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Others of concern

The region hosts **785,000 refugees, 278,000**

**asylum-seekers** **and** **36,000** **others** **of**

**concern** . Among those 1.1 million PoCs, 74 per
cent of them are from the countries outside of
the Southern Africa region. [1] The top five
countries of origin are Central African Republic
(243,000), Rwanda (242,000), DRC (228,000),
Burundi (84,000) and Ethiopia (61,000).

Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs)

In Southern Africa, there are **6.9 million**

**internally displaced persons (IDPs)** . Most of
them are conflict-induced, 6.4 million, but there
are also natural disaster-induced IDPs, 0.5
million. The data on IDPs are reported in DRC,
Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe (see
Figure 1).

Durable Solutions

Figure 1. Number of IDPs in RBSA by Cause as of 30 September 2022

---
[1] The Southern Africa region refers to the 16 countries covered by the Regional Bureau for Southern Africa of UNHCR including Angola,

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)

Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15–49. Robust standard errors clustered at the village or neighborhood level in parentheses
(except if otherwise stated). All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years
of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. The treatment distance is defined to 20 km. Rows
2 drop sample between 20 to 40 km of a mine, and rows 3 drop sample that was surveyed two years before mine
opening. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. FE = fixed effects.

30

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Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE requirements and differences in location-specific regulations. On the other hand, individuals with experience in construction found it easier to secure employment in the same sector, with an unemployment rate at just 5%. Lower language requirements and fewer issues with skill recognition are likely to be the main reasons. This possibly explains why 53% of former construction sector employees from Ukraine were able to find work in the same sector.

**REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION MAP FOR SELECTED SECTORS**

Past sector of employment in Ukraine Current sector of employment in Host country Education and support service activities Construction

**Accounting for those engaged in Ukrainian**

**distance learning, the share of youth not in**

**employment, education or training for refugees**

**from Ukraine is comparable to that of host**

**countries**
If distance learning, which follows the Ukrainian curriculum, is taken into account, the share of young Ukrainians (aged 15 to 24) who are not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) stands at 14% [16] across the region, which is fully in line with the Other No longer employed Construction Education Administrative and support service activities

---
[16] Likely to be a bit overstated, as the survey did not inquire about activities of 15-year-olds outside of school enrollment. Also,

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before

and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population

that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in

14

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Input:
**ing grounds for the next months**

**have been set.** Further, meetings have

been held with the 6 subnational Pro
tection Clusters in Zulia, Táchira, Apure,

Amazonas, Barinas, and Bolivar. Coor
dination with these coordinators will be

strengthened to assure decision taking

is guaranteed also from the field, and

their support in the implementation of

the extended OCHA Local Coordination

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE stigma limiting help-seeking behaviors among adult men. Conversely, for children aged 5–11, caregivers sought support for 76% of boys and 64% of girls.
These findings highlight the complex interplay of gender and societal norms in influencing helpseeking behaviours, warranting further investigation.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO TRIED TO ACCESS MENTAL**

**HEALTH SUPPORT BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male work arrangements). These informal mechanisms, while less structured, complement formal services by fostering emotional connection and practical assistance through personal relationships and community networks.

**TYPE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT**

**RECEIVED BY GENDER**

Female Male Psychotherapy/counseling Support from family or friends Creative psychosocial activities Structured wellbeing intervention Spiritual support Psychiatry/medication management School-based services Workplace support Other Messaging materials Caregiver training (N=1,715) 5-11 12-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=4,052)

### **Types of Support**

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Input:
##### 4. Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch 26 4.1 Over-qualification 27 4.2 Access to regulated professions 29 4.3 Language wage premium 31 4.4 Persons not previously in employment 34 4.5 Recommendations 35 Appendix: Modelling strategy 36 Glossary                                                      44 List of charts and tables 45 Literature 46

02 Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

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Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**Protection Cluster September/ October 2023 activity report**

This report has been prepared by the Protection Cluster in Venezuela

_Cover photo: © UNHCR / Kimberly Sarkis (2023)_

The Protection Cluster is a broad-based participatory forum of protection partners which brings
together United Nations agencies, human rights and development organisations and actors, as well
as local and international non-governmental organisations. The Protection Cluster is led by UNHCR.

All our information products, including reports, maps and factsheets are available on the Venezuela

Protection Cluster website:
[https://ven.protectioncluster.org](https://ven.protectioncluster.org)

Contacts:

Protection Cluster Coordinator, **Alice Contini**, continia@unhcr.org

Protection Associate, **Patricia Bosco**, boscoleo@unhcr.org
Counter-Trafficking in Crisis Specialist, **Norma Ferrer**, noferrer@iom.int

Protection Assistant, **Kimberly Sarkis**, sarkisne@unhcr.org
Protection Specialist, **Giuliana Inturrisi**, giuliana.inturrisi@drc.ngo

**2**

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Input:
boosts the economic impact of Ukrainian refugees. To arrive at results that would be comparable to the previous report, economic impact has been additionally simulated in a scenario without the productivity shock. This brought the results down to 1.3% GDP in 2024, which is in line with the Deloitte (2024) most optimistic of the four outlined scenarios of 1.1% GDP in 2023 and 1.4% GDP in the long term. [21] The Ukrainian refugees and the economy turned out to have adapted better than expected last year. Moreover, the fact that the previously modelled mild adverse effects on the labour market have not materialized reflects a stronger increase in labour productivity than was assumed. As a result, the positive impact of Ukrainian refugees on the economy is greater than previously expected.

**As Ukrainian refugees entered the**

**labour market, the economy adapted,**

**resulting in more specialization and**

---
[21] Full results of a modelling scenario with no shock to productivity are available in the Online Technical Appendix.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: The recommendations drawn from this analysis focus on addressing the health and mental health and psychosocial needs and barriers identified in the SEIS, tailoring them to the specific data and context of each country. To enhance policy development, it will be crucial to improve monitoring of refugees’ health, including sexual and reproductive health and mental health, through inclusion of disaggregated refugee data into national data systems. This will require effective collaboration among health organizations, statistical offices, and partners. Addressing capacity issues in national health systems, such as workforce shortages and long wait times, can be supported through telemedicine and temporarily integrating Ukrainian healthcare workers. Refugees with chronic illnesses and disabilities require targeted interventions to meet their health and MHPSS needs, including through health financing mechanisms. Continued efforts are also required to address persistent access barriers through contextspecific strategies, including providing refugees with information on navigating health systems and preventive health services such as vaccination.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Among the 5% who reported access constraints, the primary barrier to accessing SRH services was long waiting times, affecting 33%. Financial barriers also posed challenges, with 23% of women reporting difficulties covering transportation costs, 19% struggling with clinic fees, and 12% with hospital fees. Additionally, 21% lacked knowledge of where to access SRH care and 19% were unable to make appointments, reflecting both informational and administrative barriers to SRH services.

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Input:
Activities
 –
 whether
 delivered
 by
 UNHCR
 or
 partners-‐
 should
 be
 conflict-‐sensitive
 and
address
 key
 issues
 of
 concern
 of
 both
 returning
 refugees
 and
 IDPs
 and
 their
communities.
 A
 community-‐based
 programme
 that
 builds
 on
 existing
 systems
 and
structures
 and
 supports
 local
 development
 plans
 should
 be
 planned
 and
 implemented
based
 upon
 comprehensive
 needs
 assessments
 and
 consultations
 with
 the
 populations
concerned
 as
 well
 as
 government
 and
 non-‐government
 actors.

Activities
 and
 project
 delivery
 should
 be
 flexible
 and
 context-‐specific
 so
 as
 to
accommodate
 complexities
 and
 respond
 to
 any
 changes
 that
 may
 occur
 throughout
 the
process.
 Activities
 range
 from
 food
 assistance
 to
 essential
 health
 care
 facilities
 and
services,
 primary
 and
 secondary
 education
 support,
 and
 community-‐level
 infrastructure
rehabilitation
 or
 construction
 and
 livelihoods.
 Livelihood
 opportunities
 will
 be
 a
 key
component
 in
 ensuring
 the
 sustainability
 of
 the
 reintegration
 process
 and
 cash
 and
voucher
 modalities
 to
 boost
 the
 local
 economy
 should
 be
 actively
 considered
 where
these
 are
 appropriate
 and
 effective
 ways
 of
 meeting
 identified
 needs.

UNHCR
 will
 seek
 innovative
 solutions,
 in
 particular
 for
 self-‐reliance,
 education,
 shelter,
and
 domestic
 energy
 solutions.
 Poverty
 graduation
 models
 will
 be
 explored,
 combining
relief
 assistance
 with
 capacity
 building
 measures,
 to
 enable
 the
 poorest
 individuals
 and
households
 to
 move
 out
 of
 poverty.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
### **Improved Protection Environment**

While it is not a signatory to the Refugee Convention, Indonesia generally respects international and
domestic refugee law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement, and has demonstrated critical
humanitarian leadership in the region by consistently stepping forward to disembark boats carrying
Rohingya refugees. 2024 and 2025 present important opportunities to further advance the protection
environment in the country, including the planned revision of a key domestic refugee law and the new
policies and priorities of recently elected national leaders.

The National Refugee Taskforce has initiated inter-ministry discussions on the revision of Presidential
Regulation 125 of 2016. This Regulation provides the foundation for ensuring access to asylum and
assigns UNHCR a key role in the management of asylum claims and solutions. UNHCR’s
recommendations for consideration in the revision have focused on the need for clarifying and
expanding the decree’s scope to ensure a strong refugee protection framework in Indonesia, including
protection safeguards that ensure entry to safe territory through channels other than the sea;
increasing joint activities with the Government, particularly in registration and documentation; and
advancing inclusion efforts in the country.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Kingdom, 56% in Sweden, 53% in Lithuania and 51% in the Czech Republic. The estimate for Poland was based on November 2022 National Bank of Poland survey data.
This relatively high value is supported by a UNHCR Assessment from 2nd November, in which survey results show that 72% of refugees are in the labour force, with 61% employed and 11% unemployed.
The most refugees are employed in manufacturing – 14%, accommodation and food service – 12%, and trade and repair – 6%. 89% of the survey respondents were women [29] .

27 Deloitte elaboration based on the aggregation in OECD International Migration Outlook 2023 28 After the closing date for our report, NBP (2024) published new data, showing a slight drop in Ukrainian refugees employment rate to 62% that does not change our general conclusions.

---
[29] UNHCR Multi Sectorial Needs Assessment October 2023

November 2022 National Bank of Poland survey data

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Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE Bulgaria (20 percentage points below the domestic figure). While differences in the typical household composition do explain some of the variation Bulgaria, for instance, has the largest share of retirees - the local context probably plays a more substantial role.

**LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY COUNTRY (AGE 15+), %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees

**UNEMPLOYMENT: REFUGEE POPLUATION VERSUS HOST**

**COUNTRY, %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the [ILO for 2022](https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/)

**TOP EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS REPORTED BY UNEMPLOYED**

**REFUGEES, % OF RESPONDENTS** **[1]**

Moldova Bulgaria Romania Slovakia Poland Czechia Hungary Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the World Bank
[(modeled ILO estimates for 2023)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS)

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Input:
percent reported an increase, and 12 percent experienced a decrease since December 2020. This distribution

suggests that while citizenship has had a stabilizing effect for many households, it has not yet resulted in broad
based economic gains. However, the increase in income for nearly 4 out of every 10 households is a positive sign

of economic progress and potential for further growth as the community continues to integrate more fully into the

Kenyan economy.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 7

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Input:
The newly enacted asylum legislation does not include a specific legal provision governing access to financial
services nor access to administrative documents and certifications, including recognition of educational
attainments received outside of the national system. However, within the context of local integration and
self-reliance, Article 61 of the [2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) outlines that the Government of Chad prioritizes actions for
refugees, among others, to access credits, microcredits and subsidies, as well as to obtain the recognition
of documents issued by competent authorities.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**benefits.** Although the employment rate
of Ukrainian refugees in Poland is already high when compared to other countries, there is still room for improvement.
Increasing the employment of refugees by 15 thousand people, which would close half of the gap between the employment rate of refugees and Poles, would yield at least PLN 1 billion of value added in the economy. This calculation is made under an assumption that those newly hired would be paid minimum wage and should be considered a lower-bound estimate, as it understates potential benefits. In part, the higher productivity of workers might boost the profits for employers, further enhanced by increased investment.

#### **4.4 Persons not previously in employment**

**Employment rates among Ukrainian**

**refugees are exceptionally high, with**

**only a minority requiring targeted**

**assistance to enter the labour market,**

**in particular those who were not**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
3% 2% 1% 0% 4000 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 4000 Ukrainian refugee educational attainment implies from 18% (assuming refugees’ educational attainment from November 2022 survey) to 19% (July-August 2023) higher earnings than the general population. [36] Poviat-level geographical distribution of Ukrainian refugees is more concentrated in high productivity agglomerations, implying 7% higher earnings than for other workers registered for social security. [37] There is no publicly available hard data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees, which we proxy by the growth in employees with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security since the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine (unfortunately this to some extent will be Ukrainian workers previously present in Poland who changed jobs) – this imperfect proxy implies 7% lower earnings than general workers. [38] Smaller firm sizes of employers of Ukrainian refugees imply their 8% lower productivity (and thus earnings) from the general population. [39] Most of all, occupational distribution of Ukrainian refugee workers from ZUS implies 21% lower earnings from the general population when measured by nine large occupational groups and 23% lower by detailed occupations. [40] 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000

---
[40] Note that data on occupations of Ukrainian refugees is for persons with PESEL UKR registered for social security on 30th September 2023. It

data on occupations of Ukrainian refugees

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
**The unemployment rate, however, is very high**
In contrast to labor force participation, the estimated unemployment rate of refugees from Ukraine is notably high when compared to that of host country nationals. At the regional level, the former stands at 14%, which starkly contrasts with the 3% weighted average for locals. In certain countries, such as Romania, the unemployment level exceeds 30%.
According to unemployed respondents, challenges for securing employment include (1) local language proficiency (cited by over 50% of those surveyed), (2) lack of decent employment opportunities, (3) lack of opportunities matching the candidate’s skillset, (4) lack of age-appropriate opportunities, and (5) lack of childcare services. When queried about services that could enhance economic prospects of their families, the top two requests were for language training (33% of respondents) and job matching assistance (27% of respondents).

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
constraints in accessing health services. Vaccine coverage increased notably in Moldova, Czechia and Bulgaria compared to 2023. In comparison, measles vaccination coverage within Ukraine reached 92% for the 1st dose of measles vaccine and 87% for second dose [8] (WHO, 2023).

Regionally, only 54% of all children received the recommended second measles vaccine.
Vaccination coverage is below the 95% target required to interrupt community transmission of measles.

**% OF CHILDREN RECEIVED AT LEAST ONE MEASLES**

**VACCINE**

2023 2024 Data need to be interpreted with caution as they rely on recall and were not verified against individual vaccination records.

Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Slovakia Poland Romania (2023 N=1,539, 2024 N=1,320) 8. [https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/european-region/UKR accessed on 06.11.2024](https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/european-region/UKR)

**18**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

# **Contents**

Acknowledgements 2 Summary of findings and recommendations 3 Background 4 Key findings 4 Methodology 13 Limitations 14

# **Acknowledgements**

We extend our sincere appreciation to the numerous individuals and organizations whose contributions have been instrumental in the development of this report. The data analysis and writing was conducted by the interagency SEIS Livelihoods and Socio-Economic Inclusion Sector Analysis Group (SAG), led by Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR). The team also consisted of David Mosler (ILO), Erin Neale (IOM), Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), Yaroslav Smirnov (IOM), Elif Sucu (IOM), and Idil Yildiz (ILO).

We also express our gratitude to Jad Ghosn and the Regional Bureau for Europe (UNHCR) for their invaluable guidance and support in coordination, data preparation, and analysis.

**Cover photograph:**

Antonina (center) is at a CV support point, receiving assistance with preparing her resume.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7. Income of Ukrainian refugee households by source**

**2%**

**0.1%**

**In 2024, Ukrainian refugee households**

**increasingly sourced their income from**

**Poland, rather than from Ukraine.** This
can be seen when comparing the MSNA survey conducted in July-August 2023 and SEIS in May-June 2024 (UNHCR, 2024, 2023).

While some methodological differences apply, we can see that incomes earned in Poland grew from 81% in 2023 to 90% in 2024. Conversely, incomes from Ukraine declined from 18% to just 9%. This change demonstrates that Ukrainian refugees Work (regular, part-time, self-employment, remote, other, remote in Ukraine) Remittances from Ukraine Polish social benefits Ukrainian social benefits Other (capital, loans, other) Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS (May-June 2024) UNHCR (2024) survey.

Note: Deloitte worked with disaggregated household-level data, ensuring comparability (converting all Ukrainian hryvnia incomes into Polish zloty based on daily exchange rates in the time of the interview, and 3-month into 1-month remittance incomes).

continue to integrate economically.
It comes as no surprise, given that employment rates and wages of Ukrainian refugees in Poland increased during that time, which is the focus of the next chapter.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## **2.** Ukrainian refugees in the Polish labour market

##### In the past year, as far as labour market integration is concerned, refugees from Ukraine improved in terms of employment and wages, yet they continue to be disproportionately skewed towards elementary occupations. They are also the group to see the fastest improvements, with the gap towards Polish citizens visibly closing across the entire wage distribution (2.1). The current refugee employment rates are only slightly lower than those for Polish citizens, and median net wages are at about four-fifths of the economy as a whole, which may nevertheless be overly optimistic when compared to gross or average wages (2.2).

#### **2.1 Improving economic situation**

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 9. Ukrainian refugee labour status** **[9]** **Chart 10. Ukrainian refugee median net wage** **[10]**

Working age (women 15-59, men 15-64) PLN, 18-64 age group 4,000 69%

**Ukrainian refugees are more likely**

**to be employed in elementary**

**occupations than pre-war Ukrainian**

**migrants, non-Ukrainian foreigners,**

**and Polish citizens, but they are**

**also the group to have improved**

---
[10] See the note on median wage estimation method in the Online Technical Appendix.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
from abroad (e.g. savings of refugees in Ukrainian banks) further strengthens that effect. In total, general government revenue increased by 2.0% in 2022, 2.75% in 2023, and 2.94% in 2024. In monetary terms this amounts to PLN 25.0 billion in 2022, PLN 39.1 billion in 2023, and PLN 47.0 billion in 2024 [22] . In the long term, refugees should increase annual general government revenue by around 2.7%.

**Ultimately, Ukrainian refugees**

**generate additional output and**

**demand.** This results in an increase in real
GDP, and is especially beneficial for public finance. Although the influx of refugees was costly at the start, the additional general government revenue they provided was more than enough to compensate for the expense [23] . Tight labour market helped absorb the increase in labour force, mitigating negative impacts of increased competition on the native workforce. Over time, increased productivity should benefit native workers, as it is the primary driver of long-term wage growth. [24]

---
[24] For a discussion on the stable long-term relationship between wages and labour productivity, see for example Meager & Speckesser (2011).

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Input:
**refugees.** Although language skills
improve over time, still only 18% of refugees speak Polish fluently, usually those who arrived in Poland 29 months ago. On average, those at the beginner level have been in the country for only 18 months.

**•** **Lack of work experience negatively**

**affects the labour outcomes of older**

**refugees.** Refugees who back in Ukraine
managed the household or were not employed remain underemployed in Poland. The employment rate among the most enterprising refugees, who were self-employed back in Ukraine, is 91%. In contrast, those who did not work, study or train in Ukraine, have an employment rate in Poland of approximately 35%.

labour market, native workers increasingly shift to complementary, higher value and better paid tasks. This can be seen in the data, as Polish citizens are moving to better paid occupations. It constitutes a positive shock to productivity, which is what counterbalances labour market pressures.

##### Macroeconomic impact

**In 2024, Ukrainian refugees’ net**

**impact amounted to 2.7% of the Polish**

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Input:
The government of Chad has committed to providing refugees with access to quality education by integrating
them into the national education system. This integration allows all refugees and asylum-seekers to enrol in
primary, secondary, and higher education institutions, follow the Chadian curriculum, and obtain recognized
diplomas. The process of integrating refugees into the national education system has seen significant
progress since 27 November 2020, including the adoption of the ten-year refugee education strategy by
the government. In line with this, since 2018, the government has recognized and integrated 94 schools
in camps and reception sites into the national system and opened seven examination centres in camps to
ensure that all students can take national exams under proper conditions.

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Input:
difference between close and far, and before and after mine opening, we have created a

difference-in-differences estimator.

Panel B of figure 2 shows this strategy in a map, where the small blue circles show the treatment

areas, and the 100-km-radius green circles show the geographic areas that constitute the control

group. As is common in difference-in-differences analysis, the estimation relies on treatment

11

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Input:
In these vulnerable conditions, any shock to the household economy -such as job loss, illness, or
climate related events- significantly impacts on refugees’ ability to cover the rent and utility costs
(water, electricity), leaving them at heightened risk of eviction. [20] Climate related incidents are
becoming recurrent in the Brazilian context, such as floods and landslides in the south, as well as
droughts and wildfires in the center and the north of the country. [21] For instance, southern Brazil
has seen an increase of up to 30% in average rainfall over the last three decades [22] and, as of
September 2024, 59% of the Brazilian territory was affected by the most severe drought since
nationwide measurements. [23]

---
[22] Presidência da Republica, « Southern Brazil has seen an increas of up to 30% in average annual rainfall over the last three decades »,

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Input:
**occupational downgrading.** The SEIS
survey indicates that 34% of Ukrainian refugees currently employed in Poland work in the same sector as back in Ukraine, while 48% – in a different one. There is no data for 18% of workers – mostly made up of the youngest refugees who might not have worked back in Ukraine. Employment in one’s pre-displacement sector appears to boost the median net wage by about 6%, when compared to those who switch fields – a back-of-the-envelope calculation puts their median net earnings at 89% of the overall median. However, this likely overstates the true effect of staying in the same sector, since the higher-paid groups (for example, the majority of IT specialists) were more likely to remain in their original industry.

**Highly skilled Ukrainian refugees**

**are likely to suffer from significant**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
While refugees and asylum-seekers have the right to reside in Chad, as enshrined in Article 21 of the law, and
there are no legislative restrictions on their choice of residence, multisectoral assistance is only provided
by UNHCR and its partners in camps. Consequently, this assistance remains a decisive factor in refugees’
decision to stay in the camps. Refugees with the financial means to support themselves or engaged in
economic activities outside the camps are free to choose their place of residence in Chad.

**3.2** **Right to work and rights at work**

Article 28 of the [Asylum law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) in the Republic of Chad grants refugees the most favourable treatment afforded
under similar circumstances to foreign nationals regarding the pursuit of gainful employment, whether
salaried, non-salaried and/or self-employed. The same provision pursues that refugees shall be exempted
from certain restrictive measures imposed by the prevailing regulations on the employment of foreigners.
Additionally, Article 70 of the 2023 Decree stipulates that a refugee legally residing in Chad enjoys the same
rights and standards of treatment as foreign nationals. Article 61 of the [2023 Decree specifically addressing](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
local integration also guarantees the refugee right to access salaried or non-salaried employment to reach
self-reliance.

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