Input:
40% of the respondents reported that their community **38%**
or living area is not currently experiencing elevated
tensions and frequent clashes. This perception is
consistent with the available surveys and assessments
run by the NWS PC, on the escalation of hostilities
started in October 2023 and still ongoing.
 The survey also explored the **presence of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)** in the living areas of youth in
northwest Syria, along with their experiences of receiving support for clearance and awareness, 13%
reporting presence in their area. Among those who reported the presence of UXO, 25% received help or
support for clearance, and 79% of those who received support reported that it included an awareness
session about explosive ordnance exchange.

**Is your community experiencing elevated**

**tensions and frequent clashes?**

**38%**

**7**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 6 3. The Data The Kagera Health and Development Survey (KHDS) was originally conducted by the World Bank and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), and consisted of about 915 households interviewed up to four times from fall 1991 to January 1994 (at 6-7 month intervals) (see World Bank, 2004, and http: / / www. worldbank. org / lsms /). The KHDS 1991-1994 serves as the baseline data for this paper. Initially designed to assess the impact of the health crisis linked to the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the area, it used a stratified design to ensure relative appropriate sampling families with adult mortality. Comparisons with the 1991 HBS suggest that in terms of basic welfare and other indicators, it can be used as a representative sample for this period for Kagera (results not shown but available upon request). The objective of the KHDS 2004 survey was to re-interview all individuals who were household members in any round of the KHDS 1991-1994 and who were alive at the last interview (Beegle, De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006). This effectively meant turning the original household survey into an individual longitudinal survey. Each household in which any of the panel individuals live would be administered the full household questionnaire. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

KHDS 1991-1994
KHDS 2004 survey
Kagera Health and Development Survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
We develop and use a model to estimate expected asset losses and expected welfare losses, and quantify socioeconomic resilience in 117 countries. The model builds on Hallegatte et al. (2016b), which only considered river floods and 90 countries. Here we add new countries thanks to new socioeconomic data, and we introduce additional hazards - coastal floods and storm surge, windstorm, earthquakes, and tsunamis - using the risk assessment provided in the Global Assessment Report (UN-ISDR 2015). We also simplify the model - focusing on the factors that were found to have most influence on our previous assessment and disregarding other factors - and improve our modeling of insurance and social protection.

In our national indicator, we include the role of early warning system using data reported in the context of the Hyogo Framework for Action [7] (UN-ISDR, 2015a). The priority for action #2 ("Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning") includes an indicator (P2-C3) related to "Early warning

<!-- PAGE 16 --> overlays flood maps from the GLOFRIS global model and poverty maps from the World Bank. For countries where this study does not provide data, we use an older, similar study by (Winsemius et al. 2015). This other World Bank study overlays the same GLOFRIS flood maps as above with geo-localized household surveys (using the Demographic and Health Surveys [8] ) to assess the exposure of poor people to river floods relative to the exposure of non-poor people.

We calculate the average capital productivity as output-side GDP divided by total reproducible capital within a country, both variables from Penn World Tables.

GLOFRIS
Demographic and Health Surveys
Penn World Tables

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: According to Council on Foreign Relations, the estimated number of people killed since December 2013 is over 50, 000, and over 1. 6 million people are internally displaced66. Economic Opportunity South Sudan has abundant natural resources. Before its oil production fell sharply, the government relies on oil for its revenue. It also has very fertile soils and abundant water supplies. South Sudan has struggled with economic development since its independence and its economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012 when the government decided to 61 IMF, Six Things to Know about Somalia ’ s Economy, April 11, 2017, http: / / www. imf. org / en / News / Articles / 2017 / 04 / 11 / NA041117 ‐ Six ‐ Things ‐ to ‐ Know ‐ About ‐ Somalia ‐ Economy 62 UNHCR, Somalia, http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2550? y = 2016 # year 63 Human Rights Watch, World Report, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / south ‐ sudan 64 Human Rights Watch, World Report, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / south ‐ sudan 65 UNHCR, South Sudan http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2553 66 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) https: / / www. cfr. org / global / global ‐ conflict ‐ tracker / p32137 #! / conflict / civil ‐ war ‐ in ‐ south ‐ sudan

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We have constructed two different variables that try to account for the degree of severity of the conflict. 10 The first variable identifies individuals belonging to households that were displaced due to the 1999 wave of violence (all members displaced). The second variable identifies individuals in households that report having their house completely destroyed by the violent attacks in 1999. The TLSS 2001 contains also useful retrospective information on school attendance and grade attained across three different academic years: 1998 / 99, 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01. We are 7 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation & Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. ― Human Rights Violations Database. ‖ 9 February, 2006. Website: http: / / www. hrdag. org / resources / timor-leste_data. shtml. 8 There may be potential sample biases in the statement taking procedure given the voluntary nature of the process. It is possible that those living in more remote or mountainous areas, those living far away from the areas where the statements were taken, the sick, old and disabled and those with no access to the media or means of mass communication have a lower probability of being part of the sample. By contrast, those more active in local communities are more likely to have provided a testimony.

Human Rights Violations Database
TLSS 2001

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
### Financial Covenants

The Loan Agreement includes the following financial covenants: (i) the borrower will maintain the SIGAF accounting module for the project active and updated within five business days of any transaction; (ii) annual project financial statements will be prepared in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on a cash basis; (iii) external auditors will be appointed within four months of project effectiveness; and (iv) the external audit report, together with the management letter, will be submitted to the Bank within six months of each fiscal year-end.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: All civil works contracts under the project include as a condition precedent to payment the submission of a workers' accommodation standard certification and a signed code of conduct from contractor supervisory staff, consistent with the LMP. The PIU's E&S officer has developed a compliance checklist aligned with the LMP requirements, which is used during quarterly site inspections. Instances of non-compliance identified during inspections are recorded in a corrective action register and followed up within 30 days.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: V. B Impacts of exposure to Taliban territorial control on educational attainment Table 4 reports estimates for the effects of refugees ’ exposure to Taliban, contested terri- tories, and U. S. allies on refugees ’ educational attainment. First, this reveals that the im- pact of Taliban exposure is negative across four variables we examined: literacy, formal schooling attendance, primary education completion, and secondary education comple- tion. However, it is worth noting that the estimated effects do not reach statistical signif- icance for the completion of primary education. Nevertheless, when we combine these four variables into an education index (computed as their average), we observe enhanced precision, allowing us to document the significant negative effects of Taliban exposure on the education index. These effects are both substantial and meaningful. For instance, the coefficients in column (3) and Panel A indicate that a one-unit increase in the aver- age share of exposure to Taliban presence (representing 100 % presence in the province of birth during the five years between 2017 and 2021) is associated with an 18. 5 percentage point decrease in the share of individuals with some level of education. The estimates further demonstrate strong and adverse effects of refugee exposure to con- tested territories on educational attainment. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
widespread among Shona households, and access to external support was minimal. Although employment levels

began to recover a year later, they remained below pre-pandemic levels, underscoring the prolonged adverse

impact of the pandemic on this already vulnerable community. [[9]]

_Figure 1: Labor force status after the COVID-19 outbreak (18-64 years)_

_Source: Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys (RRPS)_ _[[9]]_

**Two rounds of household surveys taking place over five years before and after the transition of the Shona in**

**Kenya from statelessness to citizenship help us to understand this community – and present one of the first**

**socioeconomic pictures of the impact of citizenship on the welfare of stateless persons.** Between 2019 and 2024,

the median age of Shona household members remained unchanged at 18 years, underscoring a predominantly

youth demographic profile. Gender distribution is even, showing only a marginal change, with the female population

increasing slightly from 49 percent to 50 percent. Average household size has risen modestly from 4.9 to 5.4

members, which may reflect greater household consolidation or socio-economic stability following their

naturalization. The most notable shift is the significant reduction in the proportion of female-headed households,

Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
which collected heretofore unavailable expenditure data on each type of subsidized food

4. New 1997 Household Budget Survey

Egyptian food subsidy system.' [8] This study used expenditure data from the 1990/91

Household and Income Expenditure Survey (HIES), which was a large, nationally

and Statistics (CAPMAS).1 [9] One of the main problems with this 1990/91 HIES survey

Household and Income Expenditure Survey (HIES)

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 14 4. 1 Variation across Districts Pakistan is divided administratively into four provinces with 102 districts — Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier Provinces (NWFP), and Sindh — plus the federal capital Islamabad, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the federally administered Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The four provinces or Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh and NWFP, together with Islamabad, account for more than 97 percent of the population. Geographically, parts of Balochistan, the NWFP and FATA border Afghanistan. Sindh and Balochistan are sparsely populated provinces, with the exception of Karachi in Sindh, which is the single biggest metropolis in the country with a population approaching 10 million. We use data from the population census, 1998, as well as the census of private schooling, 2000, to provide estimates of madrassa, private, and government school enrollment in each district except for those in the province of FATA. The geographical dispersion of madrassa enrollment depends on how we define madrassa prevalence. There are three alternatives. We could present a geographical breakdown of the total number of children enrolled in madrassas. This number is related to the total population of the district, and may thus reflect only the size of the district relative to others. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Surveys, 76 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 77 and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). 78 The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner (UNSD 2014). There are only a few cases where modules or questions on forced displacement have been integrated into survey instruments (most notably in Somalia, Uganda, West Bank and Gaza, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Ghana, as well as health surveys in Albania, Ukraine and Moldova). There are several challenges associated with ‘ mainstreaming ’ forced displacement into household surveys: (a) there is huge demand for adding sector-specific or thematic modules to international surveys; (b) it is relatively difficult to convince national statistical agencies to modify their county-specific surveys; (c) disaggregating survey results by specific vulnerable groups (e. g. refugees, IDPs, migrant populations) requires these distinctions to be integrated into the sampling frame and sometimes there is insufficient information to do this or a lack of resources to expand the sample size; (d) lack of access to displacement- affected areas; and (e) difficulties associated with integrating an inherently political topic into less controversial surveys. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Demographic and Health Surveys

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 18 household socioeconomic information. In some cases, socioeconomic information is collected at the individual or household level but more often information is collected at the community level. It is extremely rare to have unit record data sets on IDPs, which explains why we found only 18 studies in the Econpaper repository as already documented. Recognizing the problem of scarcity and availability of information on IDPs, international organizations have set up in several countries coordination mechanisms to count IDPs usually coordinated by IOM, UN ‐ OCHA or the UNHCR. There are also global efforts to centralize this information on the part of organizations such as the UNHCR, UN ‐ OCHA, the international Displacement Monitoring Centre (iDMC) or the Joint IDP Profiling Services (JIPS). These efforts are making good progress on harmonizing counts of IDPs but remain short of establishing proper data collection systems that could deliver in the years to come unit data of quality for research. Hence, research on IDPs remains constrained by lack of data, lack of a blueprint on how to collect data and lack of an organization dedicated to IDP data collection. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 7 of 51 In this sense, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that the non-standard employment statistics presented below are not homogeneous among countries. In countries where both forms of non- standard employment were identified, we define non-standard employment as those occupations that satisfy at least one of the conditions, that is, either corresponds to a part-time occupation or a temporary job. In countries where temporary employment was not identified in the data, our non- standard employment category will coincide with part-time employment. Note that in either case, as other non-standard employment modalities are not identified, the indicators presented in this paper indicate a lower level with respect to the true dimension of the phenomenon. The only aspect addressed that required the use of additional information was the analysis linked to the profile of tasks that are developed in the framework of non-standard jobs. To carry out this analysis, the information available in the O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database was used in conjunction with the Household surveys. This database provides information referring to the content of tasks of the occupations. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In addition to these categories, the 2018 home visit survey reports expenditure data on water, transportation, infant needs, essential household items, hygiene items, debt payment, and telecommunications. This difference in expenditure categories could inflate reported expenditure in the second wave. This is because survey respondents tend to reveal more accurate information when asked item by item, than if asked for an expenditure or income aggregate. In part, this may be due to an intention to withhold information to obtain the monetary assistance, and in part, it has to do with the recall error that this type of questionnaire elicits. To aggregate expenditure, we restrict the number of categories to those in both waves which represent a sizeable portion of a household expenditure; that is, rent, utilities, food, water, and transportation. These five categories average 97. 5 percent and 77 percent of household expenditure in the first and the second waves, respectively. While spending on healthcare, education, and household items were also recorded in both waves, the amounts were not large and were excluded because health care and education expenditures may reflect a vulnerability (for example, caused by illness or disability in the case of health care), or a luxury for those who can access the service, and 8 The monthly per capita cash assistance Syrian refugees receive is roughly 60 %- 65 % of the Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket (SMEB) and is intended to cover rent, water and sanitation costs. Assistance levels are mainly determined by family size. Since 2014, PAs often make the withdraws or their allocated cash assistance using iris scan enabled ATM machines (UNHCR, 2018b). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 11 however, since they cannot distinguish between a country where the population is concentrated in one cluster covering 10 % of the territory and one where the population is concentrated in two clusters of 5 % each, but with a considerable geographical distance between them. Population and conflict geography in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) corresponds to these arguments regarding population concentration and dispersion. Concentrations of language-based minorities are evident throughout eastern DRC. Due to the limited access of the government, the close proximity to international borders, and the dense population concentrations, these concentrated minorities have a higher potential of conflict than other, more accessible, sparsely populated areas of DRC. Figure 1 shows the population concentrations in 1990 (CIESIN data) for Central Africa. Heavily populated areas are shaded in deeper tones of red / grey. Civil conflict in DRC has overwhelmingly occurred in the eastern portion of the state, which is the most densely populated area and also geographically peripheral to the capital, Kinshasa. Of the eleven Congolese rebel groups accounted for in the dataset used in this paper, all have operated either exclusively or partially in the eastern and southern areas of DRC. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: MPI of IDP communities is considerably higher than that of the host communities, so it follows that the censored headcount ratios display a similar gap. The difference by indicator is particularly noticeable in the living standards dimension, where the electricity, cooking fuel, housing, and bank account indicators show over 34 percentage point difference between the censored headcount ratios for the IDP and host communities. Figure 1. Censored headcounts of each indicator in the MPI, by displacement status in Sudan (2018)

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 20 between 1948 and 1965, with increases in the percentage of adults with religious education in the cohorts born after this date. There is also wide geographical dispersion in the prevalence of madrassa education in Pakistan. Although all districts report that less than 2. 5 percent of children in the relevant age group (children between the ages of 5 and 19) are going to madrassas, the Pashto speaking belt that borders Afghanistan stands out in terms of the popularity of madrassas as an educational choice. The notion that the madrassa movement coincided with resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan is supported by the 1998 data from the population census. The increase in the stock of religiously educated individuals starts with the cohort that came of age in 1979 (the year of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan) and the largest increase is for the cohort co-terminus with the rise of the Taliban. Combined with the fact that the largest enrollment percentage in Pakistan is in the Pashtun belt bordering Afghanistan, this suggests events in neighboring Afghanistan influence madrassa enrollment. Is there something intrinsic about Pashtun sensibility or tribal culture that leads to higher madrassa enrollment? The differentiation of the Pashtun and non-Pashtun districts does not extend to Pashtun and non-Pashtun households in the LEAPS data. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Impacts on the labor market are unclear; initial research suggests that there has been a supply shock to informal labor markets. This has had a large-scale impact on the employment of natives in the informal sector. At the same time, research suggests there has been a boost to formal employment for the Turks, but this has been uneven: the low educated and women experience net displacement from the labor market and, together with those in the informal sector, declining earning opportunities.  The “ Socio-economic Assessment of the Impact of Syrians under Temporary Protection (SuTPs) on Turkish Hosting Communities ” [ongoing], to be undertaken in partnership with the Government of Turkey, will include a nationally representative household survey with SuTP and local Turkish households including camp and non-camp environments. The questionnaire will cover welfare (assets, income, expenditure), municipal services, labor and employment, education, social networks and quality of life. F. Options to improve forced displacement statistics Significant efforts are needed to enhance the reliability, comparability, quality and scope of the global data on forced displacement. In particular, more robust estimates are needed of the scale (stocks, flows and locations) and typology (demographics, location and accommodation) of forced displacement crises. This requires substantial improvements in the rigor of data collection and compilation methodologies including: (a) Harmonization of definitions and methodologies used in the collection and analysis of statistical data on forced displacement — covering stocks and flows of refugees, asylum- seekers and IDPs — to ensure comparability across regions and countries; Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: percentage points less overall and 34 and 18 percentage points less in Eritrean and Somali camps, respectively. There is little benefit to working outside the camp to reduce aid reliance in South Sudanese households. On the other hand, years spent in Ethiopia are only associated with a gradual decrease in dependence on donations, with only a 1 percentage point reduction for every year spent in the country. The lack of employment outcomes contrasts with other refugee-hosting countries in East Africa, highlighting the lack of labor market access for Ethiopian refugees. Evidence suggests that refugees 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Figure 3.19: Value of productive assets among households with non-farm business 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Figure 3.18: Household has non-farm business Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Productive assets include the subset of assets with production value, such as farm tools and water pumps, sewing and building equipment, and commercial cars. Outliers are treated, and values are adjusted for inflation. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Current Camp Refugees COB Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Remittances (local/international) Donations (NGO/gov) Crops/livestock Salary (employment/casual labor) 0

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 16 { Tables 4 and 5 here} Among the first six categories that are based on raw census data, three categories (raw scaled, R & R not scaled, and R & R scaled) are constructed through the summation of bilateral raw numbers and disaggregations of some aggregate categories in the original censuses. Since these categories together constitute around 45 percent of migrants in each census round, the original bilateral portion of each cell was compared with the final number assigned to them after the various calculations as a check on accuracy. For each decade, therefore, the overall percentage contribution of the raw bilateral data to the total is calculated (table 6). 23 In each census round, at least 92 percent of all those categories are derived from the raw data. { Table 6 here} Simulating Missing Data Finally, to examine the reliability of the estimated missing census data and test the methodologies, several scenarios are assumed. All bilateral observations for a single year for four countries (Australia, United States, Switzerland, and Chile) in different parts of the world are deleted and the missing cells are filled using one of five methods. 24 The first simulation assumes that all bilateral data for 2000 are missing but that the total number of migrants is available. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to severe based on the score. Moreover, depression is screened with the Patient Health Questionnaire, a 9-item tool administered directly to adolescents. These instruments collectively gauge a broad spectrum of psychological and emotional states, including post-traumatic stress, emotional disturbances, behavioral issues, inat- tention, peer relationships, prosocial behavior, anxiety, and depression, offering a com- prehensive view of the mental health and socioemotional development of the minors in our study. Figures B. 3 and B. 4 depict the distribution of the raw scores for Venezuelan and Colom- bian minors for each of the four scales. Surprinsingly, we do not observe any stinking differences on the distribution of any of these scores across groups. We are also not able to distinguish statistical differences between Colombian and Venezuelan children in any of the scales, when we estimate the specification highlighted in equation (1) as illustrated in Table 7. This is an unexpected result considering that typically, forcibly displaced pop- ulations have a high prevalence of socioemotional and mental health issues, but might be related to the fact that Venezuelan migrants have not faced war (as many forced migrants have in other contexts) directly and as such, these issues are less prevalent.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: sexual encounter. Finally, about 10 % of study respondents have experienced a forced sexual encounter in their lifetimes, which is consistent with the national figure of 13 % for this age group (DHS 2007). 17 Table 2B presents baseline balance tests for the household characteristics of respondents in the study sample. More than 40 % of households are headed by females, and the average household has slightly fewer than five members. The mothers of EPAG respondents tended to have very low education levels (almost 60 % had never been to formal school), while the fathers had more variance in their education (about a quarter had no schooling, but over 60 % had at least some secondary education). In both treatment and control households, a high proportion of school-aged children are in fact enrolled in school. Less than half of young people aged 13-30 in study households have any employment. Housing conditions are also similar across experimental groups. Tables 2A and 2B include a representative, but not exhaustive, list of indicators that were tested for balance by the authors. We conclude that the presence of very few significant differences between the individual or household characteristics between the two experimental groups indicates a high degree of internal validity for the study. 3. 5. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The MHPSS program evaluation conducted at 18 months assessed changes in functional impairment, social participation, and perceived support among beneficiaries who received structured psychosocial support compared with a waitlist control group. Facilitators documented session attendance and content coverage using a standardized session log. The evaluation found meaningful reductions in psychological distress scores among participants, though the absence of clinical diagnostic instruments limited the ability to measure changes in diagnosable mental health conditions.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: A significant increase in non-participation among men can be clearly seen in the West Bank in 2020Q2, mostly at the expense of the private infor- mal sector. The labor market then quickly bounces back. By 2020Q3, labor market stocks in the West Bank appear indistinguishable from pre-pandemic periods. Gaza, on the other hand, experienced three consecutive quarters of depressed employment from 2020Q2 to 2020Q4. Non-participation spiked twice, first in 2020Q2 and then in 2020Q4, corresponding respectively to the initial lockdown orders and the subsequent outbreak in Gaza. Recovery also appears to be slow and uneven. Figure (3) shows the labor market flows. We exploit the specific panel structure of the LFS dataset, described in Section 3. 1 by focusing on one cohort of the same respon- dents who were surveyed in 2019Q1, 2019Q2, 2020Q1, 2020Q2, and finally 2020Q4. This cohort of individuals allows us to observe labor market transitions into the pan- demic; to compare with a period over the same quarters in 2019; and, finally, to observe their recovery outcomes in 2020Q4. Overall, Figure (3) shows two labor markets with high levels of churning. On average, 29 % of individuals in the sample would change their labor market states after just one quarter. These churns are especially prominent between informal employment and unemployment, and in Gaza between unemployment and non-participation. The figure also illustrates the significant differences between the West Bank and Gaza in labor market dynamics, differences already observed in the labor market stocks presented in Figure (1). In addition to the significant flows between unemployment 11 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 1 Introduction Company owners and managers make two decisions with important implications in the labor market: what skills are demanded and who to hire. On the demanded skills, a driver of trends in employment is the changing demand for soft skills (Heckman and Kautz (2012), Weidmann and Deming (2021)). However, we know relatively little about what kinds of soft skills employers value in modern entry- level jobs (Heller and Kessler, 2022). On the decision of who to hire, it is in the best interest of companies to hire based on workers productivity. However, several studies have documented the existence of labor market discrimination in a wide range of contexts (Bertrand and Duflo (2017), Neumark (2018)) and it remains unclear how discrimination operates throughout the hiring process and how the existent empirical evidence on discrimination is linked to economic theory (Bertrand and Duflo, 2017). We conducted a correspondence study in 2023 using a large online job platform to assess demand for soft skills in the context of hiring discrimination in Malaysia. Malaysia is a particularly interesting setting because it is an upper-middle-income economy, home to multiple ethnicities representing large shares of the population, and previously documented gender gaps in labor force participation and wages.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: by the migration episode. These include the minors age and sex, the parent ’ s and grand- parent ’ s education pre-migration, and a wealth index constructed with retrospective in- formation on the household conditions pre-migration. 14 Grandparent ’ s education is used a proxy for living standards that is unaffected by the migration episode from Venezuela to Colombia and the Venezuelan crisis, which intensified in 2016. ϵij depict the standard errors clustered at the household level to correct for intra-household correlation. For robustness, we will present the estimates of equation 1 with and without controls. As further robustness, we use propensity-score weights (Hirano and Imbens 2001, Hirano, Imbens and Ridder 2003). 15 V. A Physical development: Body Mass Index and health status In our study, we examine disparities in nutritional and health status among Colombian and Venezuelan children aged 5 to 10 years, focusing on standardized body mass index (BMI), instances of overweight and underweight, and overall health status. The BMI serves as an indicator of nutritional status for both adults and children, calculated as an individual ’ s weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared, according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 10 inflow). We then use the composite variable as an instrument to identify the causal impact of refugee presence on livelihood diversification and commercialization in host communities. Figure 2: Household livelihood strategy framework under refugee inflow Source: Adapted from Nielsen et al. (2013) and Walelign and Jiao (2017) 4. Data sources The major data source of the current study is the World Bank ’ s Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) 12 baseline survey from Ethiopia. The Ethiopia DRDIP survey was administered between September 2017 and August 2018. The survey covers 113 Kebeles (wards) in 16 Woredas (districts) from the top five refugee-hosting regions in Ethiopia. The selection of the sample households follows stratified random sampling with proportion to size (the number of households) using Woredas as a geographic stratum. The sample originally comprised a total of 3, 390 households, who were selected using systematic random sampling within each Woreda. We used data from 3, 375 households, as 15 of them were excluded due to missing location information (GPS). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
As with the earlier two matching estimations, we matched the children within each DHS year.

This is around 7, 6, and 5 percentage points for the 2007, 2011, and 2014 DHS, respectively.

"The Effect of Water and Sanitation on Child Health: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007.

16 According to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), an improved sanitation facility is defined as "one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.

" The JMP considers the following categories as improved sanitation: flush to piped sewer system, flush to septic tank, flush to pit (latrine), flush to unknown place, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants (Table 2). Two papers use general equilibrium models (Bodvarsson, Van den Berg, and Lewer 2008; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimations (Card, 1990 and Alix-Garcia and Bartlett, 2015). [Table 2] The unit of observation varies depending on the data at hand. Most studies rely on household survey data where individuals or households are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension (more frequently administrative areas). Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included. Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level, various types of population groups (based on gender, age etc.), and, in a few cases, economic sectors, industry or labor market segments. The use of fixed effects varies. Some papers use the full set of parameters depicting units of observation (for example, household, region and time fixed effects in equations where the unit of observation is constructed using household, region and time). Other papers use subsets of these parameters whereas other papers introduce variables that are not used to identify the unit of observation.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Programs designed to enhance employment among young people can focus on the supply side of the labor market, including skills training programs for both wage employment and entrepreneurship training; or programs to augment demand, such as wage subsidies, public works, and community service programs; or programs to help the labor market clear, such as job search assistance and placement services. In addition, it may be that the constraints facing young people are not in the labor market itself, but in other markets, such as for credit. The vast majority of jobs programs have focused on the supply side: training programs make up about 79 percent of over 600 cases included in the World Bank ’ s Youth Employment Inventory database. 3 Although rigorous and general evidence of success is limited, it seems that successful skills training programs share a few key features: they are responsive to local market conditions, they provide more than just technical skills in a specific area (including, for example, “ life skills ”), and they include ancillary services that alleviate other constraints preventing successful labor market integration (e. g., access to credit). Among the most celebrated are the Jovenes programs that provide demand-driven technical training, plus social skills that help in the labor market, plus internships. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Another way to view the connection between low return on education and youth frustrations is that the rapid intergenerational mobility in education has failed to yield similar mobility in either income or social status. This delinking between educational and occupational mobility has been documented for Egypt by Binzel and Carvalho (2013). While there is no similar work on Jordan, this article contributes to this agenda by documenting the first step in this process, which is the link between public investment in schooling and the educational mobility across generations. 1. This is based on version 2. 0 of the Barro-Lee dataset for educational attainment among the total population 15 and older.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: We have constructed two different variables that try to account for the degree of severity of the conflict. 10 The first variable identifies individuals belonging to households that were displaced due to the 1999 wave of violence (all members displaced). The second variable identifies individuals in households that report having their house completely destroyed by the violent attacks in 1999. The TLSS 2001 contains also useful retrospective information on school attendance and grade attained across three different academic years: 1998 / 99, 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01. We are 7 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation & Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. ― Human Rights Violations Database. ‖ 9 February, 2006. Website: http: / / www. hrdag. org / resources / timor-leste_data. shtml. 8 There may be potential sample biases in the statement taking procedure given the voluntary nature of the process. It is possible that those living in more remote or mountainous areas, those living far away from the areas where the statements were taken, the sick, old and disabled and those with no access to the media or means of mass communication have a lower probability of being part of the sample. By contrast, those more active in local communities are more likely to have provided a testimony. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

Human Rights Violations Database
TLSS 2001

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Usual) which would lead to even higher emissions.

We rely on four climate models: CNRM (Gueremy et al. 2005), ECHAM

(Cubasch et al 1997), GFDL (Manabe et al. 1991), and MIROC (Hasumi and Emori

shown in Figure 1. Note that a range of temperature changes are predicted for this

emission scenario.

This study

Using a tropical cyclone generator in each ocean basin, the climate data is used to

project 17,000 tropical cyclone tracks (Emanuel et al. 2008). There are 3,000 tracks in

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 6 3. Data Sources and Methods 3. 1. Administrative data on educational outcomes in Italy Two administrative data sources represent the backbone of this paper. These are the administrative data obtained from the Ministry of Education (MoE) for academic years 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023- 24, and standardized test score data from the Italian National Institute for the Evaluation of the Educational System (INVALSI) for the 2022-2023 academic year. These datasets offer valuable insights into the educational outcomes of students in Italy, including Ukrainian refugees who entered the Italian school system following the invasion in 2022. Deϐinitions. In both datasets, students are categorized into ϐive demographic groups based on their nationality and timing of entry into the Italian educational system. These groups are Italian students, Ukrainian refugee students, non-refugee Ukrainian students, newly arrived foreign students, and other foreign students. Among Ukrainian students, the distinction between refugees and non- refugees is based on their enrollment date in the Italian education system. Ukrainian refugees are deϐined as Ukrainian students who enrolled in Italian schools after February 2022. In this paper, Ukrainian refugees are labeled “ Ukr post-Feb 2022 “, while non-refugee Ukrainians are labeled “ Ukr pre-Feb 2022 “.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: UNICEF (2017) reports that for boys, child labor, school violence, and the high costs of schooling (for transportation and stationery supplies) are the main barriers to their enrollment. For girls, barriers include the distance to the nearest school, the high cost of transportation, the need to help with household chores, health problems, and families refusing to educate their daughters. According to the JD ‐ HV database, the most common reasons parents gave for their children not attending school were financial constraints (35 percent), lack of capacity in schools (29 percent), or that children were required to work to support their family (14 percent). By 2016, the enrolment rate of Syrian refugee school ‐ age children in Jordan was 83 percent, 54 percent in formal education, and 29 percent in nonformal education (World Bank 2017b). 10 Refugee Employment It has been hard for refugees to find work in Jordan. The slowdown in growth in Jordan pre ‐ dates the arrival of Syrian refugees and the economy has been increasingly unable to absorb new labor market entrants. Between 2010 and 2016, labor force inactivity increased, employment decreased, and unemployment increased in Jordan (Malaeb and Wahba, 2018). Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: conomic characteristics. The data suggests that both groups were comparable and that those referred by forced migrant organizations were not more vulnerable before migration. Of 15 characteristics analyzed, only the time of settlement in Colombia was statistically different between groups. While this difference is mechanical (because RAMV migrants migrated earlier in general and likely referred other forced migrants who migrated around the same time), it is also small (less than one month). Moreover, in Figure C. 1, we show that date of arrival was uncorrelated with an index constructed with baseline socioeconomic character- istics of migrants in our sample during our period of analysis. We address concerns related to biases introduced by the characteristics of migrants sam- pled through different sources by estimating the local effects for RAMV and non-RAMV migrants who migrated around the RAMV cutoff date. First, we checked the internal valid- ity of this empirical strategy by showing that RAMV and non-RAMV migrants who arrived around the cutoff date were comparable based on a rich set of baseline observables (Table 1). Second, we checked for the comparability of RAMV and non-RAMV referrals from or- ganizations and the comparability of RAMV and non-RAMV referrals from other migrants (Tables B. 2 – B. 3). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The comparison between ∆ h is for actual and hypothetical destinations tells us whether the actual district of destination is more densely populated than alternative destinations. Results are presented in Table 3 for all variables used in the analysis. We begin with district log income eδs. We have two estimates of eδs, one obtained using reported income data, and the other based on reported consumption data. Given that most respondents to the NLSS survey are self-employed, measurement error is typically larger for income than for consumption. We see that our estimates of log income and consumption eδs are on average 20 % and 8 % higher in 20

reported consumption data
reported income data

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The 2005 insurance policy's surety bond requirement created delays for three smaller contractors who lacked access to the commercial surety market at competitive rates. To resolve this, the PIU negotiated a framework agreement with two national insurance companies approved by the Insurance Regulatory Authority to provide project performance bonds under the 2005 insurance policy at standardized premium rates. This arrangement reduced average bond issuance time from 22 days to 4 days and has been incorporated into the standard bidding documents for subsequent civil works contracts.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: of the groups and the distances between them. For instance, (Bazzi et al., 2019) shows that polariza- tion increases ethnic attachment. Others have highlighted the reduction in trust, either interpersonal trust or institutional trust Alesina and Ferrara (2002); Beugelsdijk and Klasing (2016). To assess the importance of alternative explanations, we first replicate our analysis using individual data on violence. In addition to participation in protests, we follow McGuirk and Burke (2020b) in using the Afrobarometer survey data on interpersonal crime and physical assault. We then assess the relationship between the revised refugee diversity indices and alternative individual outcomes such as ethnic vs. national identity, generalized trust, trust in neighbors, and institutional trust (trust in government). The questions from the Afrobarometer mentioned below are used as a proxy for these outcomes: 32 1 Attack: Over the past year, how often (if ever) have you or anyone in your family: Been physically attacked? 2 Crime: Over the past year, how often (if ever) have you or anyone in your family: Feared crime in your own home? 3 National identity: Let us suppose that you had to choose between being a [Ghanaian / Kenyan / etc.] and being a [respondent ’ s identity group].

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Although much more suited to geographically disaggregated analysis than other datasets, this location dataset has some limititations, It does not record changes over time in the center location and extent of conflicts, and it reports the total extent of the conflict zone without distinguishing between areas that saw repeated and extensive fighting and those that only experienced scattered activities or individual events far from the center of the conflict. 3. 2 Disaggregated Dependent Variable: ACLED The ACLED dataset (Raleigh & Hegre, 2005) deals with these problems. The dataset takes the PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflicts Dataset as its point of departure. The dataset is limited to events within conflicts that fall within the Uppsala conflict definition; conflicts involving two parties, one of which is a government, and fighting resulting in at least 25 battle deaths. 3 ACLED is designed to parse out both the temporal and spatial actions of rebels and governments within civil wars. 3See the PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflict Data codebook for more information (Strand, Wilhelmsen & Gleditsch, 2004). Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflicts Dataset
ACLED dataset

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Our analysis exclusively uses data from the 1951-2015 UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database (extracted September 18 2015). Data were provided for 173 countries: 77 percent of these data were based on individual refugee registration, 13 percent on estimates, 5 percent on combined estimation and registration, and 5 percent on other sources. The data are structured as follows: for each situation, the database records annual numbers of persons of concern, which comprise “ Refugees (including refugee-like situations) ”, “ Asylum seekers ”, “ Internally Displaced Persons ”, “ Returnees ”, “ Stateless ” persons, and “ Others of concern ”. A situation is a pair country of origin / country of destination. For example, Somali refugees in Kenya account for one situation, Somali refugees in Ethiopia for another, and South Sudanese refugees in Kenya for yet another. Furthermore, a situation is considered major if it involves more than 25, 000 people. It is referred to as protracted if it is major for at least 5 continuous years. The database, and therefore our analysis, is limited to refugees under UNHCR protection. It does not include asylum seekers, i. e. individuals who have sought international protection under the 1951 Convention but whose claims for refugee status have not yet been determined, and persons in “ refugee-like situations ”, i. e. individuals outside their country or territory of origin who face protection risks similar to those of refugees, but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained (e. g., undocumented Rohingya originating from Myanmar 4 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The MPI can be decomposed by any groups for which the data are representative and broken down by indicator to show the composition of multidimensional poverty, adding to the policy relevance of the analysis. To tackle individual-level and intrahousehold analyses, we build on the work of Alkire, Ul Haq and Alim (2019). The focus is on individual deprivations, and we call the persons with individual-level data in each indicator the eligible household members. For example, children aged 6-16 years might be eligible for deprivations in terms of school attendance, but not those older or younger. For individual-level indicators, we identify who and how many household members are deprived: their gender and their age, and what proportion of eligible household members are deprived. This is a powerful and potentially informative steppingstone for analysis. Consider two households, each of which has five eligible members with data on nutrition. The aggregation rule in this example is that if any household member is undernourished then the household is undernourished. So, both households are deprived in terms of Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The study will conduct an ex-ante micro- simulation using pre-crisis household data (IHSES 2012) and macroeconomic projections for 2014 to gauge the distributional impact of the crises across groups (e. g. individuals and / or households, sectors, IDPs and host communities) and space (e. g. urban / rural, governorates).  The Economic and Social Impact Assessment for Kurdistan Region of Iraq [completed in 2015] provides an analysis of the impact of displaced people on access to and quality of service delivery across several sectors.  The Lebanon Economic and Social Impact Assessment of the Syria Conflict [completed in 2013] provides an analysis of the impact of displaced people on access to and quality of service delivery across several sectors.  The Bank and UNHCR undertook a welfare assessment of Syrian refugees living in Jordan and Lebanon [completed in 2016] focusing on welfare, poverty and vulnerability. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Production of soybeans QSB 41,000 metric tonnes Faostat [a] Imports of soybeans MSB 27 metric tonnes Faostat [b] Export of soybeans XSB 14,445 metric tonnes Faostat [b] Diesel consumption D 596.84 mil. liters Energy Sector Report [c]

Diesel price PD 0.92 $/liter Energy Sector Report [c]

Report of the Status of
Diesel tax t 0.30 $/liter
Petroleum Industry [d]

MPG biodiesel/MPG diesel λ 0.91 de Gorter et al. (2011)
Local price of soybeans at Beira linked to Argentian price PSB 370.24 $/metric tonne HighQuest Partners (2011)

Biodiesel price in Germany PB 1.64 $/liter UFOP [e]

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Geospatial data from the national land registry, including parcel boundary polygons, ownership classification codes, and historical transaction records, were reviewed during project preparation to assess land tenure risks in the areas earmarked for infrastructure works. The geospatial data revealed that 23 percent of subproject sites intersected with unresolved customary land claims, triggering the preparation of individual resettlement plans for the affected sites. Geospatial data will be updated following the completion of land demarcation activities planned under Component 1.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building (US$2.1 million)**

This component will finance: (i) a functional review of the national disaster risk management agency's M&E systems, including an assessment of the SIGAF modules currently in use for project accounting; (ii) training of 120 national and subnational staff in financial management, procurement, and environmental and social risk management; and (iii) development of a communications strategy to disseminate project results to beneficiaries and the public. Capacity building activities will be designed around the competency gaps identified through a training needs assessment completed during project preparation.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 12 crop products (e. g., wheat, potatoes) and the value of five livestock products (i. e., milk, egg, butter, hides, and honey) sold in the market. 14 Several other data sources were utilized. First, the Ethiopian refugee camps location data set from the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) 15 and the total number of refugees by camps from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Addis Ababa office. We use data from 26 official UNCHR refugee camps in Ethiopia that were operational in 2018 (see Figure 1; 3). Second, we use administrative data sets for Ethiopia and refugee source countries from the database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM). 16 We also use the conflict data set from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) 17 and the population data from the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) data set. 18 On the basis of these data sets and the location of sample households from Ethiopia DRDIP data set, we generated the following variables: i) distance of sample households to the nearest refugee camp, the nearest region (administration level 1 in GADM) to the refugee camps, ii) distance of the refugee camps to the nearest border of the refugee source country, iii) Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Gender Perceptions- Violence (IPV) The standardized total score of ﬁve questions regarding norms for inti- mate partner violence (IPV) from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (The important decisions in the family should be made only by the men of the family. How often would you agree? The wife has the right to express her opinion even when she disagrees with what her husband is saying. How often would you agree? A wife should tolerate being beaten by her husband in order to keep the family together. How often would you agree? A husband has the right to beat his wife. How often would you agree? It is more important to send a son to school than it is to send a daughter. How often would you agree?). Financial Well-being Savings Response to the question “ How much money do you currently have in savings? ” During the collection surveys (midlines) this question instead asked “ How much money did you save in the past week? ” Borrowing Total amount of money the household has borrowed. Economic Decision Making Risk Preference Measured using incentivized responses to the multiple price list deci- sions adapted from Holt-Laury and Sprenger (2002).

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Procurement Performance**

As of the midterm review, all prior review contracts have been awarded and counter-signed, and 83 percent of goods and non-consulting services contracts have been awarded against the Year 2 procurement plan. Delays in two civil works contracts are attributed to a late ESMF clearance for one subproject and to difficulties in obtaining land access certification for a second. Both contracts are now unblocked, and the STEP system has been updated to reflect the revised award dates. No misprocurement has been identified during Bank reviews of contract documentation.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Our nightlights data set is composed of 22 satellite-year composites for the period 2000 2013. Each composite covers Central America and contains information on 604,473 one kilometer square grid-cells.

To measure the distribution of surface winds from hurricanes in Central America during our sample period, we use the wind field model developed by Pita et al. (2015). This model uses an asymmetric Holland equation that has been specifically calibrated for Central America.

Data on the distribution of mangroves come from two sources. The first is a collection of harmonized maps, 1960 to 1996, that was assembled for the Mangrove World Atlas (Spalding et al., 1997). We use this map to identify areas that have historically supported mangrove habitats.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: standard ﬁxed or random eﬀect approach is not suﬃcient to ensure correct inference; clustering standard errors by individual is necessary. This is what we do. Having described how the dependent variable is constructed, we turn to regressors. We begin by describing how we construct an estimate of g E [yhs | zh], the level of income (or consumption) yh s that a migrant with characteristics zh can expect to earn in district s. To construct such estimate, we use the 1995 / 96 NLSS data. The reason for using the 1995 / 96 data instead of the 2002 / 3 NLSS survey is to avoid reverse causation, i. e., migration causing a change in income patterns. Migrants are unlikely to be able to accurately predict the evolution of incomes in each district over time. Income and consumption levels observable before migration are thus a reasonable starting point.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 24 According to Table 12, all countries but Sudan show a significant relationship for school- age children ’ s experience of intrahousehold inequality and their displacement status, although sample sizes mean that only Nigeria and Somalia ’ s results are robust. In Nigeria, most children experiencing intrahousehold inequality reside in non-displaced households – although it is crucial to note that these children constitute most of the school-age children (71. 1 %), and the levels of intrahousehold inequality are nonetheless far higher than anticipated if displacement status had no effect. In Somalia, displaced children are significantly more likely to experience intrahousehold inequality in school attendance, as they constitute 63. 5 % of school-age children experiencing intrahousehold inequality even though they only make up 35. 3 % of the school-age children population in the sample. For the years of schooling indicator, the overall lack of intrahousehold inequality among the MPI poor in years of schooling obscures meaningful or robust differences by displacement status. Gender and displacement status appear to jointly have significant impacts in school attendance in Ethiopia, Somalia, and South Sudan. In Northeast Nigeria, it appears that displacement status has larger effects than gender. In Somalia, forcibly displaced school children experience intrahousehold inequality more often than non-displaced children, to the disadvantage of girls. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 2017 SESRE 2023 (In camp) Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Country of origin South Sudanese 23% 53% Somali 24% 30% Eritrean 25% 5% Sudan 28% Demographics Female headed 35% 66% 44% 73% Children (0 to 14) 55% 61% 47% 53% Youth (15 to 24) 13% 17% 19% 21% Adults (25 to 64) 29% 22% 31% 24% Elderly (>=65) 2% 1% 3% 2% Education Net primary enrollment 74% 79% 75% 69% Net secondary enrollment 35% 13% 39% 22% Living conditions Own a house 72% 5% 69% 14% Overcrowding 32% 59% 36% 56% Improved sources of water 96% 98% 91% 100% Access to electricity (grid) 46% 8% 41% 3% Improved toilet facility (shared/not shared) 51% 69% 38% 43% Employment Employed 61% 22% 48% 25% Unemployed 2% 6% 9% 19% Inactive, not in school 23% 44% 20% 23% Inactive, in school 14% 27% 24% 33% Poverty incidence US$1.9 per capita per day 27% 65% National Poverty line 32% 84% Food security High food insecurity 26% 67% Food insecurity scale 4.0 8.1 Social cohesion Economic competition 33% 49% Increased insecurity 37% 39% Source: Pape et al. (2018) and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Landscan Population Data. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory.
Hallegatte, S., Bangalore, M., Bonzanigo, L., Fay, M., Kane, T., Narloch, U., Rozenberg, J., Treguer, D., Vogt-
Schilb, A., 2016.

At the national-level analysis, we overlay the flood hazard maps developed for this study with spatial socioeconomic data. For Vietnam, the World Bank has produced estimates of the number of people within each district who live below the poverty line: this "poverty map" is displayed in Map 4a, and the full methodology can be found in (Lanjouw, Marra, and Nguyen 2013). In addition, we use gridded population density data with a 1km resolution from Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015). This "population map" is displayed in Map 4b.

The spatial socioeconomic data set used for Ho Chi Minh City is a data set of potential slum areas and of urban expansion from 2000 to 2010, from the Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA), a city-level data set developed by the World Bank (World Bank 2015).This data was collected via satellite in the year 2012, through a combination of visual interpretation of various sources and vintages of imagery.

The inundation maps were used in an earlier flood risk study of HCMC (Lasage et al. 2014), and were
composed with the MIKE 11 hydraulic modeling software (DHI 2003).

Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA)

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: However, we can- not exclude the possibility that refugees would sort non-randomly into areas with particular ethnic characteristics. 19 In order to address this potential endogeneity, we implement an instrumental variable (IV) ap- proach. We are particularly concerned about certain ethnic groups from certain countries of origin moving to destination countries with similar ethnic characteristics. Such endogenous selection would be reflected in the EPR-ER data. To deal with the plausibly endogenous nature of the resulting refugee EF and EP indices, we implement a gravity model to predict the number of refugees of a certain ethnic group e moving from country o to d at time t, based on EPR-ER data. The predicted (and plausibly exogenous) number of refugees by ethnic group e is then used to create other (plausibly exogenous) diversity indices to be used as instrumental variables. More specifically, we estimate the following gravity model: 17We also use this method to link data from EPR-ER on the ethnicities of refugees with data from the Murdock Atlas on their historical homeland (Section 4. 3). 18As a robustness check (Section 5. 3), we use an alternative linkage based on the relations between sets of language nodes associated with two groups. 19Another source of selection may come from the fact ethnic groups are more likely to be displaced when they share territory with regime supporters in their countries of origin (Lacina et al., 2017). Since similar ethnic groups are likely to share common borders (Michaelopoulos and Papaioannou, 2016), it is not impossible to think conflict might spill over through this channel. 19 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The instrument becomes even weaker if we use refugee to population ratios rather than the number of refugees, therefore we use the absolute number of refugees throughout. 4Including 2014 data in the DD estimations generally results in more statistically signiﬁcant and larger coeﬃcients but does not change the direction of the results. 5The weights are calculated using the Stata package synth provided by the authors. We use the option nested to calculate the weights through the nested optimization procedure described in Abadie et al. (2011). 6Tunceli ’ s 2011 export and import values are missing for 2011, therefore only 2009 and 2010 values could be used in calculating Tunceli ’ s average. 7The Chamber of Commerce also provides information on the number of ﬁrms that shut down. However, reporting exits is not mandatory and the indicator is therefore less reliable. We found no signiﬁcant eﬀects in both the IV and DD estimates on the number of ﬁrms that shut down. 8Since the number of new foreign ﬁrms is 0 in several observations, we add 1 to the value. As an alternative, we used the hyperbolic inverse sine transformation which does not have the same problem with 0s as log transformation and found similar results (Burbidge et al., 1988). 9Publicly available data from the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology indicate that less than 10 % of total revenue is from micro-establishments. Most of the net sales and gross proﬁts reported stem from larger ﬁrms that should be included in the Chamber of Commerce data. 10All ﬁrms exceeding 200, 000 Turkish Liras (ca. $ 85, 000) in sales are obligated to report detailed balance sheets. Smaller ﬁrms may still report their balance sheets but would be doing so on a voluntary 25 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Oseni and Pollitt (2013) use cross-sectional data on electricity outages collected by the 2007 World Bank Enterprise Survey of 6,854 firms in 12 African countries.

** **Data** We used the social accounting matrix (SAM) of year 2007.

We use a choice experiment study to fill this knowledge gap and identify preferences for

goods, when market data are not available for assessing these valuations. A choice experiment

survey presents the respondent with choice scenarios where each choice scenario has

The enumerators spoke local languages and were trained in conducting choice   experiment surveys (and most had previous experience with collecting choice experiment data

social accounting matrix (SAM) of year 2007

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: After a short respite in November, Israel imposed a third lockdown from December to February the next year. Gradual easing continued throughout March. During this lockdown, vaccination was rolled out, including to commuters with valid permits. Given this context, we expect the main shock to occur in 2020Q2 in the West Bank, with negative effects of smaller magnitudes to persist over the next quarters. In Gaza, we expect another major shock in 2020Q3 that carries over to Q4. We expect the commuters ’ outcomes to instead track events in Israel and occupied territories more closely, with a major shock in 2020Q2, recovery in Q3, and another dip in Q4. 3 Data 3. 1 Data sources and definitions We employ data from the Labor Force Surveys (LFS) of the West Bank and Gaza, collected by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics and prepared by the Economic Research Forum. The surveys are conducted on a quarterly basis, covering periods from 2000 onwards. The LFS is meant to represent all households whose ordinary residence is in the West Bank and Gaza, though their place of work need not be. The LFS is representative at the region level (respectively of the West Bank and Gaza), as well as at the level of locality types (urban, rural, and refugee camps) (Palestine- Labor Force Survey, LFS, 2021). Importantly for the purpose of our analysis, the data have a panel dimension, en- abling the study of labor market transitions. The sample rotation scheme is described 9 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Surveys, 76 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 77 and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). 78 The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner (UNSD 2014). There are only a few cases where modules or questions on forced displacement have been integrated into survey instruments (most notably in Somalia, Uganda, West Bank and Gaza, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Ghana, as well as health surveys in Albania, Ukraine and Moldova). There are several challenges associated with ‘ mainstreaming ’ forced displacement into household surveys: (a) there is huge demand for adding sector-specific or thematic modules to international surveys; (b) it is relatively difficult to convince national statistical agencies to modify their county-specific surveys; (c) disaggregating survey results by specific vulnerable groups (e. g. refugees, IDPs, migrant populations) requires these distinctions to be integrated into the sampling frame and sometimes there is insufficient information to do this or a lack of resources to expand the sample size; (d) lack of access to displacement- affected areas; and (e) difficulties associated with integrating an inherently political topic into less controversial surveys.

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Demographic and Health Surveys

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Attending school Primary school Secondary school 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Primary school (7 to 14 years) Secondary school (15 to 18 years) Percent Percent Figure 2.10: Children currently attending school Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Attended education b. Education level a. All children b. School-age children 20 The Primary Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) is the ratio of the number of children enrolled in primary school irrespective of age to the number of children of primary school age (age 7 to 14). 21 The Primary Net Enrollment Rate (NER) is the ratio of the number of children of primary school age enrolled in primary school to the number of children of primary school age (age 7 to 14). 22 The secondary Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) is the ratio of the number of children enrolled in secondary school irrespective of age to the number of children of secondary school age (age 15 to 18). 23 Secondary Net Enrollment Rate (NER) is the ratio of the number of children of secondary school age enrolled in secondary school to the number of children of secondary school age

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source