Input:
_Note:_ This figure shows the mine locations and the district in which the mines are located.

The baseline specification is shown in the following equation:

𝑌���         - 𝛽�𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒_𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡��         - ∝�� 𝑔� �𝜆𝑋�� �𝜀���      �3�

The outcome for individual _i_ in district _d_ in time period _t_ is regressed on district and year fixed

effects, an indicator for whether the individual lived in an active mine district at the time of the

interview, and time varying individual-level factors. Even though the treatment is defined at the

district level, we use individual-level data to be able to control for individual- level factors and

explore heterogeneity at the individual level. The standard errors are, however, clustered at the

district level to take into account the interdependence induced by the higher-level treatment.

Since the treatment variable is at the same level as our district fixed effects, the _β1_ coefficients

are directly interpretable as difference-in-differences estimates. That is, they capture the

difference between mining districts and nonmining districts before and after mining starts.

In estimating the district-level effects of mine openings on birth outcomes, we control for birth

year fixed effects instead of survey-year fixed effects, as we are interested in the effect of

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Input:
Children from households with members living below the poverty line were also found to significantly less frequently attend school. The enrollment rate in local schools for 5–17-year-olds in this group amounted to 72% as opposed to 84% for households with a higher income. Moreover, close to 20% of these children did not participate in online learning either, thus being completely disengaged from formal education.

Finally, one in five refugee households in the poverty group reported having to reduce the number of meals eaten per day over the last week to cope with a lack of food or money to buy it. Roughly the same proportion had to borrow money or rely on friends and relatives at least once over the same period for sustenance. Almost one in three households resorted to reducing food intake for adults, so that small children could eat. When asked to assess their income level qualitatively, 26% of respondents living in poverty indicated that this amount is insufficient to cover their food needs as opposed to just 3% in the higher income group.

**7**

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Input:
reintegration. The employment rate for women dropped from 72 percent in 2019 to 61 percent in 2024, suggesting

a slower recovery in sectors traditionally dominated by women. Overall, the Shona community’s gradual

employment recovery indicates the value of citizenship in building economic resilience and highlights the need for

continued support to ensure inclusive recovery for all members of the community.

**The Shona experience provides valuable lessons for addressing statelessness and promoting inclusive**

**development for other stateless communities globally.** Gaining citizenship has been transformative for the Shona,

granting them access to a range of socioeconomic benefits and reducing their vulnerability to poverty and exclusion.

This case underscores the importance of grant of nationality to stateless populations and its potential to unlock

economic and social opportunities that drive sustainable development. As more countries around the world seek

to address statelessness through legislative changes and the expansion of citizenship rights, the Kenyan experience

with the Shona can serve as a model. By providing legal identity and addressing structural barriers, policymakers

can empower stateless communities to participate more fully in their economies and societies, leading to improved

livelihoods, social cohesion, and economic growth. These findings have broader implications for the many stateless

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Input:
The paper contributes to the growing literature on the local effects of mining. Much of the

academic interest in natural resources is focused on country-wide effects, and this research

discusses whether the discovery of natural resources is a blessing or a curse to the national

economy. Natural resource dependence at the national level has been linked to worsening

economic and political outcomes, such as weaker institutions, and more corruption and conflict

(see Frankel 2012 and van der Ploeg 2011 for an overview). While all these effects can have

household-level implications, fewer analyses have, thus far, analyzed the geographic dispersion

of such impacts. A recent literature on the local and subnational effects of natural resources

contributes to the understanding of such effects (for example Aragón and Rud 2013, 2015;

Axbard et al., 2016; Benshaul-Tolonen 2018, 2019; Caselli and Michaels 2013; Corno and de

Walque 2012; Fafchamps et al. 2016; Kotsadam and Tolonen 2016; Loyaza et al 2013;

Michaels 2011; von der Goltz and Barnwal 2019; Wilson 2012). A growing number of papers

explore the mining industry, in particular, see Aragón, Chuhan-Pole, and Land (2015) for an

overview. We contribute to this literature by showing the importance of analyzing local level

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Input:
to credit, which is critical for expanding small businesses or starting new ventures. These changes underscore the

transformative role of citizenship in enabling the Shona community to overcome previous barriers to economic

participation and build sustainable livelihoods.

**Moreover, citizenship has also led to increased access to training and educational opportunities, while reducing**

**discrimination in the workplace.** Over a third of the Shona noted that they have had more opportunities for training

or education since becoming citizens, helping them to build skills and enhance their employability. Another 30

percent reported experiencing less discrimination at work, which has contributed to more positive employment

outcomes and a more inclusive work environment. Overall, these improvements indicate that legal recognition has

been pivotal in unlocking the economic potential of the Shona community, setting the stage for greater

socioeconomic mobility and long-term development.

- **Box 2: Findings from focus group discussions**

Many of the survey results are consistent with findings from qualitative focus group discussions, including

challenges associated with securing economic opportunities. The Shona community faces challenges predominantly

stemming from low education levels and the absence of formal qualifications to which the lack of nationality and

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Input:
of intent to employ foreign workers. The results are similar to the OLS estimation; however, when the second instrument is used without the first one, it gives a higher result. Instrumental variables regressions show that in 2023, a 1 percentage point higher employment share of Ukrainian refugees caused a PLN 70 higher wage growth (0.7 pp.) when instrumented by school pupils' share, PLN 132 (1.4 pp.) when instrumented by 2019 Ukrainian workers distribution, and PLN 75 (0.8 pp.) when both instruments were used. That said, the results should be treated with caution, as the instruments used may not be sufficiently exogenous to allow for fully credible causal inference.

The early analysis by Gromadzki and Lewandowski (2023), mentioned previously also found a statistically significant effect of Ukrainian refugees on earnings. In their estimation, the share of the Ukrainian refugee population had a small positive and statistically significant relationship with the earnings of Polish women at a 0.1 level.
Their results for foreign women were also positive, albeit smaller and lacking statistical significance.

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Input:
English for Speakers of Other Languages programme in Massachusetts. The policy targeted all immigrants, including those who had lived in Massachusetts for several years, with data for 2008–2016 and 4,700 individual lottery applicants. Authors found a causal effect, with annual earnings increasing by USD 2,400. These earnings gains generated additional tax revenue that produced a 6% return for taxpayers.
Schmid (2023) studied African refugees who applied for asylum in Switzerland between 2008 and 2017. He exploited the random assignment of refugees to French, German, and Italian cantons, as well as their prior language knowledge (e.g. French speakers placed in French or German speaking cantons). The results showed that language proficiency more than doubled the employment level in the first five years after arrival.

**The econometric model estimated**

**in the SEIS UNHCR survey shows**

**substantial wage gains from Polish**

**language proficiency for Ukrainian**

**refugees.** Deloitte has estimated an
econometric model incorporating individual income determinants of Ukrainian refugees. Our study has

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Input:
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**2022 VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION**

As of 30 September 2022

MAP OF VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION WHERE THE FLOW INVOLVE 5 POCs OR MORE

KEY FIGURES

15,042

Total Individuals
repatrieted since

January 2022

Individuals repatrieted

**within Southern Africa**

**Region** since January

2022

6,786 8,256

Individuals repatrieted

**from Southern Africa**

**Region** to other countries
outside of the region since

January 2022

VOLREP* WHERE THE FLOW INVOLVE 5 POCs OR MORE

TRENDS

MONTHLY REPATRIATION SINCE JANUARY

**3,874**

ANNUAL REPATRIATION SINCE 2019

*VolRep = Voluntary Repatriation  PoCs = Persons of Concern Source : UNHCR PRIMES   Author : DIMA/RBSA    Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES.  For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhcr.org)

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Input:
Ultimately, refugees provide the Polish economy an additional boost both in total product and demand. That allowed for an increase in real GDP. This situation was especially beneficial for public finance.
Although the influx of refugees was costly at the start, the additional revenue they provided was more than enough to compensate for this [48] . The cost for local labour force due to increased competition was in most part mitigated due to a tight labour market.

As such, the increase in unemployment was much lower than increase in employment.
To maximise the positive impact of refugees on economy, policies helping their integration into the labour market that both allow their maximal employment as well minimise market mismatch between demand for specific skills and their abilities are crucial. The second part of this recommendation, achieved either through improvements in utilisation of skills of refugees or trainings giving them abilities demanded by the labour market, is integral as it should lower costs for the local labour force.

---
[48] Model treats general government sector as a whole, as such cost and income internal structure may differ creating institutions with financial loses while

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Input:
The 2024 SEIS equivalized [8] disposable income data indicates that just over one in five refugees (23%) residing in the region are living in poverty [9] . This figure is almost double that of host country nationals (12%), implying a large gap in economic vulnerability. Compared to 2023, poverty rates have decreased substantially (from 36% [10] ), suggesting an overall improvement in the economic well-being of Ukrainian refugees over time.

**REFUGEE VERSUS HOST POVERTY RATES BY COUNTRY**

Ukrainian refugees (2024) Host country nationals (2023) Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Region Note: Poverty rates for all countries apart from the Republic of Moldova are based on a calculation that follows Eurostat’s at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) methodology with the at-risk-of-poverty threshold set at 50% of the national median disposable income after social transfers. Refugee disposable income has been computed based on survey data. For the Republic of Moldova, the poverty threshold was taken to be the 4Q23 absolute poverty line reported by the National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova.

Source: Survey data, [Eurostat,](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat) [National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova, SAG estimates](https://statistica.gov.md/en)

2024 SEIS equivalized disposable income data

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE Respondents who faced constrains in accessing care were more likely to identify seeking health care as reason for visiting Ukraine in all countries, with the exception of Latvia.

**REASONS SEEKING HEALTHCARE FOR VISIT TO UKRAINE**

**BY OBTAINED CARE STATUS**

Unable to access health care Able to access health care Hungary Poland Czechia Bulgaria Romania Estonia Slovakia Lithuania Moldova Latvia (N=3,596) Respondents with a chronic illness were more likely to cite accessing health care as reason for visiting compared to those without (33% vs 23%). Among households with a member who has a disability, healthcare access was the primary reason for visiting (38%), compared to 26% for households without a member with disability. There were no immediate gender differences concerning the prevalence of healthcare as a reason for women and men to visit Ukraine.

**16**

### **Access to sexual** **and reproductive** **health services**

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Input:
Poland is studied in an early paper by Gromadzki and Lewandowski (2023), who find no effect on earnings, employment, and unemployment rate of native or other immigrants, except an actual slight positive impact on the wages of native women.
Even in a conservative scenario that assumes negative effects of labour market competition in the form of higher unemployment and slower real wage growth, an increase in the labour force translates into larger personal incomes and higher private consumption, which results in a larger tax revenue. These effects were strengthened by an influx of capital from abroad.

###### In total, the general government revenue increased by 0.8-1.1% in 2022 and 1.05-1.45% in 2023. In monetary terms, this amounts to 10.1-13.7 billion PLN in 2022 and 14.7-19.9 billion PLN in 2023.

If estimates quoted by a government offical of public expenses on refugees of around 15 billion PLN in 2022 and 5 billion in 2023 [13] are accurate, we can conclude that they were more than offset by the additional tax revenue. In the long-term, refugees should increase yearly government revenue by around 0.85-1.3%.

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## **1.** Ukrainian refugees in Poland

##### The large influx of refugees since February 2022, added to a hefty and growing Ukrainian migrant population in Poland (1.1). Refugees have changed the demographics of the local Ukrainian residents, with most of them being women and children and many households led by women alone (1.2). In the past year, refugee household income sources have become more Poland-based (1.3).

#### **1.1 Influx since February 2022**

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 1. Poland-Ukraine border movement balance and registered/active PESEL data**

**Prior to the 2022 conflict in Ukraine,**

**the population of Ukrainians in**

**Poland was already significant and**

**on the rise, but the exact number of**

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Input:
**GDP.** This is the amount that would be
lost, should refugees “disappear” from the Polish economy. It is mainly driven by a higher number of workers in the economy, but also accounts for increased productivity brought about by more specialization. Considering all aspects, the overall impact of the refugees has been predominantly positive, and it moved the Polish economy to a higher growth path.
Refugees contribute to the economy slightly more than their employment share – they increase the labour supply as both workers and entrepreneurs and expand demand as consumers. The rise in productivity due to more specialization across the labour force further boosts the economy. The impact of refugees is lowered by a temporary decrease in the capital-to-labour ratio (companies need time to invest in equipment and machines to match the rise in the number of workers), as well as an increase in competition on the labour market.

**The figures are higher than those in**

**the previous Deloitte (2024) report,**

**which – due to scant data available**

**at the time – did not account for the**

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Input:
**the most in the last two years.** The
data as of June 30, 2024 shows that 38% of Ukrainian refugees worked in elementary occupations, much more than pre-war Ukrainians (25%), non-Ukrainian foreigners (18%), and Polish citizens (10%).

MSNA Jul-Aug 2023 SEIS May-Jun 2024 MSNA Jul-Aug 2023 SEIS May-Jun 2024 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on MSNA and SEIS UNHCR surveys conducted in July-August 2023 and May-June 2024.

While the share seems least favourable among Ukrainian refugees, their situation improved the most in the two years since June 30, 2022 (by 10 pp. compared with 9 pp. for the pre-war Ukrainians, 2 pp. for non-Ukrainian foreigners and 1 pp. for Polish citizens). On the other hand, in Q2 2024, managers and specialists, the two highest paid occupational groups, comprised 8% of both Ukrainian refugees and pre-war Ukrainians, 22% of nonUkrainian foreigners (who include many

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Input: The standard of living of refugees from Ukraine may be significantly lower than natives, even at similar incomes due to their lack of housing capital. 87% of the population in Poland resided in owneroccupied housing in 2021 and 2022, according to Eurostat. As most refugees from Ukraine do not possess housing of their own in Poland, they need to rent in a relatively tight market, especially when they reside in large metropolitan areas that offer the most opportunities. Initially, in the first month after the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the number of renting offers in the OLX and Otodom portals dropped by approximately 60%, though it later returned to previous levels.

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Input:
widespread among Shona households, and access to external support was minimal. Although employment levels

began to recover a year later, they remained below pre-pandemic levels, underscoring the prolonged adverse

impact of the pandemic on this already vulnerable community. [[9]]

_Figure 1: Labor force status after the COVID-19 outbreak (18-64 years)_

_Source: Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys (RRPS)_ _[[9]]_

**Two rounds of household surveys taking place over five years before and after the transition of the Shona in**

**Kenya from statelessness to citizenship help us to understand this community – and present one of the first**

**socioeconomic pictures of the impact of citizenship on the welfare of stateless persons.** Between 2019 and 2024,

the median age of Shona household members remained unchanged at 18 years, underscoring a predominantly

youth demographic profile. Gender distribution is even, showing only a marginal change, with the female population

increasing slightly from 49 percent to 50 percent. Average household size has risen modestly from 4.9 to 5.4

members, which may reflect greater household consolidation or socio-economic stability following their

naturalization. The most notable shift is the significant reduction in the proportion of female-headed households,

Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys

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Input:
For productivity two options were tested.
Firstly, neutral impact: no shock to productivity. Secondly, lower productivity of workers from Ukraine negatively impacting total labour productivity. These shocks were calibrated to match the difference in data between refugees income from labour in UNHCR survey and average wage in Poland from Statistics Poland weighted by refugees share in total workforce.

As one period in the model is set to one year and refugees started coming to Poland by the end of February 2022 it was assumed that their impact on economy started being felt starting from II quarter of the year.
As such shocks were set so that 3⁄4 of shocks were calibrated to data from 2022 and 1⁄4 to data for 2023 [56] .

51 Computational General Equilibrium.
52 Global Trade Analysis Project, [GTAP Models: Current GTAP Model (purdue.edu).](https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/models/current.asp) 53 Region combined from: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
54 All shocks are percent deviations.
55 [Oversight of fnancial market infrastructures (bank.gov.ua)](https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/oversite)

---
[56] E.g. for total increase in number of workers of 350 thousand around 262.5 thou. was set to have happened in 2022 while rest in 2023.

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Input:
**macroeconomic benefits.** To illustrate
the macroeconomic impact of public intervention, we have assumed that half of the current language gap is addressed, so that the share of working refugees not speaking Polish fluently falls from 82% to 41%. Assuming that the productivity Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **4.5 Recommendations**

##### Language courses

**Ukrainian refugees in Poland earn higher wages when they**

**have higher language skills.** There is substantial scientific evidence
that language courses improve labour market outcomes of refugees and other migrants. Financing language courses for refugees would generate positive impacts for them and the economy. Courses should be available not just at beginner to intermediate levels, but also for advanced speakers who want to become proficient and gain access to high-skill jobs.

##### Occupational licensing deregulation

**While some occupational licensing rules with regard to**

**Ukrainian citizens were relaxed, further and permanent easing**

**would benefit both the Polish economy and the inclusion of**

**refugees.** The low-hanging-fruit are the restrictions referring to
citizenship only – rather than actual expertise or language skills – which could be scrapped altogether.

##### Active Labour Market Policies

**Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) should focus on**

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Input:
_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

- Assistance
 is
 co-‐ordinated
 and
 complies
 with
 principles
 of
 neutrality
 and
impartiality
 as
 well
 as
 humanitarian
 standards.

 Donor
 support
 also
 converges
with
 co-‐ordination
 efforts.

- A
 valid
 Letter
 of
 Understanding
 (LOU)
 between
 UNHCR
 and
 appropriate
 line
ministries
 will
 remain
 in
 effect
 for
 the
 duration
 of
 UNHCR’s
 activities
 and
 could
be
 amended
 as
 necessary
 should
 an
 organized
 voluntary
 repatriation
 operation
be
 launched.

**10.
 PROPOSED
 ACTIVITIES**

Recognizing
 and
 emphasizing
 the
 need
 for
 all
 durable
 solutions
 decisions
 to
 be
 designed
and
 implemented
 with
 affected
 communities,
 and
 in
 consultation
 with
 relevant
authorities
 and
 non-‐state
 actors,
 UNHCR
 will
 ensure
 that
 displaced
 populations
 as
 well
as
 communities
 of
 origin
 and
 return
 are
 equipped
 to
 participate
 fully
 in
 the
 assessment,
design
 and
 implementation
 of
 all
 interventions
 in
 support
 of
 durable
 solutions,
 using
 an
age,
 gender
 and
 diversity
 mainstreaming
 approach.

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Input:
instance, report significantly more instances of racism compared to other South American refugees
and migrants. [12] This exacerbates barriers to accessing a broad range of rights and services [13] and
leads to greater vulnerability to both low skilled and temporary jobs, particularly when compared
to Venezuelans who arrived in Brazil under similar circumstances. [14]

##### Protection Risk II

**Access to dignified housing.** In Brazil, a significant proportion of refugees and other forcibly
displaced people can only afford precarious and overcrowded dwellings, located in impoverished
and marginalized communities, often controlled by organized crime. [15] According to UNHCR´s
data, only 15% of refugees have secured tenure right to housing and\or land, 27% live in physically
safe and secure settlements with access to basic facilities, and 54% feel safe walking alone in their
neighborhood after dark. [16] In comparison, 65% of the Brazilian population owns the house in
which they live - although 14% lacks the documentation to prove tenure rights [17] - 72% lives in
physically safe and secure settlements, [18] and 52% feels safe walking alone in their neighborhood
after dark. [19]

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Input:
Two per cent of surveyed Venezuelan households reported that at least one member had been
deceived, manipulated, coerced into debt, or received false promises intended to force them to
travel or migrate. [34] Additionally, one per cent of households reported at least one of its members
being held against his\her will by someone other than the country´s authorities, which may
suggest the possibility of human trafficking. [35]

Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to exploitation for various purposes of human
trafficking, including sexual exploitation, domestic forced labor, illegal adoption, and organs
removal. [36] Refugee women and girls in Brazil sometimes have to resort to survival sex, or cash-inhand domestic labor to make a living in Brazil, which increases their exposure to human trafficking
networks. [37] In addition to these risks, domestic workers face numerous safety and health hazards
related to their tasks and the environment they work in. These include chemical and ergonomical
hazards, but also psychosocial risks, including violence and harassment, which are pervasive in the
sector. The impact of these risks is amplified when domestic workers provide their services in the
informal economy, which is the case for most refugees and other forcibly displaced populations in
Brazil. [38]

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Input:
The refugee inflow had a different demographic composition than the pre2022 economic migration. It primarily included working age women (41%) and children (40%). [5] Refugees from Ukraine did not plan to move, and many had special needs. In October 2023, nearly half of all refugee households included a person with a chronic illness, and some 10% included one with a Washington Group level 3 disability. Over a third included a single parent and a fifth an elderly person. [6] Despite these difficulties, refugees began entering the labour market surprisingly quickly – attaining an employment rate of 28% in May 2022 and 65% in November 2022 among working age persons (NBP, 2023) –

##### **753 thousand** Ukrainian workers, including 225 thousand refugees, had registered for social security by September 30, 2023.

**Situation of Ukrainian refugees on the**

**labour market in Poland**
Ukrainian refugees, despite war trauma and other difficulties, have quickly become a part of society as **consumers,**

**employees, entrepreneurs, and**

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Input:
**Table 10 Summary statistics for bottom 40% of women**

(1)          (2) (3)        (4)

far from a mine close to a mine
before        during before       during

not working 0.188 0.183 0.200 0.162
service & sales 0.340 0.203 0.179 0.222
professional 0.018 0.005 0.014 0.006
agriculture 0.362 0.530 0.490 0.539
manual labor 0.091 0.079 0.117 0.072
earning cash 0.876 0.855 0.879 0.901
work all year 0.852 0.859 0.879 0.838

_Note:_ Column (1) is bottom 40% of sample at 20 to 100 km from a nonactive mine.
Column (2) is bottom 40% of sample at 20 to 100 km from an active mine.
Column (3) is bottom 40% of sample within 20 km of a nonactive mine.
Column (4) is bottom 40% of sample within 20 km of an active mine.

Regression results comparing these four groups are presented in panel B (urban) of Annex table

3. The results suggest that women in the bottom 40 percent are more likely agricultural workers

in mining communities than elsewhere, but also more often service sector workers. They are

less likely to work in manual labor, less likely to work all year, but more likely to earn cash for

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Input:
panel B shows the effects of increased production in the survey year. There is no evidence of

spillovers in the sense that there is a similar effect in neighboring districts. In fact, most

coefficients point in the opposite direction for mining and neighboring districts indicating, if

anything, a shift in employment from neighboring districts to the producing ones.

**8 Conclusions**

Ghana has a long history of gold production and has recently been experiencing its third gold

rush, during which annual gold production skyrocketed. It was the first gold rush the country

has experienced as an independent nation, and it brings hope of improving the lives of its

citizens. Natural resource extraction is often argued to have detrimental effects on countries,

however, and the so-called natural resource curse may imply that resource wealth is harmful to

social development and inclusive growth. We use rich geocoded data with information on

households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district

levels in difference-in-differences analyses.

Men benefit from direct job creation within the mining sector, and women seem to benefit from

indirectly generated jobs in the service sector (statistically significant within 10 km from a

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Input:
Altogether 42% of respondents have visited Ukraine at least once since February 2022. Regionally, the second most common reason for visiting was to access healthcare services (28%), following visits to relatives (57%). The proportion of those visiting for healthcare varied significantly by country, with respondents in Hungary (40%), Slovakia (37%), and Romania (36%) showing the highest rates, while it was lower in Lithuania (19%), Latvia (13%), and Moldova (10%). These findings align with previously reported higher unmet healthcare needs in Hungary (22%), Slovakia (21%), and Romania (28%), suggesting that seeking healthcare in Ukraine serves as a coping strategy to address these unmet needs.

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO CITED SEEKING HEALTH CARE AS**

**REASON TO VISIT UKRAINE**

Spent savings Reduced essential health expenditure Reduced essential education expenditure Purchased food on credit Migrated / became displaced Sold household assets Engage in high risk job Sold productive assets Sold house or land School-aged children labour Withdraw children from school (N=8,720) 37% 13% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% Hungary Romania Slovakia Bulgaria Poland Estonia Czechia Lithuania Latvia Moldova (N=3,596) 18% 11% 11% 41% 37% 35% 33% 29% 29% 27%

**15**

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Input:
advantage of capturing the intensity of mining production. Since it is somewhat unclear when

mining production spills over to other types of employment, we use two measures of mining

production. Panel A of table 13 shows the results of mining production in the period before the

survey, including the survey year, on female employment, and we see that mining production

leads to less agricultural employment but more employment in services and sales, as well as in

professional work. Panel B shows that the effects are larger but not as precisely estimated for

the yearly measure. That they are larger is not surprising, since a 10-ton increase one year is

much more than a 10-ton increase over a longer time period. The precision is also probably

lower since it is unclear what year the production spills over to other activities. In any case, we

see that the effects are similar across these two specifications. [18]

---
[18] The effects for infant health and infant mortality are also stronger when we add production levels (results

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Input:
Power BI Desktop Legal Documentation, Housing, Land, & Property (HLP), and Access to Justice Providing necessary documentation and ensuring access to justice, housing, land, and property rights are essential for IDPs. Legal documentation is often necessary to access basic and financial services and secure employment, whilst tenure security and housing and land rights are critical for achieving permanent housing solutions to displacement.
Pathway #4:

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Input:
It is also important to highlight that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries.
Not all questions were consistently included in all country-level surveys, and some answer options were individually adjusted. To mitigate the impact of these differences, the regional analysis focused on data that could be matched. Certain indicators that may have been available by country have thus been excluded from this assessment.

Lastly, the survey was conducted during the summer months, coinciding with both host country and Ukraine school holidays. This period often sees many households temporarily visiting Ukraine, which impacted the accessibility of households and posed challenges in meeting targets, particularly in certain countries and geographic locations.

**11**

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Input:
The most common reported barrier to accessing MHPSS services was not believing that one needed support (36% in women, 34% in men), followed by not knowing where to go (31% in women; 29% in men). One in six (16%) of respondents reported adopting a “wait-and-see” approach. Other barriers included language barriers (14%), lack of time (10%), inability to afford services (7%), lack of service availability (5%), stigma (4%), long waiting time (4%),

**24**

Did not believe need support Did not know where to go Wait and see Language barrier Lack of time (N=1,682)

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Input:
The findings on disability, chronic illness, and vaccination are based on self-reports and were not verified against medical records, which may impact their accuracy.

A high non-response rate was observed for sensitive questions related to mental health, psychosocial well-being, protection, income and expenditure which could affect the completeness of the data. Additionally, the survey results for certain indicators, such as infant and young child feeding and SRH barriers, should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size or low response rates. As a result, some indicators could not be further analyzed to assess how factors such as gender, age, disability, or place of residence impact access to health and MHPSS services.

It is also important to note that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries and years, such as adjustments to answer options.
Therefore, the regional trend analysis was limited to questions that were consistently used across all participating countries and years to ensure comparability. Furthermore, certain indicators were excluded from the regional analysis due to insufficient sample size or the unavailability of data across all countries.

7. [https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/](https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/)

**7**

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Input:
Despite the improved legal framework and the free issuance of birth certificates within the stipulated period,
challenges in physically accessing civil registration centres, along with a persistent lack of awareness
regarding legal obligations surrounding births, contribute to the overall low rates of birth registration in
Chad.

It is worth noting that there has been an increase in the birth registration rate from 15 per cent in 2020 to
26 per cent in 2023. The strategic partnership between UNHCR and government agencies responsible for
issuing birth certificates, specifically the Directorate of Political Affairs and Civil Status (APEC until 2020) and
ANATS since 2021, has facilitated the issuance of birth certificates to over 150,000 refugee children and
children from host communities in refugee hosting areas.

**2.5** **Justice and security**

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Input:
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on GUS and ZUS data. All continuous variables have been regressed in first differences to account for non-stationarity Polish citizens employment rates and registered unemployment rates. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

39 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 Males Males Source: Deloitte own elaboration based Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Females of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). Females 38

Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey)
Labour Force Survey

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Input:
A steady inflow of migrants could be observed in the last decade since 2014, when armed conflict erupted in Eastern Ukraine. As the Ukrainian economy suffered and its currency lost value, many Ukrainians came to Poland looking for work. Most of them came on a guest worker basis, enabled by a law from 2011, that allowed Ukrainians and five other nations to work in Poland for 6 months during a year without a work permit, based on employers' declaration. This was a circular migration, in which they returned to Ukraine once the 6 month period expired.
In effect most stayed in Poland for less than twelve months and therefore were not included in the resident population or other national population estimates.
A National Bank of Poland research paper estimates that between 2014 and 2018, between one and two million Ukrainian workers arrived in the country (Strzelecki, Growiec and Wyszyński, 2022).
Hard data on the number of Ukrainian workers in Poland before 2022 are limited 12

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Input:
**XVI. Participation in the Gender**

**ToT for Government Officials**

**As part of the efforts of the Gender**

**Technical Working Group of Miranda**

**(“Mesa** **de** **Genero”)** **to** **support**

**strengthening of local government,**

**the Protection Cluster through the**

Protection Assistant, supported the

delivery of a ToT on Gender Equality

_b.Fundación Proyecto Maniapure (FPM)_

_(October):_ FPM, a PC partner, imple
ments integrated protection, and WASH

strategies in Amazonas and Bolivar. The

PC, in coordination with FPM staff, vis
ited the state of Amazonas to showcase

FPM's impactful work in the monthly

impact stories series.

The main axis of the organization

revolves around a community model that

centers the mental and physical health

as a human right. Their work has been

distinctive and their projects of great

impact to the most vulnerable groups,

such as the indigenous communities of

the Venezuelan Amazonia.

The PA visited the community of Valle

Lindo in the municipality of Atures in the

state of Amazonas, where he was able to

interview several persons of interest who

participate in the foundation's programs,

and in particular those people who were

participating in community sensitizations

and trainings on the prevention of TiP

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Input:
5. Cross Sectors

**c.** **Land:** Access to land for sustainable agricultural activities, which is crucial for fostering refugee’s self
reliance remains challenging.

14 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

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Input:
migrant households in mining communities with migrant households elsewhere, and the null

hypothesis would be similar trajectory over time. If we reject the null, we cannot distinguish

between selective migration to mining communities and the impact of the mining. The

nonmigrant analysis can plausibly reflect similar households over time, with the limitation of

selective outward migration. We believe inward migration to mining areas to be more common

than outward migration (in line with Fafchamps et al., 2016).

Diarrhea is a major concern in many developing countries. Diarrheal diseases are, in part, a

matter of infrastructure, where access to clean water and proper sanitation are important

determinants. To further understand the effects on diarrhea, we look at the difference between

migrants and nonmigrants and the effects by distance (Figure 5). There are, in fact, large

differences between the migrant and the nonmigrant populations. Among nonmigrants, a mine

opening is associated with large decreases in incidence, whereas for migrants, the opposite is

true. Considering all children between 0 km and 20 km of an active mine, children born to

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Input:
Alongside the large-scale, capital-intensive mining industry in Ghana, there is an artisanal and

small-scale mining sector (ASM). ASM activities were legalized in 1984, when the state

loosened its monopoly on gold mining. In Ghana, as in many other African countries, the sector

is an important employer (ILO 1999). It is estimated that around 1 million people in Ghana

support themselves with revenues from ASM activities.

The sector is associated with several hazardous labor conditions, however. This includes child

labor, mercury exposure, and risk of mine collapse (Hilson 2009). The ASM and the large-scale

mining sector sometimes thrive side by side, but sometimes competing interests lead to conflict

between the two sectors, such as around Prestea, where domestic _galamsey_ miners (informal

small-scale miners) have been in conflict with the multinational concession owner (Hilson and

Yakoleva 2007).

In this analysis, we focus solely on large-scale mining. We understand, however, that small

and large-scale operations may be geographically correlated. Assuming that the start of a large

scale mine does not affect the likelihood or viability of artisanal and small-scale mining, it is

not a threat to our identifying assumptions. However, should ASM respond to large-scale

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Input:
1. [Ukraine Refugee Situation ( accessed 12 Dec 2024)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine)
2. [Ukraine Situation: Regional Refugee Response Plan 2025](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026) 3. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/06/25/ukrainian-refugees-council-extends-temporaryprotection-until-march-2026/ 4. Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H. and Saxena, S., 2019. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 394: 240-248.
5. Eurofound (2024), Social impact of migration: Addressing the challenges of receiving and integrating Ukrainian refugees, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

**5**

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Input:
age migrant married cohabiting divorced fertility woman partner
active*mine 0.263 0.028 0.025 0.018 -0.003 0.030 -0.036 -0.003
(0.510) (0.042) (0.027) (0.029) (0.017) (0.115) (0.031) (0.030)

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age (not column 1), and years of education (not columns 6 and 7). Active is
active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

**5.1 Employment outcomes**

Using the difference-in-differences approach (equation 1), we estimate results on occupation,

child health, and inequality. First, panel A of table 4 indicates that women in active mining

communities ( _active*mine_ ) are insignificantly more likely to work in service and sales and less

in agriculture, and 1.7 percentage points less likely to work as professionals (statistically

significant). There is no change in the likelihood that she is not working. These 5 categories

stem from the same occupational variable in the DHS data, and are mutually exclusive. The

surveyed individual is told to report their main occupation. The coefficients can therefore be

interpreted as relative increases of each specific sector. Women are more likely to earn cash for

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Input:
of establishing a theater group with an

experimental line of work.

La Carnada, an immersive and

documentary-style theatre production,

aims to raise awareness about victims

of Trafficking in Persons (TiP), focusing

on sexual and labour exploitation. It

sheds a light on contexts where digital

media, domestic violence, and deceptive

opportunities pose significant risks,

particularly for women and girls. As

part of the French-Venezuelan Festival

**5**

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Input:
In 2022, 15,402 persons have been repatriated voluntarily thus far, with 2,805 persons repatriated in September.
The largest group of returns was from Zambia to the DRC, with 2,159 persons repatriated in September. Further,
there has been notable movements from Angola to the DRC in September, where, 47 families of 143 persons were
repatriated to destinations in the DRC such as Kassai Province, Kinshassa, Kwilu Province and Goma.

From January to September 2022, 4,497 individuals of 1,063 cases were submitted for resettlement consideration.
Among these cases, half were male and the other half were female with 57 per cent being children under age 18.

In the same period, 2,067 individuals departed for resettlement. A half of the departed cases were male and another
half were female, similarly to submitted cases. Most persons have been considered for resettlement to the United
States (3,417). The highest number of those departed also headed to the United States (1,285). In terms of country of
asylums, the highest number of submitted applications were from Malawi (1,438) and Zambia (1,367). Congolese
(DRC) is the nationality with the highest number of submissions (3,618) and departures (1,729).

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Input:
antenatal at least 1 doctor midwife has health died
PANEL A. # visits antenatal attended attended card 12 months

active
0.759*** 0.026 0.055 0.125*** 0.039 -0.085***
district
(0.244) (0.022) (0.115) (0.033) (0.059) (0.031)

N 9,245 9,245 9,462 9,462 11,047 9,270

R-square 0.242 0.121 0.160 0.154 0.161 0.138

small

at birth, the child was
average
large height weight weight

PANELB. size size size for age for age for height

active
0.066 0.078 -0.148 -6.333 -23.676** -20.080
district
(0.057) (0.085) (0.090) (18.753) (9.364) (13.428)

N 11,837 11,007 11,007 9,646 9,646 9,851

R-square 0.041 0.061 0.060 0.199 0.163 0.073

in the last 2 weeks, had
PANEL C. fever cough diarrhea

active
0.016 0.010 0.058
district
(0.057) (0.035) (0.036)

N 10,849 10,883 10,887

R-square 0.052 0.046 0.055

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the district level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year.
Panel b, columns 1, 2, and 3 show size at birth. Panel B, columns 4, 5, and 6 show anthropometrics (new WHO)
in standard deviations. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

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Input:
migrant mothers are 6.9 percentage points more likely to have suffered from diarrheal diseases

in the two weeks prior to the start of the survey.

To further understand these effects, we decompose them by distance bins in a spatial lag model

(bottom two graphs in figure 5). It becomes evident that, from a high-level incidence (dashed

line) among the original local population (panel A of figure 5), the mine has brought substantial

reductions in diarrheal incidence (as shown by the blue line). In the migrant population, the

incidence is actually higher after mine opening than before, and the likelihood increases by 6.9

percentage points. The spatial lag model in panel B of figure 5 reveals that much of the effect

is driven by a spike in incidence 10 to 20 km away from the mine center point. If more migrants

move to the area because of the mine, they will be less settled, and health outcomes can

deteriorate, on average, within that population. Nevertheless, we should be careful in

interpreting the effects this way. The mine-induced migration, which we partly capture here,

could be different from the migration happening further away. The deteriorating status of

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Input:
The data also shows that poverty [5] has a very tangible effect on living conditions and protection risks. This group feel less safe, less secure in term of accommodation tenure, more frequently misses out on needed healthcare, more often has children out of school, and is much more frequently forced to resort to skipping meals because of lack of funds. In addition, vulnerable populations, such as older adults and individuals with disabilities or MHPSS [6] needs exhibit significantly higher poverty rates when compared to the refugees overall.
These connections are important to bear in mind when designing government, development, and humanitarian support programs.

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Input:
We suggest interpreting the local effects as being additional to the district-level effects; that is,

the mine affects the mining district predominantly through the fiscal channel, and local mining

communities mainly through employment generation, and other localized factors. Overall, the

results are more robustly estimated at the district level than at the individual level, and we find

no indications of positive spillover effects across districts. This is in line with a public spending

hypothesis, where mining districts benefit more than adjacent non-mining districts through the

fiscal revenue channel, since 10 percent of mining royalties are redistributed to mining districts.

**2 Gold mining in Ghana**

Ghana has a long tradition of gold mining and has produced a substantial portion of the world’s

gold for over 1,000 years (see Hilson [2002] for an extensive overview of gold production in

Ghana). During colonial British rule, the country was named the Gold Coast Colony, and gold

production was booming. The first gold rush occurred between 1892 and 1901, and the second

after World War I. Gold production decreased at the dawn of independence in 1957, and

remained low until the 1980s. Over the last 20 years, Ghana has been experiencing its third gold

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:
employer sponsorship (immigrants come following a job offer – popular in Poland), family reunions (immigrants have family ties to a citizen abroad – like often in the USA) or point systems (immigrants fulfil certain characteristics judged by the state as valuable – like in Australia), refugees as involuntary migrants may not possess any such characteristics. Additionally, they may suffer from war trauma and be subject to policies that impede their labour market integration (like temporary labour bans or dispersals described in the previous chapter). This translates into lower employment and wages of refugees, which are key characteristics in terms of economic impacts. Moreover, their spending needs due to a sudden shift in living situation may be disproportionally higher, while their propensity to save lower as their future situation is more uncertain, resulting in the need to finance their consumption using capital generated outside the country e.g.
savings from their home countries.

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Most Ukrainian refugee households**

**are led by women alone.** According
to the 2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey (SEIS), 67% of Ukrainian refugee households are led by women without adult partners. When changes are compared to the 2023 edition, the MultiSector Needs Assessment (MSNA) survey, 5% of households include a person with disability, down from 10% previous year, and 48% include a chronically ill person, compared to 49% in 2023. Furthermore, average household size is 2.4 persons (compared to 2.7 previous year), 57% include children (compared to 52%), and 6% include a pregnant or breastfeeding mother (same as previously; UNHCR, 2025a). Only 15% of households are nuclear families with a working age man and woman with children.

**Chart 5. Ukrainian refugee households’ demographic composition**

with one child with two or more children Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Table 1. 10 poviats with most Ukrainian refugees** **Chart 6. Local population shares of Ukrainian refugees**

**1. Warsaw** 109,705

**2. Wroclaw** 53,901

**3. Cracow** 33,057

**4. Poznan** 23,991

**5. Gdansk** 17,829

**6. Lodz** 15,902

**7. Szczecin** 14,318

**8. Poznanski** 14,028

**9. Pruszkowski** 12,206

2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey
MultiSector Needs Assessment

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From Roraima, the Government implements a voluntarily internal relocation program
(interiorização) to facilitate the socio-economic integration of refugees and migrants. As of
October 2024, over 141,000 Venezuelans have been relocated to some 1,000 municipalities
across other Brazilian states. The continued influx of Venezuelans into Brazil – which have been
on the rise since 2023 – has required the Government and the humanitarian community to
continue focusing on the humanitarian response in Roraima, while moving toward the integration
of “Operacao Acolhida” within the regular national protection system, reducing duplications and
ensuring the sustainability of the response.

In addition to Venezuelans refugees and migrants, Brazil hosts individuals from various countries,
including from Cuba, Haiti, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Nepal and Bangladesh; which places
additional strain on local protection networks, particularly in border states and cities with
international airports, in the absence of a national response mechanism beyond “Operacao
Acolhida”.

UNHCR / October, 2024 8

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Input:
UNHCR is committed to ensuring that refugees and asylum seekers have access to lifesaving and lifesustaining health services. To achieve this, UNHCR continues to advocate with the Ministry of Health
for the inclusion of refugees in the national health system, including enabling access to national health
insurance, working towards the achievement of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). All registered
asylum seekers and refugees have access to low-cost primary health care at the local Community
Health Centers (PUSKESMAS), managed by the Government of Indonesia. Individuals requiring
emergency or advanced health treatment may be financially supported by UNHCR through our health
partner YCWS, within the parameters of established guidelines and budgetary restrictions. UNHCR
coverage is limited to critical interventions, mental health services, immunization, natal care, and

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 5

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Input:
professions (physicians, dentists, nurses, and midwives) have opened to migrants and refugees to reduce shortages, and while the shares for all of them stand at just 0.9% compared to 1.9% for Polish citizens, the gap is actually very narrow for physicians and dentists, who constitute 0.7% of Ukrainian refugees and 0.8% of Polish citizens. In legal professions (legal counsels, barristers, notaries, and bailiffs), the gap remains wide, although in addition to occupational licensing, the likely causes may be the differences between the Polish and Ukrainian legal systems as well as new entrants’ struggles with attracting clients due to advertising restrictions. In effect, just 0.02% of Ukrainian refugees work in legal professions, compared to 0.4% of Polish citizens. There are also high contrasts across the remaining regulated professions, which employ 0.8% of Ukrainian refugees and 3.3% of Polish citizens. These are construction engineers (0.02% Ukrainian refugees), pharmacists (0.01%), and psychologists (0.09%), compared to the following shares for Polish citizens: 0.26%, 0.19%, and 0.18%, respectively.

**One of the most effective forms**

**of support offered to refugees**

**and other immigrants in terms of**

**employment and earnings to be found**

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Input:
The primary data for this report come from a comprehensive 2024 socioeconomic survey conducted by UNHCR

which recontacted households which were initially surveyed in 2019, prior to the Shona acquiring nationality. The

follow-up survey aimed to capture the transformative impact of citizenship on the Shona community in terms of

employment, education, income, and access to essential services, while also incorporating new modules on social

cohesion, community engagement, and civic participation to better understand the broader integration of the Shona

into Kenyan society. The 2024 survey provides rich insights into the Shona’s post-citizenship journey and the

challenges and opportunities they face as newly recognized citizens of Kenya.

The findings are complemented by the 2019 household survey of the Shona community, conducted jointly by

UNHCR and the World Bank [[8]] establishing a baseline of the Shona community’s socioeconomic conditions while

they were still stateless. This study revealed significant disparities in access to services and opportunities compared

to Kenyan nationals, highlighting the detrimental effects of statelessness on employment, financial inclusion, and

educational attainment. These findings informed policy recommendations that ultimately contributed to the

recognition of the Shona as Kenyan citizens in 2020-21, providing a crucial foundation for evaluating their post
citizenship outcomes.

2019 household survey of the Shona community

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Input:
Mobile network operators still accept refugee identity cards issued by CNARR as valid proof of identity.
Refugees without an identity card must still be vouched for by those who possess one to enable SIM card
registration. Through their phone numbers, refugees have access to payment and money transfer facilities
offered by telecommunications operators. Asylum-seekers still do not have the right to acquire a SIM card
with the asylum-seeker certificate.

10 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

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Input:
In the absence of comprehensive national refugee laws and national RSD processes, UNHCR
undertakes refugee status determination (RSD) in Indonesia. As asylum-seekers have access to the
same rights and services as refugees in Indonesia, UNHCR uses RSD strategically for individuals with
an immediate third country solution which requires refugee recognition (resettlement and some
complementary pathways), cases with heightened protection concerns, and cases presenting with
issues that need to be clarified through the RSD process. UNHCR also conducts RSD as part of its
emergency response in the context of boat arrivals to identify those in need of international
protection.

### **Child Protection**

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Input:
Gender disparities are also evident in labor force metrics. The labor force participation rate [19] for women is notably lower at 59% compared to 71% for men. Furthermore, 35% of women not in the labor force cite household responsibilities as their primary engagement, a stark contrast to the 6% reported by men. Although the difference in the unemployment rate is less significant, a gender gap is still discernible – this indicator stands at 15% for women versus 12% for men.

### **Methodology**

Each country adopted a unique sampling approach to their respective surveys, dependent on factors such as the availability of sampling frames and information regarding population distribution by

---
[19] Also defined here for the 15+ age group

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Input:
occupations and perform the same tasks, the native workers do not change their occupations and tasks, while firms do not adjust (at least in the short term).
In effect, immigrants grow output, but slightly lower wages. This is the case in the modelling performed (Chapter 3), as well as in the NBP general equilibrium modelling exercise for the pre-2022 Ukrainian workers 2013-2018 performed by Gradzewicz, Jabłonowski, Sasiela, and Żółkiewski (2021). Conversely, Peri (2014) surveys 270 econometric estimates from 27 studies published over the 1982-2013 period on the impact of immigration on native wages. He shows that effects for a very large immigrant inflow of 10 percentage points (five-times larger than the refugees from Ukraine share in Poland) on native wages range from -1% to +1%, with most estimates clustered around zero, from -0.1% to +0.1%. Similarly, Gromadzki and Lewandowski (2023) examine econometrically the monthly impact of refugees from Ukraine inflow from January

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Input:
**General SRH Services Access**
Acknowledging that 63% of the Ukrainian refugees are women and girls, with 34% of the total refugee population being women in reproductive age between 15- 49 of age, the survey added a focus to explore access and barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for women. SRH services include family planning; prenatal and postnatal care, safe delivery including Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmONC); clinical management of rape; prevention, detection and treatment of reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV; and referrals to higher level obstetric care or specialized SRH services.

Across the region, 5% of women reported to have faced barriers in accessing SRH services, though access level varies by country. In Latvia and Bulgaria, only 1 % and 2% of women respectively reported barriers, indicating good access to SRH services. However, in Lithuania and Romania 9% and 6% of women respectively reported barriers in accessing SRH services.

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)

### **Reported mental** **health and** **psychosocial** **problems**

Regionally, 23% of individuals reported experiencing mental health and psychosocial problems that affect their daily functioning, with 36% of households reporting at least one member affected. This is an increase compared to 2023, when 19% of individuals and 30% of households reported mental health and psychosocial problems. There are notable regional variations in reported MHPSS needs, with the percentage of individuals with such needs ranging between 13% (Czechia) and 33% (Romania). In 2023, Czechia also had the lowest and Romania the highest percentage of mental health or psychosocial problems on individual and household level. Stigma surrounding the disclosure of mental health challenges within the Ukrainian community likely means that the actual prevalence of mental health and psychosocial problems may be underreported.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCING MENTAL HEALTH OR**

**PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS BY COUNTRY**

Regional Romania Lithuania Poland Bulgaria Hungary Slovakia Estonia Moldova Latvia Czechia 23% 33% 27% 26% 25% 24% 21% 20% 18% 17% 13% (N=8,540)

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH AT LEAST ONE MEMBER WITH**

**MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS BY YEAR**

**AND COUNTRY**

2023 2024 Regional Romania

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HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**Living in a vulnerable household is associated with higher poverty risks**

Just like last year, members of households with vulnerabilities were found to more likely be living in poverty than the general refugee population. Almost half of individuals living with an older adult (age 65+) reported an equivalized disposable income below the poverty threshold. For individuals living with household members with a disability or members with MHPSS needs [11] these rates stood at 41% and 27%, respectively. Gender of the head of household, however, was not found to have a significant impact on the poverty rate. Mixed gender (at least one male and one female head) was associated with higher income, though likely due to increased chances of multiple breadwinners being present in the household.

**REFUGEE POVERTY RATES BY VULNERABILITY CHARACTERISTIC AND GENDER OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD**

No Yes Female Male Mixed Head of household gender Older adult Household (65+) present member with a disability present Source: Survey data, SAG estimates Household member with MHPSS needs present

**Refugee housing expenses are on average much higher than for nationals, which implies an**

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Input:
Deloitte (2024). Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland, UNHCR Reports and Assessments, March, https://data.unhcr.org/en/ documents/details/106993 Foged, M., & Peri, G. (2016). Immigrants' effect on native workers: New analysis on longitudinal data. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(2), 1-34.

Foged, M., Hasager, L., & Peri, G. (2024). Comparing the effects of policies for the labor market integration of refugees. Journal of Labor Economics, 42(S1), S335-S377.

Gromadzki, J., & Lewandowski, P. (2023). Refugees from Ukraine on the Polish labour market. Social Insurance. Theory and Practice, 155(4), 29-40.

GUS (2024a). Structure of wages and salaries by occupations for October 2022, Statistical Office in Bydgoszcz, https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/labour-market/ working-employed-wages-and-salaries-cost-of-labour/structure-of-wages-andsalaries-by-occupations-for-october-2022,4,8.html GUS (2024b). Education in the school year 2023/2024 (preliminary data), Statistical Office in Gdańsk, https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/education/education/ education-in-the-school-year-20232024-preliminary-data,13,2.html Heller, B. H., & Mumma, K. S. (2023). Immigrant integration in the United States: the role of adult English language training. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 15(3), 407-437.

Jaumotte, M. F., Koloskova, K., & Saxena, M. S. C. (2016). Impact of migration on income levels in advanced economies. International Monetary Fund.

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Input:
UNHCR supports CNARR in the popularization of the asylum law and its implementing decree, including
towards ONAPE with the aim to develop a Memorandum of Understanding that would lift the challenges met
by refugees while accessing the job market including in the private sector.

In the private sector, practical experience shows that some employers still hire refugees without the approval
of ONAPE and may treat them less favorably in terms of wages and social benefits. There has been no
legislative or policy change regarding child labor.

There is no reliable data on the percentage of refugees employed in the formal sector.

Many refugees work in the informal sector, but data on this is equally unavailable. Most refugees engage
in independent work, particularly in agriculture, which remains the backbone of the Chadian economy.
However, agricultural value chains are very weak in the country, affecting both refugees and host populations.
The main constraints, even more pronounced for women, relate to difficulties in accessing agricultural land,
infrastructure, agricultural inputs such as certified inputs, and financial services.

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Input:
_Woman occupation_
Earns cash 0.90 0.059** 0.89 0.007
Works all year 0.88 -0.047 0.88 0.023
Not working 0.25 -0.021 0.24 -0.015
Agriculture 0.19 0.055 0.25 0.011
Service & sales 0.39 0.057 0.35 0.016
Professional 0.05 -0.028 0.04 -0.010
Manual 0.11 -0.063*** 0.12 -0.003

_Note:_ Column (1) is a sample at 20 to 100 km from a nonactive mine.
Column (2) difference for sample at 0-20 km from an nonactive, compared with column (1)
Column (3) is a sample within 20 to 100 km of an active mine.
Column (4) difference for sample at 0-20 km of an active mine, compared with Column (3)

*** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Univariate regression model.

Appendix Table A2 also shows selected child health outcomes as summary statistics across the

four treatment groups. We note that, once again, the sample looks quite balanced in the first

three columns, although children seem to be worse off in communities close to mines that have

not started producing, evidenced by the fact that infant mortality is 8 percent compared to 7

percent farther away, and 6 percent in communities with active mines. The anthropometrics

height-for-age (stunting or chronic malnutrition), weight-for-age (wasting or acute

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Input:
**The Shona originally came from Zimbabwe and migrated to Kenya as missionaries majorly between the 1950s and**

**1970s, settling in the Greater Nairobi area.** According to community elders, the Shona were issued certificates of

registration under the Alien Restriction Act upon arrival. However, a change in the Registration of Persons Act of

1978 prevented them from accessing identity cards. As a result, most of those who were among the first wave of

arrivals do not hold valid legal identity documents. At the same time, Zimbabwe and Zambia do not consider them

as nationals since many of those who were born there did not have their births registered and lost all traces of their

ancestry since they never returned, hence rendering them stateless. [[8]] Subsequently, they settled and assimilated

with the local Kikuyu community which welcomed them. Since their arrival, they have practiced wood carving for

men and basket weaving for women as their primary economic activity outside of preaching activities. Ten

individuals from the Shona community were granted Kenyan citizenship on 12 December 2020 and a further 1,649

were recognized as Kenyan citizens and issued with registration certificates on 29 July 2021.

- **Box 1: Data Sources**

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Input:
UNHCR [1] supports the Government of Indonesia by undertaking core refugee protection functions,
including registration, refugee status determination, gender-based violence prevention and response,
child protection, legal protection, and the pursuit of durable solutions. Approximately 48% of the
refugee population in Indonesia is residing in IOM-managed accommodation centers, established as
part of the Regional Cooperation Agreement (RCA) between Indonesia, the Government of Australia,
and IOM in 2000. 42% of the refugee population – largely those who arrived in Indonesia after 2017

- are living independently and, with the exception of the most vulnerable, do not receive financial
support for food, rent, and basic needs. Approximately 10% of the refugee population is comprised of
Rohingya refugees who arrived by boat in recent years and who are residing primarily in temporary
shelters in Aceh and North Sumatra.

---
[1] The Government of Indonesia-UNHCR host country agreement has been in place since 1979.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source