Input: To this eﬀect, we replace yh i with yh i / yi in equation (1) and proceed as outlined above. If migration decisions are based on relative rather than absolute income, then the coeﬃcients of eδs − eδi and (eηs − eηi) zh should be positive and signiﬁcant only when they are computed using yh i / yi. In addition to relative and absolute income diﬀerences, the analysis also examines the re- spective roles of various location characteristics such as housing and food prices, availability of public services, and density of human settlement. 8An alternative strategy for the estimation of pre-migration income distribution in cross-section data is sug- gested by Bayer, Khan and Timmins (2008). 11 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 1 POST-CONFLICT TRANSITIONS WORKING PAPER NO. 16 Population Size, Concentration, and Civil War. A Geographically Disaggregated Analysis * Håvard Hegre Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO (CSCW) Clionadh Raleigh CSCW, PRIO & University of Colorado at Boulder Abstract Why do larger countries have more armed conflict? This paper surveys three sets of hypotheses forwarded in the conflict literature regarding the relationship between the size and location of population groups: Hypotheses based on pure population mass, on distances, on population concentrations, and some residual state-level characteristics. The hypotheses are tested on a new dataset – ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) – which disaggregates internal conflicts into individual events. The analysis covers 14 countries in Central Africa. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper develops a statistical method to analyze this type of data. The analysis confirms several of the hypotheses. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4243, June 2007 The Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about post-conflict development (more information about the Post- Conflict Transitions Project can be found at http: / / econ. worldbank. org / programs / conflict). Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset

conflict event data
geographically disaggregated data

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: However, there is no consensus or agreed best practices on the use of these methods in different contexts or stages of displacement (Brookings 2013). 92 The absence of data on new displacement may simply mean that no displacement has taken place (IDMC 2016). 93 IDMC reports that data, disaggregated by age and sex, were available for 15 of the 60 countries it monitored in 2014, however these data were not comprehensive and are not published. Additionally, in some countries there are data provided by IOM on IDP populations by location from which the urban or rural character of the population may be inferred (e. g. if the camp is located in the capital), but data are not comprehensive and not published. While the majority of humanitarian profile data does not typically cover IDPs living outside of camp or camp-like settings (the large majority of IDPs), IOM ’ s DTM in countries such as Nigeria, Iraq, Yemen and Libya do include information about those residing in host communities.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Discrimination/harassment in past year Victim of crime in past 2 weeks Figure 7.19: Discrimination and harassment Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 72 A ddressing the challenges refugees face in Ethiopia requires a concerted effort to promote their self-reliance, economic integration, and access to education. By leveraging data from initiatives like SESRE and adopting a comprehensive approach that considers the needs of both refugees and host communities, Ethiopia can maximize the benefits of hosting refugees while minimizing associated costs. The GoE has proven its strong commitment to protecting refugees, but the progressive policy framework has not yet translated into tangible socioeconomic outcomes for refugees. The encampment model previously followed in Ethiopia neglected how refugees affect socio-economic and environmental conditions of hosting communities, including the untapped potential for refugees to contribute to the local economy. Despite strong improvements in Ethiopia’s underlying legal framework to benefit refugee inclusion, and a strong international aid response, refugees still face various challenges accessing services and improving their socioeconomic outcomes. Refugees are unable to move to locations with better economic opportunities and require a work permit (which is difficult to get for work outside of refugee camps) to

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: thirty years of autocratic rule that followed the Congolese independence from Belgium colonial rule paved the way to a violent transition, culminating in two internationalized wars from 1996 to 1997, in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide, and from 1998 to 2003. Since the end of the Second Congo War in 2003, eastern Congo has remained unstable and violent, with many domestic and foreign-backed armed groups – including elements of the state military, FARDC – using violence against civilians and each other (Autesserre 2010). The violence and instability have resulted in poor living conditions and regular forced displacement for Congolese civilians. This project focuses on three provinces of eastern DRC that are especially impacted by forced displacement and political violence: North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri. 4 These three provinces account for 4. 5 million out of an estimated 5. 268 million total (85 %) IDPs in DRC 2020 (UNHCR Operational Data Portal: Democratic Republic of Congo 2021). Other provinces not included in this study but hosting IDPs include southern and central provinces such as Kasai, Kasai-Central, Kasai-Oriental, Lomani, Sankuru, and Tanganyika. The analysis in this paper focuses exclusively on dynamics in eastern Congo where the authors collected data.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individuals in irregular migration flows may also choose not to apply for asylum due to fear of declaring themselves to the authorities. A significant challenge with refugee registers is keeping them up to date. Individual registration can provide a robust snapshot of the stock of refugees and asylum-seekers, but registers need to be updated regularly to reflect flows, i. e. increases in refugee and asylum-seeker numbers (births, new arrivals) and decreases (deaths, departures, durable solutions). In situations of sudden mass influxes, existing registration capacity may not be adequate and the scope of registration data is then rationalized. 65 Additionally, it may not be possible to capture all demographic changes in the case of highly mobile populations. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**3.3 Production Data for Economic Rate of Return Estimation**

Production data covering the five-year period from 2018 to 2022 were sourced from the Ministry of Agriculture's administrative records and validated through rapid field surveys covering 120 farms in the project area. The production data are available at commune level and capture planted area, harvested area, and yield by crop variety. A 12 percent farm-gate price increase was applied to the production data in the economic model to reflect the projected reduction in post-harvest losses attributable to improved storage infrastructure financed under the project.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Outcome Variable Collection Periods Basline Midline Weekly Endline Psychological Well-being PHQ9 X X Life Satisfaction Index X X Stress Index X X X Sociability (Total) X X X Sociability (Positive) X X X Self-Worth Index X X Locus of Control X X Allocation Decision Game X X Stability Index X X Physiological Well-being Index X X Gender Dynamics Gender Perceptions- Work X X Gender Perceptions- Violence (IPV) X X Financial Well-being Savings X X ∗ X Borrowing X X Economic Decision Making Risk Preference X X Time Preference X X Other Outcomes Cognitive Ability X X ∗ X Physical Health X X ∗ X Notes: The “ Baseline ” survey was conducted with respondents before treatment assignment was revealed. The “ Midline ” survey were questions asked immediately after treatment assignments were disclosed after the baseline survey, but before the work task had begun. “ Weekly ” surveys were conducted after each week of work (if any). Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The relation- ships between displacement dynamics and perceptions of each manifestation of social cohesion are analyzed separately by running 12 models for each independent variable (6 regressions for each sample). The regressions are correlations and should not be interpreted causally. Hosting status and displacement ﬂows are likely related to perceptions of social cohesion in indirect ways and the structure of the survey data limit the ability to specify the channels through which these relation- ships run. Each regression controls for characteristics that may inﬂuence respondents ’ perceptions of social cohesion outside of the presence of IDPs or refugees in the local community such as province, gender, age, marital status, level of education, employment, and exposure to violence. 11Poll numbers correspond to the number wave in our larger project, as described and shown in Table 2. 28 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 26 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 95 % of the refugees in Mauritania envision an independent or autonomous North and 26 % of the refugees in Mauritania even state the independence of Azawad (= the north) as a main condition for returning home. Stark differences can also be observed with regard to the discussion around a possible federalist solution for the North that was ongoing when the monthly phone interviews were conducted in October. As illustrated in the Figure 20 below, 80 % of the refugees in Mauritania support a federalist solution, while the majority of IDPs, returnees and refugees in Niger are not in favor. Of those who do not support a federalist solution (96 % of the IDPs, 88 % of the refugees in Niger and 95 % of the returnees), the majority of IDPs (61 %) and returnees (70 %) as well as 38 % of the refugees in Niger suggest decentralization as a possible solution to resolve the conflict. 13 % of the refugees in Niger also mention war and 27 % the integration of the North. Nonetheless, 49 % of IDPs, 86 % of returnees and 89 % of refugees believe a stable and sustainable peace accord can be achieved. by 4 % of the population living Timbuktu, 2 % in Gao and nobody in Kidal. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: which increases signiﬁcantly under both treatment arms. In other words, the psychosocial value to employment appears to be driven largely by the non-pecuniary dimensions of the employment experience. 5. 4 Impacts of employment on reported physical health, cognitive function, and economic decision-making The positive eﬀects of employment extend to other measures beyond psychosocial health. Table 3 presents results on reported physical health, cognitive function, and incentivized measures of risk and time preference. We observe a signiﬁcant increase in the days reported healthy. This eﬀect may be due to ‘ real ’ health improvements from increased exercise (which has also been documented to translate to improved mental health (Herbert et al. (2020))) from the employment task or ‘ perceived ’ health improvements in which improved psychoso- cial well-being translates into feeling less physically ill. Should the channel be exercise, we may expect health improvements to grow over time. Our weekly data on days healthy sug- gests this is not the case: we observe the treatment eﬀect on health from the ﬁrst week of working, and the gap remains steady throughout the following two months (Appendix Figure A3).

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: supervisor, and four enumerators. All field staff involved in the SERSE participated in the HoWStat survey. Enumerators were knowledgeable about local cultures and languages and could detect inconsistencies and misunderstandings during interviews to ensure high-quality data. Supervisors were additionally trained on how to troubleshoot standard technical issues with tablets. The supervisors conducted reinterviews, consistency, spot-checking, and data syncing to the head office. Also, the statisticians from ESS branch offices were with the team all the time to support and monitor the fieldwork. The data collection system consisted of encrypted Android devices for prolonged usage in the field equipped with the chosen survey application and a GPS tracking application for EA delineations. Electronic data files were transferred daily to the ESS central office in Addis Ababa via the Annexes 96 secured link. The core team from ESS undertook field supervision and was responsible for the day-to- day field management. Also, the World Bank team undertook field supervision, providing on-time and on-the-spot guidance for the field teams whenever and wherever they encountered a challenge. (e) Challenges faced and lessons learned The SESRE served as a learning experience for including refugees in future rounds of the official household survey (HoWStat). Given the unique

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Since the set of household members at baseline have subsequently moved, and usually not as a unit, the 2004 round results in more than 2, 700 household interviews (from the baseline sample of 912 households). Although the KHDS is a panel of respondents and the concept of a ‘ household ’ after 10-13 years is a vague notion, it is common in panel surveys to consider re-contact rates in terms of households. Excluding households in which all previous members are deceased (17 households with 27 people), the field team managed to re-contact 93 % of the baseline households. This is an excellent rate of recontact compared to panel surveys in low-income countries and high-income countries. The KHDS panel has an attrition rate that is much lower than that of other well-known panel survey summarized in Alderman et al. (2001) in which the rates ranged from 17. 5 % attrition per year to the lowest rate of 1. 5 % per year. Most of these surveys in Alderman et al. (2001) covered considerably shorter time periods (two to five years). Figure 1 charts the evolution of households from baseline to 2004. One-half of all households interviewed were tracking cases, meaning they did not reside in the baseline communities. Of those households tracked, only 38 % were located nearby the baseline community. Overall, 32 % of all households were not located in or relatively nearby the baseline communities. While tracking is costly, it is an important exercise because migration and dissolution of households are often hypothesized to be important Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: For this study, data on the four types of capital are obtained for three periods - 1995, 2000 and 2005 and for 210 countries, from an updated database underpinning the wealth estimates of nations (World Bank, 2006; G. Ruta and K. Hamilton, personal communication, 2009). The data are measured in per capita values at 2005 constant prices. An econometric analysis is conducted for a panel data of capital, along with the data on the magnitude of natural disasters for the same 2 <!-- PAGE 5 --> periods. Because of limitations in the data on human capital related to education (HS), the intangible capital residual (HR) is used as a proxy measure of human capital in this study.

updated database underpinning the wealth estimates of nations

data on the magnitude of natural disasters

data on human capital related to education

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The report focuses on intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates, measuring the impact of offering volunteering opportunities and soft skills training independently of actual take-up. 9 We estimate the following individual-level intent-to-treat regression: 𝑌 ௜ ௧ ൌ 𝛼 + 𝜇 ௡ ൅ 𝛽𝑇௧ + 𝛾𝐷 ௜ + 𝛿ሺ𝑇 ∗ 𝐷ሻ ௜ ௧ + 𝜀 ௜ ௧ (1) where 𝑌 ௜ ௧ is the outcome of interest for respondent i in period t, 𝑇௧ is a post-treatment year binary variable, 𝐷 ௜ is a binary variable for being assigned to the treatment, and 𝜇 ௡ is a fixed effect for NGOs. 𝛼 represents the baseline average for the outcome of interest for non-selected youth. 𝛽 is the difference in after-and- before intervention in outcomes for non-selected youth. 𝛽 ൅ 𝛿 is the difference in after-and- before intervention in outcomes for selected youth. 𝛾 is the difference in 9 Due to some procurement delays that caused a big time-lag between baseline data collection and actual NGO project implementation, many of the volunteers who belonged to selected NGOs and who were randomly selected to participate in the impact evaluation study dropped out after their baseline data were collected and were replaced by other volunteers. Project monitoring data reveal that 23 percent of volunteers assigned to treatment did not actually end up participating in the NVSP. Given the relatively high number of non-compliance, we are unable to perform Local Average Treatment Effects (LATE) analyses to understand the impact of participating in NVSP on outcomes of interest. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Following the approach used for the Global Costing of Refugee Inclusion, successful inclusion is defined as earning sufficient income to be no longer poor and to consume more than the (international) poverty line. This definition opens two tracks for investigation: first, how much aid would be needed if the policy objective were to bring refugee consumption up to the poverty line. The answer to this question is found by identifying the poverty gap for refugees. This opens the second track which explores the factors that determine, or at least that are associated with, the size of the poverty gap. The note is organized as follows. The next section discusses data and presents some key descriptive statistics on refugees and host communities in Uganda. This is followed by a methodological section discussing how own income and aid are complements and how an analysis of poverty gaps informs about the need for assistance. This is followed by two analytical sections. The first identifies refugee poverty gaps, and assistance needs for refugees with distinct characteristics. The following section estimates how much has been saved by including refugees in the economy and explores how more could be saved. Conclusions follow. 2 The poverty numbers in World Bank (2019) are based on the official poverty line adopted in Uganda in 1997. There was a need to update this line as it was too old and producing a very low poverty rate. For example, using this line produced a national poverty rate of about 21 percent in 2019 / 20 compared to more the than 40 percent international poverty rate using the USD 2. 15 2017 PPP daily poverty line. In order to address this criticism, the poverty line was revised by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in 2021, but it is not available for the 2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey used in this note. Instead, we are using the international poverty line throughout.

2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: An open empirical question remains on the relative importance of the three initial conditions (i. e., unemployment, co-ethnic enclaves and attitudes) when examined together. Moreover, we expect the effect of the individual factors to vary in the short, medium and long run over the 20 years examined. In the next section we empirically investigate these issues, and examine whether these assumptions are supported by the empirical evidence. 4 Research Design 4. 1 Data and Descriptive Statistics In our analysis we construct a unique longitudinal dataset which covers the universe of refugees and migrants in Switzerland over 1998-2018. It allows us to follow refugees over the life-cycle for 20 years, and allows us to follow them even after they change residence permit and status. To construct this longitudinal dataset we are combining three administrative datasets. The first dataset, that covers all asylum seekers is AUPER (Automatisierte Personen Registratursystem) which is provided by the State Secretariat for Migration. The data includes information about the residence permit, year of arrival, country of origin, canton of allocation and socio-demographic characteristics. Once an asylum seeker has obtained a residence permit other than permit N (asylum seekers) or F (provisionally admitted foreigners), he or she is registered in ZAR (Zentrales Ausländerregister). This longitudinal dataset is also coming from the SEM. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Increasing the schooling attainment of girls is a challenge in much of the developing world. In
this paper we evaluate the impact of a program that gives scholarships to girls making the transition
between the last year of primary school and the first year of secondary school in Cambodia. We show
that the scholarship program had a large, positive effect on the school enrollment and attendance of girls.
Our preferred set of estimates suggests program effects on enrollment and attendance at program schools
of 30 to 43 percentage points; scholarship recipients were also more likely to be enrolled at any school
(not just program schools) by a margin of 22 to 33 percentage points.

The impact of the JFPR program
appears to have been largest among girls with the lowest socioeconomic status at baseline. The results we
present are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between scholarship recipients and
non-recipients, to unobserved heterogeneity across girls, and to selective attrition out of the sample.

to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds had completed

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Although the OCO-2 satellite platform provides the best available database, its coverage for our 25-km grid cells is limited by its 16-day repeat cycle, relatively narrow observation track, and the frequent occurrence of cloud cover over some areas.

For the translation of regression residuals to emissions deviations, we use the EDGAR gridded database of CO2 emissions estimated from sectoral activity data and standard emissions parameters (Crippa et al.

We translate these residuals to emissions using the EDGAR global database of gridded CO2 emissions estimated from local activity measures and standard emissions parameters (Crippa et al.

2020). The current EDGAR database terminates in 2018, so we perform the conversion using data for 2015 - 2018, the period of overlap with our OCO-2 database.

EDGAR gridded database of CO2 emissions
EDGAR global database
EDGAR database
OCO-2 database

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: are combined. The surveys follow a repeated cross-sectional design and are not panels (i. e. the same administrative units, not the same people, are re-sampled), so responses are aggregated to the groupement level, the lowest level at which the project consistently collect representative data. Table 2 provides a summary of the dates, sizes, and percent of respondents who report being displaced within each survey wave. This aggregated temporal analysis can show, associations between ﬂuctuations in displacement and perceptions of social cohesion over space and time at the groupement level. Question coverage varies across survey waves, but a battery of core questions enables consistent observation of how many individual respondents self-report being displaced at the time of the survey and being involuntarily moved within the past year. Poll Date N % Currently Displaced % Displaced Last Yr % Hosting Displacees # 11 July 2017 5834 4. 35 7. 42 – # 12 September-October 2017 4013 1. 62 2. 62 – # 13 December 2017 4883 3. 50 7. 97 – # 14 March-April 2018 1933 4. 97 8. 85 31. 35 # 15 June-July 2018 5951 3. 70 8. 35 30. 33 # 16 October 2018 1112 6. 47 4. 68 – # 17 December 2018 5918 5. 86 11. 20 – # 19 July-August 2019 5961 5 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This distinction is also applied to foreign students, with those entering the system after February 2022 referred to as “ Migrant post-Feb 2022 ” and others referred as “ Migrant pre-Feb 2022 ”. 7 Administrative data from MoE. The Ministry data includes information for all students who enrolled at any point during the academic year. 8 This information covers academic year, grade, gender, birth date, birthplace, citizenship. They also include school-speciϐic information such as the name and identifying code of the institution where the student is enrolled. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of school outcome variables, including grades in English, Italian, Mathematics, overall GPA calculated as the average across all subjects, behavior scores from grade 9 to grade 12, guidance council evaluations from lower secondary school, records of absences, late entries, and early exits. Given the timing of this study, data for academic year 2022-23 are the most complete. For academic year 2022-2023, school enrollment data at the provincial level was provided for 4, 269, 348 enrolled students across the 8 years of Italian lower and upper secondary school, encompassing both public and private institutions. The dataset includes nearly all students in the country irrespective of their citizenship. 9 Table 1 shows the distribution of the different groups of students by grade. In the 7 For ease of reference, we refer to non-Italian and non-Ukrainian students as migrants. However, we acknowledge that some of these students may be refugees or displaced students. 8 At the time of writing this paper, both MoE and INVALSI data were not fully available and, as such, only the information on enrollment was used for the academic year 2023-24. 9These numbers do not include students enrolled in Provincial centers for adult education (CPIA). See footnote 5. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The decision to link it with CM made ENLACE a de facto high-stakes test encouraging

in grade inflation (Contreras and Backoff, 2014). Anomalies in ENLACE and the creation

<!-- PAGE 10 -->
###### **2.2 The ENLACE Panel**

ENLACE created a unique personal identifier ( _Clave_ _Única_ _de_ _Registro_ _Poblacional_ or

the ENLACE dataset included a school identifier, socioeconomic information for each

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: (vi) ran out of food, (vii) adults were hungry but did not eat, (viii) went without eating for a whole day, (ix) restricted consumption so kids could eat, and (x) borrowed food or relied on friend/relative for help. 7.0 8.4 7.8 6.0 8.2 6.5 In Camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Poor (0-21) Borderline (21-35) Acceptable ( > 35) Percent Figure 5.10: Dietary diversity and food consumption status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Dietary diversity score is calculated as the total number of food groups (out of 12) consumed by the household in the last seven days before the survey. The food groups are cereals, roots and tubers, vegetables, fruits, meat (including poultry and offal), eggs, fish and seafood, pulses and legumes and nuts, milk and milk products, oils and fats, sugar/honey, and others. Food consumption status is determined based on food consumption score. a. Dietary diversity score (out of 12 groups) b. Food consumption status Refugees’ Aspirations 49 Moreover, insecurity and displacement-related shocks are common for Eritrean refugees, with 14 percent having experienced

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
future year by the counterpart observation in the CRU benchmark dataset (from the most

representative temperature/rainfall combination, derived from CRU data for 1980-2000).

departure: the benchmark series from the CRU data. This translation step is necessary

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 8 of 51 In the 9 cases mentioned, it was possible to identify part-time workers, while temporary workers were only identified in the cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and El Salvador. 4. 1. 1 Variation of the NSE as a percentage of total employment The prevalence of NSE in the total employment has not shown very significant variations in the countries considered in the last two decades (Figure 1). Indeed, most of the countries analyzed show non-standard employment registers similar to those observed in the mid-1990s. The exceptions where the variation is a little more relevant are Brazil and Uruguay, where there are contractions in the incidence of the NSE of the order of 10 and 5 percentage points respectively and Mexico, where there is an increase of 5 percentage points. Figure 1: Prevalence of NSE among salaried employees. (Mid-90s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Analyzing the prevalence of NSE by types of occupations, considering the ISCO classification at one digit, we find a quite similar pattern across countries. Indeed, in most of the considered countries, the “ Elementary Occupations ” are the category where the prevalence of NSE is higher. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: of dependability (Heller and Kessler, 2022). In a recent study, Karpowitz et al. (2023) show how these soft skills interact with discriminatory practices. They find that assigning leadership roles to women in a classroom setting reduces gender discrimination. Similarly, Kaas and Manger (2012) use a correspondence study to show that presenting soft information, such as reference letters with information on conscientiousness and agreeableness, seems to mitigate discrimination. Second, unlike most correspondence studies, we exploit data on firm characteristics and decisions at multiple stages of the hiring process to conduct a rich heterogeneity analysis. Most studies are only able to observe if the candidate receives an interview offer. Hangartner et al. (2021) is an interesting exception, which tracks online employers ’ actions and collects information that allows them to study hiring decisions. We instead observe five stages in the hiring process: 1) if employers reject an application, 2) if they visit an applicant ’ s profile, 3) the number of visits to each profile, 4) if employers contact the candidate, and 5) if they offer an interview. These five outcomes provide a rich preview into the hiring decision. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Following the approach used for the Global Costing of Refugee Inclusion, successful inclusion is defined as earning sufficient income to be no longer poor and to consume more than the (international) poverty line. This definition opens two tracks for investigation: first, how much aid would be needed if the policy objective were to bring refugee consumption up to the poverty line. The answer to this question is found by identifying the poverty gap for refugees. This opens the second track which explores the factors that determine, or at least that are associated with, the size of the poverty gap. The note is organized as follows. The next section discusses data and presents some key descriptive statistics on refugees and host communities in Uganda. This is followed by a methodological section discussing how own income and aid are complements and how an analysis of poverty gaps informs about the need for assistance. This is followed by two analytical sections. The first identifies refugee poverty gaps, and assistance needs for refugees with distinct characteristics. The following section estimates how much has been saved by including refugees in the economy and explores how more could be saved. Conclusions follow. 2 The poverty numbers in World Bank (2019) are based on the official poverty line adopted in Uganda in 1997. There was a need to update this line as it was too old and producing a very low poverty rate. For example, using this line produced a national poverty rate of about 21 percent in 2019 / 20 compared to more the than 40 percent international poverty rate using the USD 2. 15 2017 PPP daily poverty line. In order to address this criticism, the poverty line was revised by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in 2021, but it is not available for the 2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey used in this note. Instead, we are using the international poverty line throughout. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: report). Box 5.2: Disparity between refugee ration aid and reported consumption quantities 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Own production Market purchase Transfers/gifs Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Own production Market purchase Transfers/gifs Figure 5.5: Food and non-food expenditures shares by sources Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. a. Food expenditure b. Non-food expenditure Refugees’ Aspirations 46 5.1.3 Multidimensional poverty Refugees are more vulnerable to multidimensional poverty than hosts. The multidimensional poverty rate is relatively high among refugees, driven primarily by low living standards and poor access to education. Trends in monetary poverty are mirrored using the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)—an index measuring deprivations across three dimensions of well-being: education, health, and standard of living (see Box 5.3). MPI provides a general picture of the extent of deprivation (Alkire et al., 2021). The results show that 50 percent of refugees and 23 percent of hosts are multidimensionally poor (Figure 5.7). Looking at in-camp refugees and their hosts, multidimensional poverty is 64 percent for

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: JDC Joint Data Center LFPR Labor Force Participation Rate LFS Labor Force Survey LoC Locus of Control LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study MoE Ministry of Education MoLS Ministry of Labor and Skills MoLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs MoR Ministry of Revenue MoTRI Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index NEET Not in Employment, Education or Training NER Net Enrollment Rate NGO Non-governmental Organization OAU Organization of African Unity OCP Out-of-Camp Policy PPP Purchasing Power Parity RRS Refugees and Returnees Service SESRE Socio-economic Study of Refugees in Ethiopia TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNHCR The United Nations Refugee Agency UNICEF The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UPSNJP Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization i The report titled "Expanding development approaches to refugees and their hosts in Ethiopia" was prepared by a team of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice at the World Bank led by Christina Wieser (Senior Economist, World Bank), including Wondimagegn Mesfin Tesfaye (Economist, World Bank), Fikirte Girmachew (Consultant, World Bank), Jeremey Aaron Lebow (Young Professional, World Bank), and Manex Bule Yonis (Economist, World Bank), under the adept guidance

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: It is diﬃcult to draw causal inference from observational data. This study is no exception. The results presented here are nevertheless suﬃciently suggestive to cast doubt on the theory that the choice of migration destination is driven primarily by income diﬀerentials. Other factors seem to play a strong — and probably more important — role. References 1. Adams, Richard, Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan, 30 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
2.0 percentage points more likely to be enrolled at any school, JFPR or otherwise (p-value: 0.29). Note

scholarship receipt, therefore provide further evidence of a JFPR program effect.

the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey; here too there is a clear schooling gradient. [3] Figure 1 shows,

2 Comparisons for the full sample of girls, not just those with completed applications, also suggest that scholarship recipients were more likely to be enrolled and attending school: In the full sample, the difference in the probability of enrollment at a JFPR school is 22.1 percentage points; the difference in the probability of attending is 21.9 percentage; and the difference in the probability of enrollment at any school, not just a JFPR school, is 12.1 percentage points.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
<!-- PAGE 16 -->
**Appendix 1: Comparing applicants with full application forms to those with only partially**
**completed forms**

**All applicants** **Full application form**
**Outcomes**
Enrolled in JFPR school 0.81 0.82
Attending on the day of school visit 0.74 0.75
Enrolled in any school 0.87 0.87

Das, Jishnu, Quy-Toan Do, and Berk Özler. 2005. "Reassessing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs."
_World Bank Research Observer_ 20(1): 57-80.

Deolalikar, Anil. 1993. "Gender Differences in the Returns to Schooling and School Enrollment Rates in
Indonesia." _Journal of Human Resources_ . 28(4): 899-932.

"Educational Attainment and Enrollment Profiles: A Resource Book based on an Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data." Development Research Group.

<!-- PAGE 19 -->
**Figure 1: Attendance and enrollment status by decile, JFPR application data**

JFPR applicants: Enrollment at a JFPR school, by JFPR applicants: Attendance on day of school visit, scholarship status and decile by scholarship status and decile

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: As summarized by Robinson (2017), “ fortunately, Afrobarometer respondents comprise stratified random samples at all levels, making population estimates based on them unbiased: thus, the major concern with using Afrobarometer sample data to construct demographic measures is unbiased measurement error. ” Based on a comparison of census-based and survey-based diversity indexes across five African countries, Robinson (2017, 224) found that a “ sample-based measure tends to underestimate the overall degree of diversity compared to census data ”. In theory, this should make it more difficult to observe the true relationship between ethnic diversity and some outcomes at the local level. Diversity indices are more likely to be measured with noise in highly diverse communities at the local level. We nonetheless argue that such a concern should not be overestimated, for three reasons. First, such noise cannot easily explain the contrast between the coefficients corresponding to the pre-revised and revised indices and the opposite results found for the revised refugee fractionalization and the revised polarization. This set of results can be explained by the fact that our identification comes from the annual changes in refugees flows. Second, the IV approach is likely to deal with the measurement errors if they are correlated with our main variables of interest. Our IV estimates therefore capture a local average treatment effect coming from the plausibly exogenous increase in annual refugee flows of particular ethnic groups. The similarity of the IV results to the OLS results supports this interpretation. Third, at the cost of introducing attenuation bias30, we also aggregate the number of conflict events at the regional level. Lines B and C of Table 7 confirm the negative and positive effects found for the revised fractionalization and polarization indexes, respectively, whether or not 30Another risk highlighted by Robinson (2017) is the fact that ethnic diversity may also capture different theoretical mechanisms at aggregated levels. 34 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 14 displacement. 55 % of the returnees reported to have been employed before the crisis and 36 % in June 2014. Over time the employment situation among the displaced has improved steadily and by December 2014 more people reported being employed than prior to the crisis. All the returnees were able to regain employment after returning. The employment situation of IDPs, returnees, and refugees in Niger is steadily improving; only for refugees in Mauritania does one notice a steady decrease, with 100 % reporting no employment during January and February. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. The ownership of livestock and consumer durables was reduced significantly as a consequence of the crisis. Table 7 demonstrates this by showing the Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) 12 owned prior to the crisis and in June 2014 as well as the percentage of ‘ yes ’ responses on a question whether a given asset was owned by the household. 13 The loss on livestock has been enormous particularly amongst IDPs and refugees who lost respectively more than 90 % and 75 % of their animals. 12 TLU is a common unit to describe livestock numbers of various species as a single figure that expresses the total amount of livestock present – irrespective of the specific composition. 13 This was a ‘ yes / no ’ question meaning that if 56 % of the Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: refugees and their host communities, this work aims to inform policies and operations (humanitarian actors, development partners, and government) to facilitate refugee integration and their lives, along with hosting communities. This report’s eight chapters aim to comprehensively provide an overview of SESRE results, with the final chapter highlighting policy implications. This Chapter 1 introduces the refugee situation in Ethiopia. Chapter 2 presents the sociodemographic profile of refugees and their hosts, including demographic characteristics, education, health, and living conditions. Chapter 3 provides an in-depth profile of jobs and livelihoods of refugees and their hosts, covering labor market outcomes for refugees inside and outside of camps and those of hosts living in the vicinity of refugees, as well as a subsection on labor market outcomes of youth. Chapter 4 dives deeper into refugees’ future aspirations and their feeling of personal control over their lives. Chapter 5 describes the welfare situation of refugees and their hosts by: (i) understanding different dimensions of welfare, such as monetary poverty, inequality, multidimensional poverty, food security, and shocks; and (ii) understanding determinants of welfare and estimating the cost to meet basic needs through a combination of assistance and some economic inclusion of refugees into national systems. Chapter

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location. Area stratifi- cation reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analyzed. ” Afrobarometer provides geocoded data for 6 rounds, which correspond to the 1991 – 2016 period, with the information on an individual ’ s ethnicity available from round 3 (corresponding to 2005 – 2006). We therefore restrict our analysis to the 2005 – 2016 period. The selection of countries is driven by data availability. Among the 33 countries with available Afrobarometer data, we exclude Botswana, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, and Swaziland, for which no data is available on refugee camps or from the EPR-ER. We also exclude Sudan since the question on individual ethnicity is not asked in this country ’ s survey. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: In other contexts, deregistration signifies not the achievement of a durable solution but rather the end of state or international support (IDMC 2015). 33 The absence of a clear and operational approach to defining the ‘ end ’ of internal displacement may be one of the factors behind the continued overall increase in the global numbers of IDPs. Lack of clarity around when displacement ends also leaves room for political manipulation. Governments may find it politically expedient to artificially prolong IDP status by deterring returns or local integration, for example in Azerbaijan and Georgia to promote claims over territory (Beau 2003). In other contexts, national 28 UNHCR ’ s IDP data focus only on internally displaced populations to which it extends protection or assistance. IDMC coverage of IDP data is more expansive and in 2015 included additional data on: (a) 26 countries accounting for 4. 5 million IDPs including some significant IDP hosting countries (Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Kenya); and (b) IDPs in countries where UNHCR is active who are not protected or assisted by the agency. In 2015, IDMC ’ s aggregate figure for conflict-induced internal displacement was 3. 3 million higher than UNHCR ’ s aggregate figure for IDPs protected or assisted by the agency. 29 IDMC ’ s 2016 report presents both data sets alongside each other. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) (Alkire et al. 2012) uses individual-level data, and the linked Gender Parity Index reflects inequalities across women and men ’ s deprivation scores within the same household. Alkire, Apablaza and Jung (2014) design and implement an exploratory individual-level MPI for 31 European countries over six waves of data using EU-SILC data sets, finding no cases in which are women significantly less poor than men, and in many cases, they are significantly poorer. Espinoza-Delgado and Klasen (2018) create an individual-level MPI to understand differences in poverty between women and men in Nicaragua, finding similar overall incidence, but much higher intensity of poverty among women. Bessell (2015) and Pogge and Wisor (2016) explore deeply contextual gendered poverty measures and elucidate the ways that participatory consultations can inform the design and uses of gendered measures. Rogan (2016) uses the global MPI to analyze the gender poverty gap in South Africa. Alkire, Ul Haq, and Alim (2019) use individual-level data alongside MPI data to expose gendered and intrahousehold differences among MPI poor and non-poor children. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The GLWD Coastal Wetlands area identified along the northern boundary of the project zone supports mangrove ecosystems that provide fish nursery habitat and protect the coastline from storm surge erosion. A coastal ecological assessment conducted during project preparation confirmed that proposed coastal access infrastructure would not directly encroach on the GLWD Coastal Wetlands perimeter. However, cumulative sedimentation risks from upstream construction activities were identified as a concern, prompting inclusion of erosion control and runoff management requirements in the ESMF.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The cross-dimensional poverty cut-off is defined as k = 50 %, with those deprived in half or more of the weighted indicators identified as multidimensionally poor. 4. Data Data on forcibly displaced populations are scarce, with many household surveys excluding refugees and IDPs from the sample framework. To ensure that MPI results are representative of these communities and that they can be disaggregated for comparative analysis, an initial review of possible data sets was conducted. Feasibility was determined based on the availability of sufficient sample sizes for forcibly displaced persons for quantitative analyses, as well as inclusion of many of the indicators (on health, education, living standards, etc.) 14 A household is deprived if the respondent reports feeling moderately or very unsafe when alone at home, walking alone after dark, or walking around during the day. In Sudan, the indicator on the ‘ feeling safe from crime and violence when at home ’ was not available, and the indicator only considers answers to the questions on safety when walking alone. 15 Unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, carts with tank, tanker-truck, surface water, or other are considered as unsafe water sources according to international guidelines. See https: / / washdata. org / monitoring / drinking-water. 16 Pit latrine without slab, bucket, hanging toilet, and no facility (open defecation) are considered as unimproved sanitation facilities according to international guidelines. See https: / / washdata. org / monitoring / sanitation. 17 According to the ILO definition, those who did not participate in employment in the last four weeks (and have no work to return to) are actively looking for work and are available to start, or those currently waiting to start work are classed as unemployed. See https: / / www. ilo. org / ilostat-files / Documents / description_UR_EN. pdf. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: to the Venezuelan migratory crisis, whereas the VenRepPS survey was conducted during the pandemic in 2020. These temporal inconsistencies result in varying sample composi- tions across surveys, diverging from the landscape we observe in 2022. Notably, forced migrants in the VenReps Kids survey migrated during the crisis but have since remained in the country for several years, potentially leading to disparities in household integration outcomes. IV GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IV. A Key characteristics of adults Table 2 provides descriptive statistics for the adults in our study, encompassing the pri- mary caregiver, mother and father (if residing with the child), and the individual finan- cially responsible for the child (should they be different from the aforementioned per- sons). Typically, the roles of primary caregiver and financial provider are fulfilled by either the mother or the father. The table is organized into three panels for clarity: Panel A details key individual characteristics, Panel B outlines adults ’ access to services, and Panel C focuses on labor market characteristics. Within the table, columns (1) and (2) present average values for adults from Colombia and Venezuela, respectively, while the final column displays the results of mean difference tests between these two groups, with standard errors noted in brackets.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Environmental Baseline: Wetland Mapping**

Field survey results confirmed that the GLWD Coastal Wetlands boundary as currently mapped by the national environment authority is consistent with the extent of active mangrove and brackish marsh ecosystems observed on the ground. Three small encroachments of the GLWD Coastal Wetlands boundary by agricultural clearings were identified and reported to the environment authority. The project's ESMP requires monitoring of the GLWD Coastal Wetlands boundary at six-month intervals to detect any further encroachment attributable to project-induced land use change.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Due to our research design and the complexity of introducing a third grouping who would play outgroup in the behavioral experiments regardless of partner identity, we exclude PRL from the main analyses presented here. 5 Data were also collected six months after the end of the training but this was heavily disrupted due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Lebanon, this resulted in a change to the method of data collection (from in-person to telephone) and in Jordan, an end to data collection entirely. In Jordan, this had a more pronounced effect on the control group, due to the scheduling of data collection and implementation of restrictions in Jordan. Given these complexities, we do not present results from these analyses. 6 In addition, we attempted to collect information on the extent of social and economic interactions between hosts and refugees. At baseline, almost 95 % of respondents in both the treatment and control group reported such interactions. For this reason, we do not include this information in these analyses.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Table 5: Coverage of Published Data on Location, Accommodation and Demographics 2015 Population end- 2015 (millions) Urban or Rural Location Accommodatio n Age Sex Refugees and people in refugee-like situations 16. 1 85 % 83 % 58 % 68 % Other people of concern to UNHCR 47. 8 (including 37. 5 IDPs) 70 % 47 % 25 % 39 % UNHCR ’ s total population of concern 63. 994 73 % 56 % 33 % 46 % IDPs monitored by IDMC but not included in UNHCR's data 3. 3 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Source: UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Note: Other people of concern to UNHCR include asylum-seekers, IDPs and people in IDP-like situations protected or assisted by UNHCR, stateless persons, and ‘ other ’. Overall robustness of current data The robustness of data is difficult to estimate. A review of data collection and compilation methodologies shows broad variations in terms of the accuracy and reliability of the global estimates of forced displacement that are widely used. Headline figures on forced displacement are significant in shaping public opinion and are critical for sound decision making, both to inform the allocation of resources and to design effective humanitarian and development responses. However, the available estimates are potentially misleading and should not be referred to without appropriate caveats and qualifiers. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: This is used to analyze the impact of changes in conﬂict and luminosity patterns on return in an aggregate manner using ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson quasi maximum likelihood (PQML) count models. Second, we use the detailed information on refugee characteristics provided by ProGres together with conditions in countries of asylum, 4 to analyze individual return decisions. Given that we have arrival and- where applicable- return dates for each refugee, we can study their likelihood of return for a given month using both discrete 4Since the conditions in countries of asylum are only captured for a small sample of registered refugees in Lebanon and Jordan, we approximate host country conditions with district averages for the full sample. 3 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
measures of the adequacy of calorific intake for a survey sample or before the CV needed for the FAO

(2012b) present a useful list of various HCES in low and middle income countries highlighting substantial differences in their design across a select number of

HCES in all their relevant dimensions (requiring a 22-page form to cover all variations). Drawing on

Consequently, HCES with different methods of data capture (diary versus recall questionnaires), levels of

comparable. The survey experiment we use in this paper was designed in part to assess the extent to

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Flood maps generated by the disaster risk reduction directorate were integrated into the project's site assessment tool to automate flood-risk flagging for proposed subproject locations. When a proposed site's coordinates fall within the 50-year inundation boundary on the flood maps, the tool generates an automatic alert requiring sign-off from the PIU's environmental specialist before the subproject can proceed to the design phase. Since rollout of the tool in June, 17 alerts have been generated, of which 12 were resolved through minor site adjustments and 5 required full site relocation.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Average share of primary school age children in primary education Average share of secondary school age children in secondary education Percent Figure D.3: Share of school-age children in education per household Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis refugees Availability of education document Able to verify education document Percent Figure D.2: Refugees’ education document Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Annexes 101 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Primary school (7 to 14 years) Boys Primary school (7 to 14 years) Girls Secondary school (15 to 18 years) Boys Secondary school (15 to 18 years) Girls Percent Figure D.4: School-age children currently attending school by gender Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Eritrean Somali South Sudanese In Camp Addis Ababa Total Average household expenditure on education (children in school) Average household expenditure on education per child (school age (4 to 18 years)) - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18.000 Figure D.6: Average annual household education expenditure

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The DFIL confirms that the project's Designated Account will be held at the National Bank and operated jointly by the PIU coordinator and the Ministry of Finance's project accountant. Withdrawals from the DA exceeding USD 500,000 require dual authorization and supporting documentation submitted through the Bank's Client Connection system. The DFIL also specifies that the project may request a one-time advance from the Bank prior to project effectiveness under the project preparation advance mechanism, subject to the conditions set out in the relevant Board approval.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Page 25 of 51 higher followed by the “ Professionals ” and “ Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers ”. On the contrary, “ Managers ”, “ Technicians ”, “ Craft and related trades workers ” and “ Plant and machine operators and assemblers ” are the types of occupations with a lower incidence of NSE in the region. Figure 16: Prevalence of NSE among salaried employees. (Early 2000s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 17: Prevalence of NSE by categories of occupations ISCO. (Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys. As in the case of Latin American countries, the observed prevalence of NSE across types of occupations suggests a strong heterogeneity across non-standard employees. Actually, as we will analyze in detail in next sections, the productivity and task profile of workers in the categories of “ Professionals ” and “ Elementary workers ” is very different, even though both types of occupations are characterized by a higher prevalence of non-standard employment arrangements. 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % Russia Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova starting point ending point 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % Managers Professionals Technicians Clerical Support Workers Services and Sales Workers Skilled

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: changes) and reducing the number of meals eaten daily (negative food intake). Borrowing food or cash from friends and relatives and purchasing food on credit second represent the second and third most common coping strategies. Refugees in camps and in Addis Ababa are more likely to rely on these coping strategies than their hosts (Figure 5.12). The results further show that both refugee and host households do not engage in adverse coping strategies, such as the sale of (productive) assets that would make them vulnerable to poverty. This could be because either they do not have enough assets to sell or because the strategies they utilize are enough to cope with the effects of shocks. 5.2 Determinants of welfare The poverty profile in this section compares the characteristics of poor compared to non-poor people. The previous section presents refugees’ and host communities’ poverty and welfare patterns. This section substantiates the earlier discussions on poverty levels by describing the demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic characteristics by expenditure quintiles for each refuge and host group separately, along with the poverty headcount rate across grouping variables (see Annex D, Table D.11). The descriptive statistics are substantiated by results from a regression analysis examining correlates

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: children (under age 15). The data further show that the poorest refugees and hosts are more likely to have married and older household heads compared with the richest counterparts (Figure 5.14). Richest in-camp and out of camp refugee households are more likely to have female- headed households compared to the poorest. There is no difference in the gender of the household head among the poorest and richest host households (Annex D, Table D.11). Location is an essential determinant of monetary poverty. Monetary poverty is highest among South Sudanese refugees (89 percent) (Figure 5.15). There is a significant difference in poverty rates between in-camp refugees and their hosts, the gap being the highest in the Eritrean domain. As discussed in Chapter 2, refugee households have larger household sizes than hosts, except in Addis Ababa. In light of the discussion above, the highest poverty incidence among South Sudanese refugees could be associated with their high dependency ratio and high number of female-headed households. In-camp refugees working inside the camp tend to exhibit lower poverty incidence (81 percent) than those working outside the camp (88 percent). The poor tend to live in households headed by individuals with limited education. This trend is evident

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Geospatial data compiled from satellite imagery, field GPS surveys, and administrative boundary shapefiles were integrated into the targeting framework for rural livelihood subgrants. The geospatial data were processed using open-source tools and validated against paper maps held by district land offices. Where discrepancies between the geospatial data and official cadastral records were identified, the cadastral records were treated as authoritative and the geospatial data updated accordingly.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 14 woman becomes a widow, it is likely that she does not marry again given a lack of suitable partners of similar age. 8 Finally, we calculate a demographic conflict proxy that captures the extent of deaths across age groups (SEXRATIO). The data on sex ratio comes from two secondary sources: the 1991 Census (which is matched with the 1992 RDHS) and the 2002 Census (which is matched with the 2000 RDHS and the 2005 RDHS). Women are assigned the average sex ratio (defined as the ratio of males to females) in the cohort of their potential partners in a given province, taking into account the typical age difference between spouses in Rwanda. More precisely, sex ratios in a woman ’ s five-year age group, one younger age group and two older age groups were averaged. These provincial, age group-specific sex ratios are the closest approximation to the local marriage market possible with publicly available data. Still, sex ratios derived from census data overestimate the number of men potentially available on the marriage market, as tens of thousands of male perpetrators of genocide were in jail (Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning et al. 2003). It is important to note that our analysis is based on a sample of survivors. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: environment. Any issues discovered during these monitoring visits were brought to the attention of service providers and resolved swiftly in conjunction with the project coordination team at MoGD. Eligibility: The EPAG program was targeted to young women who: i) were age 16 to 27, ii) possessed basic literacy and numeracy skills, iii) were not enrolled in school within several months prior of the program initiation, and iv) resided in one of nine target communities in and around Monrovia. 6 These eligibility criteria stemmed from the project's objectives to reach young women at an early enough age to significantly improve the trajectory of their working years, to focus on girls who already had the basic literacy and numeracy skills needed to succeed in the labor market, and to avoid incentivizing applicants to drop out of school. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The data shows that cohorts that were of school age during the Indonesian occupation achieved higher level of education than older cohorts (i. e. those born in the 1970s compared to those born in the 1960s or before) testifying for an increasing trend as expected. The figure shows that despite the increasing trend a large fraction of individuals have low education levels. Interestingly, all curves start to drop after the 1987 cohort. This decreasing trend is observed among individuals aged 20 or younger in 2007 and provides evidence of a mismatch between the grade attended and the grade that they should have achieved at their age. 4 This is caused by a persistent sluggishness in grade achievement due to the high level of delayed entry to school and high rates of repetition. 5 The impact of the conflict in its different phases and the subsequent reconstruction efforts on schooling levels of children in Timor Leste is therefore unclear. The early years of violence coincided with an education for all policy in which quantity was preferred to quality. In addition, the 1999 violence that followed the withdrawal of Indonesian troops led to the destruction of schools and the removal of children from school. The reconstruction program implemented after 1999 tried to counteract this destruction, and achieved fast progress. However, the education sector was still in very poor shape. In the next section, we investigate in more detail the effects of the conflict on educational outcomes of boys and girls in Timor Leste. 4. Identification strategy and data description 4 Those born in 1992 are 15 in 2007. So they might have at most completed grade 9 and this justifies part of the drop in the curves as the grade completed is right censored. 5 The high levels of school delay are also confirmed by the figures on gross and net enrolment ratios calculated using the TLSS 2001 and 2007: primary gross enrolment ratio was 105 percent in 2001 and 128 percent in 2007, while net enrolment ratios were 74 and 94 percent, respectively, in 2001 and 2007. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
using purchasing power parity rates. It comes from the World Development Indicators

The governance indicators come from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)

Data on the Gini coefficient were drawn from a more complete World Bank source

100 km of ice-free coast) come from Gallup et al. (1999). Data on total forest area (km [2] ),

precipitation come from WDI (2010). Latitude (in absolute value), mean elevation (meters

World Development Indicators
International Country Risk Guide

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: These people are then expected to return to their place of origin once the conflict is over and governments are typically over optimistic about the duration of civil conflicts and about return of IDPs. In some cases, governments also have an interest in denying the very existence of IDPs for political purposes. Therefore, little time is spent in surveying IDPs or trying to find durable solutions in the place where they migrated. Moreover, national censuses are usually conducted every ten years and statistical agencies have little incentives to revise censuses, master samples and sample survey structure for situations that are perceived as short ‐ term. In most cases, new surveys are suspended or carried out under the pre ‐ crisis frameworks and, in either case, information on IDPs is not collected or poorly collected. This leaves specialized government agencies or international organizations in charge of IDP statistics (and care). However, unlike refugees, the IDPs do not benefit from a specialized international agency such as the UNHCR. IDP assistance is currently provided by a multitude of organizations including ministries of interior, specialized government agencies, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs (UN ‐ OCHA), specialized NGOs and others. Some of these organizations collect information on IDPs and make this information public while others collect information that is not published and others do not collect information and focus on providing assistance. Most data collected are for the simple purpose of counting IDPs and do not include individual or

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: There is a clear increase in the entry of new foreign ﬁrms which may be driven by refugees ’ enterpreneurship. Cheaper low-skilled labor may have helped all businesses cutting costs. Balkan and Tumen (2016) had also found a decline in prices and attribute their ﬁnding to lower labor costs, which may also be one of the mechanisms driving our results. Gross proﬁts and sales also appear to have gone up, which would be consistent with an increase in demand. As noted by Maystadt and Verwimp (2014), heterogeneous eﬀects on speciﬁc subgroups of the native population should be expected from refugee crises. In case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey, the business activity in hosting region appears to have beneﬁted. For a complete picture of the eﬀects of the Syrian refugee crisis on local economies in Turkey, further research will be needed on market activity, health and longer term eﬀects. More speciﬁcally for the line of research this study focused on, further analysis using micro-level ﬁrm data would be needed to understand how ﬁrms adjust their activity, 24 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
From 23 to 25 May 2014, 137 interviews were conducted with the Shalozan Tangi displaced
population. The Return Intention Survey (RIS) was conducted using a specific tool/
questionnaire developed in 2013 for previous consultations and slightly adapted to the
current situation.

Furthermore, during an inter cluster mission from 26 to 28 May, protection cluster
representative conducted additional consultations with populations displaced from
Shalozan Tangi (12 male key informants) and in areas of return in Shalozan Tangi (two male
key informants from amongst the population already returned to the area of origin in 2012).

**III.** **Profile of respondents**

Out of the 137 respondents, one was women (a female headed household) and 126 men. 69
% of the respondents were heads of households (including one female respondent) and also
included three community leaders.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The LFS question on usual occupation was re-coded using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) at the two-digit level for comparability with other countries' labor force surveys. Occupational coding was conducted by the national statistics office's coding team using an automated coding software trained on prior LFS data. For unusual occupational descriptions, manual coding was applied after a verification call with the interviewer. Approximately 4.2 percent of the LFS occupation responses required manual review.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source