Input: use two complementary geocoded household data sets to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare outcomes. The paper contributes to the growing literature on the local effects of mining. Much of the academic interest in natural resources is focused on country-wide effects, and this research discusses whether the discovery of natural resources is a blessing or a curse to the national economy. Natural resource dependence at the national level has been linked to worsening economic and political outcomes, such as weaker institutions, and more corruption and conflict (see Frankel 2012 and van der Ploeg 2011 for an overview). While all these effects can have household-level implications, fewer analyses have, thus far, analyzed the geographic dispersion of such impacts. A recent literature on the local and subnational effects of natural resources contributes to the understanding of such effects (for example Aragón and Rud 2013, 2015; Axbard et al., 2016; Benshaul-Tolonen 2018, 2019; Caselli and Michaels 2013; Corno and de Walque 2012; Fafchamps et al. 2016; Kotsadam and Tolonen 2016; Loyaza et al 2013; Michaels 2011; von der Goltz and Barnwal 2019; Wilson

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)
Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: this study, we consider hundreds of thousands of such locations. This means that, globally, hundreds of 1-in-100 year flood events happen every year. **3.2.** **Population density** This study estimates the location of people using the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), produced by the EC JRC. It offers global coverage and is available for the years 1975, 1990, 2000, 2015, and 2020. While GHSL provides several layers (including those specifying built-up areas, population, and settlements), this study uses the population density map (GHSL-POP 2020). In a raster format, this data set provides the number of inhabitants per cell, with a resolution of 3 arc seconds (approximately 90 by 90 meters), thus specifying the distribution of population. This information is based on administrative or census-based population data, which is then disaggregated to grid cells based on distribution and density of built-up area, which in turn is derived from satellite imagery. For details of the methodology, see Freire et al. (2016). 6

Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL)
population density map (GHSL-POP 2020)

administrative or census-based population data

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: and grievances management. By implementing these measures, the project aims to create a robust and dynamic social registry that will not only address current needs but also adapt to future challenges. **Component 2: Access to Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Development of Economic Opportunities (** _**total IDA**_ _**US$14 Million equivalent, including WHR US$4.5 Million**_ **)** 40. **This component will finance basic socio-economic infrastructure to increase access to services (e.g.,** **electrification, water and sanitation, renewable energy, health and education facilities, roads and utilities) for** **vulnerable communities, including refugees and hosts, in addition to productive economic assets (US$11 Million).** Additionally, it will provide targeted support to facilitate or enhance access to economic opportunities and sustainable livelihoods in target rural areas (US$3 Million). As such, activities under this component will aim to create social and economic development opportunities for the populations in underserved areas, and for refugees and host communities in refugee-hosting areas, and facilitating sustainable solutions to protracted refugee situations. 41. **Supporting an integrated service delivery platform to foster economic growth and jobs creation, the approach** **will leverage socio-economic infrastructure investments in underserved target locations.** It will support productive facilities and strengthen market access. The compounded effect of these investments – expanding access to

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: A combination of geographical targeting, categorical targeting, ProxyMeans Targeting (PMT) and community-based targeting (CBT) mechanisms will be used in a complementary way to identify beneficiaries and minimize exclusion and inclusion errors that may arise from inadequate coverage of the social registry and biases that result from community beneficiary identification. The main basis for beneficiary targeting will be the PMT using information from the social registry. However, the CBT will be done in areas not covered by the social registry while enrolled beneficiaries will be validated through community visits and public meetings. Among the target households, C4N will specifically prioritize families with young children and pregnant women living in extreme poverty, recognizing that these households encounter significant barriers in accessing essential nutrition and health services. Female recipients will be disproportionately targeted (women to make up at least of 75 percent of cash transfers beneficiaries). 34. **With regard to the SBCC, the sessions will seek to empower mothers, including from households among** **refugees and host communities, with knowledge about proper nutrition and meal preparation, good hygiene practices,** Page 10

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: wetland service and valuation methods used, with the average annual wetland value reported to be approximately USD 2,800 ha [-1] yr [-1] at 1995 USD (see Brander et al. 2006 for details). However, Brander et al. (2006) pointed out that the median value in their sample is USD 150 ha [-] 1 yr-1 at 1995 USD, thus suggesting a skewed distribution of values with a long tail of high values. The authors also found that higher values per hectare were observed in North America and Europe, all other things being equal. For the purpose of this analysis, we first assumed that a value of USD 150 ha [-1] yr [-1] at 1995 USD applies to all wetlands in all regions, as the median is a better measure of the central tendency for positively skewed distributions. We converted this number to USD 2000 [22] and used this number to estimate the economic value of the quantity of vulnerable wetlands presented in 21 Brouwer at al. (1999), in their analysis, selected their sample exclusively from studies using contingent valuation as the means of valuation. Woodward and Wui (2001) included 39 valuation studies in their analysis with of these studies from the United

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: direct and effective support to frontline schools; and (iii) Improving decision-making with a data-driven approach, improving information systems and planning, which requires more accurate cost estimation and resultsoriented strategic planning. These measures would allow the MEP to optimize its management and fulfil its mandate to ensure that resources are used effectively to support the learning and development of students throughout the country. [17] **Inclusion: Gender, Refugees and Migrants, and Indigenous Peoples** 11. **Gender parity between boys and girls to access STEAM related jobs is a challenge on which Costa Rica has made** **progress, but more policy action is needed.** PISA 2022 mean scores for Costa Rica in Reading are above LAC’s average (415 vs. 400), as well as mean scores in Mathematics (385 vs. 374) and Sciences (411 vs. 400). Figure 1a shows that there is a statistically significant gender gap in Mathematics but not in Reading and Science as observed in PISA data. Looking at graduates of pre-university technical education (mainly technical stream secondary education) one finds an interesting pattern comparing three specializations (Figure 1b). Gender disparities are high in Electronics and Automation, less in Software Development and were recently eliminated in Network and Database Design. The final example

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: (l) annual external audits will be conducted and the Management Letters will be submitted to the World Bank within six months after the end of the financial year; (m) IAs will be responsible to take timely action on audit report findings and notify the same to the World Bank. With implementation of these actions, the FM assessment concludes that the current arrangements will provide reasonable assurance that the project resources will be used for the intended purposes. **Procurement** 77. **Procurement will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank Procurement Regulations for** **Borrowers under IPF**, dated July 2016, revised February 2025, sixth edition, hereafter referred to as the ‘Procurement Regulations’. The project will be subject to the World Bank’s Anticorruption Guidelines, dated July 2016, and beneficiary disclosure requirements. The project will use the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP), a planning and tracking system that will provide data on procurement activities, establish benchmarks, monitor delays, and measure procurement performance. 78. **As per the requirement of the Procurement Regulations, a Project Procurement Strategy for Development** **(PPSD) sets out the selection methods to be followed** in the procurement of goods, works, non-consulting and consulting services financed by the World Bank.

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: work was carried out in which 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Representatives of the key institutional bodies that deal with refugees and asylum seekers were interviewed; namely the state (officials and politicians); civil society (senior NGO staff and academics); and personnel at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It further draws on a multidisciplinary review of academic papers, key governmental documents and diverse media reports. [1] 1Three key newspapers are cited; _Haaretz –_ a central-left newspaper, _Jerusalem Post_ - a central-right newspaper and _Ynet,_ a news website, owned by Israel‘s most popular, politically-mainstream newspaper _Yedioth Aharonot_ 1

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: are described in table 2. The average village has an area of about 7,500 mu (5 km [2] ) of which some 51% were 13 To test for presence of pre-reform trends for variable _Yit_ in household _i_ in year _t_, we use the pre-reform sample to estimate ��� ������� ����� �������� ����where _Ci_ is an indicator variable for location inside Chengdu and _Tit_ is a time. With _β2_ and _β2_ + _β3_ as the pre-reform trend for households outside and inside the Chengdu boundary, significance of _β3_ .implies that the parallel trends assumption can be rejected and we report the level of significance for this variable in table 1, col. 7. 10

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: group-based revolving funds and start-up grants to approximately 234,500 beneficiaries to enhance their economic investments and value chain engagement. PCM of US$10 million has been added to the financing table based on beneficiaries' monthly collective 10 Climate Risk Profile: Uganda (2021): The World Bank Group. 11 “Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution.” Ministry of Water and Environment, October 2015. 12 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Global Internal Displacement Database - Disasters. IDMC (2023). 13 UNHCR and partners are reporting increased rates of refugee suicide. Page 3

Global Internal Displacement Database - Disasters

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: _UNHCR and partners worked to ensure that unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) continue_ _to receive on-going monitoring, while newly separated children are placed in appropriate temporary_ _care arrangements._ Restriction measures, and the subsequent impact operation has also been working with families and on the household income has had a significant individuals to identify caregivers for effect on families’ ability to continue to care for unaccompanied children. unaccompanied and separated children. In addition, these measures also prevent UNHCR In Ecuador and Jordan, UNHCR and partners, staff and partners from carrying out the together with the national child protection monitoring of alternative care arrangements, and systems have increased the capacity for the identification of new unaccompanied and community-level identification of unaccompanied separated children. The COVID-19 pandemic and separated children, and organised has also prevented the identification of temporary transportation to care facilities. Capacity-building care arrangements for children who are and support to the national system continues to separated from their parent(s) or caregiver(s) who be strengthened through the deployment of have been hospitalised – which continues to be UNHCR staff to the national system – one of an additional challenge and presents a significant many mechanisms of cooperation established protection risk to

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: poverty. The project will provide C4N support to help vulnerable individuals cope during shocks in areas where the combined exposure to hazards and vulnerability is among the highest in the country. Indeed, hazard mapping shows that the share of population exposed to flooding in the Dikhil region is estimated to be a bit higher than one-third of the exposure level in Djibouti Ville. The financial inclusion subcomponent will further build communities’ resilience to these shocks. Resilient infrastructure supported by the project will contribute to the objectives of the NAP strengthening community resilience. **II.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION** **A. Project Development Objective** 22. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve access to basic services and safety nets, and enhance economic opportunities for vulnerable communities, including refugees and host communities in target areas. 23. This integrated approach combines investments in basic services, social protection, and economic opportunities to address the multifaceted needs of vulnerable communities, including refugees and host communities. By linking safety nets with livelihood opportunities and broader socio-economic development, the project aims to foster resilience, inclusion, and sustainable economic growth in target areas. These include underserved regions such as Dikhil and refugee-hosting locations facing pressures from population inflows, strained public services,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: to their Grade; Indicator 4: Percentage of technical stream secondary education students with micro-credentials registering English proficiency (all these indicators will be disaggregated by gender and by indigenous and refugee/migrant status). [23] 23 The Project will support block-chain backed micro-credentials (these are authenticated digital certificates, with the block-chain ensuring the authenticity). The information infrastructure and outreach to employers required to bring micro-credentials into regular use is an end in itself as a precursor to a digitally founded lifelong learning trajectory for students. While micro-credentials would be awarded for a number of employability related competency areas, the PDO choses English proficiency as central to the challenge of a Spanish-speaking population adopting to the needs of a globalized work force, especially important for Costa Rica, with trade accounting for 80 percent of the GDP. Page 7

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: The World Bank Economic Review 705 One important clarification of these results is that most potential buyers living in a village that had experienced payouts would have also experienced uninsured rainfall shocks during the same season. Therefore, it may be possible that there are effects of trust and learning, but they are outweighed by opposite effects of the weather. As shown in the previous section, rainfall shocks tend to have a negative effect on insurance demand, so the (lack of) evidence of spillovers may be a result of a more complex interaction between trust/learning and direct effects of weather. Overall, these results do not support the hypothesis that trust, learning, or any other effects of simply witnessing insurance payouts are driving increased purchasing. Although it is possible that the measurements of spillovers are too crude and miss more subtle effects, the data simply does not provide evidence that there are strong spillover effects. The lack of visible spillover effects casts doubt on the theory that repurchases are being driven by increased trust in the insurance company or learning about insurance payouts. Notably, this result stands in contrast to recent results that do document spillover effects of insurance payouts (Cole, Stein,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: negative first-order autocorrelation in rainfall that appears to be driven by rains early in the season. The bottom two rows test for autocorrelation of rainfall shocks using the parameters of the 2005 insurance policy to determine shocks. “Would Have Been Payout” is a dummy variable that takes a value of 1 if the insurance policy of 2005 would have given a payout; “Total Insurance Payout” is the size of this payout. By these measures, shocks do not appear to exhibit significant positive first-order autocorrelation. **Table 4.** Rainfall Autocorrelation **Fixed effects** **Arellano-Bond** **(1)** **(2)** Total rainfall −0.106*** −.086*** (.030) (.021) Phase 1 rainfall −.090*** −.075*** (.030) (.029) Phase 2 rainfall −.018 −.026 (.030) (.028) Phase 3 rainfall −.029 .007 (.030) (.028) Would have been payout .023 .017 (.030) (.022) Total insurance payout −.0353 .004 (.030) (.028) _Notes_ : Coefficients reported are from separate univariate regressions. The Fixed Effects specification is OLS with six lags of the dependent variable. The Arellano-Bond regression contains one lag of the dependent variable, with this lag instrumented by five previous lags. Observation are years 1967–2004 for the fixed-effects regression, and years 1962-2004 for the Arellano-Bond regression. All regressions contain weather station fixed effects. Robust standard errors

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: increased from 27,993 in 2018 to 273,066 by December 2023. While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status, more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom, and that learning environments are inclusive. As of September 2023, 64,455 students enrolled in the Costa Rican education system were foreigners (5.4 percent of the total student population). According to administrative registries, 38,870 migrant students (60.3 percent of the total migrant student population) are under irregular status or pending regularization. [20] The issue of disabilities is also a priority item for Government policies on inclusion. MEP statistics indicate 19,643 students with disabilities, with alternative solutions providing services to 81 percent of the disabled students and 2,672 students with a need gap that MEP intends to address. The Government policy includes the provision of tailored teaching methodologies and materials designed to facilitate the full participation, retention, and educational advancement of students with disabilities, as well as facilitation for their transition to the labor market. 13. **Indigenous students face additional educational challenges related to the low availability of educational** **materials in indigenous languages.** There are an estimated 16,000 indigenous students from eight

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: accounts for OPM and IG into the OPM operations and implementation account and IG’s operations account, both denominated in Uganda Shillings (UGX). Payments for eligible expenditure by OPM and IG can be made from either their US$ or UGX accounts. Transfers by OPM to districts, cities, and urban centers will be done from the operations account to the consolidated fund (holding account) managed by the Office of the Accountant General. Each district, city and urban center fund will have a budget code for the project to account for the funds held in the holding account. The budget codes will be segregated for operations and subprojects. Payments to communities, suppliers, or other beneficiaries by the local governments will be approved by the CAO or City/Town Clerk and Chief Finance Officer (CFO) through the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS). Thereafter, MoFPED will transfer funds from the consolidated fund into the Treasury Single Account (TSA) to make payments. Subproject payments will be made to a community bank account in a commercial bank. The CFO of the local government will authorize the opening of community bank accounts in local governments and monitor payments made through the account to ensure they are used for

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: B of table 4), the estimates point toward an increase in agriculture, services, and professional (all statistically insignificant estimates), but a decreased likelihood of working in manual labor. Results for men in panel B are largely insignificant, and it is worthwhile noting that the sample size is only slightly above 50% than the women sample size due to DHS sampling frame. **Table 4 OLS estimates women’s and men’s occupation in the DHS individual-level analysis** Occupation 9 Service sector jobs in the wake of structural transformation has been found important in increasing women’s work hours and reduce the gender wage gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017). 17

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN MENA / 10 OCTOBER 2024 **Health** Underfunding will severely limit UNHCR’s ability to provide essential health services for 35,000 members of Sudanese refugee and host communities - including vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with chronic health conditions - leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Without adequate funding, critical interventions such as medical supplies, vaccinations, maternal and child health services, and treatment for communicable diseases will be drastically reduced. This shortage will exacerbate existing health challenges, potentially leading to outbreaks of preventable diseases and worsening overall public health conditions. Moreover, the inability to support health facilities adequately will strain the local healthcare infrastructure, diminishing both the quality and accessibility of care for all populations involved. **Protection** Local authorities and ministries in the east are implementing a registration system and documentation to facilitate access to services and freedom of movement, in accordance with the Ministry of Interior’s decision. So far, authorities have registered and issued 30,000 cards, but their resources have quickly depleted and they are running out of resources to continue registration. UNHCR has been requested to support this initiative, as resource shortages risk preventing further registration, exposing refugees to

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Vermeer, M. and S. Rahmstorf. 2009. Global sea level linked to global temperature. _Proceedings_ _of the National Academy of Sciences_ 106 (51), 21527-32. VLIZ. 2011. Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 6.1. Available online at [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound. Consulted on 2011-05-12.](http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound) Williams, M., 1990. Understanding Wetlands. In M. Williams (ed) _Wetlands: A Threatened_ _Landscape_ . Wiley-Blackwell. Woodward, R.T. and Y.S. Wui. 2001. The economic value of wetland services: A meta-analysis. _Ecological Economics_, 37, 257-270 World Bank, 2010. Boundaries of the World. Map Design Unit. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 25

Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 6.1

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: selection model provides consistent, asymptotically efficient estimates for all parameters in the model (Dubin & McFadden 1984). **3. Empirical results** The empirical analysis is based on a household survey conducted of 11 countries across Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (for more information about the entire study, see Dinar et al. 2006). It was difficult to collect land values in this setting. We consequently relied on measures of net revenue per hectare. Net revenue is defined as gross revenue minus the cost of transport, packaging and marketing, storage, post-harvest losses, hired labor (valued at the median market wage rate), light farm tools (such as files, axes, machetes, etc.), rental on heavy machinery (tractors, ploughs, threshers and others), fertilizer and pesticide. Median district prices from the survey were used for both input and crop prices. Household labor costs are not included as a cost in net revenues because it was not clear what value to assign to wages. We controlled for household labor by using household size as a proxy. In each country, districts were chosen to get farms across a wide range of climate conditions in that country. In each chosen

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: with the institutional rating, we normalize this mean indicator to the range [0 - 100]. Our composite indicator is the product of the normalized environmental index and CPIA rating. Table 2.1 illustrates the calculation of the policies and institutions indicator for four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This indicator (row 8) equals the product of the indicator of institutional development problems (row 7) and the indicator of overall environmental problems (row 6). The latter is the average of problem indicator values for global emissions, pollution, fragile lands, biodiversity and water resources. The four country cases illustrate the contributions of separate components to the final indicator values. Chad has a low overall environmental indicator (.69) but a very high institutional indicator (5), yielding a product of 3.44. South Africa’s overall environmental indicator (4.24) is about six times Chad’s value, but its institutional indicator (2) is much lower because its institutions are more highly-developed. The resulting composite indicator for South Africa (8.49) is about 2.5 times Chad’s indicator value (3.44). Kenya has about the same composite indicator value as South Africa (8.35), but the indicator components are quite different. Kenya’s environmental indicator (2.39) is somewhat more than half of South Africa’s (4.24), but

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: efficiency of land use and leaving landlords as well as occupants worse off. The continued importance of agriculture for economic development and poverty reduction in Uganda implies that, in addition to exploring the magnitude of possible underinvestment on lands without clear property rights, finding ways to increase investment could have high social benefits. With more than 85% of the population still living in rural areas and agriculture accounting for 77% of employment and 50% of total output (Belshaw _et al._ 1999), land-related investment will be critical for growth and poverty reduction. Household survey data point towards a large and possibly widening gap between rural and urban levels of consumption and recent increases in poverty. After decreasing from 59.7% in 1992 to 37.4% in 1999/2000, rural poverty increased to 41.1% in 2002/2003. The fact that poverty among crop farmers is much above the rural average (Kappel _et al._ 2005), something that is often attributed to limited agricultural productivity growth (Republic of Uganda 2005), implies that ways to increase agricultural productivity will be critical to prevent widening of rural-urban income gaps. Land-related investments will be critical in this respect because the scope for expansion of cultivated area which, together with elimination of

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: compare results with the main specification in table 3, I again provide a dummy for whether there was a payout in the village along with a quadratic effect of the ratio of payouts to the premium. When aggregating the village data, I use the mean of the payout ratios in the village to create a payout ratio for the village. [16] The overall results of the table tell a consistent story: significantly sized payouts drive repeat buyers but not new purchasers, showing few spillover effects. Columns 1 and 2 shows how payouts affect the number of total and repeat buyers, respectively, the next year, and the results are very consistent with the baseline results from table 3. A dummy for whether there was any payout is negative, but the payout size has a positive effect. This suggests that low payouts have a marginally negative effect on the number of repeat purchasers, but this effect flips to positive as the size of the payout ratio increases above approximately 1. Column 3 shows the effect of payouts on new buyers in a village. Here, all the payout coefficients show a different pattern than for new buyers, but due to large standard errors

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: estimate the inundation depth at a grid cell level of 3 arc-seconds, (~ 90 m) and provide coastal surge hazard layers, along with pluvial and fluvial layers. The maps provide information on the extent and depth of flood hazard for a specific location. For the coastal component, we explicitly model four return periods - 25, 50, 100, and 200 year events, under current and future climate conditions.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Bank's response. We begin by constructing an overall indicator of environmental problems from our thematic indicators. Using regression analysis, we find a strong relationship between countries’ general indicator values and the scale of their environmental borrowing, but a relatively weak relationship for AAA. At the thematic level, we find that problem indicators have relatively weak relationships with both lending and AAA. Adding country risk to the analysis, we test an optimal allocation model and find that it is consistent with the Bank’s actual lending and AAA since 1998. We conclude that our model’s assignment of lending and AAA to countries reflects the Bank’s actual experience with partner countries. The model’s explanatory power is relatively low, however, and when we compare model assignments to actual allocations, we find many large discrepancies for countries and environmental themes. Some gaps may reflect activity by other donor institutions, but many others may represent problems with efficient implementation of the Bank’s Environment Strategy. To promote further discussion of this issue, we use our optimal allocation model to develop measures of lending opportunity by environmental theme for the Bank's partner countries. 2

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis** 59. **The project is technically feasible and focused on enhancing the implementation of legislation and policies on** **refugees while ensuring service delivery to both host and refugee populations in Zambia.** The proposed design responds to gaps identified by the MoHAIS, district level officials in Meheba, various line ministries and the UNHCR. This was confirmed by information and data shared during project preparation. The project draws on analytical and operational work on refugees and host communities across World Bank operations in the region. Component 1 of the project is designed to focus on visible and practical changes in policies that tangibly improve the experiences of refugees while fostering longer term legislative reform. Component 2 on infrastructure adopts a multi-sectoral approach by working with both line ministries and local level district officials to achieve enhanced services for both refugees and host communities and in many cases, expand on existing objectives or scale up well tested designs. Component 3 builds on experiences from and synergies with the World Bank financed Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (P179507), as well as numerous national agri-business support programs in Meheba to: 1) foster strong participation among farmer cooperatives to ensure sustainable

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Act of 2010) that will enhance opportunities for protection and solutions for self-reliance. [16] To assist policy delivery, the Government has established an interagency National Steering Committee chaired by the Office of the Vice President. In March 2023, the MoHAIS launched a plan for the Modernization of Refugee and Host Community Settlement Areas (MORHCSA) which seeks to turn the new Refugee Policy into action on the ground. 15. **The World Bank Group, following consultation with the UNHCR, confirms that the protection framework for** **refugees continues to be adequate in Zambia.** Zambia meets the eligibility criteria for accessing the International Development Association replenishment (IDA20) Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR). The country currently hosts 101,837 refugees, exceeding the threshold of 25,000 required under the window. [17] The GRZ has signed and ratified the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. The Government has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **Access to decent work:** The key barrier to accessing work, according to respondents who are unemployed, is a lack of knowledge of the Czech language (59%). This finding was also reflected in focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with Ukrainian refugee women and men in Brno, Ostrava in Prague in August and September, where refugees reported challenges in securing jobs that matched their qualifications due to language barriers. All participants in the focus group discussions emphasized the need for better language proficiency to improve their employment prospects. of Protection Monitoring respondents of working age are employed in host country Nevertheless, 67% of respondents reported being employed compared to 60% in Q1. . [4] Moreover, respondents’ access to earnings also increased from 87% to 93% during the same time period. Working excessively long hours also decreased from 24% to 16%. These findings ostensibly indicate an improvement in access to employment and in working conditions amongst Ukrainian Temporary Protection holders. Employment continued to be mentioned as one of the top two priority needs (32%) of households interviewed. Moreover, in terms of information, 29% of respondents indicated a need for more information about job opportunities; this continued to be the highest reported information

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 1 A visual of what the combined hazard maps (which include coastal and fluvial/pluvial) look like. The map presented here is the worse-case scenario we simulate, a 200-year return period flood with high sea level rise number of people within each district who live below the poverty line: this Bpoverty map^ is displayed in Fig. 3a, and the full methodology can be found in (Lanjouw et al. 2013). [3] In addition, we use gridded population density data with a 1 km resolution from Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015). This Bpopulation map^ is displayed in Fig. 3b. While we are able to simulate current and future flood hazard, we are unable to project socioeconomic characteristics like poverty or population at the district level, as such an exercise is extremely challenging. Specifically for Vietnam, a recent paper models population and poverty in 2030 at national-level, but notes that examining how these dynamics is distributed spatially within the country is still not possible (Rozenberg and Hallegatte 2016). Nonetheless, as a stress test, a number of papers in the field have employed the same strategy we follow in this paper, of using current socio-economic characteristics

Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: fixed effects, the two strategies are complementary. While the district-level analysis informs us about differences across and within districts over time, the local-level analysis gives us the additional impact at the very local level. This means that any differences in effects across district and local analysis should not be interpreted as inconsistencies, but rather as differential and additional impacts. In a difference-in-differences setting, it is important that the sample is balanced, assuming that the treatment and control groups are on similar trajectories. Table 2 shows the summary statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in 14

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Policy Research Working Paper 7250 ### **Abstract** Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners compared to men further away, and that women in mining communities may more likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities, compared to the evolution in communities further away. This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **2024.** The Project is specifically aligned with CPF Objective 3: Supporting results-oriented management and quality for all in the education sector _._ Priorities for the education system described in the CPF include elements that inform the proposed Project: (i) quality of education; (ii) equity in educational opportunity; and (iii) relevance of education for success in the labor market. Finally, the CPF mentions that closing the digital skills gap is critical to reduce the illiteracy and income inequality divide. The inclusion of digital competencies as curricular content in the educational system will stimulate internet access and use. The Project will also support the CPF approach to foster skills for green jobs and employability in high value-added sectors. It is aligned with Outcome 2 regarding building and protecting human capital of the World Bank’s Gender Strategy 2024-2030. Further, the Project directly addresses global challenges related to the effects of situations of fragility, conflict, and violence as a global challenge, and contributes towards indicator 14 of the World Bank’s Scorecard by providing improved education services to displaced populations and people in host communities. 18. **The Project is consistent with Costa Rica’s Nationally Determined

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: 1 Zamstats.gov.zm. 2 Zambia Statistics Agency. 2023. _Highlights of the 2022 Poverty Assessment in Zambia_ . World Bank. 2023. _Zambia Gender Assessment_ . 3 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 4 2022 Census of Population and Housing, GRZ 2023. 5 According to the 2021 Labour Force Survey Report by Zamstat, the working-age population (15 and older) is 10 million, of which only 3.1 million are employed. 6 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 7 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. Page 8

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: devastating conflict in **Yemen** have left 18.2 million people dependent on humanitarian assistance. In **Iraq**, UNHCR also urgently needs resources to continue supporting the authorities in ensuring access to civil documentation and inclusion in the national social safety net for some 1 million internally displaced Iraqis. UNHCR is responding to two refugee situations in **Algeria** : a nearly 50-year-old displacement of Sahrawi refugees in five refugee camps near Tindouf in the south-west of the country, and an urban asylum-seeker and refugee population of diverse origin in Algiers and other governorates. **Mauritania** has hosted a significant number of refugees since 2012 and continues to face a large influx of Malian refugees; more than 100,000 people have arrived in 2024 alone. UNHCR is providing vital assistance to the most vulnerable refugees and invests in the resilience of more than 250,000 refugees as well as host communities in the Hodh Chargui region. The number of refugees and asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR in **Morocco** increased significantly in recent years. UNHCR works to ensure access to asylum and protection under the framework of the National Strategy for Immigration and Asylum (SNIA) and towards the inclusion of refugees and asylum-seekers in national social protection systems. Amid

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: .77. One point of concern with these results is that there are many cases where there are multiple purchasers of insurance in a certain village in one year and then zero in the next year. Although this could be the result of people simply being unsatisfied with insurance, the large amount of villages that suddenly drop to zero purchasers is suspicious, especially since the BASIX data does not contain information about whether marketing activities took place in a given village in a given year. For all the villages that had purchasers in one year and then none in the next year, it is quite likely that no BASIX representative visited the village; therefore the customer did not really have a chance to purchase the insurance. If this was the case, it would make sense to exclude these villages from the analysis, as the previous year’s payout would have no way to possibly influence a customer’s purchase decision. In columns 3 and 4 I exclude villages that had no purchasers the following year from the analysis, creating what I call the “Marketing Restricted Sample.” Restricting the sample this way results in a drop of the number of observations from 10,977 to

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **Figure 1b: Technical education graduates by gender in strategic STEAM fields** 12. **By the end of 2022, Costa Rica was hosting 270,636 forcibly displaced and stateless people, and the uneven** **preparedness of these students strains the education system.** [19] Even if the influx of migrants and refugees acts as a positive factor for some schools that would be facing closure due to decline of the native-born population, the education system faces stress because of the differential quality of preparedness and disruptions faced by immigrant students. In recent decades, the country has seen the arrival of migrants and refugee applicants fleeing political and economic conditions in Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and administrative records from the General Directorate of Migration and Foreigners, the number of asylum seekers in Costa Rica increased from 27,993 in 2018 to 273,066 by December 2023. While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status, more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom, and that learning environments are inclusive. As of September 2023,

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations with health care workers and UNHCR at the Meheba settlement report a high number of unnecessary deaths of expectant mothers due to inadequate services and the poor quality of the access road. 15 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. 16 They include, among others _,_ the Immigration and Deportation Act, Refugees Act No.1 of 2017 and amendments to other legislation, such as the Lands Act CAP 184, Higher Education Bursaries and Scholarships Act no.31 of 2016, Birth and Death Registration Act CAP 51, Citizenship Act of No 32 of 2016. 17 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. Page 11

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: discussions with refugees from Ukraine across the country in the first quarter of 2024. ## Key Figures 338,736 320,000 ## 338,736 320,000 Temporary Protection holders in Czechia among whom have registered for an extension ## 92% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 32% of respondents have at least one household member missing documentation or whose documents have expired ## 75% of respondents are women and children ## 39% Consider accommodation an urgent need

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: detail as to allow for regular and effective implementation and monitoring of all the activities to be funded. The budgets will be activity based and will be used to monitor performance during the implementation of activities. The project’s annual work plan and draft budget will be informed by the Grant Agreement. The total project cost and activity work plan will be agreed up front, and any variations will need prior approval by the World Bank. The annual work plan and budget will be submitted to the World Bank Task Team Leader for prior review and no-objection clearance no later than November 30 before the start of the coming financial year. Utilization of the budget will be monitored through quarterly Interim Financial Reports (IFRs) by analyzing overutilization and underutilizations and using the reports as management’s tool for decision-making. 5. **Disbursement and funds flow** . The project will be on statement of expenditure method of disbursement whereby the Designated Account (DA) will have a fixed allocation of funds. The project will report expenditures and request for monthly replenishment of the DA. The project will open two US$ DAs (DA-A for the MoHAIS and DA-B for the MoHAIS Kalumbila Town Council [KTC] -

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: in farming. Low income is reflected in poor food security, with almost 60 percent of refugee households reporting that they typically eat only one meal per day. The main reasons provided for the low employment levels were lack of skills (44 percent) and lack of information about the local labor market (34 percent). Other reasons cited include the need for investments in roads and connectivity to strengthen market access for agricultural producers and traders. A 2024 African Development Bank (AfDB) study on forced displacement in the region concluded that priority needs for self-reliance are better road connectivity, access to water and energy, improved educational and 6 The GoR’s strategy is consistent with lessons from global experience in the 2023 World Development Report that a sustainable approach to managing forced displacement requires: (a) policies that provide freedom of movement and the right to work; (b) inclusion of refugees into national service delivery systems to shift away from expensive parallel systems; and (c) support for self-reliance through access to jobs. Page 2

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design** 41. **Education technology policies and projects should be developed with a clear purpose, strategy, and vision of** **the desired educational change.** Costa Rica’s own long experience in the use of Education Technology (EdTech) and lessons from other countries such as Uruguay have provided valuable lessons on how to achieve expected results in a context of competing priorities. A key lesson is the importance of defining a common objective early on. This means that all stakeholders involved in the Project should have a clear understanding of what they are working towards. Another important aspect is the need for a specific team to drive the change. This team should consist of individuals with technological skillsets, such as engineers and developers, as well as education planners. This combination of expertise ensures that both the technical and educational aspects of the project are properly addressed. 42. **Understanding the key elements for success within the broader political economy is essential.** As highlighted in the Moldova Governance e-Transformation Project (P121231), it is crucial to establish reform at a high strategic level of government to ensure agreement among

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: there is an effect in neighboring districts. **3.1 Resource data** The Raw Materials Data are from InterraRMG (2013). The data set contains information on past or current industrial mines. All mines have information on annual production volumes, ownership structure, and GPS coordinates on location. We complete this data with exact geographic location data from MineAtlas (2013), where satellite imagery shows the actual mine boundaries, which allows us to identify and update the center point of each mine. The production data and ownership information are double-checked against the companies’ annual reports. For Ghana, this exercise results in 17 industrial mines tracked over time. We have annual production levels from 1990 until 2012. As mentioned, Table 1 shows the mining companies active in Ghana during recent decades, with opening and closing years (although some were closed in between, and are not presented in the table). Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of these mines. **Figure 2 Gold mines and DHS clusters in Ghana** **Panel A Gold mines and 20 km buffer zones Panel B Gold mines, DHS clusters, and 100 km buffer zones** 4 The distances are radii from mine center point, and form concentric circles around the mine. 5 The DHS

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience [World Bank (2015) Platform for Urban Management and Analysis.^ http://puma.worldbank.org/](http://puma.worldbank.org/) World Bank (2016) Climate Change and Poverty in Vietnam. World Bank Internal Document World Bank, and GFDRR (2011) Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change - Vietnam World Bank, Australian AID (2014) ‘WHERE ARE WE DURING FLOODING?’ A Qualitative Assessment of Poverty and Social Impacts of Flooding in Selected Neighborhoods of HCMC

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 3 (a) Poverty map and (b) population density map for Vietnam at the district level. Sources: (Lanjouw et al. 2013; Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015) point indicating a potential slum location. Evidence suggests that slum areas exist in the northern districts of HCMC (Habitat for Humanity 2008), which we do not find in PUMA. For this reason, we ran the analyses for two samples – all the districts in the province, and only the districts with potential slums from PUMA. The potential slum locations are presented in Fig. 4. Methodology Exposure to Flooding at the National Level At the national level, we estimate per district the number of people exposed to each scenario of flooding, and the number of poor people exposed. In the flood data, we define exposed areas as those grid cells where the flood level is greater than zero; non-exposed areas are those grid cells where the flood level is zero. This is a measure of extent rather than depth, and has been used in previous studies to examine exposure to floods (Jongman et al. 2014; Winsemius et al. 2015; Ceola et al. 2014). Furthermore, while we lose information

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: environmental degradation and deforestation are not new phenomena in Uganda, the large-scale and long-term presence of refugees has added to the existing pressure on the environment. From 2001 to 2023, Uganda lost 1.1 million hectares of tree cover, equivalent to a 14 percent decrease since 2000. [7] Wetlands decreased from 16 percent of the country’s land area in 1994 to an estimated 10 percent in 2021, according to the Ministry of Water and Environment. In a country where 89 percent of primary energy needs are met by biomass, land degradation is a multi-faceted crisis that has been deepened by the large refugee population. [8 ] While average woodfuel consumption per person in a refugee household is lower than that of a host household, demand still averages 660 kilograms per person per year, concentrated in and around settlement areas. [9] Refugees also open up new areas of bushland and woodland for farming, either for their own production or as hired workers or sharecroppers on host community land. 4 World Bank (2023). _World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies._ Washington, DC: World Bank at p. 208. 5 Poverty rates in refugee-hosting districts during the COVID-19 crisis ranged from 37.7 percent in

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: million people face high flood risk, while living on less than $5.5 per day. These findings are based on high-resolution flood hazard and population maps that enable global coverage, as well as poverty estimates from the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys. This paper is a product of the Climate Change Group and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and a background paper for the 2020 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at jrentschler@worldbank.org. _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development_ _issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the_ _names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those_ _of the authors. They do not necessarily represent

Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys

high-resolution flood hazard and population maps

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: one hand, since 2010 urbanization and development in high-risk coastal zones has been occurring at rapid rates in many parts of the world. These trends are putting an increasing number of people in harm’s way. Human activities, such as ground water extraction, are exacerbating risks as land subsidence is increasing the extent and intensity of flooding. On the other hand, the increase in the estimated flood exposure headcount is methodological; the use of more accurate and higher resolution data, as well as the inclusion of pluvial flooding mean that this study captures flood risks more comprehensively than past studies. In addition, the Global Assessment Report (UNDRR 2017) offers estimates of risks from five major natural hazards (including flood risks), though it focuses on monetary quantifications of disaster risks. Besides such global assessments, the recent availability of high-resolution flood and population maps has enabled countless local and national risk assessments, for instance in Tanzania, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam (Chakraborty et al. 2014; Erman et al. 2019; Fielding 2012; Braese et al. 2020). **Flood risks and poverty.** Many analyses have explored the link between natural hazards – flood risks in particular – and poverty; a detailed review of

high-resolution flood and population maps

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: mine action. The analysis of the data resulting from this mapping combined with the analysis of the protection response monitoring data brought out the observation below: - Only two protection actors have interventions in MA which cover only a few localities of the 7 out of 11 departments affected by ED **(Ref Graph4 & Gaph2).** 4 out of 11 departments most affected by EE remain without any LAM intervention. - There is a **major gap in Explosive Device Risk Education** (EDRE) interventions in several regions affected by ED (Diffa, Tillabery, Dosso, Agadez and Niamey). - A critical lack of victim assistance is observed in all 11 affected departments ( **Ref Graph5)** . - Existing capacities have only made it possible to reach about 3,000 people [8] with EDRE [activities, representing only 2% of target set in the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP).](https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-plan-de-reponse-humanitaire-mars-2023) - 98% of the HRP LAM target is therefore not reached. In addition, 77% of the funding requirement MA interventions is not met. - There is also a **lack of human resources dedicated to coordination at national and regional** **level, prevention, and assistance to victims** . The MA Sub-Cluster has not been functional since the withdrawal of UNMAS in

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: (Su _et al._ 2013), a figure that has risen further as fiscal decentralization reduced alternative revenue sources for local governments (Qun _et al._ 2015). [3] Revenue generated in this way provides a huge implicit subsidy to industrialization (Ding and Lichtenberg 2011), with negative impacts on availability of land for residential and housing purposes (Peng and Thibodeau 2012). This pattern of land development, which would be difficult to maintain without complementary restrictions in labor markets that in and of themselves may lead to considerable efficiency losses (Au and Henderson 2006b), has several consequences. First, as local governments compete to attract industry, prices for industrial land in China have remained very low (World Bank and DRC, 2014). Supplying land to industry below its real value led to inefficient use of a valuable resource; in fact a nation-wide survey in 2003 1 The average is for urban areas in East Asia with more than 5 million inhabitants in 2010 (World_Bank and DRC 2014). 2 Farmers’ residential land is often not expropriated, something that led to the spread of ‘urban villages’, i.e. unplanned neighborhoods that tend to provide shelter for migrants tend exert negative externalities on prices for neighboring properties (Song and Zenou 2009).

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: eligible expenditures, and other details will be defined in an updated DCRM Manual for Phase II, approval of which by the World Bank is a disbursement condition. The sub-component will: (a) fund data collection to measure strains on schools, health facilities, and water points in the RHDs; and (b) finance approximately 41 infrastructure subprojects. Through ongoing analytical work, the World Bank has developed an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based model that predicts refugee inflows before they occur. [21] If the World Bank is able to raise funds to run the AI model live, the GoU will undertake an assessment to consider using it for Phase II to facilitate the disbursement of DCRM funding to districts before large refugee inflows occur, supporting preparedness and minimizing stress on host populations and refugees in the RHDs. **Component 2: Integrated Natural Resource Management (US$30 million equivalent)** 30. **Component 2 will support investments in environmental restoration and protection to respond to ecosystem** **degradation in the RHDs and additional impacts caused by climate change and refugee presence.** The expansion of farming by refugees and host communities is driving rapid deforestation in the RHDs, reducing the extent of natural forests and woodlands. Refugees and hosts also harvest wood for

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **6. Summary and Conclusions** In this paper, we have constructed a spatial panel database of cyclone tracks and coastal landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha. For 1960-2016, our tracking data come from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for cyclones with Bangladesh landfalls and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for cyclones with landfalls in West Bengal and Odisha. For storms before 1960, our data come from country reports in the global IBTrACS database maintained by the Global Data Center for Meteorology of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We determine each storm’s landfall as its first intersection with an ordered line of coastline points, spaced at .001 decimal degrees (approximately 100 meters). We identify each cyclone’s primary coastal impact zone as the set of coastline points lying within the cyclone’s radial distance from its landfall point to its zone of maximum wind speed. Although we confine our exercise to Bangladesh and the two Indian coastal states, our methods are general and could be expanded to an arbitrarily-large set of coastal locations. We use the database for an analysis of cyclone strike locations and impact zones in seven historical periods: 1877-1900, 1901-1920, 1921-1940, 1941-1960, 1961-1980, 1981-2000 and 2001-2016. Although we

spatial panel database of cyclone tracks and coastal landfalls

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: flood risks. Indeed, large coastal cities are likely to be risk hotspots. Hallegatte et al. (2013) estimate the flood risks in the world’s 136 largest coastal cities. They show that population and asset growth, climate change and subsidence are all likely to contribute to a drastic increase in global average flood losses – from $6 billion per year in 2005 to over $60 billion in 2050, assuming proactive adaptation actions in all cities. Kulp and Strauss (2019) conduct a global assessment of the potential impact of sea level rise on the world’s coastal population. The global scale of their study and the use of high-resolution flood and population data makes it the closest comparable analysis of flood risk. Their assessment suggests that today between 190 million and 630 million people (depending on the emissions scenario considered) live in areas that could be inundated by sea level rise by the year 2100. They also estimate that one billion people live on land that is less than 10 meters above current high tide lines. This present study complements the one by Kulp and Strauss (2019) in several ways: First, it considers not only the one billion people living near current high tide

high-resolution flood and population data

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: conduct due diligence on the creditworthiness of the proposed borrowers. To minimize borrowers’ moral hazard, there will be no direct contact between the BDF and end borrowers; all information required by the BDF on borrowers and projects will be collected through the PFIs. Full details will be included in a PCG Manual, acceptance of which by the World Bank will be a condition of disbursement for this sub-component. 36. **Eligibility criteria.** The PCG will be open to creditworthy refugees. Detailed terms and conditions of the guarantees will be spelled out in the PCG manual and in a PCG Agreement to be signed between the BDF and PFIs. The BDF will be solely responsible for the selection of PFIs and monitoring of compliance with the eligibility criteria. 37. _Sub-component 2(d): Graduation for vulnerable groups (US$6.5 million)._ To support highly vulnerable refugees and host community members who are not bankable, graduation-style programming will be introduced in Phase II. Sub-component activities will target individuals living in extreme poverty who face barriers such as lack of collateral, limited financial literacy and social exclusion. MINEMA will contract an implementing partner to support at least 2,500 households (70 percent refugee/30 percent host community members/60 percent femaleheaded)

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: 90m x 90m pixel. The map shows a high concentration of flood-exposed populations in Hanoi, as well as urbanized areas along the Red River. The granularity offered by these pre-processed population exposure maps could be valuable for various applications; e.g. for the development of disaster mitigation plans prior to a flood event, or to estimate the number of affected people during flood events in order to prepare the scale-up of shock-responsive social protection systems. However, several limitations of these maps should be noted: First, poverty estimates are not available with the same resolution and are not incorporated in these maps. Second, while the maps can help to identify the scale of overall vulnerability and the location of pockets of vulnerability, they cannot replace detailed needs assessments for the targeting of post-disaster support or the evaluation of damages after specific events. 2 These maps will be made available publicly, and will be available upon request in the meanwhile. 23

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: 0.183 0.076 0.107 0.104 Mean of dep var. 0.328 0.111 0.137 0.214 0.209 0.928 0.841 _Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Results for women’s partners also available upon request. OLS = ordinary least squares. The women and men samples have different sampling frames and therefore we are not analyzing these results jointly. Two further caveats should be noted: (i) with many variables tested, such evidence should not be given too much weight, (ii) number of sampled men in the treatment category is quite small. Out of 7,157 sampled med, only 484 men live close to active mines. A bigger treated sample would provide more reliable results. [10] **5.2 Child health** We explore effects on child health, such as size at birth, infant mortality, anthropometrics, and incidence of cough, diarrhea, and fever. Panel A and Panel B use different variable definitions 10 Results for sampled women’s partners are similar. 18

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: to establish or expand their operations. This will include improving the scale and quality of community tree nurseries, and the establishment of tree plantations with market orientation, based on locally appropriate and climate-resilient species with commercial demand and also adapted to future climate conditions. The use of indigenous tree species will be promoted where technically viable. Inter-cropping within plantations during the early years of growth will provide co-benefits to group members from food and cash crops. Groups will also be supported to establish wood fuel plantations in public institutions with kitchens (e.g., schools and health facilities) to provide a sustainable supply of fuel for mass catering. LIPW under this sub-component will be limited to these institutional woodlots, as the nursery and plantations are productive assets from which participants will draw Page 10

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: the marketing restricted sample, which is restricted only to villages where at least one person purchased insurance in the following year. The average ratio of payout to premium (for those who received payouts) for the full sample is 3.6; for those in the marketing restricted sample it is 4.5. All regressions contain state fixed effects. Errors are clustered at the weather station level. ***p _<_ 0.01, **p _<_ 0.05, *p _<_ 0.1. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX. a payout flips to negative and significant. However, the payout ratio is positive and significant while the payout ratio squared is negative and significant. Together, this suggests that people who receive very small payouts are less likely to purchase insurance, while those who have large payouts are more likely to purchase. The overall effect of receiving a payout switches from negative to positive when the payout ratio reaches around .77. One point of concern with these results is that there are many cases where there are multiple purchasers of insurance in a certain village in one year and then zero in the next year. Although this could be the result of people simply being unsatisfied with insurance, the large

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: wetlands are associated with an island or mainland coast), as described in Hoozemans and Hulsbergen (1995). [15] Five possible responses to SLR corresponding to categories of wetland migratory potential were defined for the DIVA database: 1. No, or hardly any change; 2. A retreat of the coastline, combined with inland migration of coastal ecosystems; 3. A retreat of the coastline without the possibility of inland migration due to topography (e.g., coastlines with relatively high relief); 4. A possible retreat of the coastline but increase of flooding area behind the coastline (“ponding”); and 5. Total loss of the coastal ecosystem (Hoozmans et al. 1993). ###### **II.2 Methodology** The procedure used in this analysis followed several steps. First, the SRTM database was used to identify inundation zones. [16] Second, a country surface for wetlands was constructed from the polygons extracted from the Global Lakes and Wetlands database. Third, migratory potential of wetlands were assigned from the WMP classification of the coastline from the DIVA database. Fourth, the country surface of wetlands was overlaid with the inundation zone layer. The analysis then determined the area of wetlands that would be exposed to increased SLR and the area of wetlands that may be lost

DIVA database
SRTM database
Global Lakes and Wetlands database

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: Development to Foster Private Sector and Growth_ _in Rwanda._ 14 A transit district hosts asylum-seekers in the immediate period after they have come across the border. They stay in Transit Centers while their refugee claims are assessed and while the government identifies a long-term site for their resettlement. Rubavu has experienced major inflows from the DRC in recent times, with many asylum seekers staying for months. The district is being included in the project for an Integrated Craft & Production Center (ICPC) so that asylum seekers can work and seek training opportunities immediately upon arrival. This is expected to expedite the process of socio-economic inclusion. The ICPC will also be used by host community members in the district. 15 The two roads are an exception. They have been pre-identified by the government. For other subprojects, the GoR has prepared an indicative list, which will be validated through additional consultations with refugees, host communities and other stakeholders. The list includes: (a) classroom construction for a school and TVET center in Gisagara; (b) health facilities in Gatsibo and Nyamagabe; (c) water systems in Kirehe and Nyamagabe; (d) markets in Kirehe and Karongi; and (e) ICPCs in Kirehe and Rubavu. 16 The only

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: women as of 29 September 2024 [1] and children [2] ## 98% 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are of respondents consider accommodation as Temporary Protection holders their highest priority need ## 67% 29% ## 29% of working age respondents are employed in Czechia 1 Ministry of the Interior, Czechia 2 Ministry of the Interior, Czechia of respondents need more information about job opportunities

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: language skills leads to the inability to upscale professional skills and to seek meaningful employment opportunities matching qualifications. When seeking employment through agencies, women reported cases of labour exploitation with jobs that often involve long working hours, no breaks, no social protection coverage, and no annual leave. From protection monitoring, 24% of respondents reported working excessively long hours. 12% indicated they did not have an employment contract, while 3% reported the confiscation of their documentation (e.g., passport) by their employer. ### Protection Risk IV **Access to adequate healthcare:** In focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with elderly Ukrainian refugees [3], access to adequate healthcare emerged as the main concern. Participants highlighted significant barriers, including difficulties finding a general practitioner and understanding a medical insurance system that is new to them. Refugees highlighted a particular challenge in doctors neglecting to consider medical histories from Ukraine, resulting in misdiagnoses and incorrect treatment. Some instances, such as when prescribed medications conflicted with known conditions, illustrated a disconnect between patient backgrounds and treatment approaches in the Czech healthcare system. This forced some refugees to rely on bringing medications from Ukraine, exacerbated by difficulties obtaining longterm prescriptions. Language barriers also hinder effective communication of health

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **1.** **Introduction** Natural disasters are estimated to cause an average of over $300 billion in direct asset losses every year; this estimate increases to $520 billion when considering the well-being (or consumption) losses experienced by people (Hallegatte et al. 2017). While each country faces its individual set of natural hazards – including cyclones, earthquakes, or wildfires – floods are one of the most common and severe hazards to disrupt people’s livelihoods around the world. Especially in lower income countries where infrastructure systems – including drainage and flood protection – tend to be less developed, floods often cause unmitigated damage and suffering. Recent events, ranging from Bangladesh and Nigeria to the United States and Vietnam, illustrate that the threat is a global reality. Not only rare and major floods, but also smaller and frequent events can revert years of progress in poverty reduction and development. In the coming years, land subsidence, rapid coastal urbanization, and climate change are bound to result in increasing exposure of people and their livelihoods. In this study we estimate the number of people who are directly exposed to the risk of intense flooding in 189 countries. We do so by using high-resolution flood and population data

high-resolution flood and population data

high-resolution flood and population data

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: and gold production was booming. The first gold rush occurred between 1892 and 1901, and the second after World War I. Gold production decreased at the dawn of independence in 1957, and remained low until the 1980s. Over the last 20 years, Ghana has been experiencing its third gold rush. During this period, annual gold production has increased by 700 percent, as shown in Figure 1. It is the expansion that has happened during this recent gold rush that is used in this analysis to understand the socioeconomic effects of mining. The high international gold price was a driving factor in the expansion of small-scale mining, such as the 2,700% increase in gold mining territory around the Offin River between 2008 and 2012 (Hausermann et al., 2018). Between 2006 and 2012, two large-scale mines opened in Ghana, but no mine closed down (Table 1) possibly due to the high gold price increasing profitability and extending life length. The expansion across artisanal small-, medium-, and large-scale mining contributed to an increase in total production that rose from 541,147 oz in 1990 to 3,119,823 oz in 2009 according official Ghana statistics (Bloch and Owusu, 2012). This production increase led to an increased

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: occupants and measures taken by the recently passed Land Act to restore such security, based on recognition of the importance of land-related investment and higher agricultural productivity for pro-poor growth that will help narrow the gaps between rural and urban well-being in Uganda. We use this to outline the estimation strategy to be utilized and discuss some of the associated econometric issues. **2.1 Origins and incidence of overlapping tenure in Uganda** The main reason for the prevalence of overlapping property in Uganda’s land tenure system dates back to colonial occupation. Under the 1900 Buganda agreement, [1] the British awarded large tracts of “ _mailo_ ” land, together with any smallholders occupying them, to the Buganda king and his notables (Brett 1973). Lands not covered under this agreement were declared Crown Land, allowing the government to alienate 1 In this agreement, the total area of Uganda, estimated at 19,600 square miles, was divided into three broad classes. The first class, comprising 958 square miles, was given to the Buganda king (kabaka), the second one, amounting to a total of 8,000 square miles, was distributed equally among 1,000 chiefs and private land owners. The remainder was declared Crown Land and vested in

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: relevant expertise. Accessed at [http://www.compassonline.org/pdf_files/EBM_Consensus_Statement_v12.pdf](http://www.compassonline.org/pdf_files/EBM_Consensus_Statement_v12.pdf) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. _Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and_ _Waters Synthesis_ . World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.J.M. and M. Marchand. 1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses”. _Global Environmental_ _Change_, 9. S69-S87. Nicholls, R.J. 2004. Coastal flooding and wetland Loss in the 21 [st] century: Changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. _Global Environmental Change_, 14, 69-86. Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Chateau, J., and R. Muir-Wood. 2007. _Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to_ _Climate Extremes_ . OECD Environment Directorate, Environment Working Papers No. 1. Nicholls, R. J., and A. Cazenave. 2010. Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. _Science,_ 328, 1517-20. Overpeck J., Otto-Bliesner B., Miller G., Muhs D., Alley R. and J. Kiehl. 2006. Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. _Science_, 311,1747-1750. Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J.T., and S. O’Neel. 2008: Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. _Science_, 321, 1340-1343. Rahmsdorf, S. 2007. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. _Science_, 308, 368-370. Semeniuk, V. 1994. Predicting the effect

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input: **3.1.** **Flooding hazard data** Floods can be caused by a variety of factors. The most common types are considered in this analysis: **Fluvial flooding** occurs when intense precipitation or snow melt causes rivers to overflow. **Pluvial flooding** occurs when rainwater builds up beyond the absorptive capacity of soil. Country-level pluvial and fluvial flood maps, developed by Fathom Ltd, are used in this analysis (Smith et al. 2015). The data sets provide information on flood extents and flood depth at an approximate spatial resolution of 90 meters and are available for all countries. The maps are based on a global hydrological and topographic model. The model simulates flood events with return periods of 5, 20, 50, 100, 250, and 500 years. This study considers flooding with a 100-year return period. A 1-in-100-year event, for example, is expected to occur once every 100 years on average (i.e. it has a probability of 1% of occurring in any given year). As with all global flood maps, the effects of artificial flood protection structures like dikes are not incorporated. Two editions of the Fathom global flood maps are available; 2016 and 2019. Wherever available, the newer version has been used. The 2019 version differs

Country-level pluvial and fluvial flood maps

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.