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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Outcomes of** **Mental Health and** **Psychosocial** **Support**

Among those who accessed MHPSS, 33% answered “yes” when asked whether they experienced improvement, while 55% reported a “slight” improvement, resulting in a combined positive response rate of 88%.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVED MENTAL HEALTH**

**AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES AND REPORT**

**IMPROVEMENT IN WELL-BEING BY COUNTRY**

Yes Slight No/No, worsening across gender, with older adults aged 60+ reporting the highest improvement rates (93% for women and 94% for men).

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVED MENTAL HEALTH**

**AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES AND REPORT**

**IMPROVEMENT IN WELL-BEING BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male Regional Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia (N=1,662) 33% 35% 46% 41% 26% 41% 38% 29% 30% 28% 48% 55% 54% 48% 51% 67% 44% 44% 62% 57% 56% 49%

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**higher productivity.** In a simplistic
supply-demand framework, the influx of Ukrainian refugees should have caused some Polish workers to become unemployed or leave the labour force, or real wages to fall. This has not happened.
First, among Polish citizens employment rates have grown, and unemployment rates have fallen. Second, poviats in which employment share of Ukrainian refugees has grown by 1 pp., saw 0.5 pp. higher employment rates among Polish citizens, and 0.3 pp. lower unemployment rates.

Third, there is no evidence of lowered wages, in fact the limited available data suggests that Ukrainian refugees may have caused higher wage growth in poviats which they have moved to. These are common findings well documented in academic literature, that as immigrants enter the labour market, native workers specialize in complementary, higher value tasks, which we see empirically in Polish workers moving to more attractive occupational groups. This can be seen in the data, as Polish citizens are moving to better paid occupations. It constitutes a positive shock to productivity which is what counterbalances labour market pressures. [17] Source: Deloitte D.Climate estimates. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

**The main impact of Ukrainian refugees**

**is expanding the economy and putting**

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE negative perceptions of Ukrainian refugees in some host communities including perceived overuse of health services and preferential treatment [6] . As the refugees stay longer, sustainable solutions to meeting health needs of refugees and host communities, including sustainable financing, refugee data integration, integration of the refugee health workforce, and enhanced service delivery including mental health services, are critical.

Through regional multi-agency collaboration, multisector needs assessments have been conducted in refugee-receiving countries since 2022 to collect information on the needs of refugees, including those related to health, nutrition and mental health and psychosocial support. These assessments support partners’ understanding of the level of access to essential services among refugees and outcomes enable governments and partners to identify priorities for the response. In 2024, a social-economic lens was added in assessing the needs of refugees in the SocioEconomic Insights Study (SEIS) conducted in ten countries (Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia).

# Methodology

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_Source: Authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**Livelihood opportunities for the Shona community have improved significantly since gaining citizenship,**

**particularly in terms of financial access and job prospects – as well as protection outcomes, such as reduction in**

**harassment by law enforcement.** According to the survey data, over half of the Shona community reported that

citizenship has enhanced their access to banking and mobile wallet services, making it easier for them to save,

invest, and manage their finances. Increased job opportunities were cited by 47 percent of respondents, reflecting

how the ability to present formal identification has opened new avenues for employment and economic

participation. Importantly, 46 percent of the Shona noted a reduction in harassment by law enforcement, which

had previously hindered their movement and limited their economic activities. This improvement has enabled more

individuals to seek employment and conduct business without fear of arbitrary detentions or fines.

_Figure 6: Impacts on receiving citizenship on livelihood opportunities_

_Source: Authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 8

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Additionally, 22 private companies pledged to hire 1,200 refugees and to support 15,000 refugees
with trainings and job placement by 2027. Currently, Brazil formally employs around 200,000
refugees and people in need of international protection. Of these, more than 12 thousand are
employed by 55 companies and organizations that are part of the Companies with Refugees
Forum, an initiative started in 2021 by UNHCR and the UN Global Compact – Brazil Chapter. The

UNHCR / October, 2024 9

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HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

# **Background**

Over three years have elapsed since the start of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, an event which has led to the largest displacement crisis in Europe since World War II. As of the end of 2024, 6.3 million refugees from
[Ukraine were recorded across Europe, close to 2 million of whom are located in ten Regional Refugee](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026)
[Response Plan](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026) countries: Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia. This report aims to assess the livelihood situation of this population based on the 2024 round of data collected by the Socio-Economic Insights Survey (SEIS), which received responses from 8,723 households containing 19,803 individuals. Figures for 2023 are derived from a similar exercise [7] conducted in 2023.

# **Key findings**

**Refugee poverty rates remain high, albeit improved from 2023**

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pollution from mining and agricultural productivity. The results point toward decreasing

agricultural productivity because of environmental pollution and soil degradation, which could

have negative welfare effects on households that do not engage in mining activities or in

indirectly stimulated sectors. Lower productivity in agriculture could potentially push

households to engage in mining-related sectors, in addition to pull factors such as higher wage

earnings in the stimulated sectors.

We explore the effects of mining activity on employment, earnings, expenditure, and children’s

health outcomes in local communities and in districts with gold mining. We combine the DHS

and GLSS with production data for 17 large-scale gold mines in Ghana. We find that a new

large-scale gold mine changes economic outcomes, such as access to employment and cash

earnings. In addition, it raises local wages and expenditure on housing and energy.

An important welfare indicator in developing countries is infant mortality, and we note a large

and significant decrease in mortality rates among young children, at both the local and district

levels. [1] We hypothesize that increased access to prenatal care is one of the mechanisms behind

the increased survival rate.

---
[1] In the 2010 Ghana population census average district size is 112,000

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activities, either by increasing or decreasing activity in the close geographic area, we will end

up estimating the impact of these sectors jointly. In a later stage, should the opportunity arise,

we encourage researchers to try to disentangle the effects of small-scale and large-scale mining.

**3 Data**

To conduct this analysis, we combine different data sources using spatial analysis. The main

mining data is a dataset from InterraRMG covering all large-scale mines in Ghana, explained

in more detail in section 3.1. This dataset is linked to survey data from the DHS and GLSS,

using spatial information. Geographical coordinates of enumeration areas in GLSS are from

Ghana Statistical Services (GSS). [2] Point coordinates (global positioning system [GPS]) for the

surveyed DHS clusters [3] allow us to match all individuals to one or several mineral mines. We

do this in two ways.

First, we calculate distance spans from an exact mine location given by its GPS coordinates,

and match surveyed individuals to mines. These are concentric circles with radiuses of 10, 20,

and 30 kilometers (km), and so on, up to 100 km and beyond. In the baseline analysis where

---
[2] The data was shared by Aragón and Rud (2013)
[3] Both the DHS and GLSS enumeration area coordinates have a 1-5 km offset. The DHS clusters have up to

survey data from the DHS and GLSS
dataset from InterraRMG

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The new asylum legislation provides a robust legal framework for guaranteeing access to justice for
refugees and asylum-seekers. This includes outlining specific provisions regarding legal assistance and
judicial assistance to permit access to justice, legal representation and enforcement of ruling. It is important
[to consider this framework in conjunction with Law 021-PR-2019 on legal aid and judicial assistance, which](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609f00834.html)
was enacted in 2019, though not fully operational in absence of an implementing decree. Article 27 of the
[2020 Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) recognizes the refugee right to access Chadian Courts. The same provision also provides
for treatment regarding access to judicial assistance on par with nationals and exempts refugees from
providing a financial deposit to Courts (caution judicatum solvi) applicable to ordinary foreigners.

[Article 65 of the 2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) further outlines that refugees and asylum-seekers enjoy access to Court on par
with nationals. Additionally, the 2023 Decree outlines the rights of asylum-seekers and refugees to access judicial
assistance and legal assistance in the conditions outlined by the law. A specific legal provision of the 2023
Decree also details the different modalities composing legal aid accessible to refugees and asylum-seekers

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_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

5. Returning
 refugees
 and
 IDPs
 and
 receiving/hosting
 communities
 have

opportunities
 to
 (re-‐)establish
 meaningful
 and
 productive
 lives,
 through
 access
to
 livelihoods
 opportunities.
6. IDPs
 and
 returned
 refugee,
 together
 with
 the
 communities
 receiving
 or
 hosting

them
 enjoy
 key
 socio-‐economic
 rights,
 including
 access
 to
 shelter,
 education
 and
health
 and
 other
 services
 and
 infrastructure.

**9.** **KEY
 ASSUMPTIONS
 AND
 RISKS**

With
 the
 understanding
 that
 a
 more
 in-‐depth
 analysis
 is
 needed,
 the
 following
 is
 a
 list
 of
key
 assumptions
 and
 risks
 that
 need
 to
 be
 taken
 into
 consideration
 prior
 to
 planning
durable
 solutions
 programming
 in
 the
 South-‐East:

- The
 peace
 process
 remains
 one
 of
 the
 Government’s
 main
 priorities
 including
adequately
 addressing
 the
 current
 situations
 in
 Kachin
 and
 Rakhine.
 Much
 will
also
 depend
 on
 the
 agreements
 that
 are
 reached
 with
 the
 different
 armed
 groups
and
 the
 level
 of
 political,
 economic
 and
 cultural
 autonomy
 they
 could
 retain.
 Any
on-‐going
 armed
 clashes
 and/or
 protection
 incidents
 could
 derail
 progress
 made
so
 far.

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The
 proposed
 five
 phases
 reflect
 different
 stages
 in
 IDP
 operations,
 and
 in
 the
 refugee
repatriation
 and
 reintegration
 process,
 with
 each
 corresponding
 to
 incrementally
increasing
 resource
 requirements
 for
 UNHCR
 and
 its
 operational
 partners.

- Phase
 1: Strengthening
 of
 IDP
 operations
 and
 preparation
 for
 refugee
 return
while
 providing
 integrated
 assistance
 to
 spontaneous
 returnees;

- Phase
 2: Expansion
 of
 integrated
 support
 to
 spontaneous
 returnees
 and
 their
communities
 while
 enhancing
 preparedness;

- Phase
 3: Refugee
 repatriation
 and
 initial
 reintegration
 operations;

- Phase
 4: Consolidation
 of
 reintegration
 operations;
 and

- Phase
 5: Reintegration
 operations
 are
 scaled
 down
 and
 phased
 out.

**8.** **OBJECTIVES**

General
 operational
 objectives
 are:

1. Refugees
 are
 empowered
 to
 make
 an
 informed
 choice
 on
 whether
 to
 return,
 and

if
 so,
 when
 and
 to
 where,
 including
 through
 the
 provision
 of
 accurate
 and
 up
 to
date
 information
 on
 the
 situation
 in
 areas
 of
 potential
 return.
2. Refugees
 and
 IDPs
 have
 the
 opportunity
 to
 determine
 which
 solution(s)
 are

most
 appropriate
 for
 them,
 and
 to
 participate
 fully
 in
 the
 assessment,
 design
 and
delivery
 of
 durable
 solutions
 programmes,
 using
 an
 age,
 gender
 and
 diversity
mainstreaming
 approach.
3. Legal
 frameworks
 are
 in
 place
 that
 guarantee
 the
 rights
 of
 IDPs
 and
 returning

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UNHCR Indonesia is working to expand access to complementary pathways for refugees in the country
and provides information and guidance to refugees who may be eligible for these programs. Solutions
through complementary pathways have increased in recent years, from no individual departures on
pathways in 2020 to over 300 departures in 2023. UNHCR recognizes and amplifies the link between
access to education, skills building, and empowerment activities in Indonesia with improved access to
education and labour mobility pathways in third countries. In this way, continued success with these
pathways also serves to reinforce and enhance advocacy with Indonesian authorities on the
importance of access to opportunities while in Indonesia. Since mid-2021, UNHCR has collaborated
with Talent Beyond Boundaries (TBB) on a project that matches refugee candidates in Indonesia with
employers in Australia and Canada to offer employment and a pathway to residency through labour
mobility. In 2023, 328 individuals departed on a sponsorship pathway, eight refugees departed to a
third country on family reunification, and seven refugees departed to Canada and Australia on labour
mobility programs.

### **Solutions - Voluntary Repatriation**

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Considering
 that
 decades
 of
 conflict,
 displacement
 and
 poverty
 have
 weakened
traditional
 community
 support
 and
 leadership
 structures
 will
 be
 important
 that
 the
capacities
 of
 communities,
 as
 well
 as
 local
 partners
 such
 as
 local
 NGOs,
 CBOs
 and
border-‐based
 groups
 working
 out
 of
 Thailand,
 are
 effectively
 harnessed
 in
 support
 of
durable
 solutions.

 In
 particular
 border-‐based
 organisations
 represent
 critical
 assets
that
 are
 complementary
 to
 the
 traditional
 agencies.
 The
 networks
 and
 working
relationships
 that
 Thai-‐based
 organisations,
 which
 have
 been
 working
 with
 the
 refugee
and
 IDP
 communities
 for
 about
 30
 years,
 have
 developed
 with
 displaced
 communities
will
 be
 invaluable
 in
 building
 trust
 and
 providing
 services.

The
 scope
 of
 activities
 required
 is
 likely
 to
 be
 significant
 and
 will
 require
 prioritized
attention
 and
 significant
 donor
 support.
 Early
 support
 to
 kick-‐start
 the
 reintegration
process
 that
 will
 address
 immediate
 needs
 (initial
 phases)
 should
 transition
 to
 medium
and
 longer
 term
 development
 projects
 (consolidation
 phase)
 to
 ensure
 the
 achievement
of
 sustainable
 reintegration
 and
 eventually
 lead
 to
 a
 measurable
 UNHCR
 disengagement.

12

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# **HIGH EMPLOYMENT** **RATES, BUT LOW** **WAGES: A POVERTY** **ASSESSMENT OF** **UKRAINIAN REFUGEES** **IN NEIGHBORING** **COUNTRIES**

## **An inter-agency exploration of** **socio-economic data** March 2025

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## Appendix: Modelling strategy

##### Compared to refugees in other countries, Ukrainians in Poland show high employment rates, making their economic impact more positive and comparable to immigrants in general. Most of the migration economics literature quoted in this appendix refers to all immigrants, not just refugees.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **“Canonical model” and recent advances**

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THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Summary of** **findings and** **recommendations**

Overall, refugee households from Ukraine are facing a high degree of economic vulnerability, with half of them falling below the poverty line [1] based on reported income. Factoring in accommodation support (provided either via host governments, local homeowners, or other arrangements) as an indirect source of income, reduces the poverty rate to 32%, demonstrating the importance of such interventions.
The level of access to regular [2] employment is a key factor influencing the financial wellbeing of households, highlighting the significance of economic inclusion. Despite a predominantly vulnerable population profile (35% of families consist of a single adult woman with dependents, and the overall age dependency ratio [3] stands at 61%), labor force participation rates among refugees are comparable to those of host country nationals.
However, unemployment rates remain alarmingly high at 14%. Additionally, gender gaps are

---
[1] Defined as being composed of members whose equivalized income is below 50% of the national median
[2] Defined in the survey as working for an employer full- or part-time on a regular basis, as opposed to temporary work or selfemployment
[3] Defined as the ratio of people younger than 15 and older than 64 to the 15-64 cohort

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Third, cross-section regression analysis shows that poviats with a higher number of Ukrainian refugees saw a greater increase in wages, which was caused by larger share of refugees in local employment.
Due to limitations in the wage dataset, our calculations incorporated yearly data.
Cross-section models were estimated using a data sample for all 380 poviats in 2023.
The share of Ukrainian refugees among all employed, temporarily employed, and self-employed persons insured at ZUS in a given poviat was averaged across quarters to construct a yearly variable. The wage variable is the GUS data series on gross monthly wages and salaries [30], and taken as nominal change in 2023 from 2022.
The ordinary least squares cross-section model shows that in 2023, a 1 percentage point increase in the employment share of Ukrainian refugees was associated with an increase in wages of PLN 66. Given that in a mean poviat gross wage growth amounted to PLN 757 and the gross wage in the previous year was PLN 5,803, wages have grown by 13.1% in nominal terms (including inflation), of which 0.7 percentage points were associated with Ukrainian refugees (considering the fact that the employment share of the Ukrainian refugees in a mean poviat was 0.61%).

---
[30] Unfortunately, GUS data for these time periods and poviat level include the enterprise sector (firms that employ 10 or more persons) and public sector, which is

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**2. Support economic integration and empowerment of the Shona community through targeted financial inclusion**

**programs and skills development initiatives.**

The Government of Kenya, in collaboration with development partners, is encouraged to implement tailored

financial inclusion strategies to help the newly recognized Shona citizens access credit, savings, and insurance

products that are crucial for business growth and household resilience. Establishing entrepreneurship training

programs, mentorship networks, and providing access to capital for small and medium-sized enterprises would

empower the Shona community to leverage their skills in wood carving, basket weaving, and other economic

activities. Additionally, promoting employment opportunities in the formal sector for Shona individuals through job

placement services and partnerships with the private sector will ensure that the community’s transition to full

citizenship is accompanied by tangible improvements in income and welfare.

**3. Reaffirm and expand Kenya’s commitment to eradicating statelessness by adopting a comprehensive national**

**strategy.**

Building on the success of granting citizenship to the Makonde, Shona, and Pemba communities, a National Action

Plan to identify and resolve remaining cases of statelessness, including the estimated 9,800 individuals who remain

stateless, offers many benefits. This strategy should include amending the relevant Sections of the Kenya

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- The
 Government
 will
 abide
 by
 international
 standards
 for
 return
 namely,
 that
people
 have
 a
 right
 to
 return
 voluntarily
 to
 places
 of
 choice,
 based
 on
 their
individual
 and
 freely-‐expressed
 wish
 to
 return,
 and
 that
 return
 and
reintegration
 is
 carried
 out
 in
 conditions
 of
 physical,
 legal
 and
 material
 safety
and
 dignity.

- The
 Government
 and
 non-‐state
 armed
 groups
 engage
 in
 addressing
 the
 problem
of
 landmines
 as
 an
 early
 priority.
 Landmines
 are
 a
 particular
 threat
 in
 the
 South-‐
East
 and
 a
 serious
 impediment
 to
 any
 possible
 return.

- Land
 reform,
 including
 restoration
 of
 land
 rights
 and
 compensation,
 remains
 at
the
 centre
 of
 the
 country’s
 political
 debate
 and
 reform
 agenda.
 The
 current
 laws
allow
 expropriation
 of
 land
 not
 utilised
 for
 a
 specific
 period
 of
 time.
 In
 addition,
abandonment,
 widespread
 destruction
 and
 “land
 grabbing”
 may
 mean
 that
 some
villages
 of
 origin
 may
 not
 exist
 anymore,
 or
 may
 not
 be
 accessible.

- Humanitarian
 and
 development
 actors
 are
 granted
 full
 access
 to
 return
 areas,
particularly
 allowing
 the
 opening
 of
 offices
 and
 regular
 monitoring
 capacity.
Direct
 access
 to
 key
 areas
 of
 origin
 is
 still
 limited
 for
 many
 humanitarian
 and
development
 actors
 in
 particular
 in
 conflict-‐affected
 areas.

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5. Cross Sectors

### **5. Cross Sectors**

**5.1** **Gender**

Gender considerations can generally be enhanced in many sub-dimensions of overall policies, with the
most relevant being the national institutional framework for the management and coordination of refugees.
Additionally, the limited participation of refugee women in advisory committees often results in inadequate
consideration of the concerns and needs of women and girls. This hinders their inclusion in national plans
and programs.

The most consequential policy sub-dimensions in terms of socioeconomic development remain therefore
as follows:

**a.** **Justice and Security:** Challenges remain in preventing and responding to gender-based violence.

**b.** **Land, Housing, and Property:** Refugees in general still face difficulties in accessing and owning land.

**c.** **Education:** Limited access to education for refugee girls, particularly due to high dropout rates. In

the 2022-2023 school year, girls’ enrolment rates were 47 per cent in primary, 17 per cent in middle
school and only 6 percent in high school nationwide. The drop in middle and high school attendance is
linked to socio-cultural pressures, leading to issues like child marriages, early marriages, child labour.

**d.** **Healthcare:** Insufficient prioritization of the specific needs of women and girls, including refugee women

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Input:
The floods in 2022 had adverse effects in 18 out of the 23 provinces, including Lac, Mayo Kebbi Est, Mayo
Kebi Ouest, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Tandjilé and Mandoul. These consequences resulted in
the loss of agricultural land and livestock, and heightened risks to food security. In October 2022, authorities
responded by declaring a state of emergency and offering financial assistance to affected individuals,
including refugees hosted in these rural areas, to meet their shelter and essential needs. Specific sites were
identified to temporally accommodate the displaced individuals irrespective of their status.

**1.4** **Preparedness for refugee inflows**

The National Commission for the Reception, Reintegration of Refugees and Repatriates (Commission
Nationale d’Accueil de Réinsertion des Réfugiés et des Rapatriés, CNARR) remains the national institutional
body to respond to new refugee inflows. The four-year strategy of CNARR (2019-2023), which includes
mobilization provisions in case of emergencies, continues to be applied. The CNARR continues to work
with UNHCR and other United Nations organizations to support and guide its response to refugee inflows,
particularly in cases of emergency.

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Input:
_Note:_ In panel A, active is status of mine in birth year; in panel B, active is active status of mine in survey year.
Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and district
fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. OLS = ordinary least
squares.

An active mine is associated with a decrease in cough among children under age five (panel B

of table 5), and children are also (insignificantly) more likely to have a health card. An active

mine is associated with insignificant decreases in the anthropometrics measures (World Health

Organization measures in standard deviations), such as height-for-age and weight-for-age.

However, the standard errors for these coefficients are very large relative to the estimated

coefficients, which is why the effects are imprecisely estimated.

**5.3 Spatial heterogeneity of results**

Thus far we have used a cutoff distance of 20 km. Panel A of figure 4 shows that the largest

treatment effect for services for women is found within 10 km of a mine, with an 8 percentage

point increase in the probability that a woman works in the service sector. This is equivalent to

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**productive native women to increase their labour supply.**
A caveat in the case of refugees from Ukraine is that this could mean working below their qualifications or in the informal sector, making the overall effect for productivity unclear.
Nevertheless, as availability of care and housework services increases, it becomes easier for women mainly to combine family and professional lives and increase labour supply.
Such effects may be stronger for countries with less accessible childcare. Furtado (2015) reviews this literature, finding evidence from Australia, Hong Kong, Italy, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States.
Additionally, Furtado (2016) in the USA in the 1980-2000 period finds that married women and women with graduate degrees increase their fertility in response to low-skilled immigration.
Results are causal, as the author exploits the role of ethnic network in immigrant location decisions.

40 41

**Firms respond to immigrant inflows by introducing**

**production technologies complementary to their skills, thus**

**making their skill-group and potentially firms themselves**

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Vocational or lower Secondary Higher Data is limited, but it appears refugees found work in sectors where the labour market was particularly tight. Publicly available data does not give the numbers of social security registrations of native workers by NACE sector. For this reason, in the absence of administrative data, to approximate the share of Ukrainian workers in particular sectors it was necessary to use Statistics Poland survey data. The share of workers with Ukrainian citizenship grew more in sectors that were experiencing the highest wage and salaries growth before refugee displacement. This eased their entry into the labour market.
The refugees were also quick to set-up their own businesses or become self-employed.
Accommodation and food, as a sector, has been experiencing a particularly large growth in wages and salaries in 2021, as it re-opened after the Covid-19 pandemic, and subsequently it recorded a particularly large growth in the share of Ukrainian workers. Transportation has been the only sector in which the share and number of Ukrainian workers declined.

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Second, panel regression analysis shows that a larger influx of Ukrainian refugees at the poviat level was accompanied by a larger increase in employment rates for Polish citizens along with a larger decrease in registered unemployment rates. The data sample for all regressions encompassed quarterly data for all 380 poviats from Q1 2022 to Q2 2024.
The Ukrainian refugee share variable was constructed as the share of Ukrainian refugees among all employed, temporarily employed, and self-employed persons insured with ZUS in a given poviat at the end of the quarter. The employment rate of Polish citizens was constructed as the share of Polish citizens who are employed, Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

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temporarily employed, and self-employed and who are insured with ZUS, divided by the population from GUS in a given poviat in a given quarter (estimated based on halfyear population data). The unemployment rate is the registered unemployment rate series from GUS. Fixed effects panel regressions show that an increase in the employment share of Ukrainian refugees by 1 percentage point correlates with an increase in Polish citizens' employment rates by 0.5% and a decrease in the unemployment rate by 0.3%, in the preferred specification with dummy variables for all quarters. All results are statistically significant at a 0.01 level.

**Chart 26. Polish citizens employment rate** **Chart 27. Polish citizens unemployment rate**

Eurostat survey data, 20-64 age group Eurostat survey data, 20-64 age group 3.6% 83.8% 83.6% 83.2%

**Chart 28. Effect of a 1 pp. change in employment share of Ukrainian refugees on**

Panel model of all 380 poviats quarterly data from Q1 2022 to Q2 2024. Results are statistically significant at a 0.01 level.

Polish citizens employment rate Unemployment rate

1.0 1.0

0 0

-1.0 -1.0

-2.0 -2.0

No time Seasonal Quarterly No time Seasonal Quarterly dummies dummies dummies dummies dummies dummies

registered unemployment rate series from GUS

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz

# **3.** Economic impact modelling

Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations give the intuition behind how additional workers help to grow the economy.
The simplest estimate would be to assume that an increase of employment by 1.4-2.2% will grow the Gross Domestic Product by an equal percentage. In such a case, we would need to assume that labour is the only production factor, and thus all of GDP can be equally divided between workers.
However, this is not the case, as GDP is not just a function of labour, but also of capital that workers have at their disposal – all the machines, computer programs, offices, and the like. As displacement is unexpected and refugee status (both legal and intent to stay long term) at first is uncertain, companies take time to increase their stocks of capital to the new workers. A more elaborate estimate would account for the part of GDP Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

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**Economic impact modelling**
Economic impact of Ukrainian refugees has been estimated in the general equilibrium Deloitte D.Climate model that accounts for their labour, consumption, and tax inputs.
Such models are a gold standard in policy modelling used by central banks, academia, and other institutions, because they can simulate counterfactual scenarios.
Thus, we can distinguish the positive labour market shock from the inflow of refugees and analyse various scenarios independently of all other recent macroeconomic developments (Chapter 3).

We find that refugees from Ukraine as workers, entrepreneurs, consumers, and taxpayers had a positive impact on economic output, which will increase in the long run. The Deloitte D.Climate general equilibrium model finds that refugees from Ukraine in the long-term will contribute 0.9-1.35% to the Gross Domestic Product.
In our model, the long-term is defined as the period over which the economy fully adjusts to the shock of the initial refugee inflow; it does not include other aspects, e.g. refugee children growing-up and entering labour market. These results are 08 09

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**downgrading.** With the median wages
of Ukrainian refugees estimated at 84% (SEIS survey) or 80% (NBP 2024 survey) of the national median (see chapter 2), the difference for average wages may be even larger. This is because medians are insensitive to high earners who typically inflate average earnings. Such high earners may suffer significant downgrading considering the unfavourable occupational structure of Ukrainian refugees. There are many reasons to this, from occupational licensing to a high level of language fluency required by high-skill jobs. [28] Ukrainian Pre-war Other Polish refugees Ukrainians foreigners citizens Drivers (truck, bus) Teachers Medical professions (physician, dentist, nurse, midwife) Legal professions (legal counsel, barrister, notary, bailiff) Taxi drivers Others Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data on June 30th 2024.

26 As described in chapter 2, SEIS measures incomes on the household level. Using it to estimate individual wages likely underrepresents lowest and highest incomes.
Details are available in the Online Technical Appendix.

27 Note that the GUS (2024) data for the host population is not exactly comparable, as it does not include microenterprises, it covers an earlier period and focuses on gross and average wages.

28

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[28] Lessem and Sanders (2020) modelled immigrant wage growth in the United States, finding that in a counterfactual model eliminating barriers to occupational entry

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Recently arrived Ukrainian refugees,**

**those with below tertiary education**

**and in older age group are most**

**likely to communicate in Polish at**

**intermediate and lower levels.** Based
on the SEIS UNHCR survey, a logistic regression has been performed to find out which categories of Ukrainian refugees may most require Polish language improvement. [29] Results show that the odds of only zero to intermediate Polish knowledge decrease with every month since arrival. Ukrainian refugees in the 18 to 29 age group have the lowest odds of having an intermediate or lower level of Polish. It translates into a 38% probability, even lower than the 41% for refugees with tertiary education. The group with the highest odds (70% probability) of zero to intermediate Polish are Ukrainian refugees aged 50 to 64. The results by employment sectors are not statistically significant, other than for manufacturing. The results are intuitive, with the best language skills among refugees working in health and education, and the lowest among those working in construction, other services, and trade.

**Addressing the gap in language**

**fluency would yield significant**

---
[29] A dummy variable that takes the value of 1 in case of none, beginner, or intermediate language knowledge, and 0 for other levels has been regressed against a

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With the exception of Republic of Moldova, the poverty line for each country was defined as 50% of the median
[equivalized disposable income (after social transfers) as reported by](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Equivalised_disposable_income) [Eurostat for 2023. This figure was indexed](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat) towards 2024 using national annual wage inflation data for the third quarter of 2024. As the Republic of Moldova does not currently run the SILC survey, the absolute poverty line as reported by the country’s National Bureau of Statistics was used instead. Host poverty rates were based on the same poverty threshold. With the except of Republic of Moldova, these were equal to the at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) rate reported by Eurostat. On

**14**

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**taxpayers** . Currently between 225 and
350 thousand refugees from Ukraine are estimated to be working in Poland. The lower bound is the number from social security data, while the higher bound is the product of employment rate from the surveys and working age population with active PESEL UKR numbers (Chapter 2).

Structural worker shortages, one of the lowest unemployment rates in the European Union, record high vacancies, and high education attainment of refugees eased their labour market integration. The number of Polish citizens aged 20-64 has declined by 2.6 million from its peak in early 2010. [7] Despite COVID-19 and geopolitical shocks, the unemployment rate oscillated in recent years around 3% in Poland, and in February 2022 only Czechia exhibited a lower rate in the EU. [8] In Q4‘2021 the share of companies reporting vacancies stood at 49%, the highest level on record, and has been slowly declining since then. [9] In July-August 2023, 56% of refugees declared possessing tertiary education and their employment rate has been almost one-third higher than for others. [10]

---
[7] According to the Labour Force Survey data from Eurostat.
[8] According to the harmonized unemployment rates from Eurostat.
[9] According to the quarterly NBP survey.
[10] According to the UNHCR (2023) survey.

harmonized unemployment rates from Eurostat

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The Ukrainian refugee population also faces financial barriers to access critical services: one in ten households have no health insurance and 22 % of those surveyed answered that they cannot afford fees at local health care clinics. Households that contain a member with a disability are also more likely to be below the poverty line. This group’s poverty rate stands at 59% versus 43% for households with no members with disabilities.

**Support with accommodation expenses – an**

**important vulnerability shield**
Overall, almost half (48%) of refugee households in the region report receiving accommodation or housing assistance. Twenty percent are living in With accommodation rent support Bulgaria Hungary Poland Romania Slovakia Region

1. Calculations for Moldova were not conducted, as this country is not
included into the [EU statistics on income and living conditions (SILC)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/microdata/european-union-statistics-on-income-and-living-conditions)
[survey, which the OECD uses as the basis for host country poverty](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/microdata/european-union-statistics-on-income-and-living-conditions) assessments 2. Results for the Czech Republic not individually presented due to sampling limitations 3. Accommodation rent support has been calculated as the difference between the actual equivalized accommodation expense and the median equivalized market rent in the region

EU statistics on income and living conditions

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With partners, UNHCR continues to advocate with the Indonesian government at all levels and works
to strengthen collaboration with coastal communities to ensure boats in distress at sea are rescued
and able to disembark in Indonesia with adequate sites designated to host those who arrive by sea.
In addition to arrivals by sea, UNHCR continues to advocate with competent authorities when
contacted by individuals arriving by air if their right to seek asylum was denied at the airport.

### **Resettlement Expectations**

Refugees and authorities consider Indonesia to be a “transit country” prior to the realization of a
solution in a third country. The refugee assistance models established by the Comprehensive Plan of
Action for Indochinese Refugees and the Regional Cooperation Agreement, as well as
disproportionately high resettlement opportunities from Indonesia when compared to opportunities
from many other host countries, have perpetuated this narrative. The pervasive and persistent
misconception regarding the extent to which refugees are entitled to resettlement and the belief that,
with time, resettlement will be accessible for all refugees in the country has a negative impact on the
refugee population and the protection space in Indonesia.

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Input:
Voluntary
 return
 is
 guided
 by
 internationally
 recognized
 standards,
 which
 inter
 alia
provide
 that
 refugees
 have
 the
 right
 to
 return
 voluntarily,
 in
 safety
 and
 dignity,
 to
 their
own
 countries.
 A
 freely
 expressed
 wish
 to
 return
 by
 those
 displaced
 is
 a
 pre-‐condition
 to
any
 voluntary
 return.
 Recognized
 principles
 also
 include:
 taking
 measures
 to
 address
any
 root
 causes
 of
 displacement
 (cross-‐border
 and
 internal)
 by
 all
 parties
 to
 the
 past
conflict;
 that
 refugees
 and
 IDPs
 have
 the
 right
 to
 freedom
 of
 movement
 and
 the
 right
 to
return
 to
 their
 place
 of
 former
 residence
 or
 another
 place
 of
 their
 choice
 in
 the
 country
of
 origin;
 and
 that
 UNHCR
 and
 partners
 have
 access
 to
 returnee
 areas
 in
 order
 to
monitor
 their
 return.

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_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

A
 set
 of
 standards
 and
 qualitative
 and
 quantitative
 indicators
 should
 be
 developed
 to
measure
 progress
 toward
 the
 achievement
 of
 the
 reintegration
 objectives.

This
 section
 proposes
 various
 activities
 that
 should
 be
 considered
 to
 address
 immediate
as
 well
 as
 longer-‐term
 needs.
 UNHCR
 could
 take
 the
 lead
 on
 these
 activities
 or
 provide
 a
co-‐ordination
 or
 advocacy
 role,
 depending
 on
 the
 specific
 activity.

**10.1.** **Phase
 1
 (current
 phase):
 Strengthening
 of
 IDP
 operations
 and**

**preparation
 for
 refugee
 return
 while
 providing
 integrated**

**assistance
 to
 spontaneous
 returnees**

- Build
 on
 previously
 established
 co-‐ordination
 mechanisms
 -‐
 such
 as
 monthly
inter-‐agency
 meetings
 at
 state
 level,
 the
 South-‐East
 Consultation
 and
 cross-‐
border
 meetings
 -‐
 to
 strengthen
 co-‐ordination
 on
 durable
 solutions.
 Co-‐
ordination
 systems
 shall
 facilitate
 respect
 for
 key
 protection
 and
 assistance
standards
 and
 enable
 the
 development
 of
 a
 strategic
 vision
 for
 durable
 solutions.

- Strengthen
 information
 management
 and
 analysis
 capacities,
 including
 the
development
 of
 tools
 to
 capture
 and
 analyse
 patterns
 of
 spontaneous
 returns
and
 carry
 out
 protection
 assessments
 and
 monitoring.

 Information
 products
will
 also
 aim
 at
 supporting
 informed
 decision-‐making
 by
 refugees
 in
 Thailand.

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Power BI Desktop Access to Basic Services Guaranteeing that IDPs have sustained access to essential services such as healthcare, education, water, and sanitation is vital to preventing dependence on humanitarianassistance.
Simultaneously, ensuring the internally displaced are included in developing national systems, including protection programmes and services and development strategies, is vital for improving the living conditions and well-being of communities.
Pathway #2:

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The structure of the Ukrainian population in Poland changed radically after 24th February 2022. Up until 2021, Ukrainians in Poland were mostly men (close to two-thirds) looking for work, often leaving their families back in Ukraine. After the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine, refugees fleeing the war started to arrive.
They were primarily women and children.
This is consistent with a change in the nature of migration flows, from primarily economic migrants to forcefully displaced refugees.

**Chart 2.** Number of Ukrainian men and women registered in Poland for social security.

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2021 Q42 022 Q4 2023 Q3 Number of insured men with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured women with Ukrainian citizenship

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4. Access to National Public Services

In practical terms, a formal State led system for recognizing foreign diplomas of refugees and foreigners does
exist through an authentication mechanism led by the National Office for Higher Education Examinations
and Competitions (Office National des Examens et Concours du Supérieur - ONECS). Regarding driving
licenses, only Chadian driving licenses can be obtained through ANATS after fulfilling ANATS requirements.

### **4. Access to National Public Services**

The new asylum legislation guarantees the right to health, education, public assistance and public relief for
refugees and asylum-seekers in possession of their individual documentation on par with nationals of Chad.

**4.1** **Education**

Article 21 of the [2020 Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) specifies that every refugee or asylum-seeker in possession of individual
documentation enjoys the right to education and vocational training under the same conditions as nationals.
[The same is reiterated by Article 65 of the 2023 Decree. Despite not explicitly mentioning asylum-seekers](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
in its wording, Article 32 of the 2020 Law and Article 75 of the 2023 Decree should be interpreted in the
spirit of Article 21 of the law and Article 65 of the Decree that asylum-seekers are equally entitled to the
same treatment as nationals regarding education.

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The government of Brazil has taken steps towards the recognition of the central role played by
local authorities in protecting and promoting local integration of forcibly displaced persons. In
November 2023 the Ministry of Justice and Public Security has launched the "National Network
of Welcoming Cities - Red Nacional de Cidades Acolhedoras" with the objective of strengthening
dialogue and actions around public policies and programs for migrants, refugees and stateless
people. UNHCR has since 2020 being supporting the Cities of Solidarity initiative in Brazil helping
sharing experiences among the network of cities forming part of initiative and has recognized best
practices from 17 municipalities.

In recent year, Brazil has experienced an increasing number of climate disasters, which have been
more frequent and severe and have been affecting a growing number of people, including
populations already displaced in Brazil. The Government is developing a Climate Plan as well as
risk reduction, adaptation, and resilience plans, which takes into account displacement impact;
while the legislative branch is discussing bills to regulate and respond to internal displacement.

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland impacts of immigration reviewed in the This outcome is rather modest compared Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity to a cross-country panel model estimated of capital remained the same and the in an IMF report, in which a 1.7% Ukrainian

## 3. population of Poland increased more refugee share in the adult population of

than the number of workers (primarily by Poland should eventually result in about Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on 3.4% higher GDP per capita (Jaumotte GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%. et al., 2016).

## Economic impact of Chart 17. Gross domestic product growth paths with and without Ukrainian refugees

Deloitte D.Climate model calibrated to the Ministry of Finance GDP growth forecast.

140

## Ukrainian refugees

impacts of immigration reviewed in the Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity of capital remained the same and the population of Poland increased more than the number of workers (primarily by Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%.

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_Note:_ Figure 5 shows the main treatment coefficients ( _active*mine_ ) using the baseline estimation strategy (with
DHS individual-level data; see table 4 for more information) in the top panel, but with different cutoffs (10 km,
20 km, 30 km, 40 km, and 50 km). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. The bottom panel shows the result using a
spatial lag model that divided the plane into different treatment bins (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 40–50) and compares
them with farther away. Panel A shows the result for nonmigrants, and panel B shows the result for migrants.

**6.2 Access to infrastructure and health care**

Another source of heterogeneity is asset ownership and access to infrastructure. Table 8 shows

that fewer households have electricity in active mining communities, but they spend less time

fetching water and are more likely to own a radio (all estimates are statistically insignificant,

however). There is no change in the likelihood of having a flush toilet. Moreover, it seems that

households are just as likely to have access to a pit toilet as not having a toilet (and instead

use a bucket, bush, and so forth).

**Table 8 OLS estimates for ownership of assets and access to infrastructure**

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To facilitate trend monitoring, the questionnaires were standardized across all countries, ensuring consistency in the majority of indicators between 2023 and 2024. Since the 2023 regional survey did not include data from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, values for these countries were excluded from the 2023–2024 comparison. To maintain accuracy, only valid responses were included in the calculations, with responses such as ‘prefer not to answer’ or ‘do not know’ excluded. To facilitate interpretation, certain response options were consolidated into broader categorical variables.

To protect data privacy and maintain confidentiality, informed consent was obtained and documented from all participants, with clear explanations provided regarding the purpose and use of the data. The complete questionnaires, along with the consolidated anonymized dataset, are available in the [UNHCR Microdata Library.](https://microdata.unhcr.org/index.php/catalog/?page=1&from=2023&to=2024&region%5B%5D=3&ps=100)

# Limitations

This analysis has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, due to sampling constraints (lack of complete sampling frame) and the non-probabilistic selection of respondents, the results may not fully represent the entire Ukrainian refugee population. Additionally, the choice of sampling locations may have introduced a bias toward more vulnerable segments of the population. Variations in sampling approaches and data collection periods across countries can also affect comparability.

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**in Poland.** According to the SEIS survey,
Ukrainian refugees with master’s and PhD degrees earn a 22% higher median net wage than those with only secondary education. This appears to be a small gain, even accounting for the fact that, generally, the differences between median wages are less pronounced than between average wages (which are pulled higher by top incomes) and that our method of wage estimation based on SEIS household incomes [26] flattens the distribution.
According to the most recent estimate in October 2022, in the economy as a whole, the average gross wage of master’s and PhD degree holders was 84% higher than those with only secondary education. [27]

**Most Ukrainian refugees work in**

**a different sector than previously**

**in Ukraine, which also points to**

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Input:
As of the end of 2023, 5.9 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded across Europe, close to 2 million of whom are in the countries covered by the
[Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRP)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105903) [5] . To better understand their evolving situation, unpack risks and vulnerabilities and inform planning across sectors, Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessments (MSNA) were conducted under the RRP between June and September 2023 by UNHCR’s Regional Bureau for Europe and its Inter-Agency partners. This publication focuses on the results for livelihoods and socio-economic inclusion and attempts to draw conclusions based on survey data of 11,496 households (and 26,857 individuals) living in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.

### **Socio-economic** **inclusion – key** **findings**

**Refugee households demonstrate a high degree**

**of economic vulnerability**
The MSNA survey data demonstrates that refugee households from Ukraine are characterized by a high degree of economic vulnerability. On an individual basis, half live with an equivalized disposable income [6] that falls below 50% of the host population median [7] (a commonly used poverty threshold). This contrasts with just 9% of nationals belonging to the same income bracket.

**THE POVERTY RATE** **[1]** **OF REFUGEES VERSUS HOST**

---
[7] Based on [OECD data from 2021, which was indexed by the CPI for 2022 and 2023 for each respective country](https://stats.oecd.org/)

survey data of 11,496 households
OECD data from 2021

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The high employment rate of refugees in Poland covers not only employees, but also entrepreneurs. Five percent of Ukrainian refugees registered for social security have set up a business or work as freelancers. Similar results can be gleaned from the Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Poland 2023 survey results, which show that slightly more than 5% of respondent households receive income from selfemployment or similar activities.

All broad sectors of the economy saw an increase in the number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship and social insurance since 2021, apart from storage and transportation. The number increased the most in manufacturing (almost by 34 thousand), accommodation and food (more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand). [11] While public data does not distinguish between refugees entering these sectors and pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing jobs, it is largely consistent with the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, in which the most refugees are employed in manufacturing (14%), accommodation and food service (12%), and trade and repair (6%).

Ukrainian refugee households in Poland

---
[11] According to the social security data until 30th September 2023.

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**BARRIERS TO ACCESSING SRH SERVICES**

Long waiting times Could not afford transport Lack of knowledge Could not afford clinic fee Unable make appointment Language barrier Could not afford hospital Do not trust local provider Lack health insurance No means of transport (N=363) 33% 23% 22% 19% 18% 15% 12% 11% 10% 7% In urban areas, financial barriers, such as transportation costs and clinic fees, were the most reported obstacles to accessing SRH services. In contrast, women in rural settings faced challenges primarily related to knowledge of services, appointment-making and language barriers.

**Barriers in accessing SRH care for different**

**groups**
The number of respondents who faced barriers in accessing SRH services in the adolescent, youth, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and persons with disabilities categories was low, and data needs to be interpreted with caution. However, the findings offer valuable insights into the experiences of individuals in these categories.

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Many of the refugees that settled in Poland remain in special needs or otherwise precarious households. According to the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, nearly half of all refugee households have a person with a chronic illness, while in nearly 10% there is a disabled person (Washington Group level 3 disability). In over a third of all households is a single parent and over a fifth houses an elderly person (10% of households are comprised of exclusively elderly people).

households with persons with chronic ilness households with a single parent households with one or more older persons households with disabled individuals households exclusively with elderly

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1. Host Communities

Even though the [Law 021-PR-2019 on legal aid and judicial assistance was enacted in 2019, its implementation](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609f00834.html)
has been stalled due to the absence of an implementing Decree. Chad is planning to commit to adopting
this Decree at the 2023 December Global Forum on Refugees.

Furthermore, it also important to note that the new asylum legislation enacted during the prescribed period
has also incorporated a few provisions to promote peaceful coexistence including through securing the
right of refugees and asylum-seekers to access State legal aid services to prevent and/or resolve conflict.

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Citizenship and Immigration Act to remove the time-limitation for registration of stateless persons and align the

definition of a stateless person with the definition in the 1954 Convention; acceding to the two UN statelessness

conventions and ratification of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Specific

Aspects of the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa; enhancing birth registration

systems to prevent future statelessness; simplifying procedures for nationality application and documentation; and

implementing community outreach programs to raise awareness about the rights and entitlements of citizenship.

The Kenyan government is also encouraged to continue its leadership on this issue by advocating for regional and

international cooperation to address statelessness, including sharing best practices and lessons learned from its

national experience.

**4. Promote international collaboration and investment to support stateless populations in gaining nationality and**

**legal identity and accessing essential services.**

Governments, international organizations, and development agencies should work together to ensure stateless

individuals receive the support needed to obtain nationality and legal documentation. This includes nationality law

and policy changes enabling stateless people to acquire nationality, investing in robust and inclusive civil registration

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**violence**
Services for survivors of gender-based violence encompass a range of functions, including safety and security, legal assistance, healthcare, mental health and psychosocial support. A critical component is access to clinical management of rape to ensure timely medical treatment and care.
As this service is provided by the health care sector, as part of SRH, it is included in this analysis.

The SEIS identified gaps in awareness about on available GBV services. In 2024, 38% of respondents were unaware of health services providing support to GBV survivors in their area, while 58% were unaware of available psychosocial support services. Respondents were less aware of health services in rural areas (45%) compared to urban areas (37%). Key barriers to accessing GBV-related services in general included lack of awareness (58%), language and cultural barriers (53%) and stigma/ shame (46%). This indicates that additional coordinated efforts between the health, protection and GBV working groups and partners are required to enable access to all lifesaving GBV-related services including clinical management of rape.

**17**

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Indonesia’s new president and vice president were inaugurated in October 2024. This new
government offers an opportunity to renew and expand Indonesia’s humanitarian leadership on
refugee issues. The country is a regional and global power – the fourth largest country by population
in the world, the largest majority Muslim country in the world, the largest economy in southeast Asia,
and recent leadership roles as the President of the G20 and the Chair of ASEAN. Advocacy efforts will
seek to ensure Indonesia does not solely embrace political, economic, and military leadership, but that
the country also showcases independent humanitarian leadership – particularly on refugee issues.

### **UN Common Pledge**

The UN Common Pledge offers new opportunities to strengthen the protection environment in
Indonesia. At the 2023 Global Refugee Forum, several agencies in the UN Country Team (UNHCR, IOM,
UNFPA, WHO, UNDP, ILO, UNICEF, FAO, and UNESCO) pledged to provide guidance, technical support,
and advocacy to enable refugee inclusion in Indonesia in four key areas: education, health, selfreliance, and birth registration. UNHCR will work closely with these agencies in 2024 and beyond to
secure inclusive policies and an enabling protection environment in the country.

### **Enhancing Engagement with Refugees**

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Input: In effect, immigrants increase not just the size of the economy, that is the gross domestic product, but its productivity as well. While this has been well documented on the macroeconomic level, showing the existence of the effect, the exact channels remain unclear. Jaumotte et al. (2016) in an IMF report show that an increase of 1 percentage point in the share of immigrants in the adult population increases GDP per capita by 2% in a sample of 18 developed OECD countries during the period from 1980 to 2010. It should be noted that this model would yield much higher estimates for Ukrainian refugees than those presented in this appendix, given that they currently constitute 2% of Poland’s adult population. Aleksynska and

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**tant participated in a two-day MHPSS**

**coaching organized by PAHO and led**

**by an international IASC consultant.**

This coaching, held during the second

week of October, aimed to strengthen the

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support

Technical Working Group’s role by eval
uating its work plan, achievements, and

the next steps. The coaching agenda

intended to bring accompaniment and

advice to people with coordination

functions for the implementation of an

MHPSS strategy in their organizations,

agencies, and clusters.

These efforts represent a significant

inter-institutional initiative to empower

professionals in the field, providing

knowledge and tools essential for effi
cient organizational functionality during

humanitarian emergencies. Following

these activities, the working group plans

to implement its work plan, emphasizing

MHPSS as a cross-cutting topic in the

humanitarian architecture.

**XIV. Impact Stories of Series:**

**September and October**

_a. Premiere Urgence Internationale (PUI)_

_(September):_ The subnational cluster of

Bolívar, in coordination with the national

PC, visited PUI's activities in Casaco
ima, Delta Amacuro state. PUI's project

focuses on improving living conditions

through mental health, physical health,

and WASH. Beneficiaries of the project

were interviewed for a better under
standing of the projects’ impact. The

interviews confirmed how mental and

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While there have been some important advancements in refugee inclusion in Indonesia, the
characterization of the refugee experience in Indonesia as a transient one creates little impetus for
policy makers to develop comprehensive and inclusive protection policies. For refugees, resettlement
expectations have discouraged engagement in constructive experiences in Indonesia, including
education, training, skills building, and self-empowerment opportunities; fostered a sense of
unfairness, anxiety, and frustration; led to a deterioration in mental health; and eroded trust in UNHCR
and partners.  UNHCR’s efforts to work with and for the refugee community are also undermined by
the unique focus on resettlement in the country, impacting outreach and communication efforts, the
prioritization of human and financial resources, staff security, and programming.

### **Lack of Access to Opportunities for Economic Empowerment**

Refugees are unable to work legally in Indonesia, creating economic vulnerabilities and compounding
protection risks for the refugee population. In addition to economic insecurity, lack of access to work
impacts refugees in a number of ways: informal work experiences may render refugees vulnerable to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 7

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UNHCR will continue to expand the ways in which we engage with refugees in 2024 and 2025. A
cornerstone of these activities is the rollout of the Digital Gateway, a corporate self-service tool being
piloted in Indonesia that will address many of the concerns of the refugee community, as well as the
geographic challenges in Indonesia, by providing a platform through which refugees can remotely
communicate with UNHCR, view their bio-data, update contact information, book appointments for
services, and obtain updates on case processing status.

In addition to the Digital Gateway, UNHCR is strengthening tools of engagement and communication
with the refugee community following several years of more limited contact resulting from COVID
restrictions and security challenges in the field. These initiatives include re-instituting walk-in
counseling at the UNHCR reception center; revitalizing the UNHCR HELP website; expanding refugee
Town Halls to respond to queries and share information; undertaking regular outreach missions to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 9

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTED WITH A CHRONIC ILLNESS**

**AND THOSE WITH DISABILITY LEVEL 3 AND ABOVE**

Chronicle illness Disability level 3 and above

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male 23% 23% Regional Czechia Estonia Lithuania Latvia Poland Slovakia Hungary Bulgaria Moldova Romania 3% 3% 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=18,679) Regionally, 26% of individuals self-reported a chronic illness (5,384 individuals out of a sample of 19,622), with rates ranging from 17% in Czechia to 34% in Moldova and Romania, closely followed by Bulgaria at 32%. Chronic illnesses increase with age, with 77% of individuals over 60 reporting a chronic condition (78% of women, 72% of men).
Regionally, women above the age of 35 selfreported a higher rate of chronic illness compared to men.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS BY AGE AND**

**GENDER**

Female Male (Chronic Illness N=19,622, Disability N=18,679)

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## **HELPING HANDS** THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

#### An inter-agency exploration of socio-economic data April 2024

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Input:
and other forms of violence. Beneficia
ries mentioned that they feel grateful for

all the work of FPM and wish that more

communities could benefit from such

sensitizations and trainings, which are

relevant to the daily realities they expe
rience.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1689/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-de-socios-cluster-de-proteccion-octubre-2023)

**XV. Protection Service Mapping**

**Revisions and Edits**

**In line with the Protection Cluster’s**

**efforts to guarantee a functioning and**

**updated service mapping, together**

**with the UNHCR IM Unit, the Pro-**

**tection Service Mapping database**

**underwent a comprehensive review**

**and** **update** **in** **September** **and**

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**REFUGEE VS HOST EMPLOYMENT RATES BY COUNTRY**

Refugee (2023) Refugee (2024) Host (2023) 76% 76% 76% 62% Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region Note: For comparability, employment rates for host countries have been recalculated assuming a similar gender distribution to that of refugees Source: ILO, survey data 14. The employment rate is defined as the number of employed or self-employed individuals of working age (15-64) as a share of the total number of people in this age group 15. The labor force is defined as the number of people that are either employed or unemployed

**10**

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3. Economic Opportunities

country, most Chadians traditionally obtain land through the family or lineage, following the principle of
first occupancy and, for women, through marriage.

In practice, refugees have access to agricultural land through sharecropping, loans or leases.

It is important to note that before the enactment of the new asylum legislation and in the absence of clear
rules, refugees theoretically had the right to purchase land. However, this was challenging due to the
prevalence of the traditional ownership system, their inability to produce financial documents and other
administrative obstacles.

In practical terms, refugees continue to encounter greater challenges than nationals in accessing large,
fertile land parcels due to their distance from the camps. When engaging in sharecropping agreements
(métayage), refugees are required to share a portion of the harvest with the landowner or pay rent for
these lands, which can sometimes amount to 50,000 FCFA per hectare per year.

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Input:
surrounding communities. [ [3], [4]] Acquiring citizenship, brings the promise of improved employment and earnings, [[5]]

especially among women and the poorest, [[6]] while also offering broader social and economic benefits, as increases

in talent, skills and taxation accompany legalization.

**Since 2014, more than 500,000 stateless people have acquired a nationality globally.** Statelessness for many

others has been prevented as a result of efforts to improve birth registration and issuance of nationality documents

to populations at risk of statelessness and legislative changes, including those that eliminate discrimination on the

basis of gender, allowing women to pass on nationality to their children on an equal basis as men, However,

acceleration of efforts is needed to ensure that everyone can enjoy the fundamental right to a nationality, which

often enables the enjoyment of other rights and full participation in the society.

**Kenya has emerged as a global leader in the eradication of statelessness, setting an example for other nations**

**through its continued efforts to reduce the number of stateless persons within its borders.** The country has made

significant strides, beginning with the recognition of 1,496 members of the Makonde community as nationals of

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Despite a historically enabling environment for refugees and other forcibly displaced in Chad, the lack of
a specific refugee legal framework has been a longstanding issue. The new 2020 asylum Law contributed
to addressing this vacuum and enhances the existing national institutional framework for the protection
[of refugees and asylum-seekers assumed by CNARR, as established by the 2011 Decree establishing the](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html)
[National Commission for the Reception, Reintegration of Refugees and Returnees](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html) (Décret n°839/PR/PM/
MAT/2011, CNARR). This latter remains in force given the role played by CNARR to supervise the refugee
management in the country. The new asylum Law clarifies the principles applicable to refugees and asylumseekers to ensure their protection and provides a legal basis for their civil and socio-economic rights, including
freedom of movement, access to justice, the right to work, healthcare, education and land. Additionally, the
new asylum Law grants refugees the same rights as Chadian citizens regarding education, healthcare and
social protection. It also provides for the recognition of the refugee identity card as a residence permit.

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Input:
individuals in the East, Horn, and Great Lakes of Africa region, as well as the millions of stateless people globally,

demonstrating that resolving statelessness is not only a matter of human rights but also of inclusive economic

development.

## **Recommendations**

**1. Develop holistic, long-term policy frameworks that address the socioeconomic and human rights dimensions of**

**statelessness.**

National governments and international stakeholders should adopt inclusive development policies that go beyond

legal recognition to ensure the full social and economic integration of stateless and formerly stateless populations.

This entails ensuring equitable access to education, healthcare, employment, and social protection services for

newly recognized citizens. Governments should be encouraged to introduce targeted social safety nets and

employment support programs to reduce poverty and promote resilience among stateless and formerly stateless

groups. UNHCR and the World Bank, in partnership with national governments and NGOs, can provide technical

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 10

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Input:
This communication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), its global network of member firms or their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte organization”) is, by means of this communication, rendering professional advice or services. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your finances or your business, you should consult a qualified professional adviser.

No representations, warranties or undertakings (express or implied) are given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information in this communication, and none of DTTL, its member firms, related entities, employees or agents shall be liable or responsible for any loss or damage whatsoever arising directly or indirectly in connection with any person relying on this communication. DTTL and each of its member firms, and their related entities, are legally separate and independent entities.

© 2025. For information, contact Deloitte Poland.

**Scan the QR code**

**and download**

**the report!**

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Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**REGIONAL REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT RATE BY LEVEL OF**

**LOCAL LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2024)**

Employment rate Share of the refugee population (rhs) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 35% Does not understand Beginner Intermediate Advanced Fluent Source: Survey data The 2024 survey introduced a new question on local language proficiency, reinforcing previous findings of a strong correlation between language skills and employment. Respondents with at least an intermediate level of local language proficiency reported nearly twice the employment rate compared to those with no knowledge (9% of respondents). Even Ukrainians with only a basic understanding—limited to a few words or phrases (28% of the sample)—experienced a notable increase in employment compared to those with no local language skills [16] .

Finally, unlike for the host population, refugee employment rates were found to be practically the same for all education levels above technical or vocational [17], implying that local employment markets may not be valuing advanced degrees. Possible explanations include impediments to foreign qualifications recognition and other barriers that are preventing placement into high-skilled jobs (such as language, a mismatch between qualifications and local demand, etc.).

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# **Population** **Data Analysis**

### **Regional Bureau** **for Southern Africa**

**September 2022**

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In 2023, the national utilization rate was 0.31 new consultations per inhabitant per year, while in the camps, it
stood at 1.2 new consultations per refugee per year. This indicates that healthcare access is more favourable
in the camps than host populations. The disparity can be attributed partially to improved geographical access
in the camps, but more significantly, it is driven by financial factors. Notably, healthcare is provided free of
charge in refugee camps, whereas state facilities require fees for healthcare services. For refugees living
outside the camps, UNHCR, through its health partner, has signed agreements with state health centers for
free access, with costs covered by partners under UNHCR’s budget.

Sexual and reproductive healthcare is integrated into the package of services offered in refugee camps
covered by UNHCR and partners’ budget. As of June 2023, the rate of assisted childbirth was 91% in the
refugee camps.

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While the majority of people were able to access health care services, 17% were unable to access needed care across the region. The unmet need was reported highest in Romania (28%), Hungary (22%), and Slovakia (21%).

Regionally, unmet health needs were higher for individuals with chronic illnesses compared to those without chronic illnesses (21% vs 12%) and higher compared to 2023 (15% vs 10%). Similarly, unmet

**11**

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Input: Attempts to access support differed by age, with caregivers of the youngest age group (5–11 years) being the most likely to seek support on their behalf, while older persons less often attempted to access support. In addition, in both 2023 and 2024, there were consistent gender differences in attempts to access support. In all age groups except children under 11, females attempted to access support more often than males. The gender gap in seeking support was most pronounced in the older age groups: among individuals aged 35-59, 47% of women tried to access services compared to only 31% of men, suggesting potential social and cultural

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**% OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCED HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**LAST 30 DAYS BY GENDER AND AGE**

Female Male

### **Access to care**

Regionally, of the individuals who experienced health problems 30 days prior to the survey, 83% were able to obtain care, compared to 88% in 2023.
With host countries continuing to implement necessary legislation that allows refugees access to health care, reported access to health services has remained above 70% in all countries. However, after three years of the crisis, a steady improvement in access has been seen in only a few countries notably Bulgaria and Czechia. Notably, access to needed care was highest in Latvia and Czechia at 94%.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES**

**(OUT OF THOSE WHO REPORTED A HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**THE LAST 30 DAYS)**

Obtained health services Unmet health care need Regional Latvia Czechia Estonia Bulgaria Moldova Poland Lithuania Slovakia Hungary Romania (N=6,108) 83% 94% 94% 88% 86% 85% 83% 83% 79% 78% 72% 17% 14% 15% 17% 17% 21% 22% 28% 6% 6% 12% 0-4 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=19,637)

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