Input: 60 70 80 90 Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Female headed Married head Age of head (year) Percent Age (years) In Camp Refugees In Camp Hosts Addis Ababa Refugees Addis Ababa Hosts Figure 5.14: Demographic characteristics by quintile Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Primary axis labels represent gender and marital status. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 5.15: Poverty headcount rate for in-camp refugees and their hosts, by domain Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Refugees’ Aspirations 51 level of the household head increases. This is only the case for Addis Ababa refugees and hosts (Figure 5.16). However, for in-camp refugees, there appears to be no response to expenditure on an additional level of education of the household head compared to other refugees. In-camp host community households are higher, on average, than for in-camp refugees, and returns to the education level of the household head for these households appears to be slowly increasing. Household welfare is linked to possession of certain assets or access to services.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: The current study builds on the literature above by drawing on nationally representative, population-based surveys to look at how displacement experience is associated with different forms of IPV (lifetime, past-year and injury-causing IPV) in Colombia and Liberia. Additionally, independent data on the level and location of conflict was merged with individual level data in each country. These unique data sets provide insight into how both types of adversity- conflict and displacement- may impact a woman ’ s risk of IPV. The goal of this work is to highlight the link between IPV and forced displacement and conflict, and to explore the policy implications for state and peace building efforts. This understanding will help direct scarce funding appropriately to create more effective and targeted programs. Colombia Background Colombia has endured civil war, violent conflict, and displacement for over 60 years. Levels and intensity of violence have fluctuated throughout this period between a multitude of groups, including guerrilla groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the National Liberation Army (ELN) and the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), the government, and paramilitary forces (Palacios, 2006). The historical root cause of the conflict rests in the unequal Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: The large number of interconnected conﬂicts in these provinces involving non-state armed groups and state actors create a continuous ebb and ﬂow of displacement in eastern DRC (Jacobs & Kyamusugulwa 2018). In June 2020, UNHCR estimated that over 4. 5 million persons were internally displaced in Ituri (1. 6M), North Kivu (1. 9M) and South Kivu (1M) provinces alone (UNHCR 2020). DRC hosts an additional 536, 000 refugees (UNHCR 2020) from neighboring countries with recent experiences of violence, especially Burundi, Uganda, CAR, and South Sudan. Figure 2 plots the trend in the new IDPs in the DRC between 2009 and 2020. 5 Most IDPs in DRC favor staying with host families as opposed to camp displacement (Haver 2008, Rohwerder 2013). In 2017, UNOCHA estimated that around 500, 000 IDPs were in camp- like settings, whereas 3. 3 million sought refuge in host communities (Jacobs & Kyamusugulwa 4The qualitative analysis covers only the Kivu provinces, but the quantitative analysis covers all three. 5Data provided by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center DRC Page, accessed May 14, 2021. 6 Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
total area of 122,437 sq. km. Rainfall data from more than 200 rainfall stations and

potential evapotranspiration data of around 30 evaporation stations have been used in the

is estimated by overlaying the inundation risk map with the population map for 2001 using

Ahmed, A.U., Alam, M. 1998.: Development of Climate Change Scenarios with General
Circulation Models in Vulnerability and Adaption to Climate Change for Bangladesh, S.
Huq, Z. Karim, M. Asaduzzaman and F. Mahtab (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, pp.13-20.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2007. Population Census-2001: National Series,
Volume-1 Analytical Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh.

2050. The best available spatially-disaggregated maps and data for these assets have been

evapotranspiration data of around 30 evaporation stations

Rainfall data
spatially-disaggregated maps and data

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Input: 8 Conclusions We conducted a correspondence study using an online job platform in Malaysia. We tested for ethnic discrimination, gender discrimination and the value of signaling soft skills in the labor market. Unlike many correspondence studies, the data allow us to observe different stages in the hiring process. We observe if the employer rejects an application, visits the profile of a candidate, number of times the profile is visited, if they contact them and if they offer an interview. Uniquely, we observe competition in the labor market on both the demand and supply sides. We do not find evidence of gender discrimination in the hiring process. Malaysia ’ s observed differential wages and labor force participation rates by gender do not seem to be associated with discrimination or human capital accumulation. More research is needed to determine why women in the Malaysian labor market have lower employment rates and wages. We find that Indian and Malay sounding name profiles are discriminated against in comparison to Chinese-sounding name profiles. There is discrimination along all the hiring process variables we observe. Malay and Indian candidates are 8 and 9 percentage points less likely to receive an interview offer relative to a Chinese candidate. Discrimination for both ethnicities is also present in other outcomes. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The authors argue that Croats listened to Serbian radio for its consumption value but reacted negatively to national- istic messages intended for Serbian ears. Election results and street surveys are used to elicit preference for extremist nationalist parties among Croats who are able to listen to Serbian radio and those that do not. The authors ﬁnd that 3 to 4 percent of those 59See Yanagizawa-Drott (2014). 60See, for example, Enikolopov et al. (2011) and DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007) who ﬁnd large eﬀects on voting shares. 70 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: 41 Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected. Since some adjustments could take place over time, we always use the figures from the last available report.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Many detainees are facing ill ‐ treatment. Females are subjected to sexual harassment by security officers. According to UNHCR, there are 2. 7 million people of concern in Sudan (includes refugees, asylum ‐ seekers, IDPs, returned refugees, returned IDPs, stateless persons, and other concern), a lower number than 2015. About 37, 000 refugees returned to Sudan in 2016. At the same time, there were over 2 million IDPs, over 420, 000 refugees and over 16, 000 asylum ‐ seekers in other countries. Economic Opportunity Oil output in Sudan has been low due to civil war, poor infrastructure, and low productivity. Compared to South Sudan, Sudan also has fewer oil resources; nevertheless, it still has abundant resources72. Sudan ranks 186th of 190 states in the World Bank ’ s Doing Business 67 CIA Factbook, South Sudan, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / od. html 68 UNHCR, South Sudan http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2553 69 CIA Factbook, South Sudan, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / od. html 70 UNHCR, Sudan, http: / / reporting. unhcr. org / node / 2535 71 Human Rights Watch, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / sudan 72 EIU Country Outlook, Sudan, June 19th 2017

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input:  In Somalia, the Mogadishu Household Survey covered both residential areas and IDP camps, collecting data on expenditures, demographics and living conditions [survey completed; analysis forthcoming]. As part of the Somalia Knowledge for Operations and Political Economy (SKOPE) initiative, the Puntland Household Survey will also cover both residential and IDP populations [ongoing].  An IDP study in South Sudan [ongoing] aims to assess the economic needs of IDPs and host communities in urban areas, covering livelihoods, water and sanitation, infrastructure as well as intentions and conditions to return. Basic information about education, employment and general health variables will also be collected.  The Iraq Crisis Response Study [ongoing] will assess the impact of the Islamic State and oil price-related crises on IDPs and households left behind in IS controlled areas. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

Mogadishu Household Survey
Puntland Household Survey
Iraq Crisis Response Study

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Input: 5 does not have migration or geographic identifiers. The SILC contains geographic identifying variables, (at the NUTS1 level) but still lacks migration variables. The data set this study uses is the Labor Force Survey (LFS) since there is an adequate availability of both migration and geographic variables. The LFS is representative at the NUTS2 level which corresponds to 26 regions in Turkey. One caveat is that income in the LFS refers to only wage income from employment, 9 and is an insufficient measure of income that should be used for welfare measurement. For example, important sources of income such as social assistance, asset liquidation, or remittances are missing. Therefore, income in the LFS is imputed with a few assumptions using information from the SILC. The NUTS1 spatial effects of the SILC are a good proxy for NUTS2 welfare dynamics in the LFS which increases the accuracy of the imputation model. However, since the original sample frame of the LFS does not account for the recent influx of foreign migrants in Turkey, the labor market characteristics of recent migrants might not be representative of the actual SUTP population. Therefore, results of the imputation could be interpreted as upper bound estimates for recent migrants. More details of survey techniques used to complete this exercise are available in the Annex. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: 1.8 1.7 57 63 All cereals 76.9 - - 2,994 All pulses 8.3 - - 385 Aggregate ration/month 46.7 - Source: WFP and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: *Net of sold ration = quantity*share of ration sold (we asked the share of ration sold in SESRE) Table E.6: Aggregate food expenditures Value/year (per capita) Value/year (per adult) Food expenditure (all) [A] 11,414 13,898 Food expenditure (WFP items only) [B] 2,226 2,741 Food expenditure (WFP in-kind) [C] 4,968 6,165 Food expenditure (WFP in-kind + cash) [D] 7,653 9,440 Source: WFP and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Average food expenditures from SESRE (13,898 birr) are higher than valued in-kind food aid reported by WFP (6,165 birr). Valuing quantities of WFP food aid with prices from SESRE suggests that if food aid quantities were received/reported, refugees’ food expenditure would be 9,440 birr slightly above the values we get in SESRE of 13,898 birr, but still low compared to hosts at 28,324 birr. The level of disaggregation of food items matters. The more disaggregated, the higher the food aggregates. To summarize, food rations received are lower than admin data suggests, regardless of the data source. Possible explanations for lower

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
evidence is consistent with studies that used cross-section surveys, panel data and cross-country

Some of the work with panel data has also gone further in an effort to establish a causality link

Oswald (2007) use information on lottery winnings in the British Household Panel Survey

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Table 2: Ethnic composition of IDPs, refugees, returnees in the North Ethnicity IDPs in Bamako (%) Refugees Niger (%) Refugees Mauritania (%) Returnees (%) Total I + R + R (%) Ethnic composition of the North (%) Songhai 75 21- 71 43 45 Kel Tamasheq 12 56 69 12 38 32 Arab 3- 28 4 11 3 Peulh 4 21- 6 4 7 Other 6 11 3 7 4 12 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total (n) 100 81 100 220 501 1, 268, 009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2009 Population and Housing Census. The ethnic composition of IDPs and returnees is almost identical. This is a reflection of the fact that 94 % of returnees were displaced within Mali. Only 6 % returned from outside the country. The reason why few returned refugees are in the returnee sub-sample is explained by their place of residence prior to the crisis: only 5 % of the refugees in Mauritania and Niger lived in Timbuktu town before their displacement; 2 % lived in Gao town and 1 % in Kidal town. The remaining 92 % lived in 27 different towns and villages in northern Mali, locations not covered by the survey. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: A survey was carried out in the health sector (health centers) with the support of the World Bank in 2005, but has not been yet validated. In the rural development sector, where the first expenditure tracking survey between the decentralized center and services was to be carried out in 2005 on PEFA funds, the survey is yet to be carried out. It is critical that adequate management measures are gradually put in place to stop the current waste of resources. These measures include, inter alia, the accounting improvement of material, improvement of the inventory and delivery control, and especially a transparent planning of the deliveries, including, the posting of the received deliveries, their comparison with the planned deliveries and their certification by users within each service. It would also be desirable that in each ministry, an action plan is prepared for the implementation of these measures, on the basis of existing ones, and with target indicators as regards improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at intended destination. The social ministries could usefully open the way in this field, on the basis of some projection already carried out. Without a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the arrival of the expenditure at their final recipient, the increase in the budgetary appropriations to the priority sectors will hardly be translated into substantial concrete results on the ground. 29 It is difficult to make accurate forecasts for the implementation of certain programs or developments in economic parameters such as inflation or interest rate. Some immediate needs that were not foreseen during budget execution may appear during budget execution.

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Input: 5 The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 offers some background to the paper, providing context for Syrian refugees and their QOL in Jordan. Section 3 introduces a multidimensional quality-of-life indicator. Section 4 explains the methodology used in this paper, describing the data, identification strategy, and analysis method. Section 5 presents results of the statistical analysis, while section 6 presents conclusions and policy implications. 2. Syrian Refugees in Jordan The war in the Syrian Arab Republic has turned into a decade-long crisis, and refugees from Syria form the largest share of international displaced persons. About 5. 5 million Syrians are registered as refugees in Turkey (65 %), Lebanon (16 %), Jordan (12 %), Iraq (4 %), and other countries (3 %). Many Syrian refugees settle in urban and peri-urban regions in these host countries (World Bank 2020). The number of refugees living in camps has declined since 2017. Many refugees seem to prefer living outside the crowded camps and to escape the precarious living conditions and enjoy the freedom to live with relatives and friends and to find work. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Vintar et al. (forthcoming), for example, provide an example of how to use these data to understand the differential labor impacts of COVID-19 on refugees and non- refugees (see also the report “ Answering the Call: Forcibly Displaced During the Pandemic ” i). UNCHR ’ s proGres database includes phone numbers for refugee family heads that can be utilized as a sampling frame. However, data privacy concerns need to be addressed if the phone survey is conducted by a firm. A possible solution is sending text messages to selected respondents asking for permission to share phone numbers with a contractor. Comparisons between FDPs and host populations are also an essential exercise to conduct in the context of FDP poverty measurement. These comparisons are important for FDPs, host countries and international organizations given that resentment against FDPs is often fueled by a perception that FDPs receive special assistance that is not available to locals. Several surveys have now been conducted in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and a few Sub-Saharan African countries to compare the well-being of FDPs and their hosts. These comparisons, while important, are complex because host populations have full access to the labor and consumer markets and government services that are often not available to FDPs, whereas FDPs rely on aid from the international community that is not available to local residents. It is difficult to compare health services in camps, for example, to those provided to the host population by the government, or other social protection services such as unemployment insurance or paid leave that do not exist for FDPs. Again, these are new and largely under-researched issues among poverty specialists. Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Most male principal applicants are one of a married couple with children whereas most female principal applicants are single care ‐ givers, single persons or living in non ‐ traditional family groups. While on average female principal applicant households are no more likely to be poor than male principal applicant ones, poverty rates for some types of households are higher when these households have a female principal applicant. Households that have formed because of the unpredictable dynamics of forced displacement, such as sibling households, unaccompanied children, and 6 Identification of the head of the case (as family groupings are referred to in the UNHCR ProGres database) is determined by who best represents the family for case management purposes. It is not assumed that the household will be best represented by a man; a woman or even a child can be a head of a case, depending on standard operating procedures. 7 Even when traditional household survey data are gathered at the individual level, the information is often collected from a single respondent. The respondent is usually the self ‐ identified ‘ most knowledgeable ’ household member, which overwhelmingly corresponds to the ‘ head ’ of the household. In the case of a household survey that solicits information on ‘ headship ’, this information is gathered often through the question: “ Who is the head of this household? ” Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: The household head interviews also provided an opportunity to gather useful household-level information (including assets, housing characteristics, and household head characteristics) to be used as control variables in our analysis. The baseline survey was conducted before participants were informed of the outcome of the randomization, and the midline survey was conducted one year after the baseline survey, one month after completion of the first round of training and before the start of the second round. The results in this paper are based on a panel data set that includes data from the baseline and midline surveys as well as administrative and monitoring data from the program implementation team. Note that although the midline data collection occurred just one month after the completion of the intervention, the intervention itself includes 6 months of post-training follow-up; hence the midline survey captures outcomes of the first cohort 7 months after they exited the classroom-based training. This timing was necessary to prevent too long of a delay between cohorts; the second cohort of trainees started immediately after the midline survey was completed. Future analysis using endline data will examine the trends in outcomes of both groups after Round 1 completion, but will not involve comparison against a pure control group of non-participants. 3. 2. Sample and attrition Following the communications and outreach campaigns in each of the nine target communities, during which 2, 106 young women were originally recruited to be a part of the EPAG program, 8 a randomized 8 The original recruitment effort fell short of the target of enrolling 2500 participants. Hence, before the second round of training, another recruitment effort was launched and an additional 617 girls were enrolled. These girls are not included in the impact evaluation since they were not subject to the initial random assignment. 7 Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source