Input: As a consequence, results for urban areas are not comparable across the three RDHS waves in a strict sense. 4. 2 Conflict proxies One obvious predictor of being a genocide victim in 1994 is ethnicity (that is, being Tutsi). Yet, only the 1992 pre-genocide RDHS wave records ethnicity, as self-reported by respondents. In an effort to suppress further ethnic tensions, the post-genocide government of Rwanda forbids the usage and identification of ethnic categories. Hence, RDHS collected after 1994 does not record respondents ’ ethnicity. In response to this challenge, we construct several ‘ conflict proxies ’ measuring likely exposure to conflict. These proxies allow us to differentiate two channels through which exposure to mass violence may influence fertility: replacement effects (where women choose to have children in the post-conflict period to compensate their lost children from during the conflict period) and marriage market effects (where a relative shortage of men to women creates a ‘ bottleneck ’ for women to get married). It is important to note that the conflict proxies do not necessarily identify victims of targeted genocidal violence. Rather, these proxies indicate individuals and age groups that were likely to be exposed to conflict-related violence. Given that the 1994 genocide occurred within a time span of just about 100 days, the duration or timing of conflict exposure is of less importance in the Rwandan genocide. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: Further, as Jordan and the international community develop new approaches that respond holistically to the specific needs of refugee and host communities, more evidence is needed about how gender ‐ based constraints and vulnerability affect refugee women ’ s ability to take up economic opportunities and to access the services and resources they need to enable their families to move out of poverty. Our analysis applies a gender lens to a rich set of microdata on Syrian refugees in Jordan collected by UNHCR between 2011 and 2014. As these data do not capture how the changes in policies affect refugees and the constant evolution of their situation since 2014, the analysis is not intended to directly inform current policy choices and decisions. Instead, our aim is to devise an approach that can provide greater insights into gender ‐ specific barriers, based on the premise that the experiences and potential vulnerabilities of women, men, and children are significantly different in refugee settings. We use household ‐ level data to examine the relationship between poverty and gender for Syrian refugees. Our approach is informed by a body of work in the academic literature that has used household survey data to examine the relationship between the gender of the household head and household 2 http: / / www. unhcr. org / globaltrends2017 /, accessed August 2, 2018. 3 http: / / www. unhcr. org / globaltrends2017 /, accessed August 2, 2018. 4 https: / / data2. unhcr. org / en / documents / download / 64568, accessed August 2, 2018. 5 https: / / reliefweb. int / sites / reliefweb. int / files / resources / 64114. pdf, accessed August 2, 2018. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

household ‐ level data
household survey data

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Input:
for 366 victims (340 men and 26 women), and abductions accounted
for 14 victims (including ten women). [6]

_Figure 3 Number of Causalities Per State in 2021_

##### **RISK 2: Displacement and Secondary Displacement due** **to Violence and Conflict**

The total number of internally displaced persons in Sudan is over 3.08
million [7], with over 89,000 newly displaced persons in Darfur from
October 2021 to January 2022. In South Kordofan, renewed intercommunal conflict resulted in the displacement of 40,000 individuals
to Abu Jubaiha in December 2021. All other hotspot localities
witnessed small numbers of new displacement in 2021.

6 Report of the Secretary-General, 2 March 2022

_Figure 4 Map IDP Concentrations in Sudan_

---
[7] According to third round of IOM DTM report, January 2022.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 15 tasks (receptive spatial vocabulary, producing a set, simple addition, number identification, number comparison and shape identification), three executive functioning tasks (head, toes, knees, shoulders task, forward digit span, and backward digit span) and one social emotional learning tasks (perspective taking / empathy). The average child in KP scored a 33 % on the AIM-ECD (95 % CI: 40. 9 %, 34. 9 %). The distribution of AIM-ECD direct assessment scores is reported in Figure 5. Figure 5 Sample Distribution of AIM-ECD Direct Assessment Scores (n = 635) 8 The prevalence of stressors is presented in Table 2. For example, 26 % of the sample reported having to skip a meal, with 14 % of the sample reporting they were hungry but did not eat. Approximately 8 % of the sample was impacted by flooding in 2022, 6 % of the sample experienced flooding impacts in 2023, and 8 % of the sample were impacted by flooding in either 2022 or 2023. Of those impacted by flooding, the most common disruptions were to household members schooling, essential travel, and household members well-being. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: We measure livelihood diversification using two main variables: the degree of diversification of activities as a primary occupation and the degree of diversification of activities as a secondary occupation. 3 The degree of agricultural commercialization is also measured using two variables: the value from the sale of crop and livestock products. We measure refugee inflow (presence) as the number of refugees (population) in the nearest refugee camp to the household location weighted by the household's inverted distance to the camp. The impact of refugee inflow on household livelihood strategies can be causal if there are no confounding factors that affect livelihoods in host communities when refugee inflow changes. This is unlikely as refugee flow and the location of refugee camps are not random (see e. g., Baez 2011). Refugee camps are often situated close to international borders, among others, to allow for easy repatriation of the refugees when stability is restored in their countries of origin. In addition, refugees often seek shelter in the nearest refugee camp once they arrive in the host country, which is arguably true in most hosting countries as refugees often travel on foot for 2 According to UNHCR, a protracted refugee situation is a situation in which at least 25, 000 refugees from the same nationality have been in exile for at least five years in a given host country. 3 Diversification of activities is calculated using the inverse Simpson diversity index. In constructing the index, we considered both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood activities.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: A growing number of low and middle-income countries have tried to improve the law enforcement response to gender-based violence by training professionals, reorganizing police and courts, and trying to provide a more comprehensive response to survivors. Evidence of effectiveness is relatively limited; most well-evaluated initiatives come from high-income countries, and the lessons learned may not be applicable to developing countries. Evaluations of law enforcement reforms in low and middle income countries have typically been limited to case study approaches drawing from police records (notorious for under-reporting), qualitative perspectives from key informant interviews, intermediate outcomes such as changes in attitudes and knowledge among police and judges, and interviews with small numbers of women who have sought legal redress. Population-based data collection, control groups, or follow-up among more than a handful of survivors are rare. Nonetheless, the following initiatives illustrate the types of efforts that have produced important lessons learned. Training personnel in the police and judiciary and other parts of the justice system Throughout the world, organizations have launched efforts to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of justice sector personnel regarding gender-based violence. Some law enforcement institutions organize training internally, as did South Africa following passage of the 1998 Domestic Violence Act (Usdin et al., 2000). Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 3 population density across a state, the ecological inference issue is alleviated as we directly test the propensity of any population group to experience a conflict. Through disaggregation, we may succeed in supporting explanations based on variables such as the distance from the capital and the overall size of the country's population if we know at which locations conflicts occur. If conflicts are located mainly at some distance from countries'capitals, we might infer that large countries have more conflicts because of the difficulties of projecting governmental power. If they are located in population concentrations irrespective of location relative to the capita, other explanations should be sought. The paper makes use a new dataset called ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) to allow for this type of disaggregated analysis. The dataset currently codes the location of all reported conflict events in 14 countries in Central Africa in the 1960 – 2004 period. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper suggests some adaptions to a statistical method to allow for analyzing data at this level of analysis. Related to the size of populations is their distributions. The Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, is not only characterized by being enormously large, but also shows tremendous variation in population densities. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset

conflict event data
geographically disaggregated data

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Input: with their high dependency ratio and high number of female-headed households. In-camp refugees working inside the camp tend to exhibit lower poverty incidence (81 percent) than those working outside the camp (88 percent). The poor tend to live in households headed by individuals with limited education. This trend is evident among both refugees and hosts, where a lower level of educational attainment by household heads and members correlates with increased poverty. While building human capital represents an essential pathway out of poverty, there appears to be low human capital among refugee and host households, as indicated by the household head and members’ low education. The data reveals that poverty incidence is more prevalent among households with no or minimal education (Annex D, Table D.11). Conversely, poverty incidence tends to decline with increased education level of the household head and members. These findings underscore the critical role of education as a means to alleviate poverty among refugees and host communities in Ethiopia. The regression results also indicate that increasing years of schooling of the household head is associated with increased household consumption (Annex D, Table D.12); average household expenditures linearly increase, and poverty headcount decreases, as the education 0.0 0.2 0.4

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Input: 3 and the less educated (Ceritoglu, Tunculer, Torun, and Tumen, 2015; Del Carpio and Wagner, 2015). The economic effects of SUTPs not only vary across different segments of the labor market, there are also strong regional differences in their economic effects. Using synthetic modelling methods, Ozturkler and Goksel (2015) estimate the impact of Syrian refugees on local prices, wages, inflation, and services in 10 cities with large refugee populations. Some of the salient negative effects have been increases in rental prices, increases in inflation at border cities, illegal hiring by small business, and decreases in wages. However, in some cities (Gaziantep, Adana, Kahramanmaras, and Mardin), the presence of refugees has improved the trade balance, and economic activity in these areas are projected to increase as economic integration with MENA deepens. Orhan and Gundogar (2015) also note both positive and negative aspects of SUTPs. A primary contribution of this paper is the estimation of poverty at the sub-national level and among population groups of interest. Since migration, geographic, and welfare variables do not exist in a single data set, imputation techniques are required to overcome these limitations and to compute household level poverty.

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Input: of being available on a yearly basis independently of the quality of local statistical oﬃces and data gathering. While it comes with its own problems it can shed light on local economic activity where gathering of statistical data is incomplete. 7 This makes it a great ﬁt for measuring growth in a context of civil conﬂict. Conﬂict incidence is measured through the number of battle-related deaths from UCDP / PRIO dataset. We run the following regression for country i at time t: git = β × incidenceit + µi + ηt + ϵit (1) where git is economic performance per capita growth of country i in year t, incidenceit is conﬂict incidence, µi and ηt are respectively country and year ﬁxed eﬀects. A cross-country analysis as in equation (1) bears considerable potential for both reverse causality and omitted variable bias. Thus, a priori, a convincing causal link is hard to establish. However, here we expect the resulting bias to be small for two rea- sons. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

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Input: These systems employ a combination of data collection techniques including key respondent interviews, focus group discussions, registration, observations and physical counts, samplings and other statistical methodologies. For examples, UNHCR ’ s population tracking systems identifies and trains local NGOs to monitor key locations such as IDP settlements, bus stations and roads to report on movements. The accuracy of data from movement tracking systems is subject to several caveats. These include: limited access to locations and routes due to insecurity; vast geographical areas to monitor; mixed population flows that include refugees, IDPs, pastoral and seasonal movements and economic migrants; massive population flows that overwhelm monitoring capacity; disinclination of individuals to provide information when there is no assistance being offered; pressures from communities to inflate figures to maximize future assistance; and political pressures to suppress accurate reporting on IDP movements. Additionally, due to the fluid nature of displacement in many contexts and the likelihood of recurring displacements, it is not possible to use movement data to provide estimates of population stocks. Population censuses National population and housing censuses often provide the most comprehensive source of population data and offer the potential for estimating numbers of forcibly displaced people. To estimate the size of displaced populations a census would need to include questions on country (and / or place) or birth, year of (internal) 70 Other data collection methods may be used such as movement tracking systems, registration, big data etc.

movement tracking systems
population tracking systems

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Input: The countries in our sample are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. As described in Table B. 1, we also incorporate information on the quality of our refugee data, which is determined by comparison with official UNHCR bilateral data. Below we describe how these data have been used to define our main variables of interest and present some descriptive statistics in Table B. 2. 11 Conflict. In Equation 1, we first relate variation in ethnic diversity with data on conflict from ACLED (Linke et al., 2010). Two main definitions are used: the incidence of conflict and the intensity of conflict. Incidence is captured by an indicator equal to one if conflict occurred in a particular year within a pre-defined buffer around cluster j. Intensity is measured by summing the number of conflict events occurring in a particular year within the same buffer area. A conflict event is defined as a single altercation wherein force is used by one or more groups for a political end (Linke et al., 2010). We further describe events (non-exclusively) as violent events, non-violent events, violence against civilians, and riots. In our main analysis, we focus on violent conflicts (Section 5. 1) and report results for other outcomes as robustness tests (Section 5. 3). In doing so, we follow a recent and large literature that has combined the ACLED dataset with geographically disaggregated data in Africa (Besley and Reynal-Querol, 2014; Berman and Couttenier, 2015; Michaelopoulos and 11Panel A of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for the data from refugee-hosting areas specifically, whereas panel B of Table B. 2 shows descriptive statistics for our data in all covered areas. 11

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: Although much more suited to geographically disaggregated analysis than other datasets, this location dataset has some limititations, It does not record changes over time in the center location and extent of conflicts, and it reports the total extent of the conflict zone without distinguishing between areas that saw repeated and extensive fighting and those that only experienced scattered activities or individual events far from the center of the conflict. 3. 2 Disaggregated Dependent Variable: ACLED The ACLED dataset (Raleigh & Hegre, 2005) deals with these problems. The dataset takes the PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflicts Dataset as its point of departure. The dataset is limited to events within conflicts that fall within the Uppsala conflict definition; conflicts involving two parties, one of which is a government, and fighting resulting in at least 25 battle deaths. 3 ACLED is designed to parse out both the temporal and spatial actions of rebels and governments within civil wars. 3See the PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflict Data codebook for more information (Strand, Wilhelmsen & Gleditsch, 2004). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

PRIO / Uppsala Armed Conflicts Dataset
ACLED dataset

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Input: 18 corridor, so only aggregate numbers can be compared. For this comparison, mid-year estimates of the world migrant stock for 1990 – 2000 are taken from the 2008 edition and estimates for the earlier censuses, 1960 – 1980, are taken from the 2005 edition (table 8). The analysis subtracts the estimated number of refugees from the total mid-year estimates of the world migrant stock from the Trends in International Migrant Stock database to yield the net number of migrants in each decade. These numbers are then compared with the decadal estimates generated through this project, both the total and the net, after subtracting estimates of migrants within the Soviet Union for 1960 – 1980 (data for 1990 and 2000 should be directly comparable) and the number of ethnic German migrants added to the German censuses. { Table 8 here} The aggregate estimates are remarkably close (the two net totals), differing at most by around 1 million migrants, except in 1990. There are several possible explanations for these differences. First, the census totals from the current work may not match because censuses do not always make allowances for temporary workers. For example, Singapore ‘ s official 2000 census records 563, 430 foreign-born migrants. The United Nations, however, reports 1, 351, 806 foreign-born migrants for 2000. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

Trends in International Migrant Stock database

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Input: In other settings, NGOs such as Rozan in Pakistan (Rashid, 2001), Profamilia in the Dominican Republic (Guedes et al., 2002), and the Musasa Project in Zimbabwe have trained law enforcement personnel on issues related to gender-based violence. Elsewhere, governments have collaborated with the United Nations to provide training and support for the police and judiciary. For example, ILANUD is a joint institute of the government of Costa Rica and the United Nations that works with governmental agencies throughout Latin America to improve the work of prosecutors, judges, lawyers, police and other professionals in criminal justice generally, and gender-based violence specifically (Villanueva, 1999; ILANUD, n. d.). Most of these initiatives have been evaluated using key informant interviews and pre and post questionnaires before and after training-if they have been evaluated at all. Nonetheless, training appears to be both constructive and urgently needed (Rashid, 2001; Villanueva, 1999). Other lessons learned include the finding that changing attitudes of law enforcement is a challenging, long-term process. The quality of the trainings ’ content and the skills of the trainer are essential. Training appears to be most effective when all levels of personnel (especially high-level officials) participate, and when training is backed up with changes throughout the institution, such as policies, procedures, adequate resources, and continual monitoring and evaluation. Special police stations or cells for crimes against women All-women police stations began in Brazil and were later tried in other countries in Latin America and Asia. As of 2003, for example, Nicaragua had 17 police stations for women and children (called Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
exports. For this information, we used the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) database on the SITC, Revision

diversification. We use COMTRADE data on exports by product at a 4-digit disaggregated level from the SITC Revision

1.0 to compute Herfindahl indices of export product concentration. Bilateral data from COMTRADE are also used to

The CO2 emissions and energy consumption data are from International Energy Agency (IEA) Fuel Combustion Statistics database and World Energy Statistics and Balances database, respectively.

World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) database

International Energy Agency (IEA) Fuel Combustion Statistics database

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Input: In 2003, almost 60 % of young girls and 40 % of young boys had no formal schooling (ILO / UNICEF 2005). Data from the Demographic and Health survey shows that more than 40 percent of adult women have no education, compared to fewer than 20 percent of men, while 23 percent of women and 44 percent of men have some secondary schooling (DHS 2007). Happily, access to education is rising rapidly, especially for girls: according to the Liberian labor force survey from 2010, the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school has risen from 72 in 2000 to 90 in 2009. Enrollment levels and sex ratios are lower among older children and youth, as they become increasingly engaged in 1 Both are unweighted averages; Barro-Lee comprises 32 countries with data from 2010; Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011. 2 Defined as without work, available for work, and actively looking for work (LISGIS 2010). 2 Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

Barro-Lee
Demographic and Health survey
Liberian labor force survey

Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011

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Input: 2 1. Introduction We are in the midst of protracted refugee crises. According to the latest UNHCR trends report, at the end of 2020, 76 percent of refugees globally (15. 7 million) were in a protracted situation (UNHCR 2021). 2 Most refugees reside in low-income countries, and more than eight of every 10 refugees (86 percent) live in countries within territories affected by acute food insecurity and malnutrition (UNHCR 2021a). Refugee receiving host communities also tend to be poor, experience precarious livelihood conditions and face many socio-economic challenges, such as low economic status, poor access to public services, and infrastructural development. For these communities, refugees might bring both challenges and benefits. On the one hand, refugees increase competition for natural resources (e. g., wood for energy, construction, land), public services and infrastructure (e. g., education, health, water supply), and economic opportunities (e. g., traditional livelihoods, labor employment). Refugee inflow may also affect the local market by mainly depressing wages and raising product prices (Vemuru et al. 2020). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input:
Climate data came from two sources: US Defense Department satellites and weather station
observations. We relied on the satellite data for temperature observations and the ground station
data for interpolated precipitation observations (Mendelsohn et al. 2006). Soil data were obtained
from the FAO digital soil map of the world CD ROM. The data was extrapolated to the district
level using GIS (Geographical Information System). The dataset reports 116 dominant soil types.

These climate scenarios reflect the A1 scenarios in the IPCC's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC 2001) from the following models: Canadian Climate Center (CCC) (Boer et al.

These climate scenarios reflect the A1 scenarios in the IPCC's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC 2001) from the following models: Canadian Climate Center (CCC), Center for Climate System Research (CCSR), and Parallel Climate Model (PCM). For each climate scenario, we add the climate model's predicted change

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in temperature to the baseline temperature in each district. We also multiply the climate models
predicted percentage change in precipitation by the baseline precipitation in each district or
province. This gives us a new climate for every district in Africa.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 9688 This paper provides an empirical analysis of refugee returns to the Syrian Arab Republic. Since 2011, about 5. 6 million Syrians — more than a quarter of the country ’ s pre-conflict population — have been registered as refugees. By mid- 2018, only about 1. 8 percent of them had returned to Syria voluntarily. This paper compiles a novel data set with administrative data for 2. 16 million refugees, existing and new household surveys, a new conflict-events database, and nightlights data for Syria to analyze the correlates of these returns. Usage context: background mention, supporting mention, primary mention.

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Input:
systems, conducting community-based identification campaigns, and facilitating cross-border collaboration to

address statelessness among migrant populations. Providing technical and financial assistance to countries with

high numbers of stateless individuals would further enable the implementation of comprehensive registration and

citizenship programs. The new Global Alliance to End Statelessness provides a multi-stakeholder platform to

strengthen these joint efforts.

**5. Expand efforts to generate evidence on the impacts of statelessness and post-citizenship integration globally,**

**with a focus on Kenya.**

Stakeholders should invest in continued, longitudinal studies to track the Shona community’s socioeconomic

progress over time and take advantage of the pre- and post-citizenship data that is already available, enabling a

better understanding of post-citizenship outcomes. Additionally, research should be expanded to include the

Makonde, Pemba, Rundi and other communities alongside the national population, providing comparative insights

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 11

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Input: on humanitarian aid, and face barriers to accessing employment and education. The country’s new Refugee Proclamation grants refugees the right to basic services, work, and freedom of movement, but implementation delays hinder their realization. To address these challenges and achieve better development outcomes for both refugees and host communities, a shift towards supporting refugees’ self-reliance and economic integration is essential. This involves enabling refugees to move toward economic opportunities, facilitating their access to the labor market through self-employment, wage- employment, and special projects, and integrating refugee children into the education system. Though refugees in Ethiopia still face significant barriers to accessing employment and education, hampering their long-term integration and exacerbating their vulnerability, initiatives are on the way to improve socioeconomic outcomes. The Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE) plays a crucial role in informing policy decisions by providing comprehensive data on the socioeconomic dimensions of refugees and host communities. By highlighting socioeconomic interactions and outcomes, SESRE aims to guide development interventions and facilitate refugee integration. The survey covers various aspects, including demographic profiles, livelihoods, welfare patterns, and social cohesion, offering valuable insights for policymakers and humanitarian actors. SESRE is a separate but integrated survey alongside the Ethiopian Household Welfare

Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

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Input: 25 contributions to the local communities. More than other studies, this analysis points to the transfer of physical and human capital by refugees as an important source of benefits for the local economies. Interestingly, Kreibaum (2016) provides a more quantitative approach to the issue by assessing the impact of an increase in the presence of Congolese refugees on the hosting population in the Southern and Western parts of Uganda. The results indicate a positive ‐ although small in magnitude ‐ impact on the hosts ’ welfare (consumption per adult equivalent) but with distributional effects. Those depending on wage income and transfers experienced a deterioration in welfare, suggesting labor substitutability with rural landless workers. That seems to constitute a commonality with the Tanzanian case study. In addition, increase in the provision of private education services are also found, which is consistent with the move to the so ‐ called self ‐ reliance strategy in Uganda (see below). A major contribution of this paper is to contrast these results to the Ugandan households ’ perceptions in local communities. Conditional on assuming a common trend (that could not be tested with the available data), people are found to perceive their living conditions as having worsened off in areas with a higher number of refugees.

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Input: of trade with government. Because the dataset used for this study is cross- sectional rather than longitudinal, I am unable to examine whether citizens adjust their beliefs and behavior to relative changes in service delivery. I was only able to test whether there are associations between the absolute service quality across neighborhoods, countries and ethnic groups and deference to the tax department, police and courts. Further, citizens may not be attributing goods and services to the gov- ernment. Rather, citizens may be attributing goods and services, such as roads, electricity grids, sewage systems, health care and education to vari- ous non-state actors including the following: the private sector; NGOs and community-based groups; churches, mosques and other religious institutions; traditional leaders; and, bilateral and multilateral donors. Survey questions on the Afrobarometer only indicate the presence or absence of services and infrastructure, and the quality of these services, but these questions do not probe respondents on who they believe are providing these services. Each of the indicators of perceptions of government performance is sig- niﬁcant at the p < 0. 05 level. Food security is positively associated with a willingness to defer to the tax department. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input:
The primary data for this report come from a comprehensive 2024 socioeconomic survey conducted by UNHCR

which recontacted households which were initially surveyed in 2019, prior to the Shona acquiring nationality. The

follow-up survey aimed to capture the transformative impact of citizenship on the Shona community in terms of

employment, education, income, and access to essential services, while also incorporating new modules on social

cohesion, community engagement, and civic participation to better understand the broader integration of the Shona

into Kenyan society. The 2024 survey provides rich insights into the Shona’s post-citizenship journey and the

challenges and opportunities they face as newly recognized citizens of Kenya.

The findings are complemented by the 2019 household survey of the Shona community, conducted jointly by

UNHCR and the World Bank [[8]] establishing a baseline of the Shona community’s socioeconomic conditions while

they were still stateless. This study revealed significant disparities in access to services and opportunities compared

to Kenyan nationals, highlighting the detrimental effects of statelessness on employment, financial inclusion, and

educational attainment. These findings informed policy recommendations that ultimately contributed to the

recognition of the Shona as Kenyan citizens in 2020-21, providing a crucial foundation for evaluating their post
citizenship outcomes.

2019 household survey of the Shona community

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Input: 3 MPI, constructed in Admasu et al. (2021), to capture the deprivations of forcibly displaced individuals and their gendered lives. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 reviews the existing literature to provide the background and motivation for the analysis, including a summary of the different country contexts covered by the case studies in this paper. Section 3 outlines the measurement strategy for deconstructing the MPI used for analysis and its limitations, followed by Section 4, which introduces the data. Section 5 presents the findings, first for deprivation results at the individual level and then results evaluating intrahousehold inequalities. Concluding remarks are discussed in Section 6. 2 Background and Literature Review 2. 1 Individual-level measures of gender and multidimensional poverty Individual-level analyses of multidimensional poverty have mostly centered around children, with various studies analyzing the relevance of indicators for children (aged 0- 17 years), 2 as well as other age ranges. The MPI has also been used to better understand gender issues, for example, Batana (2008) implemented a women ’ s MPI in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bhutan ’ s Gross National Happiness measures (2010, 2015), Vijaya et al. (2014), and Klasen and Lahoti (2016) are implemented at the individual level.

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Input:
<!-- PAGE 41 --> SOE dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Age dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Size dummies No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subsidies received No Yes No Yes No Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations **[†]** 2,253,381 2,253,381 2,165,653 2,165,653 2,249,388 2,249,388 Pseudo/Within R **[†]** 0.018 0.018 0.049 0.049 0.029 0.029 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data from 2016-20.

SOE dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Age dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Size dummies No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Value of subsidies received Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations **[†]** 2,098,570 47,698 11,260 2,016,257 45,597 10,878 2,094,821 47,624 11,249 Within R-squared **[†]** 0.018 0.016 0.013 0.048 0.034 0.042 0.028 0.023 0.030 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data from 2016 to 2020.

<!-- PAGE 29 -->
Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019. Exit is a dummy variable equal to 1 for the last
year the firm exited the sample. Firm-level measure of allocative efficiency is computed as a cross product between two terms
defined at the 4-digit NACE sector, year, and county level: (a) the deviation of a firm's market share from the average market share
at the sector-year-county level, and (b) the deviation of a firm's (labor) productivity from the average firm-level productivity at the
sector-year-county level.

employment Yes Yes Yes Yes Sector size in economy Yes Yes Yes Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 704 704 704 704 Within R-squared 0.021 0.019 0.031 0.032 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019.

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Input: meet the requirements of the OCP residency permit (RRS, 2019). Arrival before and after November 2020 The Tigray region of Ethiopia used to host Eritrean refugees in four camps before the outbreak of conflict between the regional and the Federal government in November 2020.18 Consequently, refugees in the region fled to neighboring Afar and Amhara regions and Addis Ababa.19 Hence, the RRS granted out-of-camp residency for those refugees who arrived in Addis Ababa due to the conflict. As of April 2023, Eritrean refugees relocated from Tigray to Addis Ababa constitute 36 percent of the total Eritrean population in Addis Ababa (UNHCR, 2023a). OCP refugees who arrived before and after November 2020 have similar sociodemographic characteristics except age, education, and child health outcomes. Refugees after November 2020 are younger and less educated compared to refugees before November 2020. Moreover, child health problems in terms of nutritional indicators, underweight, stunting, and wasting are higher among refugees moved from camps relative to refugees who were in Addis Ababa for a longer time. Box 2.2: Refugees under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP) 18 https://www.unrefugees.org/news/ethiopias-tigray-refugee-crisis-explained/ 19 https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/16/ethiopia-eritrean-refugees-targeted-tigray Sociodemographic Profile 15 Primary and secondary school enrollment rates vary between hosts and refugees; refugee primary education rates are

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Input: 5 3. Data The data used in this paper have been collected through the Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS). 4 The baseline face-to-face interviews were executed between June and August 2014. The following 12 monthly interviews – from August 2014 until August 2015- were conducted using mobile phones. 5 The original sample comprised 501 respondents (51 % Male, 49 % Female) and was divided between internally displaced people (IDPs) located in the capital city Bamako, 6 refugees living in refugee camps in Mauritania and Niger, as well as returnees living in the regional capitals Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal in Northern Mali. This survey did not collect information on individuals who were never displaced. The attrition rate was very low, always around 1-2 % per wave. We need to stress that the locations were not randomly selected. Bamako was selected because it hosted a large number of IDPs. Furthermore, the main cities in the north of Mali were chosen to obtain a large sample of returnees given the funds available. Finally, a refugee camp was located in Niger since bureaucratic issues did not allow the inclusion of a camp in Burkina Faso. Nevertheless, households were selected randomly within each location. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
_Gallup_ _World_ _Poll_ _(GWP)_ is a nationally representative opinion survey and has been con ducted annually since 2006 in a wide range of countries around the world. The sample collected in Peru is a repeated cross-section of about approximately 1,000 observations each year. For our analysis, we use data from 2013 to 2020. The survey questions are centered around politics, governance and opinions on current events. We make use of several opinion indices provided by Gallup that measure individual opinions on various domains. Observa tions are spatially identified at the region level for Peru, which is our level of analysis in this case (there are 25 regions in Peru).

_PTP_ We measure the location of Venezuelan immigrants on a monthly basis from January 2015 to December 2020 using administrative data on the district Venezuelan immigrants register at with the Peruvian authorities to obtain access to social services. There are strong incentives to register as this is also a prerequisite for applying to obtain the PTP. This data only records monthly gross arrivals so we do not know the outflows of Venezuelans to other locations within Peru or out of the country entirely. However, in ENPOVE, 84% of Venezuelan immigrants in Peru report having lived in the same district during their entire time since arriving in the country. The data shows the arrival of 511,223 Venezuelans as of December 2020, which, while somewhat lower than estimates of the actual number of Venezuelans living in Peru, is quite substantial.

We also use data from the _National_ _Census_ _2007_ _and_ _2017_ . We use the 2017 Census data to measure the share of workers in the formal and informal sector in each centro poblado as well as the total local population in each centro poblado, province and region. We use the 2007 data to construct both of our instruments discussed in more detail below as well as to create additional controls for the local economic environment.

To construct the _Trade_ _shock_ instrument for the first part of our analysis, we also use trade data from the reports of TradeMap. From this website, we are able to identify export and import values for Peru on a monthly basis since 2006 at the HS 6-digit product revision. In addition, correspondence tables of HS 6-digit product revision to ISIC 3.1 revision (United Nations) are used to harmonize products with their corresponding industry sector in order

Specifically, we look at the reported (log) number of crime in each district from administrative data split into non-violent and violent crimes (data starting in 2011, means 3.54 for log violent crime and 3.31 for log non-violent crime), from ENAHO whether crime is a major national problem (12.7%), from LAPOP whether they have been a crime victim in the last two months (32.0%) and standardized variables from LAPOP on opinions about neighborhood safety and from Gallup on personal security.

administrative data split into non-violent and violent crimes

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Input: 5 3. Data The data used in this paper have been collected through the Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS). 4 The baseline face-to-face interviews were executed between June and August 2014. The following 12 monthly interviews – from August 2014 until August 2015- were conducted using mobile phones. 5 The original sample comprised 501 respondents (51 % Male, 49 % Female) and was divided between internally displaced people (IDPs) located in the capital city Bamako, 6 refugees living in refugee camps in Mauritania and Niger, as well as returnees living in the regional capitals Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal in Northern Mali. This survey did not collect information on individuals who were never displaced. The attrition rate was very low, always around 1-2 % per wave. We need to stress that the locations were not randomly selected. Bamako was selected because it hosted a large number of IDPs. Furthermore, the main cities in the north of Mali were chosen to obtain a large sample of returnees given the funds available. Finally, a refugee camp was located in Niger since bureaucratic issues did not allow the inclusion of a camp in Burkina Faso. Nevertheless, households were selected randomly within each location. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 7253 This paper is a product of the Poverty Global Practice Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http: / / econ. worldbank. org. The authors may be contacted at jlendorfer @ worldbank. org and jhoogeveen @ worldbank. org. This paper analyzes the impact of the 2012 crisis in Mali on internally displaced people, refugees and returnees. It uses information from a face-to-face household survey as well as follow-up interviews with its respondents via mobile phones. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Government officials repeatedly banned opposition demonstrations, fired teargas and live bullets at peaceful protesters, shut media outlets, and prevent opposition leaders from moving freely75. According to UNHCR, there are over 2 million IDPs in the DRC, and over 450, 000 refugees. In year 2016, there were about 13, 000 returned refugees and 619, 000 returned IDPs. “ Dozens of armed groups remained active in eastern Congo, many of their commanders have been implicated in war crimes, including ethnic massacres, killing of civilians, rape, forced recruitment of children and pillage. 76 ” Economic Opportunity 73 CIA the World Factbook, Sudan, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / su. html 74 CIA, the World Factbook, https: / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the ‐ world ‐ factbook / geos / cg. html 75 Human Rights Watch, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / democratic ‐ republic ‐ congo 76 Human Rights Watch, DRC, https: / / www. hrw. org / world ‐ report / 2017 / country ‐ chapters / democratic ‐ republic ‐ congo Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: These may include skills on how to write a CV, prepare for job interviews, business and entrepreneurial skills to start a business, etc. In this regard, the mechanism for improving social cohesion values appears to have come from inter-community volunteering activities, rather than improvements in soft skills. (c) IMPACTS ON LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES While the NVSP was designed primarily to improve social cohesion values among participating Lebanese youth, it was also hoped that engaging them in volunteering activities, coupled with soft skills training, would enhance their employability and thus increase their chances of employment. At baseline, half of the selected and non-selected volunteers were active and searching for a job. Among them, 49 percent reported being unemployed, 31 percent wage employed, 13 percent employed in unpaid jobs, and 7 percent self-employed (see table 1). Those active volunteers were older in age than the rest of volunteers who reported being inactive in the study ’ s sample (with an average age of 21 and closer to labor market insertion). One year later, it appears that many of 19 Our interpretation that offered soft skills are likely too basic for this pool of volunteers is provided given the scale that we used in the questionnaire to test their knowledge on soft skills. We cannot rule out the possibility that had we used a different scale, we might have found an impact, either negative or positive. Usage context: primary mention, background mention, supporting mention.

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Input: 20 Note: Poverty is defined as the percent of the population living with less than $ 2 a day (World Development Indicators database). The annual number of refugees in each country is given by the Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). 4. 2. Lessons from Case Studies in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda Given the limits of cross ‐ country comparisons, we present below three short case studies on the impact of protracted refugee situations on hosting communities. These case studies were not chosen based on a systematic review but they are sufficiently close to each other to allow for comparative learning. These case studies are also those emerging from a growing literature on the quantitative assessment of the impact of refugees on hosting communities (Mabiso et al. 2014). Case Study # 1: The protracted refugee situations in Tanzania Tanzania has been known as a refugee ‐ hosting country for long due to its peaceful history and its location surrounded by conflict ‐ affected countries (Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Mozambique). The first president of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, welcomed most of refugees as a sign of pan ‐ African solidarity in the post ‐ independence periods from many African nations. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 100 Eritrean (camps) Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Ethiopian refugee camp Ethiopian city Country of birth Other African country Western country Percent Figure 4.2: Expected location in three years Refugees’ Aspirations 40 Most refugees hope to go to a Western country in the next three years. When asked in the SESRE where they would like to live in three years, most refugees say they would like to live in a Western country. This rate is highest among OCP refugees (90 percent) and Eritreans in camps (83 percent), lower in Somali camps (66 percent), and lowest in South Sudanese camps (29 percent). More Somalis and South Sudanese hope to stay in Ethiopian refugee camps than Eritreans. South Sudanese refugees stand out in that almost 20 percent hope to return to their country of birth in the next three years, while this rate is meager for other groups. Despite the low probability of being resettled, refugees hold an unrealistically high belief that they will migrate to a Western country in the next three years. To distinguish between desires and expectations of reality, in addition to asking households where they hope to live in three years, the SESRE also asks where

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Input: in Refugees With Clinically Established Psychopathology. Psychiatrike= Psychiatriki. Tsolak, D., and Bürmann, M. (2023). Making the Match: The Importance of Local Labor Markets for the Employment Prospects of Refugees. Social Sciences, 12,339. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060339 Tumen, S. (2019). Refugees and ‘Native Flight’ from Public to Private Schools. Economics Letters, 154 - 159. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.030. Tumen, S. (2021). The Effect of Refugees on Native Adolescents’ Test Scores: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from PISA. Journal of Development Economics, 150, 102633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102633. UNHCR. (2020). Coming Together for Refugee Education. Education Report 2020. UNHCR. (2020a). Ethiopia Refugee Education Strategy: Towards inclusion. UNHCR. (2020b). Ethiopia Fact Sheet: September 2020. UNHCR. (2020c). Ethiopia 2019 Summary Pledge Progress Report. UNHCR. (2020d). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5ee200e37.pdf UNHCR. (2021). Global Compact on Refugees Indicator Report 2021. UNHCR. (2022). Refugee Settlement Profile: Alemwach. UNHCR. (2022a). Ethiopia Annual Results Report 2022. UNHCR. (2022b). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/publications/brochures/62a9d1494/ global-trends-report-2021.html. UNHCR. (2022c). Ethiopia Country Refugee Response Plan (ECRRP) Jan Dec 2022. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/ details/94099 UNHCR. (2022d). Serdo Refugee Camp Profile April 2022. https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/details/92436 UNHCR. (2022e). “Global Report 2021.” http://reporting.unhcr.org/globalreport2021/pdf. 81 UNHCR. (2023). Ethiopia Global Refugee Forum Pledge Progress Report. UNHCR. (2023a). Addis Ababa Quarterly Urban Factsheet, April 2023. UNHCR. (2023b).

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Input:
However, the carbon savings and reduced deforestation will only be realized if the stoves

continue to be consistently used (Simon et al. 2012). The results from the choice experiment

In this paper we use a choice experiment survey to elicit preferences for improved stoves

that used a stove satisfaction survey and controlled cooking tests to evaluate actual Mirt Stoves.

8 In a stove satisfaction survey 100% of the users rated the MIRT stoves as good or very good, 90% said that they would buy the stove at full market price.

choice experiment survey
stove satisfaction survey

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Input: appear to be a relationship between perceptions of the helpfulness of donors and non-state actors and the willingness to defer to the police and to the courts. Individuals who believe that donors and non-state actors exert too much, rather than, too little inﬂuence over one ’ s government is associated with the willingness to defer to the court and to the police. Findings also suggest that citizens who believe non-state actors are responsible for provid- ing law and order are less likely to be willing to defer to the police and to the courts than respondents who believe the state is responsible for providing law and order. 7. 4 Conclusion This paper demonstrates that the logic of the ﬁscal contract is relevant to a wide variety of contemporary African states. Findings from a cross-national analysis of survey data from Africa link citizens ’ legitimating beliefs — in- dicated by a willingness to defer to the tax department, the police and the courts — to a government ’ s fulﬁllment of a ﬁscal contract. Citizens who are satisﬁed with their government ’ s provision of services and goods are more likely to be willing to defer to the tax department, courts and police than citizens who disapprove of government service provision. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: Figure 4: Refugees and Asylum-Seekers by Migratory Path 1951 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends 2015 Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: Page 19 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys Finally, we analyze the trends in the task content performed by non-standard workers following the task methodology following the methodology proposed by Acemoglu and Autor (2011). Figure 13 presents the variation in the task content index by non-standard workers vis-a-vis standard workers. A first general view suggests that non-routine cognitive task content of jobs (both analytical and interpersonal) increased in both NSE and SE even though we have some exceptions. Indeed, the only countries where non-standard employment shows a less intense profile in non-routine cognitive analytical tasks are Peru and the Dominican Republic. Additionally, Chile and El Salvador show a virtually null change in the intensity of this kind of tasks. In the case of standard employment, the change in the profile towards non-routine cognitive analytical tasks is even more obvious (the Dominican Republic is the only exception). A similar scenario is recorded in the case of the intensity of non-routine cognitive interpersonal tasks, even though in this case the trend is more pronounced in both, standard and non-standard employment. Additionally, the trends in SE and NSE are more correlated for this type of tasks. The evolution of the intensity in the routine cognitive tasks in the last two decades in NSE presents a much more heterogeneous picture.

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Input: A significant increase in non-participation among men can be clearly seen in the West Bank in 2020Q2, mostly at the expense of the private infor- mal sector. The labor market then quickly bounces back. By 2020Q3, labor market stocks in the West Bank appear indistinguishable from pre-pandemic periods. Gaza, on the other hand, experienced three consecutive quarters of depressed employment from 2020Q2 to 2020Q4. Non-participation spiked twice, first in 2020Q2 and then in 2020Q4, corresponding respectively to the initial lockdown orders and the subsequent outbreak in Gaza. Recovery also appears to be slow and uneven. Figure (3) shows the labor market flows. We exploit the specific panel structure of the LFS dataset, described in Section 3. 1 by focusing on one cohort of the same respon- dents who were surveyed in 2019Q1, 2019Q2, 2020Q1, 2020Q2, and finally 2020Q4. This cohort of individuals allows us to observe labor market transitions into the pan- demic; to compare with a period over the same quarters in 2019; and, finally, to observe their recovery outcomes in 2020Q4. Overall, Figure (3) shows two labor markets with high levels of churning. On average, 29 % of individuals in the sample would change their labor market states after just one quarter. These churns are especially prominent between informal employment and unemployment, and in Gaza between unemployment and non-participation. The figure also illustrates the significant differences between the West Bank and Gaza in labor market dynamics, differences already observed in the labor market stocks presented in Figure (1). In addition to the significant flows between unemployment 11 Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input: 3 trust in the government and its institutions and perspectives on conflict resolution. By analyzing the impact of the crisis on welfare, the consequences of returning home versus remaining in displacement and by comparing immediate with longer term impacts, this paper contributes to the literature on refugee, IDP and returnee populations. The paper combines data from a face-to-face baseline survey with information collected via mobile phone interviews from respondents identified during the baseline. This innovative approach to data collection makes it possible to collect welfare data with high frequency (monthly) – important in a volatile crisis situation – and allows measuring changes over time. It also permits following displaced and refugee households once they return, even if they return to areas that are inaccessible to enumerators. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief overview of the methodology, the sample and sample selection. Section 3 discusses the characteristics of the displaced and returnees, looking specifically at ethnic composition, place of origin, household size, education, asset ownership and employment status. Section 4 considers how the crisis affected food consumption, employment, assets and school attendance. Section 5 is devoted to the specificities of returnees who turn out to be, on aggregate, less affected by the crisis and better off than IDPs or refugees. Usage context: primary mention, supporting mention, background mention.

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Input:
This paper contributes to the existing literature, by focusing on the impact of drought on poverty in
Somalia. Four consecutive seasons of poor rains between April 2016 and December 2017 resulted in a
severe drought across Somalia (FEWSNET, 2018). The drought exacerbated preexisting food insecurity, as
half of the population faced acute food insecurity in mid-2017 (FEWSNET, 2016; FSNAU, 2017). The
drought threatened the livelihoods of many Somalis.

This analysis uses a regression framework similar to Hill and Porter (2016) to estimate the effect of the
drought on poverty and consumption. To isolate the drought effect, the analysis exploits two
characteristics of the SHFS data set. First, fieldwork timing was such that data were collected before the
drought shock (wave 1) and during the drought (wave 2), allowing for a before-and-after comparison.

Journal of
Development Economics 106, 132-143.
Dercon, S., Krishnan, P., 2000. Vulnerability, seasonality and poverty in Ethiopia. The Journal of
Development Studies 36, 25-53.
FEWSNET, F., 2018.

Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit - Somalia and Famine Early Warning Systems Network. FSNAU, 2017. Special Brief: Focus on Post Gu 2017 Early Warning.

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Input:
Rural households are more likely to openly defecate compared to  urban households (DHS, 2015).

Rural households are about twice as likely to have access to unimproved sanitation compared to their urban counterparts (DHS, 2014).

[4]  Sixty-five percent of the households in the country have access to a private sanitation facility in  2014 (DHS, 2016).

In 2014, only 45 percent of the households had a private improved sanitation facility -  an increase from 39 percent in 2011 (DHS, 2016).

pdf 2   <!-- PAGE 5 --> an unshared toilet facility compared to urban households (DHS, 2016).

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Input: They then developed a series of questions that they could ask this person to understand their per- ception of social cohesion. This participatory process based on “ personas ” developed a better understanding of the concepts and outlined key questions that participants felt were relevant to social cohesion in eastern DRC. The ﬁndings from the seven focus groups were combined to draw a single concept map (Figure 3). Together, the participants outlined three broad domains that can be subsequently divided into dimensions, sub-dimensions, and ﬁnally indicators. Some overlap between dimensions is unavoid- able because of the conceptual proximity of many of the topics discussed in the focus groups. As such, the three domains of social cohesion, as well as their respective dimensions and sub dimen- sions, are interrelated. These represent a subjective and synthesized conceptualization of social cohesion in eastern DRC according to Congolese participants. Three main domains emerged as particularly salient for focus group participants: solidarity, relationships and governance. Usage context: supporting mention, background mention, primary mention.

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Input: 20 of intense conflict. We examine also the overall impact of the 25 years of conflict on educational outcomes. This analysis allows us to consider the full long-term impact of the conflict on educational outcomes of different generations of children in Timor Leste. 4. 2. 1. The educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence We exploit variation in the number of killings over time and across districts to identify conflict affected individuals. Our intention here is to analyze whether individuals exposed to the violence during their primary school age show different primary school completion rates eight years after the end of the war, relative to those not affected by the conflict. The outcome variable in which we are interested is whether individuals completed primary school in 2007. Figure 7 shows average primary school attainment for all individuals in our sample. The graph shows an increasing trend in primary school completion across cohorts and a progressive reduction of the gender gap. The gap among the younger cohort (those born after 1987) is almost zero. The drop in the curve for the younger cohort confirms the presence of significant delays in school attendance. For the purpose of this analysis, we use the TLSS 2007 dataset and the HRVD dataset contained in the CAVR data publication.

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Input:
Fortunately, there is a very large national longitudinal dataset from Taiwan (China), which permits a robust estimation of the impact of mother's HBV status on sex ratios at birth.

However, a large medical dataset from Taiwan (China) shows that hepatitis B infection raises women's probability of having a son by only 0.25 percent.

However, the findings from the detailed medical dataset from Taiwan (China), indicate that she has massively overestimated the impact of maternal hepatitis B infection on the sex ratio at birth.

She therefore compiles data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) carried out in 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, cautioning that these survey data suffer from defects such as recall bias.

Her third approach uses United States census data to look for patterns in the sex ratios of children born to Chinese immigrants, who are assumed to have levels of HBV prevalence similar to their place of origin.

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
United States census data

national longitudinal dataset from Taiwan

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Input: Challenges around skill mismatch exacerbate exclusion, as many young Lebanese lack the skills and competencies demanded by private sector employers, particularly ‘ soft skills ’. To address some of these challenges, the Lebanese government (GOL) identified volunteerism as a mechanism to enable diverse youth to work together for improved community assets and service delivery as well as increased employability. In September 2012, the GOL issued a Decree (Number 8924 / 2012) that created a new extra curriculum program that requires secondary school students to complete 60 hours of civil work. In addition, the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA), through its Volunteering Department, launched annual action plans for the implementation of youth volunteer summer camps across Lebanon. 4 Father ’ s education and residence (region and location of school) are the two largest contributors to inequality of opportunity in students ’ math test scores, accounting for 44 and 23 percent of total inequality, respectively (World Bank, 2016). 5 According to the 2013 Gallup Poll, 90 percent of respondents in Lebanon agreed with the statement that knowing people in high positions is critical to getting a job. Usage context: supporting mention, primary mention, background mention.

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Input: received/ reported by refugees, refugees’ food expenditures would be much more comparable to those of hosts (Based on this information, we compare how the distribution list shared what refugees should have received to what they reported regarding food consumption. The results show that refugees reported quantities lower than UNHCR food aid admin data for every item except Biscuits. Refugee households still report lower quantities, even correcting for shares indicated as sold (Table E.2). Table E.3: Aggregate food expenditures Value/year (per capita) Value/year (per adult) Food expenditure (all) [A] 11,412 13,898 Food expenditure (UNHCR items only) [B] 3,528 4,335 Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind) [C] 11,313 13,933 Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind + cash) [D] 16,179 19,965 Source: UNHCR and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Food expenditure (all): aggregate food expenditure. Food expenditure (UNHCR items only): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items only Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices Food expenditure (UNHCR in-kind + cash): aggregate food expenditure from UNHCR items valued using SESRE prices plus the cash equivalent transfers Annexes 126 Food aid data received from WFP Food aid information received information from the WFP includes five food items and their

WFP Food aid information
UNHCR food aid admin data

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Input:
`o` Respondents were selected randomly from the ProGres database out of the total pool of beneficiaries
who received the assistance from August to November 2021.

`o` With a 95% confidence level, and 7% for confidence interval, the sample size needed for the total of
households (HH) assisted was 182. Nevertheless, a total of 400 HH were selected to address the high
mobility and lack of phone numbers on record.

`o` A total of 174 households answered, out of which 141 were headed by women.

- Limitations and challenges faced:

`o` PoCs are usually registered at the border state of Roraima; however, many individuals continue their
journey to the country resulting, on most occasions, in a change of phone number. As data is collected
using phone calls, this represents a real challenge. An alternative was to reach respondents through
WhatsApp for those that were not initially answering.

`o` This monitoring exercise was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, under the impact of restrictive
measures to combat the spread of the disease.

### 3.KEY FINDINGS

**Household demographics**

- Average household size 3.8

- Nationalities: 97% Venezuelans and 3% other

nationalities

- Number of people by age group who live in the

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Input: Page 7 of 51 In this sense, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that the non-standard employment statistics presented below are not homogeneous among countries. In countries where both forms of non- standard employment were identified, we define non-standard employment as those occupations that satisfy at least one of the conditions, that is, either corresponds to a part-time occupation or a temporary job. In countries where temporary employment was not identified in the data, our non- standard employment category will coincide with part-time employment. Note that in either case, as other non-standard employment modalities are not identified, the indicators presented in this paper indicate a lower level with respect to the true dimension of the phenomenon. The only aspect addressed that required the use of additional information was the analysis linked to the profile of tasks that are developed in the framework of non-standard jobs. To carry out this analysis, the information available in the O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database was used in conjunction with the Household surveys. This database provides information referring to the content of tasks of the occupations.

O * NET (Occupational Information Network) database

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Input: 10 inflow). We then use the composite variable as an instrument to identify the causal impact of refugee presence on livelihood diversification and commercialization in host communities. Figure 2: Household livelihood strategy framework under refugee inflow Source: Adapted from Nielsen et al. (2013) and Walelign and Jiao (2017) 4. Data sources The major data source of the current study is the World Bank ’ s Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) 12 baseline survey from Ethiopia. The Ethiopia DRDIP survey was administered between September 2017 and August 2018. The survey covers 113 Kebeles (wards) in 16 Woredas (districts) from the top five refugee-hosting regions in Ethiopia. The selection of the sample households follows stratified random sampling with proportion to size (the number of households) using Woredas as a geographic stratum. The sample originally comprised a total of 3, 390 households, who were selected using systematic random sampling within each Woreda. We used data from 3, 375 households, as 15 of them were excluded due to missing location information (GPS). Usage context: background mention, primary mention, supporting mention.

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Input:
**Several key messages emerge.** **First, SOEs in Romania were larger-employed more people and had**
**larger assets per worker-and paid better wages, on average, than their POE peers from 2011 to**
**2019.** On average, they had lower revenue per worker than POEs over the same period. These results are
robust for the various SOE ownership degrees (i.e., minority and majority owned SOEs) and align with
other studies. In addition, the average SOE experienced higher job growth, investment, and labor
productivity growth but slower wage growth than the average POE over the same period. Nevertheless,
these growth effects are not uniform across the various ownership degrees.

employment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sector size in economy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations **[†]** 704 704 704 704 704 704 704 697 704 704 Within R-squared **[†]** 0.095 0.009 0.039 0.267 0.147 0.193 0.046 0.072 0.045 0.040 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019.

<!-- PAGE 43 -->
Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data from 2018 to 2020. The sample includes all firms. Growth is calculated as the difference between the values
in year t and t-1 divided by the average of the values in year t and t-1.

5 According to the World Bank Businesses of the State database, SOEs with at least 10% state ownership accounted for 3.6% of the formal employment as of 2019 in Romania.

(2022b) to supplement the World Bank BOS database.

World Bank Businesses of the State database

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