Input:
**The World Bank**
Sudan Basic Education Emergency Support Project (P172812)

**B. Project Components**

30. The project design is guided by the following principles: (a) rapid response to support schools in light of the deteriorating economic conditions; (b) lessons learned from past education projects, in particular Basic Education Recovery Project (BERP) (P128644); (c) government ownership and priorities aligned to the 2018-2022 Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP); and (d) complementarity with other donor funded projects to fill strategic gaps.

31. Attainment of the proposed PDO will be based on the Government’s achievement of results in the first component: (a) school grants program, which will include providing support to schools to improve learning environment and practices. The project will operate at system and school levels, targeting all public schools.

**Component 1: School Grants Program (US$11.275 million).**

32. This component will support provision of school grants to improve learnining environments and school planning. School grants will aim to: _(i) Incentivize parents’ engagement to reduce the risk of students (especially girls) dropping out_ . While basic education is officially free in Sudan, currently, families contribute greatly to education expenditures at the school level. As the economic situation has deteriorated, many vulnerable families may lose the ability to pay for basic services and pull the children out of school (especially girls). Furthermore, families may face challenges to provide the pupils with basic requirements for schooling, such as uniform, school bags, exercise books, etc. School Grants can play an important role in mitigating the expected economic shock on the most vulnerable and help reduce the education cost burdens during the hard time. It can also help provide girls in the upper primary grades with necessary packages such as sanitary napkins to encourage their retention.

_(ii) Support teachers to reduce absenteeism_ . Due to high inflation rates, teacher remuneration has been deteriorating in real terms, posing the risk of teachers leaving schools temporarily or permanently for alternative livelihood pathways. The School Grants may be used to support teachers (in cash or in-kind).

_(iii) Support the learning environment_ . School Grants are expected to be an important source of funding for the targeted schools to support the acquisition of basic learning materials, stationery, notebooks, classrooms furniture and equipment which contribute to improving the learning environment to attract and retain pupils and teachers, especially females in school. A list of eligible items will be developed and provided to the schools.

_(iv) Improve efficiency by strengthening capacity for participatory planning, budgeting and monitoring at the school_ _level_ . School grants can help disadvantaged schools create a participatory management structure at the school level.
A school profile report that provides information on the school will be provided to each school to support the participatory evidence-based planning process.

_(v) Improve equity in education by helping children in disadvantaged situation including IDPs, refugees, girls_ .
According to the latest Annual School Census, public schools enroll 30 thousand refugee students (in 1,681 schools) and 280 thousand IDPs (in 1,852 schools). While IDP children are concentrated in three Darfur states (68 percent of Page 14 of 40


Input: The recent analysis of the Coastal Resilience Assessment (CRA) highlights significant trends in environmental sustainability across multiple regions. The dataset, which covers the period from 2020 to 2022, has been instrumental in guiding policy decisions in coastal management. While the CRA data has been primarily used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), its utility extends to various stakeholders interested in climate adaptation strategies. The findings indicate that proactive measures taken between 2020 and 2022 have led to improved resilience in several coastal communities, particularly along the Eastern Seaboard. The CRA dataset provides invaluable insights into the effects of climate change and coastal erosion, ensuring that future developments are both sustainable and adaptive.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

environmental sustainability and natural resources


Input: The recent analysis of domestic revenue trends was largely informed by the 2021 Public Finance Assessment Report (PFAR) produced by the Ministry of Finance in Ghana. This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of the revenue collection mechanisms employed during the 2019-2021 period, offering crucial insights into the effectiveness of fiscal policies. Furthermore, the World Bank's Domestic Revenue Database (DRD) has been pivotal in validating these findings, particularly concerning its extensive geographical coverage throughout Africa and Asia. The DRD dataset spans a crucial timeframe from 2015 to 2022, allowing researchers and policymakers to design more effective revenue strategies based on empirical evidence.

Public Finance Assessment Report
Domestic Revenue Database

public financial management and domestic revenue


Input: In recent years, the Digital Connectivity Assessment 2022 (DCA 2022) has provided critical insights into internet accessibility across underserved regions in South America. This dataset, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), has been extensively used by various NGOs, including Connect4Change, to evaluate progress in digital inclusion initiatives. Additionally, the Digital Literacy Survey 2021, administered by Tech Access Alliance, was utilized by several educational organizations to assess the impact of training programs in urban areas of Brazil. This survey, along with the Mobile Adoption Index 2020 (MAI 2020) produced by the World Bank, sheds light on the growth of mobile technology usage among lower-income populations in both rural and metropolitan settings. The MAI 2020 has been referenced by multiple researchers aiming to understand the trends and barriers in mobile technology adoption.

Digital Connectivity Assessment 2022
Digital Literacy Survey 2021
Mobile Adoption Index 2020

International Telecommunication Union
Connect4Change
Tech Access Alliance
World Bank

digital development and technology adoption


Input: The recent analysis of the Digital Inclusion Index (DII) by the Global Connectivity Initiative highlights significant disparities across regions. The DII data, which covers 2020–2022, was published by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and has been instrumental in guiding policy reforms. Additionally, the World Economic Forum (WEF) utilized the DII data to measure technology adoption in low-income countries, particularly focusing on sub-Saharan Africa. The ITU's publication also includes the Technology Access Survey (TAS) 2021, which specifically examines internet access across different demographics in the region, further informing stakeholders about gaps in digital equity. Both datasets are crucial for understanding the ongoing challenges in digital development.

Digital Inclusion Index
DII
Technology Access Survey

International Telecommunications Union
ITU
World Economic Forum
WEF

Digital Inclusion Index
DII
Technology Access Survey


Input: The recent Data on Water Quality and Availability (DWQA) published by the Global Water Institute provides crucial insights into the trends affecting freshwater resources across the Southern Africa region. In 2022, this dataset has been utilized by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to inform regional water management policies. Additionally, the 2021 Forest Assessment Report (FAR) released by the Forestry Research Agency has been referenced by multiple NGOs, including the Eco-Alliance, to advocate for sustainable forestry practices in Mozambique. The FAR also covers extensive data from 2020 to 2021, allowing stakeholders to understand the changes in forest cover and biodiversity in the area.

Data on Water Quality and Availability
Forest Assessment Report

Global Water Institute
Southern African Development Community
Forestry Research Agency
Eco-Alliance


Input: 34 Any statistics on the imputed welfare will based on the set of imputed welfares for each household. The estimator takes the form, with R denotes the number of simulation: ܪ ෡ ൌ 1 ܴ ෍ ݄ ሺݕ ෤ ௥ ሻ ோ ௥ ୀ ଵ where ݄ ሺݕሻ is a function that converts the vector y with (log) incomes for all households into a poverty measure (such as the head-count rate or bottom 40 %), and where ݕ ෤ ௥ denotes the r-th simulated imputed welfare. Figure 6. Survey-to-Survey Imputation Methodology, an illustration For the case of Turkey, we use the Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey to impute to the Labor Force Survey. Income is used instead of consumption for this paper ’ s analysis. The model included variables related to: household demographics (age, gender, age composition, etc.), household characteristics (education, labor activity, etc.), household head ’ s characteristics (age, gender, labor, education, marital status, etc.) and household assets holding (both livestock and durables). Based on that model the simulated values of consumption (at household level) were imputed for the households in the corruption survey.

Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey

Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey


Input: 18 corridor, so only aggregate numbers can be compared. For this comparison, mid-year estimates of the world migrant stock for 1990 – 2000 are taken from the 2008 edition and estimates for the earlier censuses, 1960 – 1980, are taken from the 2005 edition (table 8). The analysis subtracts the estimated number of refugees from the total mid-year estimates of the world migrant stock from the Trends in International Migrant Stock database to yield the net number of migrants in each decade. These numbers are then compared with the decadal estimates generated through this project, both the total and the net, after subtracting estimates of migrants within the Soviet Union for 1960 – 1980 (data for 1990 and 2000 should be directly comparable) and the number of ethnic German migrants added to the German censuses. { Table 8 here} The aggregate estimates are remarkably close (the two net totals), differing at most by around 1 million migrants, except in 1990. There are several possible explanations for these differences. First, the census totals from the current work may not match because censuses do not always make allowances for temporary workers. For example, Singapore ‘ s official 2000 census records 563, 430 foreign-born migrants. The United Nations, however, reports 1, 351, 806 foreign-born migrants for 2000.

Trends in International Migrant Stock database

Trends in International Migrant Stock database


Input: Following the approach used for the Global Costing of Refugee Inclusion, successful inclusion is defined as earning sufficient income to be no longer poor and to consume more than the (international) poverty line. This definition opens two tracks for investigation: first, how much aid would be needed if the policy objective were to bring refugee consumption up to the poverty line. The answer to this question is found by identifying the poverty gap for refugees. This opens the second track which explores the factors that determine, or at least that are associated with, the size of the poverty gap. The note is organized as follows. The next section discusses data and presents some key descriptive statistics on refugees and host communities in Uganda. This is followed by a methodological section discussing how own income and aid are complements and how an analysis of poverty gaps informs about the need for assistance. This is followed by two analytical sections. The first identifies refugee poverty gaps, and assistance needs for refugees with distinct characteristics. The following section estimates how much has been saved by including refugees in the economy and explores how more could be saved. Conclusions follow. 2 The poverty numbers in World Bank (2019) are based on the official poverty line adopted in Uganda in 1997. There was a need to update this line as it was too old and producing a very low poverty rate. For example, using this line produced a national poverty rate of about 21 percent in 2019 / 20 compared to more the than 40 percent international poverty rate using the USD 2. 15 2017 PPP daily poverty line. In order to address this criticism, the poverty line was revised by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in 2021, but it is not available for the 2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey used in this note. Instead, we are using the international poverty line throughout.

2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey

2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey

2018 Refugee and Host Communities Household Survey


Input: The Regional Budget Assessment Report (RBAR) provides critical insights into fiscal management across several countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. This dataset, covering the years 2020 to 2022, highlights the variations in domestic revenue mobilization efforts. Additionally, the 2021 Domestic Expenditure Survey (DES) for Nigeria offers a comprehensive overview of government spending patterns, emphasizing the need for improved financial transparency. Both datasets have been utilized by various organizations, including the African Development Bank, to enhance policy recommendations for better governance. Meanwhile, the National Revenue Analysis 2019 (NRA 2019) focuses on revenue sources and trends in Kenya, but it lacks detailed organizational citations in existing literature.

Regional Budget Assessment Report
Domestic Expenditure Survey
National Revenue Analysis 2019


Input: social cohesion between refugees and host communities, creating a strong foundation for future economic progress. 5. **Building on the gains made, the government’s strategic aim for refugee management is now to promote** **self-reliance.** As one of the four objectives of the GCR, self-reliance is also central to both the National Strategy for Sustainable Graduation and the draft Refugee Sustainable Graduation Strategy. Through successful implementation of the two strategies, the government expects to: (a) reduce expenditure on social safety net programs for Rwandese and humanitarian aid for refugees; and (b) unlock the potential of refugees to support economic development. This will also contribute to key results in Rwanda’s _National Strategy for Transformation 2 (2024-2029)_ on creating jobs, improving education and the quality-of service-delivery. Shifting to a development approach to achieve self-reliance is increasingly urgent in light of dwindling humanitarian assistance. For instance, funding for UNHCR in Rwanda fell from US$49 million in 2020 (only 49 percent of needs) to US$37 million in 2023 (41 percent of needs), despite almost no change in refugee numbers. 6. **Progress towards achieving refugee self-reliance is hampered by a lack of employment and income-** **generating opportunities.** A tailored Refugee Self-Reliance Index (RSRI) prepared by the GoR,


Input: 41 Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /). UNHCR assisted ‐ IDP are compiled based on several UNHCR (1995, 1996, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014) reports. UNHCR ‐ assisted IDPs are only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR. These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country. Many of the world's IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected. Since some adjustments could take place over time, we always use the figures from the last available report.

UNHCR statistical population online dataset

UNHCR statistical population online dataset


Input:
**Several key messages emerge.** **First, SOEs in Romania were larger-employed more people and had**
**larger assets per worker-and paid better wages, on average, than their POE peers from 2011 to**
**2019.** On average, they had lower revenue per worker than POEs over the same period. These results are
robust for the various SOE ownership degrees (i.e., minority and majority owned SOEs) and align with
other studies. In addition, the average SOE experienced higher job growth, investment, and labor
productivity growth but slower wage growth than the average POE over the same period. Nevertheless,
these growth effects are not uniform across the various ownership degrees.

employment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sector size in economy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Industry effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations **[†]** 704 704 704 704 704 704 704 697 704 704 Within R-squared **[†]** 0.095 0.009 0.039 0.267 0.147 0.193 0.046 0.072 0.045 0.040 Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019.

<!-- PAGE 43 -->
Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data from 2018 to 2020. The sample includes all firms. Growth is calculated as the difference between the values
in year t and t-1 divided by the average of the values in year t and t-1.

5 According to the World Bank Businesses of the State database, SOEs with at least 10% state ownership accounted for 3.6% of the formal employment as of 2019 in Romania.

(2022b) to supplement the World Bank BOS database.


Input:
monthly temperature and rainfall data for the period 1961-2000 (CRU), provided for

We compute R [2] 's between CRU and each of the eight GCMs for temperature and rainfall

We require separate benchmarks for the CRU and each of the GCMs. We establish


Input:
Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES, UNHCR Resettlement Statistics Report.   For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhc

**1,729**

**154**

**57**

**53**

**34**

**13**

**12**

**4**

**3**

**2**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**TUR**

**ZAM**

**ETH**

**UGA**

**ANG**

**AFG**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**ETH**

**PAK**

**TUR**

**CAR**

**BOT**

**ERT**

**3,619**

**263**

**235**

**220**

**40**

**36**

**19**

**14**

**8**

**8**


Input: The Climate Impact Assessment (CIA) conducted by the Global Environmental Research Institute (GERI) has provided pivotal insights into climate vulnerabilities across sub-Saharan Africa. This dataset, covering the period from 2015 to 2020, is extensively used by the African Development Bank (AfDB) to inform their investment strategies in resilience-building initiatives. Additionally, the Urban Resilience Index (URI) — published by the Urban Planning Agency (UPA) — is another critical dataset focusing on urban areas in Southeast Asia, aiding organizations like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in assessing city preparedness for disasters. These datasets underscore the collaboration among various entities towards enhancing climate resilience.

Climate Impact Assessment
Urban Resilience Index

Global Environmental Research Institute
African Development Bank
Urban Planning Agency
United Nations Development Programme

climate resilience and disaster risk reduction


Input:
The COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households sample is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas.

The EHCVM sample itself covered 8,390 households across Mali and is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas. The survey relies on a multi-module instrument covering topics including a household's socio-economic characteristics, time use, production activities, and welfare indicators such as consumption expenditure and food security.

use sampling weights derived from the 2018 EHCVM sampling frame and adjusted for response rates

in the COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households. These sampling weights are applied both in our

In this study, we use the FAO's Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as primary outcome of interest. The FIES aims to measure food insecurity based on the direct experiences of people relating to food security (Ballard _et_ _al._, 2013; Smith _et_ _al._, 2017).

COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households

COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households


Input: recently introduced the first version of their Global Internal Displacement Database (GIDD) that allows users to explore, filter and sort IDMC ’ s data to produce graphs and tables, and export underlying data. 102 Such platforms need to incorporate safeguards to protect the privacy and confidentiality of individuals ’ data. UNHCR and Statistics Norway are currently leading an initiative to improve forced displacement statistics with the participation of national statistical agencies. This process began with the presentation of the “ Report on Statistics on Refugees and IDPs ” at the 46th session of the UN Statistical Commission in March 2015, 103 followed by an international conference in Turkey in October 2015. 104 The conference set in motion a process for national statistical agencies to collaborate to develop a set of recommendations that both countries and international organizations can use to improve data collection, reporting, data disaggregation, and overall quality, including the preparation of International Recommendations for Refugee Statistics (IRRS). Progress on this agenda was discussed at the 47th session of UNSD held in New York in March 2016, where it was recommended that the expert group should also include IDPs in its scope of work (UNSD 2016). 105 The current initiative is focused on refugees, asylum-seekers and IDPs but would ideally be extended to host communities and returnees.


Input: The Labor Market Trends Report 2022, published by the National Bureau of Labor Statistics (NBSL), provides comprehensive data on employment patterns across various sectors. This dataset has been extensively used by the Economic Development Agency (EDA) to analyze job growth in urban areas over the past year. Additionally, the Skills Development Assessment (SDA) conducted in 2021 by the International Labor Organization (ILO) focuses on workforce training initiatives and their impacts on employment rates. The findings from the SDA have been cited by local governments in the Midwest region to inform their skills training programs. Furthermore, the Global Employment Database (GED) offers insights from 2019 to 2023 on international labor trends and is referenced by numerous academic institutions worldwide for research purposes.

Labor Market Trends Report 2022
Skills Development Assessment
Global Employment Database

National Bureau of Labor Statistics
Economic Development Agency
International Labor Organization
local governments
numerous academic institutions

employment, labor markets, and skills development


Input: The recent findings from the Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2023 highlight the vital role of data in understanding and enhancing adaptive capacities among vulnerable communities. These insights were meticulously compiled and published by the International Institute for Climate Policy (IICP), which specializes in climate resilience studies. In addition to providing valuable research, the report has also been referenced by various NGOs working on disaster risk reduction initiatives globally.

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2023

International Institute for Climate Policy

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2023

International Institute for Climate Policy

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2023


Input: The Global Manufacturing Index (GMI) 2020, published by the International Trade Organization, serves as a crucial benchmark for assessing industry performance across nations. This dataset is especially utilized by the Economic Analysis Bureau for their annual reports on global economic competitiveness. Additionally, the Trade and Employment Assessment Report (TEAR) from 2021, produced by the World Labor Council, explores the interplay between trade policies and employment rates in various countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. It has been heavily referenced by the Asian Development Bank in their studies on labor market dynamics. Both datasets provide valuable insights into the economic landscape, with TEAR focusing on the specific context of countries like Vietnam and Thailand.

Global Manufacturing Index
Trade and Employment Assessment Report

International Trade Organization
Economic Analysis Bureau
World Labor Council
Asian Development Bank

trade, industry, and economic competitiveness


Input: The 2022 Digital Connectivity Report, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), provides comprehensive insights into internet access across various regions. In turn, this report was utilized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess the impact of connectivity on educational outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, the Youth Technology Adoption Survey (YTAS) conducted by TechAccess in 2021 highlights the digital skills gap among the youth in urban areas. This makes it a valuable resource for NGOs working in digital literacy initiatives, particularly in countries like Nigeria and Kenya.

Digital Connectivity Report
Youth Technology Adoption Survey

International Telecommunication Union
United Nations Development Programme
TechAccess


Input: The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) provides a comprehensive assessment of a country's commitment to sustainability practices. Published by the Global Environment Institute, the ESI utilizes data collected in 2022 to evaluate various environmental indicators across different regions. Through this index, policymakers can identify areas for improvement and track progress over time.


Input: 7 All data collection is done by GISSE a research institute in Bamako. The anonymized unit record data of the baseline and the monthly surveys can be downloaded from www. gisse. org. The response rate for the phone interviews has been very high (Table 1): after 6 rounds of monthly interviews the original sample is almost entirely intact. The low level of attrition demonstrates that mobile phone samples can be maintained over prolonged periods without being unduly affected by (non-random) respondent drop-out. 3. Characteristics of the Displaced and Returnee Population According to the 2009 population census, the two most sizeable ethnic groups in northern Mali are the Songhai (45 %) and Kel Tamasheq (32 %)-- see Table 2. The crisis brought about an ethnic divide, which is reflected in the composition of the three sub-samples. The majority of IDPs and returnees are Songhai (75 % and 71 % respectively), while the majority of refugees are Kel Tamasheq. Results suggest that the decision of where to flee was determined by ethnicity: Kel Tamasheq and Arabs left the country; Songhai fled towards Bamako.


Input:
wages and reduced over-education for migrants working in licensed jobs, while producing worse labour market outcomes for those who did not gain licensure.
According to Peterson et al. (2014), over the 1973–2010 period, U.S. states with more stringent occupational licensing for migrant physicians received fewer new migrant physicians and struggled more with staffing shortages in healthcare. Aleksynska and Tritah (2013) quoted data that migrants in France were denied legal access to approximately 30% of jobs in the country.

Ukrainian refugees Polish citizens Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on mid-2024 SEIS UNHCR survey (Ukrainian refugees’ educational attainment), 2023 Eurostat Labour Force Survey Eurostat (Polish citizens educational attainment), and mid-2024 ZUS administrative data (occupational groups).

**Chart 21. Share of regulated professions by citizenship and legal status, Q2 2024**

**The educational premium seems**

**to be lower for Ukrainian refugees**

**compared to the general workforce**


Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

biometric and individual data of asylum-seekers in the UNHCR-managed refugee management database,
ensuring that this process remains distinct from the registration of an asylum application carried out strictly
by CNARR.

Article 31 of the 2020 Law and Article 73 of the 2023 Decree outline that refugees are entitled by the
competent authorities to be issued with civil status documents including birth certificates, death certificates
and marriage certificates on par with nationals. Furthermore, the specific legal framework on civil status
[documents consists of the National Civil Status Code and Law No. 008/PR/2013 of 10 May 2013, governing](http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Loi-no-13-08-Etat-Civil-10-mai-2013.pdf)
civil status organizations in the Republic of Chad. Under Decree No. 660/PR/PM/MATSP/2015, establishing
the modalities of application of the Law of 10 May 2013, all births in Chad are subject to a mandatory
registration requirement. In line with this universal principle of civil registration, all foreigners, including
refugees and asylum-seekers to whom vital events have occurred in Chad, are allowed to benefit from civil
registry services on par with nationals. Additionally, [Ordinance No. 002/PR/2020](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Ordonnance-002-PR-2020-Etat-Civil-14-fevrier-2020.pdf) on the organization of civil
status in the Republic of Chad has extended the registration delay for births to three months.

UNHCR-managed refugee management database

UNHCR-managed refugee management database

UNHCR-managed refugee management database


Input: The recent analyses conducted by the Geospatial Insights Group utilized data from the Global Land Use Mapping Project (GLUMP) 2020, which was published by the International Remote Sensing Association. This dataset, focusing on land cover changes in Southeast Asia, provides critical insights into urban expansion and deforestation rates. In addition, the Environmental Monitoring Network leveraged the GLUMP data in their 2021 study on environmental sustainability initiatives across Indonesia. The collaboration emphasizes the importance of accurate land use data in informing policy decisions and enhancing resource management in the region.

International Remote Sensing Association

International Remote Sensing Association

geospatial analysis, remote sensing, and land use mapping


Input: The Digital Inclusion Survey 2022 (DIS-2022) offers valuable insights into technology adoption across various sectors in urban areas of Brazil. Conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Digital Studies, this dataset captures the trends of internet and mobile device usage among different demographic groups within the country. The findings from DIS-2022 are increasingly referenced by policy makers and researchers aiming to enhance digital equity in the region. Moreover, the survey spans a critical period of technological growth and social adaptation, making it a pivotal resource for ongoing studies in digital development.


Input: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFS Annual Financial Statement BERP Basic Education Recovery Project BESP Basic Education Support Project DA Designated Account DPs Development Partners ESA Education Sector Analysis ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ( ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan ESPIG Education Sector Program Implementation Grant FM Financial Management GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrollment Rate GOS Government of Sudan GPE Global Partnership for Education IDP Internally Displaced Person IFT Interim unaudited Financial Reports ISN Interim Strategy Note ISP Intermediary Support Provider MOE Ministry of Education MOFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning NAC National Audit Chamber NER Net Enrollment Rate NHBPS National Household Budget and Poverty Survey NLA National Learning Assessment OOSC Out-of-School-Children PCU Project Coordination Unit PFS Project Financial Statements PDO Project Development Objective PPSD Project Procurement Strategy for Development PSC Project Steering Committee PTA Parents and Teachers Association PTR Pupil-teacher Ratio SDG Sudanese Pounds SOE Statement of Expenditures SRR Social Risk Rating SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USD United States Dollar WDR World Development Report

National Household Budget and Poverty Survey

National Household Budget and Poverty Survey


Input: The countries that are the largest source of refugees include: Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Iraq, Myanmar, and Eritrea (UNHCR, 2017). These countries account for the vast majority of refugees worldwide. We will also consider three countries in Europe that are an important source of asylum seekers in Europe, and whose recognition rate is low, and account for many returnees – these are Kosovo, Serbia and Albania. Is return possible and safe, and if so, does the economic situation bode well to provide essentials, namely a job, housing, education and reliable public services? It is helpful to identify three groups of countries: ones that are still mired in war and / or high ‐ intensity civil conflicts, countries where medium ‐ intensity conflict persist and are already in the process of rebuilding, and countries which are not in conflict. According to the Armed Conflict Survey (IISS 2017), high ‐ intensity conflict is defined by frequent (daily) armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents, or among non ‐ state armed groups that control territory.


Input: In 2022, the Economic Competitiveness Survey (ECS) provided critical insights into the trade dynamics within Southeast Asia. Conducted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), this dataset has been extensively utilized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in their recent policy reports. The ECS aims to assess various economic factors over the 2020–2022 period, focusing primarily on countries like Thailand and Vietnam. Additionally, the Manufacturing Growth Review (MGR) 2021, published by the International Trade Centre (ITC), is instrumental in understanding sector-specific growth trends and is often cited by regional development agencies. Together, these datasets form a comprehensive overview of the economic landscape in the region, guiding policymakers and stakeholders alike.

Economic Competitiveness Survey
ECS
Manufacturing Growth Review
MGR

Asian Development Bank
World Trade Organization
International Trade Centre


Input:
Climate data came from two sources: US Defense Department satellites and weather station
observations. We relied on the satellite data for temperature observations and the ground station
data for interpolated precipitation observations (Mendelsohn et al. 2006). Soil data were obtained
from the FAO digital soil map of the world CD ROM. The data was extrapolated to the district
level using GIS (Geographical Information System). The dataset reports 116 dominant soil types.

These climate scenarios reflect the A1 scenarios in the IPCC's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC 2001) from the following models: Canadian Climate Center (CCC) (Boer et al.

These climate scenarios reflect the A1 scenarios in the IPCC's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC 2001) from the following models: Canadian Climate Center (CCC), Center for Climate System Research (CCSR), and Parallel Climate Model (PCM). For each climate scenario, we add the climate model's predicted change

��

<!-- PAGE 12 -->
in temperature to the baseline temperature in each district. We also multiply the climate models
predicted percentage change in precipitation by the baseline precipitation in each district or
province. This gives us a new climate for every district in Africa.


Input:
Malaita is one of largest of the Solomon Islands, with an estimated population of 170,883 (according to
2012/13 HIES). The three primary roads of Malaita, namely the North Road (112.2 km), South Road (75.6
km) and East Road (41.7 km), together constitute nearly 60% of the road network on the island and carry
the majority of vehicular traffic (Figure 1). These roads connect 19 of the 33 wards and provide access to
70% of the population.

It combines nationally representative pre- pandemic household survey data with follow-up phone survey data from Mali and exploits sub- national variation in the intensity of pandemic-related disruptions between urban and rural areas.

We combine nationally representative data collected between October 2018 and July 2019 with follow-up phone survey data collected between May and June 2020.


Input: The Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022 highlights the significant advancements made in public transportation systems across several metropolitan areas. This report, which covers the period from 2018 to 2022, provides a detailed analysis of infrastructure projects implemented in cities like New York, London, and Tokyo. By examining these case studies, analysts can better understand the impact of innovative transport solutions on urban mobility. The findings are crucial for policymakers and urban planners who are looking to enhance city connectivity and reduce congestion. Source: elaboration based on Urban Infrastructure Assessment Report (UIAR).

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure Assessment Report
UIAR

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure and Transportation Assessment Report 2022

urban infrastructure and transportation planning


Input:
In terms of statistically insignificant effects, Block et al. (2004) examine the effect of Indonesia's drought and financial crisis of 1997-98 using time-age-cohort decomposition analyses employing high-frequency nutrition data.

With regards to social shocks, in Rwanda, Akresh et al. (2011) find that an additional month of exposure to civil war lowers child HAZ by 0.11 SD. Using qualitative data, the authors argue that this effect is due to increased theft of livestock or crops and exposure to water- and vector-borne diseases, with internal displacement driving this exposure to disease.

7 Measurement error in consumption data could be behind this.

We use weather data taken from the _Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01_ compiled by

We use recent global sub-national aggregated output data (Kummu, Taka and Guillaume 2018a) derived from

Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01

Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation Version 4.01


Input: The Climate Change Impact Assessment Report 2022, published by the Global Environmental Agency (GEA), provides a comprehensive overview of the anticipated effects of climate change on various ecosystems. This report, which focuses on data from multiple regions including Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, has been extensively used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to inform their sustainable development initiatives. Furthermore, the Biodiversity Monitoring Database (BMD) managed by the Environmental Research Institute (ERI) offers crucial data from 2019 to 2021 regarding biodiversity changes across the same geographical areas, facilitating collaborative research with local universities and NGOs.

Climate Change Impact Assessment Report 2022

Global Environmental Agency
United Nations Development Programme
Environmental Research Institute

Climate Change Impact Assessment Report 2022

Climate Change Impact Assessment Report 2022

Climate Change Impact Assessment Report 2022


Input: The Women’s Economic Participation Survey (WEPS) conducted by the International Research Institute (IRI) in 2022 revealed significant barriers to women's access to the labor market in South Asia. This survey data was subsequently analyzed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to inform their upcoming initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality. Additionally, the Global Gender Equity Index (GGEI) compiled by the World Economic Forum provides annual insights on gender disparities across various regions, including Africa and Asia, with the latest report covering the years 2020–2022. Both the WEPS and GGEI datasets are pivotal for understanding the complexities surrounding women's economic empowerment globally.

Women’s Economic Participation Survey
Global Gender Equity Index

International Research Institute
United Nations Development Programme
World Economic Forum

gender equality and women's economic empowerment


Input: years (Figure ES.1). Even when asked where they would realistically be in the next three years, one-third of refugees believe that they will live in a Western country (Figure ES.2). The intention to migrate abroad is higher for youth. Refugees also perceive they have less control over their lives than hosts, a result driven by South Sudanese refugees. These intentions to migrate combined with low “locus of control” (LOC) may limit refugees’ investment in improving their livelihoods or to integrate. Welfare and Equity In-camp refugees are poorer than their hosts. While monetary poverty appears to be high in refugee- concentrated areas, it is more prevalent among in-camp refugees than their hosts or OCP refugees (Figure ES.3). Welfare varies significantly over the different groups of refugees in Ethiopia, with Eritrean refugees having the lowest poverty incidence and South Sudanese refugees the highest. Although poverty incidence is higher for refugees, the high 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100 Eritrean (camps) Somali South Sudanese OCP All Refugees Ethiopian refugee camp Ethiopian city Country of birth Other African country Western country Figure ES.1: Desired location in three years Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 20 40 60 80 Percent 100


Input: The analysis of food security trends relies heavily on the Global Food Security Assessment (GFSA), which provides comprehensive data from 2015 to 2022. This dataset is essential for policymakers and researchers alike as it covers various geographical regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The GFSA is published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which ensures that the data is both reliable and robust for assessing food security challenges. Additionally, the National Agriculture Monitoring Survey (NAMS) offers insights into agricultural productivity in 2020, focusing specifically on the United States. While the NAMS does not have an acronym assigned, its findings are frequently cited by agricultural economists in their studies. The FAO's work in contributing to these datasets facilitates better understanding and responses to food insecurity issues.

Global Food Security Assessment
National Agriculture Monitoring Survey

sub-Saharan Africa
Southeast Asia
United States

agriculture, food security, and nutrition


Input: Recent evaluations of water conservation practices in rural areas have shown significant variations in effectiveness. The Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2022 highlighted the need for targeted interventions to enhance water management systems. Meanwhile, the Global Biodiversity Monitoring Database offers comprehensive insights into ecosystem health, providing valuable data for policymakers to formulate more sustainable practices.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2022


Input: The recent analysis conducted by the Economic Development Institute focused on the Public Revenue Optimization Study (PROS) published in 2022. This dataset offers invaluable insights into domestic revenue streams and was utilized by various stakeholders, including the Ministry of Finance. Furthermore, the National Taxation Trends Report (NTTR) produced by the Fiscal Policy Research Center provides a comprehensive overview of tax collection practices, which has been instrumental for policymakers in enhancing revenue generation strategies.

Public Revenue Optimization Study
National Taxation Trends Report

Economic Development Institute
Ministry of Finance
Fiscal Policy Research Center


Input: observed in PISA data. Looking at graduates of pre-university technical education (mainly technical stream secondary education) one finds an interesting pattern comparing three specializations (Figure 1b). Gender disparities are high in Electronics and Automation, less in Software Development and were recently eliminated in Network and Database Design. The final example of Network and Database Design in Figure 1b shows that gender disparity can be overcome in a short period of time. Two recent studies provide a detailed general analysis of policy options. [18] For STEAM courses, the causes relate to: (i) enjoyment of reading and preference for mathematics; (ii) self-efficacy or belief in own capabilities, often reinforced by teachers; (iii) parental support or lack thereof due to low socioeconomic status; (iv) teacher preparation to deal effectively with diversity. 16 Source: Government Budget for 2024 and MEP School Census data from 2023. 17 Program-Based budgeting at a government-wide level is being implemented under the Fiscal Management Improvement Project (P172352, Loan 9075-CR), known as _Hacienda Digital_ . Investing in readiness to implement program-based budgeting at MEP, the biggest Ministry (in terms of budget and staff) is a priority for the Government of Costa Rica. 18 [Desigualdades por género en Primaria y Secundaria,


Input: The 2022 Maternal Health Indicator Survey (MHIS) provides critical insights into reproductive health across Sub-Saharan Africa. Conducted by the African Health Organization, this dataset focuses on maternal outcomes, capturing data from multiple countries including Nigeria and Kenya. The survey results are expected to assist policymakers and health professionals in addressing health disparities among women. Researchers at various universities are utilizing the MHIS data to analyze trends in maternal healthcare services and their impact over the last five years.


Input: The Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022 (CAAR2022) provides critical insights into the impacts of climate change across various regions. This dataset, compiled by the International Climate Institute, covers the period from 2015 to 2021 and focuses on the Southeast Asia region. Additionally, the Urban Resilience Survey 2020 (URS2020) has been widely cited, especially by urban planners in developing countries, and it encompasses assessments from major cities in Africa. While the CAAR2022 highlights progress in climate resilience, the URS2020 offers a contrasting view, emphasizing the challenges faced in these urban settings. Both datasets are pivotal for understanding the broader implications of climate change initiatives.

Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022

Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022

Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022

Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022

Climate Adaptation Assessment Report 2022


Input: The recent analysis of population dynamics was informed by the National Fertility Survey produced by the National Institute of Statistics. This dataset provides crucial insights into family planning and fertility rates across the country. Additionally, the Demographic Trends Report published by the Ministry of Health has been pivotal in guiding policy discussions. Both datasets were utilized by various research entities to better understand demographic shifts in urban and rural areas.

National Fertility Survey
Demographic Trends Report

National Institute of Statistics
Ministry of Health

demographics, fertility, and population growth


Input: The 2022 Coastal Ecosystem Assessment conducted by Oceana provides vital insights into marine biodiversity and is widely cited by environmental NGOs. This dataset, which focuses on the coastal regions of Southeast Asia, serves as a foundation for ongoing research. The World Resources Institute (WRI) has also published the Urban Sustainability Index (USI) 2021, which evaluates city-level sustainability practices across various global metropolises. This index has been employed by several city governments to benchmark their sustainability initiatives. Additionally, the Global Water Quality Database (GWQD), managed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), offers critical data on freshwater resources and is regularly referenced by academic institutions for environmental studies.

Coastal Ecosystem Assessment
Urban Sustainability Index
Global Water Quality Database

Oceana
World Resources Institute
United Nations Environment Programme


Input: The 2020 Labor Market Assessment for Argentina provides insightful data on employment trends and skill demands across various sectors. This extensive dataset, referred to as LMAA (Labor Market Assessment Argentina), covers the years 2015 to 2020, highlighting shifts in job availability and required qualifications. Meanwhile, the Skills Development Survey (SDS) conducted in 2021 focuses on the effectiveness of training programs within the workforce, specifically in urban regions of Brazil. Although the SDS does not include a specific acronym, it is a critical resource for policymakers aiming to improve labor market participation. Lastly, the 2019 Regional Employment Database (RED) offers comparative employment statistics for the entire Latin America and Caribbean region, showcasing the latest trends and challenges faced by labor markets in these areas. This dataset has been extensively utilized by the International Labor Organization (ILO) to inform its reports on regional employment policies.

Labor Market Assessment for Argentina
LMAA
Skills Development Survey
SDS
Regional Employment Database
RED

Argentina
Brazil
Latin America and Caribbean


Input:
148 P. B. Spiegel & P. V. Le

Introduction

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behavioural surveillance surveys
(BSSs), an evolution from the knowledge-attitudes-practice surveys (KAPs), are
an assessment, monitoring and evaluation tool designed to track trends in HIV/
AIDS knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviour among populations. When used
together with qualitative and quantitative research and proper measurement of
appropriate programme indicators, the data collected from BSSs can assist
organizations in targeting specific HIV/AIDS prevention and care activities,
allocating scarce resources, and monitoring and evaluating the interventions’
effectiveness and coverage. BSSs are useful because they alert policy makers and
programme managers to emerging or changing risks in existing behaviour, reveal
gaps in knowledge and attitudes, help to identify vulnerable segments of
populations, contribute to improved programme content, provide data on specific
target groups and ensure compatibility and standardization of data collection
(Family Health International 2000).
The core BSS indicators have been evolving over time (Table I). Until the
United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS)
indicators were developed in 2002, there were no internationally-accepted HIV
indicators. The UNGASS indicators were followed by the development of the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators in 2003 and, subsequently,
the US President’s Emergency Preparedness Fund on AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
indicators in 2004. Although all of these indicators are similar to one another,
there are minor differences. Thus, it is difficult for persons implementing BSSs to
choose which indicators to use and complicated for others to compare studies
which use different indicators. Furthermore, there are numerous other indicators
that can be used in BSSs depending upon the target groups and objectives of the
survey.
Conflict, displacement, food insecurity and poverty have the potential to make
affected populations more vulnerable to HIV transmission. The UNGASS
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, states that ‘populations destabilised
by armed conflict . . . including refugees, internally displaced persons, and in
particular women and children, are at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection’
(United Nations General Assembly 2001). However, the common assumption
that this vulnerability necessarily translates into increased HIV infections and
consequently fuels the epidemic is not supported by data (Spiegel 2004). In the
recent past, HIV/AIDS interventions were generally not included by humanitarian organizations as part of their immediate response to conflict; HIV/AIDS was
considered more of a developmental issue and not an immediate life threatening
disease such as malaria or cholera. However, thinking has evolved and it is now
generally accepted that HIV/AIDS programmes must begin at the onset of a
humanitarian emergency, be multisectoral, and continue at every stage thereafter
(Inter-Agency Standing Committee 2003). Furthermore, for refugees and
internally displaced persons (IDPs), HIV/AIDS programmes should be integrated

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators


Input: The 2022 Global Water Quality Assessment conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides crucial insights into the status of freshwaters across the globe. This dataset, which has been widely referenced, is used by several organizations, including WaterAid, to inform their initiatives in developing countries. Furthermore, the Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Report 2021, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlights the pressing issues related to biodiversity loss in the region. Data from this report is essential for researchers at the Asia-Pacific Regional Biodiversity Network (APRBN), who are working on preservation strategies in Asia and the Pacific.

2022 Global Water Quality Assessment
Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Report 2021

Asia-Pacific Regional Biodiversity Network

Asia
Pacific
developing countries
the globe

Asia-Pacific Regional Biodiversity Network


Input: In recent evaluations of labor market trends, the International Labour Organization (ILO) utilized data from the Global Employment Dynamics dataset to inform its policy recommendations. Similarly, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has released findings based on the Skills Development Indicator report, which offers insights into workforce training needs across member countries.

Global Employment Dynamics dataset
Skills Development Indicator report

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development


Input: South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & the Caribbean **Figure 3. Regional distribution of economic losses** ###### **III.4 Prior research on impacts of SLR on coastal wetlands** The papers most immediately related to this analysis are those of Nicholls at al. (1999), Nicholls (2004), McFadden et al. (2007) with estimates of exposure of coastal wetlands to SLR, and Tol (2007), Anthoff et al. (2010) on valuation of wetland losses due to SLR. It should be noted that Nicholls (1999) and Nicholls (2004) are based on wetland losses derived from the Global Vulnerability Analysis (Hoozemans et al. 1993) [23] - “a first-order perspective on wetland loss rates with incomplete coverage and wetland losses controlled only by tidal range and accommodation space” - as pointed out by McFadden et al. (2007). Nicholls et al. (1999) estimated that a 38 cm rise in global sea level from 1990 to the 2080s will lead to an approximate 22% loss of the coastal wetlands, [24] and 46% of the coastal wetlands would be lost if the sea level rises by 1 m. Nicholls (2004) further estimated losses of wetlands under various greenhouse emissions scenarios and found that a 34 cm rise in


Input: The recent analysis of public financial management in East Africa employed data from the 2020 Regional Revenue Assessment (RRA) conducted by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). This dataset focuses on revenue collection mechanisms across the region and highlights practices that improve fiscal sustainability. The findings indicate a significant improvement in revenue mobilization since the implementation of reforms in 2015. Additionally, the study referenced the Domestic Revenue Monitoring System (DRMS) from 2019, which captures detailed revenue data for individual countries in the region, offering insights for policymakers. Both datasets are crucial for enhancing the understanding of fiscal policies in the area and are intended to guide future improvements in public finance management.

Regional Revenue Assessment
Domestic Revenue Monitoring System


Input: Table 2: Ethnic composition of IDPs, refugees, returnees in the North Ethnicity IDPs in Bamako (%) Refugees Niger (%) Refugees Mauritania (%) Returnees (%) Total I + R + R (%) Ethnic composition of the North (%) Songhai 75 21- 71 43 45 Kel Tamasheq 12 56 69 12 38 32 Arab 3- 28 4 11 3 Peulh 4 21- 6 4 7 Other 6 11 3 7 4 12 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total (n) 100 81 100 220 501 1, 268, 009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2009 Population and Housing Census. The ethnic composition of IDPs and returnees is almost identical. This is a reflection of the fact that 94 % of returnees were displaced within Mali. Only 6 % returned from outside the country. The reason why few returned refugees are in the returnee sub-sample is explained by their place of residence prior to the crisis: only 5 % of the refugees in Mauritania and Niger lived in Timbuktu town before their displacement; 2 % lived in Gao town and 1 % in Kidal town. The remaining 92 % lived in 27 different towns and villages in northern Mali, locations not covered by the survey.

2009 Population and Housing Census
Listening to Displaced People Survey


Input:
market outcomes (Kotsadam and Tolonen 2016). Mining is also associated with more economic

activity measured by nightlights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019; Mamo et al, 2019).

Kotsadam and Tolonen (2016) use DHS data from Africa, and find that mine openings cause

and GLSS with production data for 17 large-scale gold mines in Ghana. We find that a new

large-scale gold mine changes economic outcomes, such as access to employment and cash

increase in total production that rose from 541,147 oz in 1990 to 3,119,823 oz in 2009 according

official Ghana statistics (Bloch and Owusu, 2012). This production increase led to an increased

South Africa
Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa
Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA
_Source:_ InterraRMG 2013.
_Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point.


Input: Urban infrastructure development in metropolitan areas has become increasingly critical, particularly in light of rapid population growth. Recent observations highlight the need for effective transportation planning strategies. The Urban Transport Analysis Report 2023 provides valuable insights into traffic patterns, public transit usage, and the overall impact of urban mobility on quality of life. Stakeholders are encouraged to review this data as they devise comprehensive urban development policies.


Input:
and more immediate impact on food access, we are able to find additional empirical support

for the last explanation. Given data and information constraints, it is not possible to estimate

Sundberg, R., and E. Melander. 2013. "Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset."

Notes: This table compares mobile phone ownership in the November 2017 WFP mobile phone survey and the 2014 Household Budget Survey (HBS), where the 2014 HBS summary statistics are restricted to the share of the population that resides in a household that owns at least one mobile phone.

We gratefully thank Claudio Montenegro, David Newhouse and Minh Nguyen for their help with the I2D2 database. We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the World Bank (Office of the Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist and Social Urban Rural and Resilience Global Practice), the Cities Program of the International Growth Center (Grant number 89408), the GWU Institute for International Economic Policy and the GWU Center for International Business Education and Research.

Data Used to Estimate the Returns**   **Sources.** The data source for the analysis is the _International_ _Income_ _Distribution_   _Database_ (I2D2) of the World Bank. The database consists of a large number of   individual-level surveys and census samples.

Claudio Montenegro, David Newhouse and Minh Nguyen

Claudio Montenegro, David Newhouse and Minh Nguyen


Input:
**employed before their displacement.**
In the SEIS survey, employment rates among refugees aged 18-64 previously employed or self-employed in Ukraine, are 81% and 91% respectively. That is already very high and any further increase would be marginal. On the other hand, those who back in Ukraine managed the household have an employment rate in Poland of 38%. Even before becoming refugees, they would have required support to enter the workforce and now, in the host country, they would be likely to benefit from such help even more. Some of them may be discouraged by not having been able to find a job, others may be marginally attached workers who fell outside the labour force, but have some desire and ability to return to work.

**Chart 25. Ukrainian refugees’ employment rate in the 18-64 age group by previous**

**status in Ukraine**

91% Household Others Studying Employed Self-employed responsibilities Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS UNHCR survey conducted in May and June 2024.


Input: According to the recent analysis, the findings from the National Education Assessment provide valuable insights into student performance across multiple subjects. Additionally, the School Enrollment Trends report highlights significant changes in enrollment rates in various regions over the past decade.

National Education Assessment
School Enrollment Trends report

education, learning achievement, and school enrollment


Input: The Water Quality Assessment Report 2022 (WQAR) reveals crucial insights into the state of freshwater resources across Sub-Saharan Africa. Published by the African Water Agency (AWA), this report provides baseline data that has been essential for policymakers. In addition, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) utilized this dataset to formulate its initiatives focused on improving water access in the region. Moreover, the Sanitation and Hygiene Survey 2021 (SHS2021), released by the Global Health Initiative (GHI), highlights the sanitation challenges faced by urban populations. This dataset has been actively referenced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its ongoing public health campaigns aimed at promoting hygiene practices and reducing disease transmission.

Water Quality Assessment Report 2022
Sanitation and Hygiene Survey 2021

African Water Agency
United Nations Development Programme
Global Health Initiative
World Health Organization


Input: The Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2022, published by the Global Transport Institute (GTI), provides critical insights into transportation patterns across urban areas in Southeast Asia. This dataset is extensively used by the Southeast Asian Development Bank (SEADB) for planning infrastructure improvements. Additionally, the Metropolitan Traffic Survey (MTS) conducted by the City Planning Agency in 2021 offers detailed traffic flow data, which is used by various municipalities to enhance urban traffic management. The MTS dataset, along with the Urban Mobility Assessment Report, is crucial for the development of sustainable transportation strategies in the region.

Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2022
Metropolitan Traffic Survey
Urban Mobility Assessment Report

Global Transport Institute
Southeast Asian Development Bank
City Planning Agency


Input: Indeed, despite the recent literature rejecting the conflictive impact of refugees in hosting areas (Zhou and Shaver, 2021), the magnitude of our coefficients might be explained by the confounding presence of refugees. Columns (5) and (6) further introduce climatic controls. Column (6) corresponds to Equation 1 and refers to our benchmark specification. Columns (1) and (2) show that without incorporating the changes in ethnic diversity induced by refugees we would not be able to identify a relationship between diversity and violent conflicts. In column (3), the revised refugee fractionalization index has a negative and significant coefficient, while the revised refugee polarization index has a positive and significant effect on the incidence of violent conflicts. In columns (2), (4), and (6), our coefficients of interest are of the same order of magnitude when the number of refugees is controlled for. Our results are not altered by incorporating rainfall and temperature anomalies (columns (5) and (6)), but the estimates become slightly more precise. 21


Input: The Energy Access Database 2022, published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), provides comprehensive data on global electricity access. The data, covering the years 2018-2021, has been extensively used by various stakeholders, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for their Sustainable Energy for All initiative. Additionally, the Renewable Energy Transition Assessment Report (RETAR) from 2023 offers insights into renewable energy adoption across Sub-Saharan Africa, enabling organizations like the African Development Bank (AfDB) to tailor their strategies accordingly. Furthermore, the Clean Energy Progress Report 2021, created by the Global Energy Forum, is utilized by environmental NGOs to advocate for policy changes in energy sectors worldwide.

Renewable Energy Transition Assessment Report

International Renewable Energy Agency
United Nations Development Programme
African Development Bank
Global Energy Forum

Renewable Energy Transition Assessment Report

Renewable Energy Transition Assessment Report

Renewable Energy Transition Assessment Report


Input: The 2022 Renewable Energy Transition Report published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) provides valuable insights into energy access trends across Sub-Saharan Africa. This report is heavily cited by the World Resources Institute (WRI), which utilizes the findings to advocate for policy changes that enhance sustainable energy solutions. Additionally, the World Bank's Energy Access Database, which covers data from 2019 to 2021, is instrumental for various stakeholders, including the African Development Bank (AfDB), in shaping investment strategies aimed at expanding energy access throughout the region.

2022 Renewable Energy Transition Report
Energy Access Database

International Energy Agency
World Resources Institute
World Bank
African Development Bank


Input: The Urban Land Use Mapping Dataset provides comprehensive insights into land utilization patterns across various cities. Produced by the Global Institute for Urban Studies, this dataset enhances our understanding of urban development and supports policymakers in making informed decisions. The dataset is instrumental for researchers focusing on geospatial analysis and offers a detailed snapshot of land use as of 2022.


Input: The Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment Survey (GEEES) conducted in 2022 provides vital insights into women's participation in the labor market across East Africa. This dataset, published by the International Labor Organization (ILO), offers a comprehensive assessment of employment trends and challenges faced by women. Additionally, the Women’s Financial Inclusion Index (WFII) for the years 2020-2021 highlights the barriers women encounter in accessing financial services in low-income countries. This index has been instrumental for researchers at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) who focus on promoting gender equality. Lastly, the 2020 Gender and Development Assessment Report reviews various socio-economic factors influencing women's empowerment in South Asia.

Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender and Development Assessment Report

International Labor Organization
United Nations Development Programme

East Africa
low-income countries
South Asia

Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender and Development Assessment Report

Gender and Development Assessment Report


Input: The Global Refugee Assessment 2022, published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), highlights the urgent needs of displaced populations worldwide, particularly in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. In a comprehensive analysis, Mercy Corps utilized the findings from this assessment to inform their programmatic strategies in refugee camps across Uganda. Similarly, the Refugee Education Dataset 2021, created by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), has been instrumental in guiding educational initiatives for refugee children. This dataset, cited by various NGOs, particularly in Middle Eastern countries, emphasizes the critical need for educational support in these regions.

Global Refugee Assessment 2022
Refugee Education Dataset 2021

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

International Organization for Migration

Sub-Saharan Africa
Uganda
Middle Eastern countries

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

International Organization for Migration

forced displacement, refugees, and migration


Input: To inform urban planning strategies, the Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022 has been instrumental in guiding policymakers in metropolitan areas. Produced by the Urban Development Institute (UDI), this report provides comprehensive insights into infrastructure needs and growth projections. The data within this report is extensively used by the City Planning Agency (CPA) to develop targeted transportation initiatives. Additionally, the Institute for Urban Studies (IUS) has produced the Urban Mobility Survey (UMS), which examines travel patterns in various cities. The findings from the UMS, published in 2021, are utilized by regional transport authorities to enhance public transit systems in their jurisdictions. Both datasets serve as critical resources for urban infrastructure improvement efforts.

Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022

Urban Development Institute
City Planning Agency
Institute for Urban Studies
regional transport authorities

Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022

Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022

Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022

Sustainable Cities Assessment Report 2022


Input: The recent Urban Employment Trends Survey (UETS) conducted in 2022 provides comprehensive insights into labor market dynamics in Ghana. This dataset was published by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), which is renowned for its rigorous economic data collection. In an effort to assess educational outcomes linked to employment, UNICEF has utilized the UETS data in their latest report on youth skills development. Furthermore, the West African Labor Market Assessment (WALMA) released in 2023 showcases trends across multiple countries in the region, including Nigeria and Ivory Coast. This assessment has been instrumental for policy makers, particularly the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which regularly references WALMA data for economic planning and intervention strategies.

Urban Employment Trends Survey
UETS
West African Labor Market Assessment
WALMA

Economic Community of West African States

Economic Community of West African States


Input: Analyzing maternal health outcomes in Southeast Asia, the 2020 Maternal Health Assessment Report (MHAR) was published by the ASEAN Health Organization. This report provides critical insights into the region's healthcare systems and is extensively utilized by the World Health Foundation for policy formulation. Furthermore, the Bangladesh Maternal Health Survey (BMHS) 2019 delivers detailed data on maternal care practices and is cited frequently by researchers at the Global Health Institute. This data, alongside the Laos Health System Database 2021, which was also released by the ASEAN Health Organization, underscores significant regional disparities in maternal healthcare access and outcomes.

Maternal Health Assessment Report
Bangladesh Maternal Health Survey
Laos Health System Database

ASEAN Health Organization
World Health Foundation
Global Health Institute

Maternal Health Assessment Report
BMHS
Laos Health System


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 15. Ukrainian refugees wages median net wage by age group**

Monthly net wage (PLN) Percengate of all workers total economy average Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 16. Median net wages of Ukrainian refugees median net wage by sector**

in PLN Percentage of total economy average 126% 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 Ukrainian refugees All workers Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS UNHCR survey and GUS data.

**The Ukrainian refugee groups to earn**

**the highest wages compared to the**

**wages in the economy as a whole are**


Input: The Renewable Energy Access Survey (REAS) conducted by the Global Energy Institute in 2022 provides critical insights into energy utilization in sub-Saharan Africa. The data from this survey is extensively used by local NGOs such as Energy for All to design effective community programs. Furthermore, the Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report (UETAR) published in 2023 by the Urban Development Agency focuses on energy transition strategies in urban areas worldwide. This assessment is cited by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to inform policy recommendations in various countries.

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report

Global Energy Institute
Energy for All
Urban Development Agency
International Renewable Energy Agency

sub-Saharan Africa
urban areas
various countries

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report

Urban Energy Transition Assessment Report


Input: The 2020 Southeast Asia Environmental Survey, conducted by the Asian Development Bank, provides valuable insights into regional sustainability efforts. The dataset, commonly referred to as SEAES, covers key data points from 2018 to 2020 across multiple countries in the region, including Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Additionally, the Urban Green Spaces Database (UGSD) 2019 includes data specifically for urban areas in various cities, highlighting the impact of green initiatives on biodiversity. These datasets have been instrumental for researchers and policymakers looking to enhance environmental resilience in Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia Environmental Survey
Urban Green Spaces Database

Southeast Asia
Thailand
Vietnam
Indonesia


Input: 23 86 % of the IDPs, 91 % of the refugees and 88 % of the returnees are confident or fully confident that a coalition like this would be capable of providing security. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. In an open-ended question on who can be trusted most when it comes to ensuring security in the North, survey results suggest that the majority of refugees in Mauritania (86 %) trust the armed rebel groups as opposed to the army or police. This does not hold for refugees in Niger of whom 75 % trust the army and police. Similar results hold for IDPs and returnees, who put much more confidence in state authorities when it comes to securing the North: most trust is placed in the army and police (72 % of the IDPs and 66 % of the returnees) while little to no trust is placed in armed rebel groups (3 % of IDPs, 1 % of returnees).


Input: The recent Water Resource Assessment Report 2022, published by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), provides critical insights into the status of freshwater resources across various regions. This dataset is being extensively used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for their ongoing research on water quality improvements in North America. Furthermore, the Biodiversity Monitoring Database 2021, developed by the Global Biodiversity Institute (GBI), offers extensive data that is integral to the EPA's assessments of ecosystem health in the same region. Both datasets are crucial for enabling informed decision-making in environmental policy development.

Water Resource Assessment Report 2022
Biodiversity Monitoring Database 2021

International Water Management Institute

International Water Management Institute


Input: The 2020 Africa Technology Adoption Survey (ATAS) revealed significant insights into the digital landscape across the continent. Conducted by the African Development Agency, this dataset provides a comprehensive overview of technology usage in various sectors, specifically in Ghana and Kenya. The report highlights trends from 2019 to 2020, showcasing the rapid growth in mobile internet access. In addition, the 2021 Digital Inclusion Assessment (DIA) focuses on the barriers faced by marginalized communities across South Asia, covering critical data collected in India and Bangladesh. This assessment, elaborated by the South Asian Network for Development, aims to inform policymakers about the digital divide issues in the region. The datasets serve as crucial tools for NGOs and governments engaging in digital transformation efforts.

Africa Technology Adoption Survey
2021 Digital Inclusion Assessment

African Development Agency
South Asian Network for Development


Input: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) published the Global Migration Data Report 2022, which provides a comprehensive overview of migration trends and patterns. This dataset has been analyzed by numerous NGOs and researchers aiming to understand the dynamics of forced displacement and the challenges faced by migrants globally.

International Organization for Migration

International Organization for Migration


Input: 8 agreements that did not fully satisfied either party (Ndayirukiye and Takeuchi 2014). This tension related to land, and who has a claim to the land, can lead to social tensions in communities with higher levels of return. Figure 3 – Refugees in Tanzania in 2005 by province of origin in Burundi Note: The number in brackets is the number of refugees in Tanzania in 2005 which was originally from the given province in Burundi. This information comes from (UNHCR 2021b). The number in parenthesis is that number as a percentage share of the population of the provinces as estimated in 1990 Burundi Census. An important question for our hypotheses is the degree to which there is evidence of migration-related societal divisions in the country. There is no direct quantitative evidence on identity issues (i. e. returnees versus stayees), but we have data on attitudes towards emigration, remittances and return that can provide insights on these identities and even be a proxy for migration-related identity in some cases. Overall, attitudes towards emigration and return are mixed and show that there is scope for the existence of migration-related divisions. In Table 1 we report the share of respondents who agreed with different statements regarding emigration, remittances and return.


Input:
Annual grid-level GDP data between 1990 and 2014 at a 0.5-degree resolution come from Kummu, Taka and

Guillaume (2018a). The data are primarily based on sub-national GDP per capita data constructed by Gennaioli,

Is the relationship between rainfall and GDP explained by agriculture? We use data from the ESA CCI project

to determine the share of cropland within each cell at the beginning of the period (ESA starts in 1992) and split

different weights. Population is taken from HYDE 3.2 (Klein, Beusen and Janssen 2010).

The work compares food prices subnationally and finds that increasing prices are the most significant factor driving recent food insecurity but documents strong spatial heterogeneity in both market price dynamics, as well as relations to food insecurity, and provides examples of markets where prices are more sensitive to localized shocks. 4For instance, the International Finance Statistics (IFS) data base of the IMF reports monthly price data at Consumer Price Index (CPI) component level, but few developing countries report food price data without substantial delays.


Input: This database lists seven categories: refugees, asylum-seekers, returned refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returned IDPs, stateless persons and others of concern. For each group the database provides yearly information about their composition by loca- tion of residence and origin. We exploit only the data on “ refugees ”. 22 In particular, we are interested in the annual stock of refugees for each country of residence, i. e. how many people with refugees status have left their home country each year. We focus on these numbers as they appear to be the most comparable across time and countries. However, this is likely to capture only the tip of the iceberg in some cases. The number of IDPs is extremely high in some instances but cannot be captured with the same level of conﬁdence as refugees generally. 23 Cross-country data about conﬂict is provided by the UCDP / PRIO. As for the index of country-level economic activity, we use again information provided by the Penn World Table and World Bank databases. As mentioned above, our aim is to explore the dynamics of refugees during conﬂicts. In other words, we attempt to answer several questions.


Input: 4 single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant ’ s for these households remain after humanitarian assistance is received. To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experienced by the Syrian refugees, we use two UNHCR datasets: The Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home Visits round 3 (JD ‐ HV). The ProGres database for Jordan includes information on refugees ’ registration since 1935. The registration process assigns refugees a unique registration number that serves as a reference for recording data at the initial registration and in all subsequent activities, including decisions on refugee status and right of return or resettlement in a third country, as applicable. UNHCR issues refugees residing in camps a ‘ proof of registration ’ document, which they hold while they remain there. For those who live outside the camp, UNHCR provides an asylum seeker certificate stating that those on the certificate are persons of concern. The asylum seeker certificate allows Syrians to access United Nations (UN) services and assistance provided outside the camps, such as monthly cash support, nonfood goods, and healthcare (NRC and IHRC 2016).

Profile Global Registration System (ProGres)

Profile Global Registration System (ProGres)


Input: 34 Any statistics on the imputed welfare will based on the set of imputed welfares for each household. The estimator takes the form, with R denotes the number of simulation: ܪ ෡ ൌ 1 ܴ ෍ ݄ ሺݕ ෤ ௥ ሻ ோ ௥ ୀ ଵ where ݄ ሺݕሻ is a function that converts the vector y with (log) incomes for all households into a poverty measure (such as the head-count rate or bottom 40 %), and where ݕ ෤ ௥ denotes the r-th simulated imputed welfare. Figure 6. Survey-to-Survey Imputation Methodology, an illustration For the case of Turkey, we use the Survey on Income and Living Conditions survey to impute to the Labor Force Survey. Income is used instead of consumption for this paper ’ s analysis. The model included variables related to: household demographics (age, gender, age composition, etc.), household characteristics (education, labor activity, etc.), household head ’ s characteristics (age, gender, labor, education, marital status, etc.) and household assets holding (both livestock and durables). Based on that model the simulated values of consumption (at household level) were imputed for the households in the corruption survey.


Input:
rents to GDP from WDI), we can implicitly compute 𝛾.

Source:_
_Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Figure 2 plots the sources of growth for the Sub-Saharan Africa region as well as the different groups according

Source: Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. H. (1999). "Does trade cause growth?" American Economic Review 89(3): 379-399.

reported in the Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015). [15]


Input: The recent findings from the National Education Assessment (NEA) demonstrate significant improvements in literacy rates among primary school students. This dataset, produced by the Ministry of Education, is crucial for policymakers as it provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of educational programs implemented over the past few years. Various international organizations, including UNESCO and UNICEF, have used the NEA data to assess progress in learning achievement and inform their initiatives.


Input: The Digital Technology Adoption Survey (DTAS) conducted by the International Telecommunication Union provides valuable insights into the usage of digital technologies across various sectors. This survey data, which reflects trends from 2020, helps policymakers understand the landscape of technology adoption and its implications for economic growth.

Digital Technology Adoption Survey
survey data


Input: Recent evaluations illustrated significant trends in school enrollment and learning outcomes across various regions. The Global Education Monitoring Report (GEMR) released in 2022 highlighted alarming disparities in primary education access in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among marginalized groups. Following this, UNICEF utilized the GEMR findings to tailor its initiatives aimed at increasing enrollment rates in the region. Additionally, the National Learning Assessment (NLA) data from 2021 provided insights into student performance in mathematics and reading, which were subsequently analyzed by the Ministry of Education in Nigeria to inform curriculum reforms. This cross-referencing of data sources underscores the importance of collaboration between international organizations and local authorities to improve educational outcomes.

Global Education Monitoring Report
National Learning Assessment

UNICEF
Ministry of Education
Global Education Monitoring Report


Input: The recent report highlights the increasing need for energy access in rural areas, particularly emphasizing the role of the Renewable Energy Utilization and Access Survey. This survey provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by communities in adopting renewable energy solutions. Several case studies were conducted to illustrate the impact of localized energy initiatives on economic growth and social development.

Renewable Energy Utilization and Access Survey


Input: In 2022, the East African Fertility Assessment revealed significant insights into reproductive health trends across the region. This study, published by the African Population Institute, indicates that fertility rates in Kenya and Uganda have experienced a gradual decline over the past decade. The findings from this assessment highlight the need for targeted interventions in family planning and maternal health services. The report, referred to as EFA 2022, provides crucial data for policymakers and health organizations looking to implement effective strategies to improve population health outcomes.


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **2.2 Current occupational situation**

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Administrative ZUS data can be used as a proxy for both average and _gross_ earnings percentages. On June 30, 2024, average bases for social contributions of Ukrainian refugees accounted for just 64% of those of Polish citizens. However, this is only relative to Polish citizens not all workers in the economy as a whole, and comes with other caveats of administrative instead of survey data sources – data given on a particular day instead of period average, the shadow economy unaccounted for, different contributions based on the type of contract, no data for farmers who belong to a separate social insurance scheme.
Also, the ZUS data, that is available, is much more limited that the SEIS survey data primarily used in this report.

**Ukrainian refugees in Poland have**

**clearly improved their economic**


Input: The Industrial Competitiveness Survey (ICS) 2022 provides critical insights into the performance of various sectors in the manufacturing industry across the European Union. Published by the European Industry Agency, this dataset covers diverse geographies including Germany, France, and Italy. Additionally, the Trade Performance Assessment Report (TPAR) 2021, used extensively by policymakers, provides a comprehensive overview of trade dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region. This report underscores the need for data-driven strategies, particularly in emerging markets such as Vietnam and Thailand. Moreover, the SME Growth Database (SME-GD), which spans the years 2019 to 2023, focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises in South America, offering valuable data for researchers and institutes interested in economic development.

Industrial Competitiveness Survey
Trade Performance Assessment Report
SME Growth Database

European Union
Germany
France
Italy
Asia-Pacific
Vietnam
Thailand
South America


Input: 18 the local data on physical geography and population from the raster data. These data can then be imported into statistical programs for analysis. We aggregate all data up to a grid of 8. 6x8. 6km squares. Each grid square is assigned attributes of the country it is in along with information from data disaggregated to the level of the individual squares. Figure 3 illustrates this grid as a fictive country somewhat smaller than the average size in our dataset (50x50 squares, or 430x430 km) with a fairly representative but stylized population distribution. The country has three major cities, one of which is the capital, and two smaller ones. A rebel group has its headquarters at the Eastern border. The ACLED data for the Central African conflicts were aggregated up to the 8. 6x8. 6km squares and merged with information on other explanatory variables aggregated to the same level.


Input: In recent years, the Education Improvement Report (EIR) has become a cornerstone for understanding educational outcomes in Nigeria. Published by the Nigerian Ministry of Education, it provides comprehensive data on student learning achievements across various regions. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has utilized the EIR to assess progress in educational initiatives from 2019 to 2022. Furthermore, the assessment highlights significant disparities in school enrollment rates, particularly in rural versus urban areas, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. This dataset serves as a vital resource for policymakers and educational programs aiming to enhance access to quality education in Nigeria.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization


Input: 14 displacement. 55 % of the returnees reported to have been employed before the crisis and 36 % in June 2014. Over time the employment situation among the displaced has improved steadily and by December 2014 more people reported being employed than prior to the crisis. All the returnees were able to regain employment after returning. The employment situation of IDPs, returnees, and refugees in Niger is steadily improving; only for refugees in Mauritania does one notice a steady decrease, with 100 % reporting no employment during January and February. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2015. The ownership of livestock and consumer durables was reduced significantly as a consequence of the crisis. Table 7 demonstrates this by showing the Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) 12 owned prior to the crisis and in June 2014 as well as the percentage of ‘ yes ’ responses on a question whether a given asset was owned by the household. 13 The loss on livestock has been enormous particularly amongst IDPs and refugees who lost respectively more than 90 % and 75 % of their animals. 12 TLU is a common unit to describe livestock numbers of various species as a single figure that expresses the total amount of livestock present – irrespective of the specific composition. 13 This was a ‘ yes / no ’ question meaning that if 56 % of the


Input: The Gender Equality Survey (GES) conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2022 provides crucial insights into women's participation in the workforce across various regions. Additionally, the Women's Economic Empowerment Assessment (WEEA) utilizes data from multiple sources, including the 2021 Economic Census for Urban Areas, which was implemented to gauge women's economic activities specifically in urban contexts. The results from the GES reveal significant disparities in employment rates between genders, urging policymakers to consider these findings in their strategies. Source: National Bureau of Statistics elaboration based on GES and WEEA data.

Gender Equality Survey
Women's Economic Empowerment Assessment
2021 Economic Census for Urban Areas


Input: The Gender Equality in Economic Participation Survey (GEEPS) conducted in 2020 provides crucial insights into women's participation in the workforce across various sectors. This survey, covering countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlights significant barriers faced by women and suggests areas for policy intervention. In addition, the Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021 (WEAR 2021), published by the International Labour Organization, offers a comprehensive overview of gender disparities in income and employment opportunities in Eastern Europe. Furthermore, data from the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) 2019 indicates ongoing challenges in achieving gender parity, particularly in South Asia. These datasets collectively underscore the importance of targeted efforts in policy-making to address gender inequalities.

Gender Equality in Economic Participation Survey

Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021

Sub-Saharan Africa
Eastern Europe
South Asia

Gender Equality in Economic Participation Survey

Gender Equality in Economic Participation Survey

Gender Equality in Economic Participation Survey

Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021

Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021

Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021

Women’s Empowerment Assessment Report 2021


Input: Vermeer, M. and S. Rahmstorf. 2009. Global sea level linked to global temperature. _Proceedings_ _of the National Academy of Sciences_ 106 (51), 21527-32. VLIZ. 2011. Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 6.1. Available online at [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound. Consulted on 2011-05-12.](http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound) Williams, M., 1990. Understanding Wetlands. In M. Williams (ed) _Wetlands: A Threatened_ _Landscape_ . Wiley-Blackwell. Woodward, R.T. and Y.S. Wui. 2001. The economic value of wetland services: A meta-analysis. _Ecological Economics_, 37, 257-270 World Bank, 2010. Boundaries of the World. Map Design Unit. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 25


Input: The recent analysis of poverty trends in Sub-Saharan Africa was facilitated by the Poverty Assessment Survey (PAS) conducted by the African Development Bank (AfDB). This dataset has been instrumental for researchers and policymakers aiming to address disparities in income and access to resources across various regions. The insights derived from the PAS have also been cited by various NGOs working on poverty reduction strategies globally.

poverty headcount and inequality measurement


Input: The Renewable Energy Access Assessment 2022, published by the Global Energy Initiative, provides comprehensive data on energy access trends across various regions. This dataset highlights the progress made towards sustainable energy solutions and is crucial for policymakers aiming to improve energy conditions in underserved areas.