Input: displaced due to armed conflict, situations of generalized violence and violations of human rights. 28 Data on IDPs monitored by IDMC are disaggregated and currently published separately for conflict-induced displacement and disaster-induced displacement. 29 At the country level the IOM ’ s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) 30 provides data on IDPs in both conflict and natural disaster settings (activated in all major natural disaster contexts in recent years). Global data on conflict-induced internal displacement reflect variations in how IDPs are defined across situations. There is no consensus on how far a person must flee in order to be considered internally displaced. The definition of internal displacement for nomadic populations, which account for a significant share of IDPs in the Horn of Africa and increasingly in the Sahel, is open to controversy. 31 Moreover, while some countries register IDP children born in displacement (e. g. Azerbaijan, Cyprus and Georgia), other countries do not (IDMC 2015). The crafting of a definition for IDPs and its application in a particular context may be heavily influenced by local and national politics in conflict and post-conflict countries, as well as the direct link between estimates of displaced populations and humanitarian assistance, which can lead to both over- and under-reporting.


Input: Survey instruments enable detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households, and if they identify displaced populations based on self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status. Additionally, more innovative tools and technologies for data collection, analysis and compilation should be explored and leveraged. For example, new methodologies (such as high resolution satellite imagery and unmanned drones) may expand the coverage of data collection efforts in insecure or inaccessible areas. Additionally, new techniques could be explored to improve the collection of robust data on flows of refugees and IDPs. Organizations such as the World Bank, UNHCR, IOM and IDMC are already exploring and in some cases are beginning to use more innovative data collection tools. These techniques include: 99 Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including Living Standards Measurement Studies, Labor Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner


Input: The Energy Access Assessment Report 2021 (EAAR) provides critical insights into the progress made in extending electricity to rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. This report, published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), covers data from 2017 to 2021, highlighting significant advancements in energy access initiatives. Additionally, the Renewable Energy Transition Database (RETDB) offers comprehensive analytics on renewable energy adoption in various countries, focusing particularly on developments between 2015-2020. While the RETDB is utilized by several NGOs and governmental bodies, it is important to note that the IEA is the primary organization behind both datasets, ensuring consistent and reliable data for policymakers.

Energy Access Assessment Report 2021
Renewable Energy Transition Database


Input: The Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used for all procurement activities; and g) The World Bank will carry out regular reviews of project-related procurement activities. 17. **Procurement oversight and monitoring arrangements.** The World Bank exercises its procurement oversight through a risk-based approach comprising prior and post reviews as appropriate. The World Bank sets mandatory thresholds for prior review based on the procurement risk rating of the project. The requirement for a prior or post review is specified in the Procurement Plan. The World Bank will carry out post reviews of procurement activities undertaken by the recipient to determine whether they comply with the requirement of the Financing and Project Agreements. 18. **Terms of reference** for all contracts will be cleared by the World Bank, regardless of whether the assignment is for prior or post review. 19. **Training and workshops** : The project will finance training and workshops, if required, based on an annual training plan and budget, which will be submitted to the World Bank for its prior review and approval. The annual training plan will identify, among other things: (a) the training envisaged; (b) the justification for the training; (c) the personnel to be

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP)

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP)


Input: The analysis of fiscal policies in Sub-Saharan Africa has been enriched by data from the Domestic Revenue Assessment Report (DRAR) published by the African Development Bank in 2022. This comprehensive report provides insights into revenue mobilization strategies across the region, particularly focusing on countries like Ghana and Kenya. Furthermore, the 2020 Public Expenditure Review (PER) offers a temporal perspective on spending trends, highlighting the challenges faced by the public sector. In contrast, the data from the Revenue Collection Survey (RCS) 2021 has been utilized by various stakeholders to evaluate efficiency improvements in revenue systems. These datasets not only offer valuable information for policymakers but also establish a framework for ongoing research in public financial management.

Domestic Revenue Assessment Report
Public Expenditure Review
Revenue Collection Survey

public financial management and domestic revenue


Input:
The second source of data we draw on is a short survey on COVID-19 vaccination collected inperson as part of the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS 5), a nationally representative household survey that was implemented between April and June 2022 by the Ethiopia Statistical Service with support from the World Bank's LSMS program. This survey contained a similar module as the phone surveys and collected information on the vaccination status of all household members.

The source of administrative data for our study is the Our World in Data (OWID) COVID-19 vaccination dataset (Mathieu et al. 2021) that compiles administrative data on COVID-19 vaccine coverage. Amongst others, the dataset contains information on the number of total doses administered, the share of the country population that has received at least one dose, and the share of the population that is fully vaccinated. [3] It covers the period from December 2020 when the first COVID-19 vaccines achieved approval and is regularly updated as new data becomes available on a per-country basis. The data is compiled from country reports (such as government websites, dashboards, or the social media accounts of national authorities) and in some cases third-party aggregators (where national authorities do not publish data in a machine-readable format) and is regularly audited for inconsistencies and technical errors.

We additionally access a second source of administrative data stemming from the WHO's COVID19 vaccination dashboard (WHO 2020b). The dashboard does not provide longitudinal information for public access but reports the latest available COVID-19 vaccine coverage figures at the time of data access (April 2, 2023, in our case).

Lastly, we use data from the World Bank's Statistical Performance Indicators (SPI) available through the World Bank's Open Data library (World Bank n.d.). The SPI is a composite index between 0 - 100 scoring countries' statistical systems across the five pillars of data use, data services, data products, data sources, and data infrastructure (Dang et al. 2023). To capture the performance of administrative data systems in particular, we also use the SPI's indicator of administrative data capacity (Dimension 4.2) that records the availability of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS).


Input: The 2020 Global Refugee and Migration Report, published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), offers a comprehensive analysis of forced displacement trends across various regions. In particular, it highlights the challenges faced by refugees and internally displaced persons in conflict zones such as Syria and Afghanistan. The report, which is conducted every two years, utilizes data collected from the Refugee Data Collection System (RDCS). The findings from the RDCS have been subsequently utilized by NGOs and humanitarian organizations, including Refugee Assistance Network (RAN), to inform their program strategies and advocacy efforts during the ongoing crises. This collaboration underscores the importance of reliable data in shaping effective responses to displacement issues.

Global Refugee and Migration Report
Refugee Data Collection System

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

forced displacement, refugees, and migration


Input:
total area of 122,437 sq. km. Rainfall data from more than 200 rainfall stations and

potential evapotranspiration data of around 30 evaporation stations have been used in the

is estimated by overlaying the inundation risk map with the population map for 2001 using

Ahmed, A.U., Alam, M. 1998.: Development of Climate Change Scenarios with General
Circulation Models in Vulnerability and Adaption to Climate Change for Bangladesh, S.
Huq, Z. Karim, M. Asaduzzaman and F. Mahtab (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, pp.13-20.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2007. Population Census-2001: National Series,
Volume-1 Analytical Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh.

2050. The best available spatially-disaggregated maps and data for these assets have been

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
Ahmed, A.U., Alam, M. 1998.


Input: The Population Dynamics Assessment 2022 revealed critical trends in fertility rates across various regions. This dataset, published by the Institute for Population Studies, has been extensively utilized by the National Health Organization to inform their family planning initiatives. Additionally, the Child Development Surveys (CDS) conducted in various countries from 2019 to 2021 provided valuable insights into child health metrics, which were analyzed by UNICEF for their annual report. Both datasets underscore the importance of reliable demographic data in shaping policies and addressing population challenges effectively.

Population Dynamics Assessment 2022
Child Development Surveys
CDS

Institute for Population Studies
National Health Organization
UNICEF

demographics, fertility, and population growth


Input: The recent Financial Inclusion Assessment Survey (FIAS) conducted by the Central Bank of Mercovia has revealed significant insights into the macroeconomic trends affecting the region. This dataset, which covers the year 2022, provides critical information on access to financial services and economic participation among various demographics.

macroeconomic trends and financial inclusion


Input: Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Refugees from Ukraine are not yet utilising their full potential in the Polish labour market. In May 2022, 46% of arriving refugees declared that they had no knowledge of the Polish language (NBP, 2023). Over time, this percentage improved, with data from November 2022 showing a result of 21%, though this still represents a large group of people who do not know the local language [24], placing them at risk of limiting possible jobs to those below their educational level. Nearly 40% of Refugees from Ukraine insured at ZUS on 30th June 2023 in Poland were employed in elementary occupations [25], while for all employed persons in Q2 2023 this percentage was only 5%. Furthermore, the Deloitte Ukraine Refugee Pulse report indicates that 50% of respondents point to language barriers as an obstacle to accessing services to meet basic needs (Deloitte, 2023). Meanwhile, in the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, when asked about encountered barriers for accessing the labour market, 34% of respondents pointed to lack of language knowledge.


Input: The recent analysis of population trends in Mozambique utilized data from the Mozambique Fertility Survey (MFS) conducted in 2022. This survey provides critical insights into fertility rates and demographic changes within the country.


Input: Bank and Israel and occupied territories strongly suggest that commuters would be differently affected during the pandemic when border closures were enacted. Another unique feature is the presence of a large refugee population in the West Bank and Gaza. However, it is important to note that refugees in this context are de- fined quite differently from other contexts. Here, not only the individuals immediately displaced are considered refugees, but also their patrilineal descendants, even if born many decades later. In particular, the LFS dataset follows the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) definition of refugees, which is “ persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict, ” as well as “ the descendants of Palestine refugee males, including adopted children ” (UNRWA, 2023). Consequently, most refugees are indistinguishable in socio-economic outcomes and labor market behavior from non-refugees. However, residence in refugee camps does make a significant difference. As of 2019Q4, 5 % of the West Bank ’ s residents live in refugee camps, as do 14 % in Gaza.


Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT support nutritional consumption needs - accompanied with SBCC to promote human development behavior change good practices; (ii) financial inclusion services (FIS) to strengthen the economic resilience of poor and vulnerable households; and (iii) support for strengthening the Social Registry (SR) so that it becomes a stronger underpinning for effective coordination of social programs, ensures better targeting of safety nets, and provides credible information for measurement of results and impacts for all vulnerable populations, including refugees and hosts. 30. **Sustainability of the social safety nets** . Sustainable financing is critical to building an effective and efficient safety net system in Djibouti that can mitigate the adverse impacts of the perennial crises on the poor and vulnerable. The government committed to making efforts to increasing government financing for social safety nets as project financing declines. This commitment is being renewed and related technical simulations will be mainstreamed into the technical assistance that is being provided by the World Bank under the Strengthening Adaptive Social Protection Systems (P166220). Recommendations from the Technical Assistance will be discussed with the MASS and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEFI) and be mainstreamed into the


Input: The Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022 conducted by the Global Trade Institute provides crucial insights into trade patterns across Southeast Asia. Additionally, this dataset, along with the Industry Growth Data (IGD) published by the Asian Development Bank, is extensively utilized by local governments for formulating policy. The IGD emphasizes regional economic trends from 2019 to 2021, and is particularly focused on Malaysia and Thailand, facilitating targeted economic interventions.

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Global Trade Institute
Asian Development Bank
local governments

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

trade, industry, and economic competitiveness


Input: The 2022 Environmental Change Assessment (ECA) was published by the Global Institute for Environmental Studies, providing crucial data for understanding land use changes over time. In addition, the Urban Spatial Dynamics Database (USDD), developed by the International Land Management Agency, focuses on urban growth patterns from 2015 to 2021. This dataset is utilized extensively by local governments in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, to inform their urban planning strategies. Furthermore, the Agricultural Land Use Mapping Survey (ALUMS) conducted in 2020, has been invaluable for agricultural planners and is often referenced by the World Bank for policy development. Each of these datasets plays a significant role in shaping land use policies and planning across various geographies.

Environmental Change Assessment
Urban Spatial Dynamics Database
Agricultural Land Use Mapping Survey

Global Institute for Environmental Studies

Global Institute for Environmental Studies

geospatial analysis, remote sensing, and land use mapping


Input: The Macroeconomic Trends Assessment Report 2022 provides valuable insights into the financial inclusion landscape across various developing nations. This report, produced by the Global Economy Institute, highlights the economic barriers that hinder access to financial services for underserved populations. Key findings illustrate the correlation between economic growth and improvements in financial inclusion metrics. The report serves as a crucial resource for policymakers aiming to enhance financial accessibility in their regions.

Macroeconomic Trends Assessment Report 2022

Macroeconomic Trends Assessment Report 2022


Input:
86. Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World
Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress
mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints
received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected
communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection
Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB noncompliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after
concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has
been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World
Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit
[http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-](http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service)
[service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please](http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service)
[visit www.inspectionpanel.org.](http://www.inspectionpanel.org/)

**V.** **KEY RISKS**

87. **The overall risk of the project is** _**High**_ **.** The specific project risks as defined in the
Systematic Operations Rating Tool (SORT) are outlined in the following section.

88. **The fragile social and economic situation in Chad is the backdrop to an ongoing major**


Input: In examining the recent trends in employment, the National Employment Survey (NES) provides invaluable insights into the labor market across various sectors. Conducted in 2022, the NES focuses on job availability and skill demands in major urban areas of Brazil. Furthermore, the Global Skills Assessment Report (GSAR) for 2021, published by the International Labour Organization (ILO), highlights critical skill gaps that hinder economic growth in developing regions. In contrast, the Youth Employment Data (YED) 2020 presents a comprehensive view of the challenges faced by young job seekers in the Middle East and North Africa, but lacks extensive geographic coverage beyond the primary participant countries.

National Employment Survey
Global Skills Assessment Report
Youth Employment Data

employment, labor markets, and skills development


Input: The Urban Land Use Mapping Database (ULUMD) provides crucial data for understanding land use changes in metropolitan areas. Published by the Geospatial Research Institute, this dataset offers insights into urban sprawl and green space distribution from 2015 to 2020.


Input: 4 single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant ’ s for these households remain after humanitarian assistance is received. To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experienced by the Syrian refugees, we use two UNHCR datasets: The Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home Visits round 3 (JD ‐ HV). The ProGres database for Jordan includes information on refugees ’ registration since 1935. The registration process assigns refugees a unique registration number that serves as a reference for recording data at the initial registration and in all subsequent activities, including decisions on refugee status and right of return or resettlement in a third country, as applicable. UNHCR issues refugees residing in camps a ‘ proof of registration ’ document, which they hold while they remain there. For those who live outside the camp, UNHCR provides an asylum seeker certificate stating that those on the certificate are persons of concern. The asylum seeker certificate allows Syrians to access United Nations (UN) services and assistance provided outside the camps, such as monthly cash support, nonfood goods, and healthcare (NRC and IHRC 2016).


Input: street vending (48 % of those with at least 1 IGA), food processing for sale, including baking, cooking, and drying (16 %), and home production of crops, livestock, and fish (11 %). It is important to note that the EPAG program was not targeted toward the most vulnerable segments of Liberian society, but rather toward young women with enough education to be able to benefit from a training program of this nature. Based on comparisons from the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire) survey, the average EPAG participant is more educated, more literate, more likely to be engaged in an income-generating activity, and owns more assets than the average Liberian women of the same age group: mobile phone ownership was high (63 %), as was the proportion reporting that they had some money of their own (79 %). Even compared to other similar residents of Monrovia, the EPAG participants are better educated and have higher income. A strong sense of female empowerment at baseline emerges from the sections of the survey instrument having to do with self-confidence and agency.


Input: The recent Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIA Report) published by the Global Sustainability Organization provides crucial insights into the effects of urban development on local ecosystems. This report, covering the year 2022, highlights significant findings relevant to policymakers and urban planners.

environmental sustainability and natural resources


Input: The Economic Performance Assessment Report (EPAR) for East Asia provides an in-depth analysis of macroeconomic indicators from 2019 to 2021. This report, produced by the Asian Development Bank, highlights key trends in financial inclusion across the region. Additionally, the Financial Inclusion Survey (FIS) 2020 offers valuable insights into the accessibility of financial services among different demographics in Vietnam. Both datasets serve as critical resources for policymakers and researchers aiming to enhance economic strategies in the area.

Economic Performance Assessment Report
Financial Inclusion Survey


Input: This database lists seven categories: refugees, asylum-seekers, returned refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returned IDPs, stateless persons and others of concern. For each group the database provides yearly information about their composition by loca- tion of residence and origin. We exploit only the data on “ refugees ”. 22 In particular, we are interested in the annual stock of refugees for each country of residence, i. e. how many people with refugees status have left their home country each year. We focus on these numbers as they appear to be the most comparable across time and countries. However, this is likely to capture only the tip of the iceberg in some cases. The number of IDPs is extremely high in some instances but cannot be captured with the same level of conﬁdence as refugees generally. 23 Cross-country data about conﬂict is provided by the UCDP / PRIO. As for the index of country-level economic activity, we use again information provided by the Penn World Table and World Bank databases. As mentioned above, our aim is to explore the dynamics of refugees during conﬂicts. In other words, we attempt to answer several questions.


Input: The recent Financial Inclusion Metrics Report 2022, published by the Global Financial Observatory, provides essential insights into access to banking services across various regions. This report, analyzed extensively by the International Monetary Fund, highlights the significant disparities in financial access among countries, with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, the 2021 Microfinance Data Collection Initiative, also released by the Global Financial Observatory, has drawn interest from the World Bank as they evaluate the effectiveness of microfinance programs in improving economic stability. These datasets collectively underscore the ongoing challenges in achieving equitable financial access and are critical for informing policy decisions moving forward.

Financial Inclusion Metrics Report 2022
Microfinance Data Collection Initiative

Global Financial Observatory
International Monetary Fund
World Bank


Input: The Public Revenue Assessment Report 2022 provides a comprehensive overview of the revenue collection practices in various countries. This dataset, published by the Global Financial Institute, serves as a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers aiming to understand and improve public financial management. The report highlights key trends in domestic revenue generation and offers insights into best practices that can be adopted across different regions.


Input: The Poverty Assessment Report 2023 offers comprehensive insights into the dynamics of poverty and inequality across various regions. It was developed by the Global Poverty Research Institute and provides vital data for policymakers and researchers alike. This report will be instrumental for governments and NGOs seeking to understand and address poverty levels effectively.

poverty headcount and inequality measurement


Input: The recent publication on agricultural productivity highlights the significance of the Food Security Assessment Report. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of food availability and access, emphasizing the challenges faced by rural communities. It further discusses the impacts of climate change on crop yields and suggests strategies for improving resilience among farmers. The insights drawn from this assessment can inform policy decisions aimed at enhancing food security.

agriculture, food security, and nutrition


Input: The recent Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2023, published by the International Transport Forum, highlights key trends in urban transportation systems around the globe. This report draws on the comprehensive data collected from the Global Urban Infrastructure Survey, conducted by the World Bank. Stakeholders in various cities are utilizing these insights to improve transit systems and urban planning initiatives.

Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2023
Global Urban Infrastructure Survey

International Transport Forum
World Bank

urban infrastructure and transportation planning


Input: The latest findings from the Global Education Assessment Database (GEAD) indicate significant improvements in literacy rates among primary school children in East Africa. Published by the International Education Foundation (IEF), this dataset covers the period from 2019 to 2021. The data has been extensively used by the East African Community (EAC) to inform policy changes in educational strategies across member states. Additionally, the National Learning Achievement Survey (NLAS) conducted in 2020 provides a detailed analysis of factors influencing student performance in Kenya. The Ministry of Education in Kenya has cited this survey to design targeted interventions aimed at enhancing learning outcomes in rural areas.

Global Education Assessment Database
National Learning Achievement Survey

International Education Foundation
East African Community
Ministry of Education

education, learning achievement, and school enrollment


Input: (vi) ran out of food, (vii) adults were hungry but did not eat, (viii) went without eating for a whole day, (ix) restricted consumption so kids could eat, and (x) borrowed food or relied on friend/relative for help. 7.0 8.4 7.8 6.0 8.2 6.5 In Camp Addis Ababa Total Hosts Refugees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In Camp Addis Ababa Total Poor (0-21) Borderline (21-35) Acceptable ( > 35) Percent Figure 5.10: Dietary diversity and food consumption status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Dietary diversity score is calculated as the total number of food groups (out of 12) consumed by the household in the last seven days before the survey. The food groups are cereals, roots and tubers, vegetables, fruits, meat (including poultry and offal), eggs, fish and seafood, pulses and legumes and nuts, milk and milk products, oils and fats, sugar/honey, and others. Food consumption status is determined based on food consumption score. a. Dietary diversity score (out of 12 groups) b. Food consumption status Refugees’ Aspirations 49 Moreover, insecurity and displacement-related shocks are common for Eritrean refugees, with 14 percent having experienced


Input: Medium ‐ intensity, on the other hand refers to “ regular armed clashes between governments, government forces and insurgents. ” (IISS 2017) Within the first category, according to the Armed Conflict Survey in 2016 are Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Iraq, while Myanmar, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan are in medium ‐ intensity conflict. (Eritrea is not included in the Armed Conflict Survey in 2017, discussed in Annex). Minorities in Albania, Kosovo and Serbia are often the objects of discrimination but countries are not in conflict. A capsule summary of the security and social situation in each of the other countries included in this survey can be found in Annex 2. The survey illustrates how impractical return is today in the countries in conflict, such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and voluntary return in large 36 Best practice and new methods in return policy, July 2017, http: / / www. bamf. de / SharedDocs / Meldungen / EN / 2017 / EMN / 20170504 ‐ emnjahrestagung ‐ rueckkehr. html


Input: The recent Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report 2022 provides essential insights into reproductive health trends across the region. This comprehensive analysis, produced by the Southeast Asia Health Organization (SAHO), covers critical demographic changes observed in 2020–2021. Additionally, the West African Population Growth Survey (WAPGS) is crucial for understanding the population dynamics in West African countries and was published by the African Development Initiative (ADI) in 2021. These datasets will be valuable for researchers and policymakers aiming to address the evolving challenges in population health.

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report 2022

Southeast Asia Health Organization
African Development Initiative

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment
WAPGS

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report 2022

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report 2022

Southeast Asia Fertility Assessment Report 2022


Input: In recent years, the Global Education Monitoring Report (GEMR) has provided crucial insights into learning achievement and school enrollment trends across various countries. Covering the period from 2020 to 2022, this dataset highlights disparities in education quality and access in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis drawn from the GEMR has been referenced by multiple educational NGOs striving to enhance policy frameworks. The report underscores the importance of data-driven decision-making in education policy, particularly for countries facing significant enrollment challenges. Source: UNESCO elaboration based on the Global Education Monitoring Report.


Input:
**The World Bank**
Formal Employment Creation Project (P171766) Survey). [6] Only 2 percent of respondents to a recent survey reported that they were working and had work permits. About 65 percent of the beneficiaries of the Emergency Social Safety Net Program (ESSN), a temporary humanitarian program, report that their main source of income is short-term informal work. [7] This will become a more significant problem once the ESSN comes to an end.

13. **One of the most important contextual factors that limits formal job creation is the poor access**
**to financing among firms.** Credit service provision is less developed in many provinces where refugees
live and work. According to the World Bank Enterprise Survey, most respondents (76 percent) in the affected regions assert that access to finance deteriorated loan terms and conditions (interest rates, maturity, and collateral requirements). [8] Poor access to longer-term financing limits enterprises from investing, increasing production capacity, and providing sustainable employment opportunities. After high tax rates, access to finance is perceived as a top constraint on firms, particularly small and medium enterprises (SMEs), seeking to carry out and expand business in Turkey. [9] Limited access to finance can also have a negative impact on labor market outcomes, resulting in higher unemployment, higher workforce informality, and lower employment growth. Limited access to credit is also problematic among large enterprises (LEs) because these have the potential to create more jobs, especially among refugees, including higher-quality formal jobs. [10] 14. **Banks do not usually have adequately structured resources to offer medium- to long-term**
**maturities to most firms, mostly because of the short term of their liability base, thus leaving firms,**
**mostly SMEs, open to severe liquidity and interest rate risk.** **[11]** Lack of cash flow-based financing and high
collateral requirements constrain access to finance among SMEs. [12] After the global financial crisis and strong rebalancing in the economy after August 2018, major banks have significantly cut their exposure to SMEs and LEs. The banking system has limited access to long‐term financing. It is funded mostly by relatively stable customer deposits that mature in less than three months, while most of the lending is concentrated in loans for more than three months. The result is a negative liquidity gap, that is, more liquid liabilities than assets, or a liquidity mismatch risk, which peaks in the one- to five‐year maturity range. These imbalances are reflected in bank loan portfolios and the liability structure of enterprises. The bank‐dominated financial sector thus has only a limited ability to provide the maturity critical to support SMEs and LEs that need to make long‐term investments, expand production capacity, and increase employment. In order to address the problems mentioned above, the government introduced some measures to improve SMEs access to finance and their entrepreneurial capacities, that could result effective in the medium to long-term: 6 Turkish Red Crescent and World Food Programme. 2019. _Refugees in Turkey. Livelihoods Survey Findings._ Ankara: Turk Kizilay and World Food Programme.
7 World Bank and World Food Programme. 2019. _Vulnerability and Protection of Refugees in Turkey: Findings from the Rollout of_ _the Largest Humanitarian Cash Assistance Program in the World_ . Washington, DC: World Bank and World Food Programme.
8 Enterprise Surveys (database), International Finance Corporation and World Bank, Washington, DC, https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/.
9 Enterprise Surveys (database), International Finance Corporation and World Bank, Washington, DC., https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/.
10 Ayyagari, M., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and V. Maksimovic. 2011. “Small vs. Young Firms Across the World: Contribution to Employment, Job Creation, and Growth.” Policy Research Working Paper 5631, World Bank, Washington, DC.
11 World Bank. 2014. _Turkey’s Transitions: Integration, Inclusion, Institutions_ . Report 90509-TR. Washington, DC: World Bank.
12 World Bank 2014 and 2018 data of the Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (database), European Central Bank, Frankfurt, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/ecb_surveys/safe/html/index.en.html.

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International Finance Corporation and World Bank

International Finance Corporation and World Bank


Input: In this sense, it is necessary to take into consideration that all indicators of prevalence of NSE and its profile will be limited to a subset of this kind of workers. 4. 1 Latin America and the Caribbean This section focuses on the Latin America and the Caribbean region, where a set of 9 countries, that we consider representing the different realities of the region in an exhaustive way, was analyzed. Specifically, the analysis was conducted for Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic and Uruguay. 5O * NET is the successor of DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles) which is no longer updated. O * NET was launched in 1998 on the basis of the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics codes. In 2003, it was changed to SOC which implies that the consistent measures of task content are calculated from 2003.


Input: The Global Land Cover Assessment (GLCA) was conducted over the period from 2018 to 2020 to map various land uses across Africa. This dataset, published by the African Environmental Agency, provides comprehensive geospatial information that is crucial for understanding land changes. In addition, the Urban Heat Island Effect Study (UHIES) covers urban areas in Southeast Asia for the year 2021, focusing on the impact of urbanization on heat distribution. Many urban planners and researchers have utilized this dataset to inform their projects and policy decisions. Lastly, the Agroforestry Practices Survey (APS) focuses on sustainable land management practices in Brazil from 2019 to 2023 and has gained attention from various NGOs for its insights into climate adaptation strategies.

Global Land Cover Assessment
Urban Heat Island Effect Study
Agroforestry Practices Survey


Input: (GSS). [2] Point coordinates (global positioning system [GPS]) for the surveyed DHS clusters [3] allow us to match all individuals to one or several mineral mines. We do this in two ways. First, we calculate distance spans from an exact mine location given by its GPS coordinates, and match surveyed individuals to mines. These are concentric circles with radiuses of 10, 20, and 30 kilometers (km), and so on, up to 100 km and beyond. In the baseline analysis where 2 The data was shared by Aragón and Rud (2013) 3 Both the DHS and GLSS enumeration area coordinates have a 1-5 km offset. The DHS clusters have up to 10km displacement in 1% of the cases. 7


Input:
**The World Bank**
South Sudan Health Sector Transformation Project (HSTP) (P181385)

|Frequency|Annually|
|---|---|
|Data source|Survey|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|Survey|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|Third Party Monitor / PMU|
|**Contraceptive prevalence rate (any method)**|**Contraceptive prevalence rate (any method)**|
|Description|Percentage of women aged 15− 9 years, married or in union, who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is
using, at least one method of contraception, regardless of the method used.|
|Frequency|Annually|
|Data source|Survey|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|Survey|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|Third Party Monitor / PMU|
|**The proportion of patients with suspected malaria who received a parasitologic test (RDT/Microscopy)**|**The proportion of patients with suspected malaria who received a parasitologic test (RDT/Microscopy)**|
|Description|Percentage of suspected malaria cases that received parasitological diagnosis either by microscopy or RDT|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|DHIS2|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|DHIS2|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|MoH / UNICEF; Measures subcomponent 1.1 Under UNICEF|
|**Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant basic medicines and commodities available and affordable**|**Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant basic medicines and commodities available and affordable**|
|Description|Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a
sustainable basis. Availability: will be calculated based on currently existing data on average proportion of
medicines available in health facilities per country.|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|Quarterly Health Facility Assessment|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|TPM report|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|TPM / PMU|
|**Component 2: Health Systems Strengthening**|**Component 2: Health Systems Strengthening**|
|**Percentage of disease outbreaks in refugee areas that are adequately addressed as per WHO guidelines (Percentage)**|**Percentage of disease outbreaks in refugee areas that are adequately addressed as per WHO guidelines (Percentage)**|
|Description|Disease outbreaks in refugee areas that have been adequately addressed as per WHO guidelines.|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|WHO/MoH report|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|WHO to provide data|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|UNICEF/WHO/ PMU- Measures subcomponent 2.1 under WHO|
|**Percentage of SMoH/CHDs with work plans aligned to the HSSP**|**Percentage of SMoH/CHDs with work plans aligned to the HSSP**|
|Description|Percentage of SMoH and CHDs that develop annual operational work plans aligned to HSSP|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|WHO report|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|WHO to provide data / TPM to verify|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|PMU / TPM; Measures subcomponent 2.1 under WHO|
|**Proportion of health alerts investigated in 48 hrs**|**Proportion of health alerts investigated in 48 hrs**|


Input: The Climate Impact Assessment Report 2022 highlights the challenges faced by vulnerable communities due to climate change. Produced by the Global Environment Facility, this report provides crucial insights into adaptation strategies. Additionally, the Disaster Risk Reduction Data Initiative, published by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, offers a comprehensive overview of disaster preparedness efforts across various regions. These datasets are instrumental for policymakers and researchers working toward enhancing climate resilience.

Climate Impact Assessment Report 2022
Disaster Risk Reduction Data Initiative

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

climate resilience and disaster risk reduction


Input: The analysis focuses on the Domestic Revenue Assessment Report 2022, which highlights the key trends in revenue generation across various sectors. Notably, the report was published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and utilized extensively by numerous countries aiming to improve their fiscal policies. Additionally, the Public Financial Management Database, produced by the World Bank, offers a wealth of information on budgetary allocations and expenditures internationally. This dataset has been a fundamental resource for policymakers looking to strengthen their financial governance.

Domestic Revenue Assessment Report 2022
Public Financial Management Database


Input: The Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2022, published by the Global Transport Institute, provides crucial insights into transportation trends in major cities across the globe. Meanwhile, the City Infrastructure Database (CID) has been extensively used by local governments for planning sustainable urban development. The CID, covering data from 2019 to 2021, also assists organizations like the Urban Planning Network (UPN) in formulating strategies to enhance public transport systems. Furthermore, the Global Transport Institute is known for its comprehensive datasets, including the National Road Safety Survey (NRSS), which collected data on traffic safety from 2018 to 2020, aiding both governmental and non-governmental organizations in creating effective road safety campaigns.

Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2022
City Infrastructure Database
National Road Safety Survey

governmental and non-governmental organizations

Urban Mobility Assessment Report
CID
UPN
NRSS

governmental and non-governmental organizations


Input: The recent analysis on forest conservation efforts highlights the importance of local engagement. According to findings from the Global Forest Assessment, there is a growing recognition of the role that indigenous communities play in sustainable land management. Similarly, the Sustainability Metrics Report provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of various conservation strategies implemented across different regions.

Global Forest Assessment
Sustainability Metrics Report


Input: In the third (Rahim Yar Khan) there is a large difference, with the census reporting that 1 percent of all school-going children attended madrassas, and the LEAPS showing that the fraction is closer to 3. 7 percent (Table II). There are three potential explanations for this difference. First, the LEAPS data is not representative of the district and could be off the mark for districts with wide variation in madrassa enrollment across rural and urban samples. Second, the experience of the last five years could have varied dramatically across districts — in some, the enrollment fractions did not change and in others it increased substantially. Third, the data could point to systematic problems with the census estimates from certain districts, or the statistical problems that arise when we try to estimate low-probability events. 3. 3 Explaining the Differences A number of reasons could account for differences between the estimates presented here and those in the popular press. 1. Differences in the sampling unit. Our estimates are all based on household surveys — an interviewer goes to a household and asks about the enrollment status of every child. Some census estimates of home rather than religious schooling in the United States — the former ranges from 1 to 2 percent (Bauman 2001) while the latter is closer to 8 percent (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001). 10 In our own analysis, we find the quality of the data generated by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Pakistan to be consistently high. We have used the FBS Census of Private Schools (PEIP, 2000) to guide our fieldwork and feasibility study for LEAPS and found it tallied with the situation on the ground quite well, even in remote villages.


Input: In assessing the impact of fiscal policies on domestic revenue mobilization, the latest data from the African Revenue Collection Database (ARCD) has been instrumental. This dataset, which spans 2019 to 2022, provides critical insights into revenue trends across various countries in Africa. Notably, the ARCD includes comprehensive information on tax collection systems in countries such as Nigeria and Kenya, allowing policymakers to draw relevant comparisons. While this dataset has been utilized by numerous researchers, its compilation by the Economic Data Institute has ensured a high level of credibility in the findings.


Input:
PAGE 25 --> similar income aggregates can be obtained between POF and PNADC (Paffhausen et al., 2021), which could be exploited in further work in this direction.

Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance & World Bank Group. (2017). Technical Poverty Estimation
Report: Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey. World Bank, Yangon.

Oliveira, L. S., De Souza, D. F., Dos Santos, L. A., Antunes, M., Brendolin, N. C., & Quintaes, V. C. (2016). "Construction of a Consumption Aggregate Based on Information from POF 2008-2009 and Its Use in the Measurement of Welfare, Poverty, Inequality and Vulnerability of Families." _Review of Income and_ _Wealth_, 62, 179-S210.

Rodrigues, C.T., & Helfand, S., & Lima, J.E. (2018). Novas linhas de pobreza para o Brasil: Uma análise a partir das Pesquisas De Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 e 2008-2009.

Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance

Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance


Input: The Climate Impact Assessment Report 2022 (CIAR2022) provides critical insights into the vulnerabilities faced by coastal communities in Southeast Asia. It was developed by the Environmental Research Institute to support policy-making efforts aimed at enhancing climate resilience. Similarly, the 2021 Urban Climate Data for Africa (UCDA) highlights the challenges urban areas face and serves as a vital resource for local governments, though it does not specify the organization responsible for the data collection. Additionally, the Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019 (GDRRS2019) offers comprehensive data on disaster preparedness across various regions, including Africa and South America, bolstering the knowledge base for future interventions.

Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019

Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019

Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019

Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019

Global Disaster Risk Reduction Survey 2019


Input: During the recent analysis on gender equality, the findings from the Women's Economic Empowerment Study and the Gender Dynamics Assessment provided critical insights into the barriers women face in the labor market. These sources highlight the disparities in employment rates and wage gaps, further emphasizing the need for targeted policies to support women's advancement in various economic sectors.

Women's Economic Empowerment Study
Gender Dynamics Assessment

gender equality and women's economic empowerment


Input: destination. Building on a growing literature documenting the relationship between subjective welfare and relative income, Fafchamps and Shilpi (2008) show that Nepalese households care about their consumption level relative to that of others in the same location. If this is the case, it is conceivable that migrants choose their destination not so much for the absolute gain in income it may provide but for the gain in relative status that would ensue. For instance, if returns to education and ability are higher in an urban setting, an educated individual may improve his relative position in society by moving from a rural to an urban setting. To investigate this possibility, we estimate equation (4) using the log of relative income (or relative consumption) as dependent variable and construct a predicted relative income measure using the same formula (5). These are shown in the second panel of Table 1. Theories of work migration predict that individuals move to increase their utility or welfare. The 1995 / 96 NLSS asked respondents a number of questions regarding their subjective satisfac- tion level with various dimensions of consumption — namely, food, clothing, housing, health care, and child schooling. They were also asked their subjective satisfaction with their level of total income.


Input: Recent analysis highlights significant trends in women's economic empowerment through the Women's Economic Participation Survey (WEPS), published by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2022. This dataset provides essential insights into female labor force participation across various regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The survey data has been extensively used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to inform policies that promote gender equality and enhance women's roles in the workforce. By focusing on geographic trends, the WEPS highlights disparities that need to be addressed to foster inclusive economic growth.

International Labor Organization
United Nations Development Programme


Input: as sold. Annexes 125 Table E.2: Food aid and consumption comparisons Items Quantity (per capita/year) Expenditure (per capita/year) SESRE UNHCR SESRE UNHCR Nonzero All Net of sold ration* Cereals/other cereals 23.2 186.1 175.5 493 12404 Wheat 60.5 133.2 116.6 1427 4710 Maize 39.6 125.5 118.3 312 4267 Rice 21.3 48.5 39.8 560 3392 Sorghum 12.7 132.8 125.7 4 5652 Pulses 7.1 18.9 17.5 248 1514 Vegetable oil/oil 3.7 9.7 8.9 627 1774 Salt 1.6 7.9 7.7 57 232 Biscuits 5.4 4.5 4.4 16 112 Dates 0.0 4.2 3.7 0 . CSB+ 19.3 15.0 14.0 36 532 Other food 565.9 - - 2558 Peas 5.7 - - 137 All cereals 78.2 - - 2994 All pulses 8.2 - - 385 Aggregate ration/month 46.7 - - Source: UNHCR and World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Valuing food aid quantities with prices from SESRE suggests that if UNHCR food aid quantities were received/ reported by refugees, refugees’ food expenditures would be much more comparable to those of hosts (Based on this information, we compare how the distribution list shared what refugees should have received to what they reported regarding food consumption. The results show that refugees reported quantities lower than UNHCR food


Input:
**population in Poland has changed**

**radically after February 24, 2022.**
Up until 2021, Ukrainians in Poland were mostly men (close to two-thirds), who came for work-related reasons, often leaving their families back in Ukraine. The onset of the full-scale conflict in Ukraine triggered the arrival of individuals displaced by the war.
Those were primarily women and children, with men in Ukraine being mobilized for the war effort. Social insurance data does not reflect the full extent of the change, showing only workers, without children and adults outside of employment.

**Chart 3. Number of Ukrainians registered in Poland for social insurance by sex**

2021 Q4 2022 Q4 2023 Q4 2024 Q2 Number of insured men with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured women with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured with Ukrainian citizenship Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

3 Employed person is a person, who during the reference week worked for at least 1 hour for pay or profit, including contributing family workers; had a certain job attachment; or produced agricultural goods for sale or barter. A definition according to the Labour Force Survey: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Glossary:Employed_person_-_LFS 08 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of September 2024.


Input: The 2020 Labor Market Insights Report (LMIR) provides comprehensive data on employment trends across various sectors in South Africa. Produced by the National Employment Agency, this dataset covers the period from 2015 to 2020, offering valuable context for policymakers and researchers alike. Additionally, the Skills Development Assessment 2022 (SDA 2022) highlights the skills gap in the labor force and is being utilized by several educational institutions to tailor their training programs. Furthermore, the Youth Employment Survey (YES) conducted in 2021 focuses specifically on the challenges faced by young job seekers in urban areas, although it does not include data from rural regions.

Labor Market Insights Report
Skills Development Assessment 2022
Youth Employment Survey

National Employment Agency
educational institutions


Input:
# Appendix. Model Calibration

##### D.Climate is CGE [51] model developed by Deloitte Economic Institute based on GTAP model [52] . If source of data is not specified it means that shocks were calibrated to data from the model database.

It was assumed that impact of refugees on the Polish economy was felt as combined four different shocks: to population, labour supply, average propensity to save, and productivity, with shocks to population and labour supply being balanced by equivalent shocks in Eastern Europe [53] .
Moreover, as part of assumed increase in spending by Ukrainians in Poland was financed by savings from Ukraine this was balanced by equivalent negative shock on investment in Eastern Europe.

Shock to population was calibrated to match data for residents of Poland from Statistics Poland and number of refugees based on PESEL UKR. Equivalent shock in Eastern Europe was calculated using data for population in this region from World Population Prospects UN.


Input: In 2020, the Social Protection Assessment Report provided crucial insights into the effectiveness of various safety net programs across developing countries. This comprehensive analysis, published by the World Bank, highlighted significant disparities in access and coverage, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions to enhance the social safety net framework.


Input: The Renewable Energy Access Database (READ) offers critical insights into the energy situation across various regions, covering the years 2019–2023. This database, managed by the Global Energy Institute, highlights the status of renewable energy installations in countries like Nigeria and Brazil. Notably, the 2021 Energy Transition Assessment Report provides a comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy strategies implemented in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, researchers from the Institute for Sustainable Solutions have utilized the READ database to inform policy decisions in the region. Together, these datasets underline the significant advancements and ongoing challenges in achieving universal energy access.

Renewable Energy Access Database
Energy Transition Assessment Report

Global Energy Institute
Institute for Sustainable Solutions


Input:
In  recent years enrollment rates have increased sharply and are higher for girls than boys in Bangladesh's urban areas, according to UNICEF.

Female children are more likely to be enrolled than male children in primary  schools, a result in line with recent UNICEF findings.

The data for the Netherlands is taken from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM). [2] The data for Germany is from the Robert Koch Institute. [3] The data for Italy can be viewed via a live dashboard, [4] and the raw data is well organized and available on a github page. [5] The Spanish data was taken from this link. [6]

The COVID-19 data is taken from the RIVM. [8] The first data snapshot includes all confirmed
cases as of March 22 (a total of 4,004 with known residence out of 4,157 confirmed cases).

Dutch National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)

Dutch National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)


Input: The latest findings from the Poverty Headcount Survey 2022 indicate significant shifts in poverty levels across the region. This survey, conducted by the National Statistical Institute, provides crucial insights into inequality measurement that can inform policy decisions going forward.


Input: Figure 4: Refugees and Asylum-Seekers by Migratory Path 1951 – 2015 Source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, UNHCR Global Trends

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database

UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database


Input: The Digital Technology Adoption Survey (DTAS) conducted in 2022 provides valuable insights into how various sectors in Ghana have adopted new technologies. This dataset, published by the Ministry of Communication and Digitalisation, offers a comprehensive overview of trends and barriers to technology use across urban and rural areas. Additionally, the survey data covers a timeframe from 2020 to 2022, highlighting the rapid evolution of digital tools during the ongoing global transition to a more technology-driven economy. Moreover, the Ghana Digital Development Assessment report (GDDA 2023) further elaborates on these findings, emphasizing the geographic disparities in technology uptake within the country.

Ghana Digital Development Assessment report

Ministry of Communication and Digitalisation

Ghana Digital Development Assessment report

Ghana Digital Development Assessment report

Ghana Digital Development Assessment report

Ministry of Communication and Digitalisation

digital development and technology adoption


Input: The Fragility and Violence Assessment Report 2022 provides critical insights into the factors contributing to instability in various regions. Produced by the Conflict Research Institute, this report analyzes data trends from conflict-affected countries, helping policymakers design effective interventions.

Fragility and Violence Assessment Report 2022

Fragility and Violence Assessment Report 2022


Input:
The daily precipitation data used are from the 3- hourly data set from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Project (TRMM), which is aggregated up to daily data.

\n<!-- PAGE 28 -->\ndata set product 3B42RT 3 hour product gives the best results in a basket of 8 near real-time rainfall products. The 3B42RT daily derived product is what is used in this paper.

\n<!-- PAGE 8 -->\nthrough 2015. During the period from 1985 to 2016, the Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) registered 3,808 floods of magnitude 4 or more and 1,175 floods of magnitude 6 and up. [3]

According to the Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), there were more than 19,000 natural hazards in the period 2001 - 2015 (National Disaster Management Agency 2016), making Indonesia a useful country for any natural hazard analysis.

According to the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the Philippines is at high risk from several types of natural hazards (GFDRR 2019). Prime among them are cyclones, where an average of 20 make landfall every year. In 2013, typhoon Yolanda led to 6,000 casualties and damaged more than 1.1 million houses. The Philippines are also exposed to earthquake and flood risks.

Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Project (TRMM)

Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Project (TRMM)


Input: The East Africa Skills Development Survey (EASDS) conducted in 2022 examined labor market trends across the region. This dataset, produced by the East African Community (EAC), provides critical insights into skills gaps and employment opportunities in Kenya and Tanzania. Additionally, the 2023 Labor Market Assessment Report (LMAR) offers a comprehensive overview of workforce dynamics in Uganda, highlighting the impacts of recent policy changes on employment rates. The findings from these datasets are essential for stakeholders, including government agencies and NGOs, working to improve employment outcomes in these countries.

East Africa Skills Development Survey
Labor Market Assessment Report

East African Community
government agencies
NGOs


Input: The Water and Sanitation Monitoring Database, published by the Global Health Organization, provides crucial insights into access to clean water and sanitation facilities across developing countries. This database is essential for policymakers aiming to improve public health outcomes in these regions.

Water and Sanitation Monitoring Database

Water and Sanitation Monitoring Database


Input: The recent analysis on flood resilience in South Asia draws on multiple datasets. The South Asia Flood Assessment Report (SAFAR) published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provides critical insights on the impact of floods in the region. Additionally, the 2022 Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) for Bangladesh was utilized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to evaluate the adaptation needs of at-risk communities. Meanwhile, the Regional Disaster Risk Database (RDRD) compiled by the World Bank serves as a key resource for policymakers, covering data from 2015 to 2021. Finally, the Disaster Resilience Monitoring System (DRMS) has been instrumental for local governments in Sri Lanka, allowing them to make informed decisions based on historical data from 2019.

South Asia Flood Assessment Report
Climate Vulnerability Index
Regional Disaster Risk Database
Disaster Resilience Monitoring System

Asian Development Bank
United Nations Development Programme
World Bank


Input: 13 Proposition 7 State-Level Effects of Population Size: The risk of civil war events at a location varies with the size of the population of the country to which the location belongs, controlling for the local effects. 3 Research Design 3. 1 Unit of Analysis To distinguish between the different theoretical statements regarding how population sizes, population concentrations and locations relate to risk of conflict, we need to investigate exactly where conflicts occur. We have created a dataset using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program which converted large territories into smaller portions of 8. 6 km x 8. 6 km, totaling 74 square kilometers. Each of these grid squares are our units of observation (we will refer to them as squares). This approach is similar to that of Buhaug & Rød (2006), with two important differences. First, their squares are much larger (100x100km). Second, they code the dependent variable considerably more crudely than is done in the ACLED dataset described below. Buhaug & Rød (2006) use the `scope'and `location'variables in the Uppsala / PRIO dataset.


Input: The 2022 National Social Protection Survey (NSPS) conducted by the Ministry of Social Affairs provides crucial insights into the welfare programs in Ghana. Data from this survey has been instrumental for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in evaluating the effectiveness of social safety nets in the region. Additionally, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) produced the 2021 Regional Social Assistance Database, which includes comprehensive information on assistance programs across member states. This dataset is frequently cited by various NGOs working in West Africa to inform policy recommendations and enhance support for vulnerable populations.

National Social Protection Survey
Regional Social Assistance Database

West African Economic and Monetary Union

West African Economic and Monetary Union


Input: Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset. Journal of Peace Research. 1989-2019. 50 (4). Taylor, J., M. Filipski, and M. Alloush (2016). Economic impact of refugees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (27), 7449 – 53. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019. Geneva. Verme, P. and K. Schuettler (2021). The impact of forced displacement on host communities a review of the empirical literature in economics. Journal of Development Economics 102606. Verwimp, P. and J. Maystadt (2015, December). Forced Displacement and Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa. An Economic Inquiry. World Bank Policy Research Working paper 7517. Vogt, Manuel, N.- C. B. S. R. L.- E. C. P. H. and L. Girardin (2015). Integrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict: The Ethnic Power Relations Data Set Family. 51


Input: The Gender Equality Assessment Report 2022 conducted by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) provides critical insights into economic opportunities for women across various sectors. The findings from this report are utilized by the World Bank to inform their Gender Data Portal initiatives aimed at enhancing women's access to resources. Additionally, the Women’s Economic Empowerment Survey (WEES) published by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2021 focuses on labor market participation and is leveraged by numerous non-governmental organizations for project planning. Through these datasets, stakeholders can better understand the challenges faced by women globally and devise appropriate interventions.

Gender Equality Assessment Report 2022
Gender Data Portal
Women’s Economic Empowerment Survey

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women


Input: Recent analyses indicate significant progress in environmental sustainability initiatives across various regions. The Global Green Index (GGI), published by the International Environmental Agency (IEA), provides comprehensive data on the commitment levels of countries towards renewable energy from 2019 to 2022. This dataset has been extensively used by the Global Sustainability Council to benchmark national policies. Additionally, the Biodiversity Assessment Report 2020, produced by the World Wildlife Federation (WWF), sheds light on species conservation efforts in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia. The WWF’s report has been cited in numerous studies conducted by the Environmental Research Network, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity in sustainable development.

Global Green Index
Biodiversity Assessment Report 2020

International Environmental Agency
Global Sustainability Council
World Wildlife Federation
Environmental Research Network


Input: The Global Financial Inclusion Survey (GFIS) conducted by the Economic Research Institute in 2022 provides critical insights into the accessibility of banking services across various regions. This dataset highlights trends in financial behaviors within the South Asian region, capturing data from several countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Furthermore, the 2021 Macro-Economic Trends Report (METR) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) analyzes the economic indicators that inform policy decisions, encompassing data from 2015 to 2021. Both datasets are pivotal for understanding the evolving landscape of financial inclusion and economic stability.

Global Financial Inclusion Survey
2021 Macro-Economic Trends Report

Economic Research Institute
International Monetary Fund


Input: 3 population density across a state, the ecological inference issue is alleviated as we directly test the propensity of any population group to experience a conflict. Through disaggregation, we may succeed in supporting explanations based on variables such as the distance from the capital and the overall size of the country's population if we know at which locations conflicts occur. If conflicts are located mainly at some distance from countries'capitals, we might infer that large countries have more conflicts because of the difficulties of projecting governmental power. If they are located in population concentrations irrespective of location relative to the capita, other explanations should be sought. The paper makes use a new dataset called ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) to allow for this type of disaggregated analysis. The dataset currently codes the location of all reported conflict events in 14 countries in Central Africa in the 1960 – 2004 period. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper suggests some adaptions to a statistical method to allow for analyzing data at this level of analysis. Related to the size of populations is their distributions. The Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, is not only characterized by being enormously large, but also shows tremendous variation in population densities.

Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset

Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset


Input: The Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey (EARTS) conducted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2022 provides critical insights into the status of energy access in low-income countries. This dataset is widely cited by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its annual reports on sustainable development goals. In addition, the Renewable Energy Development Assessment (REDA) from 2021, published by the Global Renewable Energy Institute (GREI), focuses on renewable energy initiatives across Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings from REDA have been instrumental for the African Union (AU) in shaping policies aimed at enhancing energy sustainability in the region.

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey

International Energy Agency
United Nations Development Programme
Global Renewable Energy Institute
African Union

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey

Energy Access and Renewable Transition Survey


Input: 5 narrative around the regressions and aims to explain why not more people migrate when benefits of doing so are so high. 2. The Setting: Tanzania and Kagera, 1994-2004 In the last decade, Tanzania has experienced a period of relatively rapid growth, attributed to liberalization, a renewed trade orientation, a stable political context, and a relatively positive business climate to boost economic performance. Real GDP growth was of the order of 4. 2 % per year between 1994 and 2004, while annual population growth was around 3. 2 % in the same period (URT, 2004). There is also evidence that growth had accelerated in the last few years compared to the 1990s. However, this growth has not been sufficiently broad-based to result in rapid poverty reduction. On the basis of the available evidence, poverty rates have declined only slightly and most of the poverty reduction progress has been made in urban areas. According to the Household Budget Survey (HBS), between 1991 and 2000 / 01, poverty declined from 39 percent to 36 percent in mainland Tanzania. The decline in poverty was steep in Dar es Salaam (from 28 % to 18 %) but minimal in rural Tanzania (from 41 % to 39 %).


Input: The Public Revenue Assessment 2022 (PRA 2022) highlights significant trends in domestic revenue generation across several countries. This report, produced by the International Fiscal Institute (IFI), provides comprehensive insights into tax compliance and revenue collection efficiencies from 2017 to 2022. Additionally, the African Revenue Collection Database (ARCD) covers a broader period from 2015 to 2021, focusing specifically on revenue mobilization strategies in East African nations. Stakeholders, including various governmental organizations, are increasingly relying on these datasets to inform policy decisions and enhance fiscal management practices.

Public Revenue Assessment 2022
African Revenue Collection Database


Input: The Conflict and Fragility Assessment Report 2022, published by the International Crisis Group, offers an in-depth analysis of the ongoing challenges faced by nations in conflict zones. This report provides valuable insights into the socio-economic impacts of violence and the necessary interventions required to rebuild these fragile states. By analyzing data from affected regions, the report aims to guide policymakers and organizations in crafting effective strategies for peacebuilding.

Conflict and Fragility Assessment Report 2022

Conflict and Fragility Assessment Report 2022


Input: The recent analysis of the Global Refugee Statistics Report 2022, published by the International Refugee Agency (IRA), highlighted significant trends in forced displacement patterns across various regions. This dataset, used extensively by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), provides comprehensive insights into the demographics and circumstances of displaced persons. Furthermore, the Mobility and Migration Assessment (MMA) data from 2021, produced by the Migration Research Institute (MRI), sheds light on the economic impacts of migration. Organizations such as the World Economic Forum (WEF) have utilized this assessment to inform policy discussions on migration strategies in Europe and beyond. These datasets are invaluable for understanding the evolving dynamics of displacement and migration in today's global landscape.

Global Refugee Statistics Report 2022
Mobility and Migration Assessment

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


Input: The recent analysis of maternal health outcomes highlights critical trends in health systems across various regions. The findings draw extensively on the National Maternal Health Survey, which provides comprehensive insights into the factors affecting maternal care and health service delivery. Such data is vital for understanding disparities and improving policy frameworks aimed at enhancing maternal health outcomes.


Input:
evidence is consistent with studies that used cross-section surveys, panel data and cross-country

Some of the work with panel data has also gone further in an effort to establish a causality link

Oswald (2007) use information on lottery winnings in the British Household Panel Survey


Input: Table 2: Ethnic composition of IDPs, refugees, returnees in the North Ethnicity IDPs in Bamako (%) Refugees Niger (%) Refugees Mauritania (%) Returnees (%) Total I + R + R (%) Ethnic composition of the North (%) Songhai 75 21- 71 43 45 Kel Tamasheq 12 56 69 12 38 32 Arab 3- 28 4 11 3 Peulh 4 21- 6 4 7 Other 6 11 3 7 4 12 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total (n) 100 81 100 220 501 1, 268, 009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2009 Population and Housing Census. The ethnic composition of IDPs and returnees is almost identical. This is a reflection of the fact that 94 % of returnees were displaced within Mali. Only 6 % returned from outside the country. The reason why few returned refugees are in the returnee sub-sample is explained by their place of residence prior to the crisis: only 5 % of the refugees in Mauritania and Niger lived in Timbuktu town before their displacement; 2 % lived in Gao town and 1 % in Kidal town. The remaining 92 % lived in 27 different towns and villages in northern Mali, locations not covered by the survey.

2009 Population and Housing Census
Listening to Displaced People Survey


Input: Figure 3: Ethnic Fractionalization and Ethnic Polarization Ethnicity. A major task for the construction of our dataset is the combining of data on ethnicity from various sources. Indeed, linking ethnic groups is challenging as ethnic identities are socially constructed and there are different definitions, categorizations, and even conceptual approaches when it comes to identifying ethnicities in various databases or scientific disciplines. This makes the task of treating, combining, and analyzing ethnicities extremely daunting as it requires substantial back- ground knowledge on hundreds of ethnicities and a manual treatment would inevitably lead to incon- sistencies, errors of manipulation, and / or subjective choices. Fortunately, we can rely on the Linking Ethnic Data from Africa (LEDA) open-source software package constructed by M ¨ uller-Crepon et al. (2020), which contains a full pipeline to link ethnic datasets from Africa in a consistent and replicable way. We obtain ethnicities of refugees from the EPR-ER dataset, while the ethnicities of individuals in the hosting areas stem from the Afrobarometer.


Input:
rents to GDP from WDI), we can implicitly compute 𝛾.

Source:_
_Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Figure 2 plots the sources of growth for the Sub-Saharan Africa region as well as the different groups according

Source: Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)._

Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. H. (1999). "Does trade cause growth?" American Economic Review 89(3): 379-399.

reported in the Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015). [15]

Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)

Penn World Tables 9.0 (Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer 2015)


Input: 10 Finally, we divide the communities based on land scarcity before the 1993 conflict in order to explore the possible role of posterior rules regarding land provision to returnees. Respondents in communities that had more and less pre-war land available have broadly similar attitudes towards return. 4. Research design 4. 1 The survey We collected the data for this project during January to March 2015 as part of a nationwide survey on issues related to migration for the Labour Market Impacts of Forced Migration (LAMFOR) project. The survey had two components. First, a household survey in which 15 households were interviewed in 100 communities (i. e. sous-collines) across the 17 provinces of the country. Second, a community survey in which a local leader was interviewed in each of the 100 communities. The number of communities selected in each province was based on information from the 2008 Census. Figure 4 indicates the location of the communities surveyed. Figure 4 – Location of communities surveyed in Burundi Note: Geolocation of the 100 communities (i. e. sous-collines) sampled in the survey. Each community corresponds to a dot. Fifteen households and a local leader were interviewed in each community. The number of communities selected in each province was based on information from the 2008 Census. In the analysis below we focus on rural areas.


Input: The 2020 Social Protection Assessment Report, published by the International Social Welfare Organization (ISWO), served as a critical resource for the development of new programs in various countries. Following this, the Eastern European Safety Nets Database (EESND), which compiles extensive data from the region's social safety nets, was utilized by local governments for program evaluation in 2021. Meanwhile, the Comprehensive Child Welfare Survey (CCWS) contributed valuable insights into child poverty levels and was extensively cited by UNICEF across various initiatives from 2019 to 2022. Additionally, the Global Labor Market Trends Report, released by the World Economic Research Institute (WERI), provided essential analyses that informed labor policy reforms in several nations, including Ukraine and Poland, within the timeframe of 2021 to 2023.

Social Protection Assessment Report
Eastern European Safety Nets Database
Comprehensive Child Welfare Survey
Global Labor Market Trends Report

International Social Welfare Organization

International Social Welfare Organization


Input: The recent Labor Market Dynamics Report 2022, published by the International Labor Organization (ILO), provides valuable insights into employment trends across various sectors in Eastern Europe. Utilizing data from this report, the European Commission conducted a comprehensive analysis to enhance its workforce development strategies. Additionally, the Skills Assessment Survey (SAS) 2021, created by the World Bank, focuses on the skills gap in developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. This survey has been instrumental for local governments, such as the Ministry of Labor in Indonesia, which has referenced the SAS data to inform policy changes aimed at boosting employment opportunities for youth.

Labor Market Dynamics Report 2022
Skills Assessment Survey
SAS

International Labor Organization
European Commission
World Bank
Ministry of Labor in Indonesia


Input: 9 Figure 10. Selected characteristics across Ugandan and refugee households, % Source: RHCS 2018, WB staff calculations. A simple comparison between refugees and Ugandan households demonstrates that refugees lag with regards to selected characteristics found to narrow the poverty gap. For example, refugees are less likely to have access to land than Ugandans. If refugees have access to land, the majority do not own it, but have user rights. The size of land also differs a lot among Ugandan and refugee households. Most Ugandans have at least 0. 05 hectare per capita, while the majority of refugees have less than 0. 05 hectare per capita. Refugee heads of household are also less likely to work and less likely to be literate compared to their Ugandan counterparts. Refugees have higher shares of children and elderly in household size compared to Ugandans. For example, among almost 60 percent of refugee households, more than half of the household members are children and elderly compared to 42 percent of households among Ugandans. Economic inclusion dividend When a development approach to hosting refugees is followed and refugees earn incomes, there are two key beneficiaries. Refugees themselves, who gain dignity, financial autonomy and pathways to self-reliance.


Input: The Global Refugee and Migration Data Collection (GRMDC) provides comprehensive statistics on the trends and patterns of forced displacement across various regions. Published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), this dataset is essential for understanding the challenges faced by displaced populations. The data covers the period from 2018 to 2022, offering insights for policymakers and humanitarian organizations working in the domain of forced migration.

Global Refugee and Migration Data Collection

International Organization for Migration

Global Refugee and Migration Data Collection

International Organization for Migration

Global Refugee and Migration Data Collection

Global Refugee and Migration Data Collection


Input: 10 Last, specific adjustments are made in the case of Germany and the Republic of Korea. For Germany, bilateral data are available only by nationality. However, these data fail to take adequate account of the large number of ethnic Germans who arrived from other countries between 1944 and 1950 (mainly expellees) and those who arrived after1950 (mainly resettlers). Material from the German 2005 micro-census was therefore used to supplement the data for Germany (see appendix 3). In the case of Korea, data by nationality are readily available for each census round. However, these data fail to account for the large numbers of migrants from the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea living in the Republic of Korea. Since the United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock details the total migrant stock in the Republic of Korea by the country of birth definition and because citizenship is rarely granted to people from outside, it is simply assumed that the nationality data were comparable to the foreign-born definition. The nationality total was then subtracted from the UN total and the remaining migrants were assigned to the People ‘ s Democratic Republic of Korea.

United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock

United Nations Trends in International Migrant Stock


Input: Respondents who were untraced were much more likely to be residing outside Kagera (43 %) compared to their counterparts who were re-interviewed (8 %). The consumption data come from an extensive consumption module administered in 1991 and again in 2004. The consumption aggregate includes home produced and purchased food and non-food expenditure. The non-food component includes a range of non-food purchases, as well as utilities, expenditure on clothing / personal items, transfers out and health expenditures. Funeral expenses and health expenses prior to the death of an ill person were excluded. Monetary levels were adjusted to account for spatial and temporal price differences, using price data collected in the Kagera survey in 1991 and 2004, and, for households outside Kagera, data from the National Household Budget Survey. Consumption is expressed in per capita, per annum terms. The poverty line is set at TZS 109, 663, calibrated to yield for our sample of respondents who remained in Kagera the same poverty rate as the 2000 / 1 National Household Budget Survey estimate for Kagera (29 %). 4. Growth, Poverty and Physical Mobility in Kagera In this section, we discuss changes in living standards overall, and the changes for four mutually exclusive groups based on residence in 2004: (i) still residing in the baseline community, (ii) residing in a


Input: The recent trends in forced displacement highlight the critical need for comprehensive data analysis. The Global Refugee and Migration Trends Report provides essential insights into the patterns of migration and the challenges faced by displaced populations. Understanding these dynamics is vital for policymakers aiming to address the humanitarian needs effectively. Furthermore, ongoing discussions around refugee integration emphasize the importance of data in shaping inclusive policies.

Global Refugee and Migration Trends Report


Input: 15 resulting in government forces recapturing rebel held territory, establishment of a rebel base or headquarters, rebel activity that is not battle related (e. g. presence or the killing of civilians), and territorial transfers. The dataset consists of 4, 145 battle events for the 1960 – 2004 period. In the present analysis, we use 2, 530 of these. The remaining events were dropped as they either were in countries not included in the analysis, or because information was missing for one of the key variables. Each conflict event is associated with geographic coordinates and a date of occurrence. This information allows for spatial and temporal modeling of conflict events. The dataset used in this article covers 14 countries in Central Africa. 6 of them had a conflict in the 1960 – 2004 period according to the Uppsala / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (Gleditsch et al., 2002): Angola, Burundi, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Rwanda, and Uganda.


Input: Survey instruments enable detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households, and if they identify displaced populations based on self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status. Additionally, more innovative tools and technologies for data collection, analysis and compilation should be explored and leveraged. For example, new methodologies (such as high resolution satellite imagery and unmanned drones) may expand the coverage of data collection efforts in insecure or inaccessible areas. Additionally, new techniques could be explored to improve the collection of robust data on flows of refugees and IDPs. Organizations such as the World Bank, UNHCR, IOM and IDMC are already exploring and in some cases are beginning to use more innovative data collection tools. These techniques include: 99 Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including Living Standards Measurement Studies, Labor Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner


Input: The Renewable Energy Access Survey (REAS) conducted in 2022 provides critical insights into energy consumption patterns across various regions. This comprehensive dataset encompasses data from rural and urban areas, specifically focusing on countries like Ghana and Bangladesh, which are leading efforts in renewable transitions. While the survey highlights progress, it also sheds light on the challenges faced in energy access, particularly for marginalized communities. The findings are instrumental for policymakers and NGOs aiming to improve energy equity. Source: Elaborations based on REAS data by the Global Energy Initiative.


Input: The recent Energy Access Assessment Report 2022 (EAAR) produced by the Global Renewable Energy Institute provides critical insights into the progress of energy access across Sub-Saharan Africa. This dataset has been extensively used by the African Energy Commission to inform policy decisions aimed at improving electricity coverage in the region. The report highlights significant gaps in access and suggests targeted interventions for the 2019-2022 timeframe, emphasizing the urgent need for investment in renewable energy sources to meet the growing demand for electricity. As highlighted in the assessment, the potential for solar power utilization is enormous, particularly in rural areas where traditional grid connections are limited.

Energy Access Assessment Report 2022
Energy Access Assessment Report

Global Renewable Energy Institute
African Energy Commission


Input: The Digital Adoption Survey (DAS) 2022, which evaluates the technology usage patterns amongst households in Sub-Saharan Africa, provides essential insights into how digital resources are being accessed. Conducted by the International Technology Initiative (ITI), this survey's findings help shape policies for enhancing connectivity in the region. Additionally, the Urban Tech Index (UTI) 2021 highlights metropolitan trends in technology adoption across various cities in Asia. Although the UTI has been referenced by numerous urban planners, it is important to note that it does not include rural areas. Lastly, the Global E-Readiness Report (GER) 2019 focuses on assessing the e-readiness of nations worldwide, yet it does not cover specific geographical data for small island nations, providing a broad view instead.

Digital Adoption Survey
Urban Tech Index
Global E-Readiness Report

Sub-Saharan Africa
Asia
nations worldwide


Input: The recent Economic Empowerment Survey (EES) conducted in 2022 by the Institute for Economic Research (IER) provides crucial insights into financial inclusion trends across various demographics in Southeast Asia. This dataset has been utilized by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to analyze the impacts of economic policies on low-income households. Furthermore, the Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023 (FIAR) published by the Global Finance Institute (GFI) serves as a complementary resource, with findings based on the EES and the 2021 National Financial Survey (NFS). Both the EES and NFS offer valuable data for understanding regional disparities in access to financial services, making them important for policymakers aiming to enhance economic access and equity in the region.

Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023

Institute for Economic Research
Asian Development Bank
Global Finance Institute

Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023

Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023

Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023

Financial Inclusion Assessment Report 2023


Input: The Global Employment Trends Report 2023 provides insights into the changing dynamics of labor markets worldwide. Published by the International Labour Organization (ILO), this report analyzes the impact of economic fluctuations on employment opportunities in various regions. It serves as a critical resource for policymakers aiming to address issues related to unemployment and skills development.


Input: Section 6 presents the differing views of IDPs, refugees and returnees on what happened during the crisis and prospects for peace. Section 7 concludes the paper. 2. The Listening to Displaced People Survey The Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS) combines a baseline face-to-face survey with mobile phone follow-up interviews. During the baseline survey respondents were identified and information on household and respondent characteristics was collected. Once the baseline interview was completed, respondents were given a mobile phone and started to receive, at monthly intervals, phone interviews from a call center in Bamako. During these phone interviews structured questions were asked about welfare of the household. Phone interviews are standard practice in developed countries and they are increasingly being used in less developed countries, as the coverage of cell phone networks expands. Not only do these kinds of surveys allow for low cost, high frequency representative data collection (Hoogeveen et


Input: The East African Trade Assessment Report (EATAR) provides crucial insights into trade flows across the region. Produced by the East Africa Trade Organization, this comprehensive report covers the years 2018–2020 and includes analysis relevant to trade policies in Kenya and Uganda. Additionally, the data from the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) offers a benchmark for assessing the economic competitiveness of various nations, including Rwanda and Tanzania. The GCI data spans the years 2019 to 2021 and is utilized by numerous regional policymakers to inform strategic initiatives. This mix of datasets highlights diverse perspectives on economic performance and trade dynamics in East Africa, offering valuable resources for stakeholders.

East African Trade Assessment Report
Global Competitiveness Index


Input: The Global Climate Change Assessment Report 2022, published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides comprehensive data on greenhouse gas emissions across various regions. This dataset is being utilized by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to track progress towards emission reduction targets. Additionally, the assessment includes detailed statistics for North America, emphasizing the urgent need for policy interventions. The EPA has also released the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey (BESS) which focuses on evaluating ecosystem health from 2020 to 2022. This data is being referenced by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to advocate for conservation strategies in various ecosystems.

Global Climate Change Assessment Report 2022

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey

Global Climate Change Assessment Report 2022

Global Climate Change Assessment Report 2022

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Global Climate Change Assessment Report 2022

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Survey


Input: Recent analyses of macroeconomic trends have drawn upon the National Financial Inclusion Survey and the Global Economic Outlook Report, which provide valuable insights into the current state of financial access and economic performance across various regions. These datasets are crucial for understanding the dynamics of financial systems and their impact on poverty reduction initiatives. Furthermore, the implications of these studies extend beyond mere numbers, influencing policy recommendations and development strategies.

National Financial Inclusion Survey
Global Economic Outlook Report


Input: The 2022 Labor Market Assessment Report, published by the International Labour Organization, provides a comprehensive overview of employment trends in various sectors. This report serves as a crucial resource for policymakers and researchers looking to understand labor dynamics during a challenging economic period.