Input:
**The World Bank**
SPF: Improved Livelihoods for Internally Displaced Persons in Azerbaijan (P178125)

**Unit of** **Data Source /**
**Indicator Name** **Corporate** **End Target** **Frequency**
**Measure** **[Baseline ]** **Methodology**

Description:

**Name:** Percentage of
beneficiaries taking a more active role in their communities Percentage of beneficiaries taking a more active role in their communities - female Percentag e Percentag e 0.00 50.00 Twice, once before civic engagement training and again at least three months after civic engagement training completion.

0.00 50.00 Twice, once before civic engagement training and again at least three months after civic engagement training completion.

For participants in Component 1 and 2 of the project, the Baseline Survey and Post-Training Completion Survey will be used for data collection.
For individuals trained only as part of Component 3, a separate pre-training survey will be conducted as well as a follow-up survey conducted at least three months after civic engagement training.

For participants in Component 1 and 2 of the project, the Baseline Survey and Post-Training Completion Survey will be used for data collection.
For individuals trained only as part of Component 3, a separate pre-training survey will be conducted as well as a follow-up survey conducted at least

**Responsibility for**
**Data Collection**

M&E Specialist M&E Specialist Page 26 of 34

Baseline Survey and Post-Training Completion Survey

Baseline Survey and Post-Training Completion Survey


Input: The 2020 Maternal Health Assessment (MHA) provides crucial insights into health system challenges faced by women in sub-Saharan Africa. Produced by the Global Health Institute, the MHA dataset focuses on access to care and maternal outcomes. Furthermore, the 2019/2020 Women’s Health Survey (WHS) highlights reproductive health metrics across five major regions, making it an essential tool for policymakers. Both datasets play a significant role in informing health interventions, although the MHA has been utilized primarily by local NGOs, while the WHS is cited frequently in international health research.

Maternal Health Assessment
Women’s Health Survey


Input: The Fragile States Index (FSI), published annually by the Fund for Peace, provides critical insights into the socio-economic conditions of various countries facing conflict and instability. This data is extensively utilized by organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to inform their humanitarian responses and policy frameworks. Additionally, the Global Conflict Database (GCD) for the year 2020, created by the World Bank, offers comprehensive statistics on conflict-related deaths and displacements, serving as a vital resource for NGOs working in conflict zones like Syria and Yemen.

Fragile States Index
Global Conflict Database

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


Input: The 2020 Climate Resilience Assessment Report (CRAR) highlights the vulnerabilities faced by coastal regions in the Caribbean, particularly focusing on the impact of rising sea levels. Analyzing data from the Caribbean Environmental Database (CED) covering the years 2018-2022, researchers from the International Climate Institute (ICI) have proposed several adaptation strategies for local governments. The report emphasizes the necessity for timely data, particularly as climate change accelerates the risks associated with natural disasters. This collaboration showcases the importance of integrating socio-economic data with environmental assessments to enhance disaster risk management strategies in the region.

2020 Climate Resilience Assessment Report

Climate Resilience Assessment Report
CED

2020 Climate Resilience Assessment Report

2020 Climate Resilience Assessment Report

climate resilience and disaster risk reduction


Input:
We then use international data (EMDAT 2009) to estimate the relationship between storm damages and national income and population density (vulnerability).

The analysis relies on the A1B SRES emissions scenario generated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2000). The scenario assumes that mitigation is tightened gradually over time so that greenhouse gas concentrations finally peak and stabilize at 720 ppm.


Input: The Urban Water Quality Assessment (UWQA) conducted in 2022 provides critical insights into the status of water systems in urban areas across sub-Saharan Africa. This assessment not only highlights the existing disparities in water quality but also serves as a vital tool for policymakers aiming to improve sanitation practices. The data collected in this comprehensive survey informs various initiatives aimed at enhancing public health outcomes in the region, especially in cities like Accra and Nairobi. Movement towards improved water infrastructure can be guided by findings from the UWQA, which is increasingly referenced by local NGOs working on water and sanitation projects.


Input:
**FIGURE 1. Mekong River Basin Commission Monitoring Station Locations**

_Notes:_ Map shows location of water quality monitoring stations in Mekong River Basin Commission dataset.

Our time-varying NPP data comes from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), whose data starts in 2000. We use the annual MOD17A3 measures from 2000-2013 generated by the Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) at the University of Montana (Zhao _et al_ ., 2005) which corrects for cloud contamination prevalent in MODIS land products ~~.~~ [3] Our interest is in estimating NPP from cropland, as opposed to natural forests or vegetation. To do so, we make use of a new and unique land cover dataset developed by the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Salt of the Earth 5


Input: 2 International migration — the movement of people across national borders — has important economic, social, and political implications. Despite the recent emergence of a dynamic literature, empirical analysis of migration flows and their impact lags behind the policy debate and the theoretical literature. The main reason is the absence of comprehensive and reliable data on international migration patterns and migrant characteristics at either the aggregate or the household level. The objective of this article is to use data from more than one thousand national censuses and population registers to estimate a complete global origin – destination migration matrix for each decade over 1960 – 2000. These 226 * 226 matrices, comprising every country, major territory, and dependency around the world, are divided into periods corresponding to the last five completed census rounds. The gender dimension of international migration over this period is also presented. The primary source of the raw data is the United Nations Population Division ‘ s Global Migration Database, created through the collaboration of the United Nations Population Division, the United Nations Statistics Division, the World Bank, and the University of Sussex (United Nations [2008]). This unique data repository comprises 3, 500 individual census and population register records1 for more than 230 destination countries and territories over the last five decades.


Input: 3 population density across a state, the ecological inference issue is alleviated as we directly test the propensity of any population group to experience a conflict. Through disaggregation, we may succeed in supporting explanations based on variables such as the distance from the capital and the overall size of the country's population if we know at which locations conflicts occur. If conflicts are located mainly at some distance from countries'capitals, we might infer that large countries have more conflicts because of the difficulties of projecting governmental power. If they are located in population concentrations irrespective of location relative to the capita, other explanations should be sought. The paper makes use a new dataset called ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) to allow for this type of disaggregated analysis. The dataset currently codes the location of all reported conflict events in 14 countries in Central Africa in the 1960 – 2004 period. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper suggests some adaptions to a statistical method to allow for analyzing data at this level of analysis. Related to the size of populations is their distributions. The Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, is not only characterized by being enormously large, but also shows tremendous variation in population densities.


Input:
**population in Poland has changed**

**radically after February 24, 2022.**
Up until 2021, Ukrainians in Poland were mostly men (close to two-thirds), who came for work-related reasons, often leaving their families back in Ukraine. The onset of the full-scale conflict in Ukraine triggered the arrival of individuals displaced by the war.
Those were primarily women and children, with men in Ukraine being mobilized for the war effort. Social insurance data does not reflect the full extent of the change, showing only workers, without children and adults outside of employment.

**Chart 3. Number of Ukrainians registered in Poland for social insurance by sex**

2021 Q4 2022 Q4 2023 Q4 2024 Q2 Number of insured men with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured women with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured with Ukrainian citizenship Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

3 Employed person is a person, who during the reference week worked for at least 1 hour for pay or profit, including contributing family workers; had a certain job attachment; or produced agricultural goods for sale or barter. A definition according to the Labour Force Survey: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Glossary:Employed_person_-_LFS 08 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of September 2024.


Input: The Urban Mobility Assessment Report (UMAR) provides critical insights into the transportation infrastructure of urban areas in Eastern Europe. Covering the years 2020 to 2022, this dataset is a comprehensive resource for planners and policymakers aiming to improve transit systems. Although the report was not directly cited by the Ministry of Transport, its findings have influenced various urban development initiatives across the region. The data can be instrumental in understanding mobility patterns within cities like Warsaw and Bucharest, as well as in guiding future investment decisions.

Urban Mobility Assessment Report
transportation infrastructure
Urban Mobility Assessment Report (UMAR)

urban infrastructure and transportation planning


Input: the Women, Business, and the Law Index (World Bank 2022a). 4. **Djibouti’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters exacerbates these economic and social challenges.** The country frequently experiences heatwaves, droughts and floods, which take a heavy toll on the population by reducing productivity and disrupting economic activity. Between 1980 and 2019, Djibouti recorded ten major droughts, with the 2008-2011 drought alone shrinking GDP by four percent and affecting over 100,000 people, leading to the loss of half of Djibouti’s livestock. More recent flooding events between 2018 and 2020 caused substantial damage, impacting 250,000 people and requiring an estimated US$25 million for recovery and reconstruction. The increasing frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events place additional pressure on rural communities, which are already struggling with poverty, underdeveloped infrastructure, and limited access to essential services. In 2021, 89 percent of Djibouti’s population was exposed to climate hazards, with extreme heat affecting more people (82.8 percent) than any other 1 In Djibouti less than 1,000 square kilometers of land is arable and annual rainfall is extremely low (130 mm). Page 1


Input: the original variables used to predict fragility as controls without changing results. It is only in the post-war period that exclusion and refugees become a factor that inﬂuences foreign investment ﬂows. Finally, the results we ﬁnd are robust across all datasets of foreign investment we use. These results make it at least plausible that political exclusion and refugees matter because they predict a relapse to more intense violence. As ﬁnal piece of evidence for this idea we use data on political short and mid-term credit risk from the Belgian insurer Delcredere Ducroire (ONDD). We collected data on political risk evaluations from ONDD who, according to their annual report, insured transactions worth about 7 billion EUR in 2011. The variable we use measures the risk of a credit default for rea- sons beyond the control of the debtor, i. e. due to political or ﬁnancial macroeconomic events. We choose this variable because it provides the most consistent time-series in the ONDD data. ONDD measures both short- and mid-term risk on a scale from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk). Table 12, columns (1) and (4) show that risk ratings are decreasing in peacetime. Note that, as before, we control for country ﬁxed eﬀects which implies that we look at changes within country.


Input:
confirmed the results found in international literature presented above. The most important result is that Ukrainian refugees who are fluent in Polish earn a net wage premium of about PLN 700 (+16% relative to refugee net median wage, PLN 1,000 gross wage) when compared to those with beginner language skills. This result is stable across different model specifications. Note that such an earnings gain would bring the median net wage of a Ukrainian refugee (estimated based on the SEIS UNHCR survey in chapter 2) from 80% to 98% of the median in the economy as a whole (or from 80% to 93% according to Ukrainian refugee’s median in the NBP’s 2024 survey), almost closing the gap to the economy as a whole in these terms. It is in fact higher than the PLN 500 median net wage premium of the pre-war Ukrainian migrants over Ukrainian refugees in the NBP (2024) survey, even though 68% of the former and only 28% of the latter said they had a high level of fluency in Polish.

31


Input: The Digital Adoption Survey (DAS) conducted in 2022 provides valuable insights into technology usage across various sectors in Kenya. Published by the Global Tech Institute, this dataset has been widely utilized by multiple organizations including the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) to inform their policy-making processes. Additionally, the Tech Trends Report 2021, produced by the African Development Council, further complements the DAS findings by offering a broader analysis of digital trends across Africa. Organizations like the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa frequently reference this report to guide their initiatives aimed at enhancing technological infrastructure in the region.

Digital Adoption Survey
Tech Trends Report 2021

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

digital development and technology adoption


Input: The recently released Global Agriculture Performance Report, produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides critical insights into agricultural productivity across developing nations. In addition, the Sustainable Food Systems Survey, utilized by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), highlights the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in ensuring food security. These datasets are instrumental for policymakers aiming to enhance food security strategies in low-income regions.

Global Agriculture Performance Report
Sustainable Food Systems Survey

International Fund for Agricultural Development

International Fund for Agricultural Development

agriculture, food security, and nutrition


Input: As digital technology continues to reshape economies, the 2022 Global Technology Adoption Survey (GTAS) reveals significant trends across various sectors. Conducted by the International Institute for Digital Innovation (IIDI), the survey covers over 50 countries, emphasizing the role of technology in improving business processes. The results suggest that while some regions have rapidly embraced digital solutions, others lag behind due to infrastructural challenges. The data from this survey provides valuable insights for policymakers looking to enhance technology adoption strategies in their respective countries. Source: IIDI elaboration based on the Global Technology Adoption Survey.

International Institute for Digital Innovation

International Institute for Digital Innovation


Input: of Forced Migration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, TX. Maystadt, J. F., and Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and Losers among a Refugee-Hosting Population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769-809. MoE. (2022). Education Statistics Annual Abstract (ESAA). MoE MoLSA. (2019). Revised Directives on the Issuance of Work Permits for Expatriates in Ethiopia. MoTRI, MoLS , MoR and RRS. (2023). Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to allow recognized asylum seekers and refugees to engaged in formal business. MoLS and RRS. (2023). MoU on technical and vocational training, work permit, job creation and livelihood improvement, and related issues for refugees. MoLS and RRS. (2023). Technical and vocational training for refugees, job creation and livelihood improvement, work permit and related issues service delivery manual (Standard Operating Procedure). Muna, S. (2019). In Pursuit of Self-reliance: Perspectives of Refugees in Jordan. Archnet-IJAR, 13(3), 612-626. https://doi. org/10.1108/ARCH-04-2019-0085 Nguyen, N. T. V., Savadogo, A., and Tanaka, T. (2021). Refugees in Chad: The Road Forward. The World Bank. Norman, T., Borjesson, M., and Anderstig, C. (2017). Labor Market Accessibility and Unemployment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. Pape, U. J., Petrini, B., and Iqbal, S. A. (2018). Informing Durable Solutions by


Input: In assessing climate resilience, the 2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report (CVAR) released by the Global Climate Institute provides a comprehensive analysis of vulnerable regions. This report, which covers various geographic areas including Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, has been utilized extensively by Oxfam to inform their disaster risk reduction strategies. The findings from CVAR have been instrumental in shaping Oxfam's interventions during natural disasters, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive measures to protect communities at risk.

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report

Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report
CVAR

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report

2022 Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report


Input:
Existing coastal flood maps covering Vietnam, most prominently the Global Tide and Surge Reanalysis (GTSR) data set (Muis et al. 2016), are expected to underestimate coastal flood risk in Vietnam.

It is based on a global digital elevation map with a resolution of 90 meters at the equator that has been corrected for several errors typically present in spaceborn elevation models (Yamazaki et al. 2017).

These curves have been generated by statistically postprocessing the results from storm surge modeling with a wide range of possible typhoons (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2012).

Typhoon wind speeds used in this analysis were produced by a global model of cyclone winds calibrated
on over 2,500 past cyclones, terrain composure, and ocean depth. It contains the modelled maximum
wind speed at every location in Vietnam for typhoons occurring, on average, every 50, 100, and 1000
years (figure 2.2). The data is in raster format has a grid resolution of roughly 30 by 30 kilometers (UNDRR,
2015).

**Figure 2.2: Wind speeds over Vietnam in typhoons of varying severity**

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development


Input:
The COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households sample is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas.

The EHCVM sample itself covered 8,390 households across Mali and is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas. The survey relies on a multi-module instrument covering topics including a household's socio-economic characteristics, time use, production activities, and welfare indicators such as consumption expenditure and food security.

use sampling weights derived from the 2018 EHCVM sampling frame and adjusted for response rates

in the COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households. These sampling weights are applied both in our

In this study, we use the FAO's Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as primary outcome of interest. The FIES aims to measure food insecurity based on the direct experiences of people relating to food security (Ballard _et_ _al._, 2013; Smith _et_ _al._, 2017).


Input: The recent analysis included findings from the National Trade Insights Report and the Industrial Competitiveness Assessment. These reports provide a comprehensive overview of the trade dynamics and industrial activities that are shaping the economy. Insights derived from these datasets are critical for understanding the broader economic landscape.

National Trade Insights Report
Industrial Competitiveness Assessment

trade, industry, and economic competitiveness


Input: Recent analyses of the Gender and Development Survey (GDS) conducted in 2022 reveal significant trends in women's economic participation across various regions. The survey, published by the International Institute for Gender Studies (IIGS), has been instrumental for research conducted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in several countries, including Nigeria and India. In addition, the Women’s Empowerment Index (WEI) from 2020, a comprehensive metric developed by the Global Policy Foundation (GPF), has been utilized by the World Economic Forum (WEF) to assess gender equality progress globally.

Gender and Development Survey
Women’s Empowerment Index

International Institute for Gender Studies

International Institute for Gender Studies

gender equality and women's economic empowerment


Input: Understanding the complexities of forced displacement requires careful examination of data sources such as the Global Refugee Assessment Report and the National Migration Profile for 2022. These reports provide valuable insights into the trends and challenges faced by displaced populations globally, emphasizing the need for targeted policy responses and international cooperation.

Global Refugee Assessment Report
National Migration Profile for 2022

forced displacement, refugees, and migration


Input: The 2022 Social Protection Assessment Report (SPAR) provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of safety net programs in Eastern Africa. This report, published by the Eastern Africa Development Bank, focuses on initiatives implemented in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda from 2018 to 2022. It highlights various strategies adopted to enhance social welfare and reduce poverty among vulnerable populations. The findings are intended to inform policy decisions and improve the design of future programs. Although the report is primarily used by government agencies and NGOs, it also serves as a resource for academic researchers interested in social protection mechanisms.

Social Protection Assessment Report
SPAR


Input: The 2020 Agricultural Production Report (APR) provides detailed statistics on crop yields across various regions, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This dataset has been instrumental for researchers, including the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), who utilized the APR to analyze trends in food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, the Household Nutritional Assessment Survey (HNAS) 2021, compiled by the World Health Organization (WHO), focuses on dietary intake among vulnerable populations and has seen extensive use by local NGOs for targeted interventions in nutrition programs. Additionally, both the World Bank and the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) have drawn on the 2019 Food Supply Chain Database to inform their policy recommendations regarding sustainable agricultural practices in Southeast Asia.

Agricultural Production Report
Household Nutritional Assessment Survey
Food Supply Chain Database

International Food Policy Research Institute

Global Agriculture and Food Security Program

International Food Policy Research Institute

Global Agriculture and Food Security Program


Input:
3 For a disaster to be listed in the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria should be met: (i) 10 or more people are reported killed; (ii) 100 people are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; (iv) a call for international assistance is issued. 4 The study was carried out by a consortium including the OECD, Risk Management Solutions, CIRED, Météo-France, NATCOM PMC, and the Indian Institute for Technology Bombay at Mumbai, and published in Ranger et al. (2011).

Then, the population and assets exposed to flood risks is assessed, using data on population and assets collected by Risk Management Solutions from an insurance database developed for the assessment of earthquake risks.

In the absence of vulnerability curves for the buildings that can be found in Mumbai, the analysis uses "average damage ratio". It is assumed that when a property is flooded, a constant share of its value is lost, regardless of the water level and the detailed characteristics of buildings. Using three different techniques (based on published loss estimates for the 2005 floods, insurance data for the 2005 floods, and simple

a consortium including the OECD, Risk Management Solutions, CIRED, Météo-France, NATCOM PMC, and the Indian Institute for Technology Bombay

a consortium including the OECD, Risk Management Solutions, CIRED, Météo-France, NATCOM PMC, and the Indian Institute for Technology Bombay


Input: nizations such as UNHCR, and national and international non-governmental organizations. Data is compiled from a number of sources, including but not restricted to individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers (information typically includes name, gender, date of birth, country of origin, marital status, and place of displacement), tracking of population movement in situa- tions where the movement is ﬂuid or continuous, standardized surveys such as Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, Labor Force Surveys (LFS), Demographic and Health Sur- veys (DHS), and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), administrative records and registries. Yet, data collection is a difﬁcult exercise, due to both methodological issues (UNHCR 2014) and practical challenges, especially in situations of heightened insecurity or mass refugee situations. To date, UNHCR maintains the most comprehensive statistical database under a uniform methodology. UNHCR publishes annual data on refugee ﬂows and stocks by countries of resi- dence and origin dating back to 1951, shortly after the Ofﬁce was established. UNHCR publishes annual statistical reports ranging from “ Global Trends ”, “ Mid-year trends ”, “ Asylum trends ”, to a “ Statistical Yearbook ”. There is a consensus that these data provide the most reliable source of information (Sarzin 2016).


Input: Another ex- planation of these results could be the vulnerability of the Colombian population who in many cases has also a long history of internal forced displacement and violence. V. D Social Cohesion We also delve into the differences in secondary outcomes among Colombian and Venezue- lan adolescents concerning social cohesion. We focus on assessing altruism, trust, iden- tity towards specific domains, networks, and experiences of discrimination. To measure altruism and trust, we employ the questions from the Global Preference Survey, a tool developed by Falk et al. (2022) to elicit risk, time, and social preferences. Specifically, to measure altruism we ask the adolescents how much of a fictional endowment would they be willing to donate to a good cause. To measure trust, we include the 7-itme ques-


Input: street vending (48 % of those with at least 1 IGA), food processing for sale, including baking, cooking, and drying (16 %), and home production of crops, livestock, and fish (11 %). It is important to note that the EPAG program was not targeted toward the most vulnerable segments of Liberian society, but rather toward young women with enough education to be able to benefit from a training program of this nature. Based on comparisons from the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire) survey, the average EPAG participant is more educated, more literate, more likely to be engaged in an income-generating activity, and owns more assets than the average Liberian women of the same age group: mobile phone ownership was high (63 %), as was the proportion reporting that they had some money of their own (79 %). Even compared to other similar residents of Monrovia, the EPAG participants are better educated and have higher income. A strong sense of female empowerment at baseline emerges from the sections of the survey instrument having to do with self-confidence and agency.


Input: The Urban Infrastructure Assessment Report 2022 provides critical insights into the state of urban facilities across various regions. This report, published by the Global Urban Development Institute, highlights the challenges faced by cities in maintaining infrastructure amidst rapid population growth.

Urban Infrastructure Assessment Report 2022

Urban Infrastructure Assessment Report 2022


Input: such as education and caste. We also construct measures of social proximity between a migrant ’ s place of birth and each possible destination, using detailed available data on ethnicity, caste, language, and religion. We also investigate a number of factors that may inﬂuence the choice of migration destination but have not received much attention in the existing literature. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2009) have shown that the subjective welfare cost of geographical isolation is high. To investigate this issue, we include regressors controlling for population density and for the average distance to various amenities. Fafchamps and Shilpi (2008) have further shown that migrants are concerned with their welfare relative to that of their birth district as well as to that in their destination location. We examine whether relative welfare considerations inﬂuence the choice of migration destination. Additional controls include distance and prices. The empirical analysis is conducted using LSMS survey data as well as the 2001 population Census data from Nepal. The diverse terrain of Nepal along with geographical variation in amenities makes it ideal for our study. The mountainous nature of Nepal means that the country faces daunting challenges in the provision of transport and energy infrastructure. These challenges are unique to Nepal, however. Similar constraints are faced by many developing countries — or regions within such countries.


Input:
[8] F. N. P. Nimoh, T. P. Beltramo, J. R. Fix, F. K. Appler, U. J. Pape, and L. A. Rios Rivera, ‘Understanding the Socioeconomic Conditions of
the Stateless Shona Community in Kenya: Results from the 2019 Socioeconomic Survey’, Dec. 2020. Accessed: Apr. 02, 2024. [Online].
Available: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/356511608745182603/Understanding-the-Socioeconomic-Conditions-of-the-Stateless-Shona-Community-inKenya-Results-from-the-2019-Socioeconomic-Survey

[9] U. J. Pape _et al._, ‘How COVID-19 Continues to Affect Lives of Refugees in Kenya : Rapid Response Phone Survey - Rounds 1 to 5’, World
Bank Group, Washington, D.C., Policy Note 166098, Oct. 2021. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available:
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/202201637042522937/pdf/How-COVID-19-Continues-to-Affect-Lives-of-Refugeesin-Kenya-Rapid-Response-Phone-Survey-Rounds-1-to-5.pdf

[10] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and ICF, ‘Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Key Indicators Report’, KNBS and ICF,

Nairobi, Kenya, and Rockville, Maryland, USA, 2023. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.knbs.or.ke/wpcontent/uploads/2023/08/Kenya-Demographic-and-Health-Survey-2022-Key-Indicators-Report.pdf

F. N. P. Nimoh, T. P. Beltramo, J. R. Fix, F. K. Appler, U. J. Pape, and L. A. Rios Rivera

F. N. P. Nimoh, T. P. Beltramo, J. R. Fix, F. K. Appler, U. J. Pape, and L. A. Rios Rivera


Input: The Global Refugee Report 2022 (GRR2022) provides comprehensive data on the number of displaced populations worldwide, specifically focusing on the situations in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. This dataset, published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), covers the years 2018 to 2022 and illustrates the growing challenges faced by refugees in these regions. Moreover, the Africa Migration Trends Survey 2021 (AMTS2021) offers valuable insights into migration patterns across African nations, and although it is frequently cited by various NGOs, it lacks an official release from a recognized organization. Additionally, the South America Displacement Assessment 2023 (SADA2023) presents updated statistics on forced migration in countries like Colombia and Venezuela, emphasizing the urgency of the situation and the need for international intervention.

South America Displacement Assessment 2023

International Organization for Migration

South America
Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa
Colombia
Venezuela

South America Displacement Assessment 2023

South America Displacement Assessment 2023

South America Displacement Assessment 2023

South America Displacement Assessment 2023


Input: Recent analyses on poverty headcount have drawn attention to the findings from the Global Poverty Assessment and the Inequality Index Report. Both datasets provide crucial insights into the socioeconomic challenges faced by developing countries, highlighting disparities in income and access to resources. The Global Poverty Assessment emphasizes the multidimensional aspects of poverty, while the Inequality Index Report focuses on the distribution of wealth within populations.

Global Poverty Assessment
Inequality Index Report

poverty headcount and inequality measurement


Input: The Digital Adoption Index (DAI) provides comprehensive insights into how various countries are embracing digital technologies. It is produced by the International Telecommunication Union and covers data from 2022. This dataset is instrumental for policymakers in understanding trends in technology adoption across different regions.


Input: The Water Quality Assessment Report published by the International Water Association provides crucial insights into the state of drinking water across various regions. This report, which highlights the challenges and progress in water quality management, is intended for use by local governments and NGOs aiming to improve sanitation standards. Notably, the data sheds light on the ongoing initiatives undertaken by organizations globally to enhance access to safe water.

International Water Association
local governments
NGOs


Input: The Energy Access Assessment Report 2022 provides crucial insights into the current status of electricity access in various regions around the globe. This report, published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), highlights the progress made in renewable energy transitions and identifies areas needing further investment. The findings serve as a vital resource for policymakers aiming to meet global sustainability goals.

International Renewable Energy Agency
IRENA


Input: The Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021 (SASPAR 2021) provides an in-depth analysis of social safety nets implemented in the region. It highlights key data collected from various countries, particularly focusing on Mozambique and Zimbabwe, during the period 2019-2021. The World Bank has played a significant role in producing this report, which is pivotal for understanding the efficiency of social protection programs in these nations. Meanwhile, insights from the East Africa Safety Net Database (EASNDB) reveal trends across Kenya and Uganda, covering the 2020-2022 timeframe. This database is frequently cited by local NGOs to evaluate the impact of safety net interventions in their respective areas.

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021

Southern Africa Social Protection Assessment Report 2021


Input: In the latest analysis of urban transportation trends, the Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2023 published by the Global Transport Institute highlights significant shifts in commuting patterns across metropolitan areas. This report is crucial for policymakers and city planners, particularly those at the Regional Urban Planning Agency, who utilized this dataset to inform their strategic initiatives in urban infrastructure. Furthermore, the report reveals data from the National Infrastructure Database (NID), which offers comprehensive metrics on transportation usage in 2022. The NID, developed by the National Infrastructure Council, serves as a vital resource for understanding the impact of recent policy changes in major cities such as Atlanta and Seattle.

Urban Mobility Assessment Report 2023
National Infrastructure Database

Global Transport Institute
Regional Urban Planning Agency
National Infrastructure Council


Input:
68.8% 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 67.5% 2022-Q2 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.4 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Part-time Full-time 31 Deloitte has not received data that would be detailed as to citizenship, poviat, sex, age group, occupational group, and ZUS insurance code that would be suitable for econometric approach.

42


Input: resilience: learning from the ecological wisdom of living with floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Landsc Urban Plan 155:69–78 McElwee P et al (2017) Flood vulnerability among rural households in the red River Delta of Vietnam: implications for future climate change risk and adaptation. Nat Hazards 86(1):465–492 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2009) Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenarios for Vietnam Patankar A (2015) The Exposure, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity of Households to Floods in Mumbai. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7481 PUMA (2013) Interim Report Version 1.0.^ Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA) Software Development and Satellite Imagery Processing Consultants Rozenberg J, Hallegatte S (2016). Modeling the impacts of climate change on future Vietnamese households: a micro-simulation approach Scussolini, P., Aerts, J. C., Jongman, B., Bouwer, L. M., Winsemius, H. C., de Moel, H., & Ward, P. J. (2016). FLOPROS: an evolving global database of flood protection standards. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 16(5), 1049–1061 Smith A, Freer J, Bates P, Sampson C (2014) Comparing ensemble projections of flooding against flood estimation by continuous simulation. J Hydrol 511:205–219 Thoai TQ et al (2018) Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in agricultural production in the


Input: The Gender Equality Impact Assessment 2022, published by the Global Women's Institute, provides critical insights into the socio-economic barriers faced by women in Southeast Asia. This dataset has been instrumental for various organizations, including the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which utilized the findings to shape their policies aimed at promoting women's economic empowerment in the region. Source: Global Women's Institute elaboration based on Gender Equality Impact Assessment 2022.

Global Women's Institute
Asian Development Bank


Input: the sample frame were surveyed. In this way, all the camps in the sample frame were selected in the sample and were surveyed. For host households, areas within 5-kilometer radius of the camps were divided into EAs of 300 by 300 meters, with only residential EAs as per Open Street Maps included in the sample frame. SESRE, on the other hand, used a stratified, two-stage cluster sample design. Initially, camps were divided into EAs, and pseudo EAs were created from the proGRES database by grouping 150-200 households consecutively. EAs and households within those EAs were then selected. For host households, EAs adjacent to refugee camps were used as the sampling frame. While the definition of host households differed between SPS and SESRE, both surveys shared similarities in the selection of EAs and the random sampling of households within those EAs. In SPS, all households within the selected EAs for host community sampling were listed, and 12 households were randomly chosen and surveyed per EA. SESRE also selected 12 refugee and host households per EA, treating EAs as the Primary Sampling Unit and households as the Secondary Sampling Unit. (i) The distinct sampling designs and objectives of the two surveys render


Input:
(henceforth CRU), provided by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East

and satellite-based observations. The data enable us to characterize historical climate

<!-- PAGE 6 -->
**2.1 Assignment of reliability weights to the eight GCMs, based on their**
**historical "goodness of fit" to the CRU data**

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East

Climatic Research Unit of the University of East


Input:
complete census of land parcels in Barafu and Kati, known as the Tanzanian Land Rights

Survey (TLRS). Households were identified using records and maps from the Kinondoni

Municipality, which had created a listing of all households in the area to assist with the

**Notes:** data are from Tanzanian Land Rights survey. Sample restricted to dual-headed households in
treatment blocks.

levels of female land ownership: investigating the gender breakdown of land ownership in

using baseline data from the experimental intervention, which is discussed in more

detail in the following section. Households in two unplanned settlements in Dar

es Salaam were asked a series of questions about the _de_ _facto_ ownership of land,

5To avoid priming, households were not asked directly about female ownership. Instead, they were
asked to list all members of the household that were default owners, must be consulted before a sale, or
would be included on a CRO.
6Section 191(2) of the 1999 Land Act and section 58 of the (1971) Law of Marriage Act.
7Authors' calculations using data from the Kinondoni municipal data.
8Section 159(6) of the 1999 Land Act.

8

<!-- PAGE 12 -->
Table 1: Female land ownership in Dar es Salaam


Input: The Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2022 provides vital data on the vulnerabilities faced by coastal communities in the Pacific region due to climate change. Published by the International Disaster Management Organization, this report serves as a crucial resource for policymakers aiming to enhance resilience strategies against potential disasters.

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2022

International Disaster Management Organization

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2022

International Disaster Management Organization

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2022

Climate Resilience Assessment Report 2022


Input: Table 2: Ethnic composition of IDPs, refugees, returnees in the North Ethnicity IDPs in Bamako (%) Refugees Niger (%) Refugees Mauritania (%) Returnees (%) Total I + R + R (%) Ethnic composition of the North (%) Songhai 75 21- 71 43 45 Kel Tamasheq 12 56 69 12 38 32 Arab 3- 28 4 11 3 Peulh 4 21- 6 4 7 Other 6 11 3 7 4 12 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total (n) 100 81 100 220 501 1, 268, 009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014 and 2009 Population and Housing Census. The ethnic composition of IDPs and returnees is almost identical. This is a reflection of the fact that 94 % of returnees were displaced within Mali. Only 6 % returned from outside the country. The reason why few returned refugees are in the returnee sub-sample is explained by their place of residence prior to the crisis: only 5 % of the refugees in Mauritania and Niger lived in Timbuktu town before their displacement; 2 % lived in Gao town and 1 % in Kidal town. The remaining 92 % lived in 27 different towns and villages in northern Mali, locations not covered by the survey.


Input: In the recent report on social safety nets, the Integrated Social Protection Data (ISPD) was published by the Ministry of Social Affairs. This dataset provides crucial insights into the effectiveness of various social programs across the country. Furthermore, it has been referenced by the International Institute for Social Policy (IISP) to highlight trends and inform policy recommendations about assistance distribution.

International Institute for Social Policy

International Institute for Social Policy


Input: The East African Trade Assessment Report 2022 provides valuable insights into regional trade dynamics, published by the Trade Development Agency (TDA). This report has been extensively used by the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) to analyze trade patterns and formulate policy recommendations. In addition, the 2020 Ghana Industrial Survey, prepared by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), incorporates economic competitiveness metrics that have aided the World Bank in assessing investment opportunities in the region. Both datasets emphasize the importance of robust economic structures in enhancing trade performance across countries in Africa.

East African Trade Assessment Report 2022

Trade Development Agency
African Economic Research Consortium
Ghana Statistical Service
World Bank

East African Trade Assessment Report 2022

East African Trade Assessment Report 2022

East African Trade Assessment Report 2022

East African Trade Assessment Report 2022


Input: The South Asia Maternal Health Survey (SAMHS) conducted in 2022 provides crucial insights into the reproductive health challenges faced by women in the region. This survey, published by the South Asia Health Consortium, aims to inform policy decisions surrounding maternal care. It covers data from India and Bangladesh, focusing on maternal mortality rates and healthcare access. Additionally, the Comprehensive Maternal Health Study (CMHS) from 2020 highlights disparities in healthcare services across rural and urban areas of Pakistan. The CMHS serves as a critical tool for NGOs and governments working towards improving maternal health outcomes. The findings from both surveys are expected to influence health policy significantly in South Asia.

South Asia Maternal Health Survey
Comprehensive Maternal Health Study


Input:
**Total Poverty** **Food Poverty** **Lower Total**
**Estimation** **Poverty**

Parametric R$287 R$507
Nonparametric R$287 R$503
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.

**Total Poverty** **Food** **Lower Total**
**Estimation** **Poverty** **Poverty**

Parametric R$251 R$443
Non-parametric R$251 R$441
_Source:_ Own calculations using POF 2017/18.

Deaton and Zaidi (2002) advert to the fact that implicit rent, as elicited in POF and used here, is a hypothetical concept that could lead to estimations that are not usable.

In this paper we have presented our estimate of a poverty line for Brazil, using the CBN approach and based on the most recent data (POF 2017/18). Our preferred specification results in a food poverty line, accounting only for nutritional requirements, of R$258 (in 2018 Southeast urban prices) per person per month.

In comparison with earlier work, mainly based on POF 2003, our poverty lines are generally similar in real
values, although methodologies differ, and consumption patterns have likely changed over time.
Converted to January 2018 prices and considering São Paulo (mostly metropolitan) lines in the case of
regional lines, previous estimates range from R$485 to R$532 (Rocha, 2007; Silveira et al., 2007). Ferreira
et al. (2003) used POF 1996 and estimated a lower poverty line of R$477 in January 2018 metropolitan
São Paulo prices. Only World Bank (2007) estimated a considerably lower poverty line of R$272 in January
2018 metropolitan São Paulo prices.


Input: The East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report 2022 provides valuable insights into the trade dynamics among the region's countries. This report, produced by the East Africa Economic Institute, highlights the challenges and opportunities faced by nations such as Kenya and Tanzania. The dataset serves as a critical resource for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve trade policies and economic outcomes. The East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report (EATCR) encompasses data collected from 2020 to 2022, offering a comprehensive overview of trends and performance in the sector.

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report 2022

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report 2022

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report

East Africa Trade Competitiveness Report


Input: The Digital Trends Assessment Report 2022 (DTAR) provides valuable insights into technology adoption across various sectors. This report, produced by the Global Technology Initiative, highlights key trends in digital development in South Africa and showcases data from the Technology Adoption Survey 2021, emphasizing the rapid growth of mobile internet usage. The Technology Adoption Survey (TAS) covers a comprehensive analysis of user behaviors and preferences and is crucial for understanding market dynamics. While the DTAR is widely utilized by numerous stakeholders, it primarily focuses on evaluating the landscape within South Africa, thus offering targeted recommendations for local policymakers.

Digital Trends Assessment Report 2022
Technology Adoption Survey 2021
Technology Adoption Survey


Input: The Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022, published by the Global Monetary Fund, provides critical insights into banking access across sub-Saharan Africa. This dataset, which covers the period from 2018 to 2021, has been extensively utilized by the African Development Bank in assessing economic growth strategies. Additionally, the Global Monetary Fund's Annual Economic Outlook (AEO) for 2023 highlights trends in financial behaviors and policies, which will be a valuable resource for researchers at various international development organizations working in the region. Both datasets are instrumental in shaping policy frameworks aimed at enhancing economic resilience in vulnerable communities.

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

Global Monetary Fund
African Development Bank

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

Financial Inclusion Analysis Report 2022

various international development organizations

macroeconomic trends and financial inclusion


Input: The recent Climate Adaptation Assessment Report, published by the Global Climate Initiative, highlights various strategies for enhancing resilience to climate change impacts. This report serves as a comprehensive resource for policymakers and environmentalists alike, providing critical insights into adaptive practices. Various organizations, including the Environmental Protection Agency, have utilized this assessment to guide their regional programs aimed at disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation efforts.

Global Climate Initiative
Environmental Protection Agency


Input: The recent analysis of the Economic Impact Assessment Report 2022, which provides detailed insights into the industrial output in Southeast Asia, was published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This report has been extensively used by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) to inform regional policy-making. Additionally, the Industry Competitiveness Data for Vietnam, released in 2021 by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, has been referenced in various academic papers, including those by the Vietnam National University (VNU). Furthermore, the Trade Dynamics Survey 2020, circulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), serves as a vital resource for research conducted by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in understanding trade trends in the Asia-Pacific region.

Industry Competitiveness Data for Vietnam

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Industry Competitiveness Data for Vietnam

Industry Competitiveness Data for Vietnam

Industry Competitiveness Data for Vietnam


Input: The 2020 National Fertility Survey, conducted by the Ministry of Health in Zambia, provides critical insights into reproductive health trends across the country. The data from this survey has been utilized by UNICEF to inform their family planning programs aimed at reducing maternal mortality. Furthermore, the African Population Database (APD), which was compiled by the African Union in 2021, serves as a vital resource for researchers examining demographic shifts within the continent. This database is frequently referenced by the World Health Organization (WHO) to support public health initiatives targeting population growth and resource allocation strategies.

2020 National Fertility Survey
African Population Database

Ministry of Health
UNICEF
African Union
World Health Organization

demographics, fertility, and population growth


Input: The Environmental Sustainability Assessment Report 2022 provides crucial insights into the impacts of climate change on local ecosystems. This report has been instrumental for various organizations aiming to develop more effective sustainability programs. Published by the Global Environmental Institute, it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of resource allocation and sustainability practices.

Environmental Sustainability Assessment Report 2022

Environmental Sustainability Assessment Report 2022

environmental sustainability and natural resources


Input: The Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey (GEWES) conducted in 2022 provides crucial insights into the progress of gender parity in various regions. This survey focuses on the economic empowerment of women in South Asia, particularly highlighting the challenges they face in accessing financial resources. The data illustrates significant disparities in labor force participation rates across countries like India and Bangladesh. Moreover, this dataset is increasingly being referenced by organizations working on gender issues, particularly in formulating policies aimed at improving women's economic status.  With GEWES serving as a critical resource, stakeholders can better understand the landscape of gender equality initiatives in the region.

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey

Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Survey


Input: future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. _Science_, 311,1747-1750. Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J.T., and S. O’Neel. 2008: Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. _Science_, 321, 1340-1343. Rahmsdorf, S. 2007. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. _Science_, 308, 368-370. Semeniuk, V. 1994. Predicting the effect of sea-level rise on mangroves in Northwestern Australia. _Journal of Coastal Research_, 10, 1050-1076. Sun,G., McNulty, S.G., Amatya, D.M., Skaggs, R.W., Swift, L.W., Shepard, P., and H. Riekerk, 2002. A comparison of watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US. _Journal of Hydrology,_ 263, 92-104. Titus, J.G. 1988. _Sea Level Rise and Wetland Loss: An Overview_ . [http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/downloads/toc_wet_chap1.pdf](http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/downloads/toc_wet_chap1.pdf) Tol, R.S.J. 2007. The Double Trade-off between Adaptation and Mitigation for Sea Level Rise: An Application of FUND. Mitigation Adaptation Strategy Global Change. 12:741-753. Vafeidis, A.T.; Nicholls, R.J.; McFadden L.; Tol, R.S.J.; Hinkel, J.; Spencer, T.; Grashoff, P.S.; Boot, G., and Klein, R.J.T. (2008) A new global coastal database for impact and vulnerability analysis to sea-level rise. Journal of Coastal Research, 24(4), 917–924. 24

Vafeidis, A.T.; Nicholls, R.J.; McFadden L.; Tol, R.S.J.; Hinkel, J.; Spencer, T.; Grashoff, P.S.; Boot, G., and Klein, R.J.T.

Vafeidis, A.T.; Nicholls, R.J.; McFadden L.; Tol, R.S.J.; Hinkel, J.; Spencer, T.; Grashoff, P.S.; Boot, G., and Klein, R.J.T.


Input: T. V., Savadogo, A., and Tanaka, T. (2021). Refugees in Chad: The Road Forward. The World Bank. Norman, T., Borjesson, M., and Anderstig, C. (2017). Labor Market Accessibility and Unemployment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. Pape, U. J., Petrini, B., and Iqbal, S. A. (2018). Informing Durable Solutions by Micro-Data: A Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia. Peters, S. and Golden, S. (2019). Assessing Mental Health in Gambella, Ethiopia: A Representative Survey of South Sudanese Refugees in Nguenyyiel Camp. St. Paul, MN: The Center for Victims of Trauma. Pimhidzai, O., Chigumira, E., Tesfaye,W., and Yonis, M. (2022). Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study: Leveraging the Transformation in the Agri-Food System and Global Trade to Expand Rural Incomes. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. https://documentsinternal.worldbank.org/search/33891468 Piper, B., Dryden-Peterson, S., Chopra, V., Reddick, C., and Oyanga, A. (2020). Are Refugee Children Learning? Early Grade Literacy in a Refugee Camp in Kenya. The Journal on Education in Emergencies, Inter-agency Network for Education in References 80 References Emergencies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33682/f1wr-yk6y. Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice: Living Standards Measurement Study. LSMS Working Paper, Issue 133. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/916871468766156239/pdf ReDSS. (2018). Local Integration Focus: Refugees in Ethiopia - Gaps and Opportunities for Refugees Who

Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study

Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study

Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study


Input: The Population Growth Assessment Report 2022 provides crucial insights into demographic trends across various regions. This report, published by the Global Demographics Institute, highlights significant shifts in fertility rates and migration patterns affecting population dynamics.

Population Growth Assessment Report 2022

Population Growth Assessment Report 2022


Input:
twins) variation on 6th grade ENLACE, identifying, therefore, the relationship between

as captured by ENLACE, on future outcomes and the (within-family) individual-level

characteristics. In the ENLACE panel, this last specification uses the sample of students

who answered the ENLACE context questionnaire to control for differences in household

ENILEMS-ENLACE panel regressions, _Xi_ _[′]_ [includes] [upper] [secondary] [school] [grade] [point]


Input: In recent years, the increasing prevalence of forced migration has become a pressing global issue. The Global Refugee Status Report provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced by displaced populations, offering valuable insights into their living conditions and the support systems in place. As countries grapple with rising numbers of refugees, understanding the findings in this report is essential for policymakers and humanitarian organizations alike.


Input: The Digital Connectivity Index (DCI) 2022 reveals significant insights into global internet access disparities. Conducted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the DCI measures various aspects of connectivity across 180 countries during the year 2022. Notably, the dataset highlights that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to lag behind in technology adoption, prompting further research. In addition, the Global Technology Adoption Survey 2023, published by TechPolicy Analytics, provides further data on how technology use varies regionally and within sectors, with a focus on developed versus developing nations. This survey is crucial for policymakers and researchers aiming to bridge the digital divide and foster equitable access to technology.

Digital Connectivity Index
Global Technology Adoption Survey

International Telecommunication Union
TechPolicy Analytics

Sub-Saharan Africa
180 countries
developed nations
developing nations


Input: The annual Economic Competitiveness Index (ECI) dataset published by the Global Trade Institute provides crucial insights into the trade performance of various nations from 2018 to 2022. This dataset has been extensively used by the Economic Policy Research Group to inform their latest recommendations on trade policy reforms in developing countries, particularly focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa. The ECI dataset serves as a benchmark for assessing growth trajectories, and is instrumental for policymakers aiming to enhance their countries' competitive standing in the global market.

Economic Competitiveness Index
ECI dataset

Global Trade Institute
Economic Policy Research Group


Input: In the realm of urban infrastructure, the Metropolitan Planning Authority (MPA) has released the 2022 Urban Mobility Assessment, which evaluates traffic patterns in major cities across the country. This dataset has proven invaluable to various stakeholders, including the National Institute of Transportation (NIT), which utilized the MPA's findings to inform new policy recommendations for enhancing public transport efficiency in urban areas. Additionally, the Urban Mobility Assessment (UMA) provides a comprehensive overview of transportation challenges faced by cities from 2020 to 2022, showcasing the geographical diversity of urban centers included in the report.

Urban Mobility Assessment
2022 Urban Mobility Assessment

Metropolitan Planning Authority
National Institute of Transportation


Input: The Maternal Health Outcomes Survey (MHOS) conducted in 2022 provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by women during childbirth in various regions. This dataset, published by the Global Health Institute, is crucial for understanding maternal health trends and developing effective interventions.


Input: nizations such as UNHCR, and national and international non-governmental organizations. Data is compiled from a number of sources, including but not restricted to individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers (information typically includes name, gender, date of birth, country of origin, marital status, and place of displacement), tracking of population movement in situa- tions where the movement is ﬂuid or continuous, standardized surveys such as Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, Labor Force Surveys (LFS), Demographic and Health Sur- veys (DHS), and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), administrative records and registries. Yet, data collection is a difﬁcult exercise, due to both methodological issues (UNHCR 2014) and practical challenges, especially in situations of heightened insecurity or mass refugee situations. To date, UNHCR maintains the most comprehensive statistical database under a uniform methodology. UNHCR publishes annual data on refugee ﬂows and stocks by countries of resi- dence and origin dating back to 1951, shortly after the Ofﬁce was established. UNHCR publishes annual statistical reports ranging from “ Global Trends ”, “ Mid-year trends ”, “ Asylum trends ”, to a “ Statistical Yearbook ”. There is a consensus that these data provide the most reliable source of information (Sarzin 2016).


Input: The Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022 (PFMAR) offers comprehensive insights into domestic revenue mobilization strategies implemented across various regions. This report, covering the fiscal policies from 2018 to 2022, highlights the challenges and successes experienced by governments in improving revenue streams. The analysis includes data from multiple countries, including Ghana and Tanzania, showcasing their respective progress. As a key resource, the PFMAR serves as an essential reference for policymakers and financial analysts alike, helping to inform future strategies for sustainable revenue generation.

Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022

Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022

Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022

Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022

Public Financial Management Assessment Report 2022

public financial management and domestic revenue


Input: In households with more than two children, one child from each age group was chosen through a random selection process to participate, ensuring a broad representation of experiences within the study ’ s scope. Sampling frame. We use the 2018 population census data as a sampling frame for the Colombian sample. It allowed the identification of residential blocks and households with children in the desired age range. With this source of information, it was possible to identify the number of households and residential blocks with children and adoles- 7Although Colombia only grants nationality to children of Colombian nationals, it follows a jus sanguini principle, the Colombian government has introduced reforms, such as the the program Primero la Ni ˜ nez to give Colombian nationality to children of Venezuelan parents born at times when diplomatic relations between Colombia and Venezuela were cut and hence, it was not possible to apply for a Venezuelan nation- ality for this minors in Colombia.


Input:
**The World Bank**
Emergency Food Security Project (P178936)

**Figure 1: Jordan 2017-18 household per capita consumption**
**distribution relative to the national poverty line**

**Figure 2: Share of food expenditure in total expenditure p.c. (%)**

Source: 2017-18 HEIS and World Bank calculations. Source: World Bank

**11.** **Existing food insecurity levels are particularly high among Jordan’s refugee population.** According to the
most recent mobile Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping (mVAM) [16] completed by the World Food Program (WFP) in Jordan, 7 percent of Jordanian households (representing 535,559 individuals) were found to be food insecure as of February 2021 and another 51 percent of households (representing 3,843,701 individuals) were vulnerable to food insecurity, meaning that they were very likely to experience an acute decline in food access or consumption levels below minimum survival needs. WFP’s mVAM also found that food insecurity levels among Jordan’s refugee community (which are not covered by Jordan’s social security net system) are significantly higher than those registered at the level of Jordanian households. Of the more than 750,000 refugees [17] registered in Jordan (89 percent of whom came from Syria), an estimated 17 percent live in the Za’atari and Azraq refugee camps, while the remaining 83 percent are mostly in Jordan’s urban areas. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, food security has been a key concern for refugees in both camps and in host communities mainly due to the loss of income from temporary and informal labor activities. More than 80 percent of labor activities performed by non-Jordanians are estimated to take place in the informal economy versus 40 percent for Jordanian citizens (MOSD, 2019). February 2021 mVAM data showed that 23.3 percent of refugee households in host communities are food insecure (over 154,777 individuals), while another 63.7 percent of refugee households (equivalent to approximately 423,344 individuals) are vulnerable to food insecurity.

**12.** **Ensuring food security and social stability are at the core of the urgent need to ensure availability of**
**and access to staple food** . Bread is an essential part of the diet in Jordan and represents the main caloric source
for the poorest Jordanians and the many refugees in the country. Similarly, barley import dependent livestock herding is the mainstay of the rural economy and the livelihoods of about 200,000 people in traditional nomadic and semi-nomadic Bedouin tribal communities. While trade in basic food commodities (such as sugar, rice, cooking oil, milk powder) is managed mainly by the private sector in Jordan, the GOJ maintains full control of grain reserves by directly managing the purchase, import, storage and domestic sales of wheat and barley. In 2021, the GOJ discontinued the bread subsidy and, as a response to the COVID-19 outbreak, it fixed the domestic price of bread to ensure its affordability (at 0.32 JOD per kilogram) for the entire population of Jordan. This intervention model (in combination with the effective appreciation of the Jordanian dinar) has helped control inflationary pressures.
However, maintaining this status quo in a context of all time high international grain prices is costly, also coinciding with Bond maturity obligations of the GOJ, further reducing the availability of financial resources at a critical time.

**13.** **Public procurement of strategic agricultural commodities is at the core of Jordan’s food security strategy**
**as rising food prices pose a significant threat to social stability** . Historically, Jordan has played a key role as an

_16_ [WFP | Jordan: Mobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping Dashboard | As of June 2021 (arcgis.com)](https://unwfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=7210a3ee33b14c5b9a989590345cb49a)
_17_ _As of July 2021_

Page 10 of 54

mobile Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping

mobile Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping

mobile Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping


Input:
**FRAGILITY AND POPULATION MOVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN**

Third, _**particular attention should be devoted to minimizing any possible negative impact of**_ _**displacement on human capital investments for future generations.**_ Evidence suggests that the lack human capital is the main determinants of the risk of poverty and that households are likely to respond to negative shocks by pulling children out of school. While a comprehensive safety net system could help mitigating such negative consequences, bureaucratic barriers such as residency status and transferability of school records could negatively impact displaced or, more generally, mobile populations. Moreover, given the prevalence of mobility and displacement in Afghanistan, greater focus should be devoted to investing in functional literacy and skill-development programs that display greater portability and provide displaced individuals with greater access to economic opportunities, wherever they end up being.

Lastly, evidence suggests that migrants will likely continue to converge towards Afghanistan’s urban centers as they seek better security, jobs, and services. _Urbanization trends require immediate_ _intervention by local authorities to increase shelter capacity and access to services. National and_ _provincial authorities should further recognize that, in the medium and long term,_ _**local integration in**_ _**urban and semi-urban areas is inevitable and it requires adequate planning**_ _to maximize the returns_ _from urban agglomeration, for example by investing in connectivity and accessibility, while ensuring_ _access to basic services and a minimum standard of living._

## **ENDNOTES**

1. UN Population Movement Bulletin, Issue 5, 7 Sept, 2016.

2. Based on UNHCR assisted returns data, 78 percent of returns occurred between 2002 and 2006. Districts with “high” intensity of returns in 2007 had an average share of returnees over the population of 70 percent.

3. Returnee households are considered to have “reintegrated” successfully if they were able to return to the place where they used to live before displacement, and if they were able to achieve—on average—socio-economic outcomes and legal protection in line with those of the local/host population. Household ability to reintegrate successfully might depend on several factors related to the social, economic and institutional conditions prevailing in the host community, as well as on the physical, human and social capital accumulated by returnee households while in asylum, and on their returns “on arrival”.

4. According to NRVA 2007–08 data, approximately 85 percent of Afghan households reported to have been negatively affected by a “large influx of returnees” during the 12 months preceding the survey.

5. Demographic and Health Survey (2014).

6. The youth bulge is defined as the share of youth aged 15–24 to the adult population aged 15+.

7. Growth is expected to remain slow over coming years, reflecting weak demand, increasing output gap and the lack of fiscal space for increasing social transfers in order to boost short-term economic growth (World Bank, 2016; _Navigating Risk and Uncertainty in Afghanistan_ ).

8. Urdal, Henrik. 2004. _The devil in the demographics: The effect of youth bulges on domestic armed conflict,_ 1950–2000. Social Development Papers: Conflict and Reconstruction Paper 14.

9. Low-technology, rain-fed agriculture remains the country’s primary sector of employment, especially for its poorest and more vulnerable people.

10. ALCS 2013–14.

11. Probability of having a household member abroad was estimated using a Linear Probability model and ALCS 2013–14 data. Controls include a dummy indicating whether the household feels insecure in the district of residence; the number of security incidents per thousand inhabitants in the district of residence; composition and employment outcomes at the household level; dummy variables identifying returnee households, IDP households and households migrating for economic reasons; a dummy indicating urban residence and quintiles of a wealth index to proxy for household welfare.

11


Input: REFodet = αod + γe + τt + β1Conflictot − 1 + β2Conflictet − 1 + β3Distanceed + ϵodet, (5) where REFodet is the stock of refugees of ethnic group e from country o in country d at year t. As we have data on yearly refugee stocks and would like to estimate the changes in these stocks over time using a gravity model, we include origin – destination fixed effects αod so that identification is based only on changes in stock over time (Zylkin, 2019). 20 We also include time τt and ethnic group fixed effects γe. Here we obtain data on the ethnicity of refugees from Murdock ’ s Atlas, which provides a map of ethnographic regions for Africa and the historical homelands of refugees (Murdock, 1967). To match ethnic groups across datasets, we again use LEDA21 to link data on ethnicity from Murdock ’ s Atlas with data on ethnicity from the EPR-ER dataset and, later, with data from Afrobarometer.


Input: In 2003, almost 60 % of young girls and 40 % of young boys had no formal schooling (ILO / UNICEF 2005). Data from the Demographic and Health survey shows that more than 40 percent of adult women have no education, compared to fewer than 20 percent of men, while 23 percent of women and 44 percent of men have some secondary schooling (DHS 2007). Happily, access to education is rising rapidly, especially for girls: according to the Liberian labor force survey from 2010, the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school has risen from 72 in 2000 to 90 in 2009. Enrollment levels and sex ratios are lower among older children and youth, as they become increasingly engaged in 1 Both are unweighted averages; Barro-Lee comprises 32 countries with data from 2010; Edstats comprises 43 countries with data from 2007-2011. 2 Defined as without work, available for work, and actively looking for work (LISGIS 2010). 2


Input: The Food Security Monitoring Survey (FSMS) conducted by the National Agricultural Bureau in 2022 provides critical insights into food access across various regions. The World Food Programme, leveraging data from the FSMS, has been able to assess the impact of recent climate fluctuations on agricultural productivity in the Central Highlands of the country. Additionally, the Agricultural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2023 published by the Ministry of Agriculture includes detailed findings on the nutritional status of households affected by drought conditions, enabling stakeholders to design targeted interventions. These datasets collectively support efforts to enhance food security, guiding policy decisions and resource allocation.

Agricultural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2023

National Agricultural Bureau
World Food Programme
Ministry of Agriculture

Agricultural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2023

Agricultural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2023

Agricultural Livelihoods Assessment Report 2023


Input:
"Life in Transition Survey, Transition Report 2020-2021: The State Strike Back", [https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-](https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-202021) [202021.](https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition-report-202021)

"Strengthening the business environment for productivity convergence," in OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris, [https://doi.org/10.1787/63318cf5-en.](https://doi.org/10.1787/63318cf5-en)

_Encuesta_ _Dirigida_ _a_ _la_ _Población_ _Venezolana_ _que_ _Reside_ _en_ _El_ _País_ _(ENPOVE)_ is a special ized survey of Venezuelans living in Peru conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INEI) in December 2018. The sample covers five main urban areas in the country where Venezuelan immigrants were most likely to be present. The survey collects data on the immi grant's origin, migration date, and details on their current employment. Importantly, a full module asks about the immigrant's experiences with locals, which includes questions about discrimination and hostile attitudes towards them. The respondent's current location is iden tified down to the _centro_ _poblado_ level, which roughly corresponds to an urban neighborhood or a rural town.

_Encuesta_ _Nacional_ _de_ _Hogares_ _(ENAHO)_ is the Peruvian version of the Living Standards Measurement Survey, e.g. a nationally representative household survey collected monthly on a continuous basis. For our analysis, we use data from January 2007 to December 2020. The survey covers a wide variety of topics, including basic demographics, educational back ground, labor market conditions, crime victimization, and a module on respondent's percep tions about the main problems in the country and trust on different local and national level institutions. Observations are also spatially identified at the municipality level, but here we focus on variation in the Venezuelan share of the population at the province level, of which there are 196, as these are best representative of local labor markets.

_Latin_ _American_ _Public_ _Opinion_ _Project_ _(LAPOP)_ is a opinion survey conducted bi-annually in all countries in Latin America and designed to be representative of urban populations. This was fielded in Peru in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2019 and consists of about 2,000 observations from mostly urban areas. The survey questions are centered around politics,


Input:
Night-time lights data are a beneficial by-product of a meteorological satellite program. The data are
collected by the United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). DMSP
satellites have been circling the earth since the 1970s in a polar orbit that allows observations of every

1. Number of illuminated pixels with _DN_ >=6 within the borders of a country.
2. Average _DN_ within all illuminated pixels.
_Sources:_ NGDC v4, World Development Indicators for land area, and author's calculations.

Long-run patterns in _AoL_ and _R_ are consistent with some country circumstances. For example, as shown
in Table 1, a country with a rapidly expanding _AoL_ is more likely to be a country with a high urban
population growth rate. China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Yemen are examples. A country with
shrinking _AoL_ could be in the early, painful stages of transition from a planned economy to a market
economy. Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Ukraine are examples. Countries with growing average radiance, _R_,

Souknilanh et al (2015) find their night-light based _GDP_ estimates are improved when supplemented by ground cover data from a second satellite (MODIS).

16 Normally there is a quasi-fixed ratio of intermediates to gross output which slowly falls as productivity improves. Countries that import most of their intermediates will be subject to external shocks (trading partner demand, terms of trade) that disrupt this relationship. 17 From a sample of 166 countries in 2010, from the World Development Indicators.

[26] The result is the v.4 DMSP stable lights data set with between 20 and 100 observations per year per pixel depending upon circumstances (Baugh et al.


Input: Recent analyses of learning achievement among primary school students have highlighted the notable discrepancies in performance based on various socio-economic factors. For instance, the findings presented in the National Education Assessment Report reveal significant gaps in literacy rates across different regions. The report underscores the importance of targeted interventions in education policy to address these disparities and improve overall educational outcomes for all students.

education, learning achievement, and school enrollment


Input: The Fragility Assessment Survey (FAS) conducted in 2022 offers valuable insights on socio-political stability in several nations. This dataset, which encompasses various dimensions of governance, is integral for understanding the underlying factors contributing to conflict. In addition, the Global Violence Dataset (GVD) published by the Conflict Research Institute in 2021 provides a comprehensive overview of violence trends across the globe, including regions like the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Academics and policymakers alike rely on these datasets to inform their analyses and strategies for mitigating violence and enhancing stability.

Fragility Assessment Survey
Global Violence Dataset


Input: The Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022, produced by the Global Trade Organization, offers insights into the industrial capabilities across various regions. Recent analyses by the Economic Policy Institute utilized the data from this assessment to understand trends in manufacturing growth in North America and Europe. Additionally, the World Bank's Trade and Industry Database (TID) provides comprehensive statistics related to trade flows and has been used by multiple organizations, including the OECD, to evaluate the impacts of tariffs on economic performance from 2019 to 2023. These datasets collectively contribute to shaping policy recommendations for enhancing trade efficiencies and competitiveness on a global scale.

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Global Trade Organization
Economic Policy Institute
World Bank
OECD

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022

Economic Competitiveness Assessment 2022


Input:
# Appendix. Model Calibration

##### D.Climate is CGE [51] model developed by Deloitte Economic Institute based on GTAP model [52] . If source of data is not specified it means that shocks were calibrated to data from the model database.

It was assumed that impact of refugees on the Polish economy was felt as combined four different shocks: to population, labour supply, average propensity to save, and productivity, with shocks to population and labour supply being balanced by equivalent shocks in Eastern Europe [53] .
Moreover, as part of assumed increase in spending by Ukrainians in Poland was financed by savings from Ukraine this was balanced by equivalent negative shock on investment in Eastern Europe.

Shock to population was calibrated to match data for residents of Poland from Statistics Poland and number of refugees based on PESEL UKR. Equivalent shock in Eastern Europe was calculated using data for population in this region from World Population Prospects UN.

Statistics Poland
Deloitte Economic Institute


Input: Access to clean water and sanitation services remains critical for public health, as highlighted by the Global Water Quality Assessment (GWQA) 2018/19, which evaluates the status of freshwater resources in several countries. The GWQA dataset, produced by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), provides essential insights into water contamination levels across various regions. Furthermore, the South Asia Hygiene Promotion Survey (SAHPS) conducted in 2020 aims to assess the effectiveness of hygiene practices in the region, specifically targeting India and Bangladesh. Lastly, the Africa WASH Monitoring Report 2022 serves as a comprehensive tool for policymakers, allowing them to track progress towards sanitation goals, while the acronym WASH stands for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.

Global Water Quality Assessment
GWQA
South Asia Hygiene Promotion Survey
SAHPS
Africa WASH Monitoring Report

International Water Management Institute

International Water Management Institute


Input: the standard ethnic diversity indices to include the annual variation in refugee ethnicities. 8 We then construct a measure of proximity between the clusters in the host country and refugees in surrounding camps by defining an 80-km buffer around each cluster. 9 To control for unobserved heterogeneity and changes within a given cluster, we introduce cluster and year fixed effects, αj and δt. To minimize the risk of confounding the refugee-induced changes in diversity with the annual changes in refugee numbers, we also control for the presence of refugees based on the same buffer as the one used to construct the refugee-induced change in diversity. More specifically, the variable Refugeesjt − 1 counts the number of refugees present in cluster j at year t − 1 within the predefined buffer. The variable is also transformed into an inverse hyperbolic sine to ease interpretation. Finally, Qjt controls for yearly shocks at the cluster level, such as weather shocks. In particular, we control for rain and temperature anomalies. Standard errors are clustered at the Afrobarometer cluster level. 4. 2 Data and descriptive statistics Our analysis combines various sources of data: Afrobarometer, UNHCR refugee camp data, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED), Uppsala Conflict Data (UCDP), and the Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees (EPR-ER) 2019 dataset.

Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees (EPR-ER) 2019 dataset

Ethnic Power Relations- Ethnicity of Refugees (EPR-ER) 2019 dataset


Input:
**The World Bank**
South Sudan Health Sector Transformation Project (HSTP) (P181385)

|Description|Percentage of HC health facilities receiving at least one quarterly supervision visit within the quarter|
|---|---|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|MoH; TPM|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|MoH to provide data; TPM to verify|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|MoH / TPM|
|**Percentage of health facilities receiving quarterly supervision visits from the CHD (Percentage)**|**Percentage of health facilities receiving quarterly supervision visits from the CHD (Percentage)**|
|Description|Percentage of health facilities receiving at least one quarterly supervision visit within the quarter from the CHD|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|MoH; TPM|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|MoH to provide data; TPM to verify|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|MoH / TPM|
|**Percentage of health facilities receiving quarterly supervision visits from State MoH (Percentage)**|**Percentage of health facilities receiving quarterly supervision visits from State MoH (Percentage)**|
|Description|Percentage of health facilities receiving at least one quarterly supervision visit within the quarter from the State
MoH|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|MoH; TPM|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|MoH to provide data; TPM to verify|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|MoH / TPM|
|**Percentage of complaints to Grievance Redress Mechanisms satisfactorily addressed in a timely manner**|**Percentage of complaints to Grievance Redress Mechanisms satisfactorily addressed in a timely manner**|
|Description|Percentage of complaints submitted to the GRM addressed according to the protocol and within agreed time
period.|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|UNICEF|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|UNICEF to provide data / TPM to verify|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|UNICEF; PMU|
|**Percentage of completeness of reporting by facilities**|**Percentage of completeness of reporting by facilities**|
|Description|Percentage of facilities that submit complete reports within the required deadline.|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|DHIS2|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|DHIS2|
|Responsibility for Data
Collection|MoH/ PMU|
|**Percentage of states that conducted quarterly coordination meetings with a review of data and documented with minutes including**
**action items and follow-up**|**Percentage of states that conducted quarterly coordination meetings with a review of data and documented with minutes including**
**action items and follow-up**|
|Description|Percentage of State’s quarterly health service delivery coordination meetings for the health sector held with a
review of data included in the meeting and documented with minutes which include action items and follow-up
on action items. Meetings are to be held quarterly in each state. Four meetings are expected each year per
state. CHDs and implementing partners will be participated in the review|
|Frequency|Quarterly|
|Data source|MoH/ WHO|
|Methodology for Data
Collection|WHO to provide data / TPM to verify|


Input: as farm tools and water pumps, sewing and building equipment, and commercial cars. Outliers are treated, and values are adjusted for inflation. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Current Camp Refugees COB Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Remittances (local/international) Donations (NGO/gov) Crops/livestock Salary (employment/casual labor) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Camps-Male-Headed Camps-Female-Headed Salary (employment/casual labor) Crops/livestock Donations(NGO/gov) Remittances (local/international) Other (rental income, PSNP, pension) Percent Percent Figure 3.20: Household primary income source Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: “COB” refers to livelihood strategies in their country of birth. a. Pre-post migration b. By gender of head Jobs and Livelihoods 34 arrive in Uganda with few assets, in a state of high poverty, and with similarly low employment rates. However, unlike Ethiopia, employment rates for refugees in Uganda improve over time, approximately doubling after five years or more (World Bank, 2023b). Uganda is also notable for providing work rights to refugees in practice (Ginn et al., 2022) (Box 3.3). 3.2 Labor market outcomes of OCP refugees and their hosts Refugee households in Addis Ababa rely heavily on remittances as their primary source of income. This reflects the fact that the Eritrean OCP refugees


Input: **Calculate sums** - For each flood risk array, calculate the total number of people exposed and add the results to the World Bank global administrative map shapefile ##### **5. Results** For each of the countries analyzed, the results are available as raster files with a 90m spatial resolution and as shapefiles with data aggregated to the admin 1 (sub-national), admin 0 (national), regional, and global levels. In this section, we present visualizations of key findings as maps, using a variety of spatial scales, as well as graphs to highlight pertinent insights. **5.1.** **Global and regional flood exposure** Our estimates show that globally 2.2 billion people are exposed to some level of flood risk; 1.47 billion people, or 19 percent of the world population, are exposed to a significant level of flood risk (i.e. facing inundation depths of over 0.15 meter in the event of a 1-in-100 year flood, or _moderate_ risk or higher in Figure 2). In other words, considering a global population of 7.7 billion (World Bank, 2019), approximately one in five people in the world are exposed to substantial flood risk. 10

World Bank global administrative map shapefile

World Bank global administrative map shapefile

World Bank global administrative map shapefile


Input: The recent Environmental Assessment Report published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development highlights key findings regarding deforestation rates in various regions. This comprehensive report uses data collected from different environmental surveys and is intended to guide policy decisions for sustainable resource management. The insights provided are valuable for government agencies and NGOs working towards environmental conservation.

International Institute for Sustainable Development

International Institute for Sustainable Development


Input: Nevertheless, censuses are the only nation-wide source of population data for potentially providing estimates of displaced populations, especially those in non-camp settings, and often provide a basis for sampling frames for survey instruments (UNHCR 2016). Capturing displacement situations in official statistics also increases their visibility. Sample surveys Sample surveys can potentially provide a rich source of data on forcibly displaced populations. Compared with censuses and registers, sample surveys allow more detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households. If survey instruments identify displaced populations based on individuals ’ and households ’ self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status (UNSD 2014). There are opportunities to mainstream forced displacement into international survey instruments, but this has only been done in a handful of cases. Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), 75 Labor Force 71 The UN census recommendations for the 2010 World Population and Housing Census Programme stipulate that refugees and IDPs living in camps should be counted and their numbers disaggregated in population statistics, however there is no requirement to separately distinguish displaced people living outside of camps (UNHCR 2016).

World Population and Housing Census Programme

World Population and Housing Census Programme

World Population and Housing Census Programme


Input:
The firm-level financial data for 1997 are primarily from the Worldscope database. The World

in Australia and Canada, respectively. Using industry data from Mexico, Blomstrom and Persson

Commission on an annual basis. We use [group-affiliation data from the 1994-1997 lists of business]

by the level of growth of a sector or a country. Indeed, using firm level data, Haddad and Harrison


Input: (24 percent) with higher livestock ownership relative to other domains. Somalis are also more likely to work for private households, including household services, construction, and agricultural work. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Camp Hosts Camp Refugees Employed Unemployed, searching Unemployed, not searching Inactive not in school Inactive in school Percent Figure 3.2: Work status Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Table 3.1: Labor force statistics Camp- Hosts Camp- Refugees Labor force participation rate (strict) 52% 31% Unemployment rate (strict) 7% 21% Labor force participation rate (relaxed) 57% 43% Unemployment (relaxed) 15% 43% Employment-to-population ratio 48% 25% Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Note: Labor force participation ratio is the share of working-age people who are engaged in the labor market, either employed or unemployed. Unemployment is the share of people participating in the labor force who are not employed. The “relaxed” definition of labor force participation includes anyone who is available to work. The “strict” definition of labor force participation includes only those who are available to work and also actively searching for work. Employment-to- population ratio is the share of working-age people who are employed. 41 In Ethiopia, in-camp


Input: The Global Refugee Movement Report 2022, published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), provides comprehensive insights into forced displacement trends. This dataset has been utilized by UNHCR to inform its annual Global Trends report, highlighting the urgency of policy interventions. Additionally, the Multinational Displacement Evaluation (MDE) conducted in 2021, which was released by the World Bank, includes data on the socio-economic impacts of refugee populations across several regions. This evaluation has been referenced by various NGOs, including Refugee Rights International, to advocate for improved conditions for refugees. Furthermore, the Latin America Migration Study (LAMS) 2020, produced by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), has been critical in shaping discussions around migration policies in the region.

Latin America Migration Study (LAMS) 2020

International Organization for Migration

International Organization for Migration

Latin America Migration Study (LAMS) 2020

Latin America Migration Study (LAMS) 2020

Latin America Migration Study (LAMS) 2020