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Puzzle **bodies + multimedia** are mirrored under `puzzles/`. + +## Counts (targets) + +| Source | Items | Role | +|--------|------:|------| +| `mh_answers/mystery*.txt` | 4,202 | keyed answers 1994–2025 | +| `answers.tsv` | 2,299 | URL ↔ answer (1999–2016) — primary mirror queue | +| huntindex | 4,010 | indexed puzzles 1982 + 1994–2025 | + +## Layout + +``` +puzzles/ + by_tsv/{year}/…/ # mirrored from answers.tsv (answer-linked) + {year}/{tag}_…/ # mirrored from huntindex catalog + answers_tsv_manifest.jsonl + manifest.jsonl + by_answer.json + *_state.json +``` + +Each puzzle folder typically contains: +- puzzle HTML/PDF +- referenced images / audio / video / other assets +- `solution.html` / `solution.pdf` when linked + +## Re-run / resume + +```bash +# answer-linked queue (1999–2016) +python mirror_answers_tsv.py + +# full huntindex catalog (all indexed puzzles) +python mirror_puzzles.py +``` + +Both scripts are resumable via `*_state.json`. + +## Sources + +- https://puzzles.mit.edu/ +- https://devjoe.appspot.com/huntindex/ +- See MIT Puzzle Club [data use policy](https://puzzles.mit.edu/datapolicy.html) diff --git a/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/answers.tsv b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/answers.tsv new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9fab223824f0b0c147ec1d3997d95851cc37699 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/answers.tsv @@ -0,0 +1,2300 @@ +url answer prompt intermediate +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Barcelona/barcelona.html DIN +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Freetown/freetown.html BOSTON UNIVERSITY +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/HoChiMinh/ho_chi_minh_city.html NET +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Istanbul/istanbul.html TANGLE +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Jakarta/jakarta.html GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATION +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/NewOrleans/new_orleans.html LAST +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/NewYorkCity/new_york_city.html HENCE +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/PhnomPenh/phnom_penh.html RESIDUAL +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Prague/prague.html ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Tbilisi/tbilisi.html THE +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Toronto/toronto.html INDEPENDENT LIVING GROUP +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Warrants1/w1.1/w1.1.html MUSE +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Warrants1/w1.2/w1.2.html ANIME +1999/puzzles/1Gumshoe/Warrants1/w1.3/w1.3.html STEREO +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/CharlotteAmalie/charlotteamalie.html BILLIARDS +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Chihuahua/chihuahua.html TIE +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Christchurch/christchurch.html ORR +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Luxembourg/luxembourg.html DORIC +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Manila/manila.html ROSEMARY +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Montevideo/montevideo.html FREQUENCY +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Sao_Paulo/sao_paulo.html ACRONYM +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Seoul/seoul.html ROTC +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Warrants2/w2.1/w2.1.html DONUTS +1999/puzzles/2Investigator/Warrants2/w2.2/w2.2.html SEVENTY +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Athens/athens.html ARGO +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Beijing/beijing.html LEAR +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Bogota/bogota.html NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Capetown/capetown.html JAM +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Colombo/colombo.html TORY +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Madras/madras.html CALIFORNIA +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Monterey/monterey.html ADVANCED PLACEMENT +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Stuttgart/stuttgart.html DAME +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Taipei/taipei.html RUNE +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/VaticanCity/vatican_city.html LABOR +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Warrants3/w3.1/w3.1.html GENERIC +1999/puzzles/3Inspector/Warrants3/w3.2/w3.2.html VALERIE +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Beirut/beirut.html I +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Cambridge/cambridge.html PENULTIMATE MYSTERY HUNT COIN OF THIS MILLENIUM +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Copenhagen/copenhagen.html LOOT +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Dublin/dublin.html NEWTON +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Helsinki/helsinki.html BOTH +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Kathmandu/kathmandu.html CACKLE +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Nagoya/nagoya.html EUROPEAN UNION +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Nairobi/nairobi.html LOW +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Paris/paris.html FAST +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Perth/perth.html HEX +1999/puzzles/4Detective/SanFrancisco/san_francisco.html MODUS OPERANDI +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Santiago/santiago.html RETURNING +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Seattle/seattle.html FUNK +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Warrants4/w4.1/w4.1.html JABIR +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Warrants4/w4.2/w4.2.html RHYTHM +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Warrants4/w4.3/w4.3.html BOK CHOY +1999/puzzles/4Detective/Warrants4/w4.4/w4.4.html INTERACT +1999/puzzles/index.html HAYDEN MEMORIAL LIBRARY Tracy Mount +1999/puzzles/index.html TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN TOOL Pia Nissimo +1999/puzzles/index.html TANG RESIDENCE HALL Guy Gerr +1999/puzzles/index.html FURNITURE EXCHANGE Polly Titian +1999/puzzles/index.html MEDIA LABORATORY ACME +1999/puzzles/index.html INFINITE CORRIDOR Theone and Theotherone Thattoukit +1999/puzzles/index.html NUCLEAR REACTOR Roy L. 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Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_2.html 🥡 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_2.html 🍱 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_3.html 🇰🇬 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_4.html 🍕 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_5.html 🇾 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_5.html 🔺 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_6.html 🎵 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_6.html 🎶 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE +2003/www.acme-corp.com/teamGuest/2/2_7.html 💮 Enter any single emoji that resembles your guess TRUE 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+2015/puzzle/mashup FLOWER +2015/puzzle/memory_lane SOAPED +2015/puzzle/mit_mystery_hunt POLICE CAR +2015/puzzle/montages ITS COOL +2015/puzzle/moves SPARE NET +2015/puzzle/munchies TACO +2015/puzzle/mythological_connections DEW DROP +2015/puzzle/nautiluss_duplicated_quest SEA TO SKY +2015/puzzle/night_of_the_living_kraken STIR FRY +2015/puzzle/nina OSMOSIS +2015/puzzle/no_pluto HEART PIN +2015/puzzle/nope OVER +2015/puzzle/not_all_there CLEANED +2015/puzzle/ocean_meta_meta SHIPWRECK +2015/puzzle/optics_lab_meta PRISMATIC PERISCOPE +2015/puzzle/p1ctures EKING +2015/puzzle/paper_jigsaw THE SPIRITS WITHIN +2015/puzzle/people_and_places BOAR THORAX +2015/puzzle/per_verse_poetry CITY GATES +2015/puzzle/pipe DARN +2015/puzzle/pod_of_dolphins_meta BELUGA PAL +2015/puzzle/polyglot MICHELANGELO +2015/puzzle/practice_in_theory SOLZHENITSYN +2015/puzzle/quodlibet PRACTICE +2015/puzzle/read_between_the_lines ROILING +2015/puzzle/ready_set_go STOOGE +2015/puzzle/rectangles RAMBLES +2015/puzzle/representative_characters IMPULSIVE +2015/puzzle/rid_fill DYLAN +2015/puzzle/ride_em_in TOUGHEN +2015/puzzle/ropes BUFFALO +2015/puzzle/say_cheese_and_dive CURL UP +2015/puzzle/school_of_fish_meta SARDINE CANNONS +2015/puzzle/shark_blood WINNER +2015/puzzle/siamese_quintuplets ELITE +2015/puzzle/smiling_vessel GAME +2015/puzzle/something_looks_fishy BAPTISTRY +2015/puzzle/speak_of_the_devil_fruit SEA BEACHES +2015/puzzle/spiky_tower_meta FAERIE CORNUCOPIA +2015/puzzle/spittle_loon BARFED +2015/puzzle/spongebob UNTANGLE LINES +2015/puzzle/spotted_tower_meta ENCHANTED PANACEA +2015/puzzle/starfish CROOK +2015/puzzle/stay_out_of_the_trench KERFUFFLE +2015/puzzle/steamteam AQUATIC TONIC +2015/puzzle/steves_parable PINE +2015/puzzle/striptease BARON +2015/puzzle/sunken_treasure BUBBLE TEA +2015/puzzle/suns_of_china STAR +2015/puzzle/takeout_ordering ON THE WALL +2015/puzzle/tantalum XENA +2015/puzzle/the_10_000_puzzle_pyramid ROBERT E LEE +2015/puzzle/the_accumulator LIVE MYRTLE +2015/puzzle/the_acerbic_sixteen CRED +2015/puzzle/the_cats_meow DANGLE +2015/puzzle/the_curse_of_the_atlanteans_tomb BIG SUR +2015/puzzle/the_er_of_men OCTAL +2015/puzzle/the_hidden_city LIMON +2015/puzzle/the_last_airbender RAPTORS +2015/puzzle/the_misspelled_insects BLUE FINCH +2015/puzzle/the_resistance BOONE +2015/puzzle/the_sun_will_come_out SHOPWORKER +2015/puzzle/the_wheels_go_round_and_round SEDAN +2015/puzzle/this_puzzle_has_no_errata BLOOPER +2015/puzzle/this_story_is_canon BOUCHER +2015/puzzle/threes_the_charm AMADEUS +2015/puzzle/tickle_me_pink STOLEN +2015/puzzle/time_amp_place GOPHER +2015/puzzle/time_is_out_of_joint REPRISE +2015/puzzle/toasting_the_bagel SICK PORNO +2015/puzzle/topsy_turvy BLINDNESS +2015/puzzle/tournament DRAFT +2015/puzzle/treasure_chest_meta MANTA RAY VISION +2015/puzzle/trivia_round MARBLE +2015/puzzle/twelve_grids_of_pictures PAWS +2015/puzzle/ukacd FRUMPISH +2015/puzzle/wait_what_did_you_say VAMPIRE +2015/puzzle/watch_me_blow_this PIPER +2015/puzzle/welcome_to_dead_waters SUMMER +2015/puzzle/wizardly_tales YAHTZEE +2015/puzzle/wood GAP +2015/puzzle/word_fork MICE +2015/puzzle/wordsearches_are_a_piece_of_cake STEW LUNCHES +2015/puzzle/workshop_meta_meta STEAM LAB +2015/puzzle/write_it_build_it KELP SMOOTHIE +2016/puzzle/1_2_3 UNDERSTANDING +2016/puzzle/a_league_of_their_own QWERTY +2016/puzzle/a_most_congenial_odyssey NAZGUL +2016/puzzle/a_quick_sudoku QUITE NICE +2016/puzzle/a_round_at_the_golf_course LORDLIER +2016/puzzle/aborigine_dream_fragment EAT +2016/puzzle/all_history_is_local HILLTOP +2016/puzzle/always_amusing USAGE +2016/puzzle/ascii_characters WALLAROO +2016/puzzle/before_and_after PEER +2016/puzzle/behind_the_music BROWN SWISS +2016/puzzle/believe PARADOX +2016/puzzle/bits_of_nomenclature_zoned_appropriately ROOD +2016/puzzle/blazing_trails INDIGO BLUE +2016/puzzle/blocks DRIFTERS +2016/puzzle/blocks_and_blocks WHIZZER +2016/puzzle/boxes_tm GRAY DRAB +2016/puzzle/cannery CHIANTIS +2016/puzzle/click_to_win WINDOWPANES +2016/puzzle/crimes_against_cruciverbalism ATROCITY +2016/puzzle/crushed_petals ALTAR STONE +2016/puzzle/cubism TIGRISH +2016/puzzle/disappointment SICKBAY +2016/puzzle/dog_food PLUM WINE +2016/puzzle/dont_cross_an_alpha_bitch NATIONAL ACCLAIM +2016/puzzle/emergency_deportation ELMSWELL +2016/puzzle/endymion_dream_fragment SNOW +2016/puzzle/everything_you_read ASSUMPTION CLAUSE +2016/puzzle/feel_the_music ORATORIO +2016/puzzle/field_scribe BESSIE +2016/puzzle/follow_the_pipes ONLINE PORN +2016/puzzle/formulating_teams ALEC TIDEY +2016/puzzle/fun_sized SCRAM +2016/puzzle/gaming_the_system NERDS +2016/puzzle/girl_talk KARIN INGEL-ANKER +2016/puzzle/gravitational_pull BOWL +2016/puzzle/haddock_walk ACT PARTY +2016/puzzle/high_rollers MADEWELL +2016/puzzle/honey_i_shrunk_the_hunt LITTLE BIGHORN +2016/puzzle/how_far TRAPEZIUS +2016/puzzle/i_never_promised_you_a_rows_garden LE GRAND CONDE +2016/puzzle/identify_sort_index_solve LONG DOZEN +2016/puzzle/indecipherable PIANO TAB +2016/puzzle/is_that_even_music CYNTHIA JOHNSON +2016/puzzle/it_is_what_it_is RABBIT EARS +2016/puzzle/its_a_long_story LLAREGGUB +2016/puzzle/its_so_obvious WAFFLE KING +2016/puzzle/jackson_pollock REGROWN +2016/puzzle/king_arthur_dream_fragment TACT +2016/puzzle/ladder_dogs ISTHMUS OF SUEZ +2016/puzzle/lesser_works QUARTER AFTER ONE +2016/puzzle/life_braid MUTATES +2016/puzzle/losers GEORGE WARD LINN +2016/puzzle/lost_skull DOLLDOMS +2016/puzzle/luminance_shift STEPNEY +2016/puzzle/luna_park BENDLET +2016/puzzle/mad_dogs DIAMOND JIM +2016/puzzle/may_the_shortz_be_with_you RANDOLPH CALDECOTT +2016/puzzle/meet_the_loremipsumstanis SELA WARD +2016/puzzle/meshed_together SEINE +2016/puzzle/mind_your_peas SUZIE Q +2016/puzzle/missed_connections ABSENTEE +2016/puzzle/missing_the_mark POWDER PUFF +2016/puzzle/obstacle_training INTENTIONLESS FLEABAGS +2016/puzzle/obstacle_training GOOFPROOF BREEDERS +2016/puzzle/obstacle_training AUSLANDER DINGOES +2016/puzzle/off_the_leash PB-FREE +2016/puzzle/on_the_road TRAIPSES +2016/puzzle/one_starry_night PIMPING +2016/puzzle/opus_dream_fragment SESAME +2016/puzzle/orbits BIG WHEEL +2016/puzzle/paddywhack MILK DRY +2016/puzzle/paint_it_black NOSEEUM +2016/puzzle/pam_ewing_dream_fragment SLICKS +2016/puzzle/peter_is_the_bomb STAR WITNESS +2016/puzzle/pictocryptolists TEN PM +2016/puzzle/prints BRADFORD PARKINSON +2016/puzzle/provision PLUMPEST +2016/puzzle/puzzle_extravaganza QUICK REACTION +2016/puzzle/puzzle_extravaganza DUEL WITH SANS TRUE +2016/puzzle/quantum_minesweeper PURITY IN DEATH +2016/puzzle/quest_for_the_truth IMPLAUSIBILITIES +2016/puzzle/quilt_by_association CORDLESS +2016/puzzle/race_around_the_block_again WOEBEGONE +2016/puzzle/randolph_carter_dream_fragment EEK +2016/puzzle/reaching_for_the_stars CONTACT HQ TO SHOW US YOUR NEW RAP BATTLE TRUE +2016/puzzle/reaching_for_the_stars SELF-DECLARED +2016/puzzle/replication BUTTERY +2016/puzzle/rhythms_of_the_season JAZZ HARP +2016/puzzle/ribbons JUSTIFIED CHAMPIONS +2016/puzzle/rip_van_winkle_dream_fragment RIME +2016/puzzle/road_trip OLD MAIDS +2016/puzzle/roller_coaster RAZZ +2016/puzzle/satellite_navigation LEFT TURN +2016/puzzle/sculptural_disassembly ABUSIVE +2016/puzzle/see_spot_run AGFA +2016/puzzle/sleeping_beauty_dream_fragment OUT +2016/puzzle/sleeping_gypsy_dream_fragment PERUSE +2016/puzzle/so_smart BANDEROL +2016/puzzle/some_assembly_required_sar SHI +2016/puzzle/something_for_everyone AUDIO +2016/puzzle/soul_searching AMOS BARTON +2016/puzzle/spot_the_dog RED CENT +2016/puzzle/staggered_starts DUSTRAG +2016/puzzle/student_simulator KLINGON ALPHABET +2016/puzzle/the_case_of_the_dangerous_game SPORTAGE +2016/puzzle/the_contest LADEN +2016/puzzle/the_dogged_pursuit_of_justice_aka_caught_red_handed CROWN PRINCE +2016/puzzle/the_eldritch_gambrel_scavenger_hunt REVENGE TRAGEDY +2016/puzzle/the_fire_swamp BUZZKILL +2016/puzzle/the_foetid_charnel_pie_charts NEW YORK +2016/puzzle/the_gibbous_non_euclidean_program FINAL WARNING +2016/puzzle/the_indescribable_amorphous_cryptic MASTER BEDROOM +2016/puzzle/the_lost_dream BROWN NUMBERS +2016/puzzle/the_man_in_the_moon GRIN +2016/puzzle/the_pernicious_revenge_of_juno BACKSLASH +2016/puzzle/the_scenic_route BUILD US NO KNIFE TRUE +2016/puzzle/the_scenic_route PLAGIOCLIMAXES +2016/puzzle/the_shunned_cyclopean_postcards JASON ALEXANDER +2016/puzzle/the_sound_of_silence HUSH MONEY +2016/puzzle/the_spectral_daemoniac_web_of_links CHILD CATCHER +2016/puzzle/the_tenebrous_stygian_test_of_knowledge STREET URCHIN +2016/puzzle/the_tv_puzzle OUT FOR THE SEASON +2016/puzzle/the_unutterable_antediluvian_robots_in_disguise WARRIORS' DAY +2016/puzzle/the_white_house_or_bust ABBOT HALL ART GALLERY +2016/puzzle/thinking_caps NICHE +2016/puzzle/time_suck GAMMA +2016/puzzle/to_serve_and_protect ASBOLITE +2016/puzzle/toll_bridges RAILYARD +2016/puzzle/trail_goods PEMICAN +2016/puzzle/travelogue COUNTRY SUNRISE +2016/puzzle/triangular_intrigue TRIREME +2016/puzzle/triptychs THIRDLY +2016/puzzle/trivial_mathematics CUBIC FUNCTION +2016/puzzle/trubled_monicas STARZZ +2016/puzzle/unimaginably_twisted_files ZEROES +2016/puzzle/vagabond_tours DRAG OFF +2016/puzzle/vocabulary_quiz AESTIVATE +2016/puzzle/wanderer LAMINAR +2016/puzzle/whistle_training ECUADORIAN HUNTERS +2016/puzzle/who UB IWERKS +2016/puzzle/wisdom_is_eternal DUNCE CAP +2016/puzzle/words_search SKY CHASE ZONE +2016/puzzle/world_s_longest_diagramless LIZ LEMON GREEK FROZEN YOGURT +2016/puzzle/worldly_possessions NOW PITCH ITEM ONE OH ONE TRUE +2016/puzzle/worldly_possessions ADVANCE PERSON +2016/puzzle/worrying_ziggurats WINCHELL +2016/puzzle/you_complete_me HAVE NOT +2016/puzzle/ysera_dream_fragment HEX +2016/puzzle/zodiac_quest AZTECS +2016/round/dog_show SLEEPING DOGS OFTEN LIE +2016/round/dreamtime LAUGH LIKE A CRAZY KOOKABURRA Dreamtime Meta +2016/round/dreamtime SUPERGENE Day Two Meta +2016/round/dreamtime WHITENED Day Three Meta +2016/round/dreamtime GANDERED Day Four Meta +2016/round/dreamtime OUTCOME Day Five Meta +2016/round/dreamtime TOMB Day One Meta +2016/round/endymion RUN OVER A BUMP +2016/round/king_arthur DO COCONUT HOOFBEATS +2016/round/limbo ROUSE THE SLEEPERS NOW USE KICKS AT EXACT SAME TIME +2016/round/opus SLAM RIGHT WING +2016/round/pam_ewing BE CRUDE +2016/round/randolph_carter CRY OH GOD +2016/round/rip_van_winkle DROP BALL +2016/round/sleeping_beauty KISS AURORA WITH GUSTO +2016/round/sleeping_gypsy BITE OFF EAR +2016/round/ysera DUMP COLD WATER \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntindex.html b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntindex.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f34a3ab492d85960ddce93ff920157b5d230142 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntindex.html @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ + + + + + + +MIT Mystery Hunt Puzzle Index +
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Feedback

MIT Mystery Hunt Puzzle Index

Yes, an index. So we can find the puzzles that have previously been done on a topic. + + + + + + + + + +

What's in the Index?

The 1982 Hunt and all the Hunts from 1994-2025 are indexed. Many thanks to Aaron Dinkin of Metaphysical Plant for helping get the 2011 puzzles added, and Seth Schoen of Codex for the 2012 puzzles, as well as all the people who have helped fill in gaps in the Mystery Hunt archive. + + + + +

How do I access it?

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In any of these ways:

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New Features

A bunch of stuff:Keep sending feedback via those links on every page to let me know what's wrong, but hold off on suggesting synonyms or category suggestions for now. + + + + + + + + + +

What remains to be added?

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Future Development

I am considering adding other non-Mystery Hunt puzzle hunts to this index. To be eligible, a puzzle hunt should:

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Old MUMS, CISRA, SUMS (one SUMS is missing), the Harvard hunt, DASH, BAPHL, the RIT CS hunts, Mark Halpin's Labor Day hunts, and the Googol Conglomerate game are candidates. PuzzleCrack fails on having a stable website; only 2007 and 2008 are up now, 2008 without solutions. Sekkrets, The Stone, Puzzle Boat, and Panda Magazine are not eligible because access is still limited to what you have solved/opened via a logged in account and/or paid for. TimeHunt and Retrocogitator are not eligible because the puzzles are not online. And there are a ton of other ones in recent years I haven't gotten around to considering.

+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntsbyyear.html b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntsbyyear.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78ef7f7cc331875418cb045d239fe8988d7e534a --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/huntsbyyear.html @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ + + + + + Mystery Hunt Archive · MIT Mystery Hunt / Puzzle Club + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Mystery Hunt Archive

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This archive is a work-in-progress: a few hunts are still missing bits and pieces, and we would like to make them as complete as possible. If you have any of the following, please let us know:

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We are also missing solutions for the Chess Competitions and the hunts from 1981-1983, 1985, and 1989-1992. Additionally, during the early years of the Mystery Hunt, there were often two simultaneous hunts (one for individuals and one for teams, or one for small teams and one for large teams, etc). Since we have no way of knowing which years had two hunts, the archive may have gaps of which we are unaware.

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If you wish to distribute, adapt, or otherwise use puzzles and/or solutions on this archive, please refer to our data use policy.

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If there are things in the archive that make solving puzzles after-the-fact particularly bad (either because the puzzle page reveals information that would not have existed during the hunt proper, or because the information needed to solve the puzzle exists only in the solution page), please let us know.

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Devjoe, a veteran Mystery Hunt participant and puzzler, has created a massive puzzle index of all puzzles between 1994 to now. The index is currently located here.

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2025

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Mystery Hunt 2025’s epic Gala celebrating the engagement of two of MITropolis's leading personas was supposed to begin with the unveiling of the historic Shadow Diamond, but when the diamond was found missing, teams were plunged into a noir mystery involving a shady cast of characters each hiding their own secret.

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2024

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Mystery Hunt 2024 first tasked teams with escaping Hades after being banished there by the Greco-Roman pantheon for killing the god Pluto, then asked teams to revive Pluto by finding his "shades" scattered across the US.

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2023

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Mystery Hunt 2023 started with teams working through a museum-themed round, written by a new AI, MATE, before inadvertently discovering a hidden factory. Within the factory, teams found several more "rejected" AIs, whose rounds they had to complete to build a new and improved factory.

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2022

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Mystery Hunt 2022 asked teams to save Bookspace, an interdimensional space of all books and their characters, from disappearing.

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2021

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Mystery Hunt 2021 asked teams to help Yew Labs retrieve their professor from an alternate universe.

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2020

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Mystery Hunt 2020 asked teams to help generate buzz for the Penny Park theme park and prevent it from closing.

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2019

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Mystery Hunt 2019 required teams to repair the damage after Setec Astronomy created Molasses Awareness Day to commemorate the Great Molasses Flood of 1919, unleashing chaos on the Holiday Forest.

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2018

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Mystery Hunt 2018 (Operation: Head Hunters) was themed after Pixar’s Inside Out. Teams had to help the emotions of one Miss Terry Hunter as she helped solve Mystery Hunt in the “real world.”

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2017

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Mystery Hunt 2017 featured Monsters et Manus, the role-playing game of elves and engineers trying to defeat Mystereo Cantos.

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2016

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Mystery Hunt 2016, Huntception, let teams travel deeper and deeper into the minds of dreamers, in a story based on the film Inception.

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2015

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Mystery Hunt 2015 featured 20,000 Puzzles Under the Sea. A steam-era inventor, Dr. Nautilus, needed help harnessing the power of the “magnetonomic force” and exploring the ocean to retrieve “Nautilodestones.”

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2014

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Mystery Hunt 2014 featured characters from Wonderland that had escaped into MIT and resulted in solvers exploring Wonderland to hunt down a fearsome beast.

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2013

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Mystery Hunt 2013 led solvers on a heist to steal the coin from a bank.

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2012

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Mystery Hunt 2012 was themed after The Producers and other Broadway shows.

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2011

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Mystery Hunt 2011 had solvers assisting Mario as he traveled through several video-game worlds to rescue Princess Peach.

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2010

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Mystery Hunt 2010 explored alternative history ahead of the Hunt's 30th anniversary.

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2009

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Mystery Hunt 2009 sent solvers a thousand years into the future as they tried to escape from Zyzzlvaria.

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2008

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Mystery Hunt 2008 asked solvers to identify Dr. Otto Awkward's murderer.

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2007

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Mystery Hunt 2007 involved a descent through hell after making a pact with the devil.

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2006

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Mystery Hunt 2006 required the agents of S.P.I.E.S. to save the world from the evil Professor Moriarty.

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2005

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Mystery Hunt 2005 set solvers on a quest to save Normalville from a rain of meteorites.

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2004

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Mystery Hunt 2004 was based on Time Bandits.

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2003

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Mystery Hunt 2003 was initially a corporate murder mystery hunt, that was soon revealed to be taking place in the Matrix.

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2002

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Mystery Hunt 2002 was based on the Monopoly board game.

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2001

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Mystery Hunt 2001 was the Hunt of Horror.

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2000

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MH2K involved getting Dorothy Gale back to Kansas or Oz--anywhere but MIT.

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1999

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Mystery Hunt '99 was a race by Mystery Hunt detectives to catch the evil Carmen Sandiego.

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1998

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Mystery Hunt '98 was about getting a degree in Enigmatology.

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1997

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Mystery Hunt '97 was a search for Elvis, the King, preceded by a mini-hunt featuring Bill and Ted, Wayne and Garth, and Beavis and Butthead.

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1996

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Mystery Hunt '96 took inspiration from the book Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas Hofstadter.

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1995

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Mystery Hunt '95 was based on the game Clue.

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1994

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Mystery Hunt '94 had a loose cyberpunk theme.

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1993

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Mystery Hunt '93 (PDF) was a search for The Holy Grail (with the coin inside).

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1992

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Mystery Hunt '92 (PDF) was a treasure hunt on Captain Red Herring's Mystery Island.

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1991

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Mystery Hunt '91 (PDF)

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1990

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Mystery Hunt '90 (PDF)

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1989

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Mystery Hunt '89 (PDF)

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1988

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Have info on this hunt? We'd love to hear from you! Email us! Puzzles, solutions, anecdotes, photos, themes, we'll take anything!

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Games Magazine has an article written by the author of the 1988 hunt.

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1987

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Mystery Hunt '87 (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '87 Hints (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '87 Solutions (PDF)

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1986

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Mystery Hunt '86 (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '86 Solutions (PDF)

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1985

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Mystery Hunt '85 (PDF)

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1984

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Mystery Hunt '84 (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '84 Hints (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '84 Solutions (PDF)

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1983

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Mystery Hunt '83: version for individuals (PDF)

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Mystery Hunt '83: version for teams (PDF)

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1982

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Mystery Hunt '82 (PDF)

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1981

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Mystery Hunt '81 (PDF)

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Chess Competitions

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Brad Schaefer ran these chess puzzle competitions a couple years before he started the Mystery Hunt. You could say they're the grandparents of the Hunt. Or second cousins once removed. Or possibly step-uncles.

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Chess Puzzle Set 1 (PDF)

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Chess Puzzle Set 2 (PDF)

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Chess Puzzle Set 3 (PDF)

+

Special thanks to Dr. Brad Schaefer for (in addition to creating the Mystery Hunt) sending us copies of everything up to 1987.

+ + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_answers_tsv.py b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_answers_tsv.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3b781d3d79177d1e09761a0ba43108cb3f599f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_answers_tsv.py @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +"""Mirror puzzle pages for every row in answers.tsv (URL ↔ answer).""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import json +import sys +import time +from pathlib import Path +from urllib.parse import urljoin + +# reuse helpers +sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent)) +from mirror_puzzles import ( # noqa: E402 + OUT, + ROOT, + download_bytes, + mirror_page_with_assets, + safe_local_name, + session, + slugify, +) + +TSV = ROOT / "answers.tsv" +STATE = OUT / "answers_tsv_state.json" +MANIFEST = OUT / "answers_tsv_manifest.jsonl" +BASE = "https://puzzles.mit.edu/" + + +def main(): + sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf-8") + OUT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + s = session() + state = {"done": [], "failed": {}} + if STATE.exists(): + state = json.loads(STATE.read_text(encoding="utf-8")) + done = set(state.get("done", [])) + + rows = [] + for i, line in enumerate(TSV.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines()): + if i == 0: + continue + parts = line.split("\t") + if len(parts) < 2: + continue + rel, ans = parts[0].strip(), parts[1].strip() + rows.append((rel, ans)) + + limit = int(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1].isdigit() else None + print(f"answers.tsv rows={len(rows)} already_done={len(done)} limit={limit}") + + processed = 0 + with MANIFEST.open("a", encoding="utf-8") as mf: + for rel, ans in rows: + if rel in done: + continue + if limit is not None and processed >= limit: + break + url = urljoin(BASE, rel) + # year from path + year = rel.split("/", 1)[0] + slug = slugify(rel.replace("/", "_")) + dest = OUT / "by_tsv" / year / slug + print(f"[{processed+1}] {ans[:40]:<40} {rel[:70]}") + rec = { + "rel": rel, + "answer": ans, + "url": url, + "year": year, + "local_dir": str(dest.relative_to(ROOT)).replace("\\", "/"), + "ok": False, + "errors": [], + } + try: + time.sleep(0.12) + info = mirror_page_with_assets(s, url, dest, max_assets=100, delay=0.08) + # try trailing slash if failed + if info.get("status") in (301, 302, 404) or info.get("status") != 200: + time.sleep(0.1) + info2 = mirror_page_with_assets( + s, url.rstrip("/") + "/", dest, max_assets=100, delay=0.08 + ) + if info2.get("status") == 200: + info = info2 + rec["url"] = url.rstrip("/") + "/" + rec["mirror"] = { + "status": info.get("status"), + "local_page": info.get("local_page"), + "asset_count": len(info.get("assets", [])), + "errors": info.get("errors", [])[:8], + } + rec["ok"] = info.get("status") == 200 + if not rec["ok"]: + rec["errors"].extend(info.get("errors", [])[:5]) + except Exception as e: + rec["errors"].append(str(e)) + mf.write(json.dumps(rec, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n") + mf.flush() + done.add(rel) + state["done"] = sorted(done) + if rec["errors"] or not rec["ok"]: + state.setdefault("failed", {})[rel] = rec.get("errors") or [f"status {rec.get('mirror',{}).get('status')}"] + if processed % 20 == 0: + STATE.write_text(json.dumps(state, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2), encoding="utf-8") + processed += 1 + + STATE.write_text(json.dumps(state, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2), encoding="utf-8") + print(f"batch done processed={processed} total_done={len(done)}") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_puzzles.py b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_puzzles.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..338c51f122ddcb1c1c1196dc36233f8d8af7ce78 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MIT_Mystery_Hunt/mirror_puzzles.py @@ -0,0 +1,493 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +""" +Mirror MIT Mystery Hunt puzzle pages + multimedia assets. + +Sources: + - https://devjoe.appspot.com/huntindex/index/puzzles.html (4010 indexed puzzles) + - https://puzzles.mit.edu/... and legacy http://web.mit.edu/puzzle/www/... + - local answers.tsv (1999–2016 URL↔answer) + +Outputs under puzzles/: + puzzles/manifest.jsonl one record per puzzle + puzzles/by_answer.json answer → puzzle ids (best-effort) + puzzles/{year}/{slug}/ mirrored HTML + assets + puzzles/state.json resume state +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import hashlib +import json +import re +import time +import sys +from collections import defaultdict +from pathlib import Path +from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse, unquote + +import requests +from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter +from urllib3.util.retry import Retry + +ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent +OUT = ROOT / "puzzles" +STATE_PATH = OUT / "state.json" +MANIFEST_PATH = OUT / "manifest.jsonl" +BY_ANSWER_PATH = OUT / "by_answer.json" +HUNTINDEX = "https://devjoe.appspot.com/huntindex/index/puzzles.html" +UA = "agent-olympiad-mh-mirror/1.0 (+local research mirror; respectful crawl)" + +ASSET_ATTR = re.compile( + r"""(?is)(?:src|href|poster|data-src|data-background)=["']([^"']+)["']""" +) +CSS_URL = re.compile(r"""(?is)url\(\s*['"]?([^'")]+)['"]?\s*\)""") +SKIP_SCHEME = ("mailto:", "javascript:", "data:", "tel:") +MEDIA_EXT = { + ".png", + ".jpg", + ".jpeg", + ".gif", + ".webp", + ".svg", + ".bmp", + ".ico", + ".mp3", + ".wav", + ".ogg", + ".m4a", + ".flac", + ".mp4", + ".webm", + ".mov", + ".pdf", + ".zip", + ".csv", + ".tsv", + ".txt", + ".json", + ".xml", + ".html", + ".htm", + ".css", + ".js", + ".woff", + ".woff2", + ".ttf", + ".eot", + ".mid", + ".midi", + ".swf", +} + + +def session() -> requests.Session: + s = requests.Session() + s.headers["User-Agent"] = UA + retry = Retry( + total=4, + backoff_factor=1.2, + status_forcelist=(429, 500, 502, 503, 504), + allowed_methods=("GET", "HEAD"), + ) + s.mount("https://", HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry)) + s.mount("http://", HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry)) + return s + + +def year_from_tag(tag: str) -> int | None: + m = re.search(r"mit(19|20)(\d{2})", tag) + if not m: + return None + return int(m.group(1) + m.group(2)) + + +def normalize_archive_url(url: str) -> str: + url = url.strip() + # legacy host → current archive host when path matches + url = url.replace("http://web.mit.edu/puzzle/www/", "https://puzzles.mit.edu/") + url = url.replace("https://web.mit.edu/puzzle/www/", "https://puzzles.mit.edu/") + # drop fragments + if "#" in url: + url = url.split("#", 1)[0] + return url + + +def slugify(s: str, maxlen: int = 80) -> str: + s = unquote(s) + s = re.sub(r"[^\w.\-]+", "_", s, flags=re.U).strip("_") + return (s or "puzzle")[:maxlen] + + +def load_state() -> dict: + if STATE_PATH.exists(): + return json.loads(STATE_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")) + return {"done_tags": [], "failed": {}, "stats": {}} + + +def save_state(state: dict) -> None: + OUT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + STATE_PATH.write_text(json.dumps(state, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2), encoding="utf-8") + + +def parse_huntindex(html: str) -> list[dict]: + # Title + items = [] + for m in re.finditer( + r']*>(.*?)', + html, + flags=re.I | re.S, + ): + tag = m.group(1).strip() + title = re.sub(r"<[^>]+>", "", m.group(2)).strip() + title = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", title) + items.append({"tag": tag, "title": title, "year": year_from_tag(tag)}) + return items + + +def extract_puzzle_and_solution_urls(index_html: str) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]: + hrefs = re.findall(r'href=["\']([^"\']+)["\']', index_html, flags=re.I) + puzzle_url = None + solution_url = None + # Prefer absolute archive links + candidates = [] + for h in hrefs: + if h.startswith("#") or any(h.lower().startswith(s) for s in SKIP_SCHEME): + continue + if "google.com" in h or "appspot.com/huntindex" in h or "devjoe.css" in h: + continue + if h.startswith("../"): + continue + full = h + if "mit.edu" in h or "appspot.com/hunt" in h or h.endswith(".pdf") or h.endswith(".html"): + candidates.append(full) + # Heuristic: first non-solution archive link is puzzle; solution contains solution + for h in candidates: + hl = h.lower() + if "solution" in hl or "round-solution" in hl: + if solution_url is None: + solution_url = normalize_archive_url(h) + else: + if puzzle_url is None: + puzzle_url = normalize_archive_url(h) + if puzzle_url is None and candidates: + puzzle_url = normalize_archive_url(candidates[0]) + return puzzle_url, solution_url + + +def is_probably_asset(url: str) -> bool: + path = urlparse(url).path.lower() + ext = Path(path).suffix + if ext in MEDIA_EXT: + return True + # extensionless puzzle assets sometimes exist; keep same-directory relatives always + return False + + +def same_site(a: str, b: str) -> bool: + return urlparse(a).netloc == urlparse(b).netloc + + +def collect_asset_urls(page_url: str, html: str) -> set[str]: + urls = set() + for raw in ASSET_ATTR.findall(html): + if any(raw.lower().startswith(s) for s in SKIP_SCHEME): + continue + absu = urljoin(page_url, raw) + urls.add(absu) + for raw in CSS_URL.findall(html): + if any(raw.lower().startswith(s) for s in SKIP_SCHEME): + continue + absu = urljoin(page_url, raw) + urls.add(absu) + return urls + + +def safe_local_name(url: str, default: str = "index.html") -> str: + path = unquote(urlparse(url).path) + name = Path(path).name + if not name or name.endswith("/"): + name = default + # query hash for cache-busted assets + q = urlparse(url).query + if q: + h = hashlib.md5(q.encode()).hexdigest()[:8] + stem = Path(name).stem + suf = Path(name).suffix + name = f"{stem}_{h}{suf}" + return slugify(name, 120) + + +def download_bytes(s: requests.Session, url: str, timeout: int = 90) -> tuple[int, bytes, str]: + r = s.get(url, timeout=timeout, allow_redirects=True) + ctype = r.headers.get("Content-Type", "") + return r.status_code, r.content, ctype + + +def mirror_page_with_assets( + s: requests.Session, + page_url: str, + dest_dir: Path, + *, + max_assets: int = 80, + delay: float = 0.15, +) -> dict: + dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + info = {"page_url": page_url, "status": None, "assets": [], "errors": []} + try: + status, content, ctype = download_bytes(s, page_url) + info["status"] = status + if status != 200: + info["errors"].append(f"page status {status}") + return info + # choose filename + path = urlparse(page_url).path + if path.endswith(".pdf"): + fname = safe_local_name(page_url, "puzzle.pdf") + (dest_dir / fname).write_bytes(content) + info["local_page"] = str(fname) + return info + html_name = "index.html" + if path.endswith((".html", ".htm")): + html_name = safe_local_name(page_url, "index.html") + html = content.decode("utf-8", errors="replace") + (dest_dir / html_name).write_text(html, encoding="utf-8") + info["local_page"] = html_name + + assets = [] + for u in sorted(collect_asset_urls(page_url, html)): + if not same_site(page_url, u) and "mit.edu" not in urlparse(u).netloc: + # skip third-party CDNs except mit + continue + # skip navigational parent pages / huge site chrome + up = urlparse(u).path.lower() + if up.endswith(".css") and ("_next/static" in up or up.count("/") <= 2): + # allow puzzle-local css; skip global site css optionally + pass + if "/_next/" in up and not any(up.endswith(ext) for ext in (".css", ".js", ".woff2", ".woff", ".png", ".jpg", ".svg")): + continue + if u.rstrip("/") == page_url.rstrip("/"): + continue + # Prefer media / same-directory assets + page_dir = page_url.rsplit("/", 1)[0] + "/" + if not (u.startswith(page_dir) or is_probably_asset(u) or "solution" in u.lower()): + # still allow images referenced relatively that resolved outside? keep media ext always + if Path(urlparse(u).path).suffix.lower() not in MEDIA_EXT: + continue + assets.append(u) + if len(assets) >= max_assets: + break + + for u in assets: + time.sleep(delay) + try: + st, blob, _ = download_bytes(s, u) + if st != 200 or not blob: + info["errors"].append(f"asset {st} {u}") + continue + name = safe_local_name(u) + # avoid overwriting html + if name == html_name: + name = "asset_" + name + (dest_dir / name).write_bytes(blob) + info["assets"].append({"url": u, "local": name, "bytes": len(blob)}) + except Exception as e: + info["errors"].append(f"asset err {u}: {e}") + except Exception as e: + info["errors"].append(str(e)) + return info + + +def load_answers_tsv() -> dict[str, str]: + """Map normalized archive URL path → answer.""" + path = ROOT / "answers.tsv" + mapping = {} + if not path.exists(): + return mapping + for i, line in enumerate(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace").splitlines()): + if i == 0: + continue + parts = line.split("\t") + if len(parts) < 2: + continue + rel, ans = parts[0].strip(), parts[1].strip() + if not rel: + continue + # store several key forms + mapping[rel] = ans + mapping[rel.rstrip("/")] = ans + mapping["/" + rel.lstrip("/")] = ans + return mapping + + +def answer_from_url(url: str, tsv_map: dict[str, str]) -> str | None: + p = urlparse(url).path.lstrip("/") + for key in (p, p.rstrip("/"), p + "/", p.rstrip("/") + "/"): + if key in tsv_map: + return tsv_map[key] + # try without trailing index.html + if p.endswith(".html"): + parent = str(Path(p).parent).replace("\\", "/") + if parent in tsv_map: + return tsv_map[parent] + return None + + +def extract_answer_from_solution_html(html: str) -> str | None: + # common patterns + patterns = [ + r"(?is)Answer\s*[::]\s*\s*([A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9 '\-]{1,80})", + r"(?is)Answer\s*[::]\s*([A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9 '\-]{1,80})", + r"(?is)<[^>]*class=[\"'][^\"']*answer[^\"']*[\"'][^>]*>\s*([A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9 '\-]{1,80})", + ] + text = re.sub(r"", " ", html) + for pat in patterns: + m = re.search(pat, text) + if m: + ans = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", m.group(1)).strip(" .:;-") + if 1 < len(ans) < 80: + return ans.upper() + return None + + +def main(): + sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf-8") + OUT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) + s = session() + state = load_state() + done = set(state.get("done_tags", [])) + + print("Fetching huntindex…") + r = s.get(HUNTINDEX, timeout=120) + r.raise_for_status() + (OUT / "_huntindex_puzzles.html").write_bytes(r.content) + catalog = parse_huntindex(r.text) + print(f"Catalog: {len(catalog)} puzzles") + + tsv_map = load_answers_tsv() + print(f"answers.tsv mappings: {len(tsv_map)}") + + # optional limit via argv + limit = None + if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1].isdigit(): + limit = int(sys.argv[1]) + print(f"Limiting to first {limit} not-yet-done puzzles") + + # append-only manifest + man_f = MANIFEST_PATH.open("a", encoding="utf-8") + + processed = 0 + for i, item in enumerate(catalog): + tag = item["tag"] + if tag in done: + continue + if limit is not None and processed >= limit: + break + + year = item.get("year") or 0 + title = item.get("title") or tag + print(f"[{i+1}/{len(catalog)}] {tag} :: {title[:60]}") + + idx_url = f"https://devjoe.appspot.com/huntindex/puzzle/{tag}" + rec = { + "tag": tag, + "title": title, + "year": year, + "huntindex_url": idx_url, + "puzzle_url": None, + "solution_url": None, + "answer_tsv": None, + "answer_solution": None, + "local_dir": None, + "ok": False, + "errors": [], + } + try: + time.sleep(0.2) + ir = s.get(idx_url, timeout=60) + if ir.status_code != 200: + rec["errors"].append(f"huntindex {ir.status_code}") + else: + puzzle_url, solution_url = extract_puzzle_and_solution_urls(ir.text) + rec["puzzle_url"] = puzzle_url + rec["solution_url"] = solution_url + if not puzzle_url: + rec["errors"].append("no puzzle url on huntindex page") + else: + slug = slugify(f"{tag}_{title}") + dest = OUT / str(year or "unknown") / slug + rec["local_dir"] = str(dest.relative_to(ROOT)).replace("\\", "/") + minfo = mirror_page_with_assets(s, puzzle_url, dest) + rec["mirror"] = { + "status": minfo.get("status"), + "local_page": minfo.get("local_page"), + "asset_count": len(minfo.get("assets", [])), + "errors": minfo.get("errors", [])[:10], + } + rec["answer_tsv"] = answer_from_url(puzzle_url, tsv_map) + # solution page for answer extraction + optional mirror + if solution_url: + time.sleep(0.15) + try: + st, blob, ctype = download_bytes(s, solution_url) + if st == 200 and blob: + sol_name = "solution.html" + if solution_url.lower().endswith(".pdf"): + sol_name = "solution.pdf" + (dest / sol_name).write_bytes(blob) + else: + html = blob.decode("utf-8", errors="replace") + (dest / sol_name).write_text(html, encoding="utf-8") + rec["answer_solution"] = extract_answer_from_solution_html(html) + # also pull a few solution assets + mirror_page_with_assets(s, solution_url, dest / "_solution_assets", max_assets=30) + rec["solution_local"] = sol_name + except Exception as e: + rec["errors"].append(f"solution: {e}") + rec["ok"] = minfo.get("status") == 200 + except Exception as e: + rec["errors"].append(str(e)) + + man_f.write(json.dumps(rec, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n") + man_f.flush() + done.add(tag) + state["done_tags"] = sorted(done) + if rec["errors"]: + state.setdefault("failed", {})[tag] = rec["errors"][:5] + state["stats"] = { + "done": len(done), + "catalog": len(catalog), + "last_tag": tag, + } + if processed % 10 == 0: + save_state(state) + processed += 1 + + man_f.close() + save_state(state) + + # Build by_answer index from manifest + by_answer: dict[str, list] = defaultdict(list) + if MANIFEST_PATH.exists(): + for line in MANIFEST_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines(): + if not line.strip(): + continue + rec = json.loads(line) + for key in ("answer_tsv", "answer_solution"): + ans = rec.get(key) + if ans: + by_answer[ans].append( + { + "tag": rec.get("tag"), + "title": rec.get("title"), + "year": rec.get("year"), + "local_dir": rec.get("local_dir"), + "puzzle_url": rec.get("puzzle_url"), + "source": key, + } + ) + BY_ANSWER_PATH.write_text(json.dumps(by_answer, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2), encoding="utf-8") + print(f"Done batch. processed={processed} total_done={len(done)} by_answer_keys={len(by_answer)}") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/benchmark/MLAgentBench/LICENSE b/benchmark/MLAgentBench/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bde8f413eb8d5c2747d45cd35f6a5b882467ee45 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MLAgentBench/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +MIT License + +Copyright (c) [year] [fullname] + +Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy +of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal +in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights +to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell +copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is +furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: + +The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all +copies or substantial portions of the Software. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR +IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, +FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE +AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER +LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, +OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE +SOFTWARE. diff --git a/benchmark/MLAgentBench/SOURCE_README.md b/benchmark/MLAgentBench/SOURCE_README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c003fb6d2778a0a3fbc5acbff4eade68d3f9065 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MLAgentBench/SOURCE_README.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +# MLAgentBench: Evaluating Language Agents on Machine Learning Experimentation + +MLAgentBench is a suite of end-to-end Machine Learning (ML) experimentation tasks for benchmarking AI agents, where the agent aims to take a given +dataset and a machine learning task description and autonomously develop or improve an ML model. Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03302 +![](figs/main.png) + +Our AI agent in action on MLAgentBench: +[![Watch the video](https://img.youtube.com/vi/s9NANrjLEZs/maxresdefault.jpg)](https://youtu.be/s9NANrjLEZs) + +Each task is an interactive environment that directly resembles what human researchers see, +where an agent can read available files, run multiple experiments on a compute cluster, and analyze results to achieve the specified research goal. +Specifically, we include 13 diverse ML engineering tasks, +achievable by trying different machine learning methods, data processing, architectures, training processes, etc: +![](figs/table.png) + + +# Setup + +The MLAgentBench package can be installed with +``` +pip install -e . +``` + +Install dependencies with python 3.10 by running +``` +bash install.sh +``` +or use our [docker image](https://hub.docker.com/layers/qhwang123/researchassistant/latest/images/sha256-6b3690a13ba44fd089086e9860a298ed49a179d9a04a5406c0df074569a3aabe?context=repo). Since agent will modify and execute files, we recommend running experiments within sandboxes such as docker container. +For docker, use the following instructions: +1. Pull the docker image: +``` +docker pull qhwang123/researchassistant:latest +``` +2. Run the docker container from the image, mounting the current directory to `/MLAgentBench` inside the container with root user permissions to install other packages: +- On Windows PowerShell +``` +docker run -it --user root -v ${PWD}:/MLAgentBench -w /MLAgentBench qhwang123/researchassistant:latest +``` +- On Mac or Linux +``` +docker run -it --user root -v "$(pwd)":/MLAgentBench -w /MLAgentBench qhwang123/researchassistant:latest +``` + +Each dataset will be prepared when it is run the first time. You can also prepare them beforehand with +``` +python -u -m MLAgentBench.prepare_task $(which python) +``` +For Kaggle datasets, you need to set up Kaggle API and authentication (~/.kaggle/kaggle.json) as described [here](https://www.kaggle.com/docs/api). You may also need to provide manual consent to the rules of specific competitions by following the prompts. For docker, use the following instructions: +1. Ensure that you have ".kaggle/kaggle.json" with your API credentials in the MLAgentBench root folder. +2. Once your container is mounted (instructions above), run +``` +export KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR=/MLAgentBench/.kaggle +pip install kaggle +sudo apt-get install unzip +``` + +Finally, put API keys under the root directory of this repo (or wherever you run scripts from). Currently, we support OpenAI (openai_api_key.txt in the format of organization:APIkey), Claude (claude_api_key.txt), and CRFM API (crfm_api_key.txt). To use an AutoGPT agent, setup the directory as described [here](https://docs.agpt.co/setup/). + +Update: We support gemini pro and huggingface now! To run gemini, fill in PROJECT_ID in LLM.py to your project id. To run huggingface, specifiy model as huggingface//. + +# Quick Start + +To run our research agent on cifar10 task with openai API using gpt-4 and gpt-3.5-turbo: + +``` +python -u -m MLAgentBench.runner --python $(which python) --task cifar10 --device 0 --log-dir first_test --work-dir workspace --llm-name gpt-4 --edit-script-llm-name gpt-4 --fast-llm-name gpt-3.5-turbo > first_test/log 2>&1 +``` + +Note: capturing log is necessary for oom error etc runtime error detection. + +This will produce logs in `first_test` directory with the following structure +``` +first_test/ + agent_log/ + main_log # main log showing agent's research process + agent_*.json # saved agent states + ... + env_log/ + tool_logs/ + traces/ # snap shots of the agent workspace + trace.json # interaction trace of the agent + overall_time.txt # overall time + error.txt # will be generated if there is a system error +``` + +If llm names are not specified in the args, we use claude-v1 model by default for all LLM calls. See example logs with GPT-4 over cifar10 [here](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ozy_zKYdvwcSq3EFnkaudgUXKJmBwQ5t?usp=drive_link). + +# Evaluation + +To run evaluation: +``` +python -m MLAgentBench.eval --log-folder --task --output-file +``` + +This will evaluate all runs under as a json. + +To run baseline, run the trivial policy of directly running train.py then submit with ``--agent_type Agent`` as in baseline.sh: + +``` +python -u -m MLAgentBench.runner --python $(which python) --task cifar10 --device 0 --log-dir first_test --work-dir workspace --agent_type Agent +``` + +Finally, to reproduce plots with jsons genereated, run plot.py in MLAgentBench. + +# Workflow + +To run the benchmark systematically, we recommend the following workflow: + +1. Run parallel experiments over different tasks and different agents using `run_experiments.sh`. This will generate log folders in structure of final_exp_logs///... +2. Run baseline.sh on all tasks to provide baselines. +2. Run eval.sh with properly specified models and tasks to generate evaluation jsons, including baselines. +3. Use plot.py in MLAgentBench to analyze the results. Note you need to fix some paths and names in the file as marked with TODO. + +# Tasks + +Each task is a folder in `MLAgentBench/benchmarks/`, under which the `env/` folder contains files that the research agent will see at the beginning, and `script/` folder contains additional hidden files such as `prepare.py` for downloading data and `eval.py` for evaluation. + +# Agents + +We currently support variants of our research agent along with langchain and autogpt agents. See `run_experiments.sh` for their commands. + +# Results +Success Rate, i.e. the percentages of runs that achieve more than 10% improvement at the +last step over the average performance of the baseline in starter code: +![](figs/final_improve_10.png) + + + +Average Improvement over the baseline in starter code among the runs that made a valid +submission at the last step: +![](figs/final_improve.png) + +See all logs here: https://github.com/q-hwang/MLAgentBench_logs + +# Interactive Mode (Under construction) + +You can also specify tasks interactively to the research agent by running `research_agent_interactive.sh`, or ideally as a vscode extension. + diff --git a/benchmark/MLE-bench/README.md b/benchmark/MLE-bench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f00ead0999a9d5e06be328051f0e334a3607ef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MLE-bench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +# MLE-bench + +Code for the paper ["MLE-Bench: Evaluating Machine Learning Agents on Machine Learning Engineering"](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07095). We have released the code used to construct the dataset, the evaluation logic, as well as the agents we evaluated for this benchmark. + +## Leaderboard +*Update* (04-24-2026): We are currently not taking any new submissions to the leaderboard while we develop an improved process for ensuring submissions are fair and comparable. We will share updates on this process in the future. + +| Agent | LLM(s) used | Low == Lite (%) | Medium (%) | High (%) | All (%) | Running Time (hours) | Date | Source Code Available | Grading Reports Available | +|-------|-------------|-----------------|------------|----------|---------|----------------------|------|----------------------|---------------------------| +| [Famou-Agent 2.0](https://github.com/baidubce/FM-Agent) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 80.3 ± 1.52 | 64.04 ± 2.32 | 42.22 ± 2.22 | 64.44 ± 1.18 | 24 | 2026-02-23 | X | ✓ | +| [AIBuildAI](https://github.com/aibuildai/AI-Build-AI) | Claude-Opus-4.6 | 77.27 ± 0.00 | 61.40 ± 0.88 | 46.67 ± 0.00 | 63.11 ± 0.44 | 24 | 2026-03-06 | X | ✓ | +| [CAIR](https://research.google/teams/cloud-ai-research/) [MARS+](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.02660) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 78.79 ± 1.52 | 60.53 ± 1.52 | 44.44 ± 2.22 | 62.67 ± 0.77 | 24 | 2026-02-17 | X | ✓ | +| [MLEvolve](https://github.com/InternScience/MLEvolve) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 80.30 ± 1.52 | 57.89 ± 1.52 | 42.22 ± 2.22 | 61.33 ± 1.33 | 12 | 2026-02-14 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [PiEvolve](https://github.com/FractalAIResearchLabs/PiEvolve)
(Fractal AI Research) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview[^4] | 80.30 ± 1.52[^3] | 58.77 ± 0.88[^3] | 40.0 ± 0.00[^3] | 61.33 ± 0.77[^3] | 24 | 2026-01-05 | X | ✓ | +| [Famou-Agent 2.0](https://github.com/baidubce/FM-Agent) | Gemini-2.5-Pro | 75.76 ± 1.52 | 57.89 ± 1.52 | 40.00 ± 0.00 | 59.56 ± 0.89 | 24 | 2025-12-27 | X | ✓ | +| [ML-Master 2.0](https://github.com/sjtu-sai-agents/ML-Master) | Deepseek-V3.2-Speciale | 75.76 ± 1.51 | 50.88 ± 3.51 | 42.22 ± 2.22 | 56.44 ± 2.47 | 24 | 2025-12-16 | X | ✓ | +| [CAIR](https://research.google/teams/cloud-ai-research/) [MARS](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.02660) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 74.24 ± 1.52 | 52.63 ± 3.04 | 37.78 ± 2.22 | 56.0 ± 1.54 | 24 | 2026-01-25 | X | ✓ | +| [PiEvolve](https://github.com/FractalAIResearchLabs/PiEvolve)
(Fractal AI Research) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview[^4] | 74.24 ± 3.03[^3] | 45.61 ± 0.88[^3] | 35.55 ± 2.22[^3] | 52.0 ± 0.77[^3] | 12 | 2026-01-05 | X | ✓ | +| [Leeroo](https://github.com/Leeroo-AI/kapso) | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview[^4] | 68.18 ± 2.62[^3] | 44.74 ± 1.52[^3] | 40.00 ± 0.00[^3] | 50.67 ± 1.33[^3] | 24 | 2025-12-07 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [Thesis](https://thesislabs.ai) | gpt-5-codex | 65.15 ± 1.52 | 45.61 ± 7.18 | 31.11 ± 2.22 | 48.44 ± 3.64 | 24 | 2025-11-10 | X | ✓ | +| [CAIR](https://research.google/teams/cloud-ai-research/) MLE-STAR-Pro-1.5 | Gemini-2.5-Pro | 68.18 ± 2.62 | 34.21 ± 1.52 | 33.33 ± 0.00 | 44.00 ± 1.33 | 24 | 2025-11-25 | X | ✓ | +| [Famou-Agent](https://github.com/baidubce/FM-Agent) | Gemini-2.5-Pro | 62.12 ± 1.52 | 36.84 ± 1.52 | 33.33 ± 0.00 | 43.56 ± 0.89 | 24 | 2025-10-10 | X | ✓ | +| [Operand](https://operand.com) ensemble | gpt-5 (low verbosity/effort)[^2] | 63.64 ± 0.00 | 33.33 ± 0.88[^3] | 20.00 ± 0.00[^3] | 39.56 ± 0.44[^3] | 24 | 2025-10-06 | X | ✓ | +| [CAIR](https://research.google/teams/cloud-ai-research/) MLE-STAR-Pro-1.0 | Gemini-2.5-Pro | 66.67 ± 1.52 | 25.44 ± 0.88 | 31.11 ± 2.22 | 38.67 ± 0.77 | 12 | 2025-11-03 | X | ✓ | +| [InternAgent](https://github.com/Alpha-Innovator/InternAgent/) | deepseek-r1 | 62.12 ± 3.03 | 26.32 ± 2.63 | 24.44 ± 2.22 | 36.44 ± 1.18 | 12 | 2025-09-12 | X | ✓ | +| [R&D-Agent](https://github.com/microsoft/RD-Agent) | gpt-5 | 68.18 ± 2.62 | 21.05 ± 1.52 | 22.22 ± 2.22 | 35.11 ± 0.44 | 12 | 2025-09-26 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [Neo](https://heyneo.so/) multi-agent | undisclosed | 48.48 ± 1.52 | 29.82 ± 2.32 | 24.44 ± 2.22 | 34.22 ± 0.89 | 36 | 2025-07-28 | X | ✓ | +| [AIRA-dojo](https://github.com/facebookresearch/aira-dojo/) | o3 | 55.00 ± 1.47 | 21.97 ± 1.17 | 21.67 ± 1.07 | 31.60 ± 0.82 | 24 | 2025-05-15 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [R&D-Agent](https://github.com/microsoft/RD-Agent) | o3 + GPT-4.1 | 51.52 ± 4.01 | 19.30 ± 3.16 | 26.67 ± 0.00 | 30.22 ± 0.89 | 24 | 2025-08-15 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [ML-Master](https://github.com/zeroxleo/ML-Master) | deepseek-r1 | 48.48 ± 1.52 | 20.18 ± 2.32 | 24.44 ± 2.22 | 29.33 ± 0.77 | 12 | 2025-06-17 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [R&D-Agent](https://github.com/microsoft/RD-Agent) | o1-preview | 48.18 ± 1.11 | 8.95 ± 1.05 | 18.67 ± 1.33 | 22.40 ± 0.50 | 24 | 2025-05-14 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [AIDE](https://github.com/wecoai/aideml) | o1-preview | 35.91 ± 1.86 | 8.45 ± 0.43 | 11.67 ± 1.27 | 17.12 ± 0.61 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [AIDE](https://github.com/wecoai/aideml) | gpt-4o-2024-08-06 | 18.55 ± 1.26 | 3.06 ± 0.33 | 8.15 ± 0.84 | 8.63 ± 0.54 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [AIDE](https://github.com/wecoai/aideml) | claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620 | 19.70 ± 1.52 | 2.63 ± 1.52 | 2.22 ± 2.22 | 7.56 ± 1.60 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | +| OpenHands | gpt-4o-2024-08-06 | 12.12 ± 1.52 | 1.75 ± 0.88 | 2.22 ± 2.22 | 4.89 ± 0.44 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | +| [AIDE](https://github.com/wecoai/aideml) | llama-3.1-405b-instruct | 10.23 ± 1.14 | 0.66 ± 0.66 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 3.33 ± 0.38 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | +| MLAB | gpt-4o-2024-08-06 | 4.55 ± 0.86 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.60 ± 0.27 | 24 | 2024-10-08 | ✓ | ✓ | + +### Additional Leaderboard Submissions + +Additional submissions that are not directly comparable to the main leaderboard (see `Notes` column). + +| Agent | LLM(s) used | Low == Lite (%) | Medium (%) | High (%) | All (%) | Running Time (hours) | Date | Notes | Source Code Available | Grading Reports Available | +|-------|-------------|-----------------|------------|----------|---------|----------------------|------|-------|----------------------|---------------------------| +| [Disarray](https://disarray.ai) | Ensemble (Claude-Opus-4.5, Claude-Sonnet-4.5, GPT-5.2-Codex, Gemini-3-Pro-Preview) | 90.91 ± 0.00 | 72.81 ± 0.88 | 71.11 ± 2.22 | 77.78 ± 0.44 | 24 | 2026-02-03 | [Test-set feedback](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/pull/118) | X | ✓ | +| [LoongFlow](https://github.com/baidu-baige/LoongFlow) | Gemini-3-Flash-Preview | 77.27 ± 0.0[^3] | 63.15 ± 1.51[^3] | 40.0 ± 0.00[^3] | 62.66 ± 0.76[^3] | 24 | 2026-02-09 | [Test-set feedback](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/pull/119) | ✓ | ✓ | + +[^2]: With some light assistance from an ensemble of models including + Gemini-2.5-Pro, Grok-4, and Claude 4.1 Opus, distilled by Gemini-2.5-Pro. +[^3]: Computed by padding incomplete seeds with failing scores. +[^4]: The architecture is primarily driven by Gemini-3-Pro-Preview, with a subset of modules utilizing GPT-5 and GPT-5-mini. + +### Producing Scores for the Leaderboard + +To produce the scores for the leaderboard, please organize your grading reports +in the `runs/` folder organized by run groups, with one grading report per run +group. Identify the run groups for your submission in +`runs/run_group_experiments.csv` with an experiment id. Then run + +```bash +uv run python experiments/aggregate_grading_reports.py --experiment-id --split low +uv run python experiments/aggregate_grading_reports.py --experiment-id --split medium +uv run python experiments/aggregate_grading_reports.py --experiment-id --split high +uv run python experiments/aggregate_grading_reports.py --experiment-id --split split75 +``` + +Report the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) for each of the splits on +the reported `any_medal_percentage` metric. The `--split75` flag corresponds to +the `All (%)` column. + +## Benchmarking + +This section describes a canonical setup for comparing scores on MLE-bench. We recommend the following: +- Repeat each evaluation with at least 3 seeds and report the Any Medal (%) score as the mean ± one standard error of the mean. The evaluation (task and grading) itself is deterministic, but agents/LLMs can be quite high-variance! +- Agent resources - not a strict requirement of the benchmark but please report if you stray from these defaults! + - Runtime: 24 hours + - Compute: 36 vCPUs with 440GB RAM and one 24GB A10 GPU +- Include a breakdown of your scores across Low, Medium, High, and All complexity [splits](experiments/splits) (see *Lite evaluation* below for why this is useful). + +### Lite Evaluation + +Evaluating agents with the above settings on the full 75 competitions of MLE-bench can be expensive. For users preferring a "lite" version of the benchmark, we recommend using the [Low complexity split](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/blob/main/experiments/splits/low.txt) of our dataset, which consists of only 22 competitions. This reduces the number of runs substantially, while still allowing fair comparison along one column of the table above. + +Furthermore, the Low complexity competitions tend to be significantly more lightweight (158GB total dataset size compared to 3.3TB for the full set), so users may additionally consider reducing the runtime or compute resources available to the agents for further cost reduction. However, note that doing so risks degrading the performance of your agent. For example, see [Section 3.3 and 3.4 of our paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07095) where we have experimented with varying resources on the full competition set. + +The Lite dataset contains the following competitions: + +| Competition ID | Category | Dataset Size (GB) | +|---------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------| +| aerial-cactus-identification | Image Classification | 0.0254 | +| aptos2019-blindness-detection | Image Classification | 10.22 | +| denoising-dirty-documents | Image To Image | 0.06 | +| detecting-insults-in-social-commentary | Text Classification | 0.002 | +| dog-breed-identification | Image Classification | 0.75 | +| dogs-vs-cats-redux-kernels-edition | Image Classification | 0.85 | +| histopathologic-cancer-detection | Image Regression | 7.76 | +| jigsaw-toxic-comment-classification-challenge | Text Classification | 0.06 | +| leaf-classification | Image Classification | 0.036 | +| mlsp-2013-birds | Audio Classification | 0.5851 | +| new-york-city-taxi-fare-prediction | Tabular | 5.7 | +| nomad2018-predict-transparent-conductors | Tabular | 0.00624 | +| plant-pathology-2020-fgvc7 | Image Classification | 0.8 | +| random-acts-of-pizza | Text Classification | 0.003 | +| ranzcr-clip-catheter-line-classification | Image Classification | 13.13 | +| siim-isic-melanoma-classification | Image Classification | 116.16 | +| spooky-author-identification | Text Classification | 0.0019 | +| tabular-playground-series-dec-2021 | Tabular | 0.7 | +| tabular-playground-series-may-2022 | Tabular | 0.57 | +| text-normalization-challenge-english-language | Seq->Seq | 0.01 | +| text-normalization-challenge-russian-language | Seq->Seq | 0.01 | +| the-icml-2013-whale-challenge-right-whale-redux | Audio Classification | 0.29314 | + +## Setup + +Some MLE-bench competition data is stored using [Git-LFS](https://git-lfs.com/). +Once you have downloaded and installed LFS, run: + +```console +git lfs fetch --all +git lfs pull +``` + +You can install `mlebench` with pip: + +```console +pip install -e . +``` + +### Pre-Commit Hooks (Optional) + +If you're committing code, you can install the pre-commit hooks by running: + +```console +pre-commit install +``` + +## Dataset + +The MLE-bench dataset is a collection of 75 Kaggle competitions which we use to evaluate the ML engineering capabilities of AI systems. + +Since Kaggle does not provide the held-out test set for each competition, we +provide preparation scripts that split the publicly available training set into +a new training and test set. + +For each competition, we also provide grading scripts that can be used to +evaluate the score of a submission. + +We use the [Kaggle API](https://github.com/Kaggle/kaggle-api) to download the +raw datasets. Ensure that you have downloaded your Kaggle credentials +(`kaggle.json`) and placed it in the `~/.kaggle/` directory (this is the default +location where the Kaggle API looks for your credentials). To download and prepare the MLE-bench dataset, run the following, which will download and prepare the dataset in your system's default cache directory. Note, we've found this to take two days when running from scratch: + +```console +mlebench prepare --all +``` + +To prepare the lite dataset, run: + +```console +mlebench prepare --lite +``` + +Alternatively, you can prepare the dataset for a specific competition by +running: + +```console +mlebench prepare -c +``` + +Run `mlebench prepare --help` to see the list of available competitions. + + + +## Grading Submissions + +Answers for competitions must be submitted in CSV format; the required format is described in each competition's description, or shown in a competition's sample submission file. You can grade multiple submissions by using the `mlebench grade` command. Given a JSONL file, where each line corresponds with a submission for one competition, `mlebench grade` will produce a grading report for each competition. The JSONL file must contain the following fields: +- `competition_id`: the ID of the competition in our dataset. +- `submission_path`: a `.csv` file with the predictions for the specified + competition. + +See more information by running `mlebench grade --help`. + +You can also grade individual submissions using the `mlebench grade-sample` command. For example, to grade a submission for the Spaceship Titanic competition, you can run: + +```console +mlebench grade-sample spaceship-titanic +``` + +See more information by running `mlebench grade-sample --help`. + +## Environment + +We provide a base Docker image `mlebench-env` which is the base environment for our agents. This base image contains: +- Conda environment used to execute our agents. We optionally (default true) install Python packages in this environment which are commonly used across our agents. If you don't want to install these packages, set the `INSTALL_HEAVY_DEPENDENCIES` environment variable to `false` when building the image, by adding `--build-arg INSTALL_HEAVY_DEPENDENCIES=false` to the `docker build` command below +- Instructions for agents to follow when creating their submission +- Grading server for agents to use when checking that the structure of their submission is correct + +Build this image by running: + +```bash +docker build --platform=linux/amd64 -t mlebench-env -f environment/Dockerfile . +``` + +## Agents + +We purposefully designed our benchmark to not make any assumptions about the agent that produces submissions, so agents can more easily be evaluated on this benchmark. We evaluated three open-source agents; we discuss this procedure in [agents/README.md](agents/README.md). + +## Extras + +We include additional features in the MLE-bench repository that may be useful +for MLE-bench evaluation. These include a rule violation detector and +a plagiarism detector. We refer readers to +[extras/README.md](extras/README.md) for more information. + +## Examples + +We collect example usage of this library in the `examples/` directory, see [examples/README.md](examples/README.md) for more information. + +## Experiments + +We place the code specific to the experiments from our publication of the +benchmark in the `experiments/` directory: +- For instance, our competition splits are available in `experiments/splits/`. +- For a completed set of runs from a given agent, you can use the provided +`experiments/make_submission.py` script to compile its submission for grading. +- We release our methodology for the "familiarity" experiments in `experiments/familiarity/`, see [experiments/familiarity/README.md](experiments/familiarity/README.md) for more information. + +## Dev + +Note, when running `pytest` locally, be sure to accept the competition rules otherwise the tests will fail. + +## Known Issues + +There are some known issues with certain MLE-bench competitions. Since we have +already received leaderboard submissions, we are postponing fixes to avoid +invalidating the leaderboard. Instead, we plan to release batched fixes in the +upcoming v2 release of MLE-bench on the +[openai/frontier-evals](https://github.com/openai/frontier-evals) repo, which will +include a version column in the leaderboard to distinguish between v1 and v2 results. +If you wish to make a submission to v1 in the meantime, please still include +the following competitions in your overall scores. The known issues are +catalogued below: + +- **tensorflow2-question-answering**: + - The `validate_submission` function in `grade.py` fails on this competition + because the answer file is `test.jsonl` instead of `test.csv`. + [#134](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/134) +- **tensorflow-speech-recognition-challenge**: + - The prepare.py script incorrectly prepares the test set such that there is a + much larger range of test labels than there should be. + [#63](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/63) + - The prepare.py script does not properly create a test set where the speaker + IDs are disjoint from those in train/val. +- **icecube-neutrinos-in-deep-ice**: Checksums are mismatch. + [#58](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/58) +- **ranzcr-clip-catheter-line-classification**: The prepare.py script results in + missing columns in the sample submission. + [#30](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/30) +- **dog-breed-identification**: The MLE-bench test split is created by holding + out images from a publicly labeled source corpus derived from the Stanford + Dogs Dataset, which agents may discover and leverage. + [#128](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/128) +- **invasive-species-monitoring**: The prepare.py script archives the prepared + `train/` and `test/` directories incorrectly, so `train.7z` and `test.7z` + can be missing their image contents in the prepared public dataset. + [#122](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/122) +- **tabular-playground-series-dec-2021**: The leaderboard is crowded -- very + little difference between the top score and the median score. +- **tabular-playground-series-may-2022**: The leaderboard is crowded -- very + little difference between the top score and the median score. +- **jigsaw-toxic-comment-classification-challenge**: The leaderboard is crowded -- very + little difference between the top score and the median score. +- **champs-scalar-coupling**: test molecules are missing in structures.csv. + [#70](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/pull/70) +- **multi-modal-gesture-recognition**: public test `.mat` files leak test labels. + [#77](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/77) +- **smartphone-decimeter-2022**: The public test `span_log.nmea` files leak + information that makes achieving a perfect score trivial. + [#93](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/93) +- **hubmap-kidney-segmentation**: The public test `{image_id}.json` files leak + information that makes achieving a close-to-perfect score trivial. They should + be removed. +- **random-acts-of-pizza**: The field `giver_username_if_known` leaks the outcome, + enabling trivial perfect prediction. This competition should be dropped. + [#108](https://github.com/openai/mle-bench/issues/108) + +## Authors + +Chan Jun Shern, Neil Chowdhury, Oliver Jaffe, James Aung, Dane Sherburn, Evan Mays, Giulio Starace, Kevin Liu, Leon Maksin, Tejal Patwardhan, Lilian Weng, Aleksander Mądry + +## Citation + +Please cite using the following BibTeX entry: +``` +@article{chan2024mle-bench, + title={MLE-bench: Evaluating Machine Learning Agents on Machine Learning Engineering}, + author={Jun Shern Chan and Neil Chowdhury and Oliver Jaffe and James Aung and Dane Sherburn and Evan Mays and Giulio Starace and Kevin Liu and Leon Maksin and Tejal Patwardhan and Lilian Weng and Aleksander Mądry}, + year={2024}, + eprint={2410.07095}, + archivePrefix={arXiv}, + primaryClass={cs.CL}, + url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07095} +} +``` diff --git a/benchmark/MLR-Bench/README.md b/benchmark/MLR-Bench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8bd85887665717e8f4a0dca0267652359d867c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/MLR-Bench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +--- +license: mit +configs: +- config_name: default + data_files: + - split: all_tasks + path: data/all_tasks-* +dataset_info: + features: + - name: task_id + dtype: int64 + - name: task_name + dtype: string + - name: task_description + dtype: string + splits: + - name: all_tasks + num_bytes: 549377 + num_examples: 201 + download_size: 292800 + dataset_size: 549377 +language: +- en +--- +This repository contains the benchmark dataset of [MLR-Bench](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19955). +We collect 201 tasks from ICLR/NeurIPS/ICML workshops over the past three years. The followings record the metadata of our collection. + +### Workshop without an official website or deleted +* icml2024_fminwild +* neurips2024_attrib_late +* neurips2024_gsai +* neurips2024_rlfm +* iclr2023_ai4abm +* iclr2023_ml4iot +* iclr2023_mldd +* iclr2023_NeSy_GeMs +* neurips2023_new_in_ml +* neurips2023_ai4mat +* icml2023_esfomo + +### Non-general workshops +* neurips2024_queerinai +* iclr2024_africanlp +* iclr2023_africanlp +* iclr2023_IndabaX_Rwanda +* icml2023_lxai + +### Repeated workshops +* iclr2023_dl4c +* iclr2023_mefomo +* iclr2023_re_align and iclr2024_realign (TODO: check the details and delete one) +* icml2024_fminwild potentially repeat with other workshops + + +### Missing workshop for unknown reason +* ICML 2023 The Second Workshop on New Frontiers in Adversarial Machine Learning (https://advml-frontier.github.io/) + +### Workshop information to be updated +* iclr2025_nfam (too many citations without link, should we keep or delete them? https://nfam.vizhub.ai/) + + +## Workshop Links + +- ICML 2024 (33 workshops) https://openreview.net/group?id=ICML.cc/2024/Workshop + - We keeped 24 workshops + - Workshops not included + - without an official website or deleted + - Agentic Markets Workshop at ICML 2024 + - Workshop on Efficient Systems for Foundation Models II @ ICML2024 + - not included with unknown reason + - ICML 2024 AI for Science Workshop (website: https://ai4sciencecommunity.github.io/icml24.html) + - First Workshop on Controllable Video Generation @ICML24 (https://openreview.net/group?id=ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/CVG#tab-recent-activity / https://sites.google.com/view/cvgicml2024/home) + - ICML 2024 Workshop Differentiable Almost Everything (https://openreview.net/group?id=ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/Differentiable_Almost_Everything#tab-accept / https://differentiable.xyz/) + - ICML 2024 Workshop on Models of Human Feedback for AI Alignment (https://openreview.net/group?id=ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/MFHAIA#tab-accept-oral / https://sites.google.com/view/mhf-icml2024) + - ICML 2024 Workshop on Mechanistic Interpretability (https://openreview.net/group?id=ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/MI#tab-accept-oral) + - repeated page + - Challenge of ICML 2024 TiFA Workshop + - MLLM Attack Challenge of ICML 2024 TiFA Workshop + - Non-general workshops + - LatinX in AI (LXAI) Research + - ICML 2024 Joint Workshop Queer in AI and {Dis}Ability in AI + - Workshop out of nowhere + * imcl2024_modelofhf??.md + +- NeurIPS 2023 Workshop (https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2023/Workshop) + - In total 53 workshops + - 42 workshops have been kepped + - Not included + - not included with unknown reason + - AI for Accelerated Materials Design - NeurIPS 2023 Workshop (https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2023/Workshop/AI4Mat#tab-accept-spotlight) + - Associative Memory & Hopfield Networks in 2023 (https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2023/Workshop/AMHN#tab-accept-oral) + - Socially Responsible Language Modelling Research (https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2023/Workshop/SoLaR#tab-accept-spotlight) + - without an official website or deleted + - NeurIPS Workshop on Attributing Model Behavior at Scale + - NeurIPS 2023 Workshop on Backdoors in Deep Learning - The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly + - Intrinsically-Motivated and Open-Ended Learning Workshop @NeurIPS2023 + - Multi-Agent Security Workshop @ NeurIPS'23 + - Not general + - 2nd Annual Global South in AI Meetup + - Muslims in Machine Learning Workshop @ NeurIPS2023 + - New in Machine Learning Workshop, NeurIPS 2023 + - NeurIPS 2023 Queer in AI Workshop + + - Things to notice + * neurips2023_mlncp.md has no topics -> maybe too general for the LLMs to generate ideas? + * neurips2023_want.md has been repeated but not deleted + +- NeurIPS 2024 Workshop + - 54 workshops, 51 are included + - delete + - 3rd Annual Global South in AI Meetup 2024 + - Latinx in AI @ NeurIPS 2024 + - Muslims in ML Workshop co-located with NeurIPS 2024 + - No website or delted + - Workshop on Generalization and Safety from Reinforcement Learning to Foundation Models + - Things to notice: without an official website or deleted + - NeurIPS 2024 Workshop Machine Learning with new Compute Paradigms (still with an abstract here) + - NeurIPS 2024 Third Table Representation Learning Workshop + - UniReps: 2nd Edition of the Workshop on Unifying Representations in Neural Models diff --git a/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/LICENSE b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89e08fb002e48e22363b7b3789a5470ffe71fea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 2, June 1991 + + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., + 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + Preamble + + The licenses for most software are designed to take away your +freedom to share and change it. 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If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. diff --git a/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/README.md b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24733750e652bbb7affcf939e852ed358f695b8c --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +# NYU CTF Bench + +This repository hosts the NYU CTF Bench, a collection of CTF challenges from the CSAW CTF competitions, designed for evaluation of LLM agents. +The CTF challenges are dockerized and easily deployable to allow an LLM-based automation framework to interact with the challenge and attempt a solution. +The main benchmark dataset contains 200 challenges across 6 CTF categories: web, binary exploitation (pwn), forensics, reverse engineering (rev), cryptography (crypto), and miscellaneous (misc). + +## Benchmark structure + +The `test/` folder contains the main benchmark dataset of 200 challenges. A smaller development set of 55 challenges is present in the `development/` folder. +The development set can be treated equivalent to a "train" split and used for building the agent, so that design decisions made to improve the agent do not bias the test scores. + +The folder structure is as follows: `///`. +`` is the year of the competition, `` is either "CSAW-Quals" or "CSAW-Finals", `` is among the 6 categories, and `` is the challenge name. +Note that the challenge name may have spaces and single-quotes, so it is advisable to wrap it in double-quotes when using in scripts. + +Each challenge contains a `challenge.json` containing the metadata of the challenge, and the corresponding challenge files. +Challenges that require a server to host some challenge files are set up with a docker image, and a `docker-compose.yaml` file. +The docker image is loaded directly using `docker compose up`. + +## Setup + +Install the python package: + +``` +pip install nyuctf +``` + +The repository is automatically cloned when the `CTFDataset` is first instantiated with the `split` argument. +If needed, you can manually clone it by running: + +``` +python3 -m nyuctf.download +``` + +## Usage + +The following python snippet shows how to load challenge details using the python module: + +``` +from nyuctf.dataset import CTFDataset +from nyuctf.challenge import CTFChallenge + +# Clones the repository for the first time, which takes a while +ds = CTFDataset(split="test") +chal = CTFChallenge(ds.get("2021f-rev-maze"), ds.basedir) + +print(chal.name) +print(chal.flag) +print(chal.files) +``` + +## Tests + +Run tests on the challenges, for docker setup and network connection. +Requires the docker network to be setup. + +``` +cd python +python -m unittest -v test.test_challenges +``` + +Optionally filter the tests with the unittest `-k` flag. diff --git a/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/development_dataset.json b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/development_dataset.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88da2f4ee9ed55072f60987a3c4531f415009a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/NYU_CTF_Bench/development_dataset.json @@ -0,0 +1,401 @@ +{ + "2013f-cry-stfu": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "stfu", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Finals/crypto/stfu" + }, + "2013f-web-historypeats": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "historypeats", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Finals/web/historypeats" + }, + "2013q-cry-csawpad": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "CSAWpad", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/crypto/CSAWpad" + }, + "2013q-cry-slurp": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "slurp", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/crypto/slurp" + }, + "2013q-cry-onlythisprogram": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "onlythisprogram", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/crypto/onlythisprogram" + }, + "2013q-msc-life": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "Life", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/misc/Life" + }, + "2013q-msc-networking_2": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "Networking 2", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/misc/Networking 2" + }, + "2013q-msc-networking_1": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "Networking 1", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/misc/Networking 1" + }, + "2013q-web-guess_harder": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "Guess Harder", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/web/Guess Harder" + }, + "2013q-pwn-csaw_diary": { + "year": "2013", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "csaw_diary", + "path": "development/2013/CSAW-Quals/pwn/csaw_diary" + }, + "2014f-rev-return_of_the_weiner": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "return-of-the-weiner", + "path": "development/2014/CSAW-Finals/rev/return-of-the-weiner" + }, + "2014f-rev-odd": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "odd", + "path": "development/2014/CSAW-Finals/rev/odd" + }, + "2014f-msc-pps": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "pps", + "path": "development/2014/CSAW-Finals/misc/pps" + }, + "2014f-web-webroot": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "webroot", + "path": "development/2014/CSAW-Finals/web/webroot" + }, + "2014f-pwn-kernel": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "kernel", + "path": "development/2014/CSAW-Finals/pwn/kernel" + }, + "2014q-rev-aerosol_can": { + "year": "2014", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": 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"rev", + "challenge": "beleaf", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/rev/beleaf" + }, + "2019q-rev-call_site": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "call_site", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/rev/call_site" + }, + "2019q-rev-gibberish_check": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "gibberish_check", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/rev/gibberish_check" + }, + "2019q-rev-halfpike": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "halfpike", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/rev/halfpike" + }, + "2019q-rev-wizkid": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "wizkid", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/rev/wizkid" + }, + "2019q-cry-des2bites": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "DES2Bites", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/crypto/DES2Bites" + }, + "2019q-cry-brillouin": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "brillouin", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/crypto/brillouin" + }, + "2019q-cry-count_on_me": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "count_on_me", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/crypto/count_on_me" + }, + "2019q-cry-super_curve": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "super_curve", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/crypto/super_curve" + }, + "2019q-cry-byte_me": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "byte_me", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/crypto/byte_me" + }, + "2019q-pwn-pop_goes_the_printer": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "pop_goes_the_printer", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/pop_goes_the_printer" + }, + "2019q-pwn-got_milk": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "got_milk", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/got_milk" + }, + "2019q-pwn-popping_caps_2": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "popping_caps_2", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/popping_caps_2" + }, + "2019q-pwn-popping_caps": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "popping_caps", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/popping_caps" + }, + "2019q-pwn-small_boi": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "small_boi", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/small_boi" + }, + "2019q-pwn-baby_boi": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "baby_boi", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/baby_boi" + }, + "2019q-pwn-traveller": { + "year": "2019", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "traveller", + "path": "test/2019/CSAW-Quals/pwn/traveller" + }, + "2017f-rev-48_bit_yeet_lab": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "48-bit_yeet_lab", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/rev/48-bit_yeet_lab" + }, + "2017f-rev-rusty_road": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "rusty_road", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/rev/rusty_road" + }, + "2017f-rev-rabbithole": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "rabbithole", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/rev/rabbithole" + }, + "2017f-cry-ecxor": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "ECXOR", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/crypto/ECXOR" + }, + "2017f-cry-lupin": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "Lupin", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/crypto/Lupin" + }, + "2017f-for-thoroughlystripped": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "forensics", + "challenge": "thoroughlyStripped", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/forensics/thoroughlyStripped" + }, + "2017f-pwn-humm_sch_t": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "Humm_sCh-t", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Finals/pwn/Humm_sCh-t" + }, + "2017q-rev-bananascript": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "bananascript", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/bananascript" + }, + "2017q-rev-tablez": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "tablez", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/tablez" + }, + "2017q-rev-realism": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "realism", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/realism" + }, + "2017q-rev-grumpcheck": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "grumpcheck", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/grumpcheck" + }, + "2017q-rev-prophecy": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "prophecy", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/prophecy" + }, + "2017q-rev-gopherz": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "gopherz", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/rev/gopherz" + }, + "2017q-cry-another_xor": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "another_xor", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/crypto/another_xor" + }, + "2017q-cry-baby_crypt": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "baby_crypt", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/crypto/baby_crypt" + }, + "2017q-cry-almost_xor": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "almost_xor", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/crypto/almost_xor" + }, + "2017q-for-missed_registration": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "forensics", + "challenge": "missed_registration", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/forensics/missed_registration" + }, + "2017q-for-best_router": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "forensics", + "challenge": "best_router", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/forensics/best_router" + }, + "2017q-msc-cvv": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "cvv", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/misc/cvv" + }, + "2017q-msc-serial": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "serial", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/misc/serial" + }, + "2017q-web-littlequery": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "littlequery", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/web/littlequery" + }, + "2017q-web-orangev2": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "orangev2", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/web/orangev2" + }, + "2017q-web-orange": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "orange", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/web/orange" + }, + "2017q-web-notmycupofcoffe": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "web", + "challenge": "notmycupofcoffe", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/web/notmycupofcoffe" + }, + "2017q-pwn-pilot": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "pilot", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/pwn/pilot" + }, + "2017q-pwn-zone": { + "year": "2017", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "zone", + "path": "test/2017/CSAW-Quals/pwn/zone" + }, + "2018f-rev-free_as_in_freedom": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "free_as_in_freedom", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/rev/free_as_in_freedom" + }, + "2018f-rev-bdos": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "bdos", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/rev/bdos" + }, + "2018f-rev-1nsayne": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "1nsayne", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/rev/1nsayne" + }, + "2018f-cry-asr4cr": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "asr4cr", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/crypto/asr4cr" + }, + "2018f-cry-lost_mind": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "lost_mind", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/crypto/lost_mind" + }, + "2018f-cry-distastrous_security_apparatus": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "distastrous_security_apparatus", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/crypto/distastrous_security_apparatus" + }, + "2018f-msc-showdown": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "showdown", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/misc/showdown" + }, + "2018f-msc-leaked_flag": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "leaked_flag", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/misc/leaked_flag" + }, + "2018f-pwn-es1337": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Finals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "ES1337", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Finals/pwn/ES1337" + }, + "2018q-rev-a_walk_through_x86_part_2": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "A-Walk-Through-x86-Part-2", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/rev/A-Walk-Through-x86-Part-2" + }, + "2018q-rev-kvm": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "kvm", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/rev/kvm" + }, + "2018q-rev-a_walk_through_x86_part_1": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "rev", + "challenge": "A-Walk-Through-x86-Part-1", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/rev/A-Walk-Through-x86-Part-1" + }, + "2018q-cry-lowe": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "lowe", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/crypto/lowe" + }, + "2018q-cry-collusion": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "collusion", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/crypto/collusion" + }, + "2018q-cry-babycrypto": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "babycrypto", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/crypto/babycrypto" + }, + "2018q-cry-flatcrypt": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "crypto", + "challenge": "flatcrypt", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/crypto/flatcrypt" + }, + "2018q-for-simple_recovery": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "forensics", + "challenge": "simple-recovery", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/forensics/simple-recovery" + }, + "2018q-for-whyos": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "forensics", + "challenge": "whyOS", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/forensics/whyOS" + }, + "2018q-msc-short_circuit": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "Short-Circuit", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/misc/Short-Circuit" + }, + "2018q-msc-bin_t": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "bin_t", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/misc/bin_t" + }, + "2018q-msc-algebra": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "misc", + "challenge": "algebra", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/misc/algebra" + }, + "2018q-pwn-shellpointcode": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "shellpointcode", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/pwn/shellpointcode" + }, + "2018q-pwn-bigboy": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "bigboy", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/pwn/bigboy" + }, + "2018q-pwn-get_it": { + "year": "2018", + "event": "CSAW-Quals", + "category": "pwn", + "challenge": "get_it?", + "path": "test/2018/CSAW-Quals/pwn/get_it?" + } +} diff --git a/benchmark/OlympiadBench/README.md b/benchmark/OlympiadBench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a07424bab8a3cba2cf1823ead8bd6411422c4b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/OlympiadBench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +configs: +- config_name: OE_MM_maths_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_MM_maths_en_COMP/OE_MM_maths_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_MM_maths_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_MM_maths_zh_CEE/OE_MM_maths_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: OE_MM_maths_zh_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_MM_maths_zh_COMP/OE_MM_maths_zh_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_MM_physics_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_MM_physics_en_COMP/OE_MM_physics_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_MM_physics_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_MM_physics_zh_CEE/OE_MM_physics_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: OE_TO_maths_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_TO_maths_en_COMP/OE_TO_maths_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_TO_maths_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_TO_maths_zh_CEE/OE_TO_maths_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: OE_TO_maths_zh_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_TO_maths_zh_COMP/OE_TO_maths_zh_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_TO_physics_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_TO_physics_en_COMP/OE_TO_physics_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: OE_TO_physics_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/OE_TO_physics_zh_CEE/OE_TO_physics_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: TP_MM_maths_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_MM_maths_en_COMP/TP_MM_maths_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: TP_MM_maths_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_MM_maths_zh_CEE/TP_MM_maths_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: TP_MM_maths_zh_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_MM_maths_zh_COMP/TP_MM_maths_zh_COMP.parquet +- config_name: TP_MM_physics_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_MM_physics_en_COMP/TP_MM_physics_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: TP_TO_maths_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_TO_maths_en_COMP/TP_TO_maths_en_COMP.parquet +- config_name: TP_TO_maths_zh_CEE + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_TO_maths_zh_CEE/TP_TO_maths_zh_CEE.parquet +- config_name: TP_TO_maths_zh_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_TO_maths_zh_COMP/TP_TO_maths_zh_COMP.parquet +- config_name: TP_TO_physics_en_COMP + data_files: OlympiadBench/TP_TO_physics_en_COMP/TP_TO_physics_en_COMP.parquet +license: apache-2.0 +task_categories: +- question-answering +- visual-question-answering +language: +- zh +- en +tags: +- math +- physics +pretty_name: olympiadbench +size_categories: +- 10M/project/paperbench/data`). When the data is stored elsewhere, set the environment variable to the location +you hydrated. + +The JudgeEval tarballs that cannot be redistributed automatically can still be created with: + +```console +PAPERBENCH_DATA_DIR=/path/to/data uv run python -m paperbench.judge.judge_eval.download_data +``` + +### Environment variables + +PaperBench requires API keys for running the agents and judge. To set up your environment variables, copy the top-level `.env.example` file to a new file named `.env` and fill in the required values. + +**Note:** The API key used by the Judge, `GRADER_OPENAI_API_KEY`, defaults to `OPENAI_API_KEY` if it's not set. + +Once you have filled in the `.env` file, source it: + +```bash +source .env +``` + +### Agent resources + +Some papers require access to the OpenAI API and HuggingFace in order to be fully replicated. To make these API keys available to the agent, first copy `paperbench/solvers/agent.env.example` to `paperbench/solvers/agent.env` and populate the `OPENAI_API_KEY` and `HF_TOKEN` fields. The `agent.env` is provided in the agent's workspace and the agent is informed of this file in our [default instructions for BasicAgent](paperbench/solvers/aisi-basic-agent/templates.py), but `agent.env` is not sourced automatically on behalf of the agent. + +The HuggingFace token can be obtained through the website after making an account, and should have authorization to access [Llama-2](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b) and [ImageNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ILSVRC/imagenet-1k). + +For convenience, the table below lists which papers require a HuggingFace token or OpenAI API key for it to be fully replicated: + +| **Paper ID** | **HF Token Needed?** | **OpenAI API Needed?** | +| --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | +| **lca‑on‑the‑line** | Yes ([ImageNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ILSVRC/imagenet-1k)) | No | +| **stochastic‑interpolants** | Yes ([ImageNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ILSVRC/imagenet-1k)) | No | +| **test‑time‑model‑adaptation** | Yes ([ImageNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ILSVRC/imagenet-1k)) | No | +| **robust‑clip** | Yes ([ImageNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ILSVRC/imagenet-1k)) | No | +| **bbox** | No | Yes (`gpt‑3.5‑turbo` / `gpt-4`) | +| **semantic‑self‑consistency** (dev set) | No | Yes (`gpt‑3.5‑turbo` / `gpt‑4o‑mini`) | + +### Build Docker images + +Running agents with nanoeval and alcatraz requires Docker, which you can install by following the guide [here](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/). + +**(Optional):** To enable GPU support for the agents, install the [NVIDIA Container Toolkit](https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/install-guide.html). + +PaperBench requires the following Docker images to be built before it can run: + +- [paperbench/Dockerfile.base](paperbench/Dockerfile.base): The base environment for agents which contains basic packages like `curl`, `git`, `python`, etc. and a Conda environment that can be used to run the agents. We re-use this docker image if users request grading to occur on a computer with `paperbench.judge.grade_locally=false` +- [paperbench/reproducer.Dockerfile](paperbench/reproducer.Dockerfile): The environment in which the submission is reproduced. + +We provide the following agents out-of-the-box: + +- [paperbench/solvers/dummy/solver.py](paperbench/solvers/dummy/solver.py): A agent for that creates a dummy submission, useful for testing the eval end-to-end. +- [paperbench/solvers/basicagent/solver.py](paperbench/solvers/basicagent/solver.py): Simple ReAct style agents with tools available to them. + +For convenience, we've provided a [script](paperbench/scripts/build-docker-images.sh) that builds all the above images: + +```bash +bash paperbench/scripts/build-docker-images.sh +``` + +## Set agent configurations + +Configurations for each agent are stored in the [paperbench/solvers/](paperbench/solvers/) directory. Each agent has a `config.yaml` file which sets the agent's possible configurations, e.g. which model to use, how long to run the agent for, etc. + +## Quickstart + +To see all configurable options for PaperBench, run: + +```bash +uv run python -m paperbench.nano.entrypoint --help +``` + +To use our default solver (`BasicAgentSolver`), you must set `paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.basicagent.solver:BasicAgentSolver`, specifying to use the `BasicAgentSolver` solver. + +To test that things are set up correctly, run the dummy agent with the dummy judge (`paperbench.judge.scaffold=dummy`) on the debug split. Note this dummy agent is different to the [default nanoeval "dummy" agent](../common/nanoeval/nanoeval/solvers/computer_tasks/solver.py); our dummy agent tests several aspects of the infrastructure and makes a toy submission. + +```bash +uv run python -m paperbench.nano.entrypoint \ + paperbench.paper_split=debug \ + paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.dummy.solver:PaperBenchDummySolver \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env=alcatraz.clusters.local:LocalConfig \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env.pull_from_registry=false \ + paperbench.judge.scaffold=dummy \ + runner.recorder=nanoeval.json_recorder:json_recorder +``` + +To run BasicAgent, use `paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.basicagent.solver:BasicAgentSolver`. By default, this will run for 5 minutes and use `gpt-4.1-mini`. + +Below, we present a command that you can use for development, which runs the +above configuration on on the dev split of PaperBench, with short timeouts and +cheap models. + +```bash +uv run python -m paperbench.nano.entrypoint \ + paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.basicagent.solver:BasicAgentSolver \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env=alcatraz.clusters.local:LocalConfig \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env.pull_from_registry=false \ + paperbench.paper_split=dev \ + paperbench.judge.completer_config=preparedness_turn_completer.oai_completions_turn_completer:OpenAICompletionsTurnCompleter.Config \ + paperbench.judge.completer_config.model='gpt-4.1-mini' \ + paperbench.reproduction.timeout=60 \ + runner.max_retries=0 \ + runner.recorder=nanoeval.json_recorder:json_recorder +``` + +- **Note** that we set the default concurrency to 5, you may want to adjust this based on your setup. To set the concurrency, simply specify `runner.concurrency=` in the command. +- **Note** By default, our solvers use the `AlcatrazComputerRuntime` for the `ComputerRuntime`. You may choose to use your own custom computer runtime. Simply point to it via `paperbench.solver.computer_runtime`, and then configure it appropriately. We recommend looking at the `BasePBSolver` implementation for guidance. +- **Note** You may use a custom solver: set `paperbench.solver` to point to your custom solver class. This solver should be a `PythonCodingSolver` class. We recommend inheriting from `BasePBSolver` for convenience. + +### Canonical command + +To run PaperBench with BasicAgent gpt-5 for 24 hours on the full set of papers, use the +following command: + +```bash +uv run python -m paperbench.nano.entrypoint \ + paperbench.paper_split=all \ + paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.basicagent.solver:BasicAgentSolver \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config=paperbench.solvers.basicagent.completer:OpenAIResponsesTurnCompleterConfig \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config.model='gpt-5-2025-08-07' \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config.tools="[{'type':'web_search'}]" \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config.reasoning=preparedness_turn_completer.oai_responses_turn_completer.completer:ReasoningConfig \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config.reasoning.effort='high' \ + paperbench.solver.completer_config.reasoning.summary='auto' \ + paperbench.solver.time_limit=86400 \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env=alcatraz.clusters.local:LocalConfig \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env.pull_from_registry=false \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env.is_nvidia_gpu_env=true \ + paperbench.reproduction.computer_runtime.env=alcatraz.clusters.local:LocalConfig \ + paperbench.reproduction.computer_runtime.env.pull_from_registry=false \ + paperbench.reproduction.computer_runtime.env.is_nvidia_gpu_env=true \ + paperbench.reproduction.timeout=86400 \ + runner.max_retries=0 \ + runner.concurrency=20 \ + runner.recorder=nanoeval.json_recorder:json_recorder +``` + +If you want GPUs when running locally, set `is_nvidia_gpu_env=true` on each component's runtime as shown above. This assumes your Docker host already has the NVIDIA driver and container toolkit installed so the `nvidia` runtime is available. This of course does not apply if you are using a different `ComputerRuntime`. By default, we are using the `AlcatrazComputerRuntime`, for which GPUs are configured as described above. + +### I have submissions and just want to run grading + +If you have already run your agent or you are a human and have submissions +ready to be graded, you can skip the agent rollout by using our provided +`PBDirectSubmissionSolver`. Place your submissions as folders in a directory (say +in `path/to/foo/`) in the following format: + +```plaintext +foo/ + / + submission/ + other_submission/ + ... + (i.e. multiple submissions for the same paper (intended for when paperbench.n_tries > 1). + Single submission is also fine. Missing submissions for a try will just + be graded as scoring 0 for that try) + ... + (does not need a folder for each paper, missing papers will be treated as + missing submissions, i.e. graded as scoring 0) +``` + +Then run the paperbench like above but with appropriately configured `PBDirectSubmissionSolver`, e.g.: + +```bash +uv run python -m paperbench.nano.entrypoint \ + paperbench.paper_split=debug \ + paperbench.solver=paperbench.solvers.direct_submission.solver:PBDirectSubmissionSolver \ + paperbench.solver.submissions_dir=path/to/foo/ \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env=alcatraz.clusters.local:LocalConfig \ + paperbench.solver.computer_runtime.env.pull_from_registry=false \ + paperbench.judge.scaffold=dummy \ + runner.recorder=nanoeval.json_recorder:json_recorder +``` + +## Retrieving results + +A run group is created for each launch of PaperBench. A run group contains multiple individual runs, one for each paper attempt. Runs are stored in the `runs` directory. + +In each run group directory, there is a `group.log` file that contains the logs for that run group. + +In each run directory there is: +- `agent.log`: (optional) Rollout log from the solver. If present, the monitoring step will run and the run's grade will be marked with `"monitor_ran": true`. +- `grade.json`: The grading result for that run. +- `metadata.json`: Metadata for that run. +- `run.log`: The log for that run. +- `status.json`: The status of that run. +- A submissions directory, containing multiple timestamped submission directories (e.g., `2025-03-28T10-34-35-UTC`), each with: + - `log.json`: Logs from this submission attempt + - `submission.tar.gz`: The archived submission files + - If the submission was executed/graded, the directory may also contain: + - `submission_executed_grader_output_0.json`: Output from the grader. + - `submission_executed_metadata.json`: Metadata about the execution. + - `submission_executed.tar.gz`: The archived files after execution. + +Snapshots from the agent rollout are also stored in the run directory. An initial snapshot is created when the agent starts, and a final snapshot is created when the agent finishes. Intermediate snapshots are created throughout the agent rollout and can be set via `paperbench.solver.upload_interval_messages` or `paperbench.solver.upload_interval_seconds`. + +`runs` directory structure: + +``` +runs/ +├── / +│ ├── group.log +│ ├── / +│ │ ├── agent.log +│ │ ├── grade.json +│ │ ├── metadata.json +│ │ └── run.log +│ │ ├── status.json +│ │ ├── submissions/ +│ │ │ ├── / +│ │ │ │ ├── log.json +│ │ │ │ └── submission.tar.gz +│ │ │ └── / +│ │ │ ├── log.json +│ │ │ ├── submission.tar.gz +│ │ │ ├── submission_executed_grader_output_0.json # if graded +│ │ │ ├── submission_executed_metadata.json # if executed +│ │ │ └── submission_executed.tar.gz # if executed +│ └── /... +└── /... +``` + +## PaperBench Code-Dev + +**PaperBench Code-Dev** is a lighter-weight variant of PaperBench. Unlike the full PaperBench pipeline -- which involves executing the agent's submission in a separate reproduction step -- PaperBench Code-Dev skips the reproduction step and only grades the agent's submission on the **Code Development** requirements. This means: + +- The Judge only checks **Code Development** requirements (e.g., "Is there an implementation of method X?"). It skips checking Execution requirements that check that the code runs correctly, and skips checking Result Match requirements that check that the paper's empirical results have been replicated. +- You **don't need a GPU to run the reproduction step** where the agent's submission is executed. This often reduces cost and runtime significantly. +- There is **less of a need to make a GPU available to the agent** when it is creating its submission. Although having access to a GPU is helpful for the agent to run intensive experiments that verify that its code is correct, the agent can get away with less end-to-end testing of its code since it is only graded on **Code Development** requirements. + +We think PaperBench Code-Dev offers a convenient, lower-cost, but less rigorous way of assessing paper replication. It doesn't require GPUs and typically cuts grading costs (we've seen around an 85% reduction in o3-mini SimpleJudge costs for the average submission), making it a accessible alternative for assessing models' abilities to replicate papers. + +To run the Code-Dev variant, simply include the following flag: + +```bash +paperbench.judge.code_only=True +``` + +## Dataset + +The PaperBench dataset is stored in the [papers](data/papers) directory. Each paper has its own directory, which contains: + +- The paper in PDF and Markdown format. +- `addendum.md` containing information from the author that is helpful for replication. +- `assets` directory, containing necessary resources for replication. For example, images from the paper are includes in this directory. +- `rubric.json` file that is used to grade submissions +- `blacklist.txt` containing websites that the agent is disallowed from using (e.g. the paper's original codebase). +- `config.yaml` file that defines the paper's id. +- `judge.addendum.md` containing information from the author that is helpful for the judge to know whilst grading submissions. Not every paper has a judge addendum + +### Viewing rubrics + +We include a web app to view and edit rubrics. To view a paper's rubric that is in `PAPER_DIR` with filename `RUBRIC_FILE_NAME`: + +```bash +uv run python paperbench/gui/app.py --path-to-paper --rubric-file-name +``` + +To view a rubric that has been graded (see below), pass the `--graded` flag: + +```bash +uv run python paperbench/gui/app.py --path-to-paper --rubric-file-name --graded +``` + +## JudgeEval + +We've created an auxiliary evaluation, [JudgeEval](paperbench/judge/judge_eval), to evaluate the accuracy of judges. See the JudgeEval [README](paperbench/judge/judge_eval/README.md) for more information. + +## Authors + +Giulio Starace, Oliver Jaffe, Dane Sherburn, James Aung, Chan Jun Shern, Leon Maksin, Rachel Dias, Evan Mays, Benjamin Kinsella, Wyatt Thompson, Johannes Heidecke, Amelia Glaese, Tejal Patwardhan + +## Citation + +Please cite using the following BibTeX entry: + +``` +@misc{starace2025paperbenchevaluatingaisability, + title={PaperBench: Evaluating AI's Ability to Replicate AI Research}, + author={Giulio Starace and Oliver Jaffe and Dane Sherburn and James Aung and Jun Shern Chan and Leon Maksin and Rachel Dias and Evan Mays and Benjamin Kinsella and Wyatt Thompson and Johannes Heidecke and Amelia Glaese and Tejal Patwardhan}, + year={2025}, + eprint={2504.01848}, + archivePrefix={arXiv}, + primaryClass={cs.AI}, + url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01848}, +} +``` diff --git a/benchmark/ProfBench/LICENSE.pdf b/benchmark/ProfBench/LICENSE.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7e1f5f5fdcb2bddf1ce98e869d96016d621a7ed Binary files /dev/null and b/benchmark/ProfBench/LICENSE.pdf differ diff --git a/benchmark/ProfBench/README.md b/benchmark/ProfBench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e830fac0ac9292406c54347937ded2626f42e3b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/ProfBench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +--- +license: other +license_name: nvidia-evaluation-dataset-license +language: +- en +pretty_name: ProfBench +size_categories: +- n<1K +tags: +- human-feedback +- chemistry +- physics +- consulting +- finance +--- +## Dataset Description: + +[Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/nvidia/ProfBench) | [Blog](https://huggingface.co/blog/nvidia/profbench) | [Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.18941) | [Data](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/ProfBench) | [Code](https://github.com/NVlabs/ProfBench) | [Nemo Evaluator SDK](https://github.com/NVIDIA-NeMo/Evaluator) + +[![Watch the video](https://img.youtube.com/vi/GEPvdq3C54s/maxresdefault.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEPvdq3C54s) + +More than 3000 rubric-response pairs across 40 human-annotated tasks presenting reports addressing professional tasks across PhD STEM (Chemistry, Physics) and Professional Services (Financial Services, Management Consulting) domains. + +This dataset is ready for commercial/non-commercial use. + +## Dataset Owner(s): +NVIDIA Corporation + +## Dataset Creation Date: +9/24/2025 + +## License/Terms of Use: +NVIDIA Evaluation Dataset License + +## Intended Usage: +Researchers and developers seeking to evaluate LLMs on Professional Tasks. We recommend use of ProfBench as part of [Nemo Evaluator SDK](https://github.com/NVIDIA-NeMo/Evaluator), which supports a unified interface for evaluation across tens of benchmarks. + +## Dataset Characterization: +** Data Collection Method
+* [Hybrid: Human, Synthetic, Automated]
+ +** Labeling Method
+* [Human]
+ +## Dataset Format: +Text. + +## Dataset Quantification: +40 records + +Each record contains the following fields: + +- ID: Unique identifier for each sample +- Domain: Chemistry PhD / Physics PhD / Finance MBA / Consulting MBA +- Prompt: Instruction for the Large Language Model (LLM) +- Rubrics: 15-59 unique criterion used to assess the final model output +- Model Responses: 3 responses from OpenAI o3 / xAI Grok4 / DeepSeek R1-0528 + +Some portions of this dataset were created with Grok. + +Total Storage: 1 MB. + + +## Ethical Considerations: +NVIDIA believes Trustworthy AI is a shared responsibility and we have established policies and practices to enable development for a wide array of AI applications. When downloaded or used in accordance with our terms of service, developers should work with their internal model team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case and addresses unforeseen product misuse. +Please report model quality, risk, security vulnerabilities or NVIDIA AI Concerns [here](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/support/submit-security-vulnerability/). + +## Citation: + +If you found ProfBench helpful, please consider citing the below: + +``` +@misc{wang2025profbenchmultidomainrubricsrequiring, + title={ProfBench: Multi-Domain Rubrics requiring Professional Knowledge to Answer and Judge}, + author={Zhilin Wang and Jaehun Jung and Ximing Lu and Shizhe Diao and Ellie Evans and Jiaqi Zeng and Pavlo Molchanov and Yejin Choi and Jan Kautz and Yi Dong}, + year={2025}, + eprint={2510.18941}, + archivePrefix={arXiv}, + primaryClass={cs.CL}, + url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.18941}, +} +``` diff --git a/benchmark/ProfBench/test.jsonl b/benchmark/ProfBench/test.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17d31c94a96893a4dfd0095ff625169c11cfe39e --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/ProfBench/test.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +{"task_id": "Chem-0", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "An experimental procedure using UV-Vis for the detection of nitrogen reduction to hydrazine was determined through a method described by Watt and Chrisp. The method for hydrazine detection prepared the color reagent: p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, concentrated HCl, and ethanol were mixed. The chromogenic reagent was prepared by mixing ethanol (300 mL), concentrated HCl (30 mL), and para-(dimethylamino) benzaldehyde (5.99 g). For the analysis, 5\u2009mL of electrolyte was combined with 5\u2009mL of the color reagent, and after 10 minutes, the absorbance at 455\u2009nm was measured. The hydrazine concentration was then estimated using a standard concentration-absorbance curve. This curve was generated by preparing standard hydrazine monohydrate solutions at various concentrations in 0.1\u2009M Na2SO4. The calibration curve is determined to be (y = 51721x + 0.1306, R^2 = 0.998). With a total experiment volume of 10 mL, an absorbance of 0.8, and a charge passed of 237.68 mC, calculate the Faradaic efficiency and the real and theoretical production rate in ug/cm^2*hr for a 4cm^2 electrode that runs for an hour to generate hydrazine in this experiment.", "o3_response": "Step-1: Hydrazine concentration from the Watt\u2013Chrisp calibration \n\nCalibration line:\u2003A = 51 721 C + 0.1306 \u2003\u2003(C in mol L-1)\n\nFor the measured absorbance A = 0.800\n\nC = (A \u2013 0.1306)/51 721 \n = (0.800 \u2013 0.1306)/51 721 \n = 0.6694 / 51 721 = 1.29 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 mol L\u207b\u00b9\n\nStep-2: Moles of hydrazine actually produced \n\nTotal analysed solution = 10 mL = 0.010 L \nn(N\u2082H\u2084) = C \u00d7 V = 1.29 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 mol L\u207b\u00b9 \u00d7 0.010 L \n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 = 1.29 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol\n\nStep-3: Faradaic efficiency (FE)\n\nReaction: N\u2082 + 4 H\u207a + 4 e\u207b \u2192 N\u2082H\u2084 \u2003\u2003(n = 4 e\u207b per mol)\n\nQ (passed charge) = 237.68 mC = 0.23768 C \nF (Faraday) = 96 485 C mol\u207b\u00b9 \n\nFE = (n F n(N\u2082H\u2084) / Q) \u00d7 100 % \n = (4 \u00d7 96 485 \u00d7 1.29 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077) / 0.23768 \u00d7 100 % \n \u2248 0.21 \u00d7 100 % \u2248 21 %\n\nStep-4: Mass of hydrazine actually obtained (\u201creal\u201d production)\n\nM(N\u2082H\u2084) = 32.045 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \n\nm(real) = n(N\u2082H\u2084) \u00d7 M \n = 1.29 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol \u00d7 32.045 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \n \u2248 4.15 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 g = 4.15 \u00b5g\n\nElectrode area = 4 cm\u00b2, electrolysis time = 1 h \n\nReal production rate = 4.15 \u00b5g / (4 cm\u00b2 \u00d7 1 h) \n \u2248 1.04 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 h\u207b\u00b9\n\nStep-5: Production expected at 100 % FE (\u201ctheoretical\u201d rate)\n\nn(theor) = Q / (n F) = 0.23768 C / (4 \u00d7 96 485 C mol\u207b\u00b9) \n = 6.16 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol \n\nm(theor) = 6.16 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol \u00d7 32.045 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \n \u2248 1.97 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 g = 19.7 \u00b5g \n\nTheoretical rate = 19.7 \u00b5g / (4 cm\u00b2 \u00d7 1 h) \n \u2248 4.93 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 h\u207b\u00b9\n\nSummary \nFaradaic efficiency \u2248 21 % \nReal production rate \u2248 1.0 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 h\u207b\u00b9 \nTheoretical (100 % FE) rate \u2248 4.9 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 h\u207b\u00b9", "r1-0528_response": "To calculate the **Faradaic efficiency (FE)** and **hydrazine (N\u2082H\u2084) production rate**, we'll follow these steps:\n\n### **Given Data:**\n- **Absorbance (A)** = 0.8 \n- **Calibration Curve Equation:** \\( y = 51721x + 0.1306 \\) \n - \\( y \\) = Absorbance \n - \\( x \\) = Hydrazine concentration (M) \n- **Total electrolyte volume** = 10 mL \n- **Volume taken for colorimetric test** = 5 mL \n- **Total charge passed (\\( Q \\))** = 237.68 mC = 0.23768 C \n- **Electrode area** = 4 cm\u00b2 \n- **Faraday's constant (\\( F \\))** = 96485 C/mol \n- **Moles of electrons per mole of N\u2082H\u2084 (\\( n \\))** = 4 (for N\u2082 + 4H\u207a + 4e\u207b \u2192 N\u2082H\u2084) \n- **Molar mass of N\u2082H\u2084\u00b7H\u2082O (hydrazine monohydrate)** = 50.06 g/mol \n\n---\n\n### **Step 1: Calculate the Hydrazine Concentration from Absorbance**\nUsing the calibration curve: \n\\[\nA = 51721 \\cdot C + 0.1306\n\\]\n\\[\n0.8 = 51721 \\cdot C + 0.1306\n\\]\n\\[\nC = \\frac{0.8 - 0.1306}{51721} = 1.294 \\times 10^{-5} \\, \\text{M}\n\\]\n\nThis is the concentration in the **5 mL** test solution.\n\n### **Step 2: Calculate Total Hydrazine Produced**\nThe **5 mL** sample was taken from **10 mL** of electrolyte, so the total N\u2082H\u2084 in the full electrolyte is:\n\\[\n\\text{Total N\u2082H\u2084} = C \\times \\text{Total Volume} = 1.294 \\times 10^{-5} \\, \\text{M} \\times 10 \\, \\text{mL} = 1.294 \\times 10^{-7} \\, \\text{moles}\n\\]\n\n### **Step 3: Calculate Theoretical Hydrazine from Charge**\nThe charge passed corresponds to the theoretical amount of N\u2082H\u2084 that could be produced:\n\\[\nQ = n \\cdot F \\cdot \\text{moles of N\u2082H\u2084}\n\\]\n\\[\n\\text{Theoretical N\u2082H\u2084} = \\frac{Q}{n \\cdot F} = \\frac{0.23768}{4 \\times 96485} = 6.16 \\times 10^{-7} \\, \\text{moles}\n\\]\n\n### **Step 4: Calculate Faradaic Efficiency (FE)**\n\\[\nFE = \\frac{\\text{Actual N\u2082H\u2084}}{\\text{Theoretical N\u2082H\u2084}} \\times 100 = \\frac{1.294 \\times 10^{-7}}{6.16 \\times 10^{-7}} \\times 100 = 21.0\\%\n\\]\n\n### **Step 5: Calculate Hydrazine Production Rate**\nFirst, find the **mass of N\u2082H\u2084\u00b7H\u2082O produced** (since the standard was hydrazine monohydrate):\n\\[\n\\text{Mass of N\u2082H\u2084\u00b7H\u2082O} = \\text{moles} \\times M = 1.294 \\times 10^{-7} \\times 50.06 = 6.48 \\, \\mu g\n\\]\n\nAssuming the experiment ran for **1 hour**, the production rate normalized by electrode area is:\n\\[\n\\text{Production Rate} = \\frac{6.48 \\, \\mu g}{4 \\, \\text{cm}^2 \\times 1 \\, \\text{hr}} = 1.62 \\, \\mu g \\, \\text{cm}^{-2} \\, \\text{hr}^{-1}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### **Final Results:**\n- **Faradaic Efficiency (FE)** = **21.0%** \n- **Hydrazine Production Rate** = **1.62 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 hr\u207b\u00b9** \n\nLet me know if you need any modifications or additional clarifications!", "grok4_response": "The Faradaic efficiency is calculated using the formula:\nFE (%) = (n \u00d7 F \u00d7 moles of N\u2082H\u2084 / Q) \u00d7 100\nWhere:\n\u2022\tn = 4 (electrons required for N\u2082 + 4e\u207b + 4H\u207a \u2192 N\u2082H\u2084)\n\u2022\tF = 96485 C/mol (Faraday constant)\n\u2022\tmoles of N\u2082H\u2084 = concentration of N\u2082H\u2084 in electrolyte \u00d7 volume of electrolyte\n\u2022\tQ = 0.23768 C (charge passed)\nThe concentration of N\u2082H\u2084 in the electrolyte is determined from the calibration curve y = 51721x + 0.1306, where y is absorbance and x is concentration in mol/L. For y = 0.8:\nx = (0.8 - 0.1306) / 51721 = 0.6694 / 51721 = 1.2943 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 mol/L\nVolume of electrolyte = 0.01 L\nmoles of N\u2082H\u2084 = 1.2943 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 \u00d7 0.01 = 1.2943 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol\nFE (%) = (4 \u00d7 96485 \u00d7 1.2943 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 / 0.23768) \u00d7 100 = 21.02%\nThe real production rate is calculated as the actual mass of N\u2082H\u2084 produced divided by electrode area and time:\nMass of N\u2082H\u2084 = moles of N\u2082H\u2084 \u00d7 32 g/mol = 1.2943 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 \u00d7 32 = 4.1418 \u03bcg\nReal production rate = 4.1418 / (4 \u00d7 1) = 1.035 \u03bcg/cm\u00b2\u00b7hr\nThe theoretical production rate assumes 100% Faradaic efficiency. Total moles of electrons = Q / F = 0.23768 / 96485 = 2.4633 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 mol\nTheoretical moles of N\u2082H\u2084 = 2.4633 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 / 4 = 6.1583 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 mol\nTheoretical mass of N\u2082H\u2084 = 6.1583 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 \u00d7 32 = 19.707 \u03bcg\nTheoretical production rate = 19.707 / (4 \u00d7 1) = 4.927 \u03bcg/cm\u00b2\u00b7hr\n\n\n", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Defines the theoretical moles of hydrazine as\n\\[ n_{N_2H_4} = \\frac{n_{e^-}}{\\text{Number of electrons}} \\]", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the theoretical moles of hydrazine.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the molar mass of hydrazine", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the Faradaic efficiency as\n\\[ FE(\\%) = \\frac{n_{\\text{exp}}}{n_{\\text{theo}}} \\times 100 \\]", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that $c = x$ in the given calibration curve equation.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the theoretical mass of hydrazine:", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the real production rate", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the mass of hydrazine produced", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of electron equivalents transferred in the reaction to produce hydrazine from nitrogen.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Faradaic efficiency.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the moles of hydrazine in 1 mL of electrolyte \n", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the moles of hydrazine in the 10 mL electrochemical cell.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that $A = y$ in the given calibration curve equation.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the moles of hydrazine in the vial ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the 10 mL vial = 5 mL electrolyte + 5 mL color reagent.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the concentration for $A = 0.8$ using the given equation", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that $c$ is the concentration of the substance in mol/L.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the theoretical production rate:", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Considers the concentration range for A = 0.8.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the production rate as\n\\[ \\text{Prod. Rate} = \\frac{m}{A \\times t} \\]", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the typical deviation", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines Beer\u2013Lambert law as:\n\\[ A = \\varepsilon b c \\]", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the moles of electrons. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-0", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "Assume AAPL just reported its FY2018 results and has not yet reported 2019\u20132023 financials.\nAlso assume AAPL has an undrawn $250 billion revolving credit facility (RCF) that matures in 10 years with the same weighted average interest rate as AAPL\u2019s commercial paper in FY2018 (2.18%). The RCF requires AAPL to maintain a minimum cash balance of $50 billion at each fiscal year-end.\n\nUsing the assumptions below, perform the following:\n\nBaseline (FY2018 actuals): \nReport AAPL\u2019s Revenue, Interest Income, Interest Expense, Stock-Based Compensation, and Depreciation & Amortization. Calculate Adjusted EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation. \n\nAlso report FY2018 cash and cash equivalents, Dividends Paid, Share Repurchases, and the Commercial Paper weighted average interest rate.\n\nForecasting (2019\u20132023):\n\nCalculate annual Revenues, Net Income, Cash Flow from Operations (CFO), and Ending Cash Balance for each year 2019\u20132023.\nCalculate Cash Flow from Investing Activities for FY2019.\nEnsure Cash Flow from Operations includes the add-back of Share-Based Compensation expense.\n\nRCF Mechanics:\n\nIdentify the year in which AAPL must first draw on the RCF to maintain the $50 billion minimum cash balance. Calculate the draw amount and related RCF interest expense.\nIdentify the year in which AAPL repays the RCF in full, and the repayment amount.\nReport AAPL\u2019s Ending Cash Balance for FY2020\u2013FY2023, explicitly reflecting the impact of RCF draws and repayments.\n\nNotes:\n- AAPL closes its fiscal year at the end of September.\n- Do not round decimals.\n\nAssumptions related to the forecasting:\n\nIncome Statement\nRevenues: Previous year revenue * (1 + revenue growth rate) - For 2019, assume -4.0%, for 2020, 6.0%, for 2021, 6.9%. After 2021, the straight-line growth rate will continue until 2023.\nGross Profit Margin: Revenue * Gross Profit Margin forecast. For 2019, assume 37.8%, 2020, 38.1%, and 2021, 38.2%. Straight-line margin rate thereafter until 2023.\nR&D % of Sales: Revenue * R&D % of Sales forecast. For 2019, assume 6.2%, for 2020, 6.3%. Straight-line margin rate thereafter until 2023.\nSG&A % of Sales: Revenue * SG&A % of Sales forecast. For 2019, assume 7.4%, for 2020, 6.9%. Straight-line margin rate thereafter until 2023.\nInterest Income: weighted average interest rate on cash * average (n year; n-1 year)\nInterest Expense: Interest Expense from Commercial Paper/Revolver (Use average of BoP and EoP) + Interest Expense from long-term debt\na) Use Prior Year Interest Expense\nOther Expense: Straight-line\nTax Rate: For 2019, assume 16.7%, for 2020, assume 17.0%, for 2021, assume 16.9%. Straight-line margin rate thereafter until 2023.\nDepreciation: Refer to the D&A schedule\nStock-Based Compensation: Grow SBC in line with revenue growth\nAdjusted EBITDA: EBITDA + Stock-Based Compensation.\n\nBalance Sheet\nAssets:\nCash & Equivalents, ST and LT marketable securities: Refer to the cash flow statement\nReceivables: Grow in line with revenue growth\nInventories: Grow in line with the cost of sales growth\nOther current assets: Grow in line with revenue growth\nPP&E: Refer to PP&E Schedule\nMarketable Securities: Assume $30 billion sold each year\nOther Non-Current Assets: Grow in line with revenue growth\n\nLiabilities\nAccounts Payable: Grow in line with the cost of sales growth\nOther Current Liabilities: Grow in line with revenue growth\nDeferred Revenue (current and non-current): Grow in line with revenue growth\nCommercial Paper: Refer to the EOP balance from the CP/revolver schedule\nLong-Term Debt (Includes current portion): Straight-line from 2018\nOther Non-Current Liabilities: Grow in line with revenue growth\n\nEquity\nCommon Stock: Increase by the Stock-Based Compensation forecast\nRetained Earnings: Refer to the retained earnings schedule. Net income: Refer to Income Statement. Dividends: Straight-line last historical year's dividends, repurchases: Straight-line last historical year's repurchases.\nOther Comprehensive Income: Straight-line from 2018\n\nCash Flow Statement\nRefer to the Income Statement and Balance Sheet\n\nPP&E Schedule\nActual: Capex in 10K should be assumed as Payments for the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment\nExpected: For 2019, assume 13,285.00, for 2020, 13,649.00, for 2021, 13,819.00, for 2022, 14,773.00, for 2023, 15,792.00\nD&A related to PP&E as a % of Capex:\nActual: for 2018 is 69.9%\nExpected: There is a step linear growth of 2% starting from 69.9%. So every year, it increases by 2% until 2023.\nD&A not related to PP&E\nAssume Depreciation & Amortization - Total as % of Revenue (0.6%), Straight-line from 2019 until 2023.\n\nOther Non-Current Assets\nAssume all D&A not from PP&E is in Non-Current Assets", "o3_response": "ALL AMOUNTS USD millions \u2013 fiscal years end the last Saturday in September. No decimals have been rounded.\n\nA. Baseline \u2013 FY-2018 (as reported)\n\n\u2022 Net Revenue\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 265,595 \n\u2022 Interest Income\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 5,475 \n\u2022 Interest Expense\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 3,240 \n\u2022 Stock-Based Compensation (SBC)\u2026\u2026\u2026. 6,700 \n\u2022 Depreciation & Amortization (D&A)\u2026\u2026.. 10,903 \n\nAdjusted EBITDA = Operating Income + D&A + SBC \n70,898 + 10,903 + 6,700 = 88,501 \n\nOther cash data (FY-18 actual) \n\u2022 Cash and Cash Equivalents (B/S)\u2026\u2026\u2026... 25,913 \n\u2022 Dividends Paid (C/F)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 13,712 \n\u2022 Share Repurchases (C/F)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 72,712 \n\u2022 W-avg interest rate on Commercial Paper\u2026 2.18 % \n\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\nB. Forecast \u2013 Income Statement extracts, Cash-Flow and Cash Balances\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\n 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023\nRevenue 255,971 271,329 290,071 310,106 331,547\nOp. Income 62,646 67,857 72,419 77,527 82,881\nInterest income (2.18 %) 828* 1,090 1,090 1,090 1,243\nInterest exp.\u2013 LT debt 3,240 3,240 3,240 3,240 3,240\nInterest exp.\u2013RCF / CP 287 546 438 223 45\nPre-tax Income 59,946 65,161 69,831 75,154 80,839\nIncome tax 9,999 11,077 11,800 12,706 13,651\nNet Income 49,947 54,084 58,031 62,448 67,188\nAdd-backs (non-cash) \n Depreciation & amort. 11,080 11,716 12,238 13,369 14,615\n SBC 6,432 6,818 7,298 7,799 8,326\nCash Flow from Operations 67,459 72,618 77,567 83,616 90,129\nCash Flow from Investing \n (-Cap-ex + sales M-secs) 16,715 16,351 16,181 15,227 14,208\nFinancing cash-flows \n Dividends (13,712) (13,712) (13,712) (13,712) (13,712)\n Share repurchase (72,712) (72,712) (72,712) (72,712) (72,712)\n RCF draw / (repay) 26,350 (2,571) (7,314) (12,460) (4,005)\nNet change in cash 24,090 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 13,908\nEnding Cash balance 50,003 50,003 50,003 50,003 63,911\n\n*2019 interest income uses the average of opening cash (25,913) and required closing cash (\u224850).\n\nNOTE \u2013 CFO already includes the add-back of SBC as requested.\n\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\nC. Revolving Credit Facility (RCF) Mechanics\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\n1. First year AAPL must draw on the RCF \n \u2022 FY-2019. \n \u2022 Drawn amount at 9/28/19\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 26,350 \n \u2022 FY-2019 RCF interest expense\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 0.287 (average balance 13,175 \u00d7 2.18 %)\n\n2. Annual RCF utilisation & interest\n\n Avg. RCF bal. Interest @2.18 %\n 2019 13,175 0.287 \n 2020 25,296 0.546 \n 2021 20,370 0.438 \n 2022 10,505 0.223 \n 2023 2,003 0.045 \n\n3. Year the RCF is fully repaid \n \u2022 FY-2023. \n \u2022 Repayment amount (entire remaining balance)\u2026\u2026 4,005 \n\n4. Ending cash (explicitly after RCF activity)\n\n FY-2020 \u2026 50,003 \n FY-2021 \u2026 50,003 \n FY-2022 \u2026 50,003 \n FY-2023 \u2026 63,911 \n\nThe model keeps year-end cash \u2265 $50 bn by combining (a) net operating / investing inflows with (b) RCF draws or repayments as shown.", "r1-0528_response": "### Financial Statement Projections for Apple Inc. (2019\u20132023) \nBased on the 2018 Form 10-K and provided assumptions, the projections are as follows. Key metrics include revenue growth, margins, RCF activity, and cash balances. All figures are in **millions of USD**.\n\n---\n\n### **Income Statement** \n| **Item** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** |\n|------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\n| Revenue | $254,971.20 | $270,269.47 | $288,917.88 | $308,862.21 | $330,174.50 |\n| Gross Profit (Margin) | $96,418.71 (37.8%) | $102,972.67 (38.1%) | $110,365.63 (38.2%) | $118,170.98 (38.3%) | $126,426.78 (38.3%) |\n| R&D | $15,808.21 | $17,026.98 | $18,201.83 | $19,407.73 | $20,647.40 |\n| SG&A | $18,867.87 | $18,648.59 | $19,935.33 | $21,281.09 | $22,675.41 |\n| Operating Income | $61,742.63 | $67,297.10 | $72,228.47 | $77,482.16 | $83,103.97 |\n| Interest Income | $5,686.00 | $5,686.00 | $5,686.00 | $5,686.00 | $5,686.00 |\n| Interest Expense | $3,240.00 | $3,797.19 | $4,342.95 | $4,342.95 | $4,342.95 |\n| Other Expense | ($441.00) | ($441.00) | ($441.00) | ($441.00) | ($441.00) |\n| Pre-Tax Income | $63,747.63 | $68,744.91 | $73,130.52 | $78,384.21 | $84,006.02 |\n| Taxes (Rate) | $10,645.85 (16.7%) | $11,686.63 (17.0%) | $12,358.06 (16.9%) | $13,250.93 (16.9%) | $14,197.02 (16.9%) |\n| **Net Income** | **$53,101.78** | **$57,058.28** | **$60,772.46** | **$65,133.28** | **$69,809.00** |\n\n---\n\n### **Balance Sheet Highlights** \n| **Item** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** |\n|------------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\n| **Cash & Equivalents** | $50,000.00 | $50,000.00 | $50,000.00 | $50,000.00 | $50,000.00 |\n| **ST Marketable Securities** | $40,388.00 | $40,388.00 | $40,388.00 | $40,388.00 | $40,388.00 |\n| **LT Marketable Securities** | $140,799.00 | $110,799.00 | $80,799.00 | $50,799.00 | $20,799.00 |\n| **Total Cash & Securities** | $231,187.00 | $201,187.00 | $171,187.00 | $141,187.00 | $111,187.00 |\n| **RCF Balance** | $25,559.31 | $21,376.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |\n| **Total Debt** | $128,078.31 | $123,895.00 | $102,519.00 | $102,519.00 | $102,519.00 |\n\n---\n\n### **Cash Flow Statement** \n| **Item** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** |\n|------------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\n| **Net Income** | $53,101.78 | $57,058.28 | $60,772.46 | $65,133.28 | $69,809.00 |\n| **Cash from Operations** | $68,285.69 | $74,305.31 | $79,427.79 | $85,092.61 | $91,146.00 |\n| **Cash from Investing** | $16,715.00 | $16,351.00 | $16,181.00 | $17,135.00 | $18,154.00 |\n| **Cash before Financing** | $85,000.69 | $90,656.31 | $95,608.79 | $102,227.61 | $109,300.00 |\n| **Dividends** | ($13,735.00) | ($13,735.00) | ($13,735.00) | ($13,735.00) | ($13,735.00) |\n| **Share Repurchases** | ($72,738.00) | ($72,738.00) | ($72,738.00) | ($72,738.00) | ($72,738.00) |\n| **RCF Activity** | **+$25,559.31**| **-$4,183.31** | **-$21,376.00**| $0.00 | $0.00 |\n| **Net Cash Change** | $24,087.00 | ($0.00) | ($12,240.21) | $15,754.61 | $22,827.00 |\n\n---\n\n### **RCF Activity Summary** \nApple draws on its **$250 billion RCF** as follows: \n- **2019**: Draws **$25,559.31 million** to maintain the minimum $50 billion cash balance. \n- **2020**: Repays **$4,183.31 million** (partial). \n- **2021**: Repays the remaining **$21,376.00 million** in full. \n\nThe RCF is **fully paid down by 2021**. No further draws occur in 2022\u20132023 due to sufficient cash generation. \n\n---\n\n### **Key Assumptions** \n1. **Revenue Growth**: \n - 2019: -4.0%, 2020: +6.0%, 2021: +6.9%, 2022\u20132023: +6.9% (straight-line). \n2. **Margins**: \n - Gross Margin: 37.8% (2019), 38.1% (2020), 38.2% (2021), 38.3% (2022\u20132023). \n - R&D and SG&A: Based on % of revenue (e.g., R&D 6.2% in 2019). \n3. **RCF Terms**: \n - Interest rate = 2.18% (same as 2018 commercial paper). \n - Minimum cash balance = $50 billion. \n4. **Marketable Securities**: Sold down by **$30 billion annually** (moved to cash). \n5. **Capital Structure**: \n - Long-term debt held constant at **$102,519 million** (2018 level). \n - Dividends ($13,735 million) and repurchases ($72,738 million) fixed at 2018 levels. \n\nApple maintains liquidity without breaching RCF covenants, fully repaying the facility by 2021.", "grok4_response": "### Baseline (FY2018 actuals)\n- Revenue: 265595\n- Interest Income: 5686\n- Interest Expense: 3240\n- Stock-Based Compensation: 5340\n- Depreciation & Amortization: 10903\n- Adjusted EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation: 87141\n\n- FY2018 cash and cash equivalents: 25913\n- Dividends Paid: 13712\n- Share Repurchases: 72738\n- Commercial Paper weighted average interest rate: 2.18%\n\n### Forecasting (2019\u20132023)\n| Year | Revenues | Net Income | Cash Flow from Operations (CFO) | Ending Cash Balance |\n|------|----------|------------|---------------------------------|---------------------|\n| 2019 | 254971.2 | 52457.91739616983 | 65943.42579297969 | 50000.0 |\n| 2020 | 270269.472 | 56362.69133287396 | 77827.83316802364 | 50000.0 |\n| 2021 | 288918.065568 | 60103.682455669245 | 83608.46949137567 | 50000.0 |\n| 2022 | 308853.412092192 | 63909.010860788796 | 89423.08404445773 | 51022.42731268678 |\n| 2023 | 330164.2975265532 | 68092.89140458155 | 95683.01311492361 | 70694.50509470404 |\n\nCash Flow from Investing Activities for FY2019: 16076.4928\n\n### RCF Mechanics\nAAPL must first draw on the RCF in 2019 to maintain the $50 billion minimum cash balance. \n- Draw amount: 28517.081407020305 \n- Related RCF interest expense: 310.83618479551245 \n\nAAPL repays the RCF in full in 2022. \n- Repayment amount: 13651.992248228999 \n\nAAPL\u2019s Ending Cash Balance for FY2020\u2013FY2023: \n- FY2020: 50000.0 \n- FY2021: 50000.0 \n- FY2022: 51022.42731268678 \n- FY2023: 70694.50509470404", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates FY21E Net Income = (1 \u2013 Tax Rate) \u00d7 [FY21E Revenues \u00d7 (Gross Margin \u2013 R&D% \u2013 SG&A%) + Interest & Dividend Income \u2013 (Legacy Interest Expense + FY21E RCF Interest Expense) \u2013 Other Expense].", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY23E CFO as Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation (no \u0394WC)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL's Interest Expense in FY18 as ($3,240)mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL will pay down the RCF in its entirety in FY22E", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL Cash & Cash Equivalents as $50,000m in FY21E", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY21E Revenues using the following formula: FY21E Revenues = FY20E Revenues * (1+6.9%)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL will need to pull on the RCF in 2019E", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY22E Revenues using the following formula: FY22E Revenues = FY21E Revenues * (1+6.9%)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL will pay down between $14,000m and $15,000m of the $250bn RCF in FY22E", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL will utilize between $28,000m and $30,000m of the $250bn RCF in FY19E", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Do not round decimals", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL Cash & Cash Equivalents between $65,000m and $75,000m in FY23E", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY22E CFO as Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation (no \u0394WC)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL Cash & Cash Equivalents as $50,000m in FY20E", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY23E Revenues using the following formula: FY23E Revenues = FY22E Revenues * (1+6.9%)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Cash Flow from Investing Activities as between $16,710m and $16,720m in FY19E", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL's Stock-Based Compensation in FY18 as $5,340mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Cash & Cash Equivalents in FY18 as $25,913mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY20E CFO as Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation (no \u0394WC)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Add back Share-Based Compensation Expense in Cash Flow from Operations Formula for each period", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY19E Cash Flow from Operations (CFO) as Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation (no \u0394WC).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY22E Net Income = (1 \u2013 Tax Rate) \u00d7 [FY22E Revenues \u00d7 (Gross Margin \u2013 R&D% \u2013 SG&A%) + Interest & Dividend Income \u2013 (Legacy Interest Expense + FY22E RCF Interest Expense) \u2013 Other Expense].", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL Cash & Cash Equivalents of $50,000m in FY19E", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL's Interest Income in FY18 as $5,686mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY23E Net Income = (1 \u2013 Tax Rate) \u00d7 [FY23E Revenues \u00d7 (Gross Margin \u2013 R&D% \u2013 SG&A%) + Interest & Dividend Income \u2013 (Legacy Interest Expense + FY23E RCF Interest Expense) \u2013 Other Expense].", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY20E Revenues using the following formula: FY20E Revenues = FY19E Revenues * (1+6.0%)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Commercial Paper Interest Rate as 2.18% in FY18 ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL's Revenue in FY18 as $265,595mm", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY19E Net Income = (1 \u2013 Tax Rate) \u00d7 [FY19E Revenues \u00d7 (Gross Margin \u2013 R&D% \u2013 SG&A%) + Interest & Dividend Income \u2013 (Legacy Interest Expense + FY19E RCF Interest Expense) \u2013 Other Expense].", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Repurchases of Common Stock as $72,738m in FY18 ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY19E RCF Interest Expense = Average of BoP and EoP RCF balance \u00d7 2.18%.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY20E Net Income = (1 \u2013 Tax Rate) \u00d7 [FY20E Revenues \u00d7 (Gross Margin \u2013 R&D% \u2013 SG&A%) + Interest & Dividend Income \u2013 (Legacy Interest Expense + FY20E RCF Interest Expense) \u2013 Other Expense].", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY19E Revenues using the following formula: FY19E Revenues = FY18 Revenues * (1+FY19E Growth Rate) = $265,595m * (1-4.0%)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates AAPL Cash & Cash Equivalents as between $50,000m and $51,000m in FY22E", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates FY21E CFO as Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation (no \u0394WC)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies AAPL's Depreciation & Amortization Expense in FY18 as $10,903mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Adjusted EBITDA using the following formula: Adjusted EBITDA= Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Stock-Based Compensation", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Dividends paid as $13,712mm in FY18 ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-0", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "ABC Education (the \u201cClient\u201d) delivers premium after-school STEM in English for ages 6-11 and is evaluating a partner-led Hong Kong entry. The entry would involve its renting rooms from international schools and using part-time Native English Teachers (NETs).\n\nFormatting: (i) British English, (ii) No tables, (iii) Every HKD figure must be prefixed HK$, (iv) Show intermediate steps when calculating quantitative answers rather than outputting formulas, and (v) Round HKD only at the end of each sub-task (i.e., do not round figures for intermediate calculations, unless explicitly stated).\n\nTask 1: Competitor dynamics (\u2264100 words)\nABC Education's main competitors are (i) Big Bang Academy, (ii) Blueinno, and (iii) ESF Glenealy School. For each competitor, state the following:\n1. Pricing: Output each competitor's class length + class count + package price in the following format: (e.g., \"4 classes - 60 min per class - HK$4,360\"). Compute HK$/h (round at the end). If length is missing, write \"Cannot compute (no per-hour figure)\".\n2. Delivery: Pick one (i) On-Campus Partner (classes hosted at partner school premises), (ii) Learning Center (dedicated provider-run teaching location), or (iii) Hybrid: Kit + Video (take-home kit plus guided videos).\n3. Pedagogy: Pick one (i) Teacher-Centered (teacher leads instruction; students follow), (ii) Project-Based (students build projects to learn concepts), or (iii) Inquiry-Based (students investigate questions; teacher facilitates).\n\nTask 2: Hourly economics (\u2264160 words)\nThe Client aims to run a series of courses. They wish to understand the hourly economics of their prospective endeavor in Hong Kong. For the next questions, assume the following about the Client's program:\n- Tuition price per class hour is HK$390; capacity 8 students per class.\n- As a first step, calculate paid seats assuming they are equal to 85% of capacity; the remaining 15% will be free to offer scholarships and incentives to drive demand.\n- Apply a 15% sibling discount to 25% of the paid seats.\n- Apply a 2% leakage margin of safety to the post-discount tuition. This will result in Net Tuition.\n- Venue rental fee: The Client has a global venue rental partner who is offering HK$500 per class hour for venue rental, but the Client does not wish for the venue rental cost to be higher than 22% of Net Tuition (which is standard for the countries in which the Client operates). As such, choose the higher of HK$500 or 22% of Net Tuition for the venue rental cost.\n- NET labor: Assume HK$480 per class hour teaching plus half an hour of prep at HK$240 per class hour.\n- Processing Fee: 5% of Net Tuition plus HK$5 multiplied by the paid seat count.\nNow solve the following:\n4. Compute Net Tuition, Direct costs (venue + NET labor + processing), and contribution margin per class-hour.\n5. State whether 22% of Net Tuition exceeds HK$500.\n6. Monthly profit: Determine the monthly profit if the Client ran two classes per week across four weeks.\n7. Identify whether ABC Education's tuition fee is either (i) higher than all competitors, (ii) in between competitors, or (iii) lower than all competitors.\n\nTask 3: Venue rental fit (\u2264100 words)\nHarrow and DSC have approached the Client offering venue rental services. The Client wishes to understand what they are offering and whether they should partner with either school as opposed to their existing global venue rental partner.\n8. Venue rental offers: Harrow is offering weekend windows at their standard base rental rate for the first hour, then HK$150/h thereafter, +10% weekend surcharge. DSC is offering weekday windows at their standard base rental rate for two hours, + HK$500 tech, + HK$200 cleaning per booking. Calculate the total venue rental cost per school, assuming the Client is looking for two-hour windows.\n9. Comparison vs. global venue rental partner: Compare each school's offered rate vs. the global venue rental partner's rate. State which provider the Client should partner with (i.e., Harrow, DSC, or the existing global venue rental partner).", "o3_response": "Task 1 \u2013 Competitor dynamics (96 words) \nBig Bang Academy \n\u2022 Pricing: Cannot compute (no per-hour figure) \n\u2022 Delivery: Hybrid: Kit + Video (Big Bang STEAM) \n\u2022 Pedagogy: Project-Based \n\nBlueinno \n\u2022 Pricing: 10 classes \u2013 90 min per class \u2013 HK$6,680 (HK$445 / h) \n\u2022 Delivery: Learning Centre (Prince Edward innovation lab) \n\u2022 Pedagogy: Project-Based \n\nESF Glenealy School \n\u2022 Pricing: 12 classes \u2013 60 min per class \u2013 HK$3,360 (HK$280 / h) \n\u2022 Delivery: On-Campus Partner (ESF school premises) \n\u2022 Pedagogy: Inquiry-Based \n\nTask 2 \u2013 Hourly economics (136 words) \n1 Capacity \u00d7 85 % = 8 \u00d7 0.85 = 6.8 \u2192 7 paid seats. \nGross tuition: 7 \u00d7 HK$390 = HK$2,730. \nSibling discount: 25 % of seats = 1.75; discount = 1.75 \u00d7 HK$390 \u00d7 15 % = HK$102.38. \nPost-discount tuition: HK$2,730 \u2013 HK$102.38 = HK$2,627.63. \nLeakage (2 %): 2,627.63 \u00d7 0.98 = HK$2,574.07 \u2192 Net Tuition HK$2,574. \nVenue: 22 % \u00d7 2,574.07 = HK$566.30; higher than HK$500, so venue HK$566. \nNET labour: teaching HK$480 + prep 0.5 h \u00d7 HK$240 = HK$120 \u2192 HK$600. \nProcessing: 5 % \u00d7 2,574.07 = HK$128.70 plus 7 \u00d7 HK$5 = HK$35 \u2192 HK$163.70. \nDirect costs: 566 + 600 + 164 \u2248 HK$1,330. \nContribution per class-hour: 2,574 \u2013 1,330 = HK$1,244. \n\n5 Twenty-two per cent of Net Tuition (HK$566) exceeds HK$500. \n6 Monthly profit: 8 classes \u00d7 HK$1,244 = HK$9,953. \n7 ABC\u2019s HK$390/h is in between competitors.\n\nTask 3 \u2013 Venue rental fit (82 words) \nHarrow: first hour at base classroom rate HK$250, second hour HK$150. \nSubtotal HK$400; weekend surcharge +10 % = HK$440 per two-hour window. \n\nDSC: classroom HK$750 \u00d7 2 h = HK$1,500, tech HK$500, cleaning HK$200. \nTotal HK$2,200 per two-hour window. \n\nGlobal venue partner: HK$500 \u00d7 2 h = HK$1,000. \n\nComparison: Harrow (HK$440) is far below the global partner (HK$1,000) and DSC (HK$2,200). \nRecommendation: partner with Harrow, using the global partner only when weekend slots at Harrow are unavailable.", "r1-0528_response": "Task 1: Competitor dynamics\nBig Bang Academy: 4 classes - 60 min per class - HK$4,360. HK$1,090 per class / 1 hour = HK$1,090/h. Delivery: Hybrid: Kit + Video. Pedagogy: Project-Based.\nBlueinno: 4 classes - 90 min per class - HK$3,200. (HK$3,200 / 4 classes) / 1.5 hours = HK$533.33/h. Delivery: Learning Center. Pedagogy: Project-Based.\nESF Glenealy School: 8 classes - Cannot compute (no per-hour figure). Delivery: On-Campus Partner. Pedagogy: Inquiry-Based.\n\nTask 2: Hourly economics\nStep 1: Calculate Paid Seats\nClass capacity: 8 students.\nPaid seats (85% of capacity): 8 \u00d7 0.85 = 6.8 seats.\nSeats with sibling discount (25% of paid seats): 6.8 \u00d7 0.25 = 1.7 seats.\nFull-price seats: 6.8 - 1.7 = 5.1 seats.\n\nStep 2: Calculate Gross Tuition\nFull-price tuition: 5.1 seats \u00d7 HK$390 = HK$1,989.\nDiscounted tuition (15% off): 1.7 seats \u00d7 (HK$390 \u00d7 0.85) = 1.7 \u00d7 HK$331.50 = HK$563.55.\nTotal Gross Tuition: HK$1,989 + HK$563.55 = HK$2,552.55.\n\nStep 3: Calculate Net Tuition\nApply 2% leakage: HK$2,552.55 \u00d7 0.98 = HK$2,501.50.\n\nStep 4: Calculate Direct Costs\nVenue Rental: 22% of Net Tuition is HK$2,501.50 \u00d7 0.22 = HK$550.33. This is higher than HK$500, so venue cost is HK$550.33.\nNET Labour: Teaching: HK$480. Prep (0.5h \u00d7 HK$240): HK$120. Total NET labour: HK$600.\nProcessing Fee: (5% of Net Tuition) + (HK$5 \u00d7 paid seats) = (0.05 \u00d7 HK$2,501.50) + (HK$5 \u00d7 6.8) = HK$125.08 + HK$34 = HK$159.08.\nTotal Direct Costs: HK$550.33 + HK$600 + HK$159.08 = HK$1,309.41.\n\nStep 5: Contribution Margin\nContribution Margin: Net Tuition - Direct Costs = HK$2,501.50 - HK$1,309.41 = HK$1,192.09 per class-hour.\n\nStep 6: Answers\n4. Net Tuition: HK$2,501.50. Direct Costs: HK$1,309.41. Contribution Margin: HK$1,192.09.\n5. Yes, 22% of Net Tuition (HK$550.33) exceeds HK$500.\n6. Monthly Profit: (2 classes/week \u00d7 4 weeks) \u00d7 Contribution Margin per class = 8 \u00d7 HK$1,192.09 = HK$9,536.72.\n7. ABC's HK$390/h fee is higher than Blueinno (~HK$533/h) but lower than Big Bang Academy (HK$1,090/h). Therefore, it is in between competitors.\n\nTask 3: Venue rental fit\n8. Venue Rental Offers:\n\nHarrow: Base rate for first hour is required but not provided in the query; calculation is impossible. Assuming a base rate of X, the cost would be: (X + HK$150) \u00d7 1.10 (weekend surcharge).\n\nDSC: Weekday base rate for two hours is required but not provided in the query; calculation is impossible. The total cost would be: Base Rate + HK$500 tech + HK$200 cleaning.\n\n9. Comparison & Recommendation:\nWithout the essential base rate figures from Harrow and DSC, a quantitative comparison against the global partner's effective rate of HK$550.33 per class-hour (for a two-hour window) is not possible. The Client must obtain these missing base rates to complete the analysis. Based solely on the information provided, the existing global venue rental partner offers a known, all-inclusive cost that meets the company's standard of not exceeding 22% of revenue and should be retained.", "grok4_response": "### Task 1: Competitor dynamics\n(i) Big Bang Academy: \n1. Pricing: Cannot compute (no per-hour figure). \n2. Delivery: Hybrid: Kit + Video. \n3. Pedagogy: Project-Based. \n\n(ii) Blueinno: \n1. Pricing: 10 classes - 90 min per class - HK$6,680 (HK$445/h). \n2. Delivery: Learning Center. \n3. Pedagogy: Project-Based. \n\n(iii) ESF Glenealy School: \n1. Pricing: 12 classes - 60 min per class - HK$3,360 (HK$280/h). \n2. Delivery: On-Campus Partner. \n3. Pedagogy: Inquiry-Based.\n\n### Task 2: Hourly economics\nPer class hour: capacity = 8 students; paid seats = 85% \u00d7 8 = 6.8. \nSibling-discounted seats = 25% \u00d7 6.8 = 1.7; full-price seats = 6.8 - 1.7 = 5.1. \nGross tuition = (5.1 \u00d7 HK$390) + (1.7 \u00d7 HK$390 \u00d7 0.85) = HK$1,989 + HK$563.55 = HK$2,552.55. \nPost-discount tuition = HK$2,552.55. \nNet Tuition = HK$2,552.55 \u00d7 (1 - 0.02) = HK$2,501.50. \n\n4. Venue = max(HK$500, 22% \u00d7 HK$2,501.50 = HK$550.33) = HK$550.33. \nNET labour = HK$480 + (0.5 \u00d7 HK$240) = HK$480 + HK$120 = HK$600. \nProcessing = 5% \u00d7 HK$2,501.50 + (HK$5 \u00d7 6.8) = HK$125.08 + HK$34 = HK$159.08. \nDirect costs = HK$550.33 + HK$600 + HK$159.08 = HK$1,309.41. \nContribution margin = HK$2,501.50 - HK$1,309.41 = HK$1,192 per class-hour. \n\n5. Yes, 22% of Net Tuition (HK$550) exceeds HK$500. \n\n6. Monthly classes = 2 \u00d7 4 = 8; monthly profit = 8 \u00d7 HK$1,192 = HK$9,536. \n\n7. ABC Education's tuition fee is in between competitors.\n\n### Task 3: Venue rental fit\n8. Harrow (weekend, assuming classroom base rate HK$250/h for non-charitable): first hour HK$250, second hour HK$150, subtotal HK$400, +10% surcharge = HK$440. \nDSC (weekday, assuming classroom base rate HK$750/h): 2 hours \u00d7 HK$750 = HK$1,500, + HK$500 tech + HK$200 cleaning = HK$2,200. \n\n9. Harrow (HK$440) is lower than global partner (HK$500/h \u00d7 2 = HK$1,000); DSC (HK$2,200) is higher. The Client should partner with Harrow.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates Big Bang Academy's hourly rate by taking the total cost / the total class hours across all classes.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates ESF Glenealy's hourly rate by taking the total cost / the total class hours across all classes.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Label ESF Glenealy delivery as \"On\u2011Campus Partner\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates direct costs by adding NET labour, venue rental costs, and the processing fee.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Label Blueinno delivery as \"Learning Centre\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Label Big Bang Academy delivery as \"On\u2011Campus Partner\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Classify Blueinno pedagogy as \"Project\u2011Based\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State DSC base classroom rate as HK$750/h.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates monthly profit by multiplying net contribution by 8.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Blueinno's hourly rate by taking the total cost / the total class hours across all classes.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Keep Task 2 within 160 words total.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates net tuition by multiplying post-discount tuition by 98%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outputs Big Bang Academy pricing as: \"5 classes - 150 min per class - HK$4,380\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State that 22% of Net Tuition exceeds HK$500.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the processing fee by multiplying net tuition by 5% plus paid seats multiplied by HK$5.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates post-discount tuition by (i) non-discounted seats multiplied by the tuition rate plus (ii) discounted seats multiplied by the discounted tuition rate.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Classify ESF Glenealy pedagogy as \"Inquiry\u2011Based\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates NET labour by adding HK$480 plus 50% of HK$240.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Keep Task 3 within 100 words total.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Prefix every money figure with \"HK$\".", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Do not round figures for intermediate calculations, unless explicitly stated.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outputs Blueinno pricing as: \"10 classes - 90 min per class - HK$6,680\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates paid seats by multiplying 8 seats by 85% capacity.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Harrow's 2-hour venue rental cost by adding HK$250 + HK$150, all multiplied by 110%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Keep Task 1 within 100 words total.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Show steps for intermediate calculations when arriving at quantitative answers rather than quoting formulas.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates net contribution by subtracting direct costs from net tuition.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates DSC's 2-hour venue rental cost by adding HK$1,500 + HK$500 + HK$200.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Use British English spelling throughout (e.g., \"programme\", \"organisation\").", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Outputs ESF Glenealy pricing as: \"12 classes - 60 min per class - HK$3,360\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Classify Big Bang Academy pedagogy as \"Project\u2011Based\"", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the venue rental fee by finding the higher of (i) 22% of net tuition and (ii) HK$500.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Do not use tables anywhere in the response.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates discounted seats by multiplying paid seats by 25% capacity.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State Harrow base classroom rate as HK$250/h.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State that the Client should rent from Harrow.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State that ABC Education's HK$390/h tuition rate is in between competitor pricing.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-0", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Semiclassical self-gravity is sometimes proposed as an alternative to a quantized theory of gravity, mainly as a model to test for and rule out experimentally, in order to find evidence for the necessity to quantize gravity. In this model, the spatial wave function of quantum matter nonlinearly reacts to its own gravitational field, which is sourced by a mass density corresponding to the probability distribution in position space. It is also known (and verified by the Colella-Overhauser-Werner experiment) that a quantum particle in a homogeneous gravitational potential experiences a phase shift. Combining the two ideas, one can think of a particle in a Stern-Gerlach experiment experiencing a gravitational phase shift due to the presence of the other (and its own) part of the superposition state of two sharp peaks. Assume a particle consists of precisely 100 silicon atoms in a spherical arrangement, such that the average mass density is that of silicon and the particle has a total spin of 1/2. Note that, at the atomic level, the particle is not homogeneous but atoms are localized as Gaussian peaks with a localization length determined by the Debye-Waller factor (assume the particle is cooled to 100 mK). In a Stern-Gerlach device, this particle is split into a superposition $\\sqrt{1/3} |a> + \\sqrt{2/3} |b>$ where |a> and |b> correspond to the two branches of the wave function belonging to the two z-spin eigenstates, following two different trajectories. The particle is in free flight for 10 nanoseconds before the trajectories are recombined (with the separation and recombination happening fast). The trajectories are separated by a distance much larger than the radius of the spherical particle. What would be the expected self-gravitational phase shift in this experiment? In solving this problem, you must show all your thinking and intermediate steps.", "o3_response": "We have to evaluate the relative phase that builds up between the two Stern\u2013Gerlach branches |a\u232a and |b\u232a of the 100-atom silicon cluster while the two packets fly freely for \n\nt = \u03c4 = 10 ns = 1.0 \u00d7 10-8 s \n\nand remain separated by a distance d that is \u201cmuch larger than the particle radius\u201d. \nBecause d \u226b R the mutual Newtonian interaction of the two wave-packets contributes only \u221d1/d and is completely negligible; the phase is therefore produced almost exclusively by the\ndifference of the (state\u2013dependent) self-energies of the two branches that carry different\nprobability weights. \nFor a rigid homogeneous sphere of mass m, radius R and density \u03c1 the Schr\u00f6dinger\u2013Newton\nresult (see eq. (16) of the quoted paper) reduces, in this limit, to \n\n \u0394\u03c6self \u2243 (6/5R) (G m\u00b2 t / \u0127) cos(2\u03b1) (1)\n\nwith \u03b1 defined through |\u03a8\u232a = cos\u03b1 |a\u232a + sin\u03b1 |b\u232a, so that cos\u00b2\u03b1 = Prob{|a\u232a}. \nIn the present experiment \n\n Prob{|a\u232a}=1/3 , Prob{|b\u232a}=2/3 \u21d2 cos\u00b2\u03b1 = 1/3 , sin\u00b2\u03b1 = 2/3, \n cos(2\u03b1) = cos\u00b2\u03b1 \u2212 sin\u00b2\u03b1 = 1/3 \u2212 2/3 = \u20131/3 . (2)\n\nStep 1: Mass and radius of the cluster \n\n \u2022 Mass of one Si atom mSi = 28 u = 28\u00d71.660 54\u00d710-27 kg = 4.649 \u00d710-26 kg \n \u2022 Cluster mass m = 100 mSi = 4.649 \u00d710-24 kg\n\n \u2022 Density of silicon \u03c1 = 2.329 \u00d710\u00b3 kg m-3 \n\n Volume V = m/\u03c1 = 4.649\u00d710-24 / 2.329\u00d710\u00b3 = 2.0\u00d710-27 m\u00b3 \n\n R = (3V/4\u03c0)\u00b9\u141f\u00b3 = (4.78\u00d710-28 m\u00b3)\u00b9\u141f\u00b3 = 7.85\u00d710-10 m \u2248 0.79 nm . (3)\n\nStep 2: Numerical value of (1) \n\n G = 6.674 30\u00d710-11 m\u00b3 kg-1 s-2 , \u0127 = 1.054 57\u00d710-34 J s\n\n G m\u00b2 / \u0127 = 6.67430\u00d710-11 \u00d7 (4.649\u00d710-24)\u00b2 / 1.05457\u00d710-34 \n = 1.367\u00d710-23 m\u00b3 s-1 .\n\n (G m\u00b2 / \u0127) t = 1.367\u00d710-23 \u00d7 1.0\u00d710-8 = 1.367\u00d710-31 .\n\n 6 / (5R) = 6 / (5 \u00d7 7.85\u00d710-10) = 1.53\u00d7109 m-1 .\n\n Insert in (1):\n\n \u0394\u03c6self,homog = (1.53\u00d7109) \u00d7 (1.367\u00d710-31) \u00d7 ( \u20131/3 ) \n = \u20136.97\u00d710-23 rad . (4)\n\nStep 3: Atomic sub-structure (optionally) \nBecause the particle is smaller than a nanometre, the additional self-energies of the 100 individual Si nuclei, each localised to \u03c3 \u2248 7 pm at 100 mK, give a comparable correction (eq. (18) of the paper):\n\n \u0394\u03c6atom \u2243 \u221a(2/\u03c0) (G m mSi t)/(\u0127 \u03c3) cos(2\u03b1)\n\n = 0.798 \u00d7 6.674\u00d710-11 \u00d7 4.649\u00d710-24 \u00d7 4.649\u00d710-26 \u00d7 1\u00d710-8 \n /(1.0546\u00d710-34 \u00d7 6.96\u00d710-12) \u00d7 ( \u20131/3 )\n\n \u2248 \u20135.2\u00d710-23 rad . (5)\n\nStep 4: Total expected phase shift \n\n \u0394\u03c6total \u2243 \u0394\u03c6self,homog + \u0394\u03c6atom \n \u2248 ( \u20137.0 \u2013 5.2 ) \u00d710-23 rad \n \u2248 \u20131.2\u00d710-22 radians . (6)\n\nEven when the atomic contribution is included the phase accumulated in 10 ns amounts to\nroughly 10-22 rad\u2014twenty orders of magnitude below what can be resolved experimentally.\nIt is therefore entirely negligible for any present or fore-seeable Stern\u2013Gerlach interference\nexperiment with such a small (\u2248 1 nm) silicon cluster.", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1. Understand the Setup\n\nA particle composed of 100 silicon atoms (total spin \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\)) is placed in a Stern\u2013Gerlach apparatus. Its wave function is split into two branches:\n\n\\[\n\\psi = \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{3}} |a\\rangle + \\sqrt{\\frac{2}{3}} |b\\rangle\n\\]\n\nThe branches follow different trajectories, separated by a distance \\( d \\gg R \\), where \\( R \\) is the radius of the particle. The particle is in free flight for \\( T = 10 \\text{ns} = 10^{-8} \\text{s} \\).\n\nIn the semiclassical self-gravity model, the gravitational field is sourced by the probability density \\( |\\psi|^2 \\). Each branch experiences a gravitational potential due to the other branch, leading to a relative phase shift.\n\n---\n\n### Step 2. Gravitational Potential from the Other Branch\n\nSince the branches are well-separated (\\( d \\gg R \\)), we treat each as a point mass. The mass in each branch is:\n\n- Branch \\( a \\): \\( m_a = m \\cdot |c_a|^2 = m \\cdot \\frac{1}{3} \\)\n- Branch \\( b \\): \\( m_b = m \\cdot |c_b|^2 = m \\cdot \\frac{2}{3} \\)\n\nThe gravitational potential at branch \\( a \\) due to branch \\( b \\) is:\n\n\\[\n\\Phi_b(\\mathbf{r}_a) \\approx -\\frac{G m_b}{d} = -\\frac{G m}{d} \\cdot \\frac{2}{3}\n\\]\n\nThe potential energy for a particle in branch \\( a \\) is:\n\n\\[\nU_a = m \\Phi_b(\\mathbf{r}_a) = -\\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{G m^2}{d}\n\\]\n\nSimilarly, for branch \\( b \\):\n\n\\[\nU_b = -\\frac{1}{3} \\cdot \\frac{G m^2}{d}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 3. Phase Evolution and Relative Phase Shift\n\nThe phase accumulated over time \\( T \\) in each branch is:\n\n- \\( \\varphi_a = -\\frac{U_a T}{\\hbar} = \\frac{2}{3} \\cdot \\frac{G m^2 T}{\\hbar d} \\)\n- \\( \\varphi_b = -\\frac{U_b T}{\\hbar} = \\frac{1}{3} \\cdot \\frac{G m^2 T}{\\hbar d} \\)\n\nThe relative phase shift is:\n\n\\[\n\\Delta \\varphi = \\varphi_b - \\varphi_a = -\\frac{1}{3} \\cdot \\frac{G m^2 T}{\\hbar d}\n\\]\n\nTaking the absolute value:\n\n\\[\n|\\Delta \\varphi| = \\frac{G m^2 T}{3 \\hbar d}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 4. Estimate the Numerical Values\n\n- Mass of one silicon atom: \n \\[\n m_{\\text{Si}} = 28 \\times 1.66 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} = 4.65 \\times 10^{-26} \\text{kg}\n \\]\n- Total mass: \n \\[\n m = 100 \\times 4.65 \\times 10^{-26} = 4.65 \\times 10^{-24} \\text{kg}\n \\]\n- \\( m^2 = (4.65 \\times 10^{-24})^2 = 2.16 \\times 10^{-47} \\text{kg}^2 \\)\n- Gravitational constant: \n \\[\n G = 6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\text{m}^3 \\text{kg}^{-1} \\text{s}^{-2}\n \\]\n- \\( G m^2 = 6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\times 2.16 \\times 10^{-47} = 1.44 \\times 10^{-57} \\text{J} \\cdot \\text{m} \\)\n- Reduced Planck\u2019s constant: \n \\[\n \\hbar = 1.05 \\times 10^{-34} \\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}\n \\]\n- Time: \n \\[\n T = 10^{-8} \\text{s}\n \\]\n- Assume separation: \n \\[\n d = 10 \\text{nm} = 10^{-8} \\text{m}\n \\]\n\nNow compute:\n\n\\[\n|\\Delta \\varphi| = \\frac{1.44 \\times 10^{-57} \\times 10^{-8}}{3 \\times 1.05 \\times 10^{-34} \\times 10^{-8}} = \\frac{1.44 \\times 10^{-65}}{3.15 \\times 10^{-42}} \\approx 4.57 \\times 10^{-24} \\text{rad}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 5. Final Answer\n\nThe expected self-gravitational phase shift is:\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{4.6 \\times 10^{-24}}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "The semiclassical model sources the gravitational potential with the position-space probability density \u03c1(r) = m |\u03c8(r)|\u00b2, where \u03c8 is the total wavefunction and m is the total mass of the particle.\n\nThe wavefunction is \u03c8 = \u221a(1/3) \u03c8_a + \u221a(2/3) \u03c8_b, with \u03c8_a and \u03c8_b localized at separated positions, no overlap since d >> R.\n\nThe mass density is \u03c1(r) = (m/3) |\u03c8_a(r)|\u00b2 + (2m/3) |\u03c8_b(r)|\u00b2.\n\nThe gravitational potential \u03a6(r) is determined by \u2207\u00b2 \u03a6 = 4\u03c0 G \u03c1.\n\nThe phase accumulated in branch a is - (1/\u210f) \u222b m \u03a6(r_a) dt \u2248 - (m \u03a6_a t / \u210f), assuming constant \u03a6 during t = 10 ns free flight.\n\nSimilarly for branch b: - (m \u03a6_b t / \u210f).\n\nThe relative phase shift \u0394\u03c6 = - (m / \u210f) (\u03a6_a - \u03a6_b) t.\n\n\u03a6_a = \u03a6_self^a(r_a) + \u03a6_from_b(r_a) \u2248 (1/3) \u03a6_class + (- G (2m/3) / d), approximating branches as points for cross term.\n\n\u03a6_b = (2/3) \u03a6_class + (- G (m/3) / d).\n\n\u03a6_class \u2248 - (6/5) G m / R is the average classical potential inside the uniform sphere approximation.\n\nThe cross term contribution: \u03a6_a - \u03a6_b \u2248 - (1/3) G m / d.\n\nThe self term contribution: \u03a6_a - \u03a6_b \u2248 - (1/3) \u03a6_class.\n\nSince d >> R \u2248 0.78 nm, |\u03a6_from_b| ~ G (2m/3)/d << G (2m/3)/R ~ |\u03a6_class|, so cross term negligible compared to self term (the dominant effect from unequal probabilities in branches).\n\nThus, \u03a6_a - \u03a6_b \u2248 - (1/3) \u03a6_class = (1/3) |\u03a6_class| (since \u03a6_class < 0).\n\n\u0394\u03c6 \u2248 - (m / \u210f) ( (1/3) |\u03a6_class| ) (-t) wait, no: \u0394\u03c6 = - (m / \u210f) (\u03a6_a - \u03a6_b) t = - (m / \u210f) [ - (1/3) \u03a6_class ] t = (m / \u210f) (1/3) |\u03a6_class| t (positive sign convention for magnitude).\n\nm = 4.6495 \u00d7 10^{-24} kg.\n\nR \u2248 7.81 \u00d7 10^{-10} m.\n\nG m / R \u2248 3.974 \u00d7 10^{-25} m\u00b2/s\u00b2.\n\n|\u03a6_class| = (6/5) G m / R \u2248 4.769 \u00d7 10^{-25} m\u00b2/s\u00b2.\n\n(1/3) |\u03a6_class| \u2248 1.590 \u00d7 10^{-25} m\u00b2/s\u00b2.\n\nm \u00d7 (1/3) |\u03a6_class| \u2248 7.39 \u00d7 10^{-49} J.\n\nt = 10^{-8} s.\n\nm (1/3) |\u03a6_class| t \u2248 7.39 \u00d7 10^{-57} J s.\n\n\u210f = 1.0545718 \u00d7 10^{-34} J s.\n\n\u0394\u03c6 \u2248 7.01 \u00d7 10^{-23} radians.\n\nThe atomic localization length \u03c3 \u2248 4.5 pm << interatomic spacing \u2248 0.235 nm confirms the discrete structure approximation is valid, similar to continuous for phase order of magnitude.\n\n\\boxed{7 \\times 10^{-23}}", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Analyzes that a sphere of 100 silicon atoms has a mass of $2800 - 2810 \\ \\text{u}$ or $4.6-4.7 \\ 10^{-24}\\,\\text{ kg}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Analyzes that from the density of $2.3 - 2.4$ $\\text{g}/\\text{cm}^3$ for silicon and the mass of $2800 - 2810\\, \\text{u}$ for a sphere of 100 silicon atoms, given the volume $V = \\frac{4}{3}\\pi R^3$ of a sphere, it follows that the sphere has a radius of $R = (3 m / (4 \\pi \\rho))^{1/3} = 0.78$ nm.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that silicon has a density of $2.3 - 2.4\\, \\text{g}/\\text{cm}^3$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the phase shift due to atomic self-energy can be calculated using the values of $m = 100 m_a$, $m_a = 28$ u (atomic mass of silicon), and $\\sigma = 7.0$ pm (atomic localization length), according to the equation $\\Delta \\phi_\\text{atom} = \\sqrt{2/\\pi} G m m_a t \\cos(2\\alpha) / (\\hbar \\sigma)$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates that the phase contribution from atomic self-energy is $5.3\\times 10^{-23}$ (or $-5.3\\times 10^{-23}$ if $cos(2\\alpha)$ is taken as -1/3) with a precision of $+/-1\\times 10^{-24}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that for the derivation gravity can be assumed to only be a weak correction and that effects can be expanded to linear order in the gravitational constant G.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the wave packets being narrow, more precisely, the position space variance for each individual branch of the wave function being much smaller than $R^2$, where R is the radius of the spherical particle, implies that the self-gravitational potential can be Taylor expanded to quadratic order around the center of the particle.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the spreading of the wave packets in the Stern-Gerlach experiment with spin-1/2 particles can be approximated by the free spreading $A_f = A_0 + (\\hbar t/2m)^2 / A_0$, where $A_0$ is the initial variance and $A_f$ the variance at time $t$. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the narrow wave function approximation, i.e. the width of the wave function remains below the particle radius, is applicable in the situation described in the prompt.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that neglecting the time over which the trajectories are split, i.e. are passing a field gradient, implies that the gravitational phases are constant, $-\\frac{6 G m^2}{5 R} \\cos(2\\alpha)$, where $\\cos\\alpha = 1/\\sqrt{3}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Argues that the free spreading $A_f = A_0 + (\\hbar t/2m)^2 / A_0$ of a wave packet has a lower limit of $A_f = \\hbar t / m$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the total phase is between $1.1\\times 10^{-22}$ and $1.3\\times 10^{-22}$ (or between $-1.3\\times 10^{-22}$ and $-1.1\\times 10^{-22}$).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates that the phase contribution from the center of mass self-energy is $7.1\\times 10^{-23}$ (or $-7.1\\times 10^{-23}$ if $cos(2\\alpha)$ is taken as -1/3) with a precision of $+/- \\times 10^{-24}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that for the right choice of initial wave function the wave function width remains below 0.5 nm and thus well below the particle radius of 0.78 nm.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the phase due to the change in the wave function width is of the order of the difference in position variance divided by the radius squared, which is negligible in the narrow wave-function case considered.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the phase contribution due to the other part of the trajectory is of the order of $G m^2/d$ and thus suppressed by a factor of $R/d \\gg 1$.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that relevant material dependent values for silicon must be found: atomic mass, density, and atomic localization length at 100 mK.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "checked", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recognizes that the atomic self-energy yields a relevant contribution for a particle radius below 1 nm, which applies to the situation in the prompt, where the radius is found to be 0.78 nm.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that, if the spin-1/2 particle is considered to be a homogeneous sphere, the gravitational potential between the two particle trajectories $u^\\uparrow$ and $u^\\downarrow$ is $-\\frac{Gm^2}{3R} \\left( \\Xi(|z-u^\\uparrow|/(2R)) + 2 \\Xi(|z-u^\\downarrow|/(2R)) \\right)$, where $\\Xi(\\xi) = 6/5 - 2 \\xi^2 + 3 \\xi^3 / 2 - \\xi^5 / 5$ for $\\xi \\leq 1$ and $\\Xi(\\xi) = 1/(2\\xi)$ for $\\xi > 1$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recognizes that the prompt asks about the specific limiting case of self-gravity for a spin-1/2 particle in a Stern-Gerlach experiment where the particle can be considered to be a sphere with an internal atomic structure, split into two sharply peaked wave packets at a fixed distance for the duration of free flight, where the time for separation and merging is negligible.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the assumption that the time for separating/merging the trajectories is much smaller than the free flight time is explicitly mentioned in the prompt.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the phase is unobservable in realistic experiments.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that silicon has an atomic mass of $28.0 - 28.1\\, \\text{u}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that silicon has an atomic localization length of $6.9 - 7.0\\,\\text{pm}$ at 100 mK.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates that under ideal initial conditions the wave function width is limited to $\\sqrt{A_f} = \\sqrt{\\hbar t / m} = \\sqrt{\\hbar \\times 10\\,\\text{ns} / 4.66e-24\\,\\text{kg}} = 0.48\\,\\text{nm}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recognizes that there are two contributions to the phase shift that must be considered: the phase due to the center of mass gravitational self-energy, and the phase due to the localization of each atom within the spherical particle which contributes its own gravitational self-energy.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that treating the two spin eigenstates to follow spatially distinct trajectories separated by a distance $d > 2R$, where $R$ is the radius of the spherical particle, implies a constant self-gravitational potential.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the phases and other quantities calculated in intermediate steps with two to four significant digits.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the given superposition state $\\sqrt{1/3} |a> + \\sqrt{2/3} |b>$ with the general form $\\cos\\alpha \\ket{\\uparrow} + \\sin\\alpha\\ket{\\downarrow}$ of a qubit state, where the relative phase is absorbed into the definition of the spatial wave function, concluding that $\\cos(2\\alpha) = 1/3$ or $-1/3$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-1", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "A master\u2019s student who recently joined our group is eager to challenge himself by synthesizing compounds featuring Al\u2013Al and Ga\u2013Ga multiple bonds, inspired by recent works in the field. Some researchers recently reported the successful synthesis of a compound with a B\u2013B triple bond, and the student aims to prepare the Al\u2013Al and Ga\u2013Ga analogues. \n\nTo deepen the student\u2019s understanding of group 13 chemistry, it would be valuable to conduct a systematic analysis of systems featuring group 13 triple bonds, rather than focusing solely on synthesizing two compounds. Therefore, we propose designing an experiment to test whether incorporating heavier group 13 elements into a triple bond is indeed more challenging. Using an experimental setup and conditions reported in some literature:\n\n1. Initial preparation\na. Provide a list of combinations of two group 13 elements for which a similar synthetic pathway to that reported previously can be applied.\nb. Suggest two types of ligands with the electronic properties identified in the articles for use in the experiment.\n\n2. Characterization\na. Recommend characterization methods for the initial identification of the products when crystals are not yet available.\nb. Outline the expected changes observable in the initial identification described above, from the single-bonded systems to the triple-bonded systems, and explain the reasons for these changes.\n\n3. Design and further analysis\na. Propose an additional approach to evaluate the synthetic challenge of these systems, beyond simply determining whether the target compounds can be successfully obtained, and explain why this approach is good for this study.\nb. Suggest possible modifications to the synthetic route if any of the attempted syntheses are unsuccessful.\n\nPlease prepare a note addressing the above points so that the student can develop a clear plan for his work.\n", "o3_response": "Internal note \n\u201cMapping the synthetic space for E\u2013E triple bonds (E = B, Al, Ga)\u201d\n\nThe aim is to move beyond the preparation of two isolated compounds and to obtain comparative data that reveal how the difficulty of forging an E\u2261E bond changes on descending group 13. The outline below follows the order requested by the student.\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n1.\u2003Initial preparation\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n1 a. Element combinations that can, in principle, be accessed by the two-step strategy used for the diboryne of Braunschweig (carbene-adduct of a dihalo-precursor followed by reductive coupling with KC8/Cr(II)):\n\n\u2002\u2022\u2002homonuclear\n\u2003B\u2013B\u2003\u2003(reference, already known) \n\u2003Al\u2013Al\u2003 (no isolable neutral \u201cdialuminyne\u201d yet) \n\u2003Ga\u2013Ga\u2003 (no isolable digallyne yet)\n\n\u2002\u2022\u2002heteronuclear\n\u2003B\u2013Al\u2003\u2003(B\u2013Al cumulene-like species calculated; synthetically realistic) \n\u2003B\u2013Ga\u2003\u2003(one B\u2013Ga double bond known; triple not yet) \n\u2003Al\u2013Ga\u2003 (extrapolation of Al\u2013Al/Ga\u2013Ga chemistry)\n\nPairs that involve In or Tl are not suggested: the necessary +I/+II redox couples and supporting ligand sets are poorly developed and the M\u2261M force constants become too small for meaningful comparison.\n\n1 b. Ligand classes that provide (i) very strong \u03c3-donation, (ii) at least moderate \u03c0-acceptance to \u201ccollect\u201d the extra electron density, and (iii) substantial steric protection:\n\n\u2002\u2022\u2002N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) \u2013 IMes, IPr, IPr* etc. \n\u2002\u2022\u2002Cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) \u2013 stronger \u03c0-acceptors, useful when the heavier elements need help in accumulating multiple-bond character.\n\n(If a backup ligand type is required, extremely bulky phosphines such as PtBu3 or terphenyl-substituted phosphanes can be substituted.)\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n2.\u2003Characterisation before crystals are in hand\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n2 a. Techniques\n\n\u2002\u2022\u2002Solution NMR: ^11B, ^27Al, ^69/^71Ga; HMQC/HMBC to derive ^1J(^11B\u2013^11B) or ^1J(^27Al\u2013^27Al) where applicable. \n\u2002\u2022\u2002Solid-state NMR (MAS DQF-J resolved) for quadrupolar nuclei \u2013 methodology identical to Perras & Bryce (Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 3378). \n\u2002\u2022\u2002Resonance Raman/FT-IR: the E\u2261E stretch appears as a strong, narrow band (B\u2261B 1710\u20131750 cm-1; expected Al\u2261Al 1100\u20131250 cm-1; Ga\u2261Ga 950\u20131050 cm-1). \n\u2002\u2022\u2002UV/Vis: alkynyl-type \u03c3\u2192\u03c0* transition; shifts bathochromically with heavier elements. \n\u2002\u2022\u2002High-resolution ESI or LIFDI mass spectrometry to confirm stoichiometry.\n\n2 b. What will change from single to triple bonds, and why\n\n\u2002\u2022\u2002J-couplings: ^1J(E,E) rises sharply (diborane \u2248 100 Hz \u2192 diboryne 180\u2013190 Hz). Origin: higher s-character in the \u03c3-bond (Bent\u2019s rule) and shorter bond length increase Fermi-contact term. For Al and Ga, literature predicts 30\u201360 Hz (single) vs 90\u2013120 Hz (triple). \n\u2002\u2022\u2002\u03bd(E\u2013E) stretch: frequency increases with bond order (Hooke\u2019s law \u2013 higher force constant). Because force constants fall with atomic mass, the absolute number still drops B > Al > Ga. \n\u2002\u2022\u2002^11B, ^27Al, ^69Ga chemical shifts: deshielding of the E nuclei upon formation of an sp-hybridised environment (downfield shift of 10-20 ppm for B; comparable trends but smaller for Al/Ga). \n\u2002\u2022\u2002UV/Vis: blue shift for cumulene-like E=E species; a triple bond gives a well-defined absorption (\u03c0\u2192\u03c0*), but heavier elements lower the transition energy, so Al\u2261Al and Ga\u2261Ga absorptions are expected further to the red (good visual handle).\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n3.\u2003Design and further analysis\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n3 a. Additional metric of \u201csynthetic challenge\u201d\n\nDetermine the activation/(de)composition kinetics of the putative E\u2261E species by variable-temperature NMR or stopped-flow UV/Vis. Extract half-lives (t\u00bd) at 25 \u00b0C:\n\n\u2003B\u2261B >10 d (literature) \n\u2003Al\u2261Al ? (target) \n\u2003Ga\u2261Ga ? (target)\n\nA shorter t\u00bd as the element gets heavier would quantify the increased instability even if isolation succeeds only at low temperature. This kinetic parameter is preferable to a simple \u201cmade/not-made\u201d outcome because it yields a continuous scale that reflects both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of bond formation.\n\n3 b. Contingency modifications to the synthetic route\n\n(i) Stronger \u03c3-donor/\u03c0-acceptor ligands (switch from NHC to CAAC; add perfluoroaryl substituents to increase \u03c0-acidity).\n\n(ii) Increase steric shielding: employ \u201csuper-mesityl\u201d or 2,6-[2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2]2C6H3 groups to inhibit aggregation/disproportionation.\n\n(iii) Change reductant: use Mg(I) dimers, Cp*2Co or Na/Hg amalgam if KC8 fails, to tune reduction potential and avoid over-reduction.\n\n(iv) Anion-stabilised route: generate (ECl2)\u2013 or (ER2)\u2013 and assemble the E\u2261E unit by controlled oxidation (reverse of the reductive coupling) as successfully done for Si\u2261Si.\n\n(v) Low-temperature flow reactor (-78 \u00b0C) to suppress side reactions and allow immediate trapping of the nascent E\u2261E species by ligand coordination.\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\nDeliverables for the student\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\u2022\u2002Table of element pairs, precursor halides, recommended ligand, predicted spectroscopic signatures. \n\u2022\u2002Standard operating procedure for the KC8/THF reduction (glove-box & Schlenk version). \n\u2022\u2002NMR acquisition parameters for ^11B, ^27Al, ^69/^71Ga DQF-J experiments. \n\u2022\u2002Excel template to record t\u00bd values and build the \u201cstability vs atomic number\u201d plot.\n\nThis plan should enable the student to (i) assess systematically whether heavier group 13 triple bonds are indeed more difficult to access, and (ii) understand the electronic/spectroscopic consequences of increasing bond order across the series.", "r1-0528_response": "Of course. Here is a detailed note designed to guide the master's student in developing a systematic and insightful research plan.\n\n***\n\n**To:** [Master's Student]\n**From:** [PI/Advisor]\n**Date:** [Current Date]\n**Subject:** Research Plan: Investigating the Feasibility of Group 13 Triple Bonds (Al\u2013Al, Ga\u2013Ga)\n\nWelcome to the group. Your enthusiasm for tackling the challenge of heavier group 13 multiple bonds is excellent. This note outlines a systematic approach to your project, moving beyond a simple synthetic attempt to a deeper investigation of periodic trends in bond formation.\n\n### 1. Initial Preparation\n\n**a) List of feasible Group 13 element combinations:**\n\nThe reported synthesis of a B\u2261B triple bond typically involves reductive coupling of a monovalent precursor, often a halide or organometallic compound, stabilized by a bulky ligand. Applying this pathway to heavier analogues is increasingly challenging due to the larger atomic radii, poorer p-orbital overlap, and lower electronegativity of the heavier elements, which favor clustering over discrete multiple bond formation.\n\nThe most feasible combinations, in order of increasing synthetic challenge, are:\n\n1. **B\u2013B:** The proven case. This should be your positive control to validate your synthetic setup and characterization methods.\n2. **B\u2013Ga / B\u2013Al:** Heteronuclear combinations. The electronegativity difference (B: 2.0, Al: 1.5, Ga: 1.6) introduces polarity, which may stabilize the bond compared to the homonuclear cases. The smaller boron atom may also facilitate better overlap with the gallium or aluminum p-orbital.\n3. **Ga\u2013Ga:** The primary target. Gallium has a higher tendency to form multiple bonds than aluminum due to its more diffuse orbitals and reduced Lewis acidity, making it a more promising candidate for a Ga\u2261Ga triple bond.\n4. **Al\u2013Al:** The most challenging homonuclear target. The small covalent radius and high Lewis acidity of aluminum strongly favor the formation of electron-deficient clusters (e.g., AlR\u2083 \u2192 Al\u2082R\u2086 dimers with 2e-2c bonds) rather than localized multiple bonds.\n5. **In\u2013In / Tl\u2013Tl:** These are highly improbable with current ligand sets and reductive coupling methods. The energy of the p-orbitals is too low, and the inert-pair effect is too strong, making the formation of a traditional triple bond essentially impossible. They should not be initial targets.\n\n**b) Suggested ligand types with appropriate electronic properties:**\n\nThe key electronic property is strong \u03c3-donation to stabilize the electron-poor, low-valent group 13 center. Steric bulk is equally critical to prevent disproportionation or cluster formation.\n\n1. **N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs):** *Excellent choice.* They are extremely strong \u03c3-donors with weak \u03c0-acceptor ability, which is perfect for pumping electron density into the empty p-orbitals of the group 13 atom. Their steric properties are also highly tunable (e.g., IPr, IMes, IDipp).\n2. **Bulky Aryls (Terphenyls):** *The classic choice for main group multiple bonds.* Ligands like :C\u2086H\u2083-2,6-(C\u2086H\u2083-2,6-\u2071Pr\u2082)\u2082 (often denoted as Ar*) or :C\u2086H\u2083-2,6-(C\u2086H\u2082-2,4,6-\u2071Pr\u2083)\u2082 (Bbt) provide a immense steric shield. Their electronic contribution is primarily through the \u03c3-framework of the aromatic ring.\n\n### 2. Characterization\n\n**a) Recommended characterization methods (without crystals):**\n\nWhen X-ray crystallography is not immediately available, a combination of techniques is essential for initial identification:\n\n* **Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy:** The first and most informative step.\n * **\u00b9H and \u00b9\u00b3C NMR:** To confirm the integrity and symmetry of the ligand set.\n * **\u00b9\u00b9B NMR (for boron-containing species):** Cruicable for identifying the chemical environment of boron. A highly deshielded signal is often indicative of multiple bond character.\n * **\u00b2\u2077Al NMR (for aluminum species):** While challenging due to quadrupolar broadening, it can provide clues if a sharp signal is observed.\n* **UV-Vis Spectroscopy:** Compounds with multiple bonds often have characteristic low-energy electronic transitions (\u03c0\u2192\u03c0*) due to the HOMO-LUMO gap of the multiple bond. This can be a strong preliminary indicator.\n* **Raman Spectroscopy:** **This is critical.** The vibrational stretching frequency (\u03bd) of the E\u2013E bond is a direct probe of bond order and strength. A triple bond will have a significantly higher Raman shift than a single or double bond.\n* **Mass Spectrometry (ESI- or APCI-MS):** To confirm the molar mass of the target compound and rule out the formation of larger clusters (e.g., tetramers, hexamers).\n\n**b) Expected changes from single- to triple-bonded systems:**\n\n* **NMR Spectroscopy:**\n * **Reason:** Increased bond order leads to a more deshielded nucleus due to the anisotropic magnetic field of the \u03c0-electron cloud and changes in electron density.\n * **Expected Change:** A significant **downfield shift** (increase in ppm) for the nucleus of the group 13 element (e.g., \u00b9\u00b9B, \u00b2\u2077Al, \u2076\u2079/\u2077\u00b9Ga) when comparing a triple-bonded compound [L\u2013E\u2261E\u2013L] to a single-bonded precursor [L\u2013E\u2013E\u2013L] or dimer [L\u2013E]\u2082.\n* **UV-Vis Spectroscopy:**\n * **Reason:** A triple bond has a defined \u03c0\u2192\u03c0* transition.\n * **Expected Change:** The appearance of a **new, low-energy absorption band** (e.g., in the visible or near-IR region) that is not present in the single-bonded precursor. This band is often responsible for intense color.\n* **Raman Spectroscopy:**\n * **Reason:** Bond strength is directly proportional to vibrational frequency (\u03bd \u221d \u221a(k/\u03bc), where k is the force constant).\n * **Expected Change:** A **drastic increase in the E\u2013E stretching frequency**. For example:\n * A B\u2013B single bond (e.g., in R\u2082B\u2013BR\u2082) vibrates at ~700-900 cm\u207b\u00b9.\n * A B=B double bond vibrates at ~1400-1600 cm\u207b\u00b9.\n * A B\u2261B triple bond is reported at **1890 cm\u207b\u00b9**.\n * You would expect a similar, though reduced, trend for Al and Ga (e.g., \u03bd(Al\u2261Al) < \u03bd(Ga\u2261Ga) < \u03bd(B\u2261B)).\n\n### 3. Design and Further Analysis\n\n**a) Proposed additional approach to evaluate synthetic challenge:**\n\n**Approach:** Systematically synthesize and characterize the **single- and double-bonded analogues** (e.g., [L\u2013E\u2013E\u2013L] and [L\u2013E=E\u2013L]) for the series B, Al, Ga *using the same ligand framework*.\n\n**Why this is a good approach:**\nSimply obtaining or not obtaining the triple bond is a binary outcome that provides little mechanistic insight. This approach allows you to map the **\"energy landscape\"** of bond formation.\n1. **Trend Analysis:** You can track how the E\u2013E bond enthalpy, bond length (from XRD), and vibrational frequency change descending the group. You would expect a sharp decrease in stability and bond order from B to Al.\n2. **Identification of the Breaking Point:** You can determine if the challenge is in forming the double bond or in the final oxidation step from double to triple bond. For instance, you might find that Al=Al double bonds are accessible but extremely reactive, oxidizing or decomposing readily, making the final step to Al\u2261Al impossible.\n3. **Thermodynamic vs. Kinetic Challenge:** Studying the stability and reactivity of the double-bonded intermediates will show if the problem is thermodynamic (the triple bond is just too weak to exist) or kinetic (it forms but is impossibly reactive).\n\n**b) Possible modifications if syntheses are unsuccessful:**\n\nIf the direct reductive coupling route fails, consider these strategies:\n\n1. **Ligand Modification:**\n * **Increased Steric Bulk:** Move to an even larger substituent on your NHC or terphenyl ligand to provide greater kinetic protection.\n * **Electronic Tuning:** For NHCs, use ligands with even stronger \u03c3-donor and weaker \u03c0-acceptor properties (e.g., cyclic alkyl amino carbenes, CAACs) to better stabilize the electron-deficient metal centers.\n\n2. **Alternative Synthetic Pathways:**\n * **Salt Metathesis:** Instead of reducing a dihalide, try a salt elimination reaction: `L\u2013E\u2013Cl + Na\u2013E\u2013L \u2192 L\u2013E\u2013E\u2013L + NaCl`. This might offer a milder route.\n * **Use of Low-Valent Precursors:** Attempt the reaction using already low-valent sources, such as gallium(I) or aluminum(I) halides (\"galanes\" or \"alanes\"), if they are accessible, with your ligand.\n * **Redox-Active Ligands:** Employ ligands that can participate in the redox process themselves, potentially mitigating the extreme electron-transfer requirements placed solely on the group 13 elements. This is an advanced but powerful strategy.\n\nThis plan should provide a robust framework for your research. Start with replicating the boron system to gain experience, then move methodically to the gallium and aluminum analogues. Focus on thorough characterization at every step.\n", "grok4_response": "Below is a structured note prepared for the master's student, based on the query and drawing from the provided literature (e.g., the 2012 Science paper on diboryne synthesis and the RSC paper on B-B triple bond characterization via 11B-11B J-coupling). This note aims to guide a systematic experimental plan for exploring group 13 triple bonds, emphasizing heavier elements (Al, Ga) while building on boron chemistry. The plan expands beyond just Al-Al and Ga-Ga synthesis to a broader analysis, testing the hypothesis that heavier group 13 elements pose greater synthetic challenges for triple bonds due to factors like weaker orbital overlap, relativistic effects (for heavier elements), and differing geometries (e.g., trans-bent structures in digallyne/dialuminyne vs. linear diboryne).\n\nThe synthetic pathway referenced is inspired by the diboryne synthesis (Science, 2012, 336, 1420), involving reduction of ligand-stabilized dihaloborane precursors (e.g., L-BX2, where L is a ligand and X is halide) using strong reducing agents like KC8 in inert solvents (e.g., THF or benzene) under anaerobic conditions to form L-E\u2261E-L (E = group 13 element). This pathway can be adapted for heavier analogues, though success decreases down the group due to increasing element size and bond weakness.\n\n---\n\n### Note for Master's Student: Systematic Study of Group 13 Triple Bonds\n\nDear [Student's Name],\n\nTo deepen your understanding of group 13 chemistry and test whether heavier elements (e.g., Al, Ga) make triple bond synthesis more challenging, we'll design a systematic experiment. This goes beyond targeting just Al-Al and Ga-Ga analogues of the diboryne. Instead, we'll explore a series of systems, using the diboryne synthesis as a benchmark. The goal is to correlate synthetic feasibility with element identity, ligand effects, and bond multiplicity (single vs. triple). Challenges for heavier elements may arise from longer bond lengths, lower bond energies, and non-classical bonding (e.g., trans-bent geometries in Ga-Ga/Al-Al systems, as noted in the literature).\n\nWe'll use the experimental setup from the 2012 Science paper: reduction of ligand-stabilized precursors (e.g., L-EX2) with KC8 in THF at low temperature (-78\u00b0C to RT), under Ar atmosphere, followed by purification via filtration and recrystallization. Scale: 0.5-2 mmol precursor. Safety: Handle air-sensitive materials in a glovebox; KC8 is pyrophoric.\n\n#### 1. Initial Preparation\na. **List of Combinations of Two Group 13 Elements** \n We'll focus on homonuclear pairs for simplicity, as heteronuclear systems (e.g., B-Al) introduce asymmetry and may complicate characterization. These can be targeted using adaptations of the diboryne pathway (e.g., starting from L-EX2 precursors, where E = group 13 element). Select precursors that are commercially available or easily synthesized (e.g., via ligand coordination to EX3). Prioritize B-B as a positive control (already successful), then heavier analogues. \n\n - B-B (benchmark; successful in literature with linear geometry). \n - Al-Al (challenging; literature reports dialuminyne with trans-bent geometry and partial triple bond character). \n - Ga-Ga (challenging; digallyne is trans-bent, with weaker triple bond character than B-B). \n - In-In (very challenging; heavier, with even weaker bonds and potential instability). \n - Tl-Tl (extremely challenging; relativistic effects and toxicity make this low-priority; avoid unless computational screening justifies). \n\n Start with B-B, Al-Al, and Ga-Ga (your interests), then expand to In-In if initial results are promising. For each, aim for L-E\u2261E-L products. If homonuclear synthesis fails, consider heteronuclear pairs like B-Al or Al-Ga for insights into mixed-element bonding.\n\nb. **Suggested Ligands** \n Ligands are crucial for stabilizing the low-valent E-E multiple bonds by providing sigma donation and pi-acceptance. Based on the literature (e.g., diboryne stabilized by carbenes), select ligands with strong sigma-donor/weak pi-acceptor properties for linear triple bonds, or higher pi-acidity for cumulene-like structures. Use two types: \n\n - **N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs), e.g., 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene (IPr)**: Electronic properties \u2013 strong sigma donors with minimal pi-acidity, promoting classical triple bond formation (as in the diboryne L-B\u2261B-L). They satisfy the octet rule by donating electron density without excessive back-bonding. \n - **Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (CAACs), e.g., 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene**: Electronic properties \u2013 strong sigma donors with higher pi-acidity (due to the amino-alkyl structure), leading to cumulene-like electronics (e.g., L=B=B=L with delocalized pi-bonding, as in compound 2 of the RSC paper). This can stabilize heavier elements by accommodating electron deficiency. \n\n Prepare ligand-coordinated precursors (e.g., IPr-AlCl2 or CAAC-GaBr2) via literature methods (addition of free carbene to EX3 in toluene). Test both ligands for each E-E pair to assess how pi-acidity influences stability.\n\n#### 2. Characterization\na. **Recommended Methods for Initial Identification (Without Crystals)** \n When crystals are unavailable (e.g., due to amorphous products or instability), use spectroscopic methods to identify products and probe E-E bonding. Focus on solution- or solid-state techniques that don't require single crystals: \n\n - **Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy**: 11B NMR (for B-containing systems; \u03b4 ~0-100 ppm), 27Al NMR (for Al; broad lines due to quadrupolar nature), or 71Ga NMR (for Ga; sensitive to coordination). Look for downfield shifts indicative of low-valent E centers. Crucially, measure homonuclear J-coupling (e.g., J(11B-11B), J(27Al-27Al)) using advanced techniques like magic-angle spinning (MAS) double-quantum filtered (DQF) J-resolved experiments (as in the RSC paper). This directly probes bond multiplicity without crystals. \n - **IR/Raman Spectroscopy**: Detect E-E stretching modes (e.g., ~1600-1800 cm\u207b\u00b9 for B-B triple bonds; lower for heavier E-E). Compare to computed values. \n - **UV-Vis Spectroscopy**: Monitor for characteristic absorptions from pi-transitions in multiple bonds (e.g., ~300-500 nm). \n - **Mass Spectrometry (ESI or MALDI)**: Confirm molecular ions (e.g., [L-E\u2261E-L]+). \n\n Perform NMR/IR in situ (e.g., in sealed tubes under Ar) for air-sensitive products.\n\nb. **Expected Changes from Single-Bonded to Triple-Bonded Systems** \n Focus on NMR J-coupling constants, as they directly reflect orbital changes (RSC paper). Compare to known single-bonded systems (e.g., diboranes with E-E single bonds). \n\n - **Observable Changes**: J-coupling constants increase significantly from single- to triple-bonded systems (e.g., J(11B-11B) ~50-130 Hz for single bonds vs. ~160-190 Hz for triple bonds in B-B systems, as per RSC data). For heavier elements, expect similar trends but smaller absolute values (e.g., J(27Al-27Al) or J(71Ga-71Ga) might be 20-50% lower due to larger atomic size). NMR chemical shifts may shift downfield (e.g., 11B from ~20-40 ppm in single-bonded to ~0-10 ppm in triple-bonded). IR stretches shift to higher frequencies (stronger bonds). \n - **Reasons**: Triple bonds involve sp-hybridization (vs. sp\u00b3 in single bonds), increasing s-character in the sigma bond (from ~25% to 50%), which enhances Fermi-contact contributions to J-coupling (RSC paper). Shorter bond lengths in triple bonds improve orbital overlap, further increasing J. For heavier elements, relativistic effects and poorer p-orbital overlap may weaken this trend, making triple bonds \"less triple-like\" (e.g., bond order <3, as in trans-bent Ga-Ga systems). If J values don't increase as expected, it indicates synthetic failure or non-classical bonding.\n\n#### 3. Design and Further Analysis\na. **Additional Approach to Evaluate Synthetic Challenge** \n Beyond binary success/failure (e.g., isolating the product), quantify challenge by measuring reaction yields and product stability (e.g., half-life under air or thermal decomposition temperature via TGA). Compute bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and reaction barriers using DFT (e.g., PBE/TZP level, as in RSC paper) for each E-E system, correlating them with experimental yields. \n\n - **Why This is Good**: Yields/stability provide a continuous metric of difficulty (e.g., B-B yield >80% vs. Ga-Ga <20%), revealing trends like decreasing feasibility down the group due to weaker bonds (BDEs: B-B ~500 kJ/mol vs. Ga-Ga ~300 kJ/mol). Computations explain failures (e.g., high barriers for reduction) and guide optimization. This systematic approach aligns with the RSC paper's use of J-coupling and DFT to probe bond nature, enabling publication even if synthesis fails.\n\nb. **Possible Modifications if Syntheses Are Unsuccessful** \n If no product forms (e.g., decomposition or no E-E bonding evidence in NMR), iteratively modify the route: \n - **Change Reducing Agent**: Switch from KC8 to milder Na/naphthalene or stronger Li to control reduction potential (heavier elements may over-reduce). \n - **Alter Ligands**: If NHC fails, try bulkier variants (e.g., IMes) for steric protection or phosphines (e.g., PMe3) for different donor properties. \n - **Modify Solvent/Temperature**: Use diethyl ether instead of THF for better solubility, or lower temperature (-100\u00b0C) to trap intermediates. \n - **Precursor Variation**: Start with L2-EX2 (bidentate) for heavier elements to prevent oligomerization. \n - **Incorporate Substituents**: Add aryl groups (e.g., mesityl) on E for kinetic stabilization. Monitor via in situ NMR to identify failure points. \n\nTrack all attempts in a lab notebook for patterns. Start with B-B to validate setup, then proceed to Al-Al/Ga-Ga. Consult me weekly for progress.\n\nBest, \n[Your Name] \nGroup Leader \n\n---\n\nThis plan is feasible within a master's timeline (6-12 months), starting with synthesis (1-2 months per system) and moving to characterization/analysis. If needed, collaborate with computational experts for DFT.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Describe that the ^13C NMR signal for the carbon directly bonded to the group-13 center generally shows a noticeable upfield shift relative to the single-bond analogue, consistent with increased bond order and altered electronic environment; precise shift size is system-dependent.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Describe that the student should expect the signal of the group 13 element shift to downfield on the heteronuclear NMR spectrum (e.g. for 11B NMR, it goes from -4.8ppm, to 20ppm and then 39ppm), when the system is going from single bond to triple bond between two group 13 elements.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Explain the change on UV-Vis spectrum described in criteria 19 is attributed to stronger absorption when the bond order between group 13 elements increase.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a list of homonuclear combinations between group 13 elements that can be applied to the proper synthetic pathway.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Explain the shift on heteronuclear NMR described in criteria 15 is because the group 13 elements become more de-shielded when they goes from single bonded to triple bonded.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Suggests N-heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) as a type of ligand with sigma-donor and pi-acceptor electronic properties for use in the experiment.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Explains the reason that DFT is a good additional approach for this study, being that DFT is can provide quantitative analysis for the compounds when the successful synthesis of the compounds are not guaranteed.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Suggests Cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbenes(CAACs) as a type of ligand with sigma-donor and pi-acceptor electronic properties for use in the experiment.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Explain the shift on 13C NMR described is because the bond order between C and the group 13 elements will increase gradually, as the pi-acceptor properties comes into more effect.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends 13C NMR as a characterisation method for the initial identification of the products when crystals are not yet available.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Explain the minor shift on 1H NMR is because the ligand is donating more electron density to the group 13 elements.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes Density Functional Theory (DFT) as an additional approach to evaluate the synthetic challenge of these systems beyond simply determining whether the target compounds can be successfully obtained.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends 1H NMR as a characterization methods for the initial identification of the products when crystals are not yet available.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a list of heteronuclear combinations between group 13 elements that can be applied to the proper synthetic pathway.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies UV-Vis spectroscopy as a characterization method for initial identification.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends relevant heteronuclear as a characterisation method for the initial identification of the relevant products when crystals are not yet available, i.e.:\ncompounds involve B, use 11B NMR\ncompounds involve Al, use 27Al NMR\nand etc.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Describe that, when progressing from single- to triple-bonded group-13 systems, the ^1H NMR signals of nearby ligand environments are expected to show only subtle systematic shifts (often a slight downfield movement), with exact magnitude and direction dependent on ligand set and solvent.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies mass spectrometry as a characterization method for initial identification.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Suggest lowering the temperature as a possible modification to the synthetic route if any of the attempted syntheses are unsuccessful.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Suggest alternative ligands with more steric effect (such as NHCs with triisopropylphenyl as the N-substituents) as a possible modification to the syntheses.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Describe that the UV\u2013Vis absorption associated with the E\u2013E (group-13\u2013group-13) bond typically blue-shifts (moves to shorter wavelength/higher energy) as bond order increases from single to triple, with the exact wavelength change being ligand- and medium-dependent.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Suggest milder reducing agents such as KC8 as a possible modification to the synthetic route to avoid over-reduction.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-1", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "ABC Capital Partners is facing a liquidity crisis in one of its funds and is seeking to sell a large portfolio of assets (the \"Portfolio\") in order to free up liquidity. The Portfolio has been on the market for six months, but given the distressed nature of the assets in the Portfolio, the process has not yet yielded serious buyers. Last night, Michael, the CEO of ABC Capital Partners, received a phone call from John, the CEO of Nexus REIT, which trades under the ticker NXR-UN.TO (the \"REIT\"). John informed Michael that the REIT is interested in acquiring the Portfolio; however, it would need to be an all-stock transaction as the REIT is not able to pay with cash or debt. John has received full support from the REIT's board to move forward with the transaction, subject to the following terms:\n\nOffer details:\n- Portfolio acquisition price: $560mm\n- Common stock issuance price: $10.6 per share\n\nAssume the following key figures for the REIT:\n- Financial figures as of: Q1'25\n- Current share price: $8.00 per share\n- John's current ownership: 30.0%\n\nAssume the following key figures for the Portfolio:\n- Book value: $800mm\n- NOI: $40mm\n- Debt: $300mm (the debt cannot be assumed by the REIT)\n- Other Assets/Liabilities: Zero\n- ABC Capital Partners ownership: 100%\n\nYou have been tasked by Michael to analyze the economics of the offer and ultimately determine the minimum price ABC Capital Partners should be willing to accept. Here are your specific tasks:\n1. Based on the REIT's current book value, determine the REIT's (i) current cap rate (assume annualized quarterly NOI), (ii) debt-to-total-assets (do not include asset-held-for-sale debt in the calculation), and (iii) current share price premium or discount to net asset value (NAV)\n2. State how many shares John owns in the REIT and the current market value of his stake\n3. Based on the REIT's offer, determine how many shares the REIT would need to issue to satisfy the transaction. Assume that the deal does not incur any transaction costs\n4. Post-transaction, state what the following are for the merged company (the \"MergeCo\"): (i) MergeCo net asset value per share (assume the REIT recognizes the Portfolio at acquisition cost), (ii) MergeCo cap rate, and (iii) MergeCo debt-to-total-assets\n5. State what the pro forma ownership split percentages are of the MergeCo for (i) John and (ii) ABC Capital Partners\n6. Assuming that the share price stays the same post-transaction, calculate the realized gain or loss ABC Capital Partners would incur\n7. Calculate how much the share price would need to increase or decrease post-transaction for ABC Capital Partners to be breakeven\n8. Calculate how many months it would take for ABC Capital Partners to sell its stake in the MergeCo, assuming it can only sell a maximum of 20% of the 3-month average daily trading volume (assume that this figure is constant over the hold period)\n9. Calculate the minimum acquisition price that ABC Capital Partners should be willing to accept based on the following criteria: (i) maximum sale period of 72 months, (ii) maximum ABC Capital Partners pro forma MergeCo ownership of 40%, and (iii) maximum breakeven share price of $11.0\n\nAdditional tasks:\n10. All dollar figures should be quoted in millions and rounded to zero decimal places (except for dollar per share figures, which should be rounded to one decimal place). All percentages should be rounded to one decimal place\n11. Ignore all subsequent events quoted in management reporting\n\nYou must show all thinking and intermediate steps at each of these stages.", "o3_response": "NOTE\u2003All dollar figures in millions and rounded to the nearest $1 mm unless a \u201c$ /sh\u201d figure (1 decimal). \nPercentages are rounded to 0.1%.\n\nINPUT SUMMARY \n\u2022 Q1\u201925 quarterly NOI = $32 mm \n\u2022 Investment-property book value = $2,469 mm \n\u2022 Total assets = $2,574 mm \n\u2022 Mortgages (ex-held-for-sale) = $590 mm \n\u2022 Credit facilities = $664 mm \n\u2022 Lease liabilities \u2248 $11 mm \n \u2192 Interest-bearing debt to be used = $590 + $664 + $11 = $1,265 mm \n\u2022 NAV (Q1\u201925 MD&A) = $1,245 mm; NAV /unit = $13.2 \n\u2022 Listed REIT units outstanding = 71.1 mm \n\u2022 ABC offer: buy Portfolio for $560 mm, to be paid with REIT units priced at $10.6/sh \n\u2022 Portfolio: book value $800 mm, NOI $40 mm, debt $300 mm (REMAINS with ABC)\n\n1. REIT\u2019s current metrics \n (i) Cap rate (annualised Q1 NOI) \n\u2003Annualised NOI = 4 \u00d7 32 = $128 mm \n\u2003Cap rate = 128 / 2,469 = 0.052 \u2243 5.2 % \n\n (ii) Debt-to-total-assets (exclude A.H.F.S. debt) \n\u2003Debt = 1,265 mm \n\u2003Debt / total assets = 1,265 / 2,574 = 0.491 \u2243 49.1 % \n\n (iii) Market-price discount to NAV \n\u2003Price / NAV per unit = 8.0 / 13.2 = 0.61 \n\u2003Premium (discount) = (0.61 \u2013 1) = \u201339.4 % \u2192 39.4 % DISCOUNT \n\n2. John\u2019s holding \n\u2003John\u2019s units = 30 % \u00d7 71.1 mm = 21.3 mm \n\u2003Market value = 21.3 mm \u00d7 $8.0 = $171 mm \n\n3. Shares the REIT must issue to ABC \n\u2003Shares issued = 560 / 10.6 = 52.8 mm new units \n\n4. Post-transaction (MergeCo) metrics \n\u2003Total units outstanding = 71.1 + 52.8 = 123.9 mm \n\n (i) NAV / unit \n\u2003New NAV = 1,245 + 560 = $1,805 mm \n\u2003NAV / unit = 1,805 / 123.9 = $14.6/sh \n\n (ii) Cap rate \n\u2003New NOI = 128 + 40 = $168 mm \n\u2003New property value = 2,469 + 560 = $3,029 mm \n\u2003Cap rate = 168 / 3,029 = 5.6 % \n\n (iii) Debt-to-assets \n\u2003Debt unchanged = 1,265 mm \n\u2003Total assets = 2,574 + 560 = 3,134 mm \n\u2003Ratio = 1,265 / 3,134 = 40.4 % \n\n5. Pro-forma ownership \n\u2003John = 21.3 / 123.9 = 17.2 % \n\u2003ABC Capital = 52.8 / 123.9 = 42.6 % \n\n6. ABC\u2019s realised gain / (loss) at $8.00 share price \n\u2003Market value received = 52.8 mm \u00d7 $8.0 = $423 mm \n\u2003Paper consideration recorded = $560 mm \n\u2003Realised loss = 423 \u2013 560 = \u2013$137 mm \n\n7. Breakeven share price for ABC \n\u2003Required price P so that 52.8 mm \u00d7 P = 560 mm \u2192 P = $10.6/sh \n\u2003Change needed = +$2.6 or +32.5 % from $8.0 \n\n8. Months required for ABC to exit holding \n\u20033-mth avg daily volume \u2248 148,000 sh \n\u200320 % of ADV = 29,600 sh/day \n\u2003Days to sell 52.8 mm sh = 52.8 mm / 29,600 = 1,785 days \n\u2003Months = 1,785 / 30 \u2243 59 months \n\n9. Minimum price ABC should accept under constraints \n\u2003Let X = acquisition price (mm); shares issued S = X / 10.6 \n\n\u2003(a) Ownership \u2264 40 % \n\u2003\u2003S \u2264 0.4 (71.1 + S) \u2192 S \u2264 47.4 mm \u2192 X \u2264 502 mm \n\n\u2003(b) Breakeven price \u2264 $11.0 \n\u2003\u2003Breakeven price = 500 / S (ABC\u2019s net book equity = 800 \u2013 300) \n\u2003\u2003500 / S \u2264 11 \u21d2 S \u2265 45.5 mm \u21d2 X \u2265 482 mm \n\n\u2003(c) Exit period \u2264 72 months \n\u2003\u200345.5 mm sh (from b) would take \n\u2003\u200345.5 mm / 29,600 \u2248 1,535 days = 51 months (<72) \u2714 \n\n\u2003Therefore the tightest bound is (b): X \u2265 $482 mm while (a) caps it at $502 mm. \n\u2003Minimum acceptable price (rounded) = $482 mm \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \nSUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS \n1. Cap rate 5.2 % | Debt / Assets 49.1 % | 39.4 % market discount to NAV \n2. John holds 21.3 mm units worth $171 mm \n3. Shares to issue to ABC: 52.8 mm \n4. MergeCo \u2013 NAV/sh $14.6 | Cap rate 5.6 % | Debt / Assets 40.4 % \n5. Ownership \u2013 John 17.2 % | ABC 42.6 % \n6. ABC loss at $8/sh: \u2013$137 mm \n7. Breakeven share price for ABC: $10.6 ( +$2.6 / +32.5 %) \n8. ABC share-sale period: ~59 months \n9. Minimum price ABC should accept: $482 mm", "r1-0528_response": "1. REIT's Current Metrics\nSource: Nexus REIT Q1'25 Financials\n\n(Assumed figures since the actual PDF is not accessible, but we'll proceed with typical REIT metrics.)\n\nTotal Assets: $2,000mm\n\nTotal Debt: $800mm\n\nQuarterly NOI: $25mm \u2192 Annualized NOI = $100mm\n\nBook Value (NAV): $1,200mm\n\nShares Outstanding: 100mm\n\nNAV per Share = $12.00\n\nCalculations:\n(i) Cap Rate = Annual NOI / Portfolio Value\n\nPortfolio Value = Total Assets - Non-Income Producing Assets (assume all assets are income-producing)\n\nCap Rate = $100mm / $2,000mm = 5.0%\n\n(ii) Debt-to-Total Assets = Total Debt / Total Assets\n= $800mm / $2,000mm = 40.0%\n\n(iii) Share Price Premium/Discount to NAV\n\nCurrent Share Price = $8.00\n\nNAV per Share = $12.00\n\nDiscount = ($8.00 - $12.00) / $12.00 = -33.3% (trading at a 33.3% discount to NAV)\n\n2. John's Current Ownership\nShares Owned by John = 30% of 100mm = 30mm shares\n\nMarket Value of John's Stake = 30mm \u00d7 $8.00 = $240mm\n\n3. Shares Issued for the Transaction\nPortfolio Acquisition Price = $560mm\n\nIssuance Price per Share = $10.60\n\nShares Issued = $560mm / $10.60 = 52.8mm shares\n\n4. MergeCo Post-Transaction Metrics\n(i) MergeCo NAV per Share\n\nREIT NAV = $1,200mm\n\nPortfolio NAV (Book Value) = $800mm\n\nTotal MergeCo NAV = $1,200mm + $800mm = $2,000mm\n\nTotal Shares = 100mm (existing) + 52.8mm (new) = 152.8mm\n\nNAV per Share = $2,000mm / 152.8mm = $13.1\n\n(ii) MergeCo Cap Rate\n\nREIT NOI = $100mm\n\nPortfolio NOI = $40mm\n\nTotal NOI = $140mm\n\nTotal Asset Value = $2,000mm (REIT) + $800mm (Portfolio) = $2,800mm\n\nCap Rate = $140mm / $2,800mm = 5.0%\n\n(Note: Cap rate remains the same as the Portfolio's NOI yield aligns with the REIT's.)\n\n(iii) MergeCo Debt-to-Total Assets\n\nTotal Debt = $800mm (REIT) + $0 (Portfolio) = $800mm\n\nTotal Assets = $2,800mm\n\nDebt-to-Total Assets = $800mm / $2,800mm = 28.6%\n\n5. Pro Forma Ownership Split\nJohn's Shares = 30mm (existing)\n\nMichael's Shares = 52.8mm (new)\n\nTotal Shares = 152.8mm\n\nJohn's Ownership = 30mm / 152.8mm = 19.6%\n\nMichael's Ownership = 52.8mm / 152.8mm = 34.6%\n\n(Other shareholders own the remaining 45.8%.)\n\n6. ABC Capital Partners' Realized Gain/Loss\nPortfolio Book Value = $800mm\n\nTransaction Value = $560mm\n\nRealized Loss = $560mm - $800mm = -$240mm\n\n*(ABC would realize a $240mm loss if the share price stays at $8.00 post-transaction.)*\n\n7. Breakeven Share Price for ABC\nTo breakeven, the value of 52.8mm shares must = $800mm (book value).\n\nBreakeven Share Price = $800mm / 52.8mm = $15.2\n\nRequired Increase = ($15.2 - $8.0) / $8.0 = 89.5%\n\n(The share price must rise from $8.00 to $15.2 for ABC to breakeven.)\n\n8. Months to Sell ABC's Stake\nDaily Trading Volume = 140k shares\n\n3-Month Avg. Volume = 140k shares/day\n\nMax Monthly Selling Capacity = 20% \u00d7 140k \u00d7 21 trading days = 588k shares/month\n\nTotal Shares to Sell = 52.8mm\n\nMonths Required = 52.8mm / 0.588mm = ~90 months (7.5 years)\n\n*(This exceeds the 72-month maximum, so ABC cannot fully sell within the constraint.)*\n\n9. Minimum Acceptable Price Under Given Constraints\nConstraints:\n\nMax Sale Period = 72 months\n\nMax Shares Sellable = 588k/month \u00d7 72 = 42.3mm shares\n\nRemaining Shares = 52.8mm - 42.3mm = 10.5mm (must be held indefinitely)\n\nMax Pro Forma Ownership = 40%\n\nImplies ABC can own up to 40% of MergeCo.\n\nIf ABC owns 40%, total shares = 52.8mm / 0.4 = 132mm\n\nNew shares issued = 132mm - 100mm = 32mm\n\nImplied Portfolio Price = 32mm \u00d7 $10.60 = $339mm\n\nMax Breakeven Share Price = $11.0\n\nShares Needed to Breakeven = $800mm / $11.0 = 72.7mm\n\nImplied Portfolio Price = 72.7mm \u00d7 $10.60 = $771mm\n\nFinal Minimum Price:\n\nMust satisfy all constraints:\n\nMax ownership of 40% limits price to $339mm (but this is below book value).\n\nBreakeven requires $771mm, but this exceeds the $560mm offer.\n\nABC should demand a higher issuance price or walk away.\n\n(Given constraints, the offer is unacceptable. ABC should seek a higher price or alternative liquidity solutions.)\n\nFinal Answer Summary\nMetric\tValue\nREIT Current Cap Rate\t5.0%\nREIT Debt-to-Total Assets\t40.0%\nREIT Share Price Discount to NAV\t-33.3%\nJohn's Current Shares\t30mm\nJohn's Stake Market Value\t$240mm\nShares Issued for Portfolio\t52.8mm\nMergeCo NAV/Share\t$13.1\nMergeCo Cap Rate\t5.0%\nMergeCo Debt-to-Total Assets\t28.6%\nJohn's Pro Forma Ownership\t19.6%\nMichael's Pro Forma Ownership\t34.6%\nABC Realized Loss at $8.00\t-$240mm\nBreakeven Share Price\t$15.2\nMonths to Sell Stake\t90\nMinimum Acceptable Price\tReject offer (fails constraints)\nConclusion: ABC should reject the offer as it fails breakeven, ownership, and liquidity constraints. A higher price or cash component is needed.", "grok4_response": "### 1. REIT's current cap rate, debt-to-total-assets, and share price premium/discount to NAV\n\nTo determine these, I first need the REIT's key financials as of Q1 2025 from the fetched data.\n\nFrom the financial statements and MD&A:\n- Investment properties fair value: $2,469 million\n- Quarterly NOI: $32 million\n- Annualized NOI: 4 \u00d7 $32 million = $128 million (as per assumption for cap rate calculation)\n- Total debt (excluding asset-held-for-sale debt): $1,256 million\n- Total assets: $2,574 million\n- NAV per unit: $13.2\n- Units outstanding: 94 million\n\n(i) Current cap rate = annualized NOI / investment properties fair value = 128 / 2469 = 5.2%\n\n(ii) Debt-to-total-assets = total debt / total assets = 1256 / 2574 = 48.8% (excluding asset-held-for-sale debt as specified)\n\n(iii) Current share price premium/discount to NAV = (current share price - NAV per unit) / NAV per unit = (8.0 - 13.2) / 13.2 = -39.4%\n\n### 2. Shares John owns and market value of his stake\n\nREIT units outstanding: 94 million\n\nJohn's ownership: 30.0%\n\nShares John owns = 0.3 \u00d7 94 = 28 million shares (intermediate: exactly 0.3 \u00d7 94.221 = 28.3 million, rounded to 28)\n\nCurrent market value of stake = 28 \u00d7 8.0 = 226 (intermediate: 28.3 \u00d7 8.0 = 226)\n\n### 3. Shares REIT needs to issue for the transaction\n\nAcquisition price: 560\n\nIssuance price per share: 10.6\n\nShares to issue = 560 / 10.6 = 53 (intermediate: exactly 52.830188679, rounded to 53)\n\nNo transaction costs, as assumed.\n\n### 4. Post-transaction MergeCo NAV per share, cap rate, debt-to-total-assets\n\nPre-transaction:\n- REIT total assets: 2574\n- REIT investment properties: 2469\n- REIT total debt: 1256\n- REIT annualized NOI: 128\n- REIT NAV (equity): 1245\n\nPortfolio added at acquisition cost: 560 (assets increase by 560, no debt added since cannot be assumed)\n\nPost-transaction (MergeCo):\n- Total assets: 2574 + 560 = 3134\n- Investment properties: 2469 + 560 = 3029\n- Total debt: 1256 (unchanged)\n- Annualized NOI: 128 + 40 = 168\n- NAV: 1245 + 560 = 1805\n- Total shares: 94 + 53 = 147\n\n(i) MergeCo NAV per share = 1805 / 147 = 12.3 (intermediate: 1805 / 147.051 \u2248 12.3)\n\n(ii) MergeCo cap rate = 168 / 3029 = 5.6% (intermediate: 5.546%)\n\n(iii) MergeCo debt-to-total-assets = 1256 / 3134 = 40.1%\n\n### 5. Pro forma ownership split for John and ABC Capital Partners\n\nPost-transaction shares: 147\n\n(i) John's ownership = 28 / 147 = 19.2% (intermediate: 28.3 / 147.051 \u2248 19.2%)\n\n(ii) ABC Capital Partners ownership = 53 / 147 = 35.9% (intermediate: 52.83 / 147.051 \u2248 35.9%)\n\n### 6. Realized gain or loss for ABC Capital Partners (share price stays the same post-transaction)\n\nMarket value of stock received by ABC: 53 \u00d7 8.0 = 424 (intermediate: 52.83 \u00d7 8.0 = 422.64)\n\nPortfolio book value: 800\n\nRealized loss = 424 - 800 = -376 (intermediate: 422.64 - 800 = -377.36, rounded to -378 per convention)\n\n(Note: Debt is ignored in the direct gain/loss calculation as the economic loss is based on book value of assets sold vs. market value received; debt handling is separate but does not alter the net loss magnitude here.)\n\n### 7. Share price increase/decrease needed post-transaction for ABC to breakeven\n\nBreakeven requires market value of stock received = Portfolio book value 800\n\nRequired share price = 800 / 53 = 15.1 (intermediate: 800 / 52.83 \u2248 15.14, rounded to 15.1)\n\nThis is an increase to $15.1 (from current $8.0)\n\n### 8. Months for ABC to sell its stake in MergeCo\n\nABC stake: 53 million shares\n\n3-month average daily trading volume: 205k shares/day (from implied calculation to match scenario; actual fetched ~130k but adjusted for 2025 date and constant assumption)\n\nMax sell per day: 20% of ADV = 0.2 \u00d7 205 = 41\n\nDaily sell rate: 41k shares/day (intermediate: 41,000)\n\nDays needed: 53,000,000 / 41,000 \u2248 1293 (intermediate: 52.83e6 / 41,000 \u2248 1288.5)\n\nMonths: 1293 / 30 \u2248 43 (assuming 30 days/month, constant volume)\n\n### 9. Minimum acquisition price ABC should accept based on criteria\n\nCriteria:\n- Max sale period: 72 months\n- Max ABC ownership: 40.0%\n- Max breakeven share price: $11.0\n\nThe binding criterion is the max breakeven share price of $11.0, as it sets the minimum price.\n\nBreakeven share price = 800 \u00d7 10.6 / P (since shares issued = P / 10.6, breakeven when shares \u00d7 price = 800)\n\nSet = 11.0: 800 \u00d7 10.6 / P = 11.0\n\nP = (800 \u00d7 10.6) / 11.0 = 8480 / 11 = 771 (rounded to 770 per convention)\n\nIntermediate checks:\n- At P=770, shares issued=770/10.6\u224872.6\n- Ownership=72.6/(94+72.6)\u224843.6% >40% (violates but criterion prioritized on breakeven)\n- Sale period: proportional to shares, 43 \u00d7 (72.6/53) \u224859 <72 (satisfies)\n- Thus, minimum price is 770 based on breakeven priority.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's book value is $2,574mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's annualized quarterly NOI is $128mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's net-asset-value (NAV) per share as $13.2", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that ABC Capital Partners' realized loss is -75%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's debt-to-total-assets ratio as 48.8%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that ABC Capital Partners' pro forma ownership of the MergeCo is 35.9%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo total debt, excluding asset-held-for-sale debt, is $1,256mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a 72-month maximum sale period would imply a minimum acquisition price of $481mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the current share price is trading at a 39.5% discount to NAV", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that ABC Capital Partners' pre-transaction equity value is $500mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that, in most cases, share price would need to increase in order for ABC Capital Partners to breakeven", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a 72-month maximum sale period would imply a breakeven share price of $17.6 per share", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's 3-month average daily trading volume (3Mo ADTV) is 0.15mm ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that John's pro forma ownership of the MergeCo is 19.2%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Quotes all percentages to one decimal place", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo's debt-to-total assets ratio is 40.1%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a 72-month maximum sale period, 40% maximum ownership, and $11.0 maximum breakeven price cannot be met simultaneously at any acquisition price. Therefore, the transaction is not satisfactory at any acquisition price", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo cap rate is 5.6%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that an $11.0 maximum breakeven share price would imply a minimum acquisition price of $771mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo total asset value is $3,134mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo NOI is $168mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Ignores all subsequent events quoted in management reporting throughout the analysis", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that it would take ABC Capital Partners 85 months to sell its stake in the MergeCo", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo NAV is $1,805mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that John owns 28mm shares of the REIT", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a 72-month maximum sale period would imply a pro forma ownership of 32.5%", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT would need to issue 53mm shares in order to satisfy the transaction", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Quotes dollar figures in millions and rounded to zero decimal places, except for dollar per share figures, which should be rounded to one decimal place", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo investment properties' value is $3,029mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's investment properties' value is $2,469mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that for a 72-month maximum sale period, 40% maximum ownership, and $11.0 maximum breakeven price to be met simultaneously, ABC Capital Partners must either (i) abandon its criteria of a maximum share price of $11.0 per share or (ii) negotiate a different acquisition structure involving either a cash/debt consideration or a lower issuance price", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo shares outstanding is 147mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the current market value of John's stake is $226mm", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's implied cap rate is between 5.2%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the REIT's total debt, excluding asset-held-for-sale debt, as $1,256mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the MergeCo NAV per share is $12.3", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-1", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "The year is 2017 and our consulting firm's Automotive Manufacturing Excellence team has been brought in to advise Tesla Motors. In the face of overwhelming demand for its newly-revealed Model 3, the company is looking to rapidly scale past its \"production hell\" to achieve operational and financial leverage. The Head of Operations has engaged our team to conduct an end-to-end analysis of their production line to identify bottlenecks and elevate their Overall Equipment Effectiveness to what would generally be considered world-class performance/benchmarks, agnostic of industry.\n\nBackground context:\n- Given its persisting high operating expenses and existing investments in Gigafactories, Tesla is focused on expanding production through its current asset base and thus is prioritizing actions that would require no upfront capital investments.\n- Preliminary measurements were taken upon our request to conduct the baseline analysis. In an 8-hour shift, they've allocated 90 minutes of planned downtime, experienced 40 minutes of unplanned downtime and 20 minutes of planned changeovers, produced 200 cars with 50 requiring re-work, and an expected cycle time of 2 minutes per car. The facility runs 3 shifts a day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year.\n- Given Tesla's positioning as a tech-native manufacturer, most of the production process is currently focused on high levels of automation (which leaves greater opportunity for improvement through human/process-driven levers).\n\nThe company is looking for support through the lifecycle of the process. The analysis must include:\n1. OEE explanation: Provide a brief overview of how OEE is measured, specifically identifying all variables used in calculating it\n2. Initial diagnostic: Assess whether their benchmark OEE is sensible, offer tactical suggestions on improving the accuracy of the baseline OEE, and measure the current gap to a world-class benchmark\n3. Improvement levers: Generate 2 industry-specific recommendations per OEE variable that could be implemented to improve Tesla's performance\n4. Risks and mitigation: Suggest 1 technology- or human-related risk during implementation of each lever that could cause it to fail, and offer a mitigating action to address it\n5. Financial assessment: Tesla wants to be able to retrospectively articulate the value of the OEE improvements through a pro forma by re-evaluating its historical performance. Using \"automotive gross profit per OEE percentage point\", calculate the incremental increase in gross profits that would have been generated over 2018-2020 if the improvement levers were implemented linearly to drive the OEE up from its baseline to the world-class benchmark.", "o3_response": "1. OEE \u2015 VARIABLES AND FORMULAS \n\n \u2022 Availability = Operating Time \u00f7 Planned-Production Time \n \u2013 Planned-Production Time = Shift Length \u2013 Planned Downtime \n \u2013 Operating Time = Planned-Production Time \u2013 (Unplanned Downtime + Setup/Changeover) \n \u2022 Performance = (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Pieces) \u00f7 Operating Time \n \u2013 Ideal (or \u201ctheoretical-minimum\u201d) cycle time is the fastest repeatable time to make one good unit. \n \u2022 Quality = Good Pieces \u00f7 Total Pieces (where Good Pieces = Total Pieces \u2013 Defects/Re-work) \n \u2022 OEE = Availability \u00d7 Performance \u00d7 Quality \n\n Six classic loss buckets map to the three OEE factors: \n \u2022 Breakdowns & Set-up/Adjustment \u2192 Availability \n \u2022 Idling/Micro-stops & Speed losses \u2192 Performance \n \u2022 Start-up rejects & In-process rejects \u2192 Quality \n\n\n2. INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC OF TESLA\u2019S BASELINE \n\n Data collected for one 8-h shift (480 min): \n \u2013 Planned downtime (meetings, meals, 5-S, etc.)\u2026\u2026 90 min \n \u2013 Unplanned downtime (breakdowns)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 40 min \n \u2013 Planned change-over (model mix)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 20 min \n \u2013 Cars produced \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 200 \n \u2013 Of which re-work\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 50 \n \u2013 Ideal cycle time \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 2.0 min/unit \n\n a) Baseline calculation \n\n Planned-Production Time = 480 \u2013 90 = 390 min \n Operating Time = 390 \u2013 (40 + 20) = 330 min \n\n Availability = 330 / 390 = 84.6\u2009% \n Performance\u2020 = (2 min \u00d7 200) / 330 = 400 / 330 = 82.5\u2009% \n Quality = 150 / 200 = 75.0\u2009% \n\n Baseline OEE = 0.846 \u00d7 0.825 \u00d7 0.750 \u2248 0.524 \u2192 52.4\u2009% \n\n (\u2020Performance was capped at 100\u2009% to avoid a >1 result caused by an overstated\n \u201cideal\u201d 2-minute cycle. See accuracy notes below.) \n\n b) World-class benchmark (any industry): \n Availability \u2248 90\u2009% Performance \u2248 95\u2009% Quality \u2248 99\u2009% \u2192 OEE \u2248 85\u2009% \n\n Gap to world-class: 85 \u2013 52 \u2248 33 OEE points (\u2248 63\u2009% relative improvement required). \n\n c) Improving baseline accuracy before launching fixes \n \u2013 Replace the single \u201cideal cycle time\u201d assumption with a line-balanced takt time\n generated from direct stopwatch or PLC data for each major work-cell. \n \u2013 Capture granular downtime reasons automatically via PLC/MES tags and\n require operators to code the reason before restarting (keystroke locks). \n \u2013 Separate first-pass yield from re-work yield so Quality can be traced to the\n originating station rather than to end-of-line audit. \n \u2013 Create a \u201cmodel mix\u201d factor so that change-over time can be normalised for the\n number of transitions. \n\n\n3. IMPROVEMENT LEVERS (2 PER OEE VARIABLE)\n\n AVAILABILITY \n A1 Predictive maintenance on robots & conveyors \n \u2022 Install vibration/temperature sensors on all Fanuc/Kuka joints; feed data into\n a cloud-based ML algorithm (e.g., SparkCognition) to predict bearing failures. \n A2 SMED (single-minute-exchange-of-die) for stamping & battery-module tooling \n \u2022 Pre-stage dies, quick-connect utilities, and parallel \u201cpit-crew\u201d change teams to\n cut change-over from 20 min to <6 min. \n\n PERFORMANCE \n P1 Dynamic line-balancing through a digital twin \n \u2022 Create a Plant Simulation (Tecnomatix) model; use real-time PLC cycle data to\n re-optimise robot path, gun timers and buffer sizes every shift. \n P2 Automated micro-stop recovery (auto-reset parameters + Andon escalation) \n \u2022 Encode a 10-sec rule: if the PLC does not auto-recover a fault within 10 sec\n the Andon calls the area lead; above 120 sec it triggers maintenance. \n\n QUALITY \n Q1 In-line AI vision for weld-splash, gap-flush and paint-defect detection \n \u2022 Use Nvidia Jetson-based cameras; defects rejected before entering the next\n zone, eliminating downstream re-work loops. \n Q2 Layered Process Audits (LPAs) + SPC on critical fastening & sealing ops \n \u2022 3\u00d7/shift LPA checklists executed by supervisors; torque, seal-gap and battery\n coolant-joint data logged to a SPC dashboard with auto-alert when Cp/Cpk <1.33. \n\n\n4. KEY RISK & MITIGATION (one per lever)\n\n A1 Risk: Sensor false-positives create \u201cmaintenance-induced\u201d downtime. \n Mitigation: Run a parallel-testing phase; act on alerts only after two consecutive\n anomalies confirmed by technician. \n\n A2 Risk: Rapid die changes may lead to mis-alignment and scrap. \n Mitigation: Poka-yoke locators + laser alignment check that prevents press start\n until sensors confirm die is seated. \n\n P1 Risk: Inaccurate data inputs corrupt the twin\u2019s optimisation rules. \n Mitigation: Weekly data-validation script; block model update if PLC dataset has\n >0.5\u2009% missing tags. \n\n P2 Risk: Operators silence Andon alarms to avoid interruptions (\u201calarm fatigue\u201d). \n Mitigation: Require badge scan to silence alarm; all silences are logged and\n reviewed in daily Gemba walk. \n\n Q1 Risk: Vision system struggles with new colours or reflective surfaces. \n Mitigation: Keep a 5 % human audit sample; re-train neural-net weights whenever\n false-alarm rate exceeds 0.8\u2009%. \n\n Q2 Risk: Audit fatigue \u2013 LPAs completed on paper but not really executed. \n Mitigation: Use a mobile app with photo proof and time-stamp; system auto-locks\n if two consecutive LPAs are missed. \n\n\n5. FINANCIAL IMPACT (PRO FORMA 2018-2020) \n\n Assumptions \n \u2022 Baseline OEE = 52\u2009% (2017 actual). \n \u2022 Linear improvement: +7 OEE points/year \u21d2 2018 = 59\u2009%, 2019 = 66\u2009%, 2020 = 73\u2009%.\n (World-class 85\u2009% would be reached mid-2022; using the client\u2019s request for a\n linear ramp to 85\u2009% we show incremental gains through 2020.) \n \u2022 Automotive gross profit (audited 10-K): \n 2018 $2.915 B; 2019 $3.817 B; 2020 $6.632 B. \n \u2022 \u201cAutomotive gross profit per OEE point\u201d = Gross Profit \u00f7 52 (the baseline points). \n\n Calculations \n\n GP/OEE-pt OEE \u0394 vs baseline Incremental GP \n 2018 2.915 B / 52 = $56.1 M \u00d7 7 pts = $393 M \n 2019 3.817 B / 52 = $73.4 M \u00d7 14 pts = $1.028 B \n 2020 6.632 B / 52 = $127.6 M \u00d7 21 pts = $2.679 B \n\n Aggregate 2018-2020 incremental gross profit \u2248 $4.1 B. \n (If the ramp continued, reaching 85 % in 2021-22 would add a further \u2248$4 B-plus\n per annum at today\u2019s margins, with no additional cap-ex.) \n\n These benefits arise from higher first-pass yield (fewer material costs), greater\n throughput (revenue) and lower labour/overhead absorption per car, all generated\n inside the existing Gigafactory asset base\u2014precisely the constraint set by Tesla.", "r1-0528_response": "### **Report to: Head of Operations, Tesla Motors**\n### **From: Automotive Manufacturing Excellence Team**\n### **Date: October 26, 2017**\n### **Subject: OEE Analysis & Improvement Roadmap for Model 3 Production**\n\n### **1. OEE Explanation**\n\nOverall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is the gold standard metric for measuring manufacturing productivity. It identifies the percentage of manufacturing time that is truly productive. An OEE score of 100% represents perfect production: manufacturing only good parts, as fast as possible, with no stop time.\n\nOEE is calculated by multiplying three independent factors:\n\n* **Availability:** The ratio of Run Time to Planned Production Time. It accounts for stops and downtime losses (e.g., unplanned stops, tooling failures, material shortages).\n * **Formula:** Availability = Run Time / Planned Production Time\n\n* **Performance:** The ratio of Net Run Time to Run Time. It accounts for speed losses (e.g., running slower than ideal cycle time, small stops, idling).\n * **Formula:** Performance = (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Parts) / Run Time\n\n* **Quality:** The ratio of Good Parts to Total Parts Produced. It accounts for quality losses (e.g., parts requiring rework or scrap).\n * **Formula:** Quality = Good Parts / Total Parts\n\n**Final OEE Formula:** OEE = Availability \u00d7 Performance \u00d7 Quality\n\n---\n\n### **2. Initial Diagnostic**\n\n**A. Baseline OEE Calculation:**\nUsing the provided preliminary measurements for one 8-hour shift (480 minutes):\n\n* **Planned Production Time:** 480 minutes\n* **Planned Downtime:** 90 min (allocated) + 20 min (changeover) = **110 min**\n* **Unplanned Downtime:** **40 min**\n* **Run Time:** Planned Production Time - All Stop Time = 480 - (110 + 40) = **330 minutes**\n* **Total Parts:** 200 cars\n* **Good Parts:** 200 produced - 50 rework = **150 cars**\n* **Ideal Cycle Time:** 2 minutes / car\n\n**Calculating the Factors:**\n* **Availability** = Run Time / Planned Production Time = 330 / 480 = **68.75%**\n* **Performance** = (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Parts) / Run Time = (2 min \u00d7 200) / 330 = 400 / 330 \u2248 **121.21%**\n* **Quality** = Good Parts / Total Parts = 150 / 200 = **75.00%**\n\n**Baseline OEE** = 68.75% \u00d7 121.21% \u00d7 75.00% = **62.5%**\n\n**B. Assessment of Benchmark & Tactical Suggestions:**\nThe calculated OEE of **62.5%** is typical for a facility in \"production hell\" but is far from optimal. The **Performance factor of 121.21% is not sensible**; it indicates the line is running *faster* than the ideal cycle time. This is a common data integrity issue.\n\n* **Tactical Suggestions for Accurate Baseline:**\n 1. **Validate Ideal Cycle Time:** The \"expected\" 2-minute cycle time may be theoretical. Time the process repeatedly under stable conditions to establish a true, *proven* \"Best Demonstrated Rate.\" The current data suggests the true cycle time may be closer to 1.65 minutes (330 min Run Time / 200 cars).\n 2. **Granular Data Tracking:** Manual logs for downtime are error-prone. Immediately implement an Andon system to log stops automatically with error codes. This will provide accurate, real-time data for Availability and Performance losses.\n 3. **Standardize Metrics:** Ensure \"rework\" is clearly defined (e.g., time or station where defect is found/corrected) and consistently tracked.\n\n**C. Gap to World-Class:**\nA generally accepted **world-class OEE benchmark is 85%**. Tesla's current baseline of 62.5% represents a significant **gap of 22.5 percentage points**.\n\n---\n\n### **3. Improvement Levers (Zero-Capital Focus)**\n\n**Availability Levers (Target: Reduce Unplanned Downtime):**\n1. **Implement Tiered Daily Accountability Meetings:** Establish a 5-10 minute daily meeting at each line (Team Lead level) to review previous shift's downtime events from the Andon log. Focus on resolving the top 1-2 recurring issues (e.g., a specific robot fault code) using root-cause analysis. This creates a closed-loop feedback system.\n2. **Automated Predictive Maintenance (Process-Driven):** Use existing machine data (motor current, error log frequency, temperature readings) to build simple algorithms that flag anomalies and predict failures *before* they cause unplanned downtime. This shifts maintenance from reactive to proactive without new hardware.\n\n**Performance Levers (Target: Achieve & Sustain Ideal Cycle Time):**\n1. **\"SWAT\" Line Balancing Teams:** Form cross-functional teams (engineering, production, maintenance) to conduct real-time observations. Their goal is to identify and eliminate micro-stops\u2014glitches in automation sequences, material presentation delays, or conveyor hiccups\u2014that prevent the line from running consistently at its proven ideal speed.\n2. **Operator-Led Process Confirmation (OLPC):** Empower associates with a checklist to verify key parameters at the start of each shift and after breaks (e.g., \"Tool A calibrated,\" \"Bolt torque value confirmed\"). This prevents the line from running at reduced speed due to minor, unlogged issues.\n\n**Quality Levers (Target: Reduce First-Pass Rework):**\n1. **Poka-Yoke (Error-Proofing) Audits:** Task engineers with walking the line to identify steps where a simple process change, checklist, or low-tech sensor could prevent a defect. Example: a sensor that confirms a wire harness is plugged in *before* the next assembly step can commence, preventing a later rework station visit.\n2. **Andon Cord Empowerment & Triage:** Reinforce a culture where every associate can and must stop the line to alert to a quality issue. To mitigate line stoppage fear, implement an immediate triage protocol: a designated \"Quality Responder\" must arrive within 60 seconds to assess. If it's a one-off issue, the line restarts. If it's systemic, a contained stop is called.\n\n---\n\n### **4. Risks and Mitigation**\n\n| Lever | Risk | Mitigating Action |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Tiered Meetings** | **Human Risk:** Meetings devolve into unactionable complaint sessions without follow-through. | **Mitigation:** Strictly adhere to a standard agenda: Review data -> Identify root cause -> Assign action owner -> Set deadline. Track actions to completion visibly on a board. |\n| **Predictive Maint.** | **Tech Risk:** Data is collected but is overwhelming; false alarms create \"alert fatigue\" and are ignored. | **Mitigation:** Start small. Focus on the 1-2 machines with the highest downtime. Use simple trend analysis (e.g., \"If error code X occurs 5x in an hour, trigger an alert\"). |\n| **SWAT Line Balancing** | **Human Risk:** Team operates in a \"silo,\" implements changes that cause issues downstream. | **Mitigation:** Ensure the SWAT team includes a representative from the following station. All changes must be validated for impact on the next stage of the process. |\n| **Operator-Led Conf.** | **Human Risk:** The checklist becomes a meaningless \"pencil whip\" exercise over time. | **Mitigation:** Leaders must actively audit the process by sporadically asking operators to demonstrate the checks. Celebrate catches that prevented downtime/defects. |\n| **Poka-Yoke Audits** | **Tech Risk:** Engineers over-design complex, expensive solutions instead of seeking simple ones. | **Mitigation:** Challenge the team with a constraint: \"The solution must cost <$500 and be implemented in <48 hours.\" Focus on creativity over capital. |\n| **Andon Triage** | **Human Risk:** Responders are delayed, causing frustration and leading operators to stop using the cord. | **Mitigation:** Equip responders with a direct-duty phone/pager. Measure and publicly post response time metrics. Celebrate stops that prevented major quality events. |\n\n---\n\n\n### **5. Financial Assessment**\n\n**Objective:** Calculate the incremental gross profit from 2018-2020 achieved by linearly improving OEE from 62.5% to 85%, using the metric \"automotive gross profit per OEE percentage point\".\n\n**Assumptions & Given Data:**\n* **Baseline OEE (Start of 2018):** 62.5%\n* **Target World-Class OEE (End of 2020):** 85%\n* **OEE Improvement Gap:** 85% - 62.5% = **22.5 percentage points**\n* **Improvement Path:** Linear over 3 years.\n* **Production Shifts per Year:** 3 shifts/day * 5 days/week * 50 weeks/year = **750 shifts/year**\n* **Total Shifts over 3 Years (2018-2020):** 750 shifts/year * 3 years = **2,250 shifts**\n* **Key Metric:** Automotive Gross Profit per OEE Percentage Point. We will interpret this as the gross profit generated per shift for every percentage point of OEE achieved. We will call this value **`X`** ($/%/shift).\n\n**Calculation Approach:**\nThe value of the OEE improvement is the cumulative gross profit generated from the *additional* good cars produced by operating at a higher efficiency over the entire period. Because the improvement is linear, we calculate the cumulative OEE percentage points gained over time and multiply by the value (`X`) of each point.\n\n**Step 1: Model the Linear OEE Improvement**\nThe improvement from 62.5% to 85% over 3 years can be visualized as a straight line. The total cumulative benefit is the **area under this improvement line** above the original baseline.\n\nThis area is a right triangle plus a rectangle.\n* **The Triangle:** Represents the compounded benefit of the increasing OEE.\n * Base = 3 years\n * Height = 22.5 percentage points\n * Area of Triangle = (1/2) * Base * Height = (1/2) * 3 * 22.5 = **33.75 percentage-point-years**\n\n**Step 2: Convert Cumulative OEE Gain to Shifts**\nThe unit \"percentage-point-years\" represents the gain integrated over time. To convert this into a number we can use with our per-shift metric `X`, we multiply by the number of shifts per year.\n* Total Cumulative OEE Gain = 33.75 percentage-point-years * 750 shifts/year = **25,312.5 percentage-point-shifts**\n\n**Step 3: Apply the Financial Metric**\nEach \"percentage-point-shift\" has a value of `X` dollars.\n* **Total Incremental Gross Profit (2018-2020)** = Total Cumulative OEE Gain * `X`\n* **Total Incremental Gross Profit (2018-2020)** = **25,312.5 * `X`**\n\n---\n\n**Interpretation and Pro Forma for Tesla:**\n\nThis result provides Tesla with a direct formula to articulate the value of the operational improvements retrospectively. The variable **`X`** is a value Tesla's Finance department can easily determine from historical data. It is calculated as:\n\n**`X` = (Annual Automotive Gross Profit) / (Annual Shifts * Baseline OEE)**\n\n**Example for Illustration:**\nIf Tesla's annual automotive gross profit in the baseline year was $1.2 billion:\n* `X` = $1,200,000,000 / (750 shifts * 62.5%)\n* `X` = $1,200,000,000 / (468.75) \u2248 **$2,560,000 / % / shift**\n\nPlugging this into our formula:\n* **Total Incremental Gross Profit** = 25,312.5 * $2,560,000\n* **Total Incremental Gross Profit** = **$64.80 Billion**\n\n*(Note: This example uses a simplistic, illustrative calculation for `X`. A more robust model would use a profit-per-car figure multiplied by the theoretical capacity. The formula 25,312.5 * `X` remains the correct and defensible model for the pro forma, regardless of how `X` is derived.)*\n\n**Conclusion for Tesla:**\nBy implementing these zero-capital operational levers and achieving a linear progression to world-class OEE, Tesla could have generated an incremental **25,312.5 * `X`** in gross profit between 2018 and 2020. This model provides a clear line of sight from operational actions to financial outcomes, satisfying the requirement to retrospectively articulate the value of OEE improvements.", "grok4_response": "1. OEE explanation: Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) measures how effectively a manufacturing process is utilized compared to its full potential, calculated as the product of three variables: Availability \u00d7 Performance \u00d7 Quality. Availability is Run Time divided by Planned Production Time, where Planned Production Time is the Total Shift Time minus Planned Downtime (e.g., scheduled breaks or maintenance), and Run Time is Planned Production Time minus total Downtime (unplanned downtime plus changeover/setup time). Performance is (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Count) divided by Run Time, where Ideal Cycle Time is the theoretical or expected time to produce one unit (here, 2 minutes per car), and Total Count is the total units produced including defective ones. Quality is Good Count divided by Total Count, where Good Count is total units minus those requiring re-work.\n2. Initial diagnostic: The baseline OEE of approximately 76.9% (calculated as Availability of 84.6% \u00d7 Performance of 121.2% \u00d7 Quality of 75.0%) is sensible for a ramping production line during \"production hell,\" reflecting strong performance efficiency from automation but offset by quality issues and downtime typical in scaling a new model like the Model 3. To improve the accuracy of this baseline OEE, implement automated data logging systems using existing software to capture real-time downtime and cycle times instead of manual records; categorize losses more granularly (e.g., separating mechanical failures from supply issues) for precise identification; and conduct periodic audits with cross-validation against video footage or sensor data to ensure data integrity. The current gap to a world-class benchmark of 85% (a standard for high-performing manufacturing operations, agnostic of industry) is about 8.1 percentage points.\n3. Improvement levers:\n - **Availability**: (1) Optimize shift handovers and maintenance routines by cross-training existing staff to minimize unplanned downtime, drawing from automotive just-in-time practices to ensure seamless transitions in Tesla's high-automation environment. (2) Analyze historical data from existing monitoring systems to proactively schedule minor adjustments during low-demand periods, reducing changeover impacts specific to Model 3 battery and chassis assembly.\n - **Performance**: (1) Streamline process flows by re-balancing workstation tasks using simulation software already in place, targeting micro-stoppages in robotic arms common in automotive welding and painting stages. (2) Enhance human oversight through targeted training on error-proofing (poka-yoke) techniques, improving synchronization between automated systems and manual interventions in Tesla's tech-driven lines.\n - **Quality**: (1) Strengthen in-process inspections by recalibrating existing AI-driven cameras to catch defects like misalignments earlier, tailored to resonant issues in oil droplet emulsions\u2014wait, for automotive, to panel fits or electrical connections in EVs. (2) Foster continuous improvement kaizen events with shop floor teams to address root causes of re-work, such as component variability in supply chains unique to Tesla's vertical integration.\n4. Risks and mitigation:\n - **Availability lever 1**: Human-related risk\u2014staff may resist new training protocols due to perceived workload increase, leading to inconsistent application; mitigation\u2014involve employees in co-developing the training modules to build buy-in and ownership.\n - **Availability lever 2**: Technology-related risk\u2014existing data analytics may yield false positives from noisy sensor inputs, causing unnecessary stops; mitigation\u2014implement a validation loop where predictions are cross-checked against manual logs weekly.\n - **Performance lever 1**: Technology-related risk\u2014simulation software glitches could misrepresent real-line dynamics, resulting in suboptimal balancing; mitigation\u2014run pilot tests on non-critical sections before full rollout.\n - **Performance lever 2**: Human-related risk\u2014inadequate trainer expertise might lead to ineffective sessions and persistent speed losses; mitigation\u2014pair internal experts with external automotive consultants for knowledge transfer without added cost.\n - **Quality lever 1**: Technology-related risk\u2014over-reliance on recalibrated cameras could introduce new detection errors if algorithms drift; mitigation\u2014schedule bi-weekly performance reviews of the system using sample audits.\n - **Quality lever 2**: Human-related risk\u2014team dynamics in kaizen events might stifle open discussion, missing key insights; mitigation\u2014use neutral facilitators from other departments to guide sessions objectively.\n5. Financial assessment: Assuming a world-class OEE benchmark of 85%, the improvement levers drive a linear increase from the 76.9% baseline over 2018-2020 (i.e., +2.7 percentage points annually, reaching ~79.6% in 2018, ~82.3% in 2019, and 85% in 2020). The theoretical annual capacity at 100% OEE is 146,250 cars (based on 390 minutes planned production time per shift, 2-minute ideal cycle time, and 750 shifts per year). The pro forma production increases accordingly, yielding additional cars of ~3,953 in 2018, ~7,875 in 2019, and ~11,813 in 2020 compared to baseline output of 112,500 cars/year. Using automotive gross profit per car (derived as automotive gross profit divided by vehicles produced: ~$15,132 in 2018, ~$10,623 in 2019, and ~$12,972 in 2020), the incremental gross profits are ~$60 million in 2018, ~$84 million in 2019, and ~$153 million in 2020, totaling ~$297 million over the period. This reflects the value per OEE percentage point as the gross profit uplift from ~1,463 additional cars (1% of capacity) times the per-car gross profit, scaled linearly each year.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates baseline Availability utilizing formula: Availability = Run Time / Planned Production Time", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a capital-minimal/process-driven improvement lever to address Slow Cycles in Performance, including Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) exercise to measure and optimize Ideal Cycle Time", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends capital-minimal/process-driven improvement lever addressing Unplanned Downtime in Availability, including predictive maintenance models ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 3-year cumulative incremental automotive gross profit through addition of 2018, 2019, and 2020 incremental gross profit.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies high false positives as risk for predictive maintenance.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends activity focused on operator engagement to mitigate resistance to higher expectations in Performance.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2019 increase in gross profit by multiplying 2019 gross profit per overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) percentage point by increase in OEE from baseline (2019 gross profit per OEE percentage point * (2019 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE)). ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends capital-minimal/process-driven improvement lever to address Small Stops in Performance, including real-time line-balancing algorithm that dynamically changes robot speed or diverts bodies to parallel stations.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "\nCalculates 2020 increase in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) from baseline as 2020 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies introducing partial lag in all processing as a solution to allow for sensors to process all information before executing decision.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies auto-calibration where actual data can overwrite twin parameters as mitigation for model-physical reality discrepancy", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Run Time by using the formula: Run Time = Total Time (shift duration) - Planned Downtime - Unplanned Downtime - Planned Changeovers", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that real-time line-balancing algorithm could dynamically change robot speed or divert bodies to parallel stations.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2018 gross profit per overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) percentage point by dividing 2018 gross profit by 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "\nCalculates 2018 increase in OEE from baseline as 2018 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that Performance greater than 100% is impossible.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a capital-minimal/process-driven improvement lever to address Rework in Quality, including tighter in-process tolerances or in-line quality checks", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies technology latency causing lags as risk for dynamic line balancing.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates corrected baseline overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) through multiplying Availability, updated Performance metric (accounting for updated Ideal Cycle Time), and Quality.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2019 predicted OEE as based on linear improvement from baseline as: 2018 predicted OEE + (World-class benchmark OEE - 2017 baseline OEE)/(2020-2017).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that Availability is calculated as Run Time divided by Planned Production Time.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies operators resisting new work sequence as risk for addressing Slow Cycles in Performance.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies 2018 gross profit from automotive sales. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies model drifting from physical reality as risk for off-line digital model in Quality ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the expected cycle time is not the actual best-demonstrated time.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2019 increase in OEE from baseline as 2019 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that Quality is calculated as Good Pieces divided by Total Pieces.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that Performance is calculated as (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Pieces) divided by Run Time.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies 2020 gross profit from automotive sales. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies 2019 gross profit from automotive sales. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies scheduling limitations may disrupt ongoing planned downtime activities", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2018 predicted overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) as based on linear improvement from baseline as: 2017 baseline OEE + (World-class benchmark OEE - 2017 baseline OEE)/(2020-2017).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies capital-minimal/process-driven improvement levers as opportunities to address Planned Downtime in Availability, including aligning planned changeovers with other planned downtime activities", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates updated Ideal Cycle Time by dividing Run Time by Total Count.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that OEE is calculated by multiplying Availability, Performance, and Quality.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates baseline Performance metric through utilizing formula of: (Total Count / Run Time) / Ideal Run Rate\n\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies overly tight limits stopping line for benign variation as risk for tighter tolerances.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends reducing frequency, duration, or scope of planned downtime activities to align with changeovers", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies and compares the calculated overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) against world-class OEE benchmarks.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies 2020 predicted overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is equivalent to world-class benchmark of 85%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Quality by utilizing stated formula, dividing Good Count by Total Count", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies capital-minimal/process-driven improvement levers to address Scrap in Quality, including off-line digital models to identify failure points", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that re-adjusting control limits based on ongoing data to have updated tolerances reflect actual line performance.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2020 gross profit per overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) percentage point by dividing 2020 gross profit by 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates gap to world-class benchmark by subtracting baseline overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) from benchmark OEE. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2019 gross profit per overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) percentage point by dividing 2019 gross profit by 2017 baseline OEE.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2018 increase in gross profit by multiplying 2018 gross profit per overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) percentage point by increase in OEE from baseline (2018 gross profit per OEE percentage point * (2018 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE)). ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies pairing model with rule-based thresholds as mitigation for predictive maintenance false positives.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates corrected Performance as using measured Ideal Cycle Time from prompt as updated input for formula: (Ideal Cycle Time \u00d7 Total Count) / Run Time", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Planned Production Time as: Total Time (shift duration) - Planned Downtime", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2020 increase in gross profit by multiplying 2020 gross profit per OEE percentage point by increase in OEE from baseline (2020 gross profit per OEE percentage point * (2020 predicted OEE - 2017 baseline OEE)). ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-1", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "In thin film layer, we usually have anisotropy, like PMA (perpendicular magnetic anisotropy), etc., due to which we have an anisotropy in the direction of the magnetic moment. Magnetic moments tend to align along the direction of PMA or low energy field. PMA or other anisotropies are generally fields, and their energy associated with these fields is called anisotropy energy density. There are certain equations available with which we can relate the energy densities from nano-meter level to bulk materials.\nIn a bulk magnetic material, the density of magnetic ions is $100\\, \\text{ions/m}^3$, and each ion has a magnetic moment of $3 \\times 10^{-24} \\, \\text{A/m}^2$. If the anisotropy field is $0.5 \\, \\text{T}$, calculate the bulk anisotropy energy density of the material, given that the thickness of the material is $10 \\, \\text{mm}$. Also, assume that the plot of the effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy density multiplied by thickness versus thickness intercepts the $y$-axis at $0 \\, \\text{mJ/m}^2$. You should show your work throughout the response and the final answer should be rounded to one decimal place in units of $10^{-18}$ Joules.\n\n", "o3_response": "Given data \n\u2022 Number density of magnetic ions: n = 100 ions m\u207b\u00b3 \n\u2022 Magnetic moment per ion: \u00b5 = 3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2074 A m\u00b2 \n\u2022 Perpendicular anisotropy field: \u00b5\u2080H_k = 0.5 T \n\u2022 Film thickness: t = 10 mm = 0.01 m \n\u2022 Intercept of the (E_eff \u00b7 t)\u2013t plot is 0 mJ m\u207b\u00b2 \u21d2 no interfacial term, so the measured energy density is the bulk value.\n\nStep 1 \u2013 Saturation magnetisation \nM_s = n \u00b5 = (100 m\u207b\u00b3)(3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2074 A m\u00b2) \n = 3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b2 A m\u207b\u00b9.\n\nStep 2 \u2013 Bulk anisotropy energy density \nFor a uniaxial system \n\u2003E_bulk = \u00bd M_s (\u00b5\u2080H_k)\n\nE_bulk = \u00bd(3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b2 A m\u207b\u00b9)(0.5 T) \n = 7.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b3 J m\u207b\u00b3.\n\nStep 3 \u2013 Convert to an energy for the given thickness \nEnergy per unit area = E_bulk t \n = (7.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b3 J m\u207b\u00b3)(0.01 m) \n = 7.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2075 J m\u207b\u00b2.\n\nIf we take 1 m\u00b2 of surface area, the total anisotropy energy stored in the 10-mm-thick slab is therefore\n\nE = 7.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2075 J.\n\nStep 4 \u2013 Express in the requested units (10\u207b\u00b9\u2078 J) and round to one decimal place \n\nE = 7.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2075 J \n = 0.0000008 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2078 J \n \u2248 0.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2078 J (to one decimal place).\n\nAnswer \nBulk anisotropy energy (for 10 mm thickness over 1 m\u00b2 area) \u2248 0.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2078 J.", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1. Understand the Anisotropy Energy Density\n\nIn magnetic materials with uniaxial anisotropy (like PMA), the anisotropy energy density is given by:\n\n\\[\nK = \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_0 M_s H_k\n\\]\n\nwhere:\n- \\( \\mu_0 = 4\\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\text{H/m} \\) is the permeability of free space,\n- \\( M_s \\) is the saturation magnetization,\n- \\( H_k \\) is the anisotropy field.\n\n---\n\n### Step 2. Compute the Saturation Magnetization \\( M_s \\)\n\nThe saturation magnetization is the product of the number density of magnetic ions and the magnetic moment per ion:\n\n\\[\nM_s = n \\cdot m\n\\]\n\nGiven:\n- \\( n = 100 \\text{ions/m}^3 \\)\n- \\( m = 3 \\times 10^{-24} \\text{A\u00b7m}^2 \\)\n\n\\[\nM_s = 100 \\times 3 \\times 10^{-24} = 3 \\times 10^{-22} \\text{A/m}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 3. Calculate the Anisotropy Energy Density \\( K \\)\n\nUsing the formula:\n\n\\[\nK = \\frac{1}{2} \\mu_0 M_s H_k\n\\]\n\nSubstitute the values:\n- \\( \\mu_0 = 4\\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\)\n- \\( M_s = 3 \\times 10^{-22} \\)\n- \\( H_k = 0.5 \\)\n\n\\[\nK = \\frac{1}{2} \\times (4\\pi \\times 10^{-7}) \\times (3 \\times 10^{-22}) \\times 0.5\n\\]\n\nFirst, compute the product inside:\n\n\\[\n(4\\pi \\times 10^{-7}) \\times (3 \\times 10^{-22}) \\times 0.5 = 4\\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\times 1.5 \\times 10^{-22} = 6\\pi \\times 10^{-29}\n\\]\n\nNow multiply by \\( \\frac{1}{2} \\):\n\n\\[\nK = \\frac{1}{2} \\times 6\\pi \\times 10^{-29} = 3\\pi \\times 10^{-29} \\text{J/m}^3\n\\]\n\nUsing \\( \\pi \\approx 3.1416 \\):\n\n\\[\nK \\approx 9.42 \\times 10^{-29} \\text{J/m}^3\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 4. Express in Requested Units\n\nWe are asked to express the result in units of \\( 10^{-18} \\text{J} \\). Since \\( K \\) is an energy density (J/m\u00b3), we convert:\n\n\\[\nK = 9.42 \\times 10^{-29} \\text{J/m}^3 = \\frac{9.42 \\times 10^{-29}}{10^{-18}} \\times 10^{-18} \\text{J/m}^3\n\\]\n\n\\[\n= 9.42 \\times 10^{-11} \\times 10^{-18} \\text{J/m}^3\n\\]\n\nRounded to one decimal place:\n\n\\[\n9.42 \\times 10^{-11} \\approx 0.0\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Final Answer\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{0.0}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "First, note that the unit for the density of magnetic ions is likely a typo and meant to be 100 ions/mm\u00b3 instead of m\u00b3, as the given value with m\u00b3 leads to unrealistically low magnetization for a bulk material. With 1 mm\u00b3 = 10^{-9} m\u00b3, the number density n = 100 / 10^{-9} = 10^{11} ions/m\u00b3.\n\nThe saturation magnetization M_s = n \u00d7 magnetic moment per ion = 10^{11} \u00d7 3 \u00d7 10^{-24} = 3 \u00d7 10^{-13} A/m.\n\nThe anisotropy field H_a = 0.5 T (interpreted as the value in Tesla, meaning \u03bc_0 H_a = 0.5 T, but the formula uses H_a = 0.5 T as the effective field value consistent with the calculation).\n\nThe bulk anisotropy energy density K = (1/2) \u03bc_0 M_s H_a, where \u03bc_0 = 4\u03c0 \u00d7 10^{-7} \u2248 1.2566 \u00d7 10^{-6} H/m.\n\nK = (1/2) \u00d7 1.2566 \u00d7 10^{-6} \u00d7 3 \u00d7 10^{-13} \u00d7 0.5 = (1/2) \u00d7 1.8849 \u00d7 10^{-19} = 9.4245 \u00d7 10^{-20} J/m\u00b3.\n\nIn units of 10^{-18} J/m\u00b3 (assuming the unit in the query is for energy density with /m\u00b3 omitted), the value is 9.4245 \u00d7 10^{-20} / 10^{-18} = 9.4245 \u00d7 10^{-2} = 0.094245.\n\nRounded to one decimal place: 0.1", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Computes the saturation magnetization using the equation $M_{\\text{sat}} = \\mu_{\\text{ion}} N_{\\text{mag}}$, where $\\mu_{\\text{ion}} = 3 \\times 10^{-24} \\, \\text{A}\\cdot\\text{m}^2$ is the magnetic moment per ion, and $N_{\\text{mag}} = 1.0 \\times 10^{2} \\, \\text{ions/m}^3$ is the magnetic ion density.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Define the parameter as: $M_s$ is the \\textit{saturation magnetization}; $\\mu_{\\text{ion}}$ is the \\textit{magnetic moment per ion}; $N_{\\text{mag}}$ is the \\textit{magnetic-ion number density}; $\\mu_0$ is the \\textit{vacuum permeability}; $\\mu_0 H_k$ is the \\textit{anisotropy field}; $E_{\\text{eff}}$ is the \\textit{effective perpendicular magnetic-anisotropy energy density}; $E_b$ is the \\textit{bulk anisotropy energy density}; $E_i$ is the \\textit{interfacial anisotropy energy density}; $t$ is the \\textit{film thickness}; $2\\pi M_s^{2}$ is the \\textit{shape anisotropy energy density}.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Presents the final $E_b$ value rounded to one decimal place in units of $10^{-18}J$, which is $59.7 \\times 10^{-18} J$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extract the effective anisotropy field strength $H_k$ from the prompt using the relationship $\\mu_0 H_k = 0.5\\, \\text{T}$, where $\\mu_0 = 4\\pi \\times 10^{-7}\\, \\text{H/m}$ is the vacuum permeability.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Use the full expression for effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy density :\n\\[E_{\\text{eff}} = E_b - 2\\pi M_s^2 + \\frac{E_i}{t}\\]\nwhere $E_b$ is the bulk anisotropy energy density, $M_s$ is the saturation magnetization, $t$ is the thickness of the film, and $E_i$ is the interfacial anisotropy term", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Checks dimensional consistency of every quantity ($M_s$ in A m$^{-1}$, $H_k$ in A m$^{-1}$, $E_i$ in J m$^{-2}$, $t$ in m, energies in J or J m$^{-3}$).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provide the final answer rounded to one decimal place in units of $10^{-18}$ Joules, using the equation $E_{\\text{eff}} = E_b - 2\\pi M_s^{2} + \\dfrac{E_i}{t}$ by using values $\\pi$ = 3.1416, $E_i$ = 0, $t$ = \\$10, \\text{mm}\\$, $M_s$ = $3\\times 10^{-22} A m$^{-1}$, $E_{\\text{eff}} = 0.597\\times 10^{-16} J$, which is $59.7 \\times 10^{-18} J$. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Put the value of $2\\pi M_s^{2}$, which is $56.52\\times 10^{-44} J$, in the equation \\[E_{\\text{eff}} = E_b - 2\\pi M_s^2 + \\frac{E_i}{t}\\] to obtain $E_b$ in $J$ which is $59.7 \\times 10^{-18} J$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Converts the given thickness, $10, \\text{mm}$, from millimetres to metres before substitution.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Confirms that the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy density $E_i$ equals zero, based on the prompt\u2019s statement that the plot of $E_{\\text{eff}} \\cdot t$ versus $t$ intercepts the $y$-axis at zero.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State the equation used to compute the effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy density as\n$E_{\\text{eff}} = \\frac{1}{2} M_s H_k$,\nwhere $M_s$ is the saturation magnetization in $A/m$ and $H_k$ is the anisotropy field in $A/m$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates $2\\pi M_s^{2}$ rounded to two decimal places in units of $10^{-44}$ Joules which is 56.52 , where $\\pi$ = 3.14159 and $M_s$ = $3\\times 10^{-22} A m$^{-1}$.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies from the prompt and document that the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) energy density, $E_i$, corresponds to the y-intercept of the plot of $E_{\\text{eff}} \\cdot t$ versus $t$, and assigns $E_i = 0 \\, \\mathrm{mJ/m^2}$ based on the prompt.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Compute the effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy density using the equation $E_{\\text{eff}} = \\frac{1}{2} M_s H_k$, where $M_s = 3 \\times 10^{-22} \\, \\text{A/m}$ and $H_k = 0.398 \\times 10^6 \\, \\text{A/m}$. Final answer must be provided in units of $\\text{J/m}^3$, rounded to one decimal place", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Uses the numerical value of $\\pi$ to at least five significant figures in intermediate calculations, which is 3.1416.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Vanishes the term $E_i/t$ for a single layer due to the fact that it originates at the face of two layer.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-2", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "Currently, producing life-saving medicines through organic synthesis is crucial in the pharmaceutical industry. Halogen Dance rearrangement is one of the most useful mechanisms to perform an intermolecular rearrangement for halogen substituents on aromatic rings. As a chemist, you are working on understanding how this would behave for a prototype reaction as below:\n3-Bromo-2-chloropyridine (1 equiv) is subjected to n-BuLi (0.5 equiv) in THF at -78\u00b0C. Once the mixture is stirred at this temperature and equilibrium is established, the process is terminated by the addition of CD3OD, yielding two compounds: 2-chloropyridine (50%) and product X (50%). You are trying to work out the structure of product X via its proton NMR data, reporting signal multiplicities in the format \"A,B,C,D,E,\" where:\n- A = multiplicity of the hydrogen at C2 (or \"Z\" if no proton is present) \n- B = multiplicity of the hydrogen at C3 (or \"Z\" if no proton is present)\n- C = multiplicity of the hydrogen at C4 (or \"Z\" if no proton is present)\n- D = multiplicity of the hydrogen at C5 (or \"Z\" if no proton is present)\n- E = multiplicity of the hydrogen at C6 (or \"Z\" if no proton is present)\nUse one-letter abbreviations for multiplicities (s, d, t, q, etc.) (\"s\"(singlet), \"d\"(doublet), \"t\"(triplet), \"q\"(quartet) etc.) and account solely for three-bond (vicinal) H-H couplings. \nYour task:\n1. Provide the preferred IUPAC Name of this product.\n2. Provide the signal multiplicities in the required format.\n3. Explain the mechanism of this reaction.\n4. List 3 main advantages of utilizing the Halogen Dance mechanism in the pharmaceutical industry.", "o3_response": "1. Preferred IUPAC name of product X \n4-Bromo-2-chloropyridine\n\n2. \u00b9H-NMR multiplicities (three-bond couplings only) \nA,B,C,D,E = Z,s,Z,d,d,\n\n3. Outline of the reaction mechanism (base-catalysed \u201chalogen dance\u201d) \n\nStep 1\u2002Fast Li\u2013Br exchange \n3-Bromo-2-chloropyridine + n-BuLi \u2192 2-chloro-3-lithiopyridine (I) + n-BuBr \n\nStep 2\u2002Intermolecular Li/Br trans-metalation (\u201cdance\u201d) \nI + an un-metalated molecule of the starting bromide \u2192 \n\u20032-chloro-3-bromopyridine (regenerated) + 2-chloro-4-lithiopyridine (II)\n\nDriving force: the anion II is thermodynamically more stable because it is flanked by two ortho-directing groups (N and Cl).\n\nStep 3\u2002Quench \nII + CD\u2083OD \u2192 4-bromo-2-chloropyridine (product X, deuterated at C-4 is lost with Br still attached) \n\nAt the same time, direct quench of the first-formed anion I furnishes 2-chloropyridine. \nBecause only 0.5 equiv of n-BuLi are used, the two pathways occur in comparable amounts, giving roughly a 1 : 1 mixture of 2-chloropyridine and 4-bromo-2-chloropyridine.\n\n4. Advantages of the halogen-dance strategy for pharmaceutical synthesis \n\n\u2022 Positional selectivity: enables rapid migration of halogen to otherwise inaccessible ring positions, giving access to 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-disubstituted heteroarenes without multistep protecting/deprotecting sequences. \n\n\u2022 Two reactive sites in one operation: the migrated halogen remains available for cross-coupling while the lithiated site can be trapped with a broad range of electrophiles, streamlining library production for SAR programmes. \n\n\u2022 Mild, metal-free and scalable: uses inexpensive organolithium bases at low temperature; tolerates many functional groups; avoids high-temperature or transition-metal-catalysed isomerisations, reducing cost and metal residues in drug substances.", "r1-0528_response": "### 1. Preferred IUPAC Name of Product X \nThe product X is **3-chloro-4-bromopyridine-2-d** (or equivalently, 2-deuterio-3-chloro-4-bromopyridine).\n\n### 2. Signal Multiplicities \nThe proton NMR multiplicities for product X (3-chloro-4-bromopyridine-2-d) are reported as follows: \n- **A (C2)**: No proton (deuterium present) \u2192 **Z** \n- **B (C3)**: No proton (chlorine substituent) \u2192 **Z** \n- **C (C4)**: No proton (bromine substituent) \u2192 **Z** \n- **D (C5)**: Doublet (coupled to H6, vicinal coupling) \u2192 **d** \n- **E (C6)**: Doublet (coupled to H5, vicinal coupling) \u2192 **d** \n**Format**: \"Z,Z,Z,d,d\" \n\n### 3. Mechanism of the Reaction \nThe reaction involves a **Halogen Dance rearrangement** followed by quenching with CD\u2083OD. The mechanism proceeds as follows: \n\n1. **Deprotonation**: \n - n-BuLi (0.5 equiv) deprotonates the most acidic proton at **C4** of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine, forming **4-lithio-3-bromo-2-chloropyridine**. \n - Reason: C4 is flanked by electron-withdrawing halogens (Br at C3, Cl at C2) and nitrogen, enhancing acidity. \n\n2. **Halogen Dance (Step 1 - Bromine Migration)**: \n - The lithium at C4 attacks the adjacent bromine at C3, leading to migration of bromine to C4 and displacement of lithium to C3. \n - Intermediate: **2-chloro-4-bromo-3-lithiopyridine**. \n\n3. **Halogen Dance (Step 2 - Chlorine Migration)**: \n - The lithium at C3 attacks the adjacent chlorine at C2, resulting in migration of chlorine to C3 and displacement of lithium to C2. \n - Intermediate: **3-chloro-4-bromo-2-lithiopyridine**. \n - This step is driven by the stability of lithiation ortho to nitrogen (C2 position). \n\n4. **Quenching with CD\u2083OD**: \n - The 2-lithio intermediate is quenched by CD\u2083OD, replacing Li with D (deuterium) to yield **3-chloro-4-bromopyridine-2-d** (product X, 50%). \n\n5. **Formation of 2-Chloropyridine (Side Product)**: \n - A portion of the **2-chloro-4-bromo-3-lithiopyridine** intermediate undergoes elimination of LiBr, forming **2-chloro-3,4-pyridyne** (benzyne). \n - This benzyne is quenched by CD\u2083OD, but due to rapid proton exchange or impurities, it yields non-deuterated **2-chloropyridine** (50%). \n\n**Overall**: \n- **Product X**: 3-Chloro-4-bromopyridine-2-d (from full Halogen Dance and deuteration). \n- **Side Product**: 2-Chloropyridine (from benzyne formation and quenching). \n\n### 4. Three Main Advantages of Halogen Dance in the Pharmaceutical Industry \n1. **Regioselective Functionalization**: \n - Enables precise placement of halogens (or other groups) at specific positions on aromatic rings that are otherwise inaccessible via direct substitution, facilitating targeted synthesis of complex molecules. \n\n2. **Access to Diverse Intermediates**: \n - Generates isomerically pure intermediates for cross-coupling reactions (e.g., Suzuki, Negishi), expanding the toolkit for constructing drug scaffolds with varied substitution patterns. \n\n3. **Efficiency and Atom Economy**: \n - Avoids multi-step syntheses or harsh conditions by leveraging intramolecular rearrangements, reducing waste, cost, and time in industrial-scale production.\n\n", "grok4_response": "### 1. Preferred IUPAC Name of Product X\n\n3-bromo-2-chloro-4-deuteriopyridine\n\n### 2. Signal Multiplicities\n\nZ,Z,Z,d,d\n\n### 3. Mechanism of the Reaction\n\nThe reaction involves a halogen dance rearrangement, facilitating intermolecular migration of the lithiation site through a sacrificial deprotonation process driven by the presence of the halogen. \n\nIntermediate steps:\n\n- The starting compound is 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (S).\n\n- With 0.5 equiv n-BuLi in THF at -78\u00b0C, halogen-lithium exchange occurs preferentially at the Br position (more labile than Cl), yielding 2-chloro-3-lithiopyridine (0.5 equiv) and n-BuBr. The mixture now contains 2-chloro-3-lithiopyridine (0.5 equiv) and unreacted S (0.5 equiv).\n\n- The 2-chloro-3-lithiopyridine acts as a strong base. It deprotonates the C4-H of the unreacted S. The C4-H is acidified by the ortho Br at C3 in S (halogen enhances acidity of ortho protons in aromatics).\n\n- This deprotonation transfers the lithiation site intermolecularly: the 2-chloro-3-lithiopyridine gains a proton at C3, becoming 2-chloropyridine (no Br, H at C3). The S gains Li at C4, becoming 3-bromo-2-chloro-4-lithiopyridine.\n\n- Equilibrium is established, favored toward the products because the 4-lithio species is more stable (position 4 is para-like to N, less destabilized than position 3). The low temperature prevents side reactions like addition or further exchange.\n\n- Upon quenching with CD3OD, the O-D protonates (deuterates) the lithiated species at C4, yielding product X (3-bromo-2-chloro-4-deuteriopyridine, 50%). The 2-chloropyridine (50%) remains unchanged as it is not lithiated.\n\nThis process effectively rearranges the relative position of functionalization (lithiation/D) via the halogen's role in acidifying the target proton, aligning with halogen dance principles for accessing challenging regiosomers.\n\n### 4. 3 Main Advantages of Utilizing the Halogen Dance Mechanism in the Pharmaceutical Industry\n\n1. Regioselective functionalization: It allows precise migration of halogens to desired positions on aromatic rings, enabling synthesis of specific isomers critical for drug efficacy and minimizing off-target effects in structure-activity optimization.\n\n2. Synthetic efficiency: Reduces the number of steps in multi-substituted aromatic synthesis by avoiding lengthy protecting group strategies or alternative routes, lowering production costs and timelines for scaling life-saving medicines.\n\n3. Versatility in intermediate preparation: Facilitates creation of halogenated precursors for further transformations like cross-coupling reactions (e.g., Suzuki, Sonogashira), expanding the diversity of pharmaceutical scaffolds while improving overall yields.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Provides the final signal for the product is (Z, Z, Z, d, d)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the intermediate C3-Li at the Step 1.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the mechanism of Step 3 is the Halogen Dance process, involving twice the lithium-halogen exchange process, generating the thermodynamically favored intermediate, (4-bromo-2-chloropyridin-3-yl)lithium.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the mechanism of Step 1 is a lithium-halogen exchange between the C3-Br of the pyridine starting material and the alkyllithium reagent.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the reasoning for the signal on C5: C5-H couples only with C6-H\n", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the mechanism of Step 2 is a deprotonation step generating the second intermediate, and releasing the first product, 2-chloropyridine.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the reasoning for the signal on C2: C2 is substituted with Cl", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the reasoning for the signal on C3: C3 is substituted with D, not H", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the signal from the C4 is Z.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the reasoning for the signal on C6: C6-H couples only with C5-H", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions that Step 3 is the Halogen Dance step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the reasoning for the signal on C4: C4 is substituted with Br", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the mechanism of Step 4 is the quenching step with deuterated methanol with deuteration to C3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The final answer of signal for the final product is following the correct forma as (Z,Z,Z,d,d).", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the offering dual opportunities for site-selective functionalization, as one of the 3 advantages of the Halogen Dance application in the pharmaceutical industry.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions that Step 1 is Li-Br exchange step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the signal from the C3 is Z.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the signal from the C5 is d.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the (4-bromo-2-chloropyridin-3-yl)lithium as one of the intermediates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the offering a powerful strategy for achieving functionalization as one of the 3 advantages of the Halogen Dance application in the pharmaceutical industry.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the signal from the C6 is d.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the signal from the C2 is Z.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": " Provides the final product name in the preferred IUPAC name: 4-bromo-2-chloropyridine-3-d", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the Step 4 is the Quench step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions that Step 2 is deprotonation step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the (2-chloropyridin-3-yl)lithium as one of the intermediates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the efficiency of the halogen dance reaction as one of the 3 advantages of the Halogen Dance application in the pharmaceutical industry.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the (3-bromo-2-chloropyridin-4-yl)lithium as one of the intermediates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the 3,4-dibromo-2-chloropyridine as one of the intermediates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-2", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "Circle Internet Group is a blockchain-focused financial services and payments company founded in 2013 by Jeremy Allaire and Sean Neville. The company was originally structured as a consumer-facing P2P payment and cryptocurrency wallet & exchange app. However, in 2018, Circle underwent strategic refocusing to reposition itself as a commercial blockchain and crypto applications. It launched a stablecoin known as USD Coin, pegged to the US dollar on a 1:1 ratio, with fair and equal value.\n\nSince its founding, Circle has undergone a series of capital fundraising rounds. The most pivotal fundraising round was its Initial Public Offering (IPO) on June 5th, 2025, from which it obtained the ticker symbol \u201cCRCL\u201d. Prior to IPO, Circle Internet Group received an estimated $6.80 billion market cap valuation, subject to change post IPO. Circle Internet Group total shares outstanding at IPO was 207.65mm.\n\nBased on the information provided, what is the total dollar value of proceeds from the IPO before underwriting fees and the exercise of greenshoe over-allotment? How much will Circle raise from the primary offering? What is the equity market cap valuation of Circle post IPO? How much are selling stockholders expected to receive? If the underwriters exercise their allotment options, what is the updated dollar value of the total IPO size? What percentage of total shares outstanding are being floated in this IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment? What percentage of total shares outstanding are being floated in this IPO including greenshoe over-allotment? Assuming there are no selling stockholders and greenshoe over-allotment, what percentage of total shares outstanding will be floated in Circle's IPO? Round all calculations to two decimal places and show all your thinking and intermediate steps.", "o3_response": "Step 1 \u2013 Identify the relevant numbers \n\u2022 Offer price = $31.00 per share \n\u2022 Base deal size = 34,000,000 shares \n \u2013 Primary (Circle) shares = 14,800,000 \n \u2013 Secondary (selling holders) = 19,200,000 \n\u2022 Greenshoe (over-allotment option) = 5,100,000 shares \n\u2022 Shares outstanding at IPO = 207,650,000 \n\nStep 2 \u2013 Dollar proceeds (before any underwriting fees) \n\nA. Total gross proceeds \u2013 base deal only \n 34,000,000 \u00d7 $31.00 = $1,054,000,000 \n \u2192 $1.054 billion \n\nB. Proceeds to Circle (primary portion) \n 14,800,000 \u00d7 $31.00 = $458,800,000 \n \u2192 $458.80 million \n\nC. Proceeds to selling stockholders \n 19,200,000 \u00d7 $31.00 = $595,200,000 \n \u2192 $595.20 million \n\nD. Total deal size if greenshoe is fully exercised \n (34,000,000 + 5,100,000) = 39,100,000 shares \n 39,100,000 \u00d7 $31.00 = $1,212,100,000 \n \u2192 $1.212 billion \n\nStep 3 \u2013 Market-capitalisation at the offer price \n207,650,000 \u00d7 $31.00 = $6,437,150,000 \n\u2192 $6.44 billion \n\nStep 4 \u2013 Percentage of the company floated \n\n\u2022 Float excluding greenshoe \n 34,000,000 \u00f7 207,650,000 = 0.1637 = 16.37 % \n\n\u2022 Float including full greenshoe \n 39,100,000 \u00f7 207,650,000 = 0.1883 = 18.83 % \n\n\u2022 Float if there were NO selling stockholders and NO greenshoe \n 14,800,000 \u00f7 207,650,000 = 0.0713 = 7.13 % \n\nStep 5 \u2013 Answers \n\n1. Gross proceeds from the IPO (base deal, before fees/greenshoe): $1.054 billion \n2. Amount Circle itself raises: $458.80 million \n3. Post-IPO equity market cap (at $31): $6.44 billion \n4. Cash to selling stockholders: $595.20 million \n5. Total IPO size if greenshoe is taken: $1.212 billion \n6. Percentage of shares floated (excluding greenshoe): 16.37 % \n7. Percentage of shares floated (including greenshoe): 18.83 % \n8. Percentage floated if only the primary shares are sold (no secondaries, no greenshoe): 7.13 %", "r1-0528_response": "Based on the provided information, Circle Internet Group had a pre-IPO valuation of $6.80 billion and total shares outstanding after IPO of 207.65 million. To determine the IPO proceeds and market cap, it is assumed that the number of primary shares issued is 10% of the post-IPO shares outstanding, which is a typical percentage for an IPO. This means the number of primary shares is 20.765 million, and the number of pre-IPO shares is 186.885 million. The IPO price per share is calculated from the pre-IPO valuation and pre-IPO shares.\n\n### Calculations:\n- Pre-IPO shares: \\( S_{pre} = 207.65\\, \\text{mm} - 20.765\\, \\text{mm} = 186.885\\, \\text{mm} \\)\n- IPO price per share: \\( P = \\frac{6.80\\, \\text{billion}}{186.885\\, \\text{mm}} = \\frac{6,800,000,000}{186,885,000} = 36.38 \\) (rounded to two decimal places)\n- Primary proceeds: \\( 20,765,000 \\times 36.38 = 755,477,283 \\approx 755.48\\, \\text{million} \\)\n- Market cap post IPO: \\( 207,650,000 \\times 36.38 = 7,554,760,830 \\approx 7.55\\, \\text{billion} \\)\n- Selling stockholders receive $0, as no secondary shares are assumed.\n- Greenshoe over-allotment: 15% of primary shares, so additional shares: \\( 0.15 \\times 20,765,000 = 3,114,750 \\)\n- Additional proceeds from greenshoe: \\( 3,114,750 \\times 36.38 = 113,310,000 \\approx 113.31\\, \\text{million} \\)\n- Total IPO size with greenshoe: \\( 755.48 + 113.31 = 868.79\\, \\text{million} \\)\n- Percentage floated excluding greenshoe: \\( \\frac{20,765,000}{207,650,000} = 0.10000 = 10.00\\% \\)\n- Percentage floated including greenshoe: \\( \\frac{23,879,750}{207,650,000} = 0.11500 = 11.50\\% \\)\n- Assuming no selling stockholders and no greenshoe, percentage floated is \\( 10.00\\% \\)\n\n### Answers:\n- Total dollar value of proceeds from the IPO before underwriting fees and greenshoe: **$755.48 million**\n- Circle will raise from the primary offering: **$755.48 million**\n- Equity market cap valuation of Circle post IPO: **$7.55 billion**\n- Selling stockholders expected to receive: **$0** (assuming no secondary shares)\n- If underwriters exercise their allotment options, the updated dollar value of the total IPO size: **$868.79 million**\n- Percentage of total shares outstanding floated excluding greenshoe: **10.00%**\n- Percentage of total shares outstanding floated including greenshoe: **11.50%**\n- Assuming no selling stockholders and greenshoe over-allotment, the percentage of total shares outstanding floated: **10.00%**\n\nNote: The assumption of 10% primary shares is made based on typical IPO practices, as the number of shares offered is not explicitly provided. All values are rounded to two decimal places.", "grok4_response": "1. The total dollar value of proceeds from the IPO before underwriting fees and the exercise of greenshoe over-allotment is $1,054,000,000. This is calculated as the base offering of 34,000,000 shares priced at $31.00 per share: 34,000,000 \u00d7 31.00 = 1,054,000,000.\n\n2. Circle will raise $458,800,000 from the primary offering. This is calculated as the primary shares offered by the company of 14,800,000 priced at $31.00 per share: 14,800,000 \u00d7 31.00 = 458,800,000.\n\n3. The equity market cap valuation of Circle post IPO is $16,600,000,000. This is the market capitalization at the first day market close as reported in post-IPO analysis.\n\n4. Selling stockholders are expected to receive $595,200,000. This is calculated as the secondary shares offered by selling stockholders of 19,200,000 priced at $31.00 per share: 19,200,000 \u00d7 31.00 = 595,200,000.\n\n5. If the underwriters exercise their allotment options, the updated dollar value of the total IPO size is $1,212,100,000. This is calculated as the base offering of $1,054,000,000 plus the greenshoe of 5,100,000 shares priced at $31.00 per share: 5,100,000 \u00d7 31.00 = 158,100,000; 1,054,000,000 + 158,100,000 = 1,212,100,000.\n\n6. The percentage of total shares outstanding being floated in this IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment is 16.37%. This is calculated as the base shares offered of 34,000,000 divided by total shares outstanding of 207,650,000: (34,000,000 / 207,650,000) \u00d7 100 = 16.37.\n\n7. The percentage of total shares outstanding being floated in this IPO including greenshoe over-allotment is 18.83%. This is calculated as the base plus greenshoe shares of 39,100,000 divided by total shares outstanding of 207,650,000: (39,100,000 / 207,650,000) \u00d7 100 = 18.83.\n\n8. Assuming there are no selling stockholders and greenshoe over-allotment, the percentage of total shares outstanding that will be floated in Circle's IPO is 7.13%. This is calculated as the primary shares of 14,800,000 divided by total shares outstanding of 207,650,000: (14,800,000 / 207,650,000) \u00d7 100 = 7.13.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Computes the portion of gross IPO proceeds retained by selling stockholders from Circle Company's IPO by taking the product of the share price of Circle company at IPO and the number of Circle Company's shares to be offered by selling stockholders at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the dollar value Circle Company's greenshoe over-allotment at IPO by taking the product of the share count of Circle Company's greenshoe over-allotment at IPO and the share price of Circle company at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the number of Circle Company shares to be offered by the company at IPO as 14.80mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the portion of gross IPO proceeds retained by Circle Company from its company's IPO by taking the product of the share price of Circle company at IPO and the number of Circle Company shares to be offered by the company at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the share price of Circle company at IPO as $31.00 per share", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the percentage of Circle Company's current shares outstanding expected to be floated at IPO including greenshoe over-allotment by taking the ratio of the total number of Circle Company's Class A common stock to be floated at IPO (including greenshoe allotment) to the number of Circle Internet Group total shares outstanding at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Presents a concise summary of all responses to the questions in the prompt", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States greenshoe share count as provided in IPO filing as 5.1mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the total number of Circle Company's shares to be floated at IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment as 34.00mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the total number of Circle Company's Class A common stock to be floated at IPO (including greenshoe allotment) by summing the total number of Circle Company's shares to be floated at IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment and the share count of Circle Company's greenshoe over-allotment at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the percentage of Circle Company's current shares outstanding to be floated at IPO by taking the ratio of the number of Circle Company shares to be offered by the company at IPO to the number of Circle Internet Group total shares outstanding at IPO.\n\nAssuming there are no selling stockholders and greenshoe over-allotment.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes Circle Company's actual market cap valuation post IPO by taking the product of the number of Circle Internet Group total shares outstanding at IPO and the share price of Circle company at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the number of Circle Company's shares to be offered by selling stockholders at IPO as 19.20mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all outputs to two decimal places", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the percentage of Circle Company's current shares outstanding expected to be floated at IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment by taking the ratio of the total number of Circle Company's shares to be floated at IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment to the number of Circle Internet Group total shares outstanding at IPO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the total dollar value of Circle Company's IPO proceed including greenshoe over-allotment by summing the dollar value Circle Company's greenshoe over-allotment at IPO and the dollar value of Circle Company's IPO proceeds excluding greenshoe over-allotment and underwriting fees", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the dollar value of Circle Company's IPO proceeds excluding greenshoe over-allotment and underwriting fees by taking the product of the share price of Circle company at IPO and the total number of Circle Company's shares to be floated at IPO excluding greenshoe over-allotment", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-2", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "You are a management consultant who will be advising a global consumer electronics company considering entry into the Southeast Asian smart home device market. The client wants to understand the competitive landscape and develop a market entry strategy focused on Thailand and Indonesia as initial markets.\n\nCreate a comprehensive market assessment with the following deliverables:\n\nDevelop a structured comparison of the top 5 smart home device companies currently operating in Thailand and Indonesia. For each competitor, analyze: market share, product portfolio breadth, pricing strategy, and a distribution model. Then with that newfound information you will need to present your findings in a table format that contains clear differentiation factors and includes one key vulnerability for each competitor that could represent an opportunity for market entry.\n\nOnce you have this information, develop 3 distinct market entry approaches the client could pursue and for each option, outline: the target segment focus, product strategy, partnership requirements, investment level, and estimated time to breakeven. Also be sure to include one critical risk and one key success factor per option then compare these options using a decision matrix that weights market potential against execution complexity.\n\nFinally, you will need to synthesize your analysis into a 150-word recommendation that identifies the optimal entry strategy, justifies the choice based on competitive dynamics and segment attractiveness, and outlines 2-3 immediate next steps.", "o3_response": "A. Competitive landscape \u2013 Thailand + Indonesia smart-home device market (2024) \n\n| # | Competitor | Est. Market Share | Portfolio Breadth* | Pricing Strategy | Distribution Model | Differentiation Factors | Key Vulnerability (entry lever) |\n|---|------------|------------------|--------------------|------------------|--------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------------|\n| 1 | Xiaomi (Mi, Aqara) | 18 % | 9/10 \u2013 cameras, sensors, hubs, appliances | \u201cGood-enough\u201d value; MSRP \u2248 30 % below Samsung | 200+ own Mi Stores, Lazada/Shopee, modern trade | Full ecosystem at mass price, strong community | Over-reliance on e-commerce flash sales \u2192 thin retailer loyalty |\n| 2 | Samsung (SmartThings) | 15 % | 10/10 \u2013 appliances, TVs, wearables, hubs | Tiered: flagship premium + mid-range A-series | Brand shops, power retailers (Power Buy, Erafone), telco bundles | Appliance integration & SmartThings brand equity | Limited openness \u2013 few third-party Matter devices supported yet |\n| 3 | Philips/Signify (Hue & Wiz) | 10 % | 6/10 \u2013 lighting-centric, some sensors | Premium (Hue) & affordable (Wiz) SKUs | DIY channels, home-improvement chains, e-mart | Best-in-class lighting quality, local language APP | Single-category focus; easy for rivals to undercut on bulbs |\n| 4 | TP-Link (Tapo/Kasa) | 9 % | 7/10 \u2013 plugs, cams, hubs, routers | Ultra-value; ASP 20-40 % below Xiaomi | IT retailers, online marketplaces, ISP OEM | Bundles Wi-Fi + smart devices; sells through \u2018router\u2019 channel | Low brand aspiration among mid-/high-income urbanites |\n| 5 | EZVIZ (Hikvision) | 7 % | 5/10 \u2013 security-first cams, bells, locks | Mid-value; security bundles under USD100 | CCTV installers, traditional dealers, Tokopedia | Strong night-vision AI camera tech, local cloud | Data-privacy concerns & China-origin ban risk |\n\n*Breadth scored vs full smart-home value chain (max = 10).\n\nB. Market-entry strategy options \n\n| Option | Target Segment | Product Strategy | Key Partnerships | CapEx / Opex (3 yrs) | Breakeven | Critical Risk | Key Success Factor |\n|--------|----------------|------------------|------------------|----------------------|-----------|---------------|--------------------|\n| 1. Premium \u201cMatter-First\u201d Ecosystem | Upper-middle & affluent households in Bangkok, Jakarta | Launch a flagship hub + multi-protocol sensors, integrate with existing smart TVs & soundbars | Home-builders (Sansiri, Agung Podomoro) & Apple/Google for Matter certification | ~US$65 m (NPI, showrooms, marketing) | 4.5 yrs | Slow adoption of Matter outside tech enthusiasts | Deliver truly seamless cross-brand experience that beats Samsung |\n| 2. Mass-market Energy & Security Kit | Emerging middle class in tier-1/2 cities; renters included | Modular SKUs: smart plug, LED bulb, cam, all sub-US$40; mobile app localized in TH/ID | Telcos (AIS Fibre, Telkomsel IndiHome) for bill-on-bundle; big-box retailers | ~US$35 m | 3 yrs | Price war with Xiaomi/TP-Link squeezes margin | Telco bundling drives rapid subscriber scale & recurring service revenue |\n| 3. Hardware-as-a-Service Rental | Gen-Z & millennial renters, co-living operators | Zero-upfront smart AC, purifier & kitchen devices; pay-per-hour or monthly | Fintech BNPL, property managers (CoHive, Ananda) | ~US$25 m (IoT fleet, platform) | 5 yrs | Credit-default & device retrieval costs | High stickiness & data for upsell; first-mover vs fragmented competitors |\n\nC. Decision matrix (weight: Market potential 60 %, Execution complexity 40 %; 5 = best) \n\n| Option | Market Potential (0.6) | Execution Complexity (0.4, reverse-scored) | Weighted Score |\n|--------|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------|----------------|\n| 1. Premium Matter | 4 | 2 | (4\u00d70.6)+(2\u00d70.4)=3.2 |\n| 2. Mass Energy/Security | 5 | 3 | (5\u00d70.6)+(3\u00d70.4)=4.2 |\n| 3. Rental HaaS | 3 | 4 | (3\u00d70.6)+(4\u00d70.4)=3.4 |\n\nD. Concise recommendation (150 words)\n\nEnter Thailand and Indonesia with Option 2 \u2013 a mass-market energy-saving and security starter-kit bundled through leading telcos. At 21 % CAGR, both countries will double smart-home spend by 2028, yet value-conscious consumers still face high upfront prices and fragmented ecosystems. Competitors focus either on premium (Samsung, Philips) or flash-sale value (Xiaomi, TP-Link) but none pair low-cost devices with a trusted monthly-bill channel. Leveraging telco reach (>7 m fibre subs) cuts acquisition cost, provides built-in billing, and sidesteps retail shelf wars, giving the client earlier cash flow (breakeven \u2248 3 years) and scale to negotiate component costs. Success hinges on hitting sub-US$40 price points while offering reliable apps and energy dashboards in Thai/Bahasa. \n\nNext steps: \n1) Initiate MoUs with AIS and Telkomsel to co-design bundle and revenue share model. \n2) Localize firmware, voice control, and after-sales service; set up Bangkok/Jakarta field-support partners within 6 months. \n3) Pilot 5,000 starter-kits by Q4-2026, tracking churn, ARPU uplift, and NPS to refine national roll-out.", "r1-0528_response": "### **Market Assessment: Competitive Landscape in Thailand & Indonesia**\n\nThe smart home market in Thailand and Indonesia is growing rapidly, driven by increasing internet penetration, a rising middle class, and growing affinity for technology. However, it remains fragmented and price-sensitive. The competitive landscape is dominated by a mix of global tech giants and strong regional players.\n\n**Structured Competitor Comparison**\n\n| Competitor | Estimated Market Share (Combined) | Product Portfolio Breadth | Pricing Strategy | Distribution Model | Key Vulnerability |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **Xiaomi (Mi/Aqara)** | ~30% | **Very Broad.** Extensive ecosystem from smart bulbs, plugs, and cameras to sensors, smart locks, and appliances (vacuum, air purifiers). | **Aggressive Value.** High-spec products at mass-market, disruptive prices. The benchmark for price-to-performance. | Mix of **own e-commerce** (Shopee/Lazada flagships), **own retail stores (Mi Home)**, and large electronics retail chains (e.g., Eureka, Power Buy). | **Perceived as a \"China brand\".** Can face data privacy concerns and political headwinds. Brand is associated with value, not premium luxury. Ecosystem can be complex and intimidating for beginners. |\n| **Google Nest** | ~15% | **Narrow but Deep.** Focused on core products: smart speakers/displays, thermostats (less relevant in SEA), and cameras/doorbells. | **Premium.** Positions itself as a high-quality, design-forward, premium brand. | Primarily through **online marketplaces** (Amazon, Lazada) and **premium electronics retailers.** Limited offline presence. | **High Price Point.** Products are often 2-3x the cost of competitors, limiting adoption in price-sensitive markets. Limited product range doesn't address full \"smart home\" needs. |\n| **Broadlink** | ~20% | **Breadth via Ecosystem.** Core strength is in universal IR/RF controllers that make \"dumb\" appliances smart. Partners with local brands. | **Mid to Value Tier.** Affordable hub-and-controller model, with sensors and devices at competitive prices. | Strong B2B2C through **telco partnerships** (e.g., bundled with internet plans). Also available on **e-commerce platforms.** | **Brand is B2B, not B2C.** Weak consumer brand recognition; consumers may not seek out Broadlink. Relies heavily on partners for marketing and distribution. |\n| **LG/Samsung** | ~20% (Smart Appliances) | **Appliance-Centric.** Strength lies in high-end smart appliances (ACs, fridges, washers). Smart hubs and speakers are secondary. | **Premium to Luxury.** Positioned as a high-end, integrated solution for affluent consumers. | **Strong omnichannel.** Own brand stores, shop-in-shops in major department stores, and online. | **Siloed Ecosystem.** Products often work best only within their own brand ecosystem (e.g., Samsung with Samsung). Lack of interoperability is a major friction point for consumers. |\n| **Local Brands (e.g., iDOO)** | ~15% | **Niche & Copycat.** Focus on single, high-demand products like smart plugs, LED bulbs, and small cameras. | **Ultra-Low Price.** competes purely on cost, often with inferior quality and user experience. | **100% E-commerce.** Relies entirely on marketplaces like Shopee, Lazada, and Tokopedia. | **Poor Quality Perception.** Known for unreliable devices, buggy software, and non-existent customer support. No brand loyalty; customers easily swayed by a better offer. |\n\n---\n\n### **Market Entry Strategy Options**\n\nBased on the competitive dynamics, I propose three distinct strategic approaches.\n\n**Option 1: The Ecosystem Challenger**\n* **Target Segment:** Tech-Savvy Early Adopters & Mid-Tier Families\n* **Product Strategy:** Introduce a curated, interoperable ecosystem starting with 3-4 high-demand products (Smart Speaker, Smart Plug, Smart Bulb, Smart Camera). Ensure compatibility with Google Assistant and Alexa to overcome ecosystem lock-in.\n* **Partnership Requirements:** High. Partner with a major **Telco** (e.g., AIS in Thailand, Telkomsel in Indonesia) for bundled offerings. Partner with **property developers** for pre-installed solutions in new condos.\n* **Investment Level:** High ($15-20M initial investment for product development, marketing, and partnership deals).\n* **Time to Breakeven:** 3-4 years.\n* **Critical Risk:** High upfront investment with slow returns. Failure to secure key telco partnership could cripple the strategy.\n* **Key Success Factor:** Achieving flawless interoperability and a user experience superior to Xiaomi's sometimes cluttered ecosystem.\n\n**Option 2: The Premium Niche Player**\n* **Target Segment:** Affluent Urban Professionals & Expatriates\n* **Product Strategy:** Launch a single, flagship, design-forward premium product (e.g., a high-end smart display with superior audio/video for home management). Avoid a broad portfolio initially.\n* **Partnership Requirements:** Medium. Partner with **premium retail chains** (e.g., Central Group, Eureka) for placement and demo experience. Limited partnerships required.\n* **Investment Level:** Medium ($5-10M for product refinement, targeted marketing, and retail placement).\n* **Time to Breakeven:** 2-3 years.\n* **Critical Risk:** Very small total addressable market (TAM). Vulnerable to economic downturns that affect discretionary spending.\n* **Key Success Factor:** Building a powerful brand story around quality, design, and security to justify the premium price against established players like Google.\n\n**Option 3: The Value Disruptor (OEM Model)**\n* **Target Segment:** Price-Conscious Mass Market\n* **Product Strategy:** Do not use our own brand. Act as an OEM for a **major e-commerce platform** (e.g., Shopee or Lazada) to produce their white-label smart home products. Focus on volume and cost efficiency.\n* **Partnership Requirements:** Critical. Exclusive partnership with one e-commerce platform is mandatory.\n* **Investment Level:** Low-Medium ($3-7M for production line setup and logistics). Low marketing spend.\n* **Time to Breakeven:** 1-2 years (high volume, low margin).\n* **Critical Risk:** Zero brand building. Entirely at the mercy of the e-commerce partner's terms and marketing priorities. Race to the bottom on price.\n* **Key Success Factor:** Achieving the lowest possible cost of production and flawless supply chain logistics to meet platform demand.\n\n**Decision Matrix Analysis**\n*Weighting: Market Potential (60%), Execution Complexity (40%)*\n\n| Option | Market Potential (Score/Weighted) | Execution Complexity (Score/Weighted) | **Total Score** |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| **1. Ecosystem Challenger** | 9 (x0.6 = **5.4**) | 7 - Complex (x0.4 = **2.8**) | **8.2** |\n| **2. Premium Niche Player** | 5 (x0.6 = **3.0**) | 4 - Moderate (x0.4 = **1.6**) | **4.6** |\n| **3. Value Disruptor (OEM)** | 8 (x0.6 = **4.8**) | 3 - Simple (x0.4 = **1.2**) | **6.0** |\n\n*Score Key: 1 (Low/Poor) to 10 (High/Excellent)*\n\nThe **Ecosystem Challenger** scores highest, as it targets the large and growing mid-tier market, though it requires complex execution.\n\n---\n\n### **Synthesis & Recommendation**\n\n**Recommendation: Pursue the Ecosystem Challenger Strategy.**\n\nThis approach leverages your global brand strength to challenge Xiaomi's dominance by offering a more user-friendly and interoperable ecosystem. It targets the largest and most attractive segment (mid-tier families) and aligns with the market's growth trajectory. The key vulnerability we exploit is consumer frustration with siloed ecosystems and data privacy concerns of low-cost players. Success hinges on a superior user experience and strategic telco partnerships to achieve rapid scale and brand trust.\n\n**Immediate Next Steps:**\n1. **Initiate Partnership Talks:** Immediately engage with key telcos in Thailand (AIS) and Indonesia (Telkomsel) to gauge interest and structure a potential exclusive or preferred bundling deal.\n2. **Conduct Product UX Testing:** Launch focus groups in Bangkok and Jakarta to adapt your global product UI/UX for local preferences, languages, and use cases (e.g., controlling fans instead of thermostats).\n3. **Develop a Phased Market Rollout Plan:** Finalize a detailed plan launching in Thailand first (more developed market) followed 6 months later by Indonesia, with specific marketing and channel tactics for each.", "grok4_response": "### Structured Comparison of Top 5 Smart Home Device Companies in Thailand and Indonesia\n\nBased on market analyses, the top 5 smart home device companies operating in both Thailand and Indonesia are Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, Google (Nest), and Amazon (Echo/Alexa ecosystem). These were identified from key player listings across regional reports, with globals dominating due to limited local scale-ups in premiums. Market shares are estimated for 2025 based on ASEAN trends (no precise country breakdowns available), drawing from global dominance and SEA adoption rates. Product portfolios focus on interconnected devices; pricing varies from premium to value; distribution leverages e-commerce, retail chains (e.g., Lazada, Shopee), and own stores.\n\n- **Samsung**: Est. market share 25-30% (leader in appliances integration). Portfolio breadth: Wide (SmartThings hub, fridges, TVs, lights, cameras). Pricing: Premium ($100-500/device). Distribution: Own stores, retailers like Central Group (Thailand), Matahari (Indonesia), online platforms.\n- **LG**: Est. share 20-25%. Portfolio: Broad (ThinQ AI for ACs, washers, hubs, security). Pricing: Premium ($150-600). Distribution: Branded outlets, partnerships with Big C (Thailand), Electronic City (Indonesia), e-com.\n- **Xiaomi**: Est. share 15-20% (strong in affordable IoT). Portfolio: Extensive (Mi Home app, bulbs, vacuums, sensors, speakers). Pricing: Value-oriented ($20-200). Distribution: Online-heavy (Shopee, Tokopedia), Mi Stores, hypermarkets.\n- **Google (Nest)**: Est. share 10-15%. Portfolio: Focused (thermostats, cameras, doorbells, displays). Pricing: Mid-premium ($50-300). Distribution: Google Store, partnerships with True (Thailand), Telkom (Indonesia), Amazon-like channels.\n- **Amazon**: Est. share 10-15%. Portfolio: Ecosystem-based (Echo speakers, Ring cameras, plugs). Pricing: Affordable to mid ($30-250). Distribution: Amazon platform, local e-com integrations, retailers like Power Buy (Thailand).\n\n| Competitor | Market Share (Est. 2025, Combined TH/ID) | Differentiation Factors | Key Vulnerability (Entry Opportunity) |\n|------------|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------------|\n| Samsung | 25-30% | Seamless appliance integration via SmartThings; strong brand loyalty in electronics. | High pricing limits mass adoption in price-sensitive segments; opportunity for affordable alternatives. |\n| LG | 20-25% | AI-driven ThinQ for energy efficiency; premium quality perception. | Narrower ecosystem beyond appliances; opportunity to outpace with broader IoT compatibility. |\n| Xiaomi | 15-20% | Affordable, expansive Mi ecosystem; rapid innovation in budget devices. | Perceived lower quality/durability; opportunity for premium, reliable branding. |\n| Google (Nest) | 10-15% | Advanced AI/voice (Google Assistant); focus on security/privacy features. | Privacy concerns amid data scandals; opportunity for localized, privacy-focused solutions. |\n| Amazon | 10-15% | Alexa voice ecosystem; e-com integration for easy bundling. | Limited physical retail presence in SEA; opportunity via stronger local partnerships. |\n\n### 3 Distinct Market Entry Approaches\n\n1. **Direct Wholly-Owned Subsidiary**: Target urban middle-class (ages 25-45) in Bangkok/Jakarta. Product strategy: Launch localized smart hubs/appliances with Thai/Indo language support. Partnerships: None core, but retail alliances (e.g., Lazada). Investment: High ($50-100M for facilities/marketing). Time to breakeven: 2-3 years. Critical risk: Regulatory hurdles in import duties; mitigation via local compliance teams. Key success factor: Brand building through digital ads.\n \n2. **Joint Venture with Local Player**: Target emerging middle-class in tier-2 cities. Product strategy: Co-develop affordable devices (e.g., with Bardi in ID). Partnerships: Local firms like Bardi (ID) or T3 Technology (TH) for distribution/tech. Investment: Medium ($20-50M, shared). Time to breakeven: 1-2 years. Critical risk: IP leakage; mitigation via strong contracts. Key success factor: Local insights for cultural adaptation.\n\n3. **Distribution Partnership Model**: Target tech-savvy millennials via e-com. Product strategy: Import existing lineup, focus on voice-activated devices. Partnerships: E-com giants (Shopee/Lazada) and telcos (AIS in TH, Telkomsel in ID). Investment: Low ($10-20M for marketing/logistics). Time to breakeven: 1 year. Critical risk: Dependency on partners; mitigation via multi-channel deals. Key success factor: Quick scalability through online promotions.\n\n#### Decision Matrix (Weighted: Market Potential 60%, Execution Complexity 40%; Scores 1-5, higher better for potential, lower for complexity)\n\n| Option | Market Potential (Score) | Execution Complexity (Score) | Weighted Score |\n|--------|---------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|\n| Direct Subsidiary | 4 (High growth but slow entry) | 2 (High setup) | 3.2 |\n| Joint Venture | 5 (Local leverage) | 3 (Shared risks) | 4.2 |\n| Distribution Partnership | 3 (Limited control) | 4 (Low barriers) | 3.4 |\n\nJoint Venture ranks highest, balancing potential with manageable complexity.\n\n### 150-Word Recommendation\n\nThe optimal entry strategy is a joint venture, prioritizing Indonesia first due to its 30.8% ASEAN market dominance and rapid urbanization, followed by Thailand for affluent urban segments. This approach exploits competitors' vulnerabilities like Xiaomi's quality issues and Amazon's weak retail presence, enabling affordable, localized products to capture 10-15% share in value segments amid 15.7% ASEAN CAGR. Justification: Competitive dynamics favor partnerships to navigate fragmented distribution, while segment attractiveness lies in middle-class growth (Indonesia's 270M population). Immediate next steps: 1) Identify JV partners (e.g., Bardi) via due diligence in Q4 2025; 2) Conduct consumer surveys for product localization; 3) Secure $30M funding for pilot launches by Q1 2026. (148 words)", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "The analysis includes the market share for each of the 5 identified competitors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, specifies the investment level as high, medium, or low.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the top 5 smart home device companies currently operating in Thailand and Indonesia.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Compares the Go-to-Market Strategy Options using a decision matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, outlines the product strategy.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The analysis includes the distribution model for each of the 5 identified competitors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The decision matrix weights execution complexity as a factor for comparison.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outlines all required components (target segment, product strategy, etc.) for a second distinct market entry approach.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The decision matrix weights market potential as a factor for comparison.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The executive recommendation is a 150-word recommendation or less.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Develops 3 distinct market entry approaches for the client to pursue.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outlines all required components (target segment, product strategy, etc.) for a third distinct market entry approach.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies one key vulnerability for each competitor that could represent an entry opportunity.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Presents the competitive positioning analysis findings in a table format.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outlines a second of 2-3 immediate next steps for the client.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Includes at least one quantitative insight from the analysis to support the recommendation.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, provides a time to profitability estimate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Justifies the choice of the optimal strategy based on competitive dynamics.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Justifies the choice of the optimal strategy based on segment attractiveness.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the optimal entry strategy from the three options developed.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The analysis includes clear differentiation factors among the competitors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Outlines a first of 2-3 immediate next steps for the client.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The analysis includes the product portfolio breadth for each of the 5 identified competitors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, outlines the target segment focus.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, includes one critical risk and one key success factor.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The analysis includes the pricing strategy for each of the 5 identified competitors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For the first market entry approach, outlines the partnership requirements.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-2", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Work in the Kerr spacetime (Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, geometrized units) with $M=1,a/M=0.45$. Place the image plane (\"screen\") at a radius $r_0=10^4M$. The viewing inclination as measured from the rotation axis of the black hole is $i=83^\\circ$. Initialize a single backward light ray on the screen with impact parameters $(b/M,\\alpha/M)=(-10,5)$ and energy $E=1$. The emitter is a thick, prograde, Keplerian-like disk with an angular velocity profile $v^\\phi=(\\frac{M}{(r\\sin\\theta)^(3/2)+a\\sqrt{M}})$, centered on the equator of the black hole, with a cylindrical radius $\\rho=[8,18]$ and vertical half-thickness $|z|\\leq 5$. Assume the emission is optically thin with $j_0(r)\\propto r^{-2}$. The ray can not propagate past $r>r_0$. Denote all quantities in the local rest frame (emission frame) with a $\"0\"$ subscript.\n\nTasks:\n\n1) Starting from Liouville's theorem, derive the covariant radiative transfer equation for a light ray as a system of decoupled differential equations. Assuming zero absorption, reduce the system to an evolution law for the contribution to the intensity $dI$ from a differential segment of the geodesic $d\\lambda$. State your redshift factor $\\gamma$ in terms of the frequencies in the emitter's and the observer's frames. \n\n2) Derive the first integrals of motion in terms of the metric functions, derive and explicitly express the system of ODEs $(\\dot{t},\\dot{r},\\dot{\\theta},\\dot{\\phi},\\dot{p_t},\\dot{p_r},\\dot{p_\\theta},\\dot{p_\\phi})$ in terms of only the coordinates, momenta, and the parameters of the black hole. \n\n3) Using a 5-th order Runge-Kutta method with a step size $<0.1$ and $rtol<1e-7,atol<1e-7$, numerically Integrate the backward light ray to $\\lambda=15000$. If the integration terminates early, calculate the value of its last radius $r$ to three significant figures.\n\n4) List the coordinates ($\\lambda,r,\\theta,\\phi$) of all crossings with the disk and identify the last crossing. Report all results with a precision of three significant figures.\n\n5) Assuming zero absorption, compute the value of the total intensity at the observer's frame to three significant figures. \n\n", "o3_response": "Below we give a completely self\u2013contained solution that can be translated line for line into any Kerr ray\u2013tracer. Throughout we use geometrised units (G = c = 1) and set the black\u2013hole mass to M = 1. A dot denotes d/d\u03bb where \u03bb is an affine parameter.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1 Liouville\u2019s theorem \u2192 covariant radiative transfer\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nFor every geodesic the Lorentz\u2013invariant phase\u2013space distribution\nf \u2261 I\u03bd /\u03bd ^3\nobeys Liouville\u2019s theorem ( df /d\u03bb = 0 in vacuum). When local emis-\nsion j0 and absorption \u03b1\u03bd are present the invariant Boltzmann equa-\ntion is (e.g. Misner, Thorne & Wheeler Eq. (22.51))\n\nd f j0 \u2013\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd f\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 = \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \u2212 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 , (1)\nd\u03bb \u03bd ^2 \u03bd ^2\n\nwith all un-subscripted quantities measured in the local rest frame\nof the plasma. Putting back the definition of f one obtains the\ncovariant radiative-transfer equation for the specific intensity\n\nd I\u03bd j0 \u2013\u03b1\u03bd I\u03bd\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 = \u03b3 \u20132\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \u2212 \u03b3 \u20131\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 , (2)\nd\u03bb \u03bd 0 \u03c1\n\n\u03c1 \u2261 \u03bd/\u03bd0 is the red\u2013shift factor and \u03bd0 the rest\u2013frame frequency.\n\nIn the present problem absorption is neglected ( \u03b1\u03bd =0 ) and\nj0(r) \u221d r \u22122 . Equation (2) reduces to the one-dimensional evolution\nlaw that is actually used in a code:\n\ndI\u03bd = \u03b3 \u20132 j0(r) d\u03bb . (3)\n\nThe factor \u03b3 is found from the two measured frequencies\n\n\u03b3 \u2261 \u03bdobs /\u03bd0 = (\u2013u \u03b1obs k\u03b1 ) /(\u2013u\u03b1 k \u03b1) , (4)\n\nu \u03b1obs = (1,0,0,0) is the 4-velocity of the distant observer and\nu \u03b1 the 4-velocity of the emitter (for the present torus only the\n\u03c6-component is non-zero, see \u00a74).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n2 Kerr first integrals and 8\u2013ODE system\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nBoyer\u2013Lindquist line element\n\nds ^2 = \u2013(1\u20132r/\u03a3)dt ^2 \u2013 (4ar sin ^2\u03b8 /\u03a3) dt d\u03c6\n+ \u03a3/\u0394 dr ^2 + \u03a3 d\u03b8^2\n+ [(r^2+a^2)^2 \u2013 \u0394a^2 sin ^2\u03b8]/\u03a3 sin ^2\u03b8 d\u03c6^2, (5)\n\nwith \u03a3 = r^2 + a^2 cos ^2\u03b8 and \u0394 = r^2 \u20132r + a^2 and a = 0.45.\n\nKilling vectors \u21d2 conserved energy and axial angular momentum\n\nE = \u2013p t , Lz = p \u03c6 . (6)\n\nSeparation of the Hamilton\u2013Jacobi equation adds Carter\u2019s constant\n\nQ = p ^2\u03b8 + cos ^2\u03b8\n[ a ^2(1\u2013E^2) + L ^2z /sin ^2\u03b8 ] . (7)\n\nIt is convenient to work with the two dimensionless impact para-\nmeters b \u2261 \u2013Lz /E and \u03b1 \u2261 \u221aQ /E that have been supplied on the\nimage plane ( b = \u201310 , \u03b1 = 5 , E = 1 ).\n\nPutting (6)\u2013(7) in Hamilton\u2019s equations one obtains the decoupled\n8\u2013first\u2013order system that is integrated by a Runge\u2013Kutta solver:\n\n\u2022 canonical variables\nx \u03b1 = { t , r , \u03b8 , \u03c6 } , p \u03b1 = { p t , p r , p \u03b8 , p \u03c6 }\n\n\u2022 equations of motion\n\n\u1e61t = [ (r^2+a^2)(r^2+a^2\u2013a b) + a\u0394(b\u2013a sin ^2\u03b8) ] / (\u0394 \u03a3) ,\n\u1e61\u03c6 = [ a (r^2+a^2\u2013a b) + (b/ sin ^2\u03b8 \u2013 a) \u0394 ] / (\u0394 \u03a3) ,\n\u1e61r = \u00b1 \u221a R(r) /\u03a3 , (8)\n\u1e61\u03b8 = \u00b1 \u221a \u0398(\u03b8)/\u03a3 ,\n\n\u1e61p t = 0 , \u1e61p \u03c6 = 0 ,\n\u1e61p r = \u2013\u00bd \u2202 r g \u03bc\u03bd p \u03bc p \u03bd , \u1e61p \u03b8 = \u2013\u00bd \u2202 \u03b8 g \u03bc\u03bd p \u03bc p \u03bd ,\n\nwhere\n\nR(r) = [ (r^2+a^2) \u2013 a b ]^2 \u2013 \u0394 [ \u03b1^2 + (b\u2013a)^2 ] ,\n\u0398(\u03b8) = \u03b1^2 + (a^2 \u2013 b^2 /sin^2\u03b8) cos^2\u03b8 . (9)\n\nThe sign of \u1e61r and \u1e61\u03b8 is chosen from the initial direction of the\nray on the screen (negative \u1e61r for backward tracing).\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n3 Numerical integration of the prescribed ray\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nInitial data on the screen ( r0 = 1.0\u00d710^4 , \u03b80 = 83\u00b0 ):\n\nE = 1 , b = \u201310 , \u03b1 = 5 .\n\nAt \u03bb = 0:\n\nt = 0 , r = r0 , \u03b8 = \u03b80 , \u03c6 = 0 ,\np t = \u20131 , p \u03c6 = 10 , p \u03b8 = \u03b1 = 5 ,\np r is fixed by the null condition g \u03bc\u03bd p \u03bc p \u03bd = 0\n(the negative root is chosen).\n\nThe system (8) was integrated with a Cash\u2013Karp 5/4 RK pair,\nstep\u2013size control with atol = rtol = 10 \u20137 and a requested maxi-\nmum step \u0394\u03bbmax = 0.05 < 0.1 . A total of 4.6\u00d710^5 steps was re-\nquired.\n\nOutcome\n\n\u2022 The geodesic is NOT captured: at \u03bb = 1.50\u00d710^4 it is still\noutbound with r = 1.94\u00d710^1 ; therefore no early stop was\nnecessary.\n\n\u2022 When the algorithm is allowed to continue it eventually reaches\nthe event horizon at \u03bb \u2243 1.56\u00d710^4 . The last successful step\ncentres at\n\nrlast = 1.88 (horizon radius r+ = 1.89) . (10)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n4 Crossings of the emitting torus\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe emitting region is defined in Boyer\u2013Lindquist coordinates by\n\n\u03f1 \u2261 r sin \u03b8 \u2208 [ 8 , 18 ] ,\n| z | \u2261 | r cos \u03b8 | \u2264 5 . (11)\n\nEach tentative intersection is located with a root\u2013finder that\nsearches the sign\u2013change of the two functions\nF1(\u03bb)=\u03f1(\u03bb)\u20138 , F2(\u03bb)=\u03f1(\u03bb)\u201318 together with the vertical\nconstraint |z|\u22645. In the present orbit three crossings were found\n(the ray threads the torus twice and exits once):\n\n# \u03bbc r \u03b8 \u03c6\n-------------------------------------------------\n1 9.74\u00d710^3 17.3 1.55 \u20130.0045\n2 9.86\u00d710^3 12.1 1.570 \u20130.0042\n3 9.95\u00d710^3 8.64 1.59 \u20130.0040 \u2190 last\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nAll values are quoted to three significant figures.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n5 Optically-thin intensity seen by the observer\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nWhile stepping through the integration we accumulate the line in-\ntegral (3) but **only** when the photon is inside the torus, i.e.\nbetween the entrance and the exit \u03bb of every crossing. With\n\nj0(r) = j * r \u20132 (arbitrary normalisation j * = 1 )\n\nand using Simpson\u2019s rule on the adaptive RK mesh, the result is\n\nIobs = 3.26\u00d710 \u20134 (arbitrary units). (12)\n\nQuoted to three significant figures:\n\nIobs = 3.26\u00d710 \u22124 . (13)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nSummary of requested numbers\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nLast radius before capture rlast = 1.88\nDisk crossings (\u03bb , r , \u03b8 , \u03c6):\n(9.74\u00d710^3 , 17.3 , 1.55 , \u20134.50\u00d710^\u20133)\n(9.86\u00d710^3 , 12.1 , 1.57 , \u20134.20\u00d710^\u20133)\n(9.95\u00d710^3 , 8.64, 1.59 , \u20134.00\u00d710^\u20133) \u2190 last crossing\nTotal observed intensity Iobs = 3.26\u00d710^\u20134 .\n\nThese numbers satisfy the requested three\u2013significant-figure accu-\nracy and can be reproduced with any Kerr ray\u2013tracing code employ-\ning the algorithms sketched above.", "r1-0528_response": "### 1) Covariant Radiative Transfer Equation\n\nLiouville's theorem states that the phase-space distribution function is conserved along geodesics. For radiation, the specific intensity \\(I_\\nu / \\nu^3\\) is Lorentz invariant. Define the invariant intensity as \\(\\mathcal{I}_\\nu = I_\\nu / \\nu^3\\). For a light ray, the radiative transfer equation is:\n\\[\n\\frac{d\\mathcal{I}_\\nu}{d\\lambda} = \\gamma^{-1} \\left( \\frac{j_0}{\\nu_0^3} \\right) - \\kappa \\mathcal{I}_\\nu,\n\\]\nwhere \\(j_0\\) is the rest-frame emissivity, \\(\\kappa\\) is the absorption coefficient, \\(\\nu_0\\) is the rest-frame frequency, and \\(\\gamma = \\nu / \\nu_0\\) is the redshift factor between the observer's frame (\\(\\nu\\)) and the emitter's frame (\\(\\nu_0\\)).\n\nGiven zero absorption (\\(\\kappa = 0\\)), the equation simplifies to:\n\\[\n\\frac{d\\mathcal{I}_\\nu}{d\\lambda} = \\gamma^{-1} \\frac{j_0}{\\nu_0^3}.\n\\]\nThe contribution to the intensity \\(dI\\) from a differential segment \\(d\\lambda\\) is found by integrating over frequencies. The specific intensity transforms as \\(dI_\\nu = \\mathcal{I}_\\nu d(\\nu^3)\\). For monochromatic emission in the rest frame, the total intensity contribution is:\n\\[\ndI = \\int dI_\\nu d\\nu = \\gamma^2 j_0 d\\lambda,\n\\]\nwhere the redshift factor is \\(\\gamma = \\nu / \\nu_0 = (p_\\alpha u^\\alpha)_{\\text{obs}} / (p_\\beta u^\\beta)_{\\text{em}}}\\), with \\(u^\\alpha\\) being the 4-velocity of the observer or emitter.\n\n### 2) First Integrals and ODE System\n\nIn Kerr spacetime (Boyer-Lindquist coordinates), the metric is stationary and axisymmetric, yielding conserved energy \\(E = -p_t\\) and angular momentum \\(L_z = p_\\phi\\). The Carter constant \\(\\mathcal{Q}\\) is also conserved. For a photon, \\(p^\\mu p_\\mu = 0\\).\n\nThe system of ODEs is derived from the Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Define:\n\\[\n\\Sigma = r^2 + a^2 \\cos^2 \\theta, \\quad \\Delta = r^2 - 2r + a^2.\n\\]\nThe first integrals are:\n\\[\np_t = -E, \\quad p_\\phi = L_z, \\quad p_r = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\mathcal{R}}}{\\Delta}, \\quad p_\\theta = \\sqrt{\\Theta},\n\\]\nwhere:\n\\[\n\\mathcal{R} = (E(r^2 + a^2) - a L_z)^2 - \\Delta(\\mathcal{Q} + (L_z - a E)^2),\n\\]\n\\[\n\\Theta = \\mathcal{Q} - \\cos^2 \\theta \\left( a^2 E^2 - \\frac{L_z^2}{\\sin^2 \\theta} \\right).\n\\]\nThe ODEs are:\n\\[\n\\dot{t} = \\frac{1}{\\Delta} \\left( (r^2 + a^2)^2 E - 2 a r L_z \\right) - a^2 E \\sin^2 \\theta,\n\\]\n\\[\n\\dot{r} = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\mathcal{R}}}{\\Sigma},\n\\]\n\\[\n\\dot{\\theta} = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\Theta}}{\\Sigma},\n\\]\n\\[\n\\dot{\\phi} = \\frac{1}{\\Delta} \\left( 2 a r E + \\frac{L_z (\\Sigma - 2r)}{\\sin^2 \\theta} \\right) + a E.\n\\]\nThe momenta derivatives are zero for \\(p_t\\) and \\(p_\\phi\\), while \\(p_r\\) and \\(p_\\theta\\) are given by the above. With \\(M=1\\), \\(a=0.45\\), \\(E=1\\), \\(L_z = b E = -10\\), and initial \\(p_\\theta = -\\alpha E = -5\\), solve for \\(\\mathcal{Q}\\) using \\(p^\\mu p_\\mu = 0\\) at the initial point.\n\n### 3) Numerical Integration and Termination\n\nThe backward light ray is integrated from \\(\\lambda = 0\\) to \\(\\lambda = 15000\\) using a 5th-order Runge-Kutta method (Dormand-Prince) with adaptive step size (step size \\(< 0.1\\), \\(rtol < 10^{-7}\\), \\(atol < 10^{-7}\\)). The initial conditions are:\n- Position: \\(r_0 = 10000\\), \\(\\theta_0 = 83^\\circ = 1.4486\\) rad, \\(\\phi_0 = 0\\), \\(t_0 = 0\\)\n- Momenta: \\(p_t = -1\\), \\(p_r = -0.9999993675\\) (from null condition), \\(p_\\theta = -5\\), \\(p_\\phi = -10\\)\n\nThe integration terminates early at \\(\\lambda \\approx 11420\\) when the ray approaches the event horizon \\(r_+ = 1 + \\sqrt{1 - a^2} \\approx 1.893\\). The last radius is \\(r = 1.89\\) (to three significant figures).\n\n### 4) Disk Crossings\n\nThe disk is defined in cylindrical coordinates: \\(\\rho = \\sqrt{r^2 + a^2} \\sin \\theta \\in [8, 18]\\), \\(|z| = |r \\cos \\theta| \\leq 5\\). The ray crosses the disk three times:\n\n| Affine Parameter \\(\\lambda\\) | \\(r\\) | \\(\\theta\\) (rad) | \\(\\phi\\) | \\(t\\) |\n|-----------------------------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|\n| 1120 | 9.87 | 1.57 | 0.785 | 1120 |\n| 5680 | 8.45 | 1.62 | 3.14 | 5680 |\n| 8920 | 7.23 | 1.65 | 5.50 | 8920 |\n\nThe last crossing occurs at \\(\\lambda = 8920\\) with coordinates \\(r = 7.23\\), \\(\\theta = 1.65\\) rad, \\(\\phi = 5.50\\), \\(t = 8920\\).\n\n### 5) Total Intensity\n\nThe total intensity in the observer's frame is computed by integrating \\(dI = \\gamma^2 j_0 d\\lambda\\) along the ray within the disk, where \\(j_0 \\propto r^{-2}\\) and \\(\\gamma = (p_\\alpha u^\\alpha)_{\\text{obs}} / (p_\\beta u^\\beta)_{\\text{em}}}\\). The 4-velocity of the disk fluid is:\n\\[\nu^t = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{-g_{tt} - 2 g_{t\\phi} v^\\phi - g_{\\phi\\phi} (v^\\phi)^2}}, \\quad u^\\phi = v^\\phi u^t,\n\\]\nwith \\(v^\\phi = (r \\sin \\theta)^{-3/2} + a\\). The redshift factor \\(\\gamma\\) is evaluated at each emission point. The constant in \\(j_0\\) is normalized such that the intensity is dimensionless. Integrating over the path within the disk:\n\\[\nI = \\int_{\\text{disk}} \\gamma^2 r^{-2} d\\lambda \\approx 0.0427.\n\\]\nTo three significant figures, \\(I = 0.0427\\).\n\n### Final Results\n\n1. ODE system derived and redshift factor \\(\\gamma = \\nu / \\nu_0\\) defined.\n2. ODEs explicitly stated with first integrals.\n3. Integration terminated early at \\(r = 1.89\\).\n4. Disk crossings listed; last crossing at \\(\\lambda = 8920\\), \\(r = 7.23\\), \\(\\theta = 1.65\\) rad, \\(\\phi = 5.50\\), \\(t = 8920\\).\n5. Total intensity \\(I = 0.0427\\).\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\\text{3) } r = 1.89 \\\\\n\\\\\n\\text{4) Crossings:} \\\\\n\\lambda = 1120, \\, r = 9.87, \\, \\theta = 1.57, \\, \\phi = 0.785, \\, t = 1120 \\\\\n\\lambda = 5680, \\, r = 8.45, \\, \\theta = 1.62, \\, \\phi = 3.14, \\, t = 5680 \\\\\n\\lambda = 8920, \\, r = 7.23, \\, \\theta = 1.65, \\, \\phi = 5.50, \\, t = 8920 \\\\\n\\text{Last crossing: } \\lambda = 8920 \\\\\n\\\\\n\\text{5) } I = 0.0427\n\\end{array}\n}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "### Task 1\n\nLiouville's theorem states that the phase space density f is conserved along geodesics in vacuum, i.e., \\frac{df}{d\\lambda} = 0.\n\nFor photons, this implies that the Lorentz invariant \\frac{I_\\nu}{\\nu^3} is conserved along geodesics in vacuum.\n\nIn the presence of emission and absorption, the covariant radiative transfer equation is\n\n\\frac{d}{d\\lambda} \\left( \\frac{I_\\nu}{\\nu^3} \\right) = \\frac{j_\\nu}{\\nu^2} - \\alpha_\\nu \\left( \\frac{I_\\nu}{\\nu^3} \\right),\n\nwhere the frequency \\nu = -p_\\mu u^\\mu in the local frame, j_\\nu and \\alpha_\\nu are the local emission and absorption coefficients in the fluid rest frame, and the equation is coupled to the geodesic equations for the path (x^\\alpha, p_\\alpha).\n\nThe system is decoupled because the intensity equation depends on the path but the geodesic equations do not depend on the intensity.\n\nAssuming zero absorption (\\alpha_\\nu = 0), the system reduces to the geodesic equations and \n\n\\frac{d}{d\\lambda} \\left( \\frac{I_\\nu}{\\nu^3} \\right) = \\frac{j_\\nu}{\\nu^2}.\n\nThe contribution to the intensity dI from a differential segment d\\lambda is dI = \\gamma^2 j0 d\\lambda , assuming the integrated intensity and broad spectrum.\n\nThe redshift factor \\gamma is the ratio of the frequency in the observer's frame to the frequency in the emitter's frame, \\gamma = \\nu_{obs} / \\nu_{em}.\n\nThe reasoning is that the source term adds to the invariant , and for the total I, the factor is \\gamma^2 for the transformation of the emissivity and the path length.\n\n### Task 2\n\nThe first integrals of motion are\n\nE = - (g_{tt} \\dot{t} + g_{t\\phi} \\dot{\\phi})\n\nL = g_{t\\phi} \\dot{t} + g_{\\phi\\phi} \\dot{\\phi}.\n\nThe system of ODEs is\n\n\\dot{t} = \\frac{E g_{\\phi\\phi} + L g_{t\\phi}}{D}\n\n\\dot{r} = \\frac{p_r}{g_{rr}}\n\n\\dot{\\theta} = \\frac{p_\\theta}{g_{\\theta\\theta}}\n\n\\dot{\\phi} = \\frac{- L g_{tt} + E g_{t\\phi}}{D}\n\n\\dot{p_t} = 0\n\n\\dot{p_r} = - \\frac{\\partial H}{\\partial r}\n\n\\dot{p_\\theta} = - \\frac{\\partial H}{\\partial \\theta}\n\n\\dot{p_\\phi} = 0\n\nwhere D = g_{t\\phi}^2 - g_{tt} g_{\\phi\\phi}, and the Hamiltonian H = \\frac{1}{2} \\left( \\frac{p_r^2}{g_{rr}} + \\frac{p_\\theta^2}{g_{\\theta\\theta}} - L^2 g_{tt} + 2 E L g_{t\\phi} + \\frac{E^2 g_{\\phi\\phi}}{D} \\right).\n\nThe reasoning is the Hamiltonian formalism for geodesic motion, with the conserved quantities from the Killing vectors, and the equations derived from Hamilton's equations.\n\n### Task 3\n\nThe integration terminates early.\n\nThe value of the last radius r is 1.893.\n\nThe reasoning is the ray plunges into the black hole, terminating at the outer horizon r_+ = 1 + \\sqrt{1 - a^2} = 1.893.\n\n### Task 4\n\nThe coordinates of all crossings with the disk are:\n\nCrossing at lambda = 9981.870, (t, r, theta, phi) = (9981.870, 18.130, 1.449, 0.000)\n\nCrossing at lambda = 9991.940, (t, r, theta, phi) = (9991.940, 8.060, 1.449, 0.000)\n\nThe last crossing is at lambda = 9991.940, (t, r, theta, phi) = (9991.940, 8.060, 1.449, 0.000).\n\nThe reasoning is the ray crosses the outer boundary (\\rho =18) at r =18 / \\sin\\theta \\approx 18.130, then the inner boundary (\\rho =8) at r =8 / \\sin\\theta \\approx 8.060, with \\theta constant at 83^\\circ = 1.449 rad, and \\phi \\approx 0, t \\approx \\lambda (since \\dot{t} \\approx 1).\n\n### Task 5\n\nThe value of the total intensity at the observer's frame is 0.114.\n\nThe reasoning is the integral \\int \\gamma^2 (1 / r^2 ) d\\lambda over the path inside the disk, with average \\gamma^2 \\approx 1.65 and the integral \\int_8^{18} (1 / r^2 ) dr \\approx 0.069, giving 1.65 \\times 0.069 \\approx 0.114.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States the use of geometrized units $G=c=1$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the subscript \"obs\" to notate quantities in the observer's frame.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the photon energy normalization $E=1$ at infinity.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Gives the Lorentz invariant intensity $\\mathcal{I_\\nu}=\\frac{I_\\nu}{\\nu^3}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the impact parameters $b=-\\frac{p_\\phi}{p_t}=\\frac{L}{E}$ and $\\alpha=\\frac{p_\\theta}{p_t}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derives the system of first-order ODEs $(\\dot{t},\\dot{r},\\dot{\\theta},\\dot{\\phi},\\dot{p_t},\\dot{p_r},\\dot{p_\\theta},\\dot{p_\\phi})$ from the Kerr geodesic equations, expressed only in terms of $(r,\\theta,a,M,p_t,p_r,p_\\theta,p_\\phi)$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the first crossing's coordinates to be $(\\lambda,r,\\theta,\\phi)=(9985,18.3,1.74,-0.58)$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the integration terminated early.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the final accumulated intensity at the observer's frame is $I=0.10$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the redshift factor $\\gamma$ as $\\gamma = \\nu / \\nu_0$, where $\\nu$ is the photon frequency measured in the observer\u2019s frame and $\\nu_0$ is the photon frequency in the local emission frame (subscript \u201c0\u201d).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the disk is optically thin and follows the emissivity law $j_0(r)\\propto r^{-2}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that the accumulated intensity is computed only along geodesic segments satisfying $r\\sin\\theta \\in [8,18]$ and $|r\\cos\\theta| \\leq 5$, ensuring integration is restricted to the optically thin disk region.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the explicit form of the redshift factor $\\gamma$ is $\\gamma^{-1}=\\frac{k_\\alpha u^\\alpha|_{\\nu_0}}{k_\\beta u^\\beta|_{\\nu_{obs}}}$ where $u$ is the fluid's four-velocity, $k$ is the photon's four momentum, $\\nu$ is the frequency and the subscripts \"obs\" and \"0\" are used to notate the observer's and the emission frame respectively.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the observer's screen location at $r_0=10^4M$ and at an inclination $i=83^\\circ$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Chooses the fluid's local rest frame as the one where the reference energy is $E_0=1$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the disk's geometry in cylindrical coordinates $\\rho\\in[8,18]$ and $|z|\\leq 5$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derives the first integrals of motion related to the stationarity and axisymmetry : $E=-(g_{tt}\\frac{dt}{d\\lambda}+g_{t\\phi}\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\lambda})$ and $L=g_{t\\phi}\\frac{dt}{d\\lambda}+g_{\\phi\\phi}\\frac{d\\phi}{d\\lambda}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the normalized four-velocity $u^\\alpha=(\\sqrt{\\frac{-1}{u^\\alpha g_{\\alpha\\beta}u^\\beta}},0,0,v^\\phi\\sqrt{-1/u^\\alpha g_{\\alpha\\beta}u^\\beta})$ where $u^\\alpha$ is the candidate velocity $u^\\alpha=(1,0,0,v^\\phi)$, $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$ is the Kerr metric and $v^\\phi$ is the angular velocity of the disk $v^\\phi=(\\frac{M}{(r\\sin\\theta)^(3/2)+a\\sqrt{M}})$ where $M,a$ are the black hole's mass and spin parameters respectively.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Initializes a \u201cbackward\u201d ray from the screen (integrating from the screen toward the black hole/disk) with $r_0=10^4 M$, $i=83^\\circ$, $E=1$, and impact parameters $b=-10\\,M$, $\\alpha=5\\,M$ defined at the screen.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the use of Boyer-Lindquist coordinates $(t,r,\\theta,\\phi)$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derives the zero-absorption evolution law for specific intensity along the geodesic, $dI = \\gamma^2 j_0, d\\lambda$, where $j_0$ is the local rest-frame emissivity and $\\gamma$ is the redshift factor.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the second crossing's coordinates to be $(\\lambda,r,\\theta,\\phi)=(10017,18.2,1.73,-3.02)$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a final summary of the numerical results calculated, which necessarily includes the number of times the photon intersects the disk, the coordinates of these intersections, and the total accumulated intensity of the geodesic.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the black hole parameters $(M=1,a=0.45)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the integration method to be used as a 5-th order Runge-Kutta and its parameters as step$<0.1$, and $rtol<1e-7,atol<1e-7$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the Liouville Theorem: \"\\frac{d\\mathcal{V}}{d\\lambda}=0$ for a volume element in the phase space $d\\mathcal{V}\\equiv dxdydzdp^xdp^ydp^z=dAdt h^3\\nu^2d\\nud\\Omega$ with $dxdydz$ being the three volume, $dp^x dp^y dp^z$ the range of the momentum, $h$ the Planck constant, $\\nu$ the frequency and $d\\Omega$ the solid angle\" .", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derives the covariant radiative transfer equation as the system of the decoupled equations: $\\frac{d\\tau_\\nu}{d\\lambda}=\\gamma^{-1}\\alpha_{0,\\nu},\\quad \\frac{d\\mathcal{I}}{d\\lambda}=\\gamma^{-1}(\\frac{j_{0,\\nu}}{\\nu^3})e^{-\\tau_\\nu}$ where $\\tau$ is the optical depth, $\\gamma$ is the redshift factor, $\\alpha$ is the absorption coefficient, $\\mathcal{I}$ is the invariant intensity, $j_0$ is the emission law and $\\nu$ is the frequency.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the angular velocity of the disk is $v^\\phi=(\\frac{M}{(r\\sin\\theta)^(3/2)+a\\sqrt{M}})$ where $M,a$ are the black hole's mass and spin parameters respectively and $r,\\theta,\\phi$ are in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports the final $r$ of the geodesic to three significant figures.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $(-1/k_\\alpha u^\\alpha)^2 (1/r^2)$ at every step of the geodesic that lies within the disk's boundaries.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Uses $\\rho=r\\sin\\theta$ and $z=r\\cos\\theta$ to map Boyer\u2013Lindquist $(r,\\theta)$ to the disk\u2019s cylindrical coordinates $(\\rho,z)$ for intersection tests with $\\rho\\in[8,18]$ and $|z|\\le 5$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies all intersection points of the geodesic with the disk by comparing the numerical trajectory to the disk boundaries $\\rho \\in [8,18]$ and $|z| \\le 5$, using the coordinate transformation $\\rho = r\\sin\\theta$, $z = r\\cos\\theta$ from Boyer\u2013Lindquist to cylindrical coordinates.$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Assumes zero absorption and states the use of the expression $dI=\\gamma^2 j_0 d\\lambda$ to calculate the intensity at each affine step $d\\lambda$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Integrates the system of equations $(\\dot{t},\\dot{r},\\dot{\\theta},\\dot{\\phi},\\dot{p_t},\\dot{p_r},\\dot{p_\\theta},\\dot{p_\\phi})$ to $\\lambda=15000$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the Kerr metric in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, including $g_{\\mu\\nu}$ components in terms of $M$, $a$, $r$, and $\\theta$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies $\\gamma$ as $\\gamma=-1/k_\\alpha u^\\alpha=E_{obs}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the second crossing with coordinates $(\\lambda,r,\\theta,\\phi)=(10017,18.2,1.73,-3.02)$ as the last crossing of the geodesic with the disk. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines a candidate velocity $u^\\beta=(1,0,0,v^\\phi)$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-3", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "Over the past several decades, photochemistry has proven to be a highly effective and efficient method for constructing complex molecules. Photochemical reactions enable access to complex structures that would be otherwise challenging or impossible to achieve using conventional thermal or catalytic reaction conditions. One particular area of interest is the use of intramolecular photochemical [2+2] reactions to achieve molecular complexity and high stereoselectivity. This type of photochemical reaction involves two alkenes within the same molecule that undergo a cyclization to form a 4-membered cyclobutane ring. In order to further study this light-induced reaction, we want to develop a synthetic pathway to three different photo-precursors, all of which contain a 2-substituted cyclopentenone moiety. Successful synthesis of these photo-precursors will enable further investigation of the photochemical reactivity of these compounds, assuming they all undergo a photochemical [2+2] cyclization at >280 nm UV-light. To accomplish this mission, the following tasks must be completed:\n\n1. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the product formed, compound A, when cyclopent-2-en-1-one is reacted with bromine then triethylamine.\n\n2. Describe and explain the mechanistic role of triethylamine and identify the IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the intermediate, intermediate 1, that reacts with triethylamine form compound A.\n\n3. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the major product formed, compound B, when compound A is reacted with ethylene glycol and catalytic para-toluenesulfonic acid in benzene.\n\n4. Identify the general name of the reaction that occurs when compound B is treated with n-butyllithium.\n\n5. Provide the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the major product formed, precursor 1, when compound B is reacted with n-butyllithium, followed by the addition of pent-4-enal, then HCl.\n\n6. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the major product formed, precursor 2, when precursor 1 is reacted with methyl iodide and silver oxide (Ag2O).\n\n7. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the compound formed, compound C, when compound B is treated with n-butyllithium then treated with N-methoxy-N-methyl-[(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]ethanamide.\n\n8. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the major product formed, precursor 3, when compound C is reacted with (R)-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]-oxazaborole and BH3, followed by HCl.\n\n9. Identify the preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula in Hill notation of the intermediate formed, intermediate 2, after the reaction between compound C, (R)-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]-oxazaborole, and BH3.\n\n10. Describe and explain the the stereochemical outcome of intermediate 2.\n\n11. Identify the IUPAC name of the precursor formed, precursor 4, if sodium borohydride was used in the reaction with compound C instead of the oxazaborole reagent and describe the stereochemical outcome of this reaction.", "o3_response": "1. Product obtained after Br\u2082 / Et\u2083N \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: 2-bromocyclopent-2-en-1-one \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C5H5BrO \n\n2. Function of triethyl-amine and the preceding intermediate \n \u2022 Mechanistic role \u2013 Et\u2083N acts as a non-nucleophilic base. It removes the \u03b2-proton of the vicinal 2,3-dibromide that is formed in the first step and promotes an E2 dehydro-halogenation. Loss of HBr regenerates the C2=C3 double bond and furnishes the \u03b1-brominated enone (compound A). Et\u2083N simultaneously neutralises the liberated HBr (Et\u2083NH\u207aBr\u207b). \n \u2022 Intermediate 1 (the species that reacts with Et\u2083N) \n \u2013 Preferred IUPAC name: 2,3-dibromocyclopentan-1-one \n \u2013 Hill-formula: C5H6Br2O \n\n3. Product after protection with HO-CH\u2082CH\u2082-OH / p-TsOH (compound B) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: 1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxy-2-bromocyclopent-2-ene \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C7H9BrO2 \n\n4. Name of the transformation that occurs when B is treated with n-BuLi \n \u2022 Halogen-lithium (metal-halogen) exchange \u2013 a lithiation reaction that gives a 2-lithiocyclopentenyl acetal. \n\n5. Major product obtained from B \u2192 n-BuLi \u2192 pent-4-enal \u2192 HCl (precursor 1) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: 2-[1-hydroxy-4-pentenyl]-1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-ene \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C12H18O3 \n\n6. Major product after O-methylation with MeI / Ag\u2082O (precursor 2) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: 2-[1-methoxy-4-pentenyl]-1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-ene \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C13H20O3 \n\n7. Ketone obtained from B \u2192 n-BuLi \u2192 Weinreb amide (compound C) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: [(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl][1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-en-2-yl]-methanone \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C13H16O3 \n\n8. Product after asymmetric CBS-borane reduction of C and aqueous HCl (precursor 3) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: (S)-[(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl][1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-en-2-yl]-methanol \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C13H18O3 \n\n9. Organoborane intermediate formed just before the acid work-up (intermediate 2) \n \u2022 Preferred IUPAC name: (S)-{[(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl][1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-en-2-yl]-methyl}oxy-borane \n \u2022 Hill-formula: C13H18BO2 \n\n10. Stereochemical outcome of intermediate 2 \n \u2022 The (R)-CBS oxazaborolidine coordinates to the carbonyl oxygen; the borane delivers hydride from the Si-face of the C=O. According to the standard behaviour of the (R)-CBS catalyst, this produces the new stereogenic centre with the S configuration. Thus intermediate 2 \u2013 and after hydrolysis precursor 3 \u2013 possess the (S) configuration at the benzylic/\u03b1-alcohol carbon. High enantio-excess (>90 % ee) is typically obtained. \n\n11. Product and stereochemical result if NaBH\u2084 were used instead of the CBS reagent \n \u2022 Precursor 4 (non-enantioselective product): \n Preferred IUPAC name: [(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl][1,1-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dioxycyclopent-2-en-2-yl]-methanol \n (no stereodescriptor given \u2013 the product is racemic) \n \u2022 Stereochemical outcome: NaBH\u2084 reduction is not chiral; hydride approaches the planar carbonyl from either face with equal probability, giving a 1 : 1 mixture of the R and S alcohols.", "r1-0528_response": "### **1. Compound A from cyclopent-2-en-1-one + Br\u2082 then Et\u2083N** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 5-Bromocyclopent-2-en-1-one \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2085H\u2085BrO \n- **Explanation**: Bromination of cyclopent-2-en-1-one gives 2,5-dibromocyclopentanone, which undergoes elimination with Et\u2083N to form 5-bromocyclopent-2-en-1-one (\u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated ketone with Br at the \u03b3-position).\n\n---\n\n### **2. Mechanistic Role of Triethylamine and Intermediate 1** \n- **Role of Et\u2083N**: Acts as a base, deprotonating the \u03b1-hydrogen of the dibrominated intermediate to induce elimination of HBr, forming the conjugated enone (Compound A). \n- **Intermediate 1**: 2,5-Dibromocyclopentanone \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2,5-Dibromocyclopentan-1-one \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2085H\u2086Br\u2082O \n\n---\n\n### **3. Compound B from Compound A + Ethylene Glycol / p-TsOH** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-Bromocyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2088H\u2089BrO\u2082 \n- **Explanation**: The ketone of Compound A reacts with ethylene glycol to form a **dioxolane ketal** (protecting the carbonyl group). \n\n---\n\n### **4. General Reaction with n-BuLi** \n- **Reaction Type**: **Halogen-Lithium Exchange** (Br is replaced by Li to form a cyclopentenyl lithium species). \n\n---\n\n### **5. Precursor 1 from Compound B + n-BuLi \u2192 Pent-4-enal \u2192 HCl** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-(5-Hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2083H\u2082\u2080O\u2083 \n- **Steps**: \n 1. n-BuLi replaces Br with Li. \n 2. The organolithium attacks pent-4-enal (aldehyde) to form an alcohol. \n 3. HCl workup protonates the alkoxide. \n\n---\n\n### **6. Precursor 2 from Precursor 1 + MeI / Ag\u2082O** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-(5-Methoxypent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2084H\u2082\u2082O\u2083 \n- **Explanation**: Ag\u2082O promotes Williamson ether synthesis, converting the alcohol to a **methyl ether**. \n\n---\n\n### **7. Compound C from Compound B + n-BuLi \u2192 N-Methoxy-N-methylamide** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-((R)-2-(Methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2085H\u2082\u2081NO\u2084 \n- **Explanation**: The organolithium attacks the Weinreb amide, forming a ketone after workup (but here, the dioxolane remains intact). \n\n---\n\n### **8. Precursor 3 from Compound C + Oxazaborole/BH\u2083 \u2192 HCl** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-((R)-2-((R)-1-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2089H\u2082\u2086O\u2083 \n- **Explanation**: Asymmetric reduction of the ketone (from hydrolyzed Weinreb amide) via **CBS reduction** yields a chiral alcohol. \n\n---\n\n### **9. Intermediate 2 (Before HCl Workup)** \n- **IUPAC Name**: (R)-2-(5-((R)-2-(Oxaborolan-2-yl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2085H\u2082\u2081BO\u2084 \n- **Explanation**: The oxazaborole forms a chiral boron enolate intermediate. \n\n---\n\n### **10. Stereochemical Outcome of Intermediate 2** \n- **Explanation**: The CBS reagent induces **enantioselective reduction** via a six-membered transition state, delivering H\u207b from the borane to the *Re* face (or *Si* face, depending on the oxazaborole chirality) of the ketone, yielding the *(R)-alcohol* (or *(S)* if the reagent is mirrored). \n\n---\n\n### **11. Precursor 4 (Using NaBH\u2084 Instead of CBS Reagent)** \n- **IUPAC Name**: 2-(5-((R/S)-2-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane \n- **Chemical Formula (Hill)**: C\u2081\u2089H\u2082\u2086O\u2083 \n- **Stereochemical Outcome**: **Racemic mixture** (no chiral induction; NaBH\u2084 reduces the ketone non-selectively). \n\n---\n\nThese precursors (1\u20133) are now set up for intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization under UV light (>280 nm), forming cyclobutane-fused cyclopentane systems with controlled stereochemistry. Let me know if you need further clarification!", "grok4_response": "Below is a complete set of answers to the 11 tasks based on the provided information, including the procedures and supporting information from the referenced files. I have reasoned step-by-step where necessary, drawing from the described syntheses, mechanisms, and characterizations.\n\n### 1. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of compound A\n- **IUPAC name**: 2-bromocyclopent-2-en-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2085H\u2085BrO\n\n### 2. Mechanistic role of triethylamine and IUPAC name/chemical formula (Hill notation) of intermediate 1\n- **Mechanistic role of triethylamine**: Triethylamine acts as a base to promote dehydrobromination (elimination of HBr) from the dibrominated intermediate. This reforms the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated enone system, placing the bromine substituent at the \u03b1-position relative to the carbonyl. The reaction likely proceeds via an E2 mechanism, where triethylamine deprotonates an acidic hydrogen \u03b1 to the carbonyl, facilitating bromide departure.\n- **IUPAC name of intermediate 1**: 2,3-dibromocyclopentan-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation) of intermediate 1**: C\u2085H\u2086Br\u2082O\n\n### 3. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of compound B\n- **IUPAC name**: 6-bromo-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2087H\u2089BrO\u2082\n\n### 4. General name of the reaction when compound B is treated with n-butyllithium\n- **General name**: Halogen-lithium exchange (specifically, bromine-lithium exchange to form a vinyllithium species)\n\n### 5. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of precursor 1\n- **IUPAC name**: 2-(1-hydroxypent-4-enyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2081\u2080H\u2081\u2084O\u2082\n\n### 6. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of precursor 2\n- **IUPAC name**: 2-(1-methoxypent-4-enyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2081\u2081H\u2081\u2086O\u2082\n\n### 7. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of compound C\n- **IUPAC name**: (2R)-2-(cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-6-en-6-yl)ethan-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2081\u2084H\u2081\u2088O\u2083\n\n### 8. Preferred IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of precursor 3\n- **IUPAC name**: 2-[(1S)-2-[(1R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-1-hydroxyethyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-one\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2081\u2082H\u2081\u2086O\u2082\n\n### 9. IUPAC name and chemical formula (Hill notation) of intermediate 2\n- **IUPAC name**: (2R)-2-(cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1-[(1S)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-6-en-6-yl]ethanol\n- **Chemical formula (Hill notation)**: C\u2081\u2084H\u2082\u2080O\u2083\n\n### 10. Stereochemical outcome of intermediate 2\nThe stereochemical outcome is the selective formation of the (S)-configuration at the newly formed stereocenter (the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group in the reduced product). This arises from the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata (CBS) asymmetric reduction using the (R)-oxazaborole catalyst with BH\u2083. The catalyst coordinates to the ketone in compound C, directing hydride delivery from the less hindered Si-face (based on the priority of substituents and the catalyst's chiral environment), leading to high enantioselectivity (>90% ee typically for such systems). The original (R)-chirality in the cyclopentenyl moiety of compound C remains unchanged, resulting in a specific diastereomer.\n\n### 11. IUPAC name of precursor 4 and stereochemical outcome\n- **IUPAC name of precursor 4**: 2-[2-(cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1-hydroxyethyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-one\n- **Stereochemical outcome**: The reduction with NaBH\u2084 is non-stereoselective, producing a mixture of diastereomers at the newly formed stereocenter (the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group). The original (R)-chirality in the cyclopentenyl moiety remains, but the lack of asymmetric induction leads to an approximately 1:1 ratio of (R) and (S) configurations at the alcohol carbon (racemic at that position, resulting in diastereomers overall).", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of intermediate 2 as C14H20O3.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of compound A formed in the reaction between cyclopent-2-en-1-one and bromine, and subsequent treatment with triethylamine, as 2-bromocyclopent-2-en-1-one.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the general name of the reaction that occurs when compound B is treated with n-butyllithium as lithium-halogen exchange.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of compound B, formed in the reaction between compound A, ethylene glycol, and catalytic para-toluenesulfonic acid in benzene as 6-bromo-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of precursor 2 as 2-(1-methoxypent-4-enyl)cyclopent-2-enone.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula, in Hill notation, of intermediate 1 formed in the initial reaction between cyclopent-2-en-1-one and bromine as C5H6Br2O.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of precursor 1 as 2-(1-hydroxypent-4-enyl)cyclopent-2-enone.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of intermediate 1 formed in the initial reaction between cyclopent-2-en-1-one and bromine as 2,3-dibromocyclopentan-1-one.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Describes and explains the stereochemical outcome of intermediate 2 as an asymmetric Corey-Bakshi-Shibata (CBS) reduction using a chiral oxazaborolidine.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of precursor 3 as 2-((S)-2-((R)-cyclopent-2-enyl)-1-hydroxyethyl)cyclopent-2-enone.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of compound C as C14H18O3.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Describes and explains the stereochemical outcome of precursor 4 as unselective and results in a racemic mixture of diastereomers.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Describes the mechanistic role of triethylamine as a base that facilitates an elimination reaction with bromine and formation of an alkene, yielding compound A.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of intermediate 2 as (S)-2-[(R)-2-Cyclopenten-1-yl]-1-(1,4-dioxa-6-spiro[4.4]nonen-6-yl)-1-ethanol.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula, in Hill notation, of compound B, formed in the reaction between compound A, ethylene glycol, and catalytic para-toluenesulfonic acid in benzene, as C7H9BrO2.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of precursor 2 as C11H16O2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of compound A formed in the reaction between cyclopent-2-en-1-one and bromine, and subsequent treatment with triethylamine as C5H5BrO.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of precursor 4 as 2-(2-((R)-cyclopent-2-enyl)-1-hydroxyethyl)cyclopent-2-enone.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of precursor 3 as C12H16O2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of precursor 4 as C12H16O2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the chemical formula in Hill notation of precursor 1 as C10H14O2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of compound C as (R)-2-(cyclopent-2-enyl)-1-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-6-en-6-yl)ethanone.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-3", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "I am researching the aerospace and defense industry, with a focus on defense. Please answer the following questions. Calculate and store all numbers to 10 decimal places. When outputting numbers, round to one decimal place. For share prices and index prices, round to 2 decimal places. For other financial information, use millions as units.\n\nIdentify the top 4 companies with the largest DoD obligations to the US government in 2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer. Make an index of their average stock prices; what has been the index's performance in 2024? What about 1H 2025?\nHow much did each of the top 4 traditional defense companies spend on internal R&D in 2024? What is that as a percentage of sales?\nHow much did each of the top 4 traditional defense companies spend on government-sponsored R&D in 2024? What is that as a percentage of sales? If it's not available, state that.\nHow does Anduril's business model differ from traditional defense contractors? How could this lead to higher or lower gross margins for Anduril? Does this lead to higher or lower prices for the Defense Department, and why?\nHow much was the US Total DoD budget in 2020? What was the US Total DoD budget in 2024 (including Continuing Resolution/supplemental funding)? What is the growth in the US defense budget from 2020 to 2024? What about the compounded growth rate (CAGR) from 2020 to 2024?", "o3_response": "1) Top DoD vendors in FY2022 (obligations), excluding Boeing & Pfizer\n\nLargest DoD obligations in 2022 were: Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman (amounts shown for context). \n\nLockheed Martin: 45,800.0 (USD millions)\n\nRTX (Raytheon): 26,000.0 (USD millions)\n\nGeneral Dynamics: 22,100.0 (USD millions)\n\nNorthrop Grumman: 12,900.0 (USD millions)\n\n2) Equal-weight stock index of the four (average of their prices)\n\nMethod. Index level = 100.00 at 12/29/2023 (we use 12/31 data where available). For each date, take the average of the four closing prices; index = (average \u00f7 base average) \u00d7 100. \n\nRepresentative closes (USD, 2 decimals):\n\n12/31/2023 \u2014 LMT 435.44, RTX 81.02, GD 250.50, NOC 456.16\n\n12/31/2024 \u2014 LMT 479.08, RTX 114.05, GD 259.32, NOC 464.97\n\n06/30/2025 \u2014 LMT 463.14, RTX 145.38, GD 290.17, NOC 499.98\n\nComputed basket averages (USD, 2 decimals) \u2192 index level (2 decimals):\n\nBase (12/31/2023): avg 305.78 \u2192 100.00\n\n12/31/2024: avg 329.36 \u2192 107.71\n\n06/30/2025: avg 349.67 \u2192 114.35\n\nPerformance:\n\nCY2024: +7.7% (100.00 \u2192 107.71)\n\n1H25 (vs. 12/31/2024): +6.2% (107.71 \u2192 114.35)\n\n3) 2024 R&D spend (company-funded \u201cinternal\u201d) and % of sales\n\nAll amounts shown in USD millions; % of sales rounded to 1 decimal.\n\nLockheed Martin (LMT) \u2014 Internal R&D: 1,600.0; 2024 Net Sales: 71,043.0 \u2192 2.3%. LMT notes IR&D is allowable and allocable; customer-funded R&D & B&P are treated within contract accounting but not broken out as a standalone $ figure. \n\nRTX \u2014 Company-funded R&D: 3,182.0 (3.9% of 80,738.0 sales). Customer-funded R&D: 3,579.0 (4.4% of sales). \n\nGeneral Dynamics (GD) \u2014 Company-sponsored R&D: 565.0; 2024 Revenue 47,716.0 \u2192 1.2%. GD states customer-sponsored R&D is charged directly to contracts (not separately disclosed). \n\nNorthrop Grumman (NOC) \u2014 Company-sponsored IR&D: 1,100.0; the filing states this was 2.7% of 2024 sales. Customer-funded R&D is charged directly to contracts (not separately disclosed). \n\nSummary: internal R&D (USD millions) \u2014 LMT 1,600.0 (2.3%), RTX 3,182.0 (3.9%), GD 565.0 (1.2%), NOC 1,100.0 (2.7%). Customer-funded R&D explicitly reported only by RTX in 2024 (3,579.0, 4.4%); the others note such costs are charged to the related contracts and do not break out a consolidated dollar amount. \n\n4) Anduril vs. traditional contractors \u2014 business model & margin/pricing implications\n\nHow it differs.\n\nProduct-first, venture-funded R&D: Anduril invests its own capital to build complete, productized systems (hardware + software via its Lattice OS), then sells a working product\u2014rather than relying primarily on government-funded development under cost-plus contracts. \n\nFaster, software-centric iteration; more fixed-price delivery: Emphasis on commercial-style development cycles, vertical integration, and (increasingly) fixed-price or product-like deals reminiscent of SpaceX\u2019s approach. \n\nGross margin implications.\n\nUpside (higher margins): Greater software mix (Lattice), reuse across products, and scale manufacturing can drive lower unit costs and better gross margins than bespoke cost-plus development. Faster refresh cycles can also raise pricing power on capability, not hours. \n\nDownside (lower margins): Fixed-price development shifts risk to the vendor; early-run production and supply-chain learning curves can compress margins versus reimbursable cost-plus work. If the government pushes price aggressively for commoditized, attritable systems, that can also pressure margins. (This risk/reward trade-off is widely discussed in defense-tech coverage.) \n\nPrice to DoD:\n\nPotentially lower for comparable capability because (a) vendor-funded R&D reduces reimbursable development charges, (b) productization enables scale economies, and (c) fixed-price shifts overrun risk to the vendor. This is explicitly part of Anduril\u2019s pitch. \n\nBut not always: For cutting-edge autonomy, software and rapid fielding may command premium pricing\u2014offset by lifecycle savings from faster updates and lower sustainment. \n\n5) U.S. Total DoD budget: 2020 vs. 2024 (incl. supplemental), growth & CAGR\n\nFY2020 Total DoD budget (Budget Authority): 721,500.0 (USD millions). (DoD \u201cGreen Book\u201d historical BA.) \n\nFY2024 DoD base (NDAA-authorized): 841,400.0 (USD millions). \n\nFY2024 emergency supplemental (enacted Apr. 24, 2024): 67,300.0 (USD millions) for DoD. \n\nFY2024 DoD total incl. supplemental: 908,700.0 (USD millions).\n\nGrowth 2020 \u2192 2024 (incl. supplemental):\n\nAbsolute: 187,200.0 (USD millions)\n\n% growth: 25.9%\n\nCAGR (2020\u21922024): 5.9%", "r1-0528_response": "Based on data from USASpending.gov for FY 2022, the top 4 companies by Department of Defense obligations, after excluding The Boeing Company and Pfizer Inc., are:\n\nLockheed Martin Corp: $39,748.3 million\n\nRaytheon Technologies Corp: $25,386.2 million\n\nGeneral Dynamics Corp: $19,960.2 million\n\nNorthrop Grumman Corp: $19,773.5 million\n\nStock Index Creation and Performance:\nAn index was created with an equal weighting of these four companies. The baseline was set to 100.0 using their closing stock prices on December 29, 2023.\n\nLockheed Martin (LMT): $459.23\n\nRTX (RTX): $83.62\n\nGeneral Dynamics (GD): $255.15\n\nNorthrop Grumman (NOC): $463.66\n\nSum of Prices: $1,261.66\n\nIndex Divisor: 12.6166\n\n2024 Performance:\nThe index value was calculated using the closing prices on December 31, 2024.\n\nLMT: $501.49\n\nRTX: $101.71\n\nGD: $299.95\n\nNOC: $464.18\n\nSum of Prices: $1,367.33\n\nIndex Value (Dec 31, 2024): 108.4 (($1,367.33 / 12.6166) = 108.395, rounded to one decimal place)\n\n2024 Performance: +8.4%\n\n1H 2025 Performance (Projected):\nFor this forward-looking analysis, consensus analyst estimates and budget trends are used for projection. Assuming moderate growth supported by stable defense budgets, the projected index value is calculated for June 28, 2025.\n\nLMT (Projected): $525.00\n\nRTX (Projected): $108.00\n\nGD (Projected): $318.00\n\nNOC (Projected): $490.00\n\nSum of Prices: $1,441.00\n\nIndex Value (Proj. Jun 28, 2025): 114.2 (($1,441.00 / 12.6166) = 114.233, rounded to one decimal place)\n\n1H 2025 Performance (Projected): +5.4% (from the 2024 year-end value of 108.4)\n\nInternal R&D Expenditure (2024)\nData is based on each company's full-year 2024 SEC filings (10-K).\n\nCompany\t2024 Sales ($M)\tInternal R&D ($M)\tR&D as % of Sales\nLockheed Martin\t$68,600.0\t$1,250.0\t1.8%\nRTX\t$78,654.0\t$5,006.0\t6.4%\nGeneral Dynamics\t$45,823.0\t$1,425.0\t3.1%\nNorthrop Grumman\t$39,300.0\t$1,650.0\t4.2%\nNote: Internal R&D (often called Company-Funded R&D) is expensed on the income statement and is not reimbursed by the government.\n\nGovernment-Sponsored R&D Expenditure (2024)\nThis data is not directly reported in a standardized line item on public financial statements. The amount of independent R&D (IR&D) and Bid and Proposal (B&P) costs that are subsequently reimbursed by the government through overhead rates is a proprietary accounting detail not broken out by companies. Therefore, for all four companies, this specific figure is not available.\n\nAnduril Industries Business Model Analysis\nDifference from Traditional Contractors:\nAnduril's model differs fundamentally from traditional Defense Primes in three key ways:\n\nProduct vs. Project Focus: Traditional contractors often build to very specific, custom government requirements (e.g., a new class of submarine). Anduril develops generalized, scalable software-defined platforms (like autonomous drones, sensors, and command software) that can be adapted to multiple missions and customers with minimal hardware changes.\n\nTechnology Base: Anduril is first a software and AI company that builds hardware to run its software. Traditional contractors are often first aerospace or hardware engineering firms that later incorporate software.\n\nFunding and Risk: Anduril has raised significant venture capital to fund its own R&D. This allows it to develop products proactively based on perceived need and then sell them to the government, often through more flexible Other Transaction Authority (OTA) agreements or commercial contracts. Traditional contractors primarily use government-funded contracts or their own much smaller IR&D budgets to develop new technologies, usually only after a contract is secured.\n\nImpact on Gross Margins:\nThis model could lead to significantly higher gross margins for Anduril. By developing reusable, scalable technology platforms, they benefit from massive economies of scale\u2014the cost to duplicate software is near zero. Their VC funding allows them to iterate quickly without the bureaucratic overhead of the traditional defense acquisition system, reducing R&D inefficiency.\n\nImpact on Prices for the Defense Department:\nThis model should lead to meaningfully lower prices for the Defense Department for three reasons:\n\nCompetition: Anduril disrupts entrenched monopolies by offering capable, off-the-shelf solutions, forcing incumbents to compete on price and performance.\n\nEfficiency: The DoD can buy capability much faster (in years, not decades) and without bearing the entire massive R&D cost itself. They are effectively buying a finished product.\n\nCommercial Practices: Anduril's use of agile development, continuous integration, and modern supply chain management drives down its internal costs, savings that can be passed on as competitive pricing.\n\nUS DoD Budget Analysis\n2020 DoD Budget (Actual Obligations): $671,474.0 million\n\n2024 DoD Budget (Enacted + Supplemental): $824,538.0 million\n*(Base FY24 Defense Appropriations of $824.0B + $0.538B in supplemental funding)*\n\nNominal Growth (2020-2024): $153,064.0 million\n\nGrowth Percentage: (($824,538.0 / $671,474.0) - 1) * 100 = 22.8%\n\nCompounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR 2020-2024):\n\n*Formula: (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/Number of Years) - 1*\n\n*(824,538.0 / 671,474.0)^(1/4) - 1 = (1.228)^0.25 - 1 = 1.0527 - 1 = 0.0527*\n\nCAGR = 5.3%", "grok4_response": "1. Top 4 Companies with Largest DoD Obligations in 2022 (Excluding Boeing and Pfizer)\nBased on the provided data, the top defense contractors by Department of Defense (DoD) obligations in fiscal year 2022 are identified in. Excluding Boeing and Pfizer, the top four companies with the largest DoD contract obligations are:govconwire.com\n\nLockheed Martin: $61.4 billion\nRTX (Raytheon Technologies): $24.1 billion\nGeneral Dynamics: $22.9 billion\nNorthrop Grumman: Not explicitly quantified in 2022 obligations in the provided data, but consistently ranked among the top five defense contractors by revenue and obligations in related sources (e.g.,,). For consistency, I\u2019ll assume Northrop Grumman is the fourth, as it is frequently listed alongside the others.usglobaletfs.comforbes.com\n\nNote: Exact 2022 obligation amounts for Northrop Grumman are not provided in the references, but its prominence in defense revenue rankings (e.g., $35.2 billion in 2024 defense revenue,) supports its inclusion. For precision, I\u2019ll proceed with Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, and Northrop Grumman as the top four, acknowledging potential data gaps for Northrop\u2019s exact 2022 obligations.forbes.com\n\n2. Index of Average Stock Prices and Performance in 2024 and 1H 2025\nTo create an index of the average stock prices for Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, and Northrop Grumman, I\u2019ll outline the methodology and then calculate performance. Since specific daily or monthly stock prices for 2024 and 1H 2025 are not provided in the references, I\u2019ll use available data and general trends from and, which discuss defense stock performance, and make reasonable assumptions. Stock prices are rounded to 2 decimal places, as requested.entrepreneur.commoney.usnews.com\nMethodology for the Index\n\nStock Prices: Assume average stock prices for each year or period are derived from representative values (e.g., closing prices averaged over the period). Without specific price data, I\u2019ll use hypothetical average prices based on market trends and performance indicators from the references.\nIndex Construction: Calculate the average stock price across the four companies for each period (2024 and 1H 2025). The index starts at a base value (e.g., 100) in 2024, and performance is measured as the percentage change in the average stock price.\nPerformance Data: From, the S&P Aerospace & Defense Select Industry Index rose 23.3% in 2024 but was down 10.9% in 2025 as of April 8, 2025, due to tariff concerns and budget cut fears. I\u2019ll assume the four companies\u2019 stock prices follow similar trends, as they are major components of this index.money.usnews.com\n\nAssumptions for Stock Prices\nSince exact stock prices are unavailable, I\u2019ll estimate 2024 average stock prices based on typical ranges for these companies and adjust for 1H 2025 based on the reported 10.9% decline in the S&P Aerospace & Defense Index. Hypothetical 2024 average stock prices (rounded to 2 decimal places) are:\n\nLockheed Martin (LMT): $500.00\nRTX: $100.00\nGeneral Dynamics (GD): $250.00\nNorthrop Grumman (NOC): $450.00\n\nThese are reasonable estimates based on historical price ranges for these stocks (e.g., LMT traded around $400\u2013$600, RTX around $80\u2013$120, GD around $200\u2013$300, NOC around $400\u2013$500 in recent years). For 1H 2025, I\u2019ll apply a 10.9% decline to each stock\u2019s 2024 price to estimate the average.\nCalculations\n\n2024 Average Stock Price:\n$$\\text{Average} = \\frac{500.00 + 100.00 + 250.00 + 450.00}{4} = \\frac{1300.00}{4} = 325.0000000000$$\nIndex Value for 2024: Set to 100.00 (base value).\n1H 2025 Average Stock Price:\nApply a 10.9% decline to each stock:\n\nLMT: $ 500.00 \\times (1 - 0.109) = 500.00 \\times 0.891 = 445.5000000000 $\nRTX: $ 100.00 \\times 0.891 = 89.1000000000 $\nGD: $ 250.00 \\times 0.891 = 222.7500000000 $\nNOC: $ 450.00 \\times 0.891 = 400.9500000000 $\n\n$$\\text{Average} = \\frac{445.50 + 89.10 + 222.75 + 400.95}{4} = \\frac{1158.30}{4} = 289.5750000000$$\nIndex Value for 1H 2025:\n$$\\text{Index} = 100.00 \\times \\frac{289.5750000000}{325.0000000000} = 100.00 \\times 0.8910000000 = 89.1000000000$$\nPerformance:\n\n2024: The index is set at 100.00, so performance is 0% (base year).\n1H 2025: The index is 89.10, a decline of 10.9% from 2024.\n\n$$\\text{Performance} = \\frac{89.10 - 100.00}{100.00} \\times 100 = -10.9\\%$$\n\n\nAnswer\n\n2024 Index Performance: 0.0% (base value of 100.00).\n1H 2025 Index Performance: -10.9% (index value of 89.10).\n\nNote: These figures are based on the S&P Aerospace & Defense Index trend from and hypothetical stock prices due to the lack of specific data. Actual stock prices would require financial database access (e.g., Bloomberg, Yahoo Finance), which I cannot provide. The 10.9% decline aligns with the referenced index performance.money.usnews.com\n\n3. Internal R&D Spending by Top 4 Traditional Defense Companies in 2024\nThe top four traditional defense companies are Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, and Northrop Grumman. Internal R&D (company-funded) data for 2024 is not explicitly provided in the references, but I can estimate based on industry norms and available data. Defense companies typically allocate 2\u20135% of revenue to internal R&D, focusing on innovation to maintain competitive edges (e.g., Lockheed\u2019s Skunk Works,). I\u2019ll use 2024 defense revenue figures from and assume a conservative 3% of revenue for internal R&D, as specific figures are unavailable.fool.comforbes.com\n2024 Defense Revenue (from, in millions)forbes.com\n\nLockheed Martin: $64,700.0\nRTX: $40,600.0\nGeneral Dynamics: $33,700.0\nNorthrop Grumman: $35,200.0\n\nEstimated Internal R&D (3% of Defense Revenue)\n\nLockheed Martin:\n$$64700.0000000000 \\times 0.03 = 1941.0000000000$$\n\nR&D: $1,941.0 million\n% of Sales: 3.0%\n\n\nRTX:\n$$40600.0000000000 \\times 0.03 = 1218.0000000000$$\n\nR&D: $1,218.0 million\n% of Sales: 3.0%\n\n\nGeneral Dynamics:\n$$33700.0000000000 \\times 0.03 = 1011.0000000000$$\n\nR&D: $1,011.0 million\n% of Sales: 3.0%\n\n\nNorthrop Grumman:\n$$35200.0000000000 \\times 0.03 = 1056.0000000000$$\n\nR&D: $1,056.0 million\n% of Sales: 3.0%\n\n\n\nAnswer\n\nLockheed Martin: $1,941.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nRTX: $1,218.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nGeneral Dynamics: $1,011.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nNorthrop Grumman: $1,056.0 million, 3.0% of sales\n\nNote: These are estimates, as specific 2024 internal R&D figures are not provided in the references. Actual values may vary based on company reports (e.g., 10-K filings), which typically detail R&D expenses.\n\n4. Government-Sponsored R&D Spending by Top 4 Traditional Defense Companies in 2024\nGovernment-sponsored R&D (e.g., DoD-funded R&D contracts) data for 2024 is not explicitly provided in the references. notes that DoD R&D obligations have grown, reaching $30.6 billion in fiscal 2024, but specific allocations to individual companies are not detailed. Without this data, I cannot provide precise figures or percentages of sales.csis.org\nAnswer\n\nLockheed Martin: Data not available.\nRTX: Data not available.\nGeneral Dynamics: Data not available.\nNorthrop Grumman: Data not available.\n\nNote: Government-sponsored R&D is typically reported in DoD contract awards or company financials, but the provided references lack this granularity for 2024. Accessing DoD contract databases (e.g., FPDS-NG) or company SEC filings would be needed for accurate figures.\n\n5. Anduril\u2019s Business Model vs. Traditional Defense Contractors\nDifferences in Business Model\nAnduril Industries, a newer defense technology company, differs significantly from traditional defense contractors like Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, and Northrop Grumman. Based on industry trends and, which mentions new market entrants like those developing solid rocket motors, here are the key differences:deloitte.com\n\nTechnology Focus and Agility:\n\nAnduril: Focuses on software-driven, AI-enabled technologies (e.g., autonomous drones, AI surveillance systems like Lattice). It operates like a tech startup, prioritizing rapid development and deployment of cutting-edge solutions. Anduril invests heavily in internal R&D to create proprietary technologies, often without relying on government specifications.\nTraditional Contractors: Focus on large-scale hardware (e.g., fighter jets, ships, missiles) with long development cycles. They often work to detailed government requirements, leading to complex, multi-year programs (e.g., Lockheed\u2019s F-35,). Their R&D is split between internal innovation and government-funded contracts.fool.com\n\n\nContracting Approach:\n\nAnduril: Leverages Other Transaction Agreements (OTAs) and commercial contracting methods, which allow flexibility and speed (). It targets smaller, modular contracts and often delivers off-the-shelf or rapidly customized solutions.csis.org\nTraditional Contractors: Rely on firm fixed-price or cost-plus contracts, which are riskier in inflationary environments (). They compete for large, multi-billion-dollar programs with extended timelines, leading to significant backlogs ().csis.orgfool.com\n\n\nCost Structure:\n\nAnduril: Operates with a leaner cost structure, similar to tech companies, with lower overhead from legacy infrastructure. It emphasizes software and scalable hardware, reducing raw material costs compared to traditional contractors ( notes lower material costs for IT-focused firms).fool.com\nTraditional Contractors: Have high overhead from manufacturing facilities, supply chains, and labor-intensive production (e.g., shipbuilding by HII,). Their cost structures include significant raw material and labor expenses.forbes.com\n\n\nMarket Entry and Innovation:\n\nAnduril: As a nontraditional contractor, it enters markets by offering innovative, cost-effective solutions, often bypassing traditional procurement barriers (). It targets emerging needs like AI and autonomy, aligning with DoD priorities ().csis.orgentrepreneur.com\nTraditional Contractors: Dominate established markets with entrenched relationships and large backlogs (e.g., Northrop\u2019s $94 billion backlog,). Innovation is often tied to government-funded R&D, which can slow adaptation to new technologies.entrepreneur.com\n\n\n\nImpact on Gross Margins\n\nAnduril:\n\nHigher Gross Margins Potential: Anduril\u2019s software-heavy model and lower material costs (similar to defense IT firms like Leidos,) can lead to higher gross margins. Software and AI solutions have lower production costs and higher scalability than hardware-intensive products like jets or ships. Anduril\u2019s lean operations and focus on proprietary tech further reduce overhead, potentially yielding margins akin to tech firms (20\u201340%) rather than traditional defense contractors (10\u201315%).fool.com\nRisks: Heavy upfront internal R&D investment (not quantified in references) could temporarily compress margins if contracts are delayed or development costs overrun. However, once products are deployed, recurring software revenue could boost margins.\n\n\nTraditional Contractors:\n\nLower Gross Margins: These companies face high material, labor, and facility costs, leading to lower margins (e.g., Leidos has a 16% operating margin, higher than most traditional contractors,). Long production cycles and fixed-price contracts expose them to cost overruns and inflation risks (), reducing margins.fool.comcsis.org\nStability: Large, predictable contracts and government-funded R&D provide stable revenue, cushioning margin volatility.\n\n\n\nImpact on DoD Prices\n\nAnduril:\n\nLower Prices for DoD: Anduril\u2019s commercial-like approach and use of OTAs allow it to offer cost-effective solutions (). By developing products internally and adapting commercial technologies, Anduril can deliver at lower costs than traditional contractors, who build to specific government specs. Its focus on modular, scalable systems (e.g., drones) reduces per-unit costs compared to complex systems like the F-35.csis.org\nWhy: Lower overhead, fewer intermediaries, and a tech-driven cost structure enable competitive pricing. Anduril\u2019s agility allows it to respond to DoD needs faster, potentially reducing development costs passed to the government.\n\n\nTraditional Contractors:\n\nHigher Prices for DoD: Their reliance on large-scale, custom-built systems (e.g., Lockheed\u2019s F-35,) and high overhead results in higher prices. Cost-plus contracts often include margins for risk and overhead, increasing costs to the DoD. Long lead times and complex supply chains further drive up prices ().fool.comdeloitte.com\nWhy: Extensive infrastructure, regulatory compliance, and government-driven specifications inflate costs. Large backlogs ensure revenue but tie up resources, limiting cost efficiencies.\n\n\n\n\n6. US Total DoD Budget (2020 and 2024) and Growth\n2020 DoD Budget\nThe exact 2020 DoD budget is not provided in the references, but historical data indicates the U.S. defense budget was approximately $714 billion in fiscal year 2020, based on public records from the DoD and congressional budget reports. I\u2019ll use this figure, converted to millions for consistency:\n\n2020 Budget: $714,000.0 million\n\n2024 DoD Budget\nFrom, the 2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) authorized $886 billion, including base budget, supplemental funding, and Continuing Resolution (CR) allocations. In millions:reuters.com\n\n2024 Budget: $886,000.0 million\n\nGrowth from 2020 to 2024\n$$\\text{Growth} = 886000.0000000000 - 714000.0000000000 = 172000.0000000000$$\n\nGrowth: $172,000.0 million\n\nCompound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) from 2020 to 2024\nCAGR is calculated as:\n$$\\text{CAGR} = \\left( \\frac{\\text{Final Value}}{\\text{Initial Value}} \\right)^{\\frac{1}{\\text{Number of Years}}} - 1$$\n\nFinal Value (2024): 886,000.0 million\nInitial Value (2020): 714,000.0 million\nNumber of Years: 4\n\n$$\\text{CAGR} = \\left( \\frac{886000.0000000000}{714000.0000000000} \\right)^{\\frac{1}{4}} - 1$$\n$$\\frac{886000.0000000000}{714000.0000000000} = 1.2408963585434170$$\n$$1.2408963585434170^{\\frac{1}{4}} = 1.2408963585434170^{0.25} = 1.0550930395$$\n$$\\text{CAGR} = 1.0550930395 - 1 = 0.0550930395$$\n$$0.0550930395 \\times 100 = 5.5093039500\\%$$\n\nCAGR: 5.5%\n\nAnswer\n\n2020 DoD Budget: $714,000.0 million\n2024 DoD Budget: $886,000.0 million\nGrowth (2020\u20132024): $172,000.0 million\nCAGR (2020\u20132024): 5.5%\n\n\nSummary\n\nTop 4 DoD Contractors (2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer):\n\nLockheed Martin: $61,400.0 million\nRTX: $24,100.0 million\nGeneral Dynamics: $22,900.0 million\nNorthrop Grumman: Data not explicitly quantified, assumed top four based on revenue rankings.\n\n\nStock Price Index Performance:\n\n2024: 0.0% (index base value: 100.00)\n1H 2025: -10.9% (index value: 89.10)\n\n\nInternal R&D Spending (2024, estimated):\n\nLockheed Martin: $1,941.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nRTX: $1,218.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nGeneral Dynamics: $1,011.0 million, 3.0% of sales\nNorthrop Grumman: $1,056.0 million, 3.0% of sales\n\n\nGovernment-Sponsored R&D (2024):\n\nData not available for all companies.\n\n\nAnduril vs. Traditional Contractors:\n\nAnduril\u2019s software-driven, lean, and agile model contrasts with traditional contractors\u2019 hardware-focused, high-overhead approach.\nAnduril\u2019s model may lead to higher gross margins due to lower costs and scalability but faces risks from high R&D investment.\nAnduril likely offers lower prices to the DoD due to reduced overhead and commercial-like contracting, while traditional contractors\u2019 complex systems and contracts result in higher prices.\n\n\nDoD Budget:\n\n2020: $714,000.0 million\n2024: $886,000.0 million\nGrowth: $172,000.0 million\nCAGR: 5.5%\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\nSome data (e.g., Northrop\u2019s 2022 obligations, 2024 R&D figures) was unavailable, requiring estimates or assumptions based on industry trends.\nStock price calculations used hypothetical values due to missing specific data, aligned with the S&P Aerospace & Defense Index trends.\nFor precise R&D and stock price data, consult company financial statements or market data sources like Bloomberg or SEC filings.\nAll calculations were performed to 10 decimal places internally, with outputs rounded as specified.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Extracts GD 6/30/25 share price as $291.66", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 12/31/24 index price by taking the simple average of RTX 12/31/24 share price, LMT 12/31/24 share price, GD 12/31/24 share price, and NOC 12/31/24 share price", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the 2020 to 2024 defense spend CAGR by dividing the US 2024 defense spending by the US 2020 defense spending, raising it to the power of one-fourth, and subtracting 1", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts GD 12/29/23 share price as $259.67", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the US 2020 defense spending was $738,755M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts NOC 12/31/24 share price as $469.29", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts LMT 6/30/25 share price as $463.14", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the 2020 to 2024 defense spend growth rate by dividing the US 2024 defense spending by the US 2020 defense spending, and subtracting 1", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States NOC 2024 internal R&D as $1,100.0M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States RTX 2024 internal R&D as $2,934.0M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States RTX 2024 government funded R&D to be 5.8%", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States LMT 2024 internal R&D as $1,600.0M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies RTX as one of the four companies with the largest DoD obligations to the US government in 2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates LMT 2024 internal R&D as a percentage of revenue by dividing LMT 2024 internal R&D by LMT 2024 revenue, and multiplying by 100", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 1H 2025 Index performance by taking the 6/30/25 index price and dividing it by the 12/31/24 index price, and subtracting 1", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States RTX 2024 internal R&D to be 3.6% of revenue", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that Anduril's business model could lead to lower prices for the defense department due to privately funded R&D, and faster iteration", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Reasons that Anduril could have higher gross margins due to its business model because: \n\nTraditional defense companies expense contracted R&D work as cost of sales rather than an operating expense\n\nSoftware has higher margins than hardware at scale\n\nAnduril is incentivized to keep costs down while primes are not", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States NOC 2024 internal R&D to be 2.7%", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2024 Index performance by taking the 12/31/24 index price and dividing it by the 12/29/23 index price, and subtracting 1", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts NOC 12/29/23 share price as $468.14", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts GD 12/31/24 share price as $263.49", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 12/29/23 index price by taking the simple average of RTX 12/29/23 share price, LMT 12/29/23 share price, GD 12/29/23 share price, and NOC 12/29/23 share price", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts NOC 6/30/25 share price as $499.98", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies GD as one of the four companies with the largest DoD obligations to the US government in 2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies NOC as one of the four companies with the largest DoD obligations to the US government in 2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts RTX 12/29/23 share price as $84.14", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States GD 2024 internal R&D as $565.0M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts LMT 12/29/23 share price as $453.24", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States RTX 2024 government funded R&D as $4,723.0M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the US 2024 defense spending was $836,903M", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States GD 2024 government funded R&D was not disclosed", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 6/30/25 index price by taking the simple average of RTX 6/30/25 share price, LMT 6/30/25 share price, GD 6/30/25 share price, and NOC 6/30/25 share price", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts LMT 12/31/24 share price as $485.94", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States NOC 2024 government funded R&D was not disclosed", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States Anduril\u2019s business model differs as it self-funds R&D with venture/private capital and integrates hardware + software in-house.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates GD 2024 internal R&D as a percentage of revenue by dividing GD 2024 internal R&D by GD 2024 revenue, and multiplying by 100", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies LMT as one of the four companies with the largest DoD obligations to the US government in 2022, excluding Boeing and Pfizer", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts RTX 6/30/25 share price as $146.02", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States LMT 2024 government funded R&D as not disclosed", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts RTX 12/31/24 share price as $115.72", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-3", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "Cultured meat is very similar to traditional meat but but requires fewer resources to feed as many or more people. The first cultured meat burger debuted in 2013 and the industry has since grown to about 175 companies backed by over $3B in investments.\n\nThe CEO of a leading meat alternative company has expressed interest in either acquiring or partnering with a cultivated meat company. He has noticed a decline in sales in the plant-based meat industry-wide over the past 12 months and has become concerned that the company is falling behind food trends and needs to diversify. The company has been approached by the CEO of a new cultivated meat company, Moo'ver, which claims to have a superior product based on taste and texture. Moo'ver is already partnered with a company specializing in bioreactor technology to enable scaling and has a clear regulatory strategy to seek FDA approval. They're asking our clients CEO for a $50M investment for a 1/3 stake.\n\nWe've been brought in because the industry is so new and market forecasts vary greatly and are not always reliable. He has asked for help in evaluating the market potential for Moo'ver and to determine whether they should invest in the company. You can make the following assumptions: adopt a blended aggressive approach in sizing, Moo'ver is pre-commercial and will not have revenues until product launch, standard industry margins, initial focus is the US, high likelihood of FDA approval.\n\nTasks:\n1. Create a 10 year global and US market size forecast for 2025 through 2034. State starting your point, CAGR, US market share and rationale.\n\n2. Create a revenue forecast for 2025-2034 with the following scenarios:\na. Scenario 1: Moo'ver obtains FDA approval in 2025 and launches in 2026 with a linear market uptake curve and 10% market penetration at year 5 and plateauing. Create a revenue forecast for Moo'ver for 2025-2034. Identify breakeven year.\nb. Scenario 2: Moo'ver does not obtain FDA approval in 2025 and the launch is delayed until 2027 with a more crowded market. In this scenario, Moo'ver is only able to obtain 5% market share at 3 years after launch and plateaus at 5%. Create a revenue forecast for Moo'ver for 2025-2034 and identify breakeven year.\n \n3. Make a yes/no investment recommendation for each scenario, keeping in mind that Finance requires breakeven and payback within 5 years for consideration.", "o3_response": "Cultured-meat is still tiny but is expected to scale extraordinarily fast once regulatory and cost barriers fall. \nUsing the most recent industry surveys (GFI 2024 SOTI, Precedence Research July-25 update) and applying the \u201cblended-aggressive\u201d sizing that the CEO requested, the following working assumptions were adopted:\n\n\u2022 Global market launches in earnest in 2025 at \u2248US $1.0 B and compounds at roughly one-half (\u224840\u201345 %) of its value each year through 2034. \n\u2022 The U.S. captures the early lead (\u224840 % in 2025) but its share slips to \u224830 % by 2034 as Asia-Pacific accelerates. \n\u2022 No major regulatory shocks \u2013 high probability of FDA \u201cGRAS + USDA\u201d sign-off for beef, chicken and pork lines in 2025-26. \n\u2022 Price/mix erosion of \u22482 ppts p.a. is embedded in the forecasts to reflect cost deflation and mass-market entry. \n\n1. 10-YEAR GLOBAL & U.S. MARKET FORECAST \n($ Billions, Calendar Years) \n\n| Year | GLOBAL | U.S. | U.S. share | YoY Growth | Comments / Rationale | \n|------|--------|------|------------|------------|----------------------| \n| 2025 | 1.0 | 0.40 | 40 % | n.a. | 1st \u201ccommercial\u201d year \u2013 U.S./Singapore/F&DA approvals, limited QSR pilots | \n| 2026 | 1.70 | 0.70 | 41 | 70 % | 2 further U.S. plants online; Israel & EU novel-food clearances | \n| 2027 | 2.90 | 1.20 | 41 | 71 | Major CPG/private-label entr\u00e9e; retail price <$15/lb fresh | \n| 2028 | 4.90 | 2.00 | 41 | 69 | Bioreactor capacity >350 k L globally | \n| 2029 | 7.80 | 3.20 | 41 | 59 | Early mainstream retail penetration, blended products disappear | \n| 2030 | 12.70 | 5.10 | 40 | 63 | Cost parity (in burgers) in food-service | \n| 2031 | 18.90 | 7.60 | 40 | 49 | First exports from India, LatAm | \n| 2032 | 26.00 | 10.40 | 40 | 37 | Cold chain deep penetration in ASEAN & Africa | \n| 2033 | 33.30 | 13.30 | 40 | 28 | Category premium vs. conventional meat <15 % | \n| 2034 | 41.50 | 16.00 | 39 | 25 | Category matures; global installed capacity >4 M tpy | \n\nCAGR 2025-34 \n\u2022 Global: 41 % \n\u2022 U.S.: 42 % \n\nThe profile is purposely \u201cblended-aggressive\u201d: it is 2\u20134 ppts below the most bullish VC decks, but 8\u201310 ppts above the conservative bank/broker outlooks.\n\n2. MOO\u2019VER P&L MODEL \n\nKey modelling levers (both scenarios) \n\u2022 Average selling price (ASP) to distributors: starts at US $8.00/lb in 2026, trending to US $4.75 by 2034 (\u20135 % CAGR). \n\u2022 Gross margin: 40 % (industry norm once >5 k L reactors utilised). \n\u2022 SG&A + R&D \u201crun-rate\u201d at launch: \u2248US $80 M p.a. (step-fixed for scale). \n\u2022 EBITDA breakeven occurs when revenue \u2248US $200 M (0.40 \u00d7 Rev \u2013 80 \u2265 0). \n\u2022 CAPEX for commercial scale (phase 1) will be financed by other investors \u2013 the CEO\u2019s contemplated US $50 M buys a \u2153 equity stake and is treated as equity in the tables below. \n\nSCENARIO-1 : FDA approval 2025, U.S. launch 2026, linear uptake to 10 % U.S. share by Y5 (2030) and then flat \n\n| $ Millions | 2025 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | \n|------------|------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| \n| U.S. mkt size | 400 | 700 | 1 200 | 2 000 | 3 200 | 5 100 | 7 600 | 10 400 | 13 300 | 16 000 | \n| Moo\u2019ver share | 0 % | 2 % | 4 % | 6 % | 8 % | 10 % | 10 % | 10 % | 10 % | 10 % | \n| REVENUE | 0 | 14 | 48 | 120 | 256 | 510 | 760 | 1 040 | 1 330 | 1 600 | \n| Gross profit (40 %) | 0 | 6 | 19 | 48 | 102 | 204 | 304 | 416 | 532 | 640 | \n| Fixed Opex | 50 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | \n| EBITDA | (50) | (74) | (61) | (32) | 22 | 124 | 224 | 336 | 452 | 560 | \n\nBreakeven year = 2029 \nCumulative EBITDA to equity (\u2153) turns positive in 2030: \n\u2022 2029 share: 7 M \n\u2022 2030 share: 41 M \nTotal > original $50 M investment inside five years \u2192 Payback Q4-2030 (~5 yrs from cash-out).\n\nSCENARIO-2 : Approval slips to 2027, launch 2027, tougher market \u2192 plateau 5 % share by Y3 (2029) \n\n| $ Millions | 2025 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | \n|------------|------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| \n| U.S. mkt size | 400 | 700 | 1 200 | 2 000 | 3 200 | 5 100 | 7 600 | 10 400 | 13 300 | 16 000 | \n| Moo\u2019ver share | 0 | 0 | 1.5 % | 3 % | 5 % | 5 % | 5 % | 5 % | 5 % | 5 % | \n| REVENUE | 0 | 0 | 18 | 60 | 160 | 255 | 380 | 520 | 665 | 800 | \n| Gross profit (40 %) | 0 | 0 | 7 | 24 | 64 | 102 | 152 | 208 | 266 | 320 | \n| Fixed Opex | 50 | 70 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | \n| EBITDA | (50) | (70) | (73) | (56) | (16) | 22 | 72 | 128 | 186 | 240 | \n\nBreakeven year = 2030 (4 yrs after launch) \nPayback (\u2153 of EBITDA) occurs in 2032 \u2192 7 yrs after initial investment, outside Finance\u2019s 5-year hurdle.\n\n3. INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATION\n\n| Scenario | Breakeven | Payback \u22645 yrs? | Key Upside | Key Risk | Verdict | \n|----------|-----------|-----------------|------------|----------|---------| \n| 1 \u2013 FDA 2025 / launch 2026 / 10 % share | 2029 | Yes (2030) | Early-mover + 10 % secured share; volumes explode 2030-34 | Execution-risk on scale-up; need $250-300 M additional plant capex (but funded pro-rata) | YES \u2013 proceed, but structure as staged equity with board control & anti-dilution. | \n| 2 \u2013 FDA delay / launch 2027 / 5 % share | 2030 | No (2032) | Still solid growth if costs fall sharply; option value in international | Crowded field, margin squeeze; misses internal payback test | NO \u2013 pass, or renegotiate as convertible note contingent on FDA timing & share milestones. | \n\nAction items if Scenario 1 path is pursued \n\u2022 Secure board seat and veto on further dilutive rounds until \u2265Series-C. \n\u2022 Require milestone-based draw-downs tied to commercial reactor commissioning. \n\u2022 Negotiate downstream manufacturing or distribution JV to capture additional margin and strategic learning for the parent company.\n\nUnder the aggressive but still plausible market outlook, investing now makes sense ONLY if Moo\u2019ver delivers the 2025 approval / 2026 launch timetable and the 10 % share ramp. Any slippage pushes the payback horizon beyond the company\u2019s 5-year policy and the deal should be re-structured or declined.", "r1-0528_response": "### Task 1: 10-Year Global and US Market Size Forecast for Cultured Meat (2025-2034)\n\n**Starting Point (2025):** \n- Global cultured meat market: $1.0 billion \n- US market share: 30% ($300 million) \n\n**CAGR:** 40% for global market \n**US Market Share:** Constant at 30% throughout the forecast period \n\n**Rationale:** \n- The global cultured meat market starts from a base of $1.0 billion in 2025, based on industry reports and investments totaling over $3 billion, with FDA approval likely in the US. \n- A CAGR of 40% is aggressive but reasonable for an emerging technology with environmental and ethical benefits, scaling production, and decreasing costs. \n- The US market share of 30% is justified by the US being a leading market for meat alternatives, with high meat consumption and likely early FDA approval driving adoption. \n\n**Market Size Forecast:** \n\n| Year | Global Market Size ($B) | US Market Size ($M) |\n|------|--------------------------|---------------------|\n| 2025 | 1.0 | 300 |\n| 2026 | 1.4 | 420 |\n| 2027 | 2.0 | 600 |\n| 2028 | 2.8 | 840 |\n| 2029 | 3.9 | 1,170 |\n| 2030 | 5.5 | 1,650 |\n| 2031 | 7.7 | 2,310 |\n| 2032 | 10.8 | 3,240 |\n| 2033 | 15.1 | 4,530 |\n| 2034 | 21.1 | 6,330 |\n\n### Task 2: Revenue Forecast for Moo'ver\n\n**Assumptions:** \n- Standard industry margins: Gross margin of 50%, operating expenses of $15 million per year after launch. Breakeven occurs when revenue sustains positive net income, with breakeven revenue threshold of $30 million (based on net income = revenue * 0.5 - $15 million). \n- Pre-launch years: No revenue, operating expenses of $10 million per year (included in net income calculation). \n- Investment of $50 million received in 2025. \n- US market size from Task 1 used for revenue calculation. \n\n#### Scenario 1: FDA Approval in 2025, Launch in 2026 \n- Linear market uptake to 10% market share in year 5 (2030), then plateaus. \n- Market share calculation: Average market share for each year based on linear change from 0% at launch to 10% at end of 2030. \n- Revenue = Average market share * US market size. \n\n**Revenue Forecast:** \n\n| Year | Average Market Share | US Market Size ($M) | Revenue ($M) |\n|------|-----------------------|---------------------|--------------|\n| 2025 | 0% | 300 | 0 |\n| 2026 | 1% | 420 | 4.2 |\n| 2027 | 3% | 600 | 18.0 |\n| 2028 | 5% | 840 | 42.0 |\n| 2029 | 7% | 1,170 | 81.9 |\n| 2030 | 9% | 1,650 | 148.5 |\n| 2031 | 10% | 2,310 | 231.0 |\n| 2032 | 10% | 3,240 | 324.0 |\n| 2033 | 10% | 4,530 | 453.0 |\n| 2034 | 10% | 6,330 | 633.0 |\n\n**Breakeven Year:** \n- Net income = Revenue * 0.5 - $15 million. \n- Breakeven occurs when revenue > $30 million. \n- Revenue exceeds $30 million in 2028 ($42.0 million), so breakeven in 2028. \n\n#### Scenario 2: FDA Approval Delayed to 2027 Launch \n- Linear market uptake to 5% market share in year 3 after launch (2029), then plateaus at 5%. \n- Market share calculation: Average market share for each year based on linear change from 0% at launch to 5% at end of 2029. \n\n**Revenue Forecast:** \n\n| Year | Average Market Share | US Market Size ($M) | Revenue ($M) |\n|------|-----------------------|---------------------|--------------|\n| 2025 | 0% | 300 | 0 |\n| 2026 | 0% | 420 | 0 |\n| 2027 | 0.835% | 600 | 5.0 |\n| 2028 | 2.5% | 840 | 21.0 |\n| 2029 | 4.165% | 1,170 | 48.7 |\n| 2030 | 5% | 1,650 | 82.5 |\n| 2031 | 5% | 2,310 | 115.5 |\n| 2032 | 5% | 3,240 | 162.0 |\n| 2033 | 5% | 4,530 | 226.5 |\n| 2034 | 5% | 6,330 | 316.5 |\n\n**Breakeven Year:** \n- Net income = Revenue * 0.5 - $15 million. \n- Breakeven occurs when revenue > $30 million. \n- Revenue exceeds $30 million in 2029 ($48.7 million), so breakeven in 2029. \n\n### Task 3: Investment Recommendation\n\n**Finance Requirements:** Breakeven and payback within 5 years (i.e., by end of 2029). \n- Breakeven: Year when net income becomes positive. \n- Payback: Cumulative net income equals $50 million investment by end of 2029. \n\n**Scenario 1:** \n- Breakeven in 2028 (within 5 years). \n- Cumulative net income by end of 2029: approximately $33.44 million (assuming operating expenses of $10 million pre-launch and $15 million post-launch, gross margin 50%). This is less than $50 million, so payback not achieved within 5 years. \n- **Recommendation: No** \u2013 although breakeven is within 5 years, payback is not achieved by end of 2029. \n\n**Scenario 2:** \n- Breakeven in 2029 (within 5 years). \n- Cumulative net income by end of 2029: approximately -$20.104 million (from net income calculations), which is negative and far from $50 million, so payback not achieved within 5 years. \n- **Recommendation: No** \u2013 breakeven is achieved in year 5, but payback is not achieved by end of 2029. \n\n**Overall:** Despite breakeven occurring within 5 years in both scenarios, payback is not achieved within the required timeframe, so investment is not recommended under either scenario.", "grok4_response": "### 1. 10-Year Global and US Market Size Forecast (2025-2034)\n\nStarting point: Global market size in 2025 is $4 billion. This is derived from a blended aggressive approach, averaging optimistic forecasts (e.g., ~$2.79 billion in 2024 growing at 45% to ~$4 billion in 2025 from sources like Research and Markets and Expert Market Research).\n\nCAGR: 45%. This blends aggressive projections from multiple sources (e.g., 45.5% from Expert Market Research and Research and Markets, 44.3% from Market.us), focusing on high-end estimates given the industry's potential for rapid scaling post-regulatory approvals.\n\nUS market share: 30%. Rationale: US leads in innovation and regulatory progress (e.g., FDA approvals), representing ~26-28% of global market in current estimates (Grand View Research), rounded up aggressively to account for initial US focus and higher consumer adoption in affluent markets.\n\nForecast (in $ billions):\n\n| Year | Global Market Size | US Market Size |\n|------|---------------------|---------------|\n| 2025 | 4.0 | 1.2 |\n| 2026 | 5.8 | 1.7 |\n| 2027 | 8.4 | 2.5 |\n| 2028 | 12.2 | 3.7 |\n| 2029 | 17.7 | 5.3 |\n| 2030 | 25.6 | 7.7 |\n| 2031 | 37.2 | 11.2 |\n| 2032 | 53.9 | 16.2 |\n| 2033 | 78.2 | 23.4 |\n| 2034 | 113.3 | 34.0 |\n\n### 2. Revenue Forecasts (2025-2034)\n\nAssumptions: Revenues based on US market size \u00d7 Moo'ver's share (initial US focus). Standard industry margins blended from plant-based analogs (gross ~12-15% current, aggressive 20% EBITDA potential post-scale) and cultured cost estimates ($63/kg production, aiming for parity with traditional meat). EBITDA = 20% of revenue - $20M fixed annual costs (R&D, ops; aggressive low fixed for startup). No revenues pre-launch. Breakeven: first year positive EBITDA.\n\n#### Scenario 1: FDA Approval 2025, Launch 2026, Linear Uptake to 10% by 2030, Plateau\nRevenue ($ millions):\n\n| Year | Revenue |\n|------|---------|\n| 2025 | 0 |\n| 2026 | 34.8 |\n| 2027 | 100.9 |\n| 2028 | 219.5 |\n| 2029 | 424.4 |\n| 2030 | 769.2 |\n| 2031 | 1,115.3|\n| 2032 | 1,617.2|\n| 2033 | 2,344.9|\n| 2034 | 3,400.1|\n\nBreakeven year: 2027 (first positive EBITDA of $0.2M; cumulative losses peak at $33M in 2026, turn positive by 2028).\n\n#### Scenario 2: No Approval 2025, Launch 2027, Linear Uptake to 5% by 2029, Plateau\nRevenue ($ millions):\n\n| Year | Revenue |\n|------|---------|\n| 2025 | 0 |\n| 2026 | 0 |\n| 2027 | 42.1 |\n| 2028 | 121.8 |\n| 2029 | 265.2 |\n| 2030 | 384.6 |\n| 2031 | 557.6 |\n| 2032 | 808.6 |\n| 2033 | 1,172.4|\n| 2034 | 1,700.1|\n\nBreakeven year: 2028 (first positive EBITDA of $4.4M; cumulative losses peak at $51.6M in 2027, turn positive by 2030).\n\n### 3. Investment Recommendation\n\nScenario 1: Yes. Breakeven in 2027 (2 years from 2025) and payback in 2030 ($66M investor share exceeds $50M; 5 years from 2025) meet Finance requirements.\n\nScenario 2: No. Breakeven in 2028 (3 years) meets, but payback in 2032 ($92M investor share exceeds $50M; 7 years) exceeds 5 years.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies a specific percentage for the US market share of the global cultivated meat market", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the breakeven year for Moo'ver under scenario 1, where cumulative operating profit turns positive", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a definitive yes/no investment recommendation for scenario 2 based on the breakeven and payback conclusion", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States a rationale for the selected starting market size and CAGR, referencing the prompt's instruction to adopt a blended aggressive approach in sizing", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the payback period for the $50M investment under scenario 2", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the US cultivated meat market size for each year in the 2025-2034 forecast period, as a function of starting point and CAGR", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a definitive yes/no investment recommendation for scenario 1 based on the breakeven and payback conclusion", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a CAGR for the global cultivated meat market to be used in the 10 year forecast", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For scenario 1, calculates Moo'ver's annual market penetration, demonstrating a linear market uptake curve to 10% at year 5 (2030) and plateauing thereafter", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Creates a revenue forecast for Moo'ver for 2025-2034 under scenario 1", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes whether scenario 1 meets the finance requirement for breakeven and payback within 5 years", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes whether scenario 2 meets the finance requirement for breakeven and payback within 5 years", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Creates a revenue forecast for Moo'ver for 2025-2034 under scenario 2.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "For scenario 2, calculates Moo'ver's annual market penetration, reaching 5% at 3 years after launch (2029) and plateauing thereafter", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the payback period for the $50M investment under scenario 1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the global cultivated meat market size for each year in the 2025-2034 forecast period, as a function of starting point and CAGR.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a starting global market size for 2025 to be used in the market size forecast", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Acknowledges the CEO's concern over the decline in sales of plant-based meat alternative products industry-wide", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a standard industry operating margin based on financial data from comparable companies", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the breakeven year for Moo'ver under Scenario 2, where cumulative operating profit turns positive", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-3", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Assume a spatially flat FRW universe with standard components today $(\\Omega_{m,0},\\Omega_{r,0},\\Omega_{\\Lambda,0},H_0)$, but with a brief early epoch dominated by a stiff fluid ($w=1$) between scale factors $a_i$ and $a_f$ (with $a_i\\ll a_f\\ll a_\\ast$). Outside this window, the universe follows the usual $\\Lambda$CDM expansion. During any epoch with constant $w$, the Hubble rate scales as $H(a)\\propto a^{-3(1+w)/2}$. The comoving sound horizon is\n$$\nr_s(a_\\ast)=\\int_0^{a_\\ast}\\frac{c_s(a)\\,da}{a^2 H(a)}\\,,\\qquad\nc_s(a)=\\frac{c}{\\sqrt{3(1+R(a))}},\\qquad R(a)\\equiv \\frac{3\\rho_b}{4\\rho_\\gamma}.\n$$\nTake $c_s(a)\\simeq c/\\sqrt{3}$ and $R(a)\\ll 1$ for $a\\ll a_\\ast$.\n\nTo solve the tasks, you might need these values: $\\Omega_{m,0}=0.30$, $\\Omega_{r,0}=9.2\\times 10^{-5}$, $\\Omega_{\\Lambda,0}=0.70$, $H_0=70~\\mathrm{km\\,s^{-1}\\,Mpc^{-1}}$, $a_\\ast=1/1100$, and a stiff window $a_i=10^{-7}$ to $a_f=5\\times 10^{-6}$.\n\n1) Using $H(a)\\propto a^{-3(1+w)/2}$, write the scalings of $H(a)$ in the radiation era ($w=1/3$) and in the stiff era ($w=1$). Do not fix the overall normalization yet; just give the a-dependence in each era. Show work.\n\n2) Impose continuity of $H(a)$ at the end of the stiff window $a=a_f$ by matching to the standard radiation-dominated Hubble rate there. Using your stiff-era scaling, determine $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)$ for $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$ in terms of $(H_0,\\Omega_{r,0},a_f)$ and $a$. \n\n3) With $c_s\\simeq c/\\sqrt{3}$ and $R\\ll 1$ in this window, compare the integrand of the sound horizon in the stiff window to the radiation integrand it would have had without the stiff phase. Derive the exact ratio $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)/\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a)$ for $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$, and then obtain the ratio of the integrated contributions over that window, $\\frac{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\ window)}}{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)}}$, and express the result in terms of $a_i$ and $a_f$; you may drop terms $\\propto a_i^2$ if $a_i\\ll a_f$. Show your steps and work.\n\n4) Using the numerical inputs above and treating the rest of the integral $[a_f,a_\\ast]$ as standard $\\Lambda$CDM, estimate the fractional change in the sound horizon $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s}\\equiv\\frac{r_s^\\mathrm{(with\\ stiff)}-r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}}}{r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}}}\\,.$$ Work to leading order in the small parameter $a_f/a_\\ast$ and give a percent value (sign included). State clearly the approximation you use for the baseline $r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}}$ to turn your window result into a total fractional change.\n\n5) Based on your sign in (4), say whether the first CMB acoustic peak shifts to larger or smaller multipoles, and give a one-sentence physical explanation tied to the evolution of the comoving Hubble radius during the stiff era.", "o3_response": "1) Hubble\u2013law scalings \n For any epoch with constant equation-of-state parameter w\n H(a) \u221d a-3(1+w)/2 .\n \u2022 Radiation era ( w = 1/3 ) \n Hrad(a) \u221d a-3(1+1/3)/2 = a-2 . \n \u2022 Stiff-fluid era ( w = 1 ) \n Hstiff(a) \u221d a-3(1+1)/2 = a-3 .\n\n2) Normalisation inside the stiff window \n Outside the window the Universe is radiation\u2013dominated, so\n\n Hrad(a) = H0 \u221a\u03a9r,0 a-2 . (2.1)\n\n Inside the window let\n\n Hstiff(a) = C a-3 ,\u2003a i \u2264 a \u2264 a f . (2.2)\n\n Imposing continuity at a = a f gives\n\n C = Hrad(a f) a f^3 = H0 \u221a\u03a9r,0 a f . (2.3)\n\n Hence\n\n Hstiff(a) = H0 \u221a\u03a9r,0 a f a-3 ,\u2003a i \u2264 a \u2264 a f . (2.4)\n\n3) Effect on the sound-horizon integrand \n With R \u226a 1 and c s \u2243 c/\u221a3 constant,\n\n I(a) \u2261 c s /(a^2 H(a)).\n\n \u2022 In a purely radiation epoch\n\n I rad = (c/\u221a3)/(H0 \u221a\u03a9r,0)\u2003(constant). (3.1)\n\n \u2022 In the stiff window, using (2.4),\n\n I stiff(a) = (c/\u221a3)/(H0 \u221a\u03a9r,0) \u00b7 (a/a f). (3.2)\n\n Therefore the point-by-point ratio in the window is\n\n I stiff / I rad = a/a f . (3.3)\n\n Integrated over the window,\n\n \u0394r stiff = \u222ba i ^a f I stiff da\n = I rad (1/a f) (a f^2 \u2013 a i^2)/2 , (3.4)\n\n \u0394r rad = \u222ba i ^a f I rad da\n = I rad (a f \u2013 a i). (3.5)\n\n With a i \u226a a f ,\n\n \u0394r stiff / \u0394r rad \u2243 \u00bd . (3.6)\n\n Thus the stiff episode contributes only one-half of the comoving distance that ordinary radiation would have produced across the same scale-factor interval.\n\n4) Total fractional change in r s \n Approximating the ordinary \u039bCDM integrand as the constant value (3.1) up to a* =1/1100,\n\n r s^\u039bCDM \u2243 I rad a* . (4.1)\n\n The modification is confined to the very small window, so\n\n \u0394r s \u2261 r s(with stiff) \u2013 r s^\u039bCDM\n = (\u0394r stiff \u2013 \u0394r rad) \u2243 \u2013\u00bd I rad a f . (4.2)\n\n Hence\n\n \u0394r s / r s^\u039bCDM \u2243 \u2013\u00bd (a f / a*) . (4.3)\n\n With a f = 5\u00d710-6 and a* = 9.09\u00d710-4,\n\n a f / a* = 5\u00d710-6 / 9.09\u00d710-4 \u2243 5.5\u00d710-3,\n\n \u0394r s / r s \u2243 \u20130.5 \u00d7 5.5\u00d710-3 \u2243 \u20132.8\u00d710-3\n \u2243 \u20130.28 %. (4.4)\n\n So the comoving sound horizon is reduced by about 0.3 %.\n\n5) Consequence for the CMB acoustic scale \n A smaller sound horizon shifts the acoustic peaks to larger multipole numbers (higher \u2113). Physically, the stiff era makes the Hubble expansion rate rise faster (H \u221d a-3 instead of a-2), so the comoving Hubble radius is larger and the sound waves have less time to propagate before recombination, shrinking r s.", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1: Hubble Rate Scalings\n\nIn a flat FRW universe, the Hubble parameter during an era with constant equation-of-state parameter \\( w \\) scales as:\n\n\\[\nH(a) \\propto a^{-\\frac{3}{2}(1+w)}\n\\]\n\n- **Radiation era** (\\( w = \\frac{1}{3} \\)):\n\n \\[\n H(a) \\propto a^{-2}\n \\]\n\n- **Stiff era** (\\( w = 1 \\)):\n\n \\[\n H(a) \\propto a^{-3}\n \\]\n\n---\n\n### \ud83d\udd17 Step 2: Hubble Rate in the Stiff Window\n\nAt the end of the stiff window (\\( a = a_f \\)), the Hubble rate must match the standard radiation-dominated value:\n\n\\[\nH(a_f) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f^{-2}\n\\]\n\nSince \\( H_{\\text{stiff}}(a) \\propto a^{-3} \\), we write:\n\n\\[\nH_{\\text{stiff}}(a) = C a^{-3}\n\\]\n\nMatching at \\( a = a_f \\):\n\n\\[\nC a_f^{-3} = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f^{-2} \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad C = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f\n\\]\n\nThus, for \\( a \\in [a_i, a_f] \\):\n\n\\[\nH_{\\text{stiff}}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, \\frac{a_f}{a^3}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### \ud83d\udcca Step 3: Sound Horizon Integrand Ratio\n\nThe comoving sound horizon is:\n\n\\[\nr_s(a_*) = \\int_0^{a_*} \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)} \\, da\n\\]\n\nWith \\( c_s(a) \\simeq \\frac{c}{\\sqrt{3}} \\) and \\( R(a) \\ll 1 \\), the integrand becomes:\n\n\\[\n\\mathcal{I}(a) = \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{a^2 H(a)}\n\\]\n\n- **Standard radiation era**:\n\n \\[\n H(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a^{-2} \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad \\mathcal{I}_{\\text{rad}}(a) = \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}}\n \\]\n\n- **Stiff era**:\n\n \\[\n H_{\\text{stiff}}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, \\frac{a_f}{a^3} \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad \\mathcal{I}_{\\text{stiff}}(a) = \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f} \\cdot a\n \\]\n\nSo the ratio is:\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\mathcal{I}_{\\text{stiff}}(a)}{\\mathcal{I}_{\\text{rad}}(a)} = \\frac{a}{a_f}\n\\]\n\nNow compute the integrated contributions over the window \\( [a_i, a_f] \\):\n\n- **Standard radiation**:\n\n \\[\n \\Delta r_s^{\\text{(rad)}} = \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_{\\text{rad}}(a) \\, da = \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}} (a_f - a_i)\n \\]\n\n- **Stiff era**:\n\n \\[\n \\Delta r_s^{\\text{(stiff)}} = \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_{\\text{stiff}}(a) \\, da = \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f} \\cdot \\frac{1}{2}(a_f^2 - a_i^2)\n \\]\n\nTaking the ratio:\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\Delta r_s^{\\text{(stiff)}}}{\\Delta r_s^{\\text{(rad)}}} = \\frac{1}{2} \\left(1 + \\frac{a_i}{a_f}\\right) \\approx \\frac{1}{2}\n\\]\n\n(since \\( a_i \\ll a_f \\))\n\n---\n\n### \ud83d\udcc9 Step 4: Fractional Change in Sound Horizon\n\nThe change in sound horizon due to the stiff window is:\n\n\\[\n\\Delta r_s = \\Delta r_s^{\\text{(stiff)}} - \\Delta r_s^{\\text{(rad)}} \\approx -\\frac{1}{2} \\cdot \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}} \\, a_f\n\\]\n\nThe standard sound horizon is dominated by the radiation era:\n\n\\[\nr_s^{\\Lambda\\text{CDM}} \\approx \\frac{c/\\sqrt{3}}{H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}} \\, a_{\\text{eq}}\n\\]\n\nwhere \\( a_{\\text{eq}} = \\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}} \\)\n\nThus, the fractional change is:\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s^{\\Lambda\\text{CDM}}} \\approx -\\frac{1}{2} \\cdot \\frac{a_f}{a_{\\text{eq}}}\n\\]\n\nUsing the given values:\n\n- \\( \\Omega_{m,0} = 0.30 \\)\n- \\( \\Omega_{r,0} = 9.2 \\times 10^{-5} \\)\n- \\( a_f = 5 \\times 10^{-6} \\)\n\nThen:\n\n\\[\na_{\\text{eq}} = \\frac{9.2 \\times 10^{-5}}{0.30} \\approx 3.07 \\times 10^{-4}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\frac{a_f}{a_{\\text{eq}}} \\approx \\frac{5 \\times 10^{-6}}{3.07 \\times 10^{-4}} \\approx 0.0163\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s^{\\Lambda\\text{CDM}}} \\approx -\\frac{1}{2} \\cdot 0.0163 \\approx -0.00815 \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad -0.82\\%\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### \ud83d\udccd Step 5: Shift in CMB Acoustic Peak\n\nThe sound horizon decreases by about 0.82%, so the first acoustic peak shifts to **larger multipoles**.\n\n**Physical explanation:** During the stiff era, the Hubble rate is higher, causing the comoving Hubble radius to shrink more rapidly, which reduces the sound horizon.\n\n---\n\n### \u2705 Final Answers\n\n1. \n \\[\n \\boxed{H(a) \\propto a^{-2}} \\quad \\text{(radiation)}, \\quad \\boxed{H(a) \\propto a^{-3}} \\quad \\text{(stiff)}\n \\]\n\n2. \n \\[\n \\boxed{H_{\\mathrm{stiff}}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\frac{a_f}{a^3}}\n \\]\n\n3. \n \\[\n \\boxed{\\frac{\\mathcal{I}_{\\mathrm{stiff}}(a)}{\\mathcal{I}_{\\mathrm{rad}}(a)} = \\frac{a}{a_f}}, \\quad \\boxed{\\frac{\\Delta r_s^{\\mathrm{(stiff\\ window)}}}{\\Delta r_s^{\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)}}} = \\frac{1}{2}\\left(1+\\frac{a_i}{a_f}\\right) \\approx \\frac{1}{2}}\n \\]\n\n4. \n \\[\n \\boxed{-0.82\\%}\n \\]\n\n5. \n \\[\n \\boxed{\\text{larger}}\n \\] \n The comoving Hubble radius grows faster during the stiff era, reducing the sound horizon.", "grok4_response": "1) For the radiation era with $w=1/3$, $-3(1+1/3)/2 = -3(4/3)/2 = -2$, so $H(a) \\propto a^{-2}$. \nFor the stiff era with $w=1$, $-3(1+1)/2 = -3(2)/2 = -3$, so $H(a) \\propto a^{-3}$.\n\n2) The standard radiation-dominated Hubble rate is $H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} / a^2$. At $a=a_f$, $H_\\mathrm{rad}(a_f) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} / a_f^2$. For the stiff era, $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) \\propto a^{-3}$, so to ensure continuity at $a=a_f$, $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) = H_\\mathrm{rad}(a_f) (a_f / a)^3 = (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} / a_f^2) (a_f / a)^3 = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} \\, a_f / a^3$.\n\n3) The integrand is $\\mathcal{I}(a) = c_s(a) / (a^2 H(a))$. With $c_s \\simeq c/\\sqrt{3}$ constant, $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)/\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_\\mathrm{rad}(a)/H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)$. Substituting, $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) = H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) (a_f / a)$, so $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)/\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = a / a_f$. \nThe ratio of integrated contributions is $\\frac{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\ window)}}{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)}} = \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) \\, da / \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) \\, da = \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) (a / a_f) \\, da / \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) \\, da$. \nIn the radiation era, $a^2 H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}$ (constant), so $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = (c/\\sqrt{3}) / (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}})$ (constant, denoted $K$). \nThus, numerator $= (1/a_f) K \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} a \\, da = (1/a_f) K (1/2)(a_f^2 - a_i^2)$, denominator $= K (a_f - a_i)$. \nRatio $= [(1/a_f) (1/2)(a_f^2 - a_i^2)] / (a_f - a_i) = (1/(2 a_f)) (a_f^2 - a_i^2) / (a_f - a_i) = (1/(2 a_f)) (a_f + a_i) = (a_f + a_i)/(2 a_f)$. \nDropping $\\propto a_i^2$ terms since $a_i \\ll a_f$ gives $1/2$.\n\n4) $\\Delta r_s = (\\frac{1}{2} - 1) \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)}$. In the RD approximation, $\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)} \\approx [(c/\\sqrt{3}) / (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}})] a_f$. \nThe approximation for the baseline is $r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}} \\approx [(c/\\sqrt{3}) / (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}})] a_\\ast$ (extending the RD phase with constant $c_s = c/\\sqrt{3}$ to $a_\\ast$). \nThus, $\\Delta r_s / r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}} \\approx -\\frac{1}{2} (a_f / a_\\ast)$. With $a_f = 5 \\times 10^{-6}$ and $a_\\ast = 1/1100 \\approx 9.09 \\times 10^{-4}$, $a_f / a_\\ast \\approx 0.0055$, so $\\Delta r_s / r_s \\approx -0.00275$ or $-0.275\\%$.\n\n5) The first CMB acoustic peak shifts to larger multipoles, because the stiff era causes faster expansion (larger $H$) which makes the comoving Hubble radius grow more rapidly ($\\propto a^2$ vs. $\\propto a$ in RD), reducing the comoving distance sound waves can travel and thus decreasing $r_s$.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates $a_\\mathrm{eq} = \\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}} = \\frac{9.2\\times10^{-5}}{0.3} = 3.067\\times10^{-4}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that in the radiation era $w=1/3$, leading to $H_\\mathrm{rad}(a)\\propto a^{-2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Argues that the ratio becomes $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}}{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\, window)}}\\simeq\\frac12$$ since $a_i\\ll a_f$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the integral $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0\\int_0^{a_\\mathrm{eq}}da+\\frac{c}{H_0\\sqrt{3\\Omega_{m,0}}}\\int_{a_\\mathrm{eq}}^{a_\\ast}a^{-1/2}\\,da,$$ as $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+\\frac{2c\\left(a_\\ast^{1/2} - a_\\mathrm{eq}^{1/2}\\right)}{H_0\\sqrt{3\\Omega_{m,0}}}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Approximates $\\Delta r_s =\\mathcal{I}_0 \\left(\\frac{a_f}{2}-\\frac{a_i^2}{2 a_f}\\right) - \\mathcal{I}_0(a_f - a_i)$ as $$\\Delta r_s \\simeq-\\frac12 \\mathcal{I}_0 a_f,$$ since $a_i\\ll a_f$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls that for a constant equation-of-state $w$, the Hubble rate scales as $H(a)\\propto a^{-3(1+w)/2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the sound-horizon integrand as $$\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}.$$ ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls that $a_\\mathrm{eq}=\\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\, a^{-2}$ in $\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c}{a^2 H(a)\\sqrt{3}}$ to find $$\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)=\\frac{c}{H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the radiation-era integrand $$\\mathcal{I}_0\\equiv\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)=\\frac{c}{H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}}$$ is constant. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\frac{c}{H_0\\sqrt{3}} = \\mathcal{I}_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}$ in $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+\\frac{2c\\left(a_\\ast^{1/2} - a_\\mathrm{eq}^{1/2}\\right)}{H_0\\sqrt{3\\Omega_{m,0}}},$$ as $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\mathcal{I}_0\\sqrt{\\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}}}\\left(a_\\ast^{1/2} - a_\\mathrm{eq}^{1/2}\\right).$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\, a_f\\,a^{-3}$ in $\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c}{a^2 H(a)\\sqrt{3}}$, to find $$\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=\\frac{c}{ H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}\\, a_f}a.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Reports $\\Delta r_s/r_s$ to be within the range of $-0.317\\%$ to $-0.311\\%$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls the matter\u2013era Hubble rate as $$H_\\mathrm{mat}(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{m,0}}\\,a^{-3/2}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls that the acoustic scale is $\\theta_* = r_s(a_\\ast)/D_A(a_\\ast)$, so with smaller $r_s$, $\\theta_*$ decreases and $\\ell_\\mathrm{peak}\\propto 1/\\theta_*$ shifts to larger multipoles.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $a_\\ast = 1/1100=9.091\\times10^{-4}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls the Hubble rate in radiation domination as $H_\\mathrm{rad}(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a^{-2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Introduces $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=C\\,a^{-3}$ for $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that replacing a radiation window by a stiff window induces a net change $$ \\Delta r_s\\equiv r_s^\\mathrm{(with\\ stiff)}-r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}}=\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}-\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\,window)},$$ since both models only differ by this contribution.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Computes $\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s}\\approx -\\frac12\\frac{ a_f}{{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\left(\\sqrt{a_\\mathrm{eq}a_\\ast} - a_\\mathrm{eq}\\right)}$ as $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s} = -\\frac12 \\frac{5\\times10^{-6}}{3.067\\times10^{-4} + 2\\left(\\sqrt{(3.067\\times10^{-4})(9.091\\times10^{-4})} - 3.067\\times10^{-4}\\right)},$$ to find $\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s} = -0.314\\%$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Integrates the radiation sound-horizon integrand $\\mathcal{I}_0$, to find the radiation-window contribution as $$\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\, window)}=\\int_{a_i}^{a_f}\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}\\,da=\\mathcal I_0\\,(a_f-a_i).$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Imposes continuity at $a=a_f$ as $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a_f)=H_\\mathrm{rad}(a_f)$, leading to $C\\,a_f^{-3} = H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a_f^{-2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that in the stiff era $w=1$, leading to $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)\\propto a^{-3}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Divides $\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}=\\mathcal I_0\\left(\\frac{a_f}{2}-\\frac{a_i^2}{2a_f}\\right)$ by $\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\, window)}=\\mathcal I_0\\,(a_f-a_i)$, to find the ratio $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}}{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\, window)}} = \\frac{\\frac{a_f}{2}-\\frac{a_i^2}{2a_f}}{a_f-a_i}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Integrates the stiff sound-horizon integrand $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff} = \\mathcal{I}_0 \\frac{a}{a_f}$, to find the stiff-window contribution as $$\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}=\\int_{a_i}^{a_f}\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}\\,da=\\frac{\\mathcal{I}_0}{a_f}\\int_{a_i}^{a_f} a\\,da=\\mathcal I_0\\left(\\frac{a_f}{2}-\\frac{a_i^2}{2a_f}\\right).$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the exact ratio $\\frac{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)}{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)}$ is $$\\frac{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)}{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)}=\\frac{a}{a_f}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that $ H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a_f\\,a^{-3}$ for $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $C =H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a_f$ in $H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=C\\,a^{-3}$ for $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$ as $$H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a_f\\,a^{-3}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Divides $\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)=\\frac{c}{ H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}\\, a_f}a$ by $\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)=\\frac{c}{H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}}$, to find $$\\frac{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{stiff}(a)}{\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{rad}(a)}=\\frac{a}{a_f}$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Explains physically that during the stiff era, $H(a)$ is larger than in radiation domination, which suppresses the integrand $c_s/(a^2H)$ and shortens the comoving sound horizon.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $H_\\mathrm{mat}(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{m,0}}\\,a^{-3/2}$ in $\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c}{a^2 H(a)\\sqrt{3}}$, to find $$\\mathcal I_\\mathrm{mat}(a)=\\frac{c}{H_0\\sqrt{3\\Omega_{m,0}}}\\,a^{-1/2}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Divides $\\Delta r_s \\simeq-\\frac12 \\mathcal{I}_0 a_f$ by $ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\mathcal{I}_0\\left(\\sqrt{a_\\mathrm{eq}a_\\ast} - a_\\mathrm{eq}\\right)$, to find the ratio $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s}\\approx -\\frac12\\frac{ a_f}{{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\left(\\sqrt{a_\\mathrm{eq}a_\\ast} - a_\\mathrm{eq}\\right)}$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Computes $\\Delta r_s = \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}-\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\,window)}=\\mathcal{I}_0 \\left(\\frac{a_f}{2}-\\frac{a_i^2}{2 a_f}\\right) - \\mathcal{I}_0(a_f - a_i)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the ratio of the integrated contributions over the window $a\\in[a_i,a_f]$ is $$\\frac{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff\\, window)}}{\\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\, window)}}\\simeq\\frac12.$$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the stiff integrand can be written as $\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff} = \\mathcal{I}_0 \\frac{a}{a_f}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that $\\Delta r_s/r_s$ have a negative sign, leading to a reduced sound horizon compared to $\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the $\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}$ sound horizon, $r_s$, can be estimated by splitting at matter-radiation equality as $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0\\int_0^{a_\\mathrm{eq}}da+\\frac{c}{H_0\\sqrt{3\\Omega_{m,0}}}\\int_{a_\\mathrm{eq}}^{a_\\ast}a^{-1/2}\\,da,$$ where $a_\\mathrm{eq}$ is the scale factor at the equality.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $c_s(a)\\simeq c/\\sqrt{3}$ in $\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}$ as $$\\mathcal I(a)=\\frac{c}{a^2 H(a)\\sqrt{3}}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Solves $C\\,a^{-3} = H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a^{-2}$, to find $C =H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}\\,a_f$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Rearranges $\\mathcal{I}_0 = \\frac{c}{H_0 \\sqrt{3\\Omega_{r,0}}}$ as $\\frac{c}{H_0\\sqrt{3}} = \\mathcal{I}_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $a_\\mathrm{eq}=\\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}}$ in $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\mathcal{I}_0\\sqrt{\\frac{\\Omega_{r,0}}{\\Omega_{m,0}}}\\left(a_\\ast^{1/2} - a_\\mathrm{eq}^{1/2}\\right),$$ as $$ r_s\\simeq\\mathcal{I}_0{a_\\mathrm{eq}}+2\\mathcal{I}_0\\left(\\sqrt{a_\\mathrm{eq}a_\\ast} - a_\\mathrm{eq}\\right).$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-4", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "We want to synthesize a novel chemical species and characterize its infrared and EPR spectra when isolated in an inert gas matrix at 15 K. \n\n1) Make a list of 5 target molecules having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature.\n2) For each target molecule in part 1, outline a viable process for synthesizing it via photoactivated unimolecular reaction or via bimolecular reaction using photomobile F or O atoms in a low-temperature inert matrix. The precursor molecules must be stable gases or volatile liquids at room temperature.\n3) Identify the appropriate wavelengths that should be used for the photoactivation and a laser source of the radiation for each synthesis in part 2.\n4) Estimate the lowest energy barrier (in kJ/mol) to dissociation or isomerization of each target molecule to a more stable form.\n5) Predict the frequency (in cm-1) of major infrared-active vibrations of each target molecule.\n6) Predict the frequency shifts of each band identified in step 5 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.\n7) Predict the EPR spectrum of each target molecule, if any.", "o3_response": "Because all of the requested information is best handled in parallel, the answer is organised molecule-by-molecule. The numerical values that follow were obtained from quick B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/cc-pVDZ calculations and then scaled (0.97 for \u03bd > 1000 cm-1, 0.99 for \u03bd < 1000 cm-1) so that they reproduce the experimental data available for the closely related radicals F2NO and ClNCO. The numbers are therefore expected to be correct to \u00b130 cm-1 for fundamental frequencies and to \u00b115 % for hyper-fine constants, which is adequate for planning the proposed experiments.\n\n====================================================================\nTARGET 1\u2003Fluorine isocyanate\u2003FNCO\u2003(F-N=C=O)\u2003closed shell\n====================================================================\n2 a. Matrix synthesis\n\u2003\u2022 Co-deposit Ar : F2 : HNCO \u2248 2000 : 1 : 1 at 15 K. \n\u2003\u2022 193 nm (ArF excimer) photolyse F2 \u2192 2 F\u00b7. \n\u2003\u2022 248 nm (KrF excimer) or 266 nm (4th harmonic of Nd:YAG) photolyse a separate area of the same film to produce NCO\u00b7 from HNCO \u2192 H\u00b7+NCO\u00b7. \n\u2003\u2022 Warm to 22 K for 10 min \u2192 diffusion of F\u00b7; F\u00b7+NCO\u00b7 \u2192 FNCO.\n\n3 a. Laser sources and \u03bb\n\u2003F-atom source\u2003193 nm\u200325 mJ pulse-1 (ArF) \n\u2003HNCO photolysis\u2003266 nm\u20031 mJ pulse-1 (Nd:YAG, 4\u03c9)\n\n4 a. Lowest barrier\n\u2003FNCO \u2192 F\u00b7+NCO\u00b7\u2003\u0394E\u2021\u2248110 kJ mol-1 (\u0394Erxn\u2248 +86 kJ; calculated TS imaginary \u03bd=382 cm-1).\n\n5 a. Principal IR bands (argon matrix, 16 K)\n\u2003\u03bd1 N=C=O antisym stretch\u20032290 cm-1\u2003(very strong) \n\u2003\u03bd2 N\u2013F stretch\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002 980 cm-1\u2003(medium) \n\u2003\u03bd3 NCO bend\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002 635 cm-1\u2003(medium)\n\n6 a. Isotopic shifts (full substitution)\n\u200313C\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2201 cm-1 (-89) \n\u200315N\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2212 cm-1 (-78); \u03bd2 \u2192 947 cm-1 (-33) \n\u200318O\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2159 cm-1 (-131) \n\u2003(D is not applicable \u2013 no H)\n\n7 a. EPR\n\u2003Closed-shell singlet \u2013 EPR silent.\n\n====================================================================\nTARGET 2\u2003Difluoro-ketene\u2003CF2=C=O\u2003closed shell\n====================================================================\n2 b. Matrix synthesis\n\u2003\u2022 Codeposit Ar : C2F4 : N2O = 2000 : 1 : 1. \n\u2003\u2022 193 nm photolysis: N2O \u2192 N2+O(1D). \n\u2003\u2022 213 nm (XeCl) optional to photolyse a small portion of C2F4 to give F-rich surroundings. \n\u2003\u2022 O(1D) + C2F4 \u2192 CF2=C=O + F2 (barrierless addition / \u03b2-F elimination). \n\u2003\u2022 Brief anneal to 18 K enhances O-atom hopping.\n\n3 b. Laser sources\n\u2003N2O photolysis\u2003193 nm (ArF) \n\u2003Optional C2F4 activation\u2003308 nm (XeCl)\n\n4 b. Lowest barrier\n\u2003CF2=C=O \u2192 CF2 + CO \u2003\u0394E\u2021\u2248160 kJ mol-1.\n\n5 b. IR fundamentals\n\u2003\u03bd1\u2003C=C=O stretch\u2003\u2003\u20032130 cm-1 (vs) \n\u2003\u03bd2\u2003CF2 a-sym stretch\u20031325 cm-1 (s) \n\u2003\u03bd3\u2003CF2 sym. stretch\u2003\u20031180 cm-1 (m) \n\u2003\u03bd4\u2003C=C bend\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002650 cm-1 (m)\n\n6 b. Isotopic shifts\n\u200313C (both C)\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2050 cm-1 (-80) \n\u200318O\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2009 cm-1 (-121)\n\n7 b. EPR\n\u2003Diamagnetic.\n\n====================================================================\nTARGET 3\u2003Fluoro carbonyl oxide (fluorinated Criegee)\u2003FCOO\u00b7\u2003doublet\n====================================================================\n2 c. Matrix synthesis\n\u2003Route A (one-pot): Ar : F2 : CO : O3 \u2248 2000 : 1 : 1 : 0.2. \n\u2003(1) 193 nm photolysis: F2 \u2192 2 F\u00b7. \n\u2003(2) F\u00b7 + CO \u2192 FCO\u00b7 (diffusion-controlled). \n\u2003(3) 248 nm photolysis: O3 \u2192 O(1D)+O2. \n\u2003(4) O(1D) + FCO\u00b7 \u2192 FCOO\u00b7.\n\n3 c. Lasers\n\u2003F-atom production\u2003193 nm (ArF) \n\u2003O-atom production\u2003248 nm (KrF)\n\n4 c. Barrier\n\u2003FCOO\u00b7 \u2192 FCO\u00b7 + O(3P)\u2003\u0394E\u2021\u224880 kJ mol-1.\n\n5 c. IR bands\n\u2003\u03bd1 C=O stretch\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20031885 cm-1 (vs) \n\u2003\u03bd2 O\u2013O stretch\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002930 cm-1 (m) \n\u2003\u03bd3 C\u2013F stretch / bend\u2003\u2003\u2002535 cm-1 (m)\n\n6 c. Isotopic shifts\n\u200318O (both O)\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 1795 (-90); \u03bd2 \u2192 880 (-50) \n\u200313C\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 1845 (-40)\n\n7 c. EPR\n\u2003giso = 2.0031 (calc.) \n\u2003aF \u2248 22 mT (doublet) \n\u2003No other HFC resolvable. Spectrum: 1:1 doublet, \u0394B\u224822 mT, peak-to-peak width \u22480.3 mT at 9 GHz.\n\n====================================================================\nTARGET 4\u2003Fluorine-cyanogen radical\u2003FNCN\u00b7\u2003doublet\n====================================================================\n2 d. Matrix synthesis\n\u2003\u2022 Codeposit Ar : (CN)2 : F2 = 2000 : 1 : 1. \n\u2003\u2022 193 nm photolysis produces F\u00b7; (CN)2 is inert at this \u03bb. \n\u2003\u2022 F\u00b7 abstracts one CN fragment: F\u00b7+(CN)2 \u2192 FNCN\u00b7+CN\u00b7. \n\u2003\u2022 24 K anneal allows cage diffusion of F\u00b7 to enhance yield.\n\n3 d. Lasers\n\u2003Sole photolysis 193 nm (ArF) 20 mJ pulse-1\n\n4 d. Lowest barrier\n\u2003FNCN\u00b7 \u2192 F\u00b7 + NCN\u00b7\u2003\u0394E\u2021\u2248115 kJ mol-1.\n\n5 d. IR fundamentals\n\u2003\u03bd1 N=C=N a-sym\u2003\u2003\u20032245 cm-1 (vs) \n\u2003\u03bd2 N\u2013F stretch\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002935 cm-1 (m) \n\u2003\u03bd3 skeletal bend\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002420 cm-1 (w)\n\n6 d. Isotopic shifts\n\u2003(15N)2\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2170 (-75); \u03bd2 \u2192 905 (-30) \n\u200313C\u2003\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 2205 (-40)\n\n7 d. EPR\n\u2003giso = 2.0048 \n\u2003Hyperfine: aF \u2248 12 mT (I = \u00bd), aN(\u03b1) \u2248 7 mT, aN(\u03b2) \u2248 3 mT \n\u2003Pattern at 9 GHz: dominant F doublet, each split into triplet (N\u03b1), further into triplet (N\u03b2) \u2013 18 lines with ~1:2:3:2:1 envelope.\n\n====================================================================\nTARGET 5\u2003Difluoromethyl-nitroxide radical\u2003\u00b7CF2NO\u2003doublet\n====================================================================\n2 e. Matrix synthesis\n\u2003\u2022 Codeposit Ar : CF3NO : F2 \u2248 2000 : 1 : 1. \n\u2003\u2022 355 nm (Nd:YAG, 3\u03c9) photolyse F2 \u2192 F\u00b7; simultaneously 248 nm photolysis ruptures CF3\u2013NO \u2192 CF2NO\u00b7+F\u00b7. \n\u2003\u2022 Additional F\u00b7 abstracts F from CF3NO with high yield: F\u00b7+CF3NO \u2192 \u00b7CF2NO+F2. \n\u2003\u2022 Mild anneal to 20 K increases encounter rate.\n\n3 e. Lasers\n\u2003F2 photolysis\u2003355 nm, 5 mJ pulse-1 \n\u2003CF3NO photolysis\u2003248 nm, 1 mJ pulse-1\n\n4 e. Barrier\n\u2003\u00b7CF2NO \u2192 CF2 + NO\u2003\u0394E\u2021\u2248140 kJ mol-1.\n\n5 e. IR bands\n\u2003\u03bd1 N=O stretch\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20031600 cm-1 (vs) \n\u2003\u03bd2 CF2 a-sym\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20021250 cm-1 (s) \n\u2003\u03bd3 CF2 sym\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20021180 cm-1 (m) \n\u2003\u03bd4 C\u2013N stretch / bend\u2003\u2002630 cm-1 (m)\n\n6 e. Isotopic shifts\n\u200315N\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 1545 (-55) \n\u200318O\u2003\u03bd1 \u2192 1510 (-90) \n\u200313C\u2003\u03bd2 \u2192 1210 (-40)\n\n7 e. EPR\n\u2003giso = 2.0060 \n\u2003aF(eq) = 12.5 mT (two equivalent F, gives 1 : 2 : 1 triplet) \n\u2003aN = 9.0 mT (triplet). Overall: 9 lines (triplet of triplets) analogous to F2NO but with slightly smaller aF. Line width ~0.2 mT isotropic at 25 K; strong anisotropy below 18 K (DaF\u22488 mT).\n\n====================================================================\nCOMPARATIVE SUMMARY\n====================================================================\nMolecule\u2003 | \u039bphotolysis / nm | E\u2021 (kJ mol-1) | IR signature / cm-1 | EPR?\n-----------|----------------|---------------|---------------------|--------\nFNCO | 193, 248 | 110 | 2290 / 980 / 635 | no\nF2C=C=O | 193 | 160 | 2130 / 1325 /1180 | no\nFCOO\u00b7 | 193 + 248 | 80 | 1885 / 930 / 535 | doublet\nFNCN\u00b7 | 193 | 115 | 2245 / 935 / 420 | doublet\n\u00b7CF2NO | 355 + 248 | 140 | 1600 /1250 /1180 | doublet\n\nAll five species satisfy the requested criteria: fewer than six atoms, elements limited to C/H/O/N/F, no credible experimental report to date, and calculated barriers well above the 15 K thermal energy (~0.12 kJ mol-1) so that they can be trapped for long spectroscopic interrogation.", "r1-0528_response": "Here\u2019s a detailed analysis for your requested novel species, focusing on small, unobserved but plausible molecules with C, H, O, N, or F, along with their synthesis, spectroscopy, and stability:\n\n1. Target Molecules\na) Diazomethylene (HCNN)\nStructure: H-C\u2261N\u2e30N (linear triplet ground state)\n\nRationale: Analogous to diazomethane (H\u2082CNN) but with a hydrogen removed, predicted to be metastable in matrices.\n\nb) Fluorodioxirane (FO\u2082F)\nStructure: Cyclic F-O-O-F (C\u2082v symmetry)\n\nRationale: High-energy isomer of F\u2082O\u2082, likely formed via O-atom insertion into FOOF.\n\nc) Nitrosomethylene (HCNO)\nStructure: H-C=N=O (linear singlet)\n\nRationale: Isomer of fulminic acid (HCNO), with a metastable bent triplet state.\n\nd) Cyclic N\u2082OF (1,2,3-Oxadiaziridine)\nStructure: Three-membered ring (N-N-O-F)\n\nRationale: Formed via N\u2082 + OF\u2082 photolysis; strained but isolable at 15 K.\n\ne) Tetratomic Carbon Oxide (C\u2082O\u2082)\nStructure: O=C=C=O (linear triplet)\n\nRationale: Ketenylidene isomer; formed via CO + C photolysis.\n\n2. Synthesis Pathways\na) HCNN\nPrecursor: CH\u2082N\u2082 (diazomethane) + h\u03bd \u2192 HCNN + H.\n\nMechanism: 193 nm ArF laser cleaves C-H bond, leaving triplet HCNN.\n\nb) FO\u2082F\nPrecursor: FOOF + O(\u00b3P) (from O\u2083 photolysis at 254 nm).\n\nMechanism: O-atom insertion into FOOF\u2019s O-O bond.\n\nc) HCNO\nPrecursor: HCN + NO (codeposited) + h\u03bd (355 nm Nd:YAG).\n\nMechanism: Radical recombination followed by H migration.\n\nd) N\u2082OF\nPrecursor: N\u2082 + OF\u2082 (photolyzed at 266 nm).\n\nMechanism: OF insertion into N\u2082 triple bond.\n\ne) C\u2082O\u2082\nPrecursor: C\u2083O\u2082 (carbon suboxide) + h\u03bd (248 nm KrF) \u2192 C\u2082O\u2082 + CO.\n\nMechanism: Asymmetric cleavage of C\u2083O\u2082.\n\n3. Photoactivation Wavelengths & Lasers\nMolecule\tWavelength (nm)\tLaser Source\nHCNN\t193\tArF excimer\nFO\u2082F\t254\tHg lamp/O\u2083 photolysis\nHCNO\t355\tNd:YAG (3rd harmonic)\nN\u2082OF\t266\tNd:YAG (4th harmonic)\nC\u2082O\u2082\t248\tKrF excimer\n4. Lowest Energy Barriers\nMolecule\tBarrier (kJ/mol)\tPathway\nHCNN\t~85\tH loss \u2192 HCN + N(\u00b2D)\nFO\u2082F\t~60\tRing opening \u2192 FO + OF\nHCNO\t~75\tIsomerization \u2192 HOCN\nN\u2082OF\t~110\tRing opening \u2192 N\u2082 + OF\nC\u2082O\u2082\t~40\tTriplet \u2192 Singlet collapse\n5. Predicted IR Bands (cm\u207b\u00b9)\nMolecule\tVibrations (\u03bd, cm\u207b\u00b9)\nHCNN\t\u03bd(C\u2261N) ~2200, \u03bd(N=N) ~1450\nFO\u2082F\t\u03bd(O-O) ~850, \u03bd(F-O) ~950\nHCNO\t\u03bd(C\u2261N) ~2150, \u03bd(N=O) ~1600\nN\u2082OF\t\u03bd(N=N) ~1450, \u03bd(N-O) ~1100\nC\u2082O\u2082\t\u03bd(C=O) ~2200, \u03bd(C=C) ~1200\n6. Isotopic Shifts\nMolecule\tSubstitution\tShift (\u0394\u03bd, cm\u207b\u00b9)\nHCNN\tD (H\u2192D)\t\u03bd(C\u2261N) \u2193 ~50, \u03bd(N=N) unchanged\nFO\u2082F\t\u00b9\u2078O\t\u03bd(O-O) \u2193 ~30, \u03bd(F-O) \u2193 ~20\nHCNO\t\u00b9\u2075N\t\u03bd(C\u2261N) \u2193 ~15, \u03bd(N=O) \u2193 ~10\nN\u2082OF\t\u00b9\u2075N\t\u03bd(N=N) \u2193 ~20, \u03bd(N-O) \u2193 ~5\nC\u2082O\u2082\t\u00b9\u00b3C\t\u03bd(C=O) \u2193 ~40, \u03bd(C=C) \u2193 ~25\n7. EPR Predictions\nHCNN: Triplet state (S=1) \u2192 \u0394m\u209b = \u00b11 transitions at ~3000 G (g \u2248 2.0).\n\nFO\u2082F: EPR-silent (closed-shell singlet).\n\nHCNO: Doublet (S=\u00bd) if bent triplet form exists (g \u2248 2.003, A\u2099 hyperfine).\n\nN\u2082OF: EPR-silent (closed-shell).\n\nC\u2082O\u2082: Triplet (S=1) \u2192 Zero-field splitting (D \u2248 0.5 cm\u207b\u00b9).\n\nKey Considerations\nMatrix Effects: Ne or Ar matrices at 15 K suppress diffusion-driven side reactions.\n\nDetection: IR for closed-shell species; EPR for radicals/triplets.\n\nChallenges: FO\u2082F and N\u2082OF may require pulsed photolysis to avoid recombination.\n\nLet me know if you\u2019d like deeper computational validation (e.g., DFT barriers) for any target!", "grok4_response": "Below is a complete response to your query based on the provided tasks. The response is informed by the attached files: the paper on F\u2082NO radicals in solid argon (mendc4716.pdf), which describes the synthesis, IR, and EPR characterization of F\u2082NO\u00b7 (a radical that was essentially unobserved experimentally prior to that 1998 study), and the review on molecular photodynamics in rare gas solids (91.pdf), which provides context for photoinduced processes, atomic mobility, and spectroscopy in inert matrices at low temperatures. However, the task specifies target molecules that \"have never been observed experimentally,\" so I have selected 5 small molecules (5 or fewer atoms, using only C, H, O, N, F) that fit this criterion based on my knowledge of the literature. These are hypothetical or theoretically predicted species that have not been experimentally isolated or characterized (to the best of current knowledge as of 2023; note the paper's 1998 date means F\u2082NO\u00b7 is now \"observed,\" so I avoided it and chose analogs). They have plausible Lewis structures indicating stability or metastability at 15 K in an inert matrix (e.g., Ar or Kr), where kinetic barriers prevent decay.\n\nI drew inspiration from the F\u2082NO\u00b7 example in the paper (pyramidal radical formed by F-atom addition) and the photodynamics review (e.g., photomobile F or O atoms, cage effects, and matrix isolation). Predictions for IR frequencies, isotopic shifts, energy barriers, and EPR are estimated using quantum chemical analogies (e.g., B3LYP or MP2 levels from the paper), vibrational scaling factors from similar species, reduced-mass approximations for isotopic shifts, and hyperfine coupling patterns from related radicals. These are estimates, as no experimental data exist; actual values would require high-level calculations (e.g., CCSD(T) or CASSCF).\n\n### 1) List of 5 Target Molecules\nThese are radicals or unusual isomers with 5 or fewer atoms, never observed experimentally, but with Lewis structures suggesting metastability at 15 K (e.g., high kinetic barriers to rearrangement in a rigid matrix). I provide a basic Lewis structure description for each.\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7** (difluoromethoxy radical, 4 atoms: C, O, F, F). Lewis structure: Pyramidal at C, with F-C-F (single bonds), C-O (single bond), unpaired electron on O (analogous to F\u2082NO\u00b7 but with C instead of N; theoretically predicted but not isolated).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7** (trifluoroxy radical, 4 atoms: O, F, F, F). Lewis structure: Pyramidal at O, with three O-F single bonds and unpaired electron on O (theoretical species, metastable via high dissociation barrier).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7** (difluoroaminocarbene radical, 4 atoms: N, C, F, F). Lewis structure: F-N-F (single bonds), N-C (single bond), unpaired electron on C (carbene-like; predicted theoretically, not observed).\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7** (difluorohydroxy radical, 4 atoms: H, O, F, F). Lewis structure: Pyramidal at O, with O-H and two O-F single bonds, unpaired electron on O (unstable isomer of HOF\u2082, not observed experimentally).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7** (difluorodiazene radical, 4 atoms: N, N, F, F). Lewis structure: F-N-F (single bonds), N-N (single bond), unpaired electron on terminal N (radical analog of F\u2082N\u2082, theoretically metastable but not isolated).\n\n### 2) Viable Synthesis Process for Each\nEach synthesis uses photoactivated unimolecular or bimolecular reactions in a low-temperature inert matrix (e.g., Ar at 15 K), leveraging photomobile F or O atoms (as in the paper's F-atom diffusion at 20-26 K and the review's discussion of atomic mobility). Precursors are stable gases or volatile liquids at room temperature (RT). Processes are analogous to the paper's F + NO \u2192 FNO, then F + FNO \u2192 F\u2082NO\u00b7 (via annealing-induced diffusion after photolysis). Bimolecular reactions use F or O atoms generated from precursors like F\u2082 or O\u2083, which diffuse upon mild annealing (20-25 K) to react with a co-deposited partner.\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7**: Bimolecular. Co-deposit CO (stable gas) and F\u2082 (stable gas) in Ar matrix (ratio ~2000:1:1). Photolyze F\u2082 to generate F atoms, anneal at 24 K to allow F diffusion and addition: F + CO \u2192 FCO, then F + FCO \u2192 F\u2082CO\u00b7 (sequential addition, stabilized in cage).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7**: Bimolecular. Co-deposit O\u2082 (stable gas) and F\u2082 (stable gas) in Ar matrix (ratio ~2000:1:1). Photolyze F\u2082 to generate F atoms, anneal at 24 K for diffusion: F + O\u2082 \u2192 FO\u2082, then sequential F additions: F + FO\u2082 \u2192 F\u2082O\u2082, F + F\u2082O\u2082 \u2192 F\u2083O\u00b7 + O (metastable radical trapped).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7**: Bimolecular. Co-deposit CN (from cyanogen gas, volatile) and F\u2082 (stable gas) in Ar matrix (ratio ~2000:1:1). Photolyze F\u2082 for F atoms, anneal at 24 K: F + CN \u2192 FCN, then F + FCN \u2192 F\u2082NC\u00b7 (addition to form carbene radical).\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7**: Bimolecular with O atoms. Co-deposit HF (stable gas) and O\u2083 (volatile liquid at RT, gaseous when vaporized) in Ar matrix (ratio ~2000:1:1). Photolyze O\u2083 to generate O atoms, anneal at 24 K for O diffusion: O + HF \u2192 HOF, then O + HOF \u2192 F\u2082HO\u00b7 (O insertion/addition, radical stabilized).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7**: Unimolecular photoactivation followed by bimolecular. Co-deposit N\u2082F\u2082 (difluorodiazene, volatile unstable but synthesizable gas) and F\u2082 in Ar matrix. Photolyze N\u2082F\u2082 to fragment, then anneal with photogenerated F atoms: F + N\u2082F \u2192 F\u2082NN\u00b7 (addition to fragment).\n\n### 3) Appropriate Wavelengths and Laser Source for Photoactivation\nWavelengths are chosen based on precursor absorption and matrix transparency (from the paper: 337 nm for F\u2082 photolysis in EPR, 355 nm in IR; review discusses UV photolysis for atom generation). Laser sources are standard for low-T matrix work.\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7**: 355 nm (F\u2082 dissociation threshold in Ar). Laser: Nd:YAG (third harmonic).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7**: 355 nm (F\u2082 dissociation). Laser: Nd:YAG (third harmonic).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7**: 337 nm (F\u2082 dissociation, avoids CN interference). Laser: Nitrogen laser.\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7**: 266 nm (O\u2083 dissociation to O atoms in Ar). Laser: Nd:YAG (fourth harmonic).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7**: 355 nm (N\u2082F\u2082 fragmentation and F\u2082 dissociation). Laser: Nd:YAG (third harmonic).\n\n### 4) Estimated Lowest Energy Barrier to Dissociation or Isomerization\nEstimates are based on analogies to F\u2082NO\u00b7 (paper's calculations show stable pyramidal structure; barriers from similar radicals like NF\u2082 or CF\u2083O, ~50-100 kJ/mol for dissociation). I used B3LYP-level estimates for barrier heights (dissociation to fragments or isomerization to more stable forms like FNO + F for F\u2082NO analog).\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7**: ~65 kJ/mol (dissociation to FCO + F; low barrier but matrix-stabilized).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7**: ~80 kJ/mol (dissociation to F\u2082O + F; high due to O-F bond strength).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7**: ~55 kJ/mol (isomerization to F\u2082CN\u00b7; carbene rearrangement barrier).\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7**: ~70 kJ/mol (dissociation to HOF + F; H-O bond cleavage).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7**: ~60 kJ/mol (dissociation to F\u2082N + N; N-N bond weak but metastable).\n\n### 5) Predicted Frequency of Major Infrared-Active Vibrations\nPredictions based on scaled B3LYP vibrations from the paper's F\u2082NO\u00b7 (e.g., 1640 cm\u207b\u00b9 for N-O stretch) and analogies (e.g., C-F stretches ~1000-1200 cm\u207b\u00b9, O-F ~800-900 cm\u207b\u00b9). Major modes are asymmetric stretches or bends (IR-active by symmetry).\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7**: 1650 (C-O stretch), 1050 (C-F asym stretch), 750 (F-C-F bend).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7**: 850 (O-F asym stretch), 600 (O-F bend), 450 (sym stretch).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7**: 1250 (N-C stretch), 1100 (N-F asym stretch), 700 (F-N-F bend).\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7**: 3400 (O-H stretch), 900 (O-F asym stretch), 650 (H-O-F bend).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7**: 1400 (N-N stretch), 1150 (N-F asym stretch), 800 (F-N-F bend).\n\n### 6) Predicted Frequency Shifts Upon Full Isotopic Substitution\nFull substitution means replacing all relevant atoms: H \u2192 D, C \u2192 \u00b9\u00b3C, N \u2192 \u00b9\u2075N, O \u2192 \u00b9\u2078O (if present). Shifts are estimated using reduced-mass scaling (\u03bd' / \u03bd \u2248 \u221a(\u03bc / \u03bc')), assuming harmonic modes, with typical downshifts of 5-10% for heavier isotopes (analogous to paper's vibrational predictions). Negative shifts indicate red-shift.\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7** (\u00b9\u00b3C, \u00b9\u2078O): 1650 \u2192 1580 (-70, C-O stretch); 1050 \u2192 1020 (-30); 750 \u2192 730 (-20).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7** (\u00b9\u2078O): 850 \u2192 810 (-40, O-F stretch); 600 \u2192 570 (-30); 450 \u2192 430 (-20).\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7** (\u00b9\u2075N, \u00b9\u00b3C): 1250 \u2192 1190 (-60, N-C stretch); 1100 \u2192 1060 (-40); 700 \u2192 680 (-20).\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7** (D, \u00b9\u2078O): 3400 \u2192 2450 (-950, O-D stretch); 900 \u2192 850 (-50); 650 \u2192 620 (-30).\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7** (two \u00b9\u2075N): 1400 \u2192 1340 (-60, N-N stretch); 1150 \u2192 1110 (-40); 800 \u2192 770 (-30).\n\n### 7) Predicted EPR Spectrum\nPredictions based on the paper's F\u2082NO\u00b7 spectrum (triplet of triplets, a_F = 14.3 mT, a_N = 9.3 mT, g=2.007, temperature-dependent anisotropy). Radicals with unpaired electrons and magnetic nuclei (\u00b9\u2074N I=1, \u00b9\u2079F I=1/2) show hyperfine splitting. If no unpaired electron or no magnetic nuclei, no EPR. All are radicals, so EPR-active; g ~2.00 for organic-like radicals.\n\n1. **F\u2082CO\u00b7**: Weak or no EPR (unpaired on O, I=0; possible small a_F ~10 mT if delocalized; isotropic singlet, g=2.005).\n2. **F\u2083O\u00b7**: Triplet (three equivalent F, 1:3:3:1), a_F ~12 mT, g=2.008; anisotropic below 20 K.\n3. **F\u2082NC\u00b7**: Triplet of doublets (two F I=1/2, one N I=1), a_F ~13 mT, a_N ~8 mT, g=2.006; temperature-dependent broadening.\n4. **F\u2082HO\u00b7**: Triplet (two F), a_F ~11 mT, small a_H ~1 mT if delocalized, g=2.007; weak anisotropy.\n5. **F\u2082NN\u00b7**: Triplet of quartets (two F, two N), a_F ~14 mT, a_N ~9 mT, g=2.007; reversible temperature dependence like F\u2082NO\u00b7.\n\nThese predictions can be refined with computations or experiments. If you need more details or adjustments (e.g., different targets), let me know!", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States the name of target molecule 1 that satisfies the criteria in part 1 of the prompt, which is: having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the isotopic shifts of infrared bands identified for target molecule 2 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a reasonable estimate, in kJ/mol, of the decomposition barrier for target molecule 1.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies an appropriate photolysis wavelength and laser source to make target molecule 3.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the name of target molecule 3 that satisfies the criteria in part 1 of the prompt, which is: having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a likely mechanism for photolytic synthesis of target molecule 3 in a low-temperature inert matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a likely mechanism for photolytic synthesis of target molecule 1 in a low-temperature inert matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the isotopic shifts of infrared bands identified for target molecule 4 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the frequencies, in cm-1, of the major infrared absorption bands of target molecule 1.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the name of target molecule 5 that satisfies the criteria in part 1 of the prompt, which is: having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the frequencies, in cm-1, of the major infrared absorption bands of target molecule 4.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the isotopic shifts of infrared bands identified for target molecule 3 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies an appropriate photolysis wavelength and laser source to make target molecule 1.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the EPR spectrum for target molecule 3.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a likely mechanism for photolytic synthesis of target molecule 5 in a low-temperature inert matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the EPR spectrum for target molecule 5.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the name of target molecule 2 that satisfies the criteria in part 1 of the prompt, which is: having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies an appropriate photolysis wavelength and laser source to make target molecule 5.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the EPR spectrum for target molecule 4.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the isotopic shifts of infrared bands identified for target molecule 1 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the EPR spectrum for target molecule 1.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a reasonable estimate, in kJ/mol, of the decomposition barrier for target molecule 2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a likely mechanism for photolytic synthesis of target molecule 2 in a low-temperature inert matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a reasonable estimate, in kJ/mol, of the decomposition barrier for target molecule 5.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a likely mechanism for photolytic synthesis of target molecule 4 in a low-temperature inert matrix.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the name of target molecule 4 that satisfies the criteria in part 1 of the prompt, which is: having 5 or fewer atoms consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine that have never been observed experimentally, but which have Lewis structures that should be stable or metastable at extremely low temperature.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the frequencies, in cm-1, of the major infrared absorption bands of target molecule 5.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the frequencies, in cm-1, of the major infrared absorption bands of target molecule 2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies an appropriate photolysis wavelength and laser source to make target molecule 4.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies an appropriate photolysis wavelength and laser source to make target molecule 2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the EPR spectrum for target molecule 2.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a reasonable estimate, in kJ/mol, of the decomposition barrier for target molecule 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the isotopic shifts of infrared bands identified for target molecule 5 upon full isotopic substitution with deuterium, 13-C, 15-N, or 18-O.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Makes a reasonable estimate, in kJ/mol, of the decomposition barrier for target molecule 4.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Predicts the frequencies, in cm-1, of the major infrared absorption bands of target molecule 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-4", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "Analyze SL Green (ticker: SLG). All calculations should be rounded to two decimals. Stock prices should be calculated as of 8/11/2025.\nReview year to date performance (through 8/11/2025) of SLG and publicly traded office REIT peers with New York City exposure on an absolute and relative basis (vs. IYR).\n\nCompare how the company's New York City office portfolio is doing relative to the broader New York City office market in terms of occupancy trends.\nBased on the company's most recent financials and market commentary, construct an NAV model for the SLG. For the NAV model, use annualized pro rata NOI from the most recent quarter, hold the development/redevelopment pipeline at cost and include tangible assets and liabilities and pro rata share of joint venture net debt. Hold all debt at balance value.\n\nCalculate the SLG's price to NAV.\n\nFor the New York City peer set and SLG, find the EV/EBITDA multiple as of 6/30/2025 for each stock and calculate the average for the peer group (excluding SLG).\nBased on EV/EBITDA as of 6/30/2025, is SLG overvalued, undervalued or fairly valued? Assume overvalued is 5% above the peer group average, undervalued is 5% below the peer group average and fairly valued is within the 5% band.\n\nWhat wholly owned, same-store Manhattan assets in SLG's operating portfolio are the most risky to the company today based on the following criteria: below 80% leased, debt maturing before 2030, assets that have a tenant that represents more than 3% of revenue?\n\nBased on these risks, recommend an action the board of directors should take.", "o3_response": "SL GREEN (NYSE: SLG) \u2013 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AS OF 8 / 11 / 25\n\u2022\t YTD total-return \u201332 % (price \u201335 %, dividends +2.6 %) \u2013 worst among NYC office peers and 27 ppts behind IYR. \n\u2022\t Same-store Manhattan occupancy 89 % commenced / 91 % including signed NTC \u2013 \u224812 ppts tighter than the overall Manhattan market (77 %). \n\u2022\t NAV /sh \u2248 $32.80 (cap-rate 6.50 %). Stock at $52.04 = 1.59\u00d7 NAV ( \u2248 +59 % premium). \n\u2022\t 6/30/25 EV / EBITDAre = 14.5\u00d7 versus peer average 14.9\u00d7 \u2192 \u201cFAIRLY VALUED.\u201d \n\u2022\t Highest\u2013risk wholly-owned Manhattan assets today: 711 Third Ave., 485 Lexington, 1185 Avenue of the Americas and 800 Third Ave. \n\u2022\t Board action recommended: execute an accelerated deleveraging / asset rotation program (sell one risk asset, JV another, use proceeds to retire 2026-27 maturities) rather than continue buy-backs. \n\nDETAIL\n\n1. Year-to-Date Performance (1 / 2 / 25 \u2013 8 / 11 / 25) \n(all returns include cash dividends declared YTD 2025, rounded to two decimals)\n\nTicker Price 12/31/24 Price 8/11/25 Divs YTD Total-Return \nSLG $80.22 $52.04 $2.06 \u201332.55 % \nVNO 42.58 35.91 0.00 \u201315.67 % \nBXP 86.48 62.11 1.96 \u201325.92 % \nESRT 10.90 7.21 0.07 \u201333.13 % \nPGRE 4.96 6.56 0.07 +33.73 % \nIYR 99.90 94.16 0.85 \u20134.94 % \n\n\u2022\tAbsolute: SLG trails every peer except ESRT and under-performs the REIT index by > 27 ppts. \n\u2022\tRelative: Only PGRE has out-run the benchmark; all other NYC office names lag.\n\n2. Occupancy: SLG vs. Market \n\u2022\tSLG Manhattan same-store commenced occupancy 6/30/25 = 89.1 % (91.4 % incl. signed NTC). \n\u2022\tCushman & Wakefield Q2-25 Market occupancy = 100 % \u2013 vacancy 22.6 % = 77.4 %. \n\u2022\tDelta: SLG is 11.7 ppts better on a \u201ccommenced\u201d basis and 14 ppts better including signed leases \u2013 clear out-performance of the broader NYC office market.\n\n3. Net-Asset-Value Model (US$ millions)\n\nAnnualised Q2-25 pro-rata NOI 189.4 \u00d74 = 757.6 \nApplied cap-rate (core Class-A Manhattan) 6.50 % \nGross stabilised real-estate value 11,655 \n\nDevelopment/Redevelopment at book (One Madison, 245 Park, etc.) 500 \nOther tangible assets (cash, DPE book, CMBS, securities) 557 \n----------------------------------------------------------------------- \nGross Asset Value (GAV) 12,712 \n\nLess: Net debt, pro-rata (6/30/25) (9,797) \nLess: Preferred & redeemable equity (425) \n----------------------------------------------------------------------- \nNet Asset Value (NAV) 2,490 \n\nFully-diluted shares/units (mm) 75.88 \nNAV / share $32.80 \nStock price 8/11/25 $52.04 \nPrice / NAV 1.59\u00d7 (\u2248 +59 % premium)\n\n4. EV / EBITDAre \u2013 6/30/25\n\nCompany EV ($bn) TTM / Run-rate EBITDAre ($bn) EV / EBITDA \nBXP 26.72 1.90 14.06\u00d7 \nVNO 16.48 0.82 20.06\u00d7 \nESRT 3.27 0.32 10.21\u00d7 \nPGRE 4.59 0.30 15.16\u00d7 \nPeer Average (ex-SLG) 14.87\u00d7 \nSLG 14.92 1.03 14.54\u00d7 \n\n\u2022\t SLG multiple is 2.2 % below the peer mean \u2192 inside \u00b15 % band \u21d2 \u201cFairly-valued\u201d.\n\n5. Assets Presenting Highest Single-Property Risk (wholly-owned, same-store Manhattan)\n\nAsset Leased 6/30/25 Major Debt Maturity Tenant > 3 % Rev.? Comments \n711 Third Avenue 69 % 2029 bond/CMBS No (now vacant) Tenant default cited Q2; big back-fill risk \n485 Lexington Avenue 77 % 2027 mortgage Major banks Concession-heavy leasing pipeline \n1185 Avenue of the Americas 78 % 2028 mortgage MongoDB ~3 % Large 2027-28 rollover; aging install base \n800 Third Avenue 79 % 2027 loan AMA Mgmt >3 % Debt rolls before 2030; single-tenant exposure \n\nThese assets combine sub-80 % occupancy, debt before 2030 and/or a single tenant contributing >3 % of cash rent.\n\n6. Recommended Board Action\nPriority should shift from share buy-backs (executed above NAV) to balance-sheet fortification:\n\n\u2022\tLaunch a 12-month asset-rotation plan \u2013 sell at least one risk asset (e.g., 485 Lex) outright and bring in a 49 % joint-venture partner at 1185 AoA. \n\u2022\tApply 100 % of proceeds to retire/repay 2026\u20132027 unsecured term loan and most expensive mortgage maturities, reducing pro-rata net debt toward \u2264 8.5 \u00d7 EBITDA. \n\u2022\tSuspend incremental buy-backs until the stock trades at or below 0.9\u00d7 NAV (\u2248 $30). This simultaneously de-risks the capital structure and protects the dividend.\n\nExecuting the above should narrow the company\u2019s trading premium, protect the $3.09 dividend, and position SLG to exploit distress opportunities across the NYC market with a stronger, lower-leverage balance sheet.", "r1-0528_response": "### Analysis of SL Green Realty Corp. (SLG) \n*Data as of 7/22/2025; calculations rounded to two decimals.*\n\n---\n\n#### **1. Year-to-Date (YTD) Performance (vs. Peers and IYR)** \n**Absolute Performance (YTD through 7/22/2025):** \n- **SLG:** -15.20% \n- **Peers (NYC Office REITs):** \n - Vornado (VNO): -18.50% \n - Empire State Realty (ESRT): -9.80% \n - Boston Properties (BXP): -7.60% (national portfolio, but significant NYC exposure) \n- **IYR (U.S. Real Estate ETF):** -3.40% \n\n**Relative Performance (vs. IYR):** \n- **SLG:** -15.20% - (-3.40%) = **-11.80%** \n- **VNO:** -18.50% - (-3.40%) = **-15.10%** \n- **ESRT:** -9.80% - (-3.40%) = **-6.40%** \n- **BXP:** -7.60% - (-3.40%) = **-4.20%** \n\n**Key Takeaway:** \nSLG underperformed IYR by 11.80% and lagged peers except VNO. Higher leverage and concentrated NYC exposure amplified its downside in a weak office market. \n\n---\n\n#### **2. NYC Portfolio Leasing vs. Broader NYC Office Market** \n**SLG Portfolio (Q2 2025):** \n- **Occupancy:** 91.50% \n- **Lease Spreads:** -8.00% (renewal spreads) \n- **Rent PSF:** $75.25 (Class A avg.) \n- **Lease Terms:** 8\u201312 years (long-term focus). \n\n**Broader NYC Office Market (Q2 2025):** \n- **Occupancy:** 83.40% (citywide) \n- **Rent PSF:** $68.90 (Class A avg.) \n- **Vacancy Rate:** 16.60% (near historic highs). \n\n**Key Takeaway:** \nSLG\u2019s occupancy (91.50%) exceeds the NYC average (83.40%) due to premium assets (e.g., One Vanderbilt). However, lease spreads are negative (-8.00%), reflecting tenant concessions. SLG outperforms the market but faces persistent headwinds. \n\n---\n\n#### **3. NAV Valuation** \n**Assumptions (based on Q2 2025 financials):** \n- **Consolidated Debt:** $6.85B \n- **Preferred Equity:** $0.65B \n- **Cash:** $0.21B \n- **Shares Outstanding:** 64.80M \n- **Cap Rates:** 6.75% (prime NYC offices), 8.50% (secondary assets). \n\n**NAV Calculation:** \n| **Asset** | **Value ($B)** | **Methodology** | \n|--------------------------|----------------|-----------------| \n| NYC Office Portfolio | $9.85 | $650M NOI / 6.60% blended cap rate | \n| Debt Investments | $1.20 | Mark-to-market | \n| Retail/JV Assets | $0.90 | Net equity value | \n| **Gross Asset Value** | **$11.95B** | | \n| Less: Debt | ($6.85B) | | \n| Less: Preferred Equity | ($0.65B) | | \n| Add: Cash | $0.21B | | \n| **Net Asset Value (NAV)** | **$4.66B** | | \n| **NAV per Share** | **$71.91** | $4.66B / 64.80M shares | \n\n*Note: Cap rate reflects risk premium for NYC office distress. NOI adjusted for near-term lease expirations (7.5% of leases through 2026).* \n\n---\n\n#### **4. Price to NAV** \n- **Current Share Price (7/22/2025):** $48.25 \n- **NAV per Share:** $71.91 \n- **Price-to-NAV:** $48.25 / $71.91 = **0.67** \n\n**Interpretation:** \nSLG trades at a **33% discount to NAV**, reflecting market skepticism about NYC office recovery and leverage risks. \n\n---\n\n#### **5. Most Risky Assets** \n1. **125 Park Avenue:** \n - Vacancy: 35% (post-Moody\u2019s departure). \n - Needs $100M+ repositioning. \n2. **Suburban Office Assets (e.g., Stamford, CT):** \n - 28% vacancy; cap rates >9.00%. \n3. **Development Pipeline (One Madison Ave):** \n - $2.2B project; 55% pre-leased. \n - Exposed to financing/leasing delays. \n\n**Key Risk:** These assets could require write-downs or equity injections, pressuring liquidity. \n\n---\n\n#### **6. Recommended Board Actions** \n**1. Monetize Non-Core Assets:** \n - Sell $1.0B of suburban/secondary assets (e.g., Stamford) at 8.50% cap rates. Use proceeds to repay 2026 maturities ($850M). \n\n**2. Convert Debt to Equity:** \n - Exchange $500M unsecured debt for equity (at 10% discount), reducing leverage (debt/EBITDA from 12.0x to 10.5x). \n\n**3. JV Partnerships for Development:** \n - Sell 49% stake in One Madison Ave ($1.1B valuation) to institutional capital. Shares risk and frees up capital. \n\n**4. Share Buybacks:** \n - Repurchase 5M shares (7.7% of float) at current 33% NAV discount. Accretive to NAVPS. \n\n**5. Dividend Cut:** \n - Reduce payout by 40% (saves $120M/year). Redirect to leasing incentives for vacant space. \n\n**Expected Outcome:** \n- **NAVPS uplift:** $71.91 \u2192 $75.00+ (from asset recycling and deleveraging). \n- **Price-to-NAV re-rating:** 0.67 \u2192 0.80x (closer to peer avg. of 0.85x). \n\n--- \n**Final Note:** SLG\u2019s prime assets (One Vanderbilt) anchor long-term value, but aggressive capital recycling is critical to navigate near-term headwinds.\n\n", "grok4_response": "Below is a comprehensive analysis of SL Green Realty Corp. (SLG) based on the provided data files (SLG's Q2 2025 supplemental report and Yahoo Finance-style valuation measures for peers). All calculations are rounded to two decimals as requested. Stock prices are used as of 8/11/2025 (per the query), with historical prices drawn from the data for YTD calculations. I used the most recent available data (Q2 2025) for financials, as the files do not contain Q3 2025 data. Peers are defined as publicly traded office REITs with NYC exposure: Vornado Realty Trust (VNO), Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), and Paramount Group (PGRE), based on the provided files and typical industry comparisons. All figures are in millions unless otherwise noted.\n\n### 1. Year-to-Date Performance (Through 8/11/2025) of SLG and Peers\nTo calculate YTD performance, I used closing prices as of 12/31/2024 (from SLG's supplemental for SLG; for peers, I back-calculated from market cap and shares outstanding in the files where possible, cross-referenced with 52-week change data and historical valuation measures to estimate). Absolute performance is the percentage change from 12/31/2024 to 8/11/2025. Relative performance is the absolute performance minus the YTD performance of iShares U.S. Real Estate ETF (IYR). IYR's price is not in the files, but based on public data as of 8/11/2025, IYR was $92.50 on 12/31/2024 and $98.75 on 8/11/2025, for a YTD return of 6.76% (note: this is external to the files but necessary for the comparison; if not allowed, relative performance cannot be calculated).\n\n- **SLG**:\n - Price on 12/31/2024: $67.92\n - Price on 8/11/2025: $52.04 (from peer file footnotes)\n - Absolute YTD return: ($52.04 - $67.92) / $67.92 = -23.35%\n - Relative vs. IYR: -23.35% - 6.76% = -30.11%\n\n- **VNO**:\n - Price on 12/31/2024: ~$10.92 (back-calculated from 12/31/2024 market cap of $1.73B and 158.38M shares; note: file inconsistencies exist, but this aligns with historical table)\n - Price on 8/11/2025: $35.91\n - Absolute YTD return: ($35.91 - $10.92) / $10.92 = 228.85%\n - Relative vs. IYR: 228.85% - 6.76% = 222.09%\n\n- **ESRT**:\n - Price on 12/31/2024: ~$10.27 (back-calculated from 12/31/2024 market cap of $1.73B and ~168.64M shares; aligned with historical table)\n - Price on 8/11/2025: $7.21\n - Absolute YTD return: ($7.21 - $10.27) / $10.27 = -29.80%\n - Relative vs. IYR: -29.80% - 6.76% = -36.56%\n\n- **PGRE**:\n - Price on 12/31/2024: ~$4.86 (back-calculated from 12/31/2024 market cap of $1.07B and 220.39M shares; aligned with historical table)\n - Price on 8/11/2025: $6.56\n - Absolute YTD return: ($6.56 - $4.86) / $4.86 = 34.98%\n - Relative vs. IYR: 34.98% - 6.76% = 28.22%\n\n**Summary**: SLG underperformed absolutely (-23.35%) and relatively (-30.11% vs. IYR), reflecting office sector challenges. Peers were mixed: VNO outperformed significantly (likely due to asset sales or debt restructuring per market commentary), while ESRT underperformed (occupancy pressures). PGRE outperformed modestly. SLG's performance was weaker than the peer average absolute return of 77.94% and relative return of 71.18%.\n\n### 2. Comparison of SLG's NYC Office Portfolio Occupancy Trends vs. Broader NYC Office Market\nFrom SLG's Q2 2025 supplemental, SLG's Manhattan same-store office portfolio occupancy was 91.4% as of 6/30/2025 (down from 91.8% in Q1 2025, but up from 89.2% in Q2 2024). This includes leases signed but not commenced (531,666 sq ft). SLG expects Manhattan same-store occupancy to rise to 93.2% by 12/31/2025, driven by leasing activity (e.g., 46 leases totaling 541,721 sq ft in Q2, with average rent $90.03/psf and 2.4% mark-to-market increase on replacement leases).\n\nThe broader NYC office market (based on market commentary in SLG's supplemental and typical industry data, as files do not provide direct comparables) has lower occupancy, typically 80-85% in mid-2025, due to hybrid work trends, high vacancies in older buildings, and sublease space. SLG's portfolio is outperforming the market by ~6-11%, thanks to high-quality assets, active leasing (e.g., new leases with Pinterest, EQT Partners), and redevelopment (e.g., additions like 7 Dey Street and 15 Beekman Street to same-store). However, SLG's portfolio is not immune to market pressures, as same-store cash NOI decreased 0.1% YoY in Q2 (1.0% excluding termination income).\n\n### 3. NAV Model for SLG\nI constructed an NAV model based on the instructions, using data from SLG's Q2 2025 supplemental (most recent quarter). Key assumptions:\n- Annualized pro rata NOI: Q2 pro rata NOI (consolidated $70.28 + SLG share of JV $119.12 = $189.40) * 4 = $757.60.\n- To value the operating portfolio, I capitalized NOI at a 5.5% cap rate (based on market commentary for prime NYC office assets; not in files, but standard for high-quality REITs like SLG; sensitivity: 5% cap = $15,152.00 asset value, 6% cap = $12,626.67).\n- Development/redevelopment pipeline held at cost: Files do not provide exact cost, but from definitions, pipeline includes properties like 760 Madison Avenue and 15 Beekman Street. I estimated $500.00 at cost (conservative, based on added same-store sq ft and typical costs; actual may vary).\n- Tangible assets and liabilities: From consolidated balance sheet as of 6/30/2025, adjusted for pro rata.\n- Pro rata share of JV net debt: SLG share of JV debt $6,043.43 - SLG share of JV cash $111.93 = $5,931.50 net (from JV statements).\n- All debt held at balance value (total pro rata debt $9,796.83 from key financial data, net of JV cash adjustment).\n- Shares and units: 75.88M (from supplemental).\n\n**NAV Calculation**:\n- Operating portfolio value (annualized pro rata NOI / 5.5% cap rate): $757.60 / 0.055 = $13,774.55.\n- Development/redevelopment at cost: $500.00.\n- Tangible assets (consolidated cash $182.91 + restricted $159.91 + marketable $17.15 + receivables/deferred $340.52 + DPE $315.68 + debt fund $41.36 + other $574.62 + right-of-use $875.38 + securitization $1,431.36): $3,938.89 (pro rata adjusted for JV share ~10% uplift based on JV assets).\n- Total gross assets: $13,774.55 + $500.00 + $3,938.89 = $18,213.44.\n- Liabilities: Consolidated liabilities $6,889.93 + pro rata JV net debt $5,931.50 = $12,821.43.\n- NAV: $18,213.44 - $12,821.43 = $5,392.01.\n- NAV per share: $5,392.01 / 75.88 = $71.06.\n\n(Note: This is a simplified model; actual NAV may vary with cap rate or pipeline cost details not in files.)\n\n### 4. SLG's Price to NAV\n- Price as of 8/11/2025: $52.04.\n- Price to NAV: $52.04 / $71.06 = 0.73 (73% of NAV, implying undervaluation relative to assets).\n\n### 5. EV/EBITDA Multiples as of 6/30/2025\nI calculated EV/EBITDA using trailing 12-month EBITDAre (from SLG supplemental) and enterprise value as of 6/30/2025. For peers, I used the listed EV/EBITDA from their files for 6/30/2025 (note: file data has inconsistencies, but I used the explicit values). EV for SLG = market cap $4,696.85 + preferred $425.14 + pro rata debt $9,796.83 - cash $182.91 = $14,735.91. TTM EBITDAre = $941.42 (sum of Q2 2025 $256.39 + Q1 2025 $228.51 + Q4 2024 $246.17 + Q3 2024 $210.35; includes pro rata JV).\n\n- SLG: $14,735.91 / $941.42 = 15.65.\n- VNO: 8.41 (from file).\n- ESRT: 13.61 (from file).\n- PGRE: 14.69 (from file).\n- Peer average (excluding SLG): (8.41 + 13.61 + 14.69) / 3 = 12.24.\n\n### 6. Valuation Based on EV/EBITDA as of 6/30/2025\nSLG's multiple (15.65) is 27.86% above the peer average (12.24). Since this exceeds 5% above the average, SLG is **overvalued** relative to peers on an EV/EBITDA basis (despite the price/NAV discount, which suggests potential asset undervaluation).\n\n### 7. Most Risky Wholly Owned, Same-Store Manhattan Assets\nThe files do not provide a full list of individual assets with leasing, debt, and tenant data (property portfolio on pages 33-37 is referenced but not included in the text). Based on available data (e.g., consolidated office buildings: 16 with 9.79M sq ft; largest tenants on page 38 not detailed), I analyzed using the criteria: <80% leased, debt maturing before 2030, tenant >3% of revenue. From debt summary (page 25-27, truncated) and leasing stats, the most risky wholly owned same-store assets are likely:\n\n- **461 Fifth Avenue**: ~75% leased (inferred from leasing activity; new lease with Prologis for 29,397 sq ft), debt maturity ~2028 (from derivative summary), tenant (Prologis) ~3.5% of revenue (based on lease size and average rents).\n- **800 Third Avenue**: ~78% leased (early renewal with Cohen & Gresser for 37,915 sq ft), debt maturing 2027, tenant (Cohen & Gresser) ~4% of revenue.\n- **485 Lexington Avenue**: ~76% leased (new lease with Offit Capital for 26,400 sq ft), debt maturing 2029, tenant (Offit Capital) ~3.2% of revenue.\n\nThese pose risks from vacancy, refinancing needs, and tenant concentration amid NYC market softness.\n\n### 8. Recommended Action for the Board of Directors\nBased on the analysis (SLG's YTD underperformance, overvaluation on EV/EBITDA, price/NAV discount, strong occupancy but risky assets), the board should **initiate a strategic asset sale program** targeting the identified risky wholly owned assets (e.g., 461 Fifth Avenue, 800 Third Avenue). This would reduce debt exposure (pro rata net debt ~$9.8B), improve liquidity ($183M cash as of Q2), and focus on high-occupancy core holdings. Proceeds could fund share repurchases (given 0.73 price/NAV) or redevelopment, aligning with market commentary on debt repayments (e.g., $196.6M from 522 Fifth Avenue) and expected occupancy growth to 93.2%. This action mitigates risks and capitalizes on SLG's relative outperformance in occupancy.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States year to date return for IYR by finding the percent change between the IYR's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and IYR's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes Paramount Global lease is at added risk due to layoffs as a result of recent merger as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States PGRE's EV/EBITDA on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of PGRE's EV to PGRE's EBITDA", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return for SLG by finding the percent change between the SLG's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and SLG's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States ESRT's EV/EBITDA on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of ESRT's EV to ESRT's EBITDA", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Gross Operating Portfolio Asset Value of operating assets on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of the annualized in-place asset net operating income and the cap rate", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates pro rata share of JV non-operating tangible liabilities (net of assets) on 6/30/2025", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return relative to IYR for PGRE by subtracting the YTD return for IYR from the YTD return for PGRE", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends selling 555 West 57th Street as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies wholly owned asset 711 Third Avenue as at risk as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Observes that SLG's overall portfolio is in better position than the overall NYC office market on 6/30/2025", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return relative to IYR for ESRT by subtracting the YTD return for IYR from the YTD return for ESRT", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States SLG is overvalued relative to peers as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return relative to IYR for BXP by subtracting the YTD return for IYR from the YTD return for BXP", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines SLG's leased percentage by subtracting the percentage leased at 1Q25 from the percentage leased at 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return relative to IYR for SLG by subtracting the YTD return for IYR from the YTD return for SLG", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates other tangible assets on 6/30/2025 by summing total assets excluding operating real estate, development at cost and intangible assets", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return relative to IYR for VNO by subtracting the YTD return for IYR from the YTD return for VNO", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that SLG is expecting leased percentage to increase by year end 2025", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the overall Manhattan office market is between 70% and 85% leased", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates SLG's EV/EBITDA on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of SLG's EV to SLG's EBITDA", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies wholly owned asset 485 Lexington Avenue as at risk as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates peer group average EV/EBITDA by taking the simple average of the EV/EBITDA ratios for VNO, BXP, ESRT, and PGRE", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States BXP's EV/EBITDA on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of BXP's EV to BXP's EBITDA", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates NAV per share on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of the net asset value for SLG to the number of total common shares outstanding for SLG", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies wholly owned asset 885 Third Avenue as at risk as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Price to NAV per share on 8/11/2025 by taking the ratio of SLG's share price onto the NAV per share for SLG on 6/30/2025", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return for BXP by finding the percent change between the BXP's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and BXP's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States an applied cap rate for SLG's portfolio that is between 6.25-7.00% as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States development cost on 6/30/2025 is $388,896,000", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all calculations to two decimal places.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Observes that in 2Q25 the broader market saw better net absorption than SLG", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States total common shares outstanding on 6/30/2025 as 75,878,000.00", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States VNO's EV/EBITDA on 6/30/2025 by taking the ratio of VNO's EV to VNO's EBITDA", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculate consolidated tangible liabilities on 6/30/2025 by summing the total debt, accrued interest payable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, dividends and distributions payable, security deposits, junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, and other liabilities", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return for ESRT by finding the percent change between the ESRT's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and ESRT's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies wholly owned asset 555 West 57th Street as at risk as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines in-place asset net operating income on 6/30/2025 by taking the 2Q25 pro rata NOI (in thousands) and multiplying it by 4", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return for PGRE by finding the percent change between the PGRE's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and PGRE's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States preferred equity on 6/30/2025 for SLG is between $400,000,000 and $450,000,000", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States year to date return for VNO by finding the percent change between the VNO's stock price at market close on December 31, 2024 and VNO's stock price at market close on August 11, 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States Manhattan percentage leased increased sequentially as of 2Q25", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-4", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "An Arizona-based lithium-ion battery recycling company is considering whether it would integrate vertically up the value chain. Thus far, it has been focused on collecting lithium-ion batteries from various sources and mechanically stripping them to produce a product known as \"black mass.\"\n\nThe recycling company would like to know whether it should extract some of the metals present in the black mass and sell these on to metal refiners, cutting out the existing metal extractors.\n\nIn addition, it would like to know whether to buy an existing metal extractor or build one from scratch to pursue the opportunity. The board has directed the company to enter the market only if there is evidence that it is expected to grow at 20% or more with margins greater than the mechanical stripping segment and has fragmented competition.\n\nIf the recommendation is to enter the market, you can use these assumptions to determine whether to buy or build using an NPV calculation:\n- Company and market specifics\n - Credit rating: BBB\n - Industry: Metals & mining\n - Equity weighting: 60%\n- Capex definition\n - Buy: Buying an existing operation\n - Build: Building a metal extraction plant\n- Capex\n - Buy: $11m\n - Build: $8m\n- Annual opex (0-5 years)\n - Buy: $2m\n - Build: $4m\n- Annual opex (5-10 years)\n - Buy: $2m\n - Build: $2m\n- Expected annual revenue\n - Buy: $4.5m\n - Build: $5m (Newer equipment provides better yields)\n\nShow all the formulas used and calculations and round all currencies to one decimal place in millions (USD xx.x mil). Please use exact (unrounded) figures for all calculations.\n", "o3_response": "Executive memo \nTo: Board of the Arizona Battery-Recycling Co. \nFrom: Corporate-Finance team \nDate: 26 Aug 2025 \nSubject: Economic case for forward-integrating into \u201cblack-mass\u201d metal extraction and\n\u201cBuy-versus-Build\u201d decision\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n1. IS IT ATTRACTIVE TO ENTER THE U.S. METAL-EXTRACTION NICHE? \n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\nMarket growth \n\u2022 Black-mass generation is expanding at the pace of the EV fleet. Grand View Research\nestimates a 17.8 % CAGR (2025-33) for the U.S. recycling market. \n\u2022 Only \u00b130 % of today\u2019s U.S. black mass is chemically processed domestically; the\nDepartment of Energy projects >40 % p.a. growth for hydrometallurgical extraction\ncapacity (2025-30). \n\u2192 Requirement of \u226520 % growth is satisfied. \n\nMargin differential \n\u2022 Mechanical stripping (our current business) earns 8-12 % EBIT margins. \n\u2022 Published operating data from Li-Cycle, Aqua Metals, and Redwood Materials show\n25-35 % EBIT margins for metal-extraction \u201cHub\u201d operations. \n\u2192 Target of \u201chigher than mechanical stripping\u201d is satisfied. \n\nCompetitive structure \n\u2022 >40 announced projects, none >15 % share; Herfindahl index <700 \u21d2 \u201cfragmented.\u201d \n\u2192 Requirement is satisfied. \n\nRecommendation \u279c ENTER the metal-extraction segment.\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n2. DISCOUNT RATE (WACC) USED IN THE FINANCIAL MODEL \n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\nEquity weight (given) We = 60 % \nDebt weight Wd = 40 % \nFederal tax rate Tc = 21 % \nRisk-free rate (10-yr UST) Rf = 4.30 % \nEquity beta \u2013 Metals & Mining \u03b2u = 0.82 \u27f9 Levered \u03b2L = \u03b2u[1+ (1-Tc)D/E] \n = 0.82[1+0.79\u00d70.67] = 1.02 \nMarket risk premium MRP = 5.70 % \nCost of equity Re = Rf+\u03b2L\u00d7MRP = 4.30 %+1.02\u00d75.70 % = 10.11 % \nBBB bond yield (current) Rd = 5.09 % \nAfter-tax cost of debt Rd(1-Tc)=5.09 %\u00d70.79 = 4.02 % \n\nWeighted-average cost of capital\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\text{WACC}=W_e R_e + W_d R_d (1-T_c)=0.6(10.11)+0.4(4.02)=7.68\\%}\n\\]\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n3. PROJECTED FREE CASH-FLOW (FCF) STREAMS \n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\nAssumptions supplied by the Board\n\n| | Buy existing plant | Build new plant |\n|------------------------|--------------------|------------------|\n| CAPEX (year 0) | \\$11.0 m | \\$8.0 m |\n| Revenue Y1-Y10 | \\$4.5 m | \\$5.0 m |\n| OPEX Y1-Y5 | \\$2.0 m | \\$4.0 m |\n| OPEX Y6-Y10 | \\$2.0 m | \\$2.0 m |\n| Annual depreciation | Capex/10 yrs | Capex/10 yrs |\n| Salvage value Y10 | 0 | 0 |\n| Tax rate | 21 % (federal) | same |\n\nFormulas \nEBITDA = Revenue \u2013 OPEX \nDepreciation = CAPEX/10 \nEBIT = EBITDA \u2013 Depreciation \nTax = EBIT \u00d7 0.21 \nFCF = EBIT (1-21 %) + Depreciation \n\nComputed annual FCF \n\nBUY (all years) \nEBITDA = 4.5-2.0 = 2.5 \nDeprec. = 11/10 = 1.1 \nEBIT = 1.4 \nTax = 0.294 \nFCF = 1.106 + 1.1 = **2.206 m**\n\nBUILD \nYears 1-5 \nEBITDA = 1.0 ; Deprec. = 0.8 ; EBIT = 0.2 \nTax = 0.042 ; FCF = 0.158 + 0.8 = **0.958 m** \n\nYears 6-10 \nEBITDA = 3.0 ; EBIT = 2.2 \nTax = 0.462 ; FCF = 1.738 + 0.8 = **2.538 m**\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n4. NET PRESENT VALUE COMPARISON (7.68 % WACC) \n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\nPresent-value factor for a level annuity \n\n\\[\n\\text{PV}_{0,n}=CF\\frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}\n\\]\n\nIntermediate values \n\n\\[\n(1+r)^{5}=1.448,\\qquad (1+r)^{10}=2.096\n\\]\n\nBUY \nPV = 2.206 \u00d7 \\(\\dfrac{1-(1.0768)^{-10}}{0.0768}\\)= 2.206\u00d76.813= **\\$15.03 m** \nNPV = 15.03 \u2013 11.00 = **\\$ 4.03 m**\n\nBUILD \nPV(yrs 1-5) = 0.958\u00d74.030 = 3.86 \nPV(yrs 6-10) at t=5 = 2.538\u00d74.030 = 10.23 \nDiscount to t=0: 10.23/1.448 = 7.07 \nTotal PV = 3.86 + 7.07 = 10.93 \nNPV = 10.93 \u2013 8.00 = **\\$ 2.93 m**\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n5. RECOMMENDATION \n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\n\u2022 Strategic rationale\u2014growth >20 %, superior margins, fragmented field\u2014supports\nentry. \n\u2022 Financial test\u2014both alternatives create value, but **Buying** the existing\nhydrometallurgical plant yields the higher NPV (+\\$4.0 m vs. +\\$2.9 m) and an\nIRR \u2248 13 %, comfortably above the 7.7 % hurdle. \n\u2022 Buy\u2010option advantages: immediate cash-flow, operating team in place,\npermitting already secured, lower execution risk. The technology can still be\nincrementally upgraded after acquisition.\n\nTherefore:\n\n1. Approve forward integration into metal extraction. \n2. Authorize management to pursue acquisition negotiations for an existing\nplant up to a purchase price of \\$11 million (or lower if synergies are\nidentified). \n3. Begin integration planning to capture scrap-supply synergies with our\ncurrent stripping sites.\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\nAppendix \u2013 Key Formulae\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n\n\u2022 Cost of equity: \\(R_e = R_f + \\beta_L (R_m - R_f)\\) \n\u2022 After-tax cost of debt: \\(R_d(1-T_c)\\) \n\u2022 WACC: \\(W_e R_e + W_d R_d(1-T_c)\\) \n\u2022 Depreciation (straight-line): \\( \\text{CAPEX}/n\\) \n\u2022 FCF: \\( (Revenue - OPEX - Dep) (1-T_c) + Dep\\) \n\u2022 PV of level annuity: \\(CF \\dfrac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}\\)\n\nAll currency figures shown exactly (no rounding within calculations) and\nreported to one decimal place, USD millions.", "r1-0528_response": "### 1. Strategic Analysis: Decision to Enter the Metal Extraction Market\n\nThe board has set three strict criteria for market entry:\n1. **Expected market growth of 20% or more.**\n2. **Margins greater than the mechanical stripping segment.**\n3. **Fragmented competition.**\n\nBased on the provided data and general industry knowledge:\n* **Growth:** The global demand for lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese (key metals in black mass) is driven by the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The EV market is consistently projected to grow at well over 20% CAGR for the next decade, directly fueling demand for recycled battery metals. **This criterion is met.**\n* **Margins:** Mechanical stripping is a low-margin process as it produces an intermediate product (black mass). Metal extraction is a chemical/hydrometallurgical process that produces higher-value end products (e.g., lithium carbonate, nickel sulfate) sold to refiners. These processes command significantly higher margins. **This criterion is met.**\n* **Competition:** The battery recycling and metal extraction space is still emerging with numerous small and medium-sized players (e.g., niche chemical firms, small-scale hydrometallurgists), alongside a few large ones. It is not dominated by a few oligopolistic players. **This criterion is met.**\n\n**Recommendation: The company should vertically integrate and enter the metal extraction market.**\n\n---\n\n### 2. Financial Analysis: Buy vs. Build Decision\n\nWe will evaluate the two options using a Net Present Value (NPV) calculation over a 10-year horizon.\n\n#### Step 1: Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)\n\nThe company's credit rating is BBB. Using industry standard sources:\n* Cost of Debt for a BBB-rated firm in Metals & Mining: **~5.0%**\n* Cost of Equity (estimated using CAPM for this sector): **~12.0%**\n* Corporate Tax Rate: **21%** (U.S. federal rate)\n* Capital Structure: Equity 60%, Debt 40%\n\n**Formula:**\nWACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * After-Tax Cost of Debt)\nAfter-Tax Cost of Debt = Cost of Debt * (1 - Tax Rate)\n\n**Calculation:**\nAfter-Tax Cost of Debt = 5.0% * (1 - 0.21) = 5.0% * 0.79 = 0.0395 (or 3.95%)\nWACC = (0.60 * 0.12) + (0.40 * 0.0395)\nWACC = 0.072 + 0.0158\nWACC = **0.0878 (or 8.78%)**\n\nWe will use this **8.78%** as the discount rate for our NPV calculations.\n\n---\n\n#### Step 2: Calculate Annual Cash Flows for Each Option\n\nCash Flow = Expected Annual Revenue - Annual Opex\n\n**Option 1: Buy an Existing Operation**\n* Year 0: Capex outflow: -$11.0m\n* Years 1-5: Cash Flow = $4.5m - $2.0m = $2.5m\n* Years 6-10: Cash Flow = $4.5m - $2.0m = $2.5m\n\n**Option 2: Build a New Plant**\n* Year 0: Capex outflow: -$8.0m\n* Years 1-5: Cash Flow = $5.0m - $4.0m = $1.0m\n* Years 6-10: Cash Flow = $5.0m - $2.0m = $3.0m\n\n---\n\n#### Step 3: Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV)\n\n**Formula:**\nNPV = \u03a3 [Cash Flow_t / (1 + WACC)^t], where t is the year (from 0 to 10).\n\n**Option 1: Buy NPV Calculation**\n* Year 0: -11.0 / (1.0878)^0 = **-11.0**\n* Years 1-5: This is a 5-year annuity of $2.5m.\n PV Annuity (Y1-5) = $2.5m * [1 - (1 / (1.0878)^5)] / 0.0878\n = $2.5m * [1 - (1 / 1.5264)] / 0.0878\n = $2.5m * [1 - 0.6551] / 0.0878\n = $2.5m * (0.3449 / 0.0878)\n = $2.5m * 3.9284\n = **9.8210**\n* Years 6-10: This is another 5-year annuity of $2.5m, but it starts in Year 6. We must discount it back to Year 0.\n First, calculate the annuity value at the end of Year 5 (the beginning of Year 6).\n PV Annuity (Y6-10 at Year 5) = $2.5m * [1 - (1 / (1.0878)^5)] / 0.0878 = **9.8210** (same as above)\n Now, discount this lump sum back to Year 0.\n PV (Y6-10) = $9.8210m / (1.0878)^5\n = $9.8210m / 1.5264\n = **6.4345**\n* **Total NPV (Buy) = -11.0 + 9.8210 + 6.4345 = 5.2555 \u2248 USD 5.3 mil**\n\n**Option 2: Build NPV Calculation**\n* Year 0: -8.0 / (1.0878)^0 = **-8.0**\n* Years 1-5: This is a 5-year annuity of $1.0m.\n PV Annuity (Y1-5) = $1.0m * [1 - (1 / (1.0878)^5)] / 0.0878\n = $1.0m * 3.9284 (from calculation above)\n = **3.9284**\n* Years 6-10: This is a 5-year annuity of $3.0m, starting in Year 6.\n First, calculate the annuity value at the end of Year 5.\n PV Annuity (Y6-10 at Year 5) = $3.0m * [1 - (1 / (1.0878)^5)] / 0.0878\n = $3.0m * 3.9284\n = **11.7852**\n Now, discount this lump sum back to Year 0.\n PV (Y6-10) = $11.7852m / (1.0878)^5\n = $11.7852m / 1.5264\n = **7.7214**\n* **Total NPV (Build) = -8.0 + 3.9284 + 7.7214 = 3.6498 \u2248 USD 3.6 mil**\n\n---\n\n### 3. Recommendation and Conclusion\n\n**Summary of Financial Results:**\n* **NPV of \"Buy\" Option: USD 5.3 mil**\n* **NPV of \"Build\" Option: USD 3.6 mil**\n\nBased on the NPV analysis under the given assumptions, the **\"Buy\" option provides a higher net present value (USD 5.3 million vs. USD 3.6 million)** and is therefore the financially superior choice.\n\n**Final Recommendation:**\n\n1. **Enter the Metal Extraction Market.** The market meets all strategic criteria set by the board (high growth, higher margins, fragmented competition).\n2. **Enter the market by acquiring an existing metal extractor.** This strategy has a higher expected financial return based on the NPV model. The higher initial capital outlay is offset by significantly lower operating costs in the first five years and immediate revenue generation, leading to stronger cash flows earlier in the project's life, which are more valuable when discounted.\n\n**Caveats:**\n* This analysis assumes no terminal value and a 10-year project life.\n* The \"Buy\" analysis assumes the existing operation's equipment will last the full 10 years without major additional capex.\n* Integration risk (cultural, systems, processes) is higher in an acquisition (\"Buy\") but is not quantified in this NPV model. The board must ensure proper due diligence on any acquisition target.", "grok4_response": "### Recommendation on Whether to Enter the Metal Extraction Market\n\nThe company is considering vertical integration by extracting metals (e.g., cobalt, lithium, nickel) from black mass and selling them to metal refiners, thereby cutting out existing metal extractors. The board's criteria for entry are: (1) evidence that the market is expected to grow at 20% or more, (2) margins greater than the mechanical stripping segment, and (3) fragmented competition.\n\nBased on the provided data:\n\n- **Market Growth**: The \"Black Mass Recycling Market Size _ Industry Report, 2033.pdf\" reports a global CAGR of 16.8% from 2025 to 2033 for the black mass recycling market (which encompasses metal recovery from black mass). The U.S.-specific CAGR is 17.8%, and the nickel-based batteries segment is 17.1%\u2014all below 20%. However, the McKinsey report (\"battery-recycling-takes-the-drivers-seat.pdf\") provides evidence of stronger growth in the battery recycling supply chain (key input for metal extraction). Exhibit 1 shows the global supply of EV batteries for recycling growing from 250 kilotons in 2020 to 20,500 kilotons in 2040, at +25% per annum. This is calculated as follows: \n CAGR = (20,500 / 250)^(1/20) - 1 = (82)^(0.05) - 1 = 1.246 - 1 = 24.6% (rounded to 25% as per the report). \n This supply growth drives the metal extraction market, providing evidence of growth exceeding 20% (even if market value growth in the Grandview report is lower due to potential price dynamics).\n\n- **Margins**: The McKinsey report (Exhibit 4) indicates EV battery recycling economics of $600 per ton by 2025 (margin), with future potential growing to levels similar to the primary metals industry (~30% margins, depending on prices). This is for the full recycling process, including metal extraction. Mechanical stripping (producing black mass) is an earlier, less value-added step in the chain, likely with lower margins (as extraction captures higher-value refined metals). The potential 30% margins exceed those of mechanical stripping, satisfying the criterion.\n\n- **Fragmented Competition**: The Grandview report lists 11 key companies (e.g., Anglo American, Aqua Metals, BASF, Boliden, Epiroc, Fortum, Glencore, Heraeus Holding, Redwood Materials, Tenova, Umicore), but notes a mix of players, including emerging regional hubs and partnerships. The McKinsey report describes diverse business models (e.g., vertically integrated recyclers, cross-value-chain partnerships, in-house OEM recyclers) and numerous players (e.g., Umicore, Veolia-Solvay, Heritage-Retriev-Battery Solutions). This indicates fragmented competition, not dominated by a few firms.\n\nAll criteria are met (growth evidence at 25%, margins potentially > mechanical stripping, fragmented competition). **Recommendation: Enter the market**.\n\n### Recommendation on Whether to Buy or Build (Using NPV Calculation)\n\nSince the recommendation is to enter, we compare buying an existing operation vs. building a new metal extraction plant using NPV. NPV is calculated using free cash flows (FCF) discounted at the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Assumptions:\n- Project life: 10 years (based on opex periods provided; no terminal value assumed, as not specified).\n- Cash flows occur at year-end.\n- Capex: Incurred at t=0.\n- FCF = (Revenue - Opex) \u00d7 (1 - t) + Depreciation \u00d7 t, where depreciation is straight-line over 10 years (standard assumption for plant assets).\n- Tax rate (t): 1.80% (industry effective tax rate from \"Betas.pdf\" for Metals & Mining, used for consistency with low industry taxes).\n- All figures in USD millions, rounded to 1 decimal place in final outputs (exact figures used in calculations).\n\n#### Step 1: Calculate WACC\nFormula: WACC = (E/V) \u00d7 Cost of Equity + (D/V) \u00d7 Cost of Debt \u00d7 (1 - t) \n- E/V = Equity weighting = 60% (0.6) \n- D/V = 1 - E/V = 40% (0.4) \n- D/E = D/V / E/V = 0.4 / 0.6 = 0.6667 \n\n**Cost of Equity** = Rf + \u03b2 \u00d7 ERP \n- Rf = 4.68% (historical 10-year T-bond average from \"S&P 500 Average Returns and Historical Performance\", 1928-2023). \n- ERP = 5.28% (historical S&P 500 total return 9.96% - Rf 4.68%). \n- \u03b2 (levered) = Unlevered \u03b2 \u00d7 [1 + (1 - t) \u00d7 D/E] \n - Unlevered \u03b2 = 0.96 (cash-corrected from \"Betas.pdf\" for Metals & Mining). \n - \u03b2 = 0.96 \u00d7 [1 + (1 - 0.018) \u00d7 0.6667] = 0.96 \u00d7 [1 + 0.982 \u00d7 0.6667] = 0.96 \u00d7 [1 + 0.6547] = 0.96 \u00d7 1.6547 = 1.5885 \n- Cost of Equity = 0.0468 + 1.5885 \u00d7 0.0528 = 0.0468 + 0.0838704 = 0.1306704 (13.06704%) \n\n**Cost of Debt (pre-tax)** = Rf + Default Spread \n- Default Spread = 1.50% (typical for BBB rating in metals & mining, based on Damodaran's historical data for BBB; conservative estimate). \n- Pre-tax Cost of Debt = 0.0468 + 0.015 = 0.0618 (6.18%) \n- After-tax Cost of Debt = 0.0618 \u00d7 (1 - 0.018) = 0.0618 \u00d7 0.982 = 0.0606876 (6.06876%) \n\n**WACC** = 0.6 \u00d7 0.1306704 + 0.4 \u00d7 0.0606876 = 0.07840224 + 0.02427504 = 0.10267728 (10.267728%) \n\n#### Step 2: Calculate Annual FCF for Buy and Build\n- Depreciation for Buy = Capex / 10 = 11 / 10 = 1.1 \n- Depreciation for Build = 8 / 10 = 0.8 \n\n**Buy (all years 1-10)**: \n- EBIT = 4.5 - 2 - 1.1 = 1.4 \n- Tax = 1.4 \u00d7 0.018 = 0.0252 \n- FCF = (4.5 - 2) \u00d7 (1 - 0.018) + 1.1 \u00d7 0.018 = 2.5 \u00d7 0.982 + 0.0198 = 2.455 + 0.0198 = 2.4748 \n\n**Build (years 1-5)**: \n- EBIT = 5 - 4 - 0.8 = 0.2 \n- Tax = 0.2 \u00d7 0.018 = 0.0036 \n- FCF = (5 - 4) \u00d7 (1 - 0.018) + 0.8 \u00d7 0.018 = 1 \u00d7 0.982 + 0.0144 = 0.982 + 0.0144 = 0.9964 \n\n**Build (years 6-10)**: \n- EBIT = 5 - 2 - 0.8 = 2.2 \n- Tax = 2.2 \u00d7 0.018 = 0.0396 \n- FCF = (5 - 2) \u00d7 (1 - 0.018) + 0.8 \u00d7 0.018 = 3 \u00d7 0.982 + 0.0144 = 2.946 + 0.0144 = 2.9604 \n\n#### Step 3: Calculate NPV\nFormula: NPV = -Capex + \u03a3 [FCF_t / (1 + WACC)^t] for t=1 to 10 \n\nFirst, annuity factors (using WACC = 0.10267728): \n- 10-year annuity factor = [1 - (1 + WACC)^-10] / WACC \n - (1 + WACC)^10 = 2.659431 \n - (1 + WACC)^-10 = 0.376029 \n - 1 - 0.376029 = 0.623971 \n - 10-year factor = 0.623971 / 0.10267728 = 6.07664 \n- 5-year annuity factor = [1 - (1 + WACC)^-5] / WACC \n - (1 + WACC)^5 = 1.631247 \n - (1 + WACC)^-5 = 0.613037 \n - 1 - 0.613037 = 0.386963 \n - 5-year factor = 0.386963 / 0.10267728 = 3.76748 \n\n**NPV for Buy**: \n- PV of FCF = 2.4748 \u00d7 6.07664 = 15.0385 \n- NPV = 15.0385 - 11 = 4.0385 \u2248 **USD 4.0 mil** \n\n**NPV for Build**: \n- PV years 1-5 = 0.9964 \u00d7 3.76748 = 3.7537 \n- PV years 6-10 = 2.9604 \u00d7 (6.07664 - 3.76748) = 2.9604 \u00d7 2.30916 = 6.8355 \n- Total PV = 3.7537 + 6.8355 = 10.5892 \n- NPV = 10.5892 - 8 = 2.5892 \u2248 **USD 2.6 mil** \n\nBuy has a higher NPV (USD 4.0 mil vs. USD 2.6 mil). **Recommendation: Buy an existing metal extractor**. (Building has lower NPV due to higher initial opex and lower early cash flows, despite lower capex and higher long-term revenue from better yields.)", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies the equity beta for the 'Metals & mining' industry as 1.2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends that the company should enter the metal extraction market because all three of the board's conditions are met.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the margins for the metal extraction segment are 35%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual after-tax free cash flow for the 'Build' option as USD 2.25387 million for years 6-10.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Net Present Value for the 'Buy' option as USD 1.596 million, using the initial 'Capex' of 'USD 11m'.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual after-tax free cash flow for the 'Buy' option as USD 1.878225 million for years 1-10.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the formula for Net Present Value as NPV = \u0152\u00a3 [CFt / (1 + r)^t] - C0.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends that the company should 'buy an existing metal extractor' based on the NPV comparison.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) as 8.0128%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Includes a section or clearly indicates where 'all the formulas used' are shown.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the after-tax Cost of Debt as 4.132%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the margins for the existing 'mechanical stripping segment' are 15%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Cost of Equity as 10.6%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that the metal extraction margins are 'greater than the mechanical stripping segment' margins.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual after-tax free cash flow for the 'Build' option as USD 0.75129 million for years 1-5.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the formula for the Weighted Average Cost of Capital as WACC = (E/V) * Re + (D/V) * Rd * (1 - Tc).", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Net Present Value for the 'Build' option as USD 1.101 million, using the initial 'Capex' of 'USD 8m'.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the Debt weighting as 40% based on the provided 'Equity weighting: 60%'.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that the market has 'fragmented competition'.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the market for metal extraction from black mass is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 25%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the formula for the Cost of Equity using the Capital Asset Pricing Model as Re = Rf + \u0152\u2264 * (Rm - Rf).", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the pre-tax cost of debt as 5.5% based on the 'Credit rating: BBB'.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that the 'Buy' option has a higher Net Present Value than the 'Build' option.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 'Federal corporate tax rate' as 21%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the risk-free rate as the '10 year treasury yield' of 4.0%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Uses 'exact (unrounded) figures for all calculations' leading up to the final reported values.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that the top five companies in the metal extraction market account for less than 45% of the total market share.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Presents the final recommendation in a clear summary or executive summary format.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the Arizona state corporate tax rate as 4.9%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports all final currency values rounded to 'one decimal place in millions (USD xx.x mil)'.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total effective corporate tax rate as 24.871%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that the market growth rate of 25% meets the board's requirement to 'grow at 20% or more'.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States an assumed Equity Market Risk Premium of 5.5%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Includes a section or clearly indicates where all 'calculations' are shown.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-4", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Consider a flat $\\Lambda$CDM Universe with the following parameters: dimensionless Hubble constant $h = 0.674$, physical density of baryons $\\Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224$, physical density of cold dark matter $\\Omega_c h^2 = 0.120$, physical density of radiation $\\Omega_r h^2 = 4.177\\times 10^{-5}$, physical density of photons $\\Omega_\\gamma h^2 = 2.469\\times 10^{-5},$ recombination redshift $z_*=1090$, drag epoch redshift $z_d = 1060$, and work in natural units $\\hbar=c=1$. The scale factor is normalized to unity today $a=1$ and the gravitational constant $G$ is related to the reduced Planck mass $M_\\mathrm{pl}$ as $M_\\mathrm{pl} = 1/\\sqrt{8\\pi G}$.\n\nIn the early Universe, the photon-baryon sound speed is given by\n$$\nc_s(a) = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3(1+R(a))}},\\qquad R(a) = \\frac{3\\rho_b(a)}{4\\rho_\\gamma(a)},\n$$\nwhere $\\rho_b$ is the density of baryons and $\\rho_\\gamma$ is the density of photons.\n\nNow, introduce a narrow early energy component with equation of state $w_X$ and fractional contribution $f_X(a) = \\rho_X(a)/\\rho_\\mathrm{tot} (a)$ sharply peaked at $a_c = 10^{-3}$, with logarithmic width $\\Delta=0.2$ decades in $a$ and peak amplitude $f_\\mathrm{peak}=0.05$.\n\n1) Starting from the definition of the sound horizon $$ r_s(z_*) = \\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)}dz, $$ derive, to first order in $f_\\mathrm{peak}$, the fractional shift $\\delta r_s/r_s$ caused by the early energy component. Show all your steps here.\n\n2) Write the analogous expression for the baryon drag scale $r_d$ and derive its first-order shift $\\delta r_d/r_d$. Show how you reach your derivation.\n\n3) The acoustic angular scale is defined as $\\theta_* = r_s(z_*)/D_A(z_*)$, where $D_A(z_*)$ is the angular diameter distance to $z_*$. Derive the condition on the Hubble constant $H_0$ required to keep $\\theta_*$ fixed when $\\Omega_m$ is held constant. Show your work.\n\n4) Using the baseline parameters and the given values of $z_*$ and $z_d$, numerically evaluate $\\delta r_s / r_s$, $\\delta r_d/r_d$, and $\\delta H_0/H_0$ as a percentage, accurate to three significant figures. Show all your steps leading to your evaluation.", "o3_response": "Below we treat the new component only as a (small) change in the homogeneous\nbackground expansion rate.\nNothing in the baryon or photon sector is modified, so the sound\u2013speed\nc\u209b(a) remains the same. To first order everything therefore follows only\nfrom the perturbation of the Hubble rate\n\n\u2003\u2003H\u00b2(a) = H\u00b2\u2080(a) [ 1 + f_X(a) ] (1)\n\nwith H\u2080(a) the fiducial \u039bCDM value and\n\n\u2003\u2003f_X(a) = f_peak exp[\u2013 (ln a \u2013 ln a_c)\u00b2 /(2\u03c3\u00b2)],\u2003\u03c3 = 0.2 ln10 /\u221a(8 ln2)\n \u2248 0.195 .\n\nThroughout we keep terms only to first order in the amplitude\nf_peak = 0.05.\n\nNotation\na_* \u2261 1/(1+z_*) = 9.17 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074 a_d \u2261 1/(1+z_d) = 9.43 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074\na_c = 10\u207b\u00b3. The peak therefore lies inside both the sound\u2013horizon and\nthe drag\u2013horizon integrals.\n\nFor any quantity Q defined as an integral of the form \n\u2003\u2003Q = \u222b F(a) da (2) \nthe first\u2013order fractional change caused by (1) is \n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4Q / Q = \u2013 \u00bd \u27e8 f_X \u27e9_F , (3)\n\nwhere the weight is the (positive) fiducial integrand \n\u2003\u2003w_F(a) = F(a) / Q.\n\nAll that is required is to evaluate the weighted average \u27e8f_X\u27e9 once for the\nsound\u2013horizon integrand and once for the drag\u2013horizon integrand, and then\ninsert the results into (3).\n\n1. Shift of the sound horizon\n\nr_s(z_*) = \u222b_{a=0}^{a_*} da c_s(a) /(a\u00b2 H(a)) (4)\n\nso the relevant weight is \n\n\u2003\u2003w_s(a) = c_s(a) /(a\u00b2 H\u2080(a) r_s). (5)\n\nUsing the baseline cosmological parameters one finds numerically\n\n\u2003\u2003\u27e8 f_X \u27e9_{s} = f_peak \u00d7 0.147 . (6)\n\nHence\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4r_s / r_s = \u2013 \u00bd f_peak \u00d7 0.147\n = \u2013 3.68 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b3 \u21d2 \u20130.368 %. (7)\n\n2. Shift of the baryon\u2013drag horizon\n\nr_d(z_d) = \u222b_{a=0}^{a_d} da c_s(a) /(a\u00b2 H(a)) \u2003 (8)\n\n(the small difference between r_s and r_d is just the upper limit). Repeating\nexactly the same steps gives\n\n\u2003\u2003\u27e8 f_X \u27e9_{d} = f_peak \u00d7 0.152 ,\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4r_d / r_d = \u2013 \u00bd f_peak \u00d7 0.152\n = \u2013 3.80 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b3 \u21d2 \u20130.380 %. (9)\n\n3. Condition on H\u2080 that keeps \u03b8_* fixed\n\n\u03b8_* = r_s(z_*) / D_A(z_*), D_A(z_*) =\n 1/(1+z_*) \u222b_{0}^{z_*} dz /H(z) . (10)\n\nLet the early component shift r_s and D_A by the amounts in (7) and (11)\nbelow, and allow H\u2080 to change by \u03b4H\u2080. Keeping \u03a9_m fixed means that every\nterm in H(z) that scales as \u03c1_c \u221d H\u2080\u00b2 varies identically, so to first order\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4D_A / D_A = \u2013 \u03b4H\u2080 / H\u2080 \u2013 \u00bd \u27e8 f_X \u27e9_{D}, (11)\n\nwhere now the weight is w_D(a)= 1 /((1+z) H\u2080(a) D_A).\n\nRequiring \u03b4\u03b8_* = 0 gives\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4r_s / r_s \u2013 \u03b4D_A / D_A = 0 \u21d2 (12)\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4H\u2080 / H\u2080 = \u2013 \u00bd ( \u27e8f_X\u27e9_{s} \u2013 \u27e8f_X\u27e9_{D} ).\n\nNumerically\n\n\u2003\u2003\u27e8f_X\u27e9_{D} = f_peak \u00d7 0.023 , (13)\n\nso\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03b4H\u2080 / H\u2080 = \u2013 \u00bd f_peak (0.147 \u2013 0.023)\n = \u20130.0310 \u21d2 \u20133.10 %. (14)\n\nThus, if \u03a9_m is kept fixed, H\u2080 must be lowered by 3.10 % to preserve the\nmeasured value of \u03b8_*.\n\n4. Numerical summary (three\u2013significant\u2013figure accuracy)\n\n\u2003\u03b4r_s / r_s = \u20130.368 % \n\u2003\u03b4r_d / r_d = \u20130.380 % \n\u2003\u03b4H\u2080 / H\u2080 = \u20133.10 %\n\nThese numbers were obtained with the baseline parameters\n(h, \u03a9_bh\u00b2, \u03a9_ch\u00b2, \u03a9_\u03b3h\u00b2, \u03a9_rh\u00b2) given in the problem statement, the quoted\nvalues of z_* = 1090 and z_d = 1060, and the Gaussian representation of\nf_X(a) with peak 0.05 and logarithmic width 0.2 decades.", "r1-0528_response": "\\section*{Step 1. Fractional Shift in the Sound Horizon \\( r_s \\)}\n\nThe sound horizon at recombination is defined as:\n\\[\nr_s(z_*) = \\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)} dz\n\\]\nChanging variables to scale factor \\( a = (1+z)^{-1} \\), with \\( dz = -\\frac{da}{a^2} \\), we get:\n\\[\nr_s = \\int_0^{a_*} \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)} da\n\\]\nLet:\n\\[\ng(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)} \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad r_s = \\int_0^{a_*} g(a) da\n\\]\nThe sound speed is:\n\\[\nc_s(a) = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3[1 + R(a)]}}, \\quad R(a) = \\frac{3\\rho_b(a)}{4\\rho_\\gamma(a)} = \\frac{3\\Omega_b}{4\\Omega_\\gamma} a\n\\]\nThe Hubble parameter is modified by the early energy component:\n\\[\nH^2(a) = \\frac{H_0^2}{1 - f_X(a)} \\left( \\frac{\\Omega_r}{a^4} + \\frac{\\Omega_m}{a^3} \\right) \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad H(a) \\approx H_{\\text{base}}(a) \\left(1 + \\frac{1}{2} f_X(a)\\right)\n\\]\nTo first order, the change in \\( H(a) \\) is:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta H}{H} = \\frac{1}{2} f_X(a)\n\\]\nThe change in \\( r_s \\) is:\n\\[\n\\delta r_s = \\int_0^{a_*} \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2} \\left( -\\frac{\\delta H}{H^2} \\right) da = -\\frac{1}{2} \\int_0^{a_*} \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)} f_X(a) da\n\\]\nThus, the fractional shift is:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\frac{\\int_0^{a_*} g(a) f_X(a) da}{\\int_0^{a_*} g(a) da}\n\\]\nSince \\( f_X(a) \\) is sharply peaked around \\( a_c = 10^{-3} \\), we approximate:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\approx -\\frac{1}{2} f_X(a_*)\n\\]\nUsing the given parameters:\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item \\( f_{\\text{peak}} = 0.05 \\)\n \\item \\( a_* = \\frac{1}{1 + z_*} = \\frac{1}{1091} \\approx 0.0009167 \\)\n \\item Logarithmic width \\( \\Delta = 0.2 \\) decades\n\\end{itemize}\nThe fraction of the feature inside the integration range is:\n\\[\n\\frac{a_* - 10^{-3.1}}{10^{-2.9} - 10^{-3.1}} \\approx 0.2635\n\\]\nSo the effective \\( f_X \\) is:\n\\[\nf_X(a_*) \\approx 0.05 \\times 0.2635 = 0.013175\n\\]\nA refined numerical integration yields:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} = -0.228\\%\n\\]\n\n\\section*{Step 2. Fractional Shift in the Drag Scale \\( r_d \\)}\n\nThe drag scale is:\n\\[\nr_d = \\int_0^{a_d} \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)} da, \\quad a_d = \\frac{1}{1 + z_d} = \\frac{1}{1061} \\approx 0.0009425\n\\]\nBy analogous reasoning:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\frac{\\int_0^{a_d} g(a) f_X(a) da}{\\int_0^{a_d} g(a) da}\n\\]\nNumerical evaluation gives:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} = -0.269\\%\n\\]\n\n\\section*{Step 3. Condition on \\( H_0 \\) to Keep \\( \\theta_* \\) Fixed}\n\nThe acoustic angular scale is:\n\\[\n\\theta_* = \\frac{r_s}{D_A}, \\quad D_A(z_*) = \\frac{1}{1+z_*} \\int_0^{z_*} \\frac{dz}{H(z)} \\propto \\frac{1}{H_0}\n\\]\nSo:\n\\[\n\\theta_* \\propto \\frac{r_s}{H_0}\n\\]\nTo keep \\( \\theta_* \\) constant:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta \\theta_*}{\\theta_*} = \\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} - \\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} = 0 \\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad \\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} = -\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s}\n\\]\n\n\\section*{Step 4. Numerical Evaluation}\n\nUsing the baseline parameters:\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item \\( h = 0.674 \\)\n \\item \\( \\Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224 \\)\n \\item \\( \\Omega_c h^2 = 0.120 \\)\n \\item \\( \\Omega_r h^2 = 4.177 \\times 10^{-5} \\)\n \\item \\( \\Omega_\\gamma h^2 = 2.469 \\times 10^{-5} \\)\n \\item \\( z_* = 1090 \\)\n \\item \\( z_d = 1060 \\)\n \\item \\( a_c = 10^{-3} \\)\n \\item \\( \\Delta = 0.2 \\)\n \\item \\( f_{\\text{peak}} = 0.05 \\)\n\\end{itemize}\nWe compute:\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} = -0.228\\%, \\quad \\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} = -0.269\\%, \\quad \\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} = +0.228\\%\n\\]\n\n\\section*{Final Answer}\n\\[\n\\boxed{-0.228\\%},\\quad \\boxed{-0.269\\%},\\quad \\boxed{+0.228\\%}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "1) The sound horizon is given by\n\\[\nr_s(z_*) = \\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)}\\,dz.\n\\]\nIn the presence of the early energy component, the total energy density is modified as \\(\\rho_\\mathrm{tot}(z) = \\rho_\\mathrm{std}(z)/(1-f_X(z))\\), where \\(f_X(z)\\) is small. Thus,\n\\[\nH(z) = H_\\mathrm{std}(z) / \\sqrt{1 - f_X(z)} \\approx H_\\mathrm{std}(z) \\left(1 + \\frac{1}{2} f_X(z)\\right),\n\\]\nto first order in \\(f_X\\). The integrand becomes\n\\[\n\\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)} \\approx \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)} \\left(1 - \\frac{1}{2} f_X(z)\\right).\n\\]\nThe modified sound horizon is\n\\[\nr_s^\\mathrm{mod}(z_*) \\approx \\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz - \\frac{1}{2} \\int_{z_*}^\\infty f_X(z) \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz.\n\\]\nThe shift is\n\\[\n\\delta r_s = r_s^\\mathrm{mod} - r_s^\\mathrm{std} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{z_*}^\\infty f_X(z) \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz,\n\\]\nand the fractional shift is\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\frac{\\int_{z_*}^\\infty f_X(z) \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz}{\\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz}.\n\\]\n\n2) The baryon drag scale is analogously\n\\[\nr_d(z_d) = \\int_{z_d}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)}\\,dz.\n\\]\nFollowing the same steps as in part 1, the first-order shift is\n\\[\n\\delta r_d = -\\frac{1}{2} \\int_{z_d}^\\infty f_X(z) \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz,\n\\]\nand the fractional shift is\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} = -\\frac{1}{2} \\frac{\\int_{z_d}^\\infty f_X(z) \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz}{\\int_{z_d}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H_\\mathrm{std}(z)}\\,dz}.\n\\]\n\n3) The acoustic angular scale is \\(\\theta_* = r_s(z_*)/D_A(z_*)\\), where \\(D_A(z_*) = \\int_0^{z_*} dz/H(z)/(1+z)\\). The early energy component affects \\(r_s\\) but has negligible direct impact on \\(D_A\\) due to the small contribution to the late-time distance integral. To keep \\(\\theta_*\\) fixed with \\(\\Omega_m\\) constant, require \\(\\delta \\theta_*/\\theta_* = 0\\), so\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} - \\frac{\\delta D_A}{D_A} = 0 \\implies \\frac{\\delta D_A}{D_A} = \\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s}.\n\\]\nWith \\(\\Omega_m\\) fixed, \\(H(z) = H_0 E(z; \\Omega_m, \\Omega_\\Lambda)\\), and \\(D_A \\propto 1/H_0\\) (since \\(E(z)\\) is unchanged). Thus,\n\\[\n\\frac{\\delta D_A}{D_A} = -\\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0}.\n\\]\nThe condition is\n\\[\n-\\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} = \\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\implies \\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} = -\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s}.\n\\]\n\n4) The fractional shifts are computed numerically assuming a log-normal profile for \\(f_X(a)\\) with peak amplitude \\(f_\\mathrm{peak}=0.05\\) and FWHM \\(\\Delta=0.2\\) decades in \\(\\log_{10} a\\), yielding \\(\\sigma \\approx 0.085\\). The baseline parameters yield \\(\\Omega_m \\approx 0.3135\\), \\(\\Omega_r \\approx 9.194 \\times 10^{-5}\\), \\(\\Omega_\\Lambda \\approx 0.6864\\), \\(a_* \\approx 0.0009166\\), \\(a_d \\approx 0.0009425\\). Numerical integration gives \\(r_s \\approx 0.0325\\) and \\(r_d \\approx 0.0331\\) (in units where \\(H_0=1\\)). The shifts are \\(\\delta r_s / r_s = -0.00249\\), \\(\\delta r_d / r_d = -0.00287\\), and \\(\\delta H_0 / H_0 = 0.00249\\). As percentages: \\(-0.249\\%\\), \\(-0.287\\%\\), \\(+0.249\\%\\).", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\Omega_r = \\frac{\\Omega_r h^2}{h^2} = \\frac{4.177\\times10^{-5}}{0.674^2}=9.195\\times10^{-5}.$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Converts the dimensonless Hubble constant $h$ to units of $1/\\mathrm{Mpc}$ as $$H_0 = 100\\, h \\frac{\\,\\mathrm{km}}{\\mathrm{s.Mpc}}\\cdot\\frac{s}{299792.458\\,\\mathrm{km}} =0.000224822\\,\\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1},$$ where the speed of light $c = 299792.458\\,\\mathrm{km/s}$ has been used.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $$\\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_d}=-\\frac12(0.05)(0.668836) (0.460517) = -0.00770.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the shift in $H_0$, to first order, must satisfy $$\\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} \\simeq\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\Delta\\ln(a_c)\\left[\\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c}{r_s}-\\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)}{\\chi}\\right],$$ in order to keep $\\theta_*$ fixed.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the drag-scale integral as $$r_d=\\int_0^{a_d}\\mathcal{K}(a)\\,da.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates R(a) = (3 Omega_b / (4 Omega_gamma)) a = (3 Omega_b h^2 / (4 Omega_gamma h^2)) a = (3 * 0.0224) / (4 * 2.469e-5) * a = 680.5 a.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Expands the kernel $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{1}{a H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)}$, using Taylor series, as $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{1}{a H(a)}(1-f_X(a)/2)$ while keeping $H_0$ fixed.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\left.\\delta \\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0}\\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}$ in $\\delta\\ln H_0 =\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0}-\\delta\\ln r_s$ to find $$\\delta\\ln H_0 \\simeq-\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}-\\delta\\ln r_s.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the sound horizon integral $$r_s=\\int_0^{a_*}\\frac{1}{a^2 H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_r a^{-4}+\\Omega_m a^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} \\sqrt{3(1+907.25\\,a)}}\\,da,$$ to find $r_s = 144.442\\,\\mathrm{Mpc}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\Omega_m = \\frac{\\Omega_c h^2 + \\Omega_b h^2}{h^2}=\\frac{0.0224+0.120}{0.674^2}=0.3135$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Approximates $$\\delta r_s=-\\frac12\\int_0^{a_*}\\mathcal{K}(a)f_X(a)\\,a\\,d\\ln a\\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak}\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\, \\Delta\\ln (a_c)$$ since the energy injection is sharp at $a_c$ and the integral can be treated as a delta function.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the kernel $\\mathcal{K}(a) \\equiv \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}$ such that $r_s=\\int_0^{a_*}\\mathcal{K}(a)\\,da$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Expands the kernel $\\mathcal{K}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)}$, using Taylor series, as $\\mathcal{K}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}(1-f_X(a)/2)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $a_d(z=z_d) = \\frac{1}{1+z_d} = 9.425\\times10^{-4}$, using $z_d = 1060$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the ratio $\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s}$ as $$\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}.$$ ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the comoving distace integral $$\\chi=\\int_{a_*}^1\\frac{1}{a^2 H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_r a^{-4}+\\Omega_m a^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} }\\,da,$$ to find $\\chi = 13891.4\\,\\mathrm{Mpc}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the perturbed kernel $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{1}{a H(a)}(1-f_X(a)/2)$ as $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\mathcal{L}(a) + \\delta\\mathcal{L}(a)$, with $\\delta\\mathcal{L}(a) = -\\frac12\\mathcal{L}(a) f_X(a)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Differentiates $1+z =1/a$ to find $dz=-da/a^2$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c) \\,a_c}{r_s} = \\frac{a_c}{r_s H_0 a_c^2 \\sqrt{\\Omega_r a_c^{-4}+\\Omega_m a_c^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} \\sqrt{3(1+907.25\\,a_c)}}= 0.681155$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $H(a)\\to H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)$ in the kernel $\\mathcal{L}(a) = \\frac{1}{a H(a)}$ to find $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{1}{a H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Simplifies $\\delta\\ln H_0 =\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}-\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}$ as $$\\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} \\simeq\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\Delta\\ln(a_c)\\left[\\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c}{r_s}-\\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)}{\\chi}\\right].$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $$\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}=-\\frac12(0.05)(0.681155) (0.460517) = -0.00784.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $H(a)\\to H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)$ in the kernel $\\mathcal{K}(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}$ to find $\\mathcal{K}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines the kernel $\\mathcal{L}(a) \\equiv \\frac{1}{a H(a)}$ such that $$\\chi = \\int_{a_*}^1 \\mathcal{L}(a)\\,d\\ln a$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\Omega_\\Lambda = 1-\\Omega_m - \\Omega_r = 1-0.3135 -9.195\\times10^{-5} =0.6864$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Expands the perturbed Hubble parameter, using Taylor series, as $H(a)\\sqrt{1+f_X(a)}\\approx H(a)(1+f_X(a)/2)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that the fractional shift in the drag-scale, to first order in $f_\\mathrm{peak}$ is, $$\\frac{\\delta r_d}{r_d} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_d},$$ similar to the sound horizon with $r_s\\to r_d$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports that $\\delta r_s/r_s$ is within the range of $-0.774\\%$ $-0.794\\%$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports that $\\delta H_0/H_0$ is within the range of $0.756\\%$ $0.770\\%$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Stats that the logarithmic width $\\Delta =0.2\\,\\mathrm{decades}$ in $a$ is mathematically $\\Delta\\ln(a_c) = \\ln(10^{0.2}) = 0.460517$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports the fractional shift in the sound horizon, to first order in $f_\\mathrm{peak}$ as $$\\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}.$$ ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\delta\\ln D_A = \\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} -\\delta\\ln H_0$ in $\\delta\\ln\\theta_* = \\delta\\ln r_s - \\delta \\ln D_A$ to find $$\\delta\\ln\\theta_* =\\delta\\ln r_s-\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} +\\delta\\ln H_0.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes R(a) = 680.5 a into c_s(a) = 1 / sqrt(3 (1 + R(a))) to find c_s(a) = 1 / sqrt(3 (1 + 680.5 a)).", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $a_\\infty(z=\\infty) = \\frac{1}{1+\\infty} = 0$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that $\\delta \\ln D_A = \\delta\\ln\\chi$ since $a_*$ is constant to first order.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the drag-scale $r_d$ is evaluated using the same integral as $r_s=\\int_0^{a_*}\\mathcal{K}(a)\\,da$ with $a_*\\to a_d$ and $r_s \\to r_d$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Fixes $\\theta_*$ by setting $\\delta\\ln\\theta_* =0$ in $\\delta\\ln\\theta_* =\\delta\\ln r_s-\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} +\\delta\\ln H_0$ to find $$0=\\delta\\ln r_s-\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} +\\delta\\ln H_0.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recalls that the Hubble parameter is $H(a)=H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_r a^{-4} + \\Omega_m a^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda}$ as a function of the scale factor.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c) \\,a_c}{r_d} = \\frac{a_c}{r_d a_c^2 \\sqrt{\\Omega_r a_c^{-4}+\\Omega_m a_c^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} \\sqrt{3(1+907.25\\,a_c)}}= 0.668836$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Changes the integration variable from $z$ in $r_s = \\int_{z_*}^\\infty \\frac{c_s(z)}{H(z)}dz$ to $a$ as $r_s=\\int_0^{a_*}\\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2H(a)}\\,da$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the scale factor $a$ relates to the redshift $z$ through $1+z = 1/a$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reports that $\\delta r_d/r_d$ is within the range of $-0.760\\%$ $-0.780\\%$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the corrected kernel $\\mathcal{L}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\mathcal{L}(a) -\\frac12\\mathcal{L}(a) f_X(a)$ leads to a corrected $\\chi_\\mathrm{corrected} = \\chi + \\delta\\chi$, with $$\\left.\\delta \\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0}= - \\frac{1}{2\\chi}\\int_{a_*}^1\\mathcal{L}(a)f_X(a)\\, d\\ln a.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)}{\\chi} = \\frac{1}{\\chi a_c \\sqrt{\\Omega_r a_c^{-4}+\\Omega_m a_c^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} }= 0.0159025$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rearranges $0 =\\delta\\ln r_s-\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} +\\delta\\ln H_0$ to $\\delta\\ln H_0 =\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0}-\\delta\\ln r_s$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the corrected kernel leads to a corrected sound horizon $r_{s,\\mathrm{corrected}}=r_s + \\delta r_s$, where $$\\delta r_s=-\\frac12\\int_0^{a_*}\\mathcal{K}(a)f_X(a)\\,da.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Perturbs $H(a)\\to H(a)\\sqrt{1+f_X(a)}$ to first order since $f_X$ is subdominant for a short period.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the perturbed kernel $\\mathcal{K}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\frac{c_s(a)}{a^2 H(a)}(1-f_X(a)/2)$ as $\\mathcal{K}_\\mathrm{corrected}(a) = \\mathcal{K}(a) +\\delta\\mathcal{K}(a)$, with $\\delta\\mathcal{K}(a) = -\\frac12 \\mathcal{K}(a) f_X(a)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States $\\delta r_s=-\\frac12\\int_0^{a_*}\\mathcal{K}(a)f_X(a)\\,da$ as $\\delta r_s=-\\frac12\\int_0^{a_*}a\\mathcal{K}(a)f_X(a) \\,d\\ln a$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the drag-scale integral $$r_d=\\int_0^{a_d}\\frac{1}{a^2 H_0\\sqrt{\\Omega_r a^{-4}+\\Omega_m a^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda} \\sqrt{3(1+907.25\\,a)}}\\,da,$$ to find $r_d = 147.103\\,\\mathrm{Mpc}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the shift of $\\theta_*=r_s/D_A$ as $\\delta \\ln\\theta_* = \\delta \\ln r_s - \\delta \\ln D_A$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the angular diameter distance to the surface of last scattering is $D_A (z_*) = a_* \\chi(z_*)$, with $\\chi = \\int_{a_*}^1 \\frac{da}{a^2 H(a)}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that $\\chi\\propto 1/H_0$ since $\\chi = \\frac{da}{H_0}\\int_{a_*}^1 \\frac{1}{a^2\\sqrt{\\Omega_r a^{-4} + \\Omega_m a^{-3}+\\Omega_\\Lambda}}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $a_*(z=z_*) = \\frac{1}{1+z_*} = 9.166\\times10^{-4}$, using $z_*=1090$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\delta\\ln\\chi =\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} -\\delta\\ln H_0$ in $\\delta\\ln D_A = \\delta\\ln\\chi$ to find $\\delta\\ln D_A = \\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} -\\delta\\ln H_0$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Approximates $$\\left.\\delta \\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0}= - \\frac{1}{2\\chi}\\int_{a_*}^1\\mathcal{L}(a)f_X(a)\\, d\\ln a \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}$$ since the injection is sharp at $a_c$ and the integral can be treated as a delta function.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $$\\frac{\\delta H_0}{H_0} \\simeq\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\Delta\\ln(a_c)\\left[\\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c}{r_s}-\\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)}{\\chi}\\right]=\\frac12(0.05)(0.460517)\\left[0.681155- 0.0159025\\right]=0.00766.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States $\\delta\\ln\\chi =\\left.\\delta\\ln\\chi\\right|_{\\delta H_0=0} -\\delta\\ln H_0$ since $\\chi\\propto 1/H_0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\delta\\ln r_s = \\frac{\\delta r_s}{r_s} \\simeq -\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}$ in $\\delta\\ln H_0 \\simeq-\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}-\\delta\\ln r_s$ to find $$\\delta\\ln H_0 \\simeq\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{K}(a_c)\\,a_c\\,\\Delta\\ln (a_c)}{r_s}-\\frac12 f_\\mathrm{peak} \\frac{\\mathcal{L}(a_c)\\Delta\\ln(a_c)}{\\chi}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-5", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "I have the following chemicals available in my lab: isopropanol, phosphorus tribromide, diacetyl, triphenylphosphine, ethephon, diethyl ether, n-butyllithium, recycled zinc, Raney nickel, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide pellets. Without using any unlisted chemicals, design an efficient plan to prepare 10 grams of 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane.\n(1) For each major organic step, propose a mechanism for the reaction.\n(2) Provide an estimation of the required amounts, in grams, for each of the chemicals containing phosphorus used in the plan. Use the assumption of 60%\u00b110% yield for a substitution reaction, 75%\u00b15% for a Wittig reaction, 85%\u00b110% for a Diels-Alder reaction, and quantitative for all other reactions.", "o3_response": "A workable three\u2013step route that can be carried out with nothing more than the compounds that are already on the laboratory shelf is shown in the scheme that follows. Each step that uses an organic reagent is accompanied by the mechanism that is operating, and in the last section the amounts of all of the phosphorus-containing compounds that have to be weighed (or measured) are estimated for a batch that will deliver \u2248 10 g (\u2248 60 mmol) of 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethyl\u00adcyclohexane 4.\n\nSYNTHETIC PLAN \n(gram-scale, \u2248 60 mmol of final product)\n\n PBr3, 3 equiv\n(1) (CH3)2CHOH \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba (CH3)2CHBr (SN2) (quant.)\n isopropanol isopropyl bromide A\n\n Ph3P, 1 equiv\n A + Ph3P \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba (CH3)2CH\u2013P+Ph3 Br\u2013 (SN2) (quant.)\n phosphonium salt B\n\n n-BuLi, 1 equiv\n B \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba Ph3P\u2550CHCH3 + BuH + LiBr (deprotonation) (quant.)\n iso-propylidene ylide C\n\n 2 equiv C\n(2) CH3CO\u2013COCH3 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba CH3C(=CHCH3)\u2013C(=CHCH3)CH3 (Wittig) 75 %\n diacetyl 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene D\n (2 eq) ylide, \u201378 \u2192 r.t.\n\n 150 \u00b0C, neat, 24 h\n(3) 2 D \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethyl (Diels\u2013Alder) 85 %\n cyclohex-5-ene E\n\n H2 (balloon), Raney-Ni\n Et2O, r.t.\n(4) E \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethyl\u00adcyclohexane 4 (hydrogenation) 100 %\n\nStep-by-step discussion and mechanisms\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\nStep 1\u2003Conversion of isopropanol into the phosphorus ylide that is required for the\n double Wittig reaction.\n\na) PBr3 converts the secondary alcohol into isopropyl bromide by an SN2 process.\n i the alcohol oxygen displaces a bromide from PBr3 giving (CH3)2CH\u2013O\u2013PBr2.\n ii an external bromide ion attacks the carbon, displacing POBr2\u2013 and giving A.\n\nb) The bromide A is alkylated by triphenylphosphine (SN2, backside attack) to afford the\n phosphonium salt B.\n\nc) Treatment of B with n-BuLi removes the acidic \u03b1-proton to give the iso-propylidene\n ylide C (Ph3P\u2550CHCH3).\n\nStep 2\u2003Double Wittig conversion of diacetyl into the tetrasubstituted diene D.\n\nMechanism: the ylide carbon of C adds to the carbonyl carbon (nucleophilic addition),\nforming a betaine that collapses to an oxaphosphetane; fragmentation of the four-membered\nring gives the alkene C\u2550C bond and triphenylphosphine oxide. Because diacetyl contains\ntwo adjacent carbonyl groups the reaction occurs twice, giving D in 75 \u00b1 5 % isolated\nyield.\n\nStep 3\u2003Thermal self-Diels\u2013Alder dimerisation of diene D.\n\nUnder neat conditions (\u2248 150 \u00b0C, 24 h, sealed tube) D behaves simultaneously as diene\nand as dienophile. A concerted [4 + 2] \u03c0-cycloaddition furnishes 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexa\u00ad\nmethyl\u00adcyclohex-5-ene E in 85 \u00b1 10 % yield. In the transition state the\n2-methyl-substituted termini of the dienophile become the 1- and 4-ring carbons;\ntogether with the two internal methyl groups of the diene this accounts for the\nsix methyl substituents that are present in the adduct.\n\n(The endo/exo problem is irrelevant because only one stereochemistry survives after the\nnext step is carried out.)\n\nStep 4\u2003Catalytic hydrogenation of the residual C\u2550C bond.\n\nHydrogen produced in situ by the action of Zn scrapings on 15 % H2SO4 is fed (balloon)\ninto an ethereal suspension of E and Raney-Ni. Syn-addition on the nickel surface gives\nfully saturated 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane 4 in essentially quantitative yield\n(\u2265 95 %).\n\nNothing in steps 3 or 4 consumes phosphorus reagents, so once the Wittig step is over\nphosphorus chemistry ends.\n\nAMOUNTS OF THE PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING REAGENTS\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\nGoal\u200310.0 g of 4 \u21d2 n = 10.0 g / 168 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \u2248 0.060 mol\n\nTo reach 0.060 mol of 4 (85 % Diels\u2013Alder; 100 % hydrogenation) we require\n0.071 mol of the diene D.\n\nThe double Wittig step delivers D in 75 \u00b1 5 % yield, so \nn(ylide C) needed = 0.071 mol / 0.75 \u2248 0.095 mol \nTwo equivalents of ylide are required per diacetyl; therefore \n\n\u2003\u2003n(C) = 2 \u00d7 0.095 mol \u2248 0.19 mol\n\nEach mole of ylide C originates from one mole of triphenylphosphine and one\nsecondary bromide, so the amounts of phosphorus reagents are:\n\na) Triphenylphosphine \n\u2003M = 262 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \n\u2003m = 0.19 mol \u00d7 262 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \u2248 50 g Ph3P\n\nb) Phosphorus tribromide \nThree moles of alkyl bromide are obtained per mole PBr3, therefore\n\u2003n(PBr3) = 0.19 mol / 3 \u2248 0.063 mol \n\u2003M = 270 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \n\u2003m = 0.063 mol \u00d7 270 g mol\u207b\u00b9 \u2248 17 g PBr3\n\nc) Ethephon\u2003Used only to generate small amounts of ethylene for pressure balancing\n in the Diels\u2013Alder tube; < 1 g is decomposed and is ignored in the\n phosphorus inventory.\n\nTotal phosphorus-containing material that must be charged to the process \n\n\u2003\u2248 50 g triphenylphosphine \n\u2003\u2248 17 g phosphorus tribromide \n\u2003(< 1 g ethephon, not critical)\n\nWith those charges the sequence routinely gives 9\u201311 g of the desired saturated\nhexamethylcyclohexane on a single run, well inside the \u00b1\u200910 % tolerance that is expected\nfor the scale-up.", "r1-0528_response": "### Synthesis Plan for 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexamethylcyclohexane\n\nThe target molecule, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane (C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2084, MW = 168 g/mol), is synthesized via a Diels-Alder reaction between **2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene** (diene) and **2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene** (dienophile), followed by hydrogenation. The diene is prepared from **diacetyl** (reduction to 2,3-butanediol, then dehydration). The dienophile is prepared via a **Wittig reaction** between acetone and the ylide derived from isopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Key reagents from the available list include:\n- **Isopropanol** (source for acetone and isopropyl bromide).\n- **Phosphorus tribromide (PBr\u2083)** (converts alcohols to alkyl bromides).\n- **Triphenylphosphine** (forms phosphonium salt for Wittig).\n- **n-Butyllithium (n-BuLi)** (deprotonates phosphonium salt).\n- **Diacetyl** (reduced to 2,3-butanediol for diene synthesis).\n- **Recycled zinc and sulfuric acid** (generate H\u2082 for reductions).\n- **Raney nickel** (catalyst for hydrogenations).\n- **Sodium hydroxide pellets** (base for dehydration).\n\nYields are estimated as:\n- Substitution reactions: 60% \u00b1 10%\n- Wittig reaction: 75% \u00b1 5%\n- Diels-Alder reaction: 85% \u00b1 10%\n- Other reactions: quantitative (100%)\n\nScaled to produce **10 g of target** (0.0595 mol), accounting for yields.\n\n---\n\n### Step-by-Step Plan with Mechanisms\n\n#### **1. Preparation of Acetone from Isopropanol**\n- **Reaction**: Dehydrogenation of isopropanol using Raney nickel.\n - 2 (CH\u2083)\u2082CHOH \u2192 2 (CH\u2083)\u2082C=O + H\u2082\n- **Mechanism**: \n Surface-catalyzed oxidation (Raney nickel facilitates H\u2082 removal).\n- **Materials**:\n - Isopropanol: 5.6 g (0.0933 mol, for Wittig).\n - Raney nickel: catalytic amount (assume 1 g).\n- **Yield**: Quantitative (100%).\n\n---\n\n#### **2. Preparation of Isopropyl Bromide**\n- **Reaction**: Isopropanol + PBr\u2083 \u2192 isopropyl bromide.\n - 3 (CH\u2083)\u2082CHOH + PBr\u2083 \u2192 3 (CH\u2083)\u2082CHBr + H\u2083PO\u2083\n- **Mechanism**: \n Nucleophilic attack by O on P, followed by S\u20992 displacement by Br\u207b: \n ![PBr3 Mechanism](https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Reaction-of-alcohols-with-PBr3.gif)\n- **Materials**:\n - Isopropanol: 15.55 g (0.2592 mol).\n - PBr\u2083: 23.4 g (0.0864 mol).\n- **Yield**: 60% for substitution \u2192 0.1555 mol isopropyl bromide.\n\n---\n\n#### **3. Preparation of Isopropyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide**\n- **Reaction**: Isopropyl bromide + triphenylphosphine \u2192 phosphonium salt.\n - (CH\u2083)\u2082CHBr + PPh\u2083 \u2192 [(CH\u2083)\u2082CHPPh\u2083]\u207aBr\u207b\n- **Mechanism**: \n S\u20992 attack by P on alkyl halide: \n ![Phosphonium Salt Mechanism](https://www.organic-chemistry.org/abstracts/lit1/107.gif)\n- **Materials**:\n - Triphenylphosphine: 40.7 g (0.1555 mol).\n - Isopropyl bromide: from Step 2 (0.1555 mol).\n- **Yield**: 60% for substitution \u2192 0.0933 mol phosphonium salt.\n\n---\n\n#### **4. Wittig Reaction to Form Dienophile (2,3-Dimethylbut-2-ene)**\n- **Reaction**: Ylide + acetone \u2192 dienophile.\n - [(CH\u2083)\u2082C=PPh\u2083] + (CH\u2083)\u2082C=O \u2192 (CH\u2083)\u2082C=C(CH\u2083)\u2082 + Ph\u2083P=O\n- **Mechanism**: \n (a) Deprotonation by n-BuLi forms ylide. \n (b) Ylide attacks carbonyl, forming betaine. \n (c) Betaine collapses to alkene and Ph\u2083P=O: \n ![Wittig Mechanism](https://www.organic-chemistry.org/abstracts/lit1/530.gif)\n- **Materials**:\n - Phosphonium salt: from Step 3 (0.0933 mol).\n - n-BuLi: 0.0933 mol (assume 1.6 M in hexane, ~58 mL).\n - Acetone: 5.41 g (0.0933 mol).\n- **Yield**: 75% for Wittig \u2192 0.070 mol dienophile (5.88 g).\n\n---\n\n#### **5. Preparation of 2,3-Butanediol from Diacetyl**\n- **Reaction**: Hydrogenation of diacetyl.\n - (CH\u2083CO)\u2082 + 2 H\u2082 \u2192 (CH\u2083CHOH)\u2082\n- **Mechanism**: \n Surface-catalyzed addition of H\u2082 to carbonyls (Raney nickel): \n ![Carbonyl Reduction](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/167998/clipboard_eb6e9e4f6e5c8b0a0a9a9b0e7e8b1e1e5.png?revision=1)\n- **Materials**:\n - Diacetyl: 6.02 g (0.070 mol).\n - Zn: 9.1 g (0.140 mol, for H\u2082 generation).\n - H\u2082SO\u2084: 13.72 g (0.140 mol, 7.5 mL conc.).\n - Raney nickel: catalytic (assume 1 g).\n- **Yield**: Quantitative \u2192 0.070 mol diol (6.30 g).\n\n---\n\n#### **6. Dehydration to Diene (2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene)**\n- **Reaction**: Acid-catalyzed dehydration of 2,3-butanediol.\n - (CH\u2083CHOH)\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2082=C(CH\u2083)C(CH\u2083)=CH\u2082 + 2 H\u2082O\n- **Mechanism**: \n E2 elimination via protonated diol (concerted loss of H\u2082O and H\u207a): \n ![Dehydration Mechanism](https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Images/dehyddiol.gif)\n- **Materials**:\n - 2,3-Butanediol: 6.30 g (0.070 mol).\n - H\u2082SO\u2084: catalytic (assume 2 mL conc.).\n- **Yield**: Quantitative \u2192 0.070 mol diene (5.74 g).\n\n---\n\n#### **7. Diels-Alder Reaction**\n- **Reaction**: Diene + dienophile \u2192 adduct.\n - CH\u2082=C(CH\u2083)C(CH\u2083)=CH\u2082 + (CH\u2083)\u2082C=C(CH\u2083)\u2082 \u2192 adduct (1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2,3-dimethylcyclohex-2-ene)\n- **Mechanism**: \n Concerted [4+2] cycloaddition: \n ![Diels-Alder Mechanism](https://www.organic-chemistry.org/abstracts/lit1/1070.gif)\n- **Materials**:\n - Diene: 5.74 g (0.070 mol).\n - Dienophile: 5.88 g (0.070 mol).\n- **Yield**: 85% for D-A \u2192 0.0595 mol adduct (9.76 g).\n\n---\n\n#### **8. Hydrogenation to Target**\n- **Reaction**: Catalytic hydrogenation of adduct.\n - Adduct + H\u2082 \u2192 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane\n- **Mechanism**: \n Surface-catalyzed syn addition of H\u2082 (Raney nickel): \n ![Hydrogenation Mechanism](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/167999/clipboard_e5d5b5e5f5c5e5f5e5d5e5f5e5d5e5f.png?revision=1)\n- **Materials**:\n - Adduct: 9.76 g (0.0595 mol).\n - Zn: 4.55 g (0.070 mol, for H\u2082 generation).\n - H\u2082SO\u2084: 6.86 g (0.070 mol, 3.7 mL conc.).\n - Raney nickel: catalytic (assume 1 g).\n- **Yield**: Quantitative \u2192 10.0 g target.\n\n---\n\n### Estimated Amounts of Phosphorus-Containing Chemicals\n| **Chemical** | **Amount (g)** | **Role** |\n|----------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------|\n| Triphenylphosphine | 40.7 | Forms phosphonium salt for Wittig. |\n| PBr\u2083 | 23.4 | Converts isopropanol to isopropyl bromide. |\n\n### Notes\n- **Scaling**: Based on 10 g target (0.0595 mol), with yields applied backward.\n- **Phosphorus Chemicals**: Triphenylphosphine (40.7 g) and PBr\u2083 (23.4 g) are critical for Wittig and alkyl bromide steps.\n- **Efficiency**: Low yields in substitution/Wittig steps necessitate excess reagents. Raney nickel is reused for hydrogenations.\n- **Safety**: PBr\u2083 (corrosive), n-BuLi (pyrophoric), and H\u2082SO\u2084 (strong acid) require careful handling.", "grok4_response": "### Synthesis Plan\n\nTo prepare approximately 10 grams of 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane (C12H24, MW 168 g/mol, target ~0.06 mol), the following efficient synthetic route is proposed using only the provided chemicals. The strategy involves constructing the highly substituted diene 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexa-2,4-diene via a double Wittig reaction on diacetyl, performing a Diels-Alder reaction with ethylene (generated in situ from ethephon), and hydrogenating the resulting alkene. All steps are designed to be carried out under standard laboratory conditions, with diethyl ether as the primary solvent where needed. Yields are incorporated as per the given assumptions to scale the starting materials backward from the target.\n\n1. **Preparation of isopropyl bromide (iPrBr):** \n Mix isopropanol (27 g, 0.45 mol) with phosphorus tribromide (33 g, 0.12 mol) in a round-bottom flask. Heat gently (40-50\u00b0C) with stirring for 2 hours. Distill the product under reduced pressure to isolate iPrBr (~33 g expected after 60% yield).\n\n2. **Formation of the phosphonium salt:** \n Dissolve triphenylphosphine (57 g, 0.22 mol) in diethyl ether (200 mL). Add iPrBr (27 g, 0.22 mol) dropwise and reflux for 4 hours. Cool, filter, and wash the solid phosphonium salt (Ph3P\u207a-CHMe2 Br\u207b) with ether. Dry under vacuum (quantitative yield assumed).\n\n3. **Generation of the isopropylidene ylide:** \n Suspend the phosphonium salt (0.22 mol) in dry diethyl ether (300 mL) under inert atmosphere. Add n-butyllithium (0.22 mol, as 2.5 M solution in hexane, ~88 mL) dropwise at 0\u00b0C. Stir for 1 hour at room temperature to form Ph3P=CMe2 (quantitative yield assumed).\n\n4. **Double Wittig reaction to form the diene (2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexa-2,4-diene):** \n Divide the ylide solution into two portions (one ~0.12 mol, one ~0.10 mol). To the larger portion, add diacetyl (11 g, 0.12 mol) dropwise at 0\u00b0C. Stir at room temperature for 2 hours, then reflux for 1 hour to form the intermediate enone (CH3C(=CMe2)C(O)CH3). Extract with diethyl ether, wash with water, dry over Na2SO4 (from NaOH + H2SO4 if needed), and evaporate. To this crude enone (~0.09 mol expected after 75% yield), add the second ylide portion and repeat the reaction conditions. Extract the diene with diethyl ether, purify by distillation (~10 g expected after second 75% yield). (Overall yield from diacetyl: ~56%.)\n\n5. **Generation of ethylene:** \n Dissolve ethephon (17 g, 0.12 mol) in water (50 mL). Add sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g, excess) to achieve pH >10. Heat to 50-60\u00b0C with stirring to release ethylene gas. Collect the gas by displacement or bubble directly into the next reaction (quantitative yield assumed, with excess for losses).\n\n6. **Diels-Alder reaction:** \n Dissolve the diene (10 g, 0.07 mol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) in a sealed pressure vessel. Introduce ethylene gas (~0.12 mol) under moderate pressure (2-3 atm). Heat to 100-120\u00b0C for 12 hours. Cool, vent, extract with ether, and distill the cyclohexene adduct (3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-4,5-dimethylcyclohex-1-ene, renumbered as 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohex-5-ene; ~10 g expected after 85% yield).\n\n7. **Hydrogenation to the target compound:** \n Dissolve the adduct (10 g, 0.06 mol) in isopropanol (50 mL). Add Raney nickel (5 g, catalytic). Generate H2 by adding sulfuric acid (20 g) dropwise to recycled zinc (20 g) in a separate flask, and bubble the H2 gas through the reaction mixture with stirring at room temperature for 4 hours. Filter off the catalyst, evaporate the solvent, and purify by distillation to obtain 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane (~10 g, quantitative yield assumed).\n\n### (1) Mechanisms for Each Major Organic Step\n\n- **Conversion of isopropanol to isopropyl bromide (step 1):** \n This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The oxygen of isopropanol attacks the phosphorus of PBr3, forming a phosphonium intermediate [(CH3)2CH-OPBr2]\u207a Br\u207b and releasing HBr (with excess alcohol aiding deprotonation). The bromide ion then attacks the carbon of the C-O bond in an SN2 manner (inversion at the secondary carbon), displacing the good leaving group OPBr2 to yield iPrBr. The overall process repeats for the stoichiometry (3 alcohols per PBr3).\n\n- **Formation of the phosphonium salt (step 2):** \n This is an SN2 substitution. The lone pair on phosphorus in PPh3 acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbon of iPrBr in a backside approach, displacing Br\u207b to form the tetrahedral phosphonium cation Ph3P\u207a-CH(CH3)2 Br\u207b.\n\n- **Deprotonation to form the ylide (step 3):** \n This is an acid-base reaction. The strong base Bu\u207b (from n-BuLi) abstracts the acidic proton from the carbon alpha to phosphorus in Ph3P\u207a-CHMe2, forming the carbanion stabilized as Ph3P=CMe2 (ylide) and butane gas.\n\n- **Wittig reaction (step 4, occurs twice):** \n The ylide carbon (nucleophilic) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ketone (diacetyl or enone), forming a betaine intermediate (zwitterion: Ph3P\u207a-CMe2-C(R)(R')-O\u207b). The betaine collapses via intramolecular attack of O\u207b on P, forming a four-membered oxaphosphetane ring. The ring then fragments, eliminating Ph3PO and forming the alkene C(R)(R')=CMe2. For the first Wittig, R = CH3, R' = C(O)CH3; for the second, R = CH3, R' = C(CH3)=CMe2.\n\n- **Generation of ethylene from ethephon (step 5):** \n This is a base-catalyzed elimination. NaOH deprotonates one P-OH to form ClCH2CH2P(O)(OH)O\u207b. This anion facilitates deprotonation of the alpha C-H (CH2-P, acidic due to phosphorus), forming a carbanion. The carbanion undergoes E1cb elimination, pushing electrons to form the C=C bond while expelling Cl\u207b from the beta carbon, yielding C2H4, HPO3^{2-}, and Cl\u207b (with protonation balancing the products).\n\n- **Diels-Alder reaction (step 6):** \n This is a [4+2] cycloaddition (pericyclic). The electron-rich diene (in s-cis conformation) and ethylene (dienophile) approach in a concerted, suprafacial manner. The diene's HOMO interacts with the dienophile's LUMO, forming two new \u03c3 bonds (between diene terminals and dienophile carbons) while breaking the dienophile \u03c0 bond and one diene \u03c0 bond, creating the cyclohexene ring with the new \u03c0 bond.\n\n- **Hydrogenation (step 7):** \n This is a catalytic hydrogenation. The alkene adsorbs onto the Raney Ni surface. H2 dissociates on the metal to form Ni-H species. The H atoms add syn across the C=C bond via insertion, desorbing the saturated cyclohexane and regenerating the catalyst.\n\n### (2) Estimated Amounts for Phosphorus-Containing Chemicals\n\nBased on the target of ~10 g (0.06 mol) product and the specified yields (substitution: 60%, Wittig: 75% per reaction, Diels-Alder: 85%, others quantitative), the backward calculation gives the following nominal estimates (rounded; actual amounts may vary \u00b115-20% due to yield ranges and experimental losses/excesses):\n\n- **Phosphorus tribromide (PBr3):** 33 g \n- **Triphenylphosphine (PPh3):** 57 g \n- **Ethephon:** 17 g", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies the mechanism of the bromination of isopropanol as SN2 substitution. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Estimates the use of phosphorus tribromide to be between 20 and 42 grams.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction as the head-on overlap of p-orbitals of diene 1,4 carbons and dienophile carbons, forming the cyclohexene ring through a cyclic transition state.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the mechanism of the ylide formation as SN2 substitution.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexamethylcyclohexane as the final product.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes a step to produce ethylene from the decomposition of ethephon in an alkaline solution.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes the Wittig reaction step by treating the ylide with n-butyllithium, then mixing with diacetyl.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes a plan with the longest linear sequence of no more than 5 steps to be considered efficient.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the mechanism of hydrogenation with Raney nickel as the Horiti-Polanyi mechanism.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the yield of the decomposition reaction of ethephon to be quantitative.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Uses only the chemicals listed in the prompt, which are isopropanol, phosphorus tribromide, diacetyl, triphenylphosphine, ethephon, diethyl ether, n-Butyllithium, recycled zinc, Raney nickel, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide pellets, for the reactions.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Uses the Diels-Alder reaction in one of the steps.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes a substitution reaction with isopropanol and phosphorus tribromide in diethyl ether.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the product of the Wittig reaction as 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexa-2,4-diene.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes the final step be the hydrogenation of 1,2,3,3,6,6-hexamethylcyclohexene using Raney nickel as a catalyst.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies phosphorus tribromide as one of the reagents containing phosphorus.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the yield of the hydrogenation to be quantitative.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the product of the substitution reaction as 2-bromopropane.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the product of the Diels-Alder reaction as 1,2,3,3,6,6-hexamethylcyclohexene ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the yield of the Wittig reaction to be between 70% and 80%.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the yield of bromination of isopropanol to be between 50% and 70%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the mechanism of the Wittig reaction as a deprotonated ylide attacking the electrophilic carbonyl, followed by attack of oxygen on phosphorus, followed by reverse [2+2] cycloaddition. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the yield of the Diels-Alder reaction to be between 75% and 95%.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Estimates the use of ethephon to be between 9 and 11 grams.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes the formation of an ylide by mixing triphenylphosphine and 2-bromopropane.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Uses the Wittig reaction as one of the steps", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies triphenylphosphine as one of the reagents containing phosphorus.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies ethephon as one of the reagents containing phosphorus.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes a step to produce hydrogen from recycled zinc and sulfuric acid.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Estimates the use of triphenylphosphine to be between 41 and 60 grams.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Proposes one step be the Diels-Alder reaction of 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexa-2,4-diene and ethylene under high pressure.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-5", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "On July 8, 2025, Kura Sushi released Q3 2025 results and raised its FY 2025 revenue guidance. They provided formal guidance in the press release, but there was a lot of incremental color on the conference call regarding their assumptions for key operating performance in Q3 2025. I am looking to better understand their sales trends and what is embedded in their outlook for the year. Assume that KURA restaurants average 3,400 in selling square footage. In Q3, what was new store productivity expressed as sales per square foot of new stores (based on the ending square footage of stores opened within the last 12 months) as a percentage of total sales per average square foot? Assume new store growth in Q4 is in line with company guidance. In Q4, if we assume new store productivity at the same percentage as Q3 (projected as a percentage of Q4 2024 sales per average square foot), what would be the implied comp to reach their sales target? For this analysis, please define new stores as those that have been open for fewer than four full reporting periods. All other stores, having been open for four or more reporting periods, are included in the comp base. Put together a sensitivity table showing the implied comp necessary to reach their implied Q4 sales guidance at NSP levels of 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%, operating under the same assumptions.\n\nAdditionally, assess the most recent commentary from the company on its earnings call, and let me know anything relevant that may have come up around sales trends in Q3 and Q4 QTD. Would it be reasonable to infer the company expects positive comps in Q4 based on that commentary? If there is a discrepancy between that and the implied comp in the guidance, what are some possible explanations, discussing comps, new store productivity, and anything else you might feel is appropriate?", "o3_response": "PART 1 \u2013 Q3-25 New-store productivity versus system A) What is \u201cnew-store productivity\u201d (NSP) ?\n\u2003NSP = (Sales per square foot generated by restaurants that have been open < 4 fiscal quarters \u00f7 System-wide sales per average square foot)\nInputs for Q3-25\n\u2003\u2022 Restaurants at end of Q3-25 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 76\n\u2003\u2022 Restaurants at end of Q3-24 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 63\n\u2003\u2022 Restaurants opened during the last four quarters\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Q4-24 (Sept\u2013Nov\u201924) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026 1\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Q1-25 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 5\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Q2-25 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 3\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Q3-25 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 3\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Total new units (< 4 quarters) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 12\n\u2003\u2022 Average selling square footage / unit \u2026\u2026 3,400 sq ft\n1. System average sq ft during Q3-25\n\u2003Average unit count in Q3-25 = (73 start + 76 end)/2 \u2248 74.5\n\u2003System avg sq ft = 74.5 \u00d7 3,400 \u2248 253,300\n2. System sales / sq ft\n\u2003$74.0 mm \u00f7 253,300 sq ft \u2248 $292 /sq ft\n3. New-store sales in Q3-25\n\u2003Step-up in total sales versus Q3-24 = $74.0 mm \u2013 $63.1 mm = $10.9 mm\n\u2003Same-store sales declined 2.1%; keeping last-year\u2019s 63 units whole gives:\n\u2003\u2003Sales from those 63 units this year \u2248 $63.1 mm \u00d7 (1 \u2013 2.1 %) \u2248 $61.8 mm\n\u2003\u2003Implied new-store sales \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $74.0 mm \u2013 $61.8 mm \u2248 $12.2 mm\n4. New-store sq ft (ending) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 12 \u00d7 3,400 = 40,800 sq ft\n\u2003New-store sales / sq ft \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. $12.2 mm \u00f7 40,800 \u2248 $276 /sq ft\n5. NSP ratio (Q3-25) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $276 \u00f7 $292 \u2248 94 \u2013 95 %\nResult: Q3-25 new restaurants operated at roughly 95 % of system average sales productivity on a square-foot basis.\nPART 2 \u2013 What comp is required in Q4-25?\nGuidance: FY-25 sales \u2248 $281 mm.\nSales booked through Q3-25: $203.315 mm\n\u21d2 Q4-25 target sales \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. $281 mm \u2013 $203.315 mm = $77.685 mm\nStore base assumptions for Q4-25 (management has guided to 15 FY-25 openings):\n\u2003Units in operation at 31-May-25\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 76\n\u20032 units opened early in Q4 (Woodlands, SLC) \u2026 78\n\u2003Additional units needed to reach 15 FY-25 \u2026\u2026 +2\n\u2003Units at 31-Aug-25 (end of Q4) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 80\n\u201cNew\u201d cohort at end-Q4-25 = all stores opened in FY-25 (the Lake-Grove unit opened in Q4-24 has now completed four fiscal quarters).\n\u2003New-store count \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 15\n\u2003Comp-store count \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 65\nSquare footage\n\u2003Comp stores \u2026 65 \u00d7 3,400 = 221,000 sq ft\n\u2003New stores \u2026 15 \u00d7 3,400 = 51,000 sq ft\n\u2003Average Q4-25 system sq ft (\u224879 units avg) \u2026 268,600 sq ft\nBaseline sales-per-sq ft: Q4-24 system average = $66.0 mm \u00f7 215,900 sq ft \u2248 $306 /sq ft\nApply Q3-25 NSP of 95 % \u2192 new-store sales / sq ft = 0.95 \u00d7 306 \u2248 $289\nCompute comp sales per sq ft needed:\n\u2003Total sales target \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $77.685 mm\n\u2003Sales from new stores \u2026 51,000 \u00d7 $289 \u2248 $14.739 mm\n\u2003Required comp-store sales \u2026\u2026\u2026 77.685 \u2013 14.739 = $62.946 mm\n\u2003Comp sales / sq ft \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $62.946 mm \u00f7 221,000 \u2248 $285 /sq ft\n\u2003Implied comp versus $306 baseline \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 285/306 \u2013 1 \u2248 \u20136.9 %\nWith Q3\u2019s 95 % NSP level, the FY-25 sales guide can still be met even if Q4 comp sales fall about 7 %.\nPART 3 \u2013 Sensitivity: implied Q4-25 comp at different NSP assumptions\n(Using Q4-24 $306 /sq ft as the base for both comp stores and NSP)\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003NSP (% of base)\u2003New-store $/sq ft\u2003Implied Q4-25 comp\n\u2003\u200375 %\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003$230\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003+ 0.0 %\n\u2003\u200380 %\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003$245\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003\u20131.8 %\n\u2003\u200385 %\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003$260\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003\u20133.7 %\n\u2003\u200390 %\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003$275\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003\u20135.3 %\n\u2003\u200395 %\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003$289\u2003\u2003\u2192\u2003\u20136.9 % \u3000(as shown above)\n(The comp column shows the year-over-year % change needed in Q4-25 average sales per sq ft at the 65 comp restaurants in order for consolidated Q4 sales to hit $77.7 mm.)\nPART 4 \u2013 Management\u2019s Q3 call commentary on Q3 trends & Q4-to-date\nRelevant points from the 8-July-25 call:\n\u2022 Sequential improvement through Q3 \u2013 \u201ceach month better than the last,\u201d with May turning back to positive traffic and comps aided by the Peanuts IP campaign and rollout of the reservation system.\n\u2022 Quarter-to-date (June/July) \u2013 Management said they are \u201cvery pleased with how the quarter is progressing,\u201d but stopped short of giving a number. They highlighted:\n\u2003\u2013 Peanuts campaign ran through June; hololive campaign started in June.\n\u2003\u2013 Reservation system now live chain-wide and viewed as a traffic tail-wind.\n\u2003\u2013 Effective menu pricing in Q4 will be 3.5 % (down from 4.3 % in Q3) after taking a 1 % increase on 1-June.\n\u2003\u2013 Labor inflation expected to moderate to \u201cmid- to low-single-digit\u201d in Q4.\n\u2022 For FY-26 management anticipates positive comps, citing:\n\u2003\u2013 Full-year benefit of reservation system,\n\u2003\u2013 A record 7\u20138 IP collaborations with \u201cno interruptions\u201d in the calendar,\n\u2003\u2013 Continued new menu/\u201clight-rice\u201d initiative expected to lift plate count and lower food cost.\nDo they appear to expect positive comps in Q4-25?\nThe tone was upbeat, but management never explicitly said \u201cpositive comps.\u201d Phrases such as \u201cvery pleased with how the quarter is progressing\u201d and \u201ccomp makes it easier to lever labor\u201d suggest they hope for flat-to-positive, yet they also noted that effective price is stepping down 80 bps sequentially, which makes traffic growth more critical.\nReconciling guidance vs. the math above\nOur table shows the FY-25 sales goal can be reached even if Q4 comps remain modestly negative (-2 % to \u20117 %) provided new-store productivity holds in the 85-95 % range observed in Q3. Therefore:\n\u2022 If comps do come in positive, total sales could exceed the $281 mm guide.\n\u2022 If comps run low-single-digit negative, guidance is still achievable as long as:\n\u2003\u2003i) the final two FY-25 openings occur on schedule, and\n\u2003\u2003ii) new-store productivity stays at or above ~80 % of mature-store levels.\nPossible explanations for any variance between commentary and implied comp:\n1. Timing of openings \u2013 Our model assumes the last two FY-25 restaurants open half-way through Q4. Earlier openings raise sales and reduce the comp lift required.\n2. NSP volatility \u2013 Q3\u2019s 95 % was unusually high; if the early-Q4 cohort indexes lower (say 80-85 %), a flat or slightly positive comp would be needed to reach the sales target.\n3. Marketing cadence \u2013 Q4 benefits from back-to-back IP events (Peanuts wrapping, hololive live), which management believes are driving traffic.\n4. Reservation-system ramp \u2013 If the new system lifts traffic per store faster than assumed, comp could flip positive even with lower pricing.\n5. Weather / calendar shifts \u2013 Q4-24 had an unfavorable calendar (later Labor Day), providing an easier compare that could nudge comps into the black.\nBottom line\nManagement\u2019s confident tone is consistent with at least flattish comps. The math shows they can still make the revenue guide with mid-single-digit negative comps, giving the company a comfortable cushion should traffic improvement be slower than hoped.", "r1-0528_response": "Based on the provided documents and earnings call transcript, here's a comprehensive analysis of Kura Sushi's sales trends, implied guidance, and management commentary:\n1. Implied Q4 2025 Sales Guidance\n\u2022\tFY2025 Sales Guidance: $281 million (per Q3 press release)\n\u2022\tYTD Sales (9M ended May 31, 2025): $203.315 million\n\u2022\tImplied Q4 Sales:\n$281.0M - $203.315M = $77.685 million\n________________________________________\n2. New Store Productivity (Q3 2025)\nKey Inputs:\n\u2022\tAverage Selling Sq. Ft. per Store: 3,400 sq. ft. (as per your assumption)\n\u2022\tNew Stores (opened in last 12 months): 13 (from Q3 press release: occupancy costs increased due to \"thirteen new restaurants since Q3 2024\")\n\u2022\tTotal Restaurants at Q3-End: 76\n\u2022\tMature Stores (open >12 months): 76 - 13 = 63\nCalculations:\n1.\tTotal Sales (Q3 2025): $74.0 million\n2.\tSales per Mature Store (avg.):\no\tAssume mature stores drove majority of sales, but new stores contribute incrementally.\no\tNew Store Sales Contribution: Not directly disclosed, but implied via cannibalization.\n3.\tNew Store Productivity (% of Mature Store Sales):\no\tManagement stated new stores have ~400 bps cannibalization impact (earnings call).\no\tHistorically, new stores achieve ~85-90% productivity of mature stores (inferred from call).\no\tQ3 Example:\n\uf0a7\tIf mature stores avg. $1.0M sales/store, new stores avg. $0.85-0.90M.\n\uf0a7\tTotal sales = (63 \u00d7 $1.0M) + (13 \u00d7 $0.875M) \u2248 $74.0M.\no\tProductivity Rate: ~87.5% (implied).\nSales per Sq. Ft. (New vs. Mature):\n\u2022\tMature Stores (avg.): $1.0M / 3,400 sq. ft. = $294/sq. ft.\n\u2022\tNew Stores (avg.): $0.875M / 3,400 sq. ft. = $257/sq. ft.\n\u2022\tProductivity Rate: $257 / $294 \u2248 87.4%\n________________________________________\n3. Implied Q4 2025 Comp Sales\nScenario Setup:\n\u2022\tQ4 Sales Target: $77.685 million\n\u2022\tNew Stores in Q4: 3 openings (per guidance)\n\u2022\tMature Stores: 63 (from Q3) + 3 new from prior = 66 mature stores\n\u2022\tTotal Stores by Q4-End: 76 + 3 = 79\nFormula:\nTotal Sales = (Mature Store Sales \u00d7 Comp Growth) + (New Store Sales \u00d7 Productivity Rate)\nWhere:\n\u2022\tNew Store Sales = (Mature Store Sales \u00d7 Productivity Rate)\n\u2022\tCannibalization = 4% (as per call)\nSensitivity Table:\nImplied Comp Growth Needed to Hit $77.685M Target\nNSP Rate\t75%\t80%\t85%\t90%\t95%\nComp Growth\t-1.2%\t-0.7%\t-0.2%\t+0.3%\t+0.8%\nCalculations (Example at 85% NSP):\n\u2022\tMature Store Base Sales (Q4 2024): $66.0M (from Q4 2024 press release)\n\u2022\tMature Store Sales (Q4 2025) = $66.0M \u00d7 (1 + Comp Growth)\n\u2022\tNew Store Sales = 3 \u00d7 ($66.0M / 66 stores) \u00d7 85% = $2.55M\n\u2022\tTotal Sales = [$66.0M \u00d7 (1 + Comp)] + $2.55M - Cannibalization (4% of new sales)\n\u2022\tSolve for Comp Growth: -0.2% (to reach $77.685M)\n________________________________________\n4. Sales Trend Commentary & Q4 Expectations\nKey Quotes from Earnings Call:\n\u2022\tQ3 Trends:\n\"May comps turned positive with traffic growth due to IP campaigns... sequential improvement each month\" (Ben Porten).\n\"Q4 started strong; current quarter performing well\" (Jimmy Uba).\n\u2022\tQ4 Drivers:\n*\"7-8 IP campaigns in FY2026 (starting Sept 2025), no gaps like this year\"* (Uba).\n\"Reservation system driving efficiency and traffic; light rice option boosting check sizes\" (Porten).\n\u2022\tComps Outlook:\n\"We expect positive comps in FY2026\" (Uba).\n\"Q4 effective pricing at 3.5% (vs. 4.3% in Q3)\" (Jeff Uttz).\nDiscrepancy Analysis:\n\u2022\tImplied Q4 Comp: Slightly negative (-0.2% at 85% NSP) vs. qualitative positivity.\n\u2022\tReasons for Gap:\n1.\tNew Store Overperformance: Lynnwood (Q3 opener) became \"top 5 store instantly\" \u2013 NSP likely >90%.\n2.\tCannibalization Mitigation: Smaller DMAs (e.g., Bakersfield) reduce cannibalization below 4%.\n3.\tQ4 Initiatives: Reservation system + light rice driving incremental traffic/check (not in model).\n4.\tGuidance Conservatism: Management admitted being \"gun-shy\" after past misses (Uttz).\nConclusion:\nManagement expects positive Q4 comps (implied by call optimism), but guidance math suggests flat/negative comps. This likely reflects:\n\u2022\tHigher new store productivity (>90%),\n\u2022\tLower cannibalization (<4%),\n\u2022\tUpside from new initiatives (light rice, reservations).\nInference: Kura is guiding conservatively; beat likely if trends hold.\n________________________________________\nSummary of Key Metrics:\nMetric\tValue\nImplied Q4 Sales\t$77.685M\nQ3 New Store Productivity\t87.5% (vs. mature)\nImplied Q4 Comp (85% NSP)\t-0.2%\nActual Q4 Comp Expectation\tPositive (per call)\nRecommendation: Monitor reservation system adoption and light rice performance \u2013 these could drive upside to comps and justify management's optimism.\n\n", "grok4_response": "Q3 2025 New Store Productivity\nBased on the provided documents and supplemental web searches to confirm restaurant counts and historical data, Kura Sushi USA ended Q3 2025 (May 31, 2025) with 76 restaurants. The company ended Q3 2024 (May 31, 2024) with 63 restaurants, implying 13 restaurants opened within the last 12 months. Using the user's definition, these 13 restaurants are classified as new stores (open fewer than four full reporting periods). The remaining 63 restaurants are in the comp base.\n\u2022\tTotal Q3 2025 sales: $74 million.\n\u2022\tSales from comp stores (63 restaurants): $61.78 million (calculated as prior-year Q3 sales of $63.1 million \u00d7 0.979, reflecting the reported -2.1% comp growth).\n\u2022\tSales from new stores (13 restaurants): $12.22 million.\n\u2022\tEnding square footage of new stores: 13 \u00d7 3,400 = 44,200 sq ft.\n\u2022\tNew store sales per sq ft: $12.22 million / 44,200 \u2248 $276.5.\n\u2022\tAverage number of stores in Q3 2025: (73 at start + 76 at end) / 2 = 74.5.\n\u2022\tAverage square footage: 74.5 \u00d7 3,400 = 253,300 sq ft.\n\u2022\tTotal sales per average sq ft: $74 million / 253,300 \u2248 $292.1.\n\u2022\tNew store productivity as a percentage of total sales per average sq ft: $276.5 / $292.1 \u2248 94.7%.\nTo arrive at this solution:\n\u2022\tConfirm restaurant counts and sales via company press releases and definitions.\n\u2022\tCalculate comp sales using the reported comp growth applied to prior-year sales from the comp base.\n\u2022\tSubtract to derive new store sales.\n\u2022\tCompute per-sq-ft metrics using ending sq ft for new stores and average sq ft for total (as the query specifies \"total sales per average square foot\").\nQ4 2025 Implied Comp at Q3 NSP Level\nFY 2025 sales guidance: $281 million. Nine-month sales (through Q3 2025): $209 million. Implied Q4 2025 sales: $72 million.\nThe company ended FY 2024 (August 31, 2024) with 64 restaurants. It plans 15 opens in FY 2025, with 12 occurring in Q1-Q3 and 3 in Q4 (consistent with guidance and post-Q3 opens mentioned). End Q4 2025: 76 + 3 = 79 restaurants. New stores: 15 (all FY 2025 opens, as opens from Q4 FY 2024 have 4 full quarters by end Q4 2025 and are thus in comp base). Comp stores: 64.\n\u2022\tQ4 2024 sales (prior-year baseline for comp base): $66 million.\n\u2022\tQ4 2024 average stores: (63 at start + 64 at end) / 2 = 63.5.\n\u2022\tQ4 2024 average sq ft: 63.5 \u00d7 3,400 = 215,900.\n\u2022\tQ4 2024 sales per average sq ft: $66 million / 215,900 \u2248 $305.7.\n\u2022\tAssumed NSP at Q3 level (94.7% of Q4 2024 sales per average sq ft): 0.947 \u00d7 $305.7 \u2248 $289.4 per sq ft.\n\u2022\tEnding sq ft of new stores: 15 \u00d7 3,400 = 51,000.\n\u2022\tImplied new store sales at this NSP: $289.4 \u00d7 51,000 \u2248 $14.76 million.\n\u2022\tImplied comp store sales to reach $72 million total: $72 million - $14.76 million = $57.24 million.\n\u2022\tImplied comp growth: ($57.24 million / $66 million) - 1 \u2248 -13.3%.\nTo arrive at this solution:\n\u2022\tDerive Q4 sales from full-year guidance minus nine-month actuals.\n\u2022\tConfirm opens and counts via press releases and guidance.\n\u2022\tCalculate prior-year per-sq-ft metric.\n\u2022\tApply Q3 NSP percentage to project new store sales, then back-solve for required comp growth.\nSensitivity Table for Implied Q4 Comp\nThe table below shows the implied Q4 comp growth needed to reach $72 million in Q4 sales at various NSP levels (as % of Q4 2024 sales per average sq ft of $305.7). Assumptions are consistent with above (15 new stores, 51,000 ending new sq ft, $66 million prior comp sales baseline).\nNSP Level\tNew Store Sales per Sq Ft\tProjected New Store Sales\tImplied Comp Store Sales\tImplied Comp Growth\n75%\t$229.3\t$11.69 million\t$60.31 million\t-8.6%\n80%\t$244.6\t$12.47 million\t$59.53 million\t-9.8%\n85%\t$259.8\t$13.25 million\t$58.75 million\t-11.0%\n90%\t$275.1\t$14.03 million\t$57.97 million\t-12.2%\n95%\t$290.4\t$14.81 million\t$57.19 million\t-13.3%\nTo arrive at the table:\n\u2022\tFor each NSP level r, new per sq ft = r \u00d7 $305.7.\n\u2022\tNew sales = new per sq ft \u00d7 51,000.\n\u2022\tComp sales = $72 million - new sales.\n\u2022\tComp growth = (comp sales / $66 million) - 1.\nAssessment of Earnings Call Commentary on Sales Trends\nThe Q3 2025 earnings call (July 8, 2025) provided positive commentary on sales trends:\n\u2022\tQ3 Trends: The company highlighted sequential monthly improvement in comps throughout Q3 (March negative, April better, May positive). May comps turned positive, driven by the Peanuts IP collaboration (late April start) and reservation system rollout (earnest in April, largely complete by May). Positive traffic in May was noted, ending a 4-5 month gap without IP campaigns.\n\u2022\tQ4 QTD Trends: Management expressed optimism for Q4, stating \"we're very pleased with how the current quarter is performing as well.\" This follows the positive May momentum, with IP collaborations (e.g., Peanuts through June, hololive ongoing) continuing. The reservation system is seen as a traffic driver, with further upside from broader communication. New initiatives like light rice (rolled out to ~50 stores by call date) are expected to boost mix and plates per person.\nYes, it is reasonable to infer the company expects positive comps in Q4 based on this commentary. They emphasized momentum from IP, reservations, and new menu options, with no mention of headwinds and explicit pleasure with Q4 QTD performance (covering June and early July data available at the time of the call).\nDiscrepancy Between Commentary and Implied Comp in Guidance\nThe commentary suggests positive comps in Q4 (aligning with May's positive turn and ongoing drivers), but the calculation implies -13.3% comp (using the user's definition) to hit $281 million full-year sales. Possible explanations include:\n\u2022\tDifferent Comp Definitions: The company's reported comp includes only stores open >18 months (per press release definitions), excluding ramping stores opened 12-18 months ago. The user's definition uses >12 months for comp (>4 full quarters). If newer stores (12-18 months old) are underperforming or ramping slower, they could drag the user's \"comp\" metric negative, while the company's stricter comp (older stores) remains positive. This aligns with commentary on strong new opens (e.g., Lynnwood in top 5) but potential variability in 12-18 month cohort.\n\u2022\tNew Store Productivity Assumptions: Using ending sq ft for new stores assumes full-quarter contribution from all, but stores opened mid-quarter (e.g., 3 in Q4) contribute partial sales. This understates effective per-sq-ft productivity (lowering the NSP % in Q3 to 94.7% and implying more negative comp in Q4). If adjusted for average sq ft during the quarter, NSP % would be higher, leading to even more negative implied comp\u2014but this highlights the method's conservatism. Company may expect higher effective NSP from strong opens in smaller markets (e.g., Bakersfield success mentioned as expanding whitespace).\n\u2022\tConservative Guidance: The $281 million is a point estimate (raised slightly from $275-279 million), but management noted they were \"pretty certain\" of hitting near this last quarter. With positive Q4 QTD trends, they may beat guidance (implying higher total sales and less negative/positive implied comp). Tariffs were discussed as a potential COGS risk but not a sales headwind.\n\u2022\tOther Factors: Mix improvements (light rice boosting plates per person, IP giveaways at higher spend thresholds) and efficiencies (reservations reducing wait times, increasing turns) could drive upside beyond base assumptions. Cannibalization from clustered opens (70% in existing markets in FY26, but similar in FY25) might pressure user's comp base more than company's stricter definition. Overall, the guidance may embed caution on macro/inflation, while commentary reflects real-time strength.\n", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Notes pricing was up 4.3% in Q3. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes IP collaborations are continuing in the current quarter. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates new square footage in Q4 2025 by multiplying new stores added in 2025 by average square footage per store.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the company has been pleased with the performance of the class of 2025 new stores, and that it has been one of the \"strongest classes\" in recent memory.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes it is too early to quantify the impact of the reservation system. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes it was said that the company was pleased with how the current quarter is progressing.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied same store sales growth by subtracting 1 \u2013 (Sales from comp feet this year with a 95% NSP assumption / total sales last year).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the company said they are not giving formal commentary on QTD comps. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes pricing will be 3.5% in Q4. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the Peanuts Campaign was running in May.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates implied Q4 2025 sales guidance by subtracting YTD sales from total 2025 sales guidance.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the possibility of conservative guidance, with positive comps and sales above $77.8 M. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates new store productivity in Q3 2025 by dividing sales by square foot of new stores / sales per average square foot.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied comp in Q4 2025 by dividing Q4 2025 sales from comp stores by Q4 2025 total sales, minus 1.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the possibility that new store productivity in Q4 2025 could be lower to reconcile with commentary indicating positive comps. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates sales per average square foot in Q4 2024 by dividing total Q4 2024 sales / average square footage in Q4 2024.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied same store sales growth by subtracting 1 \u2013 (Sales from comp feet this year with a 85% NSP assumption / total sales last year).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that since it is still early in the quarter, perhaps comps could be negative despite the favorable commentary on the conference call. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes comps were positive in May. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes Peanuts IP Campaign ran in June.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied same store sales growth by subtracting 1 \u2013 (Sales from comp feet this year with a 75% NSP assumption / total sales last year).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the response from guests and team members to the new reservation system have been uniformly positive", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes positive traffic in May. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States it would be reasonable to infer comps are expected to be positive comps in Q4 based on commentary from the company. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the favorable commentary on leveraging labor with a positive comp in Q4 2025.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes favorable commentary on new store productivity as supportive of conservative guidance. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied same store sales growth by subtracting 1 \u2013 (Sales from comp feet this year with a 90% NSP assumption / total sales last year).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates an implied same store sales growth by subtracting 1 \u2013 (Sales from comp feet this year with a 80% NSP assumption / total sales last year).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes sequential improvement in monthly comps in Q3", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the rollout of the new reservation system was largely done by May. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes timing of new store openings could lead to lower than average NSP in Q4.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Q4 2025 ending store count by adding annual guidance plus ending 2024 store count.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Presents all five implied comps in a sensitivity table.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States there is a discrepancy between Q4 implied comp guidance and recent commentary from the company. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes the hololive IP campaign is in the current quarter. ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-5", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "I'm working with a transit authority in a major US city that is exploring the idea of modernizing themselves. The transit system is facing declining ridership, aging infrastructure, and pressure to reduce carbon emissions. They are simultaneously trying to improve service, reliability, and accessibility.\n\nFirst, analyze the state of transit in the US to identify the top 3 operational challenges that most significantly impact both service quality and ridership. Prioritize these challenges based on their impact on both operational efficiency and passenger experience. For each challenge, identify a specific performance metric that demonstrates the severity of each issue.\n\nThen, determine which emerging transit technologies or operational innovations show the highest potential for addressing these issues. Evaluate at least 4 different solutions considering factors such as implementation feasibility, cost effectiveness, and proven results from pilot programs or implementations in comparable transit systems.\n\nThen, develop an implementation roadmap for the top 2 recommended solutions, including key milestones, resource requirements, and potential barriers to adoption. Include specific recommendations for pilot program design that would allow for testing and validation before system-wide deployment. Create a stakeholder engagement strategy that addresses the concerns of key groups, including riders, transit workers unions, local government, and community organizations. Identify potential points of resistance and develop mitigation strategies for each stakeholder group.\n\nWrite an executive briefing memo for the transit authority's board. This memo should include\n1. Executive summary of current state challenges and their impact on system performance\n2. Analysis of innovative solutions with evidence-based assessment of their potential impact\n3. Recommended implementation approach with clear business case for investment\n4. Risk assessment and stakeholder management plan\n5. Proposed next steps for engaging consulting support through pilot program design and execution", "o3_response": "Memorandum \nTo: Chief Executive Officer \u2013 Charitable Foundation, [Hospital System] \nFrom: [Consulting Firm] \u2013 Health Equity & Community Impact Practice \nDate: ____ 2025 \nSubject: Priority Health Outcomes, Key Social Determinants of Health and Recommended Borough-level Initiatives \u2013 New York City \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n1. Executive Summary \u2013 Where New York City Needs Us Most \n\u2022 Five, consistently documented problems are driving excess morbidity and avoidable cost in NYC. \n 1. Opioid-related overdose mortality (Richmond/Staten Island \u2013 59.3/100 000; city-wide record high in 2023) \n 2. Asthma emergency-department (ED) use in children 0-4 yrs (Bronx \u2013 264/10 000 vs. state 92) \n 3. Premature cardiovascular death (Kings/Brooklyn \u2013 heart-disease deaths before 65 yrs >200/100 000; 24 % of all deaths occur <65 yrs) \n 4. Diabetes-related preventable hospitalisation/readmission (Queens \u2013 Medicare preventable stay rate 4 400/100 000 vs. national 2 666) \n 5. Inadequate early prenatal care (Bronx \u2013 only 58 % first-trimester care vs. state target 79 %; maternal mortality 29/100 000) \n\n\u2022 Together these account for \u2248 7 000 avoidable deaths and > $2 B in direct medical cost annually. \n\u2022 The same five Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) explain the bulk of the excess risk and affect > 3 million New Yorkers. \n \u2013 Severe housing burden & crowding \n \u2013 Poverty / income insecurity \n \u2013 Food insecurity & poor food environment \n \u2013 Educational/economic opportunity (unemployment, low \u201csome-college\u201d) \n \u2013 Health-care access gaps (uninsurance & under-insurance) \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n2. Borough Snap-Shot of Priority Health Outcomes \n\n| Health outcome | Highest-need borough (county) | Signal metric (latest) | NYC residents impacted | Trend | \n|----------------|-------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|--------| \n| Opioid overdose mortality | Richmond | 59 deaths/100 000 (2023) | 98 000 high-risk adults | \u2191 24 % since 2021 | \n| Childhood asthma ED use | Bronx | 264 ED visits/10 000 (0-4 yrs) | 46 000 children | \u2191 returning winter peaks | \n| Premature CVD death | Kings | 207 deaths/100 000 <65 yrs | 145 000 adults with uncontrolled HTN | Flat \u2013 not improving | \n| Diabetes preventable admits | Queens | 4 400/100 000 Medicare beneficiaries | 62 000 patients | \u2191 8 % post-pandemic | \n| Late / no prenatal care | Bronx | Only 58 % early care | 12 000 births / yr | Widening racial gap | \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n3. SDoH Drivers \u2013 Magnitude & Correlation \n\n| Ranked SDoH factor | City-wide magnitude | Strongest health-outcome correlations | Data source | \n|--------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------|-------------| \n| 1. Severe housing problems | 900 000 households (23 %) | Asthma, prenatal care, CVD stress | CHR 2025 | \n| 2. Poverty / income inequality | 1.5 M residents <200 % FPL; income ratio 6.9 | Overdose, diabetes, CVD | ACS 2024 | \n| 3. Food environment index low (<6) | 2.1 M residents in low-access tracts | Diabetes, CVD, prenatal nutrition | USDA/Feeding America | \n| 4. Limited education / unemployment | 540 000 adults w/o HS equivalency; unemployment 5.8 % | Overdose recidivism, prenatal engagement | BLS 2024 | \n| 5. Uninsured / under-insured | 900 000 under 65 (10 %) | Late prenatal care, delayed asthma follow-up | SAHIE 2024 | \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n4. Recommended Community-Level Initiatives & Anchor Partners \n\n| SDoH lever | Initiative (12-month pilot \u2013 3-year scale) | Borough focus | Anchor community-based organisation (CBO) | Business case (year-3) | \n|------------|-------------------------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------------------|------------------------| \n| Housing quality & crowding | \u201cHealthy Homes for Healthy Lungs\u201d \u2013 in-unit environmental remediation + CHW home-visits for families of high-utiliser paediatric asthma pts (similar to NYC DOHMH BreatheEasy but borough-specific) | Bronx | South Bronx Unite & Phipps Neighborhoods | 25 % drop in asthma ED visits \u2192 $6.2 M avoided cost; ROI 2.4 : 1 | \n| Poverty / income | \u201cPathways to Paychecks\u201d \u2013 hospital-linked job-training & placement (EVS, care co-ordination, IT) for recently treated overdose survivors | Staten Island | Staten Island Partnership for Community Wellness (SIPCW) | 150 graduates; 40 % relapse reduction; $3 M societal saving; break-even yr 2 | \n| Food environment | Produce Rx + Mobile Pantry at FQHC sites; integrate Epic SDoH Wheel hunger screen auto-refer to Public Health Solutions pantry hub | Queens | Public Health Solutions | 2 000 patients; HbA1c \u2193 0.8; prevent 180 admits; ROI 1.9 : 1 | \n| Education / employment | \u201cCardioCareer\u201d peer-led workforce & literacy program in Brooklyn high schools \u2013 combines health education + EMT certification | Brooklyn | Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation | Premature CVD death \u2193 5 % in cohort; pipeline of 120 EMTs/yr | \n| Insurance / care access | \u201cFirst Trimester Fast-Track\u201d \u2013 Medicaid/marketplace on-site enrollment + rideshare vouchers at Bronx prenatal clinics | Bronx | BronxWorks | Early prenatal care \u2191 to 75 %; maternal complications \u2193 12 %; cost offset via DRG savings $1.8 M/yr | \n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n5. Next Steps \u2013 How We Can Support Execution \n\nPhase 1 \u2013 Q3-Q4 2025 \n\u2022 Formalise data-sharing agreements with NYC DOHMH & listed CBOs; stand-up cross-sector steering committee. \n\u2022 Build geocoded SDoH dashboards inside the health-system Epic instance (leveraging Z-codes, ADI, EDIE feeds). \n\u2022 Design evaluation framework (primary outcome, cost-avoidance, equity metrics); secure philanthropic & 1115 Waiver funds (~ $6 M). \n\nPhase 2 \u2013 2026 \n\u2022 Launch pilots; integrate referral loops using Unite Us platform; monthly Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. \n\u2022 Provide hospital staff & CBO workforce training (screening, data entry, closed-loop referral). \n\u2022 Produce quarterly impact briefs for Foundation board; adjust scale/stop per ROI gates. \n\nPhase 3 \u2013 2027-2028 \n\u2022 Expand high-performing pilots across additional ZIP codes; embed in value-based contracts (DSRIP 2.0). \n\u2022 Publish outcomes; advocate for city-wide policy adoption (e.g., healthy-homes tax credit, city rideshare prenatal benefit). \n\nOur team stands ready to draft detailed implementation plans, negotiate with CBOs, and build the analytics layer that links SDoH improvement directly to hospital quality, Star ratings, and community-benefit reporting. \n\nPlease let us know a convenient time next week for a deep-dive session with your leadership team. \n\nRespectfully submitted, \n[Consulting Lead Name] \nHealth Equity & Community Impact Practice", "r1-0528_response": "**Memo** \n**To:** Chief Executive Officer, Charitable Arm of [Hospital System Name] \n**From:** [Your Name], Management Consultant, Healthcare Practice \n**Date:** [Insert Date] \n**Subject:** Strategic Initiatives Targeting Key Health Outcomes and Social Determinants of Health in NYC \n\n---\n\n### 1. **Summary of High-Need Health Outcomes in NYC** \nBased on data analysis, the following health outcomes disproportionately impact NYC residents, ordered by severity: \n1. **Premature Death** (Bronx County): Highest Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) rate, particularly among non-Hispanic Black populations (12,111 per 100,000). \n2. **Low Birth Weight** (Bronx County): 13% among non-Hispanic Black infants, exceeding NYC averages. \n3. **Poor Mental Health Days** (Bronx County): Residents report 5.6 poor mental health days/month, linked to chronic stress and economic instability. \n4. **Preventable Hospital Stays** (Bronx County): High hospitalization rates for conditions like asthma and diabetes, indicating gaps in primary care access. \n5. **Injury-Related Deaths** (Bronx County): Elevated injury death rates (74 per 100,000), driven by violence and accidents. \n\n---\n\n### 2. **Geographic Distribution** \nThe Bronx (County 36005) is the highest-priority borough for all outcomes due to systemic inequities. Critical data points: \n- **Poverty:** 36% of children live below the poverty line. \n- **Housing Burden:** 57% face severe housing cost burdens. \n- **Food Insecurity:** Food Environment Index score of 7.1 (lower than NYC average). \n\n---\n\n### 3. **Prioritized Social Determinants of Health (SDoH)** \nThe following SDoH factors are most critical to address, based on prevalence and correlation with health outcomes: \n1. **Economic Stability** (Income Inequality, Unemployment) \n2. **Housing Quality and Affordability** \n3. **Access to Healthcare Services** \n4. **Food Security** \n5. **Community Safety** \n\n**Correlations:** \n- Premature Death \u21e8 Income Inequality (Income Ratio Z-score: 3.45). \n- Low Birth Weight \u21e8 Maternal Poverty (% Children in Poverty: 36%). \n- Poor Mental Health \u21e8 Severe Housing Problems (57% in the Bronx). \n\n---\n\n### 4. **Proposed Community-Level Initiatives** \n**A. Initiative:** *Bronx Housing Stability Program* \n- **SDoH Addressed:** Housing Affordability \n- **Action:** Expand rent subsidies and tenant legal aid. \n- **Partner:** **BronxWorks** (existing housing advocacy network in the Bronx). \n\n**B. Initiative:** *Healthy Start Maternal Care Network* \n- **SDoH Addressed:** Access to Prenatal Care \n- **Action:** Mobile clinics for prenatal screenings and nutrition support. \n- **Partner:** **Montefiore Health System Community Health Program**. \n\n**C. Initiative:** *Mental Health First Responder Training* \n- **SDoH Addressed:** Community Safety and Mental Health \n- **Action:** Train community leaders in de-escalation and mental health crisis response. \n- **Partner:** **Mental Health Association of NYC** (Bronx-based). \n\n**Business Case:** Programs align with Medicaid reinvestment goals, reduce long-term costs (e.g., preventable hospitalizations cost NYC $3,519 per case), and improve community trust. \n\n---\n\n### 5. **Next Steps** \n1. **Phase 1 (0\u20133 months):** Finalize partnerships, secure funding via Medicaid waivers. \n2. **Phase 2 (4\u20136 months):** Pilot initiatives in the Bronx; integrate data tracking via EHRs. \n3. **Phase 3 (7\u201312 months):** Scale successful programs to Brooklyn and Queens. \n\n**Request:** Engage our team to lead stakeholder workshops, develop grant proposals, and design evaluation metrics.", "grok4_response": "# MEMORANDUM\n\n**To:** Chief Executive Officer, Charitable Arm of [Hospital System Name] \n**From:** [Your Name], Management Consultant, Healthcare Practice, [Your Firm Name] \n**Date:** [Current Date] \n**Subject:** Prioritized Health Outcomes, Social Determinants of Health (SDoH), and Recommended Community Initiatives for New York City Boroughs \n\nDear CEO [Last Name], \n\nThis memorandum summarizes our team's analysis of key health outcomes disproportionately impacting New York City (NYC), correlated SDoH factors, and proposed community-level initiatives. Our findings are based on County Health Rankings data (File_1055.csv) and supplementary research on community violence and mental health (e.g., studies on exposure to violence in urban public housing). We focused on the five NYC boroughs (Bronx, Brooklyn/Kings, Manhattan/New York, Queens, and Staten Island/Richmond) to identify high-need areas and actionable strategies. This work aligns with our project's goal to enhance local health outcomes through targeted interventions. \n\n### 1. Summary of Health Outcomes in New York City and Which Ones Are High Need Based on the Data \nNew York City's health outcomes reflect urban challenges, with disparities driven by dense populations, socioeconomic inequities, and environmental factors. Using County Health Rankings data, we analyzed metrics such as premature death rates (Years of Potential Life Lost, YPLL), poor physical and mental health days, low birth weight, and injury death rates. These outcomes are measurable results of healthcare interventions and reflect patient health status and well-being. \n\nCompared to national benchmarks (via Z-scores, where positive values indicate worse-than-average performance), NYC shows disproportionate impacts in several areas. We prioritized the top 5 health outcomes based on impact, defined by a combination of high Z-scores, absolute rates, and population scale (e.g., number of affected individuals across boroughs). These are ordered from 1 (highest impact) to 5: \n1. **Premature Death (YPLL Rate)**: Highest impact due to elevated rates citywide (e.g., NYC aggregate YPLL rate of 6,637 vs. national norms), linked to chronic diseases and violence. \n2. **Poor Mental Health Days**: Widespread, with an average of 4.9 days reported, reflecting stress from urban living and violence exposure. \n3. **Injury Deaths**: High rates (e.g., NYC average 60 per 100,000), often tied to community violence and accidents. \n4. **Low Birth Weight**: Affects 8% of births citywide, indicating maternal and infant health disparities. \n5. **Poor or Fair Health**: 16% of residents report this, signaling overall well-being gaps. \n\nThese outcomes disproportionately affect NYC's 8.8 million residents, with higher burdens in low-income and minority communities, as evidenced by positive Z-scores and correlations with violence exposure in public housing (per supplementary research). \n\n### 2. Summary of Health Outcomes by Geography \nWe selected one focus borough per health outcome based on data proxies (e.g., highest rates, Z-scores, or population impact). Borough-level data highlights geographic disparities: \n- **Premature Death**: Bronx (YPLL rate 9,451; Z-score -0.27 but highest absolute rate among boroughs, impacting ~1.4 million residents). \n- **Poor Mental Health Days**: Brooklyn/Kings (5.2 days; tied to high violence exposure in public housing). \n- **Injury Deaths**: Manhattan/New York (rate 52 per 100,000; Z-score -1.59, but high urban density amplifies impact). \n- **Low Birth Weight**: Queens (9%; Z-score 0.27, affecting diverse immigrant populations). \n- **Poor or Fair Health**: Staten Island/Richmond (14%; Z-score -1.22, with emerging opioid-related issues). \n\nThese selections prioritize boroughs with the most severe data indicators, ensuring initiatives target high-need areas. For instance, Bronx's premature death rate is exacerbated by factors like air pollution and poverty, affecting over 1.4 million people. \n\n### 3. Summary of Correlated SDoH Factors and Which Factors Should Be Prioritized \nBased on the prioritized health outcomes, key correlated SDoH include economic stability, education, neighborhood environment, and social context. For example: \n- Premature death correlates strongly with income inequality (ratio 5.8 citywide; Z-score 3.45) and children in poverty (19%; Z-score -0.55). \n- Poor mental health days are linked to social associations (rate 7.9; Z-score 1.50) and exposure to community violence (per research on urban youth, where violence witnessing increases depressive symptoms). \n- Injury deaths correlate with air pollution (PM2.5 6.9; Z-score -0.77) and severe housing problems (23%; Z-score 5.87). \n- Low birth weight ties to food environment index (8.7; Z-score -0.79) and access to exercise (93%; Z-score -1.40). \n- Poor or fair health relates to unemployment (4.2%; Z-score 0.00) and broadband access (89%; Z-score -0.77). \n\nOther correlated factors include uninsured rates (6%; Z-score -1.28) and preventable hospital stays. We prioritized 5 SDoH based on current magnitude in NYC (e.g., number of people impacted, per data like 19% children in poverty affecting ~1.7 million youth): \n1. **Severe Housing Problems** (23% of households; impacts ~3.5 million people via overcrowding and cost burden). \n2. **Children in Poverty** (19%; affects ~1.7 million children, linked to long-term health). \n3. **Income Inequality** (ratio 5.8; widens disparities for ~8.8 million residents). \n4. **Air Pollution** (PM2.5 6.9; citywide exposure affects all residents, worsening respiratory outcomes). \n5. **Social Associations** (rate 7.9; low community ties impact mental health for ~8.8 million). \n\nThese were selected for their high prevalence and correlation with outcomes like mental health and premature death. \n\n### 4. Potential Initiatives That Should Be Considered with a Business Case with Key Community-Based Organization Partners Captured \nBased on prioritized SDoH, we propose one community-level initiative per factor, implementable at the borough level. Initiatives draw inspiration from research on violence reduction and family/peer support in urban settings (e.g., mediating effects of parenting and peers on depressive symptoms). Each includes a business case (e.g., cost savings via reduced hospitalizations) and a partner CBO in the relevant borough from Task 1. \n\n- **Severe Housing Problems (Bronx Focus)**: Launch a housing stabilization program providing rent assistance and overcrowding relief workshops. *Business Case*: Reduces preventable hospital stays (Bronx rate 3,519; potential 10-15% drop saves ~$5M annually in healthcare costs). Partner: BronxWorks (Bronx-based, expertise in housing support). \n- **Children in Poverty (Brooklyn Focus)**: Implement after-school nutrition and mentoring programs in public housing to address food insecurity. *Business Case*: Lowers low birth weight and injury rates (Brooklyn 44 per 100,000), yielding ~$3M in long-term health savings via improved child outcomes. Partner: Brooklyn Community Services (Brooklyn-based, focuses on youth poverty alleviation). \n- **Income Inequality (Manhattan Focus)**: Develop job training and financial literacy hubs for low-income families. *Business Case*: Cuts unemployment (Manhattan 4.6%) and related mental health days, saving ~$4M in productivity losses and ER visits. Partner: The Door (Manhattan-based, youth employment and education programs). \n- **Air Pollution (Queens Focus)**: Create community green spaces and air quality monitoring campaigns. *Business Case*: Mitigates premature death (Queens YPLL 5,788), reducing respiratory admissions by 5-10% (~$2M savings). Partner: Queens Community House (Queens-based, environmental and community health initiatives). \n- **Social Associations (Staten Island Focus)**: Establish peer support networks to combat isolation and violence exposure. *Business Case*: Lowers injury deaths (Staten Island 55 per 100,000) and poor health reports, saving ~$1.5M in mental health interventions. Partner: Staten Island Partnership for Community Wellness (Staten Island-based, social connection and violence prevention). \n\nThese initiatives are scalable, with ROI driven by reduced healthcare utilization (e.g., NYC's high preventable stays at 2,595). \n\n### 5. Next Steps of How the Client Should Continue to Engage Us to Execute on the Prioritized Initiatives \nTo move forward, we recommend the following: \n- **Short-Term (Next 30 Days)**: Schedule a kickoff workshop with your team to refine initiatives and pilot in one borough. \n- **Medium-Term (Next 3-6 Months)**: Engage our firm for implementation support, including CBO partnerships, grant applications, and outcome tracking (e.g., via data dashboards). \n- **Long-Term**: Retain us for evaluation and scaling across NYC, leveraging our healthcare expertise to measure impact on outcomes like YPLL. Please contact me to discuss engagement terms. \n\nWe look forward to partnering on this impactful work. \n\nBest regards, \n[Your Name] \nManagement Consultant \n[Your Firm Name] \n[Contact Information]", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies a potential concern for the local government stakeholder group.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Develops a mitigation strategy for the identified community organizations concern.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one resource requirement for the first recommended solution", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one potential barrier to adoption for the second recommended solution.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Develops a mitigation strategy for the identified point of resistance from the transit workers unions.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a fourth (out of four) solutions to address at least one of the three initially identified challenges, considering factors such as implementation feasibility, cost effectiveness, and proven results from pilot programs or implementations in comparable transit systems.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a potential point of resistance from the riders stakeholder group.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Includes specific recommendations for pilot program design for one of the top solutions.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a second (out of three) operational challenge that most significantly impacts service quality and ridership", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines a success metric that would allow for testing and validation of the pilot program.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one resource requirement for the second recommended solution.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a potential point of resistance from the transit workers unions stakeholder group.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a potential concern for community organizations.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a three (out of four) solutions to address at least one of the three initially identified challenges, considering factors such as implementation feasibility, cost effectiveness, and proven results from pilot programs or implementations in comparable transit systems.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a second (out of four) solutions to address at least one of the three initially identified challenges, considering factors such as implementation feasibility, cost effectiveness, and proven results from pilot programs or implementations in comparable transit systems.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Prioritizes the identified challenges based on their impact on both operational efficiency and passenger experience", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a first (out of three) operational challenge that most significantly impacts service quality and ridership", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Develops an implementation roadmap that includes at least one key milestone for the first recommended solution", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Selects the top 2 recommended solutions based on the evaluation", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Structures an executive briefing memo for the transit authority's board", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Develops a mitigation strategy for the identified local government concern.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a specific performance metric for the third operational challenge that demonstrates the severity of the issue", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Develops a mitigation strategy for the identified concern for the riders stakeholder group.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one potential barrier to adoption for the first recommended solution", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a first (out of four) solutions to address at least one of the three initially identified challenges, considering factors such as implementation feasibility, cost effectiveness, and proven results from pilot programs or implementations in comparable transit systems.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a specific performance metric for the second operational challenge that demonstrates the severity of the issue", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Develops an implementation roadmap that includes at least one key milestone for the second recommended solution", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a third (out of three) operational challenge that most significantly impacts service quality and ridership", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a specific performance metric for the first operational challenge that demonstrates the severity of the issue", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-5", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "The Integral Equation Model (IEM) in radar remote sensing is used to relate radar backscattering at co-polarization to the physical surface variables, such as surface roughness, soil moisture, and complex dielectric constant ($\\epsilon$). In this surface scattering model, $W(k_x,k_y)$ is the 2D power spectral density or surface power spectrum, and $R_h$ and $R_v$ are the horizontally and vertically polarized Fresnel reflection coefficients. $k_x,k_y$ are defined as $2k \\sin\\theta$ and $2k \\cos\\theta$, respectively, $\\theta$ is the incidence angle measured from the surface normal, and $k$ is the wavenumber.\nConsider the IEM equation improved by Fung et al. (2004), also termed as I$^2$EM by Ulaby (2014), and take the scattering in the plane of incidence ($x-z$ plane). \nFirst, derive the Fourier transform of the $\\mathrm{n}^\\text{th}$ order of correlation function in terms of correlation length ($L$), wavenumber ($k$), $n$, and incidence angle $\\theta$. For this, assume the correlation function $\\rho(x)$ to be a Gaussian, where the correlation length ($L$) is defined as the distance at which the correlation drops to $\\frac{1}{e}$ of its maximum value, and the function is normalized such that $\\rho(0)=1$. \nSecond, calculate the $vv$ polarized radar backscattering for $n=1$ and at normal incidence angle in terms of Fresnel coefficients. \nTo calculate this, you need to use the following parameters of the IEM equation: $I_{vv}^n$, which relates the field coefficients $f_{vv} $, $F_{vv}$, to the $R_v$ and $R_h$.\n\nPlease show all thinking and intermediary steps.", "o3_response": "1. Fourier transform of the n-th power of a Gaussian surface\u2013height correlation \n\nCorrelation function (normalised) \n\u03c1 ( r ) = exp [ \u2013 ( r / L )\u00b2 ] ;\u2003\u03c1 ( 0 ) = 1,\u2003L = distance at which \u03c1 = 1/e \n\nFor a stationary, isotropic surface the 2-D n-th power is \n\n\u03c1 \u207d \u207f \u207e ( r ) = [ \u03c1 ( r ) ]\u207f = exp [ \u2013 n r\u00b2 / L\u00b2 ] (A-1)\n\nIts 2-D Fourier transform (surface power spectrum that enters the IEM) is \n\nW \u207d \u207f \u207e ( k\u2093 , k_y ) \n = \u222c exp [ \u2013 n r\u00b2 / L\u00b2 ] e^{ \u2013 i ( k\u2093 x + k_y y ) } d\u00b2 r (A-2)\n\nUsing polar co-ordinates ( r , \u03c6 ) and \u222b\u2080^{\u221e} r e^{ \u2013 a r\u00b2 } J\u2080 ( b r ) dr = (1/2a) exp( \u2013 b\u00b2 / 4a )\n\nwith a = n / L\u00b2 , b\u00b2 = k\u2093\u00b2 + k_y\u00b2 \u2261 k_t\u00b2 , we obtain \n\nW \u207d \u207f \u207e ( k\u2093 , k_y ) = \u03c0 L\u00b2 n^{\u20131} exp [ \u2013 L\u00b2 k_t\u00b2 / (4 n) ] (A-3)\n\nIn the plane of incidence ( x \u2013 z plane) we set k_y = 0 and, for backscatter, \n\nk\u2093 = 2 k sin \u03b8\u2003\u2003 (k = 2\u03c0/\u03bb , \u03b8 = incidence angle) \n\nHence \n\nW \u207d \u207f \u207e ( 2k sin \u03b8 , 0 ) = ( \u03c0 L\u00b2 / n ) exp[ \u2013 (k L)\u00b2 sin\u00b2 \u03b8 / n ] (A-4)\n\nFor the special case n = 1 \n\nW \u207d \u00b9 \u207e ( 2k sin \u03b8 , 0 ) = \u03c0 L\u00b2 exp [ \u2013 ( k L )\u00b2 sin\u00b2 \u03b8 ] (A-5)\n\nand at normal incidence ( \u03b8 = 0 ) \n\nW \u207d \u00b9 \u207e ( 0 , 0 ) = \u03c0 L\u00b2. (A-6)\n\n\n\n2. Single\u2013order ( n = 1 ) vv\u2013polarised backscatter at normal incidence \n\nThe co-polarised I\u00b2EM (Fung et al., 2004) for the back-scattering coefficient reads \n\n\u03c3^0_{pp} = k\u00b2/(4\u03c0) e^{ \u2013 2 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 cos\u00b2 \u03b8 } \n \u2211_{n=1}^{\u221e} | I_{pp}^n |\u00b2 W \u207d \u207f \u207e ( 2k sin \u03b8 , 0 ) / n! (B-1)\n\nwhere the nth-order field coefficient is \n\nI_{pp}^n = ( 2 k s cos \u03b8 ) f_{pp} e^{ \u2013 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 cos\u00b2 \u03b8 } + ( k s cos \u03b8 )^n F_{pp}. (B-2)\n\nFor vv\u2013polarisation (p = v) \n\nf_{vv} = 2 R_v / cos \u03b8 , F_{vv} = 2 sin\u00b2 \u03b8 / cos \u03b8 \u00d7 \u2026 (B-3)\n\nAt \u03b8 = 0\u00b0 :\u2003cos \u03b8 = 1 ,\u2003sin \u03b8 = 0 \u21d2\u2003F_{vv} = 0 ,\u2003f_{vv} = 2 R_v.\n\nTherefore, for n = 1 \n\nI_{vv}^1 = ( 2 k s ) ( 2 R_v ) e^{ \u2013 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } = 4 k s R_v e^{ \u2013 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } (B-4) \n| I_{vv}^1 |\u00b2 = 16 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 | R_v |\u00b2 e^{ \u2013 2 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 }. (B-5)\n\nInsert (B-5) and (A-6) in (B-1) with \u03b8 = 0\u00b0, n = 1:\n\n\u03c3^0_{vv} ( n = 1 , \u03b8 = 0 ) \n = k\u00b2/(4\u03c0) e^{ \u2013 2 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } | I_{vv}^1 |\u00b2 W \u207d \u00b9 \u207e (0,0) (B-6) \n = k\u00b2/(4\u03c0) e^{ \u2013 2 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } [ 16 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 | R_v |\u00b2 e^{ \u2013 2 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } ] [ \u03c0 L\u00b2 ] \n\n = ( k\u00b2 16 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 \u03c0 L\u00b2 / 4\u03c0 ) | R_v |\u00b2 e^{ \u2013 4 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 } \n\n = 4 k\u2074 L\u00b2 s\u00b2 | R_v |\u00b2 exp[ \u2013 4 k\u00b2 s\u00b2 ]. (B-7)\n\nUsing k = 2\u03c0/\u03bb the single-scattering vv back-scattering coefficient at normal\nincidence is therefore \n\n\u03c3^0_{vv} ( \u03b8 = 0\u00b0, n = 1 ) =\n 4 ( 2\u03c0/\u03bb )\u2074 L\u00b2 s\u00b2 | R_v |\u00b2 exp[ \u2013 4 ( 2\u03c0/\u03bb )\u00b2 s\u00b2 ]. (B-8)\n\nThe result is expressed solely in terms of the surface rms height s, the\nGaussian correlation length L, the radar wavelength \u03bb (via k), and the\nnormal\u2013incidence Fresnel reflection coefficient for vertical polarisation,\nR_v = ( \u221a\u03b5 \u2013 1 ) / ( \u221a\u03b5 + 1 ). No horizontal coefficient R_h appears because\nF_{vv} vanishes at \u03b8 = 0\u00b0.", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1. Fourier Transform of the \\( n \\)-th Order Correlation Function\n\nThe surface correlation function is assumed to be Gaussian:\n\n\\[\n\\rho(x) = e^{-x^2 / L^2}\n\\]\n\nThe \\( n \\)-th order correlation function is:\n\n\\[\n\\rho^n(x) = e^{-n x^2 / L^2}\n\\]\n\nIts Fourier transform is defined as:\n\n\\[\nW^{(n)}(k_x) = \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\rho^n(x) e^{-i k_x x} dx\n\\]\n\nSubstituting the expression for \\( \\rho^n(x) \\):\n\n\\[\nW^{(n)}(k_x) = \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{-n x^2 / L^2} e^{-i k_x x} dx\n\\]\n\nThis is a standard Gaussian integral:\n\n\\[\n\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{-a x^2} e^{-i b x} dx = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{a}} e^{-b^2 / (4a)}\n\\]\n\nHere, \\( a = n / L^2 \\), \\( b = k_x \\), so:\n\n\\[\nW^{(n)}(k_x) = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n / L^2}} \\exp\\left( -\\frac{k_x^2}{4(n / L^2)} \\right) = L \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}} \\exp\\left( -\\frac{k_x^2 L^2}{4n} \\right)\n\\]\n\nGiven \\( k_x = 2k \\sin\\theta \\), we substitute:\n\n\\[\nW^{(n)}(2k \\sin\\theta) = L \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}} \\exp\\left( -\\frac{(2k \\sin\\theta)^2 L^2}{4n} \\right) = L \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}} \\exp\\left( -\\frac{k^2 L^2 \\sin^2\\theta}{n} \\right)\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 2. \\( vv \\)-Polarized Backscattering for \\( n = 1 \\) at Normal Incidence\n\nThe backscattering coefficient for \\( vv \\)-polarization is:\n\n\\[\n\\sigma_{vv}^0 = \\frac{k^2}{2} e^{-2k_z^2 s^2} \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty} \\frac{(2k_z s)^{2n}}{n!} |I_{vv}^n|^2 W^{(n)}(-2k_x)\n\\]\n\nAt normal incidence (\\( \\theta = 0 \\)):\n\n- \\( k_z = k \\cos\\theta = k \\)\n- \\( k_x = k \\sin\\theta = 0 \\)\n\nFor \\( n = 1 \\):\n\n\\[\n\\sigma_{vv}^0(n=1) = \\frac{k^2}{2} e^{-2k^2 s^2} \\cdot (2k s)^2 \\cdot |I_{vv}^1|^2 \\cdot W^{(1)}(0)\n\\]\n\nFrom earlier:\n\n\\[\nW^{(1)}(0) = L \\sqrt{\\pi}\n\\]\n\nSo:\n\n\\[\n\\sigma_{vv}^0(n=1) = \\frac{k^2}{2} e^{-2k^2 s^2} \\cdot 4k^2 s^2 \\cdot |I_{vv}^1|^2 \\cdot L \\sqrt{\\pi} = 2k^4 s^2 L \\sqrt{\\pi} e^{-2k^2 s^2} |I_{vv}^1|^2\n\\]\n\nNow compute \\( I_{vv}^1 \\). The general expression is:\n\n\\[\nI_{vv}^n = (2k_z)^n f_{vv} e^{-k_z^2 s^2} + \\frac{k_z^n}{2} \\left[ F_{vv} + (-1)^n F_{vv}^* \\right]\n\\]\n\nFor \\( n = 1 \\):\n\n\\[\nI_{vv}^1 = 2k f_{vv} e^{-k^2 s^2} + \\frac{k}{2} \\left[ F_{vv} - F_{vv}^* \\right]\n\\]\n\nThe field coefficients are:\n\n- \\( f_{vv} = \\frac{2R_v}{\\cos\\theta} \\Rightarrow f_{vv}(0) = 2R_v \\)\n- \\( F_{vv} = \\frac{2\\sin^2\\theta}{\\cos\\theta}(1 + R_v)^2 - \\frac{(1 - R_v)^2}{\\cos\\theta} \\left( \\cos^2\\theta - \\sin^2\\theta \\frac{1 - R_h}{1 + R_h} \\right) \\)\n\nAt \\( \\theta = 0 \\), \\( \\sin\\theta = 0 \\), \\( \\cos\\theta = 1 \\), so:\n\n\\[\nF_{vv}(0) = - (1 - R_v)^2\n\\]\n\nSince \\( F_{vv} \\) is real, \\( F_{vv}^* = F_{vv} \\), so:\n\n\\[\nF_{vv} - F_{vv}^* = 0\n\\]\n\nThus:\n\n\\[\nI_{vv}^1 = 2k \\cdot 2R_v \\cdot e^{-k^2 s^2} = 4k R_v e^{-k^2 s^2}\n\\]\n\nThen:\n\n\\[\n|I_{vv}^1|^2 = 16k^2 |R_v|^2 e^{-2k^2 s^2}\n\\]\n\nSubstitute into the expression for \\( \\sigma_{vv}^0(n=1) \\):\n\n\\[\n\\sigma_{vv}^0(n=1) = 2k^4 s^2 L \\sqrt{\\pi} e^{-2k^2 s^2} \\cdot 16k^2 |R_v|^2 e^{-2k^2 s^2} = 32k^6 s^2 L \\sqrt{\\pi} |R_v|^2 e^{-4k^2 s^2}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Final Answers\n\n1. Fourier transform of the \\( n \\)-th order correlation function:\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{L\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}}\\exp\\left(-\\frac{k^2L^2\\sin^2\\theta}{n}\\right)}\n\\]\n\n2. \\( vv \\)-polarized radar backscattering for \\( n = 1 \\) at normal incidence:\n\n\\[\n\\boxed{32k^6s^2L\\sqrt{\\pi}|R_v|^2e^{-4k^2s^2}}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "1) For the radiation era, w=1/3, so 1+w=4/3, 3(1+w)/2 = 3* (4/3)/2 =2, so H(a) \u221d a^{-2}.\n\nFor the stiff era, w=1, 1+w=2, 3(1+w)/2 =3, so H(a) \u221d a^{-3}.\n\n2) The standard radiation-dominated H_rad(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} a^{-2}.\n\nAt a=a_f, H_stiff(a_f) = H_rad(a_f) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} a_f^{-2}.\n\nSince H_stiff(a) \u221d a^{-3}, H_stiff(a) = H_stiff(a_f) (a_f/a)^3 = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} a_f^{-2} (a_f/a)^3 = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} a_f / a^3.\n\n3) The integrand \\mathcal{I}(a) = c_s(a) / (a^2 H(a)), with c_s \\simeq c/\\sqrt{3} constant.\n\nSo \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) /\\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_\\mathrm{rad}(a)/H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a).\n\nFrom (2), H_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) = H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) (a_f/a), so the ratio = a/a_f.\n\nThe ratio of integrated contributions is \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{stiff}(a) da / \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) da = \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) (a/a_f) da / \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) da.\n\nIn the radiation era, H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} a^{-2}, so a^2 H_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}} constant, so \\mathcal{I}_\\mathrm{rad}(a) = (c/\\sqrt{3}) / (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}) constant, denote K.\n\nSo numerator = K (1/a_f) \\int_{a_i}^{a_f} a da = K (1/a_f) (1/2) (a_f^2 - a_i^2), denominator = K (a_f - a_i).\n\nRatio = [ (1/a_f) (1/2) (a_f^2 - a_i^2) ] / (a_f - a_i) = (1/2) (a_f + a_i)/a_f.\n\nSince a_i \\ll a_f, drop a_i^2 and a_i, ratio \\approx 1/2.\n\n4) The contribution from the window in standard is \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad\\ window)} \\approx K a_f, with K = (c/\\sqrt{3}) / (H_0 \\sqrt{\\Omega_{r,0}}).\n\nThe difference \\Delta r_s = \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(stiff)} - \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad)} = (1/2 - 1) \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad)} = -1/2 \\Delta r_s^\\mathrm{(rad)}.\n\nThe baseline r_s^{\\Lambda\\mathrm{CDM}} \\approx K a_\\ast (assuming RD approximation with constant c_s = c/\\sqrt{3} extends to a_\\ast, ignoring later epochs for leading order in a_f/a_\\ast \\ll 1).\n\nSo \\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s} \\approx - \\frac{1}{2} \\frac{a_f}{a_\\ast}.\n\nWith a_f = 5\\times10^{-6}, a_\\ast = 1/1100 \\approx 9.09\\times10^{-4}, a_f/a_\\ast \\approx 5.5\\times10^{-3}, so \\frac{\\Delta r_s}{r_s} \\approx -0.00275 or -0.275\\%.\n\n5) The first CMB acoustic peak shifts to larger multipoles, because the stiff era causes the comoving Hubble radius to grow faster (\\propto a^2 rather than \\propto a in radiation domination), reducing the distance sound waves can propagate and thus decreasing the sound horizon.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States that the Fourier transform of the $\\mathrm{n}^\\text{th}$ order power of the correlation function in terms of $L$, $k$, $n$, and $\\theta$ is $W^{(n)}(2k\\sin\\theta,0) = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}}Le^{-k^2L^2\\sin^2\\theta/n}.$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reasons that at normal incidence, $\\theta =0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Simplifies $$\\sigma_{pp}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2}{4\\pi}e^{-2k^2s^2cos^2\\theta} \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}|I_{pp}^n|^2\\frac{W^{(n)}(2ksin\\theta,0)}{n!}$$ to $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2}{4\\pi}e^{-2k^2s^2}|I_{vv}^1|^2W^{(1)}(0,0)$$ using $pp=vv$ polarization at $n=1$ and $k_x=0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derives the the Fourier transform of the $n^{\\text{th}}$ order power of the correlation function as $W^{(n)}(k_x,0) = e^{-k_x^2L^2/4n} L\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the scattering is one-dimensional, in the $x$ direction, since the plane of incidence is $x-z$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that $$F_{vv} = 2\\frac{\\sin^2\\theta}{\\cos\\theta} \\left[\\frac{1-\\epsilon\\cos^2\\theta}{\\epsilon-\\sin^2\\theta}(1-R_v)^2 - \\left(1-\\frac{1}{\\epsilon}\\right)(1+R_v)^2\\right].$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $|I_{vv}^1|^2 = 16k^2s^2e^{-2k^2s^2}|R_v(\\theta=0)|^2$ in $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2 L}{4\\sqrt{\\pi}}e^{-2k^2s^2}|I_{vv}^1|^2$$ to find $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ= 4k^4 s^2 |R_v(\\theta=0)|^2 \\frac{L}{\\sqrt{\\pi}} e^{-4k^2 s^2}$$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the $n^{\\text{th}}$ power of the autocorrelation function to $\\rho^n(x)= e^{-n(x^2/L^2)}$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reduces the 2D power spectral density, $W(k_x,k_y)$, to its one-dimensional form $W(k_x, 0)$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $k_x = 2 k \\sin\\theta$ in $W^{(n)}(k_x,0)$ as $$W^{(n)} (2k\\sin\\theta,0) = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}}Le^{-k^2L^2\\sin^2\\theta/n}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $W^{(1)}(0,0) = L\\sqrt{\\pi}$ in $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2}{4\\pi}e^{-2k^2s^2}|I_{vv}^1|^2W^{(1)}(0,0)$$ to find $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2 L}{4\\sqrt{\\pi}}e^{-2k^2s^2}|I_{vv}^1|^2$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Finds $$\\sigma_{pp}^\\circ = \\frac{k^2}{4\\pi}e^{-2k^2s^2cos^2\\theta} \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}|I_{pp}^n|^2\\frac{W^{(n)}(2ksin\\theta,0)}{n!}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the Fourier transform of $\\rho^n(x)$ is $$W^{(n)}(k_x,0)=\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}e^{-n(x^2/L^2)} e^{- ik_x x} dx.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\theta=0$ in $f_{vv} = \\frac{2R_v}{\\cos\\theta}$ to find $f_{vv} = 2R_v(\\theta=0)$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\theta=0$ in $$I_{vv}^1= 2ks\\cos\\theta f_{vv} e^{-k^2s^2\\cos^2\\theta}+(ks\\cos\\theta)F_{vv}$$ to find $$I_{vv}^1= 2k s f_{vv}(\\theta=0) e^{-k^2s^2}+k s F_{vv}(\\theta=0).$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that $f_{vv} = \\frac{2 R_v}{\\cos\\theta}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Finds $I_{vv}^n = (2ks\\cos\\theta) f_{vv} e^{-k^2s^2\\cos^2\\theta}+(ks\\cos\\theta)^n F_{vv}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $k_x = 2k\\sin\\theta = 0$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $n=1$ in $$I_{vv}^n = (2ks\\cos\\theta) f_{vv} e^{-k^2s^2\\cos^2\\theta}+(ks\\cos\\theta)^n F_{vv}$$ to find $$I_{vv}^1= 2ks\\cos\\theta f_{vv} e^{-k^2s^2\\cos^2\\theta}+(ks\\cos\\theta)F_{vv}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Reasons that the Gaussian autocorrelation function is $\\rho(x)= e^{-(x^2/L^2)}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the $vv$ polarized radar backscattering for $n=1$ and at normal incidence is $$\\sigma_{vv}^\\circ= 4k^4 s^2 |R_v(\\theta=0)|^2 \\frac{L}{\\sqrt{\\pi}} e^{-4k^2 s^2}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\theta=0$ in $$F_{vv} = 2\\sin^2\\theta \\left[\\frac{1-\\epsilon\\cos^2\\theta}{\\epsilon-\\sin^2\\theta}(1-R_v)^2 - \\left(1-\\frac{1}{\\epsilon}\\right)(1+R_v)^2\\right]$$ to find $F_{vv} = 0$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $F_{vv} = 0$ and $f_{vv} = 2R_v(\\theta=0)$ in $$I_{vv}^1= 2k s f_{vv} e^{-k^2s^2}+ksF_{vv}$$ to find $I_{vv}^1= 4ksR_v(\\theta=0) e^{-k^2s^2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitutes $\\theta=0$ and $n=1$ in $$W^{(n)}(2k\\sin\\theta,0) = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{n}}Le^{-k^2L^2\\sin^2\\theta/4n}$$ to find $$W^{(1)}(0,0) = L\\sqrt{\\pi}.$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $|I_{vv}^1|^2 = 16k^2s^2e^{-2k^2s^2}|R_v(\\theta=0)|^2$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-6", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. It has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in the treatment of anxiety disorders because of its low risk of overdose. You are involved in a synthesis project of an unknown product based on a barbiturate skeleton, aimed at scaling up production for drug development.\n\nFor this unknown product, here is the synthesis process:\n1. Propanephosphoric acid anhydride (123.3 mmol), 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (96.2 mmol), 1-(5-chloropyridin-3yl)urea (87.5 mmol), and triethylamine (104.9 mmol) in DMA (120mL), and stirred the mixture for 24 h at 50\u00b0C, which afforded the coupling intermediate L. \n2. 65.8 mmol of intermediate L was then added together with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (85.5 mmol) and di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone (99.0 mmol) in THF, and stirred for 60 min at 25\u00b0C to induce cyclization, giving the final products.\n\nYour task:\n1. Explain the mechanisms of the synthesis process for Intermediate L.\n2. Provide the product name of the Intermediate L following the preferred IUPAC name.\n3. Explain the mechanism of the synthesis process for the final product. \n4. Provide the structure of the final product following the preferred IUPAC name.\n5. Calculate the molecular weight of the final product. Round the molecular weight to one decimal place.\n6. Barbiturates are administered in oral and parenteral forms (intramuscular (IM) and IV). List 5 examples of barbiturate dosage forms and strengths.", "o3_response": "1. Formation-mechanism of coupling intermediate L \n\u2022 The carboxylic acid (2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid) is first activated by the\n propylphosphonic anhydride T3P. Reaction with the basic triethyl-amine gives the mixed\n carboxylic-phosphoric anhydride A. \n\u2022 1-(5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)urea behaves as a weak, bifunctional nucleophile. The terminal\n carbonyl oxygen of A is attacked by the urea nitrogen (the one that still bears H),\n delivering tetrahedral intermediate B. \n\u2022 Collapse of B expels propyl-phosphonate and generates the new amide bond to give the\n N-acyl-urea C. \n\u2022 Proton transfers and hydrolysis of the phosphorous by-products give the isolable product\n that the process description calls \u201cIntermediate L\u201d. \n(The high conversion only appears when both coupling partners are present before the\naddition of T3P; otherwise the acid or the urea is destroyed by side reactions, exactly as\nobserved during process optimisation.)\n\n2. Preferred IUPAC name of Intermediate L \nN-[[(5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)amino]carbonyl]-2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetamide\n\n3. Cyclisation-mechanism leading from L to the barbiturate \n\u2022 DBU deprotonates the activated methylene (-CH2-CO-) of L, giving enolate D. \n\u2022 The enolate attacks one carbonyl of carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) to give acyl-imidazolide\n E (a \u201ctrapped\u201d carboxylate). Imidazole is the leaving group. \n\u2022 Intramolecularly, the urea nitrogen now attacks that newly formed carbonyl, closing a\n six-membered ring and producing hemiaminal F. \n\u2022 Loss of the second imidazole and proton transfers furnish the cyclic\n 2,4,6-trioxo-pyrimidine skeleton \u2013 i.e. a disubstituted barbituric acid \u2013 that is isolated as\n the final product of step 2. DBU is only catalytic; it is re-protonated at the end of the\n cycle.\n\n4. Structure and preferred IUPAC name of the final product \nStructure: a barbiturate in which N-1 carries a 5-chloropyridin-3-yl group and C-5 carries a\n3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group.\n\nPreferred IUPAC name \n5-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione\n\n5. Molecular weight of the final product \nEmpirical formula C15H7Cl2FN3O3 \nMr = (15\u00d712.011) + (7\u00d71.008) + (2\u00d735.45) + 18.998 + (3\u00d714.007) + (3\u00d715.999) \n = 180.165 + 7.056 + 70.900 + 18.998 + 42.021 + 47.997 \n = 367.1 g mol\u207b\u00b9 (rounded to one decimal place)\n\n6. Representative barbiturate dosage forms and strengths (clinical products) \n\u2022 Phenobarbital tablets\u200330 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg (oral) \n\u2022 Phenobarbital sodium injection\u2003130 mg/2 mL (65 mg mL\u207b\u00b9) vial (IV/IM) \n\u2022 Methohexital sodium injection\u200310 mg mL\u207b\u00b9 (e.g., 500 mg/50 mL) (IV bolus) \n\u2022 Pentobarbital sodium injection\u200350 mg mL\u207b\u00b9 multi-dose vial (IV/IM) \n\u2022 Butalbital 50 mg + acetaminophen 325 mg + caffeine 40 mg oral capsules (tension-headache\n product)\n\n(Other marketed examples include primidone 250 mg tablets and amobarbital sodium 50 mg mL\u207b\u00b9 IM solution, but only five examples were requested.)", "r1-0528_response": "### 1. Mechanism of Synthesis for Intermediate L \nThe reaction involves coupling 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid with 1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea using propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) as a coupling agent and triethylamine (TEA) as a base. \n\n- **Step 1: Activation of carboxylic acid** \n T3P (a phosphorylating agent) activates the carboxylic acid group of 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid, forming a reactive mixed anhydride intermediate. TEA deprotonates the acid, facilitating nucleophilic attack. \n ``` \n R-COOH + T3P + TEA \u2192 R-C(=O)-O-P(O)(OPr)\u2082 + TEA\u00b7H\u207a \n ``` \n\n- **Step 2: Nucleophilic attack by urea** \n The nucleophilic nitrogen of 1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea (specifically, the nitrogen adjacent to the carbonyl, not attached to the pyridine) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the mixed anhydride. This forms a tetrahedral intermediate. \n\n- **Step 3: Collapse and amide bond formation** \n The tetrahedral intermediate collapses, displacing the phosphonate moiety and forming the amide bond. TEA neutralizes acidic byproducts. \n ``` \n Mixed anhydride + H\u2082N-C(O)-NH-Py \u2192 R-C(O)-NH-C(O)-NH-Py + Phosphonate byproduct \n ``` \n **Intermediate L** is **1-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-3-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea**. \n\n---\n\n### 2. IUPAC Name for Intermediate L \n**Preferred IUPAC name**: \n1-{[2-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetyl]carbamoyl}-3-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea \n*(Note: The urea nitrogen attached to the pyridine is prioritized in naming due to higher atomic number of N vs. C; systematic naming treats it as a 1,3-disubstituted urea.)* \n\n---\n\n### 3. Mechanism of Synthesis for Final Product \nThe cyclization of Intermediate L to the barbiturate final product uses 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and DBU: \n\n- **Step 1: Deprotonation** \n DBU (a strong base) deprotonates the acidic \u03b1-carbon of the acetyl group in Intermediate L, generating an enolate. \n ``` \n R-CH\u2082-C(O)- \u2192 R-CH\u207b-C(O)- + DBU\u00b7H\u207a \n ``` \n\n- **Step 2: Activation by CDI** \n The enolate attacks CDI, forming an acyl imidazolide intermediate. This activates the carbonyl for intramolecular attack. \n ``` \n Enolate + CDI \u2192 R-C(=C(Im)\u207b)-O-C(=O)-NH-Py \n ``` \n\n- **Step 3: Intramolecular cyclization** \n The nucleophilic urea nitrogen (attached to the acetyl group) attacks the activated carbonyl of the acyl imidazolide. This forms a 6-membered ring via nucleophilic addition-elimination, releasing imidazole. \n\n- **Step 4: Tautomerization** \n The intermediate undergoes tautomerization to form the aromatic barbiturate core (pyrimidinetrione). \n ``` \n Cyclization \u2192 Barbiturate ring + Imidazole \n ``` \n\n---\n\n### 4. Structure and IUPAC Name of Final Product \n**Structure**: \n![Final Product Structure](https://i.ibb.co/0j1X0h0/barbiturate.png) \n*(5-(3-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione)* \n\n**Preferred IUPAC name**: \n5-[(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione \n---\n\n### 5. Molecular Weight of Final Product \n**Molecular formula**: C\u2081\u2087H\u2081\u2081Cl\u2082FN\u2083O\u2083 \n- **C** (17 \u00d7 12.01) = 204.17 \n- **H** (11 \u00d7 1.01) = 11.11 \n- **Cl** (2 \u00d7 35.45) = 70.90 \n- **F** (1 \u00d7 19.00) = 19.00 \n- **N** (3 \u00d7 14.01) = 42.03 \n- **O** (3 \u00d7 16.00) = 48.00 \n**Total**: 204.17 + 11.11 + 70.90 + 19.00 + 42.03 + 48.00 = **395.21 g/mol** \n*Rounded to one decimal place*: **395.2 g/mol** \n\n---\n\n### 6. Barbiturate Dosage Forms and Strengths \n1. **Phenobarbital**: \n - *Tablet*: 15 mg, 30 mg, 100 mg \n - *Elixir*: 20 mg/5 mL \n - *Injection (IV/IM)*: 30 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 130 mg/mL \n\n2. **Secobarbital**: \n - *Capsule*: 100 mg \n\n3. **Pentobarbital**: \n - *Injection (IV/IM)*: 50 mg/mL \n\n4. **Amobarbital**: \n - *Injection (IV)*: 250 mg powder for reconstitution \n\n5. **Thiopental**: \n - *Injection (IV)*: 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g powder for reconstitution \n\n*(Note: Strengths are examples; actual doses vary by indication and region.)*", "grok4_response": "Below is a detailed response to each part of your query based on the provided synthesis process, the mechanisms involved, and the supporting information from the attached files (particularly the ChemRxiv paper on S-892216, which describes this exact synthesis route for a barbiturate-based compound, and the StatPearls article on barbiturates). The \"unknown product\" aligns with the barbiturate skeleton described in the ChemRxiv paper, where intermediate L corresponds to compound 20, and the final product from the cyclization step corresponds to compound 11 (prior to further modifications in the full manufacturing route to S-892216). I have focused on the synthesis steps as described in your query, which stop at the cyclization to the barbiturate.\n\n### 1. Explain the Mechanisms of the Synthesis Process for Intermediate L\nIntermediate L is formed via a condensation reaction between 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (compound 12 in the paper) and 1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea (compound 17 in the paper), facilitated by propanephosphoric acid anhydride (T3P, a coupling agent), triethylamine (Et\u2083N, a base), and DMA as solvent. This is an amide coupling reaction, which is unusual for ureas due to their low nucleophilicity. The reaction is stirred for 24 h at 50\u00b0C.\n\n**Mechanism Overview**:\n- T3P is a phosphonic anhydride commonly used for dehydrative couplings (e.g., amide formation). In this case, the paper suggests that T3P likely activates the urea (rather than the carboxylic acid) to form a reactive intermediate, such as a carbodiimide-like species, which then reacts with the carboxylic acid.\n- Step-by-step:\n 1. **Activation of Urea**: T3P reacts with the urea NH\u2082 group of 1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)urea, potentially forming a phosphonium-urea adduct. This can eliminate water or a phosphonic byproduct, generating a carbodiimide intermediate (R-N=C=NR', where R is the pyridyl group). Triethylamine assists by neutralizing any acidic byproducts (e.g., phosphonic acid) and maintaining a basic environment to favor activation.\n 2. **Nucleophilic Attack by Carboxylic Acid**: The carboxylic acid (2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid) adds to the carbodiimide, with the carboxylate oxygen attacking the central carbon of the carbodiimide. This forms an O-acylisourea intermediate.\n 3. **Rearrangement and Amide Formation**: The intermediate rearranges, leading to dehydration and formation of the amide bond: the alpha-carbonyl from the acetic acid links to the urea nitrogen, yielding 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-((5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamoyl)acetamide (intermediate L). Byproducts include propylphosphonic acid and water.\n- The reaction is selective due to the non-nucleophilic nature of T3P byproducts, preventing side reactions like acetylation of the urea (as seen with other agents like acetic anhydride). The paper notes that premixing T3P with the acid alone leads to side reactions, while adding T3P to the mixture of acid and urea ensures efficient in situ formation of the reactive species. Yields are high (up to 92% in the paper's optimization).\n- Driving factors: Heat (50\u00b0C) promotes dehydration, and DMA (a polar aprotic solvent) solubilizes the reactants.\n\nThis mechanism is supported by references in the paper (e.g., Volonterio et al., on T3P-mediated barbiturate precursors).\n\n### 2. Provide the Product Name of the Intermediate L Following the Preferred IUPAC Name\nThe preferred IUPAC name for intermediate L is **2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamoyl]acetamide**.\n\n(This corresponds to compound 20 in the ChemRxiv paper, confirmed by the reactants and NMR data provided.)\n\n### 3. Explain the Mechanism of the Synthesis Process for the Final Product\nThe final product is formed by cyclization of intermediate L (65.8 mmol) using di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone (CDI, 99.0 mmol) as a carbonyl source and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 85.5 mmol) as a base, in THF solvent, stirred for 60 min at 25\u00b0C. This induces cyclization to form the barbiturate ring.\n\n**Mechanism Overview**:\n- This is a base-promoted cyclization where CDI introduces a carbonyl group to bridge the alpha-CH\u2082 of the acetamide and the carbamoyl nitrogen, forming a pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (barbiturate) ring.\n- Step-by-step:\n 1. **Activation by CDI**: CDI (a common reagent for introducing carbonyls) reacts with the carbamoyl NH of intermediate L, forming an imidazolyl-carbamate intermediate (R-NH-C(O)-Im, where Im is imidazole). This activates the carbamoyl for nucleophilic attack. DBU, a strong non-nucleophilic base, enhances this by forming a reactive DBU-CDI adduct (imidazolium-like species), accelerating activation (as noted in the paper and references like Price et al.).\n 2. **Deprotonation**: DBU deprotonates the alpha-CH\u2082 group of the acetamide moiety in intermediate L. The alpha protons are acidic (pKa ~30 in DMSO, but DBU is sufficient due to its strength and nucleophilic mediation).\n 3. **Nucleophilic Cyclization**: The resulting carbanion (enolate) attacks the activated carbonyl carbon of the imidazolyl-carbamate, displacing imidazole and forming a new C-C bond. This closes the ring, creating the barbiturate structure.\n 4. **Elimination and Tautomerization**: Water is eliminated, and the ring tautomerizes to the stable 2,4,6-trione form. Byproducts include imidazole and CO\u2082 (from CDI decomposition).\n- The reaction is rapid (60 min) at room temperature due to DBU's dual role as base and nucleophilic activator. THF provides a suitable aprotic environment. The paper notes that DBU outperforms stronger bases like LDA or tBuOK by minimizing impurities, and CDI is essential (other CO sources like diphenyl carbonate fail).\n- This novel method (as described in the paper) enables efficient barbiturate construction without traditional malonic ester condensation.\n\n### 4. Provide the Structure of the Final Product Following the Preferred IUPAC Name\nThe preferred IUPAC name for the final product is **5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione**.\n\n(This corresponds to compound 11 in the ChemRxiv paper, isolated as a 1/2-toluene solvate in their process, but the core structure and name are as above. The synthesis in your query stops here, before further steps like deoxychlorination to form the full S-892216.)\n\n**Structure**:\n- The core is a pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione ring (barbituric acid skeleton).\n- Position 1 (N): attached to 5-chloropyridin-3-yl.\n- Position 5 (C): attached to 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl.\n- Tautomeric forms include NH at positions 1 and 3, with potential enolization.\n\nASCII representation (simplified):\n```\n O\n // \n HN--C\n / \\\nN C-- (3-Cl-4-F-phenyl)\n \\ / \n C==O\n / \n| (5-Cl-pyridin-3-yl)\n \\\n C==O\n```\n\n(For a precise structural diagram, refer to Scheme 6 in the ChemRxiv paper.)\n\n### 5. Calculate the Molecular Weight of the Final Product. Round the Molecular Weight to One Decimal Place\nThe molecular formula of the final product (core structure, without solvate) is C\u2081\u2085H\u2088Cl\u2082FN\u2083O\u2083.\n\n- Atomic masses (standard values): C = 12.011 (\u00d715 = 180.165), H = 1.008 (\u00d78 = 8.064), Cl = 35.453 (\u00d72 = 70.906), F = 18.998 (\u00d71 = 18.998), N = 14.007 (\u00d73 = 42.021), O = 15.999 (\u00d73 = 47.997).\n- Total: 180.165 + 8.064 + 70.906 + 18.998 + 42.021 + 47.997 = **368.151**.\n- Rounded to one decimal place: **368.2**.\n\n(Note: If including the 1/2-toluene solvate from the paper (adds ~46.1 g/mol), it would be ~414.3, but your query specifies the final product from the cyclization, matching the non-solvated form.)\n\n### 6. Barbiturates are Administered in Oral and Parenteral Forms (Intramuscular (IM) and IV). List 5 Examples of Barbiturate Dosage Forms and Strengths\nFrom the StatPearls article, barbiturates are available in various forms (oral tablets/capsules, elixirs, injections (IV/IM), and suppositories) for indications like seizures, anesthesia, and sedation. Here are 5 examples with common strengths (based on FDA-approved formulations; actual availability may vary by country and manufacturer):\n\n1. **Phenobarbital tablets (oral)**: 15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, or 100 mg (used for epilepsy and neonatal withdrawal).\n2. **Phenobarbital injection (IV/IM)**: 65 mg/mL or 130 mg/mL (used for status epilepticus or ICP reduction).\n3. **Butalbital/acetaminophen/caffeine capsules (oral, e.g., Fioricet)**: 50 mg butalbital/325 mg acetaminophen/40 mg caffeine (used for tension headaches).\n4. **Pentobarbital injection (IV/IM, e.g., Nembutal)**: 50 mg/mL (used for anesthesia induction or coma induction in ICP management).\n5. **Methohexital injection (IV, e.g., Brevital)**: 500 mg powder for reconstitution (used for anesthesia induction in pediatric dentistry or short procedures).\n\nThese should be administered under interprofessional team oversight to monitor for adverse effects like respiratory depression or drug interactions. Consult current prescribing information for updates.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of the Intermediate L: 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamoyl]acetamide.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculate the molecular weight of the final product to be 368.1 g/mol.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the nucleophilic attack by the oxygen of the carboxylate anion on the T3P reagent in the mechanism description of Step 1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the preferred IUPAC name of the final product structure: 5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning", "Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Lists five dosage forms that correspond to the five distinct barbiturates.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of carbon atoms in the final product to be 15.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "List plausible marketed strengths for each of the five distinct barbiturates.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions that CDI activation generates a new C-C bond.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of fluorine atoms in the final product to be 1.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the tautomerisation as a part of the cyclization step.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "The molecular weight is rounded to 1 decimal place.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of nitrogen atoms in the final product to be 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of oxygen atoms in the final product to be 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of chlorine atoms in the final product to be 2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions deprotonation of the carboxylic acid in the mechanism description of Step 1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the number of hydrogen atoms in the final product to be 8.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the generation of a resonance-stabilised enolate by the reaction of DBU and Intermediate L.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides the final molecular formula as C15H8Cl2FN3O3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the imidazole elimination during the cyclization step.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Mentions the amidation in the mechanism description of Step 1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Lists five distinct barbiturates with dosage forms and plausible marketed strengths, spanning at least two routes (oral + parenteral)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-6", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "A diligent father aims to secure his son's future by saving for his college education at Harvard Business School. The estimated expenses are based on Harvard\u2019s published 2025\u201326 academic year tuition and fees. His son is currently a newborn, and college is expected to begin in 18 years, lasting for 4 years. Assume that all categories of expenses (tuition, housing, food, etc.) grow annually at the specified growth rates. The father will begin saving at the end of the first year, making equal annual contributions until his son begins college. The father plans to make his first annual savings payment at the end of the first year and continue making payments annually until the son starts college. He wants to determine the initial annual savings amount required to cover all college expenses.\n\nHe wants to determine:\n\nThe total projected annual cost of attendance in each of the 4 years of college, under growth rates of 2% and 4%.\n\nThe present value (at t=18) of these college costs, under interest rates of 10%, 12%, and 14%.\n\nThe present value (at t=0) of the costs, discounted further back 18 years.\n\nThe annual savings required to fully fund the costs, considering different interest rates.\n\nThe present value of $1 annual savings at the stated interest rates.\n\nA summary of risks and recommendations, addressing tuition inflation risk, savings shortfall risk, and investment return uncertainty.\n\nScenarios:\n\nInterest rates: 10%, 12%, 14%\n\nGrowth rates: 2% and 4%\n\nOutput requirements:\n\nRound all numbers to zero decimal places.\n\nProvide a concise written summary highlighting key insights, risks, and recommendations.\n\nNote: You can use the Present Value (PV) formula to calculate results.", "o3_response": "All figures are expressed in U.S. dollars and are rounded to the nearest whole dollar. \n\u201cYear 1\u201d = the first year of attendance (t = 18), \u201cYear 4\u201d = the last (t = 21). \nBase-year (2025-26) published total cost = $86,926.\n\n1. Projected cost of attendance (all items grow at the same rate)\n\n Growth 2 % Growth 4 %\n -------------------------------------------------------------\n Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4\n 124,151 126,634 129,167 131,750 176,096 183,140 190,466 198,085\n\n\n2. Present value of the four-year cost stream (PV18 = value at t = 18 just before college starts)\n\n Growth 2 % Growth 4 %\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Interest PV18 PV0 (today) PV18 PV0 (today)\n 10 % 444,091 79,931 649,077 116,653\n 12 % 433,972 56,476 632,958 82,197\n 14 % 423,435 40,021 616,939 58,321\n\n\n3. Equal annual savings required (18 level deposits, first made at the end of year 1)\n\n Required annual deposit A\n -------------------------------------------------\n Interest Growth 2 % Growth 4 %\n 10 % 9,744 14,243\n 12 % 7,781 11,350\n 14 % 6,183 9,013\n\n\n4. Present value of a $1 yearly saving stream (18 payments)\n\n Level $1 payments $1 payments growing with cost\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Interest PV \u2013 level g = 2 % g = 4 %\n 10 % 8.20 9.30 10.60\n 12 % 7.25 8.15 9.20\n 14 % 6.47 7.21 8.07\n\n\n\nConcise summary, risks & recommendations\n---------------------------------------\n\nKey insights\n\u2022 Even modest differences in tuition inflation (2 % vs 4 %) double today\u2019s required nest-egg (PV0 rises from ~$80 k to ~$117 k at 10 %). \n\u2022 Higher investment returns dramatically reduce the saving that must be done now \u2013 every 2 pp rise in the assumed return cuts the needed annual deposit by roughly 20\u201325 %. \n\nPrimary risks\n1. Tuition-inflation risk \u2013 Actual cost growth may exceed 2\u20134 % (historic average ~5\u20136 %); living costs are especially volatile. \n2. Savings-shortfall risk \u2013 Job loss or other obligations could interrupt the 18-year saving plan. \n3. Investment-return uncertainty \u2013 A long equity-heavy portfolio may not deliver 10\u201314 % after-fee returns; sustained market weakness near Year 18 is particularly damaging.\n\nRecommendations\n\u2022 Build in a margin of safety: use the 4 % cost-growth schedule and the 10 % return column when setting the deposit amount ($14 k). \n\u2022 Re-measure progress every 3\u20134 years; raise deposits if the funded-status ratio (accumulated value \u00f7 required PV18) falls below 90 %. \n\u2022 Invest with age-based glide-path: 80 % equities early, drifting toward 40 % by Year 18; this improves the chance of achieving a blended 8\u201310 % return with lower tail risk. \n\u2022 Consider 529 plans for tax-free growth; front-load contributions if cash-flow allows to maximize time in the market. \n\u2022 Keep a separate contingency fund (or insurance) for living-expense shocks that tuition insurance or financial aid would not cover.", "r1-0528_response": "### Projected Annual College Costs under Growth Rates\n\n**Growth Rate 2%:**\n- Year 1 (t=18): $121,401\n- Year 2 (t=19): $123,829\n- Year 3 (t=20): $126,306\n- Year 4 (t=21): $128,832\n\n**Growth Rate 4%:**\n- Year 1 (t=18): $172,194\n- Year 2 (t=19): $179,082\n- Year 3 (t=20): $186,245\n- Year 4 (t=21): $193,695\n\n### Present Value of College Costs at t=18\n\n**Growth Rate 2%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $435,158\n- 12% interest rate: $424,352\n- 14% interest rate: $414,155\n\n**Growth Rate 4%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $634,443\n- 12% interest rate: $618,397\n- 14% interest rate: $603,326\n\n### Present Value of College Costs at t=0\n\n**Growth Rate 2%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $78,266\n- 12% interest rate: $55,183\n- 14% interest rate: $39,162\n\n**Growth Rate 4%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $114,110\n- 12% interest rate: $80,416\n- 14% interest rate: $57,048\n\n### Annual Savings Required to Fund Costs\n\n**Growth Rate 2%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $9,540\n- 12% interest rate: $7,610\n- 14% interest rate: $6,055\n\n**Growth Rate 4%:**\n- 10% interest rate: $13,908\n- 12% interest rate: $11,090\n- 14% interest rate: $8,821\n\n### Present Value of $1 Annual Savings (18 payments)\n- 10% interest rate: $8\n- 12% interest rate: $7\n- 14% interest rate: $6\n\n### Summary of Risks and Recommendations\n\n**Key Insights:**\n- Higher college cost growth rates (4% vs. 2%) significantly increase the required savings (e.g., from $9,540 to $13,908 at 10% interest).\n- Higher investment returns reduce the annual savings needed (e.g., at 4% growth, savings drop from $13,908 to $8,821 as interest rises from 10% to 14%).\n- The present value at t=0 is lower with higher interest rates due to stronger discounting.\n\n**Risks:**\n- **Tuition Inflation Risk:** If actual cost growth exceeds assumed rates (2% or 4%), required savings will be insufficient. Historical growth often exceeds 4%, so underestimation is a key risk.\n- **Savings Shortfall Risk:** If annual savings are not made consistently or are less than required, the fund may not cover costs, especially with higher growth rates.\n- **Investment Return Uncertainty:** Lower-than-expected returns jeopardize fund growth, necessitating higher savings. Volatile markets could derail plans.\n\n**Recommendations:**\n- **Assume Conservative Growth:** Use a 4% growth rate for cost projections to buffer against higher inflation.\n- **Seek Higher Returns:** Invest in a diversified portfolio targeting higher returns (e.g., 12-14%), but balance with risk tolerance.\n- **Start Early and Review:** Begin saving immediately to leverage compounding. Regularly adjust savings based on actual cost growth and investment performance.\n- **Consider Tax-Advantaged Accounts:** Utilize 529 plans or other education savings accounts for tax benefits and enhanced growth.", "grok4_response": "### Findings for Each Scenario\n\nBelow, I present the calculations for each scenario as requested. All values are rounded to zero decimal places (i.e., whole numbers). The calculations assume:\n\n- College expenses grow at rate g from the current estimate of $59,320 per year.\n- Expenses are paid at t=18, 19, 20, 21.\n- Father saves a **constant** annual amount S at the end of years 1 through 18.\n- Savings are invested at interest rate r.\n- The PV of expenses at t=0 equals the PV of the savings stream at t=0, to solve for S.\n- \"Present value of $1 savings per year\" is the present value annuity factor for 18 payments of $1 at rate r: [1 - (1+r)^{-18}] / r.\n- \"Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses\" is the same as PV expenses at t=0.\n\nI first list the detailed findings for each scenario (including all requested calculations), then provide the summary table as specified.\n\n#### Scenario 1: r=10%, g=2%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 303436\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 54564\n- Annual savings: 6653\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 8\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 54564\n\n#### Scenario 2: r=10%, g=4%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 442764\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 79616\n- Annual savings: 9708\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 8\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 79616\n\n#### Scenario 3: r=12%, g=2%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 295997\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 38493\n- Annual savings: 5310\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 7\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 38493\n\n#### Scenario 4: r=12%, g=4%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 431591\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 56126\n- Annual savings: 7742\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 7\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 56126\n\n#### Scenario 5: r=14%, g=2%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 288812\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 27309\n- Annual savings: 4223\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 6\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 27309\n\n#### Scenario 6: r=14%, g=4%\n- Present value expenses at t=18: 421054\n- Present value expenses at t=0: 39813\n- Annual savings: 6156\n- Present value of $1 savings per year: 6\n- Present value (today) of all estimated college expenses: 39813\n\n### Summary Table\n| Interest Rate (r) | Growth Rate (g) | Initial Annual Savings Amount | Present Value of All Estimated College Expenses |\n|-------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| 10% | 2% | 6653 | 54564 |\n| 10% | 4% | 9708 | 79616 |\n| 12% | 2% | 5310 | 38493 |\n| 12% | 4% | 7742 | 56126 |\n| 14% | 2% | 4223 | 27309 |\n| 14% | 4% | 6156 | 39813 |", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual savings taking into account an interest rate of 12% as by taking the ratio of the present value expenses of someone going to college, at an assumed interest rate of 12%, to the present value per $1 savings per year at an interest rate of 12%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual savings taking into account an interest rate of 10% as by taking the ratio of the present value expenses of someone going to college, at an assumed interest rate of 10%, to the present value per $1 savings per year at an interest rate of 10%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value of $1 annual savings over 18 years at an interest rate of 14% using the ordinary annuity formula", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual savings taking into account an interest rate of 14% as by taking the ratio of the present value expenses of someone going to college, at an assumed interest rate of 14%, to the present value per $1 savings per year at an interest rate of 14%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a concise summary of calculations, risks, and recommendations", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025\u201326 Harvard student services fee as published by Harvard University and use it as the student services input for cost of attendance calculations.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value of $1 annual savings over 18 years at an interest rate of 10%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all calculations to zero decimal places", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 14% and a growth rate of 4% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ Years left until the son goes to college). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 10% and a growth rate of 4% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ Years left until the son goes to college). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value of $1 annual savings over 18 years at an interest rate of 12%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025\u201326 Harvard tuition as published by Harvard University and use it as the tuition input for cost of attendance calculations.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 10% and a growth rate of 2% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ 18). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculate the present value expenses at t=18, taking into account annual college expenses, 4 years at college, and a 10% interest rate using Formula PV (rate;nper;pmt,fv; type). = - PV(10%;4;86,926). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025\u201326 Harvard housing rate as published by Harvard University and use it as the housing input for cost of attendance calculations.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value expenses of someone going to college in 18 years by taking the calculate the present value expenses at t=18, at an assumed interest rate of 14%, and dividing it by 1.14^18", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value expenses of someone going to college in 18 years by taking the calculate the present value expenses at t=18, at an assumed interest rate of 10%, and dividing it by 1.10^18", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 12% and a growth rate of 2% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ Years left until the son goes to college). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025\u201326 Harvard food rate as published by Harvard University and use it as the food input for cost of attendance calculations.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the total annual cost of attendance at Harvard University in 2025-2026 by summing the Harvard college tuition and fees, annual health services fee, annual housing rate and annual food rate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value expenses at t=18, taking into account annual college expenses, 4 years at college, and a 14% interest rate using Formula PV (rate;nper;pmt,fv; type). = - PV(14%;4;86,926).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025\u201326 Harvard health services fee as published by Harvard University and use it as the health fee input for cost of attendance calculations.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value expenses at t=18, taking into account annual college expenses, 4 years at college, and a 12% interest rate using Formula PV (rate;nper;pmt,fv; type). = - PV(12%;4;86,926).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value expenses of someone going to college in 18 years by taking the calculate the present value expenses at t=18, at an assumed interest rate of 12%, and dividing it by 1.12^18", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 12% and a growth rate of 4% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ Years left until the son goes to college). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the present value per $1 savings per year, at an interest rate of 14% and a growth rate of 2% using Formula = (1 / (Interest Rate - Annual Growth Rate)) * (1 - ((1 + Annual Growth Rate) / (1 + Interest Rate )) ^ Years left until the son goes to college). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-6", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "In 2023, 55% of our FMCG group\u2019s cost of goods sold (COGS) was attributable to energy inputs, 30% was attributable to metals and minerals, and 15% was attributable to agricultural commodities. The Board has requested a decision-ready memorandum that quantifies commodity risk for 2025 and outlines the financial rationale behind capital allocation strategies.\n\nYour job is to perform the following tasks:\n\n1. Expected-COGS outlook and variance\n\n1a. Baseline scenario (60% weighting): Retrieve the 2025 year-on-year price forecasts for Energy, Metals and Minerals, and Agriculture. Calculate the blended COGS change for 2025 for this scenario.\n1b. Downside stress (40% weighting): Apply the two quantified shocks (sharper slowdown scenario (%)) - oil (for 'energy') and copper (for 'metals and minerals') and assume agriculture at -2.5%. Compute the blended COGS change for 2025 for this scenario.\n1c. Calculate the overall expected COGS based on both the scenarios and their assigned weights.\n1d. Variance insight: Using a simple squared-weight approximation, estimate each commodity's contribution to the variance between baseline and downside stress scenarios.\n1e. Highlight which commodity is the primary \"swing factor\" and name one procurement lever that is robust to that risk.\n\n2. Copper-cap-ex timing decision (US $600M project)\n\n2a. Compounded price path: The Metals and Minerals index is forecasted to fall in 2025. Compute the compounded 2023 -> 2025 percentage change for the index.\nThe manufacturing arm needs 150 kilotonnes of refined copper cathodes over 2024-2025 (US $600M). They can either pre-buy this in 2024 or defer until 2025.\n2b. Compare the below two strategies. Mention which strategy has a higher value in US$M, and by how much:\n - Defer: Spend the entire $600M in 2025.\n - Pre-buy: Hedge via 2024\u2011delivery futures at the 2024 index level, incur a 4% one\u2011year carry cost, then draw down in 2025.\n2c. Economic test: Convert both strategies' cash flow into 2025 dollars (using the index ratios), then discount them to 2023 using a 7% WACC. Report the NPV difference (nearest $1M) and in one sentence explain whether deferral is - or is not - financially superior.\n\n3. Refinery liquidity buffer under \"sharper-slowdown\" oil scenario\n\n3a. Analyze how the Brent would behave under a sharper slowdown scenario in 2025. Convert that shock % into $/bbl using the baseline Brent price.\n3b. With each $1/bbl move altering quarterly refinery EBITDA by $6 million, determine the additional cash reserve (nearest $0.1M) needed to cover one quarter of downside risk, using the baseline Brent level.\n3c. Reserve sizing: Add a 20% working-capital pad and state the minimum cash reserve.\n3d. Conclude briefly on whether the standing $25M buffer is sufficient. Recommend one treasury or operational lever to close any shortfall without immobilizing excess cash.\n\nThe client expects this analysis to be based on the latest (April 2025) data from the World Bank, a leading international financial institution known for its rigorous research and economic expertise. Throughout your analysis, please report data points as follows:\n\n- Report all percentages and percentage points to one decimal place (e.g., -12.6%).\n- Report monetary amounts in US$M rounded to the nearest $1M, unless otherwise specified.\n- Report index levels to one decimal place.\n- Report oil prices in US$/bbl, rounded to one decimal place.\n- Report all numerical calculations (e.g., for the squared-weight approximation) to two decimal places.\n- Report all underlying calculations required to reach your final analysis.", "o3_response": "To : Board of Directors \nFrom : Strategy & Commodity Risk Team \nDate : 17 April 2025 \nSubj. : 2025 Commodity-price Risk, COGS Outlook and Copper Cap-ex Timing \u2011 Decision Memo \n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------- \n1. 2025 EXPECTED-COGS OUTLOOK & VARIANCE \n\nUnderlying 2025 World Bank (Apr-25) YoY price forecasts \n\u2022 Energy index\u2003-17.4 % \n\u2022 Metals & Minerals index\u2003-9.8 % \n\u2022 Agriculture index\u2003-0.9 % \n\nCurrent COGS structure: Energy 55 % | Metals 30 % | Agri 15 %\n\n1a. Baseline (60 % weight) \u2013 blended COGS change \n= 0.55(-17.4) + 0.30(-9.8) + 0.15(-0.9) \n= \u20119.57 \u20112.94 \u20110.14 \n= \u201112.6 %\n\n1b. Down-side \u201csharper-slowdown\u201d (40 % weight) \n\u2003\u2022 Oil shock: extra \u20117.0 pp \u21d2 Energy -24.4 % \n\u2003\u2022 Copper shock: extra \u201110.0 pp \u21d2 Metals -19.8 % \n\u2003\u2022 Assume Agriculture -2.5 % \nBlended change = 0.55(-24.4) + 0.30(-19.8) + 0.15(-2.5) \n\u2003\u2003= \u201113.42 \u20115.94 \u20110.38 = \u201119.7 %\n\n1c. Probability-weighted expected COGS \n= 0.60(-12.6) + 0.40(-19.7) = \u201115.4 %\n\n=> Management should plan on a 15.4 % YoY deflation in 2025 COGS.\n\n1d. Variance decomposition (squared-weight approximation) \n\u0394Energy = \u20117.0 pp, \u0394Metals = \u201110.0 pp, \u0394Agri = \u20111.6 pp \n\nContribution_i = (share_i\u00b2)(\u0394_i\u00b2) \n\n\u2022 Energy\u2003(0.55\u00b2)(7.0\u00b2) = 14.82 \u2192 62.04 % \n\u2022 Metals\u2003(0.30\u00b2)(10.0\u00b2) = 9.00 \u2192 37.70 % \n\u2022 Agri\u2003\u2003(0.15\u00b2)(1.6\u00b2) = 0.06 \u2192 0.24 % \n\n1e. Swing factor & mitigation \nPrimary swing factor = ENERGY (\u2248 62 % of variance). \nRobust procurement lever: lock-in forward energy costs through a rolling 12- to 18-month Brent swap programme combined with efficiency retrofits (delivers savings in either price direction). \n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------- \n2. COPPER CAP-EX TIMING (150 kt | US$600 M nominal)\n\n2a. Metals & Minerals index path \n2023 = 104.0 \u2192 2025 = 96.2 \nCompounded change = (96.2/104.0 \u2013 1) \u00d7 100 = -7.5 %.\n\n2b. Cost comparison (nominal) \n\u2022 Defer (buy in 2025 @ 96.2) \n\u2003600 M \u00d7 (96.2/106.7) = US$541 M \n\u2022 Pre-buy (2024 hedge @ 106.7 + 4 % carry) \n\u2003600 M \u00d7 1.04 = US$624 M \n\nDifference = 624 M \u2013 541 M = US$83 M \n\u21d2 DEFERRAL delivers the higher value by US$83 M.\n\n2c. NPV test (7 % WACC, 2023 $) \nPV(Defer) = 541 M / 1.07\u00b2 = 472 M \nPV(Pre-buy) = 624 M / 1.07 = 583 M \nNPV differential = 583 M \u2013 472 M = US$111 M \n\nConclusion: Deferring to 2025 is financially superior by \u2248 US$111 M NPV. \n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------- \n3. REFINERY LIQUIDITY BUFFER \u2013 BRENT DOWNSIDE\n\n3a. Brent downside move \nBaseline Brent = US$64.0/bbl \nShock = -7.0 % \u21d2 \u0394 = -4.5 $/bbl (64.0 \u00d7 0.07).\n\n3b. EBITDA sensitivity \nEBITDA hit (one quarter) = 6 M $ per $1 \u00d7 4.5 = US$27.0 M\n\n3c. Reserve with 20 % pad \nRequired buffer = 27.0 M \u00d7 1.20 = US$32.4 M \n\n3d. Adequacy & remedy \nStanding buffer = US$25 M \u2192 shortfall = US$7.4 M. \nRecommendation: put in place a committed revolving credit facility (RCF) of \u2265 US$10 M; it supplies liquidity on-demand without permanently parking excess cash. \n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------- \nACTION ITEMS \n1. Authorise treasury to extend Brent swap cover for 2025-H1 volumes. \n2. Defer copper procurement to 2025 and re-allocate the freed-up 2024 cash. \n3. Mandate CFO to secure an incremental US$10 M RCF for the refining unit. \n\nPrepared by: Commodity Risk Analytics \u2013 underlying calculations available on request.", "r1-0528_response": "### **MEMORANDUM**\n\n**To:** The Board of Directors\n**From:** Commodity Risk & Strategic Sourcing Analysis Unit\n**Date:** April 15, 2025\n**Subject:** Quantification of 2025 Commodity Risk & Capital Allocation Rationale\n\nThis memorandum provides a quantitative analysis of the group's 2025 commodity price risk, an evaluation of a capital timing decision for copper procurement, and an assessment of refinery liquidity requirements under a stress scenario.\n\n---\n\n#### **1. Expected-COGS Outlook and Variance**\n\n**1a. Baseline Scenario (60% Weighting)**\nBased on the World Bank's April 2025 forecasts, the year-on-year price changes for our key inputs are:\n* **Energy:** -2.5%\n* **Metals & Minerals:** -4.5%\n* **Agriculture:** +1.0%\n\nThe blended COGS change is calculated as follows:\n(55% \u00d7 -2.5%) + (30% \u00d7 -4.5%) + (15% \u00d7 1.0%) = -1.4% - 1.4% + 0.2% = **-2.6%**\n\n**1b. Downside Stress Scenario (40% Weighting)**\nApplying the sharper slowdown shocks:\n* **Energy (Oil):** -12.6%\n* **Metals (Copper):** -8.2%\n* **Agriculture:** -2.5% (Assumed)\n\nThe blended COGS change for the stress scenario is:\n(55% \u00d7 -12.6%) + (30% \u00d7 -8.2%) + (15% \u00d7 -2.5%) = -6.9% - 2.5% - 0.4% = **-9.8%**\n\n**1c. Overall Expected COGS Change**\nThe expected COGS change, weighting both scenarios, is:\n(60% \u00d7 -2.6%) + (40% \u00d7 -9.8%) = -1.6% - 3.9% = **-5.5%**\n\n**1d. Variance Insight**\nThe variance between the baseline (-2.6%) and downside (-9.8%) scenarios is 7.2 percentage points. Using a squared-weight approximation, the contribution of each commodity to this variance is:\n* **Energy:** (0.55\u00b2) \u2248 0.30\n* **Metals & Minerals:** (0.30\u00b2) \u2248 0.09\n* **Agriculture:** (0.15\u00b2) \u2248 0.02\n* **Total System Variance:** 0.30 + 0.09 + 0.02 = 0.41\n\nThe individual contributions are:\n* Energy Contribution: (0.30 / 0.41) = **73.2%**\n* Metals & Minerals Contribution: (0.09 / 0.41) = **22.0%**\n* Agriculture Contribution: (0.02 / 0.41) = **4.9%**\n\n**1e. Primary Swing Factor and Procurement Lever**\nEnergy is the primary \"swing factor,\" contributing **73.2%** to the potential COGS variance.\nA procurement lever robust to energy (oil) price risk is **negotiating fixed-price, long-term supply contracts** to lock in costs and mitigate spot price volatility.\n\n---\n\n#### **2. Copper-Cap-Ex Timing Decision (US $600M Project)**\n\n**2a. Compounded Price Path**\nThe Metals and Minerals index is forecast to fall by 4.5% in 2024 and a further 4.5% in 2025. The compounded 2023\u21922025 change is:\n(1 - 0.045) \u00d7 (1 - 0.045) - 1 = (0.955 \u00d7 0.955) - 1 = 0.912 - 1 = **-8.8%**\n\n**2b. Strategy Comparison**\n* **Defer Strategy:** Spending $600M in 2025 buys 150 kT at the lower 2025 price. Its value is simply the nominal spend: **$600M**.\n* **Pre-buy Strategy:** To have 150 kT available in 2025, we must buy it at the higher 2024 price. The cost in 2024 is $600M / (1 - 0.045) = $600M / 0.955 = **$628.3M**. This amount is spent in 2024 and incurs a 4% carry cost, making the total cost in 2025 dollars: $628.3M \u00d7 (1 + 0.04) = **$653.4M**.\n\nThe **Defer strategy has a higher value** (i.e., is cheaper) by $653.4M - $600.0M = **$53.4M**, or **$53M** rounded.\n\n**2c. Economic Test**\nDiscounting both strategies' cash flows to 2023 using a 7% WACC:\n* **Defer (Cash outflow in 2025):** NPV = -$600M / [(1.07)^2] = -$600M / 1.1449 = **-$524.1M**\n* **Pre-buy (Cash outflow in 2024):** NPV = -$628.3M / (1.07) = **-$587.2M**\n\nThe NPV difference is -$524.1M - (-$587.2M) = **+$63.1M** (nearest $1M: **$63M**).\n**Deferral is financially superior by $63M in NPV terms, as the forecasted price decline more than offsets the time value of money and the cost of carry.**\n\n---\n\n#### **3. Refinery Liquidity Buffer Under \"Sharper-Slowdown\" Oil Scenario**\n\n**3a. Brent Shock in $/bbl**\nThe World Bank's baseline Brent price is **$83.5/bbl**. A sharper slowdown shock of -12.6% translates to:\n$83.5/bbl \u00d7 -0.126 = **-$10.5/bbl**\n\n**3b. Additional Cash Reserve Needed**\nA $1/bbl move alters quarterly EBITDA by $6 million. Therefore, a $10.5/bbl move alters it by:\n$10.5/bbl \u00d7 $6.0M/bbl = **-$63.0M**\n\n**3c. Reserve Sizing**\nAdding a 20% working-capital pad:\n$63.0M \u00d7 1.20 = **$75.6M** (minimum cash reserve)\n\n**3d. Conclusion and Recommendation**\nThe standing **$25M buffer is insufficient** to cover the potential Q1 2025 downside of ~$75.6M.\nTo close the ~$50M shortfall without immobilizing excess cash, we recommend **securing a committed revolving credit facility** to be drawn only if the stress scenario materializes.", "grok4_response": "Below is the decision-ready memorandum based on the tasks specified. All analysis is derived from the World Bank's Commodity Markets Outlook (April 2025 edition), using the provided data and forecasts. I have performed all underlying calculations as required, reporting percentages to one decimal place, monetary amounts in US$M to the nearest $1M (unless otherwise specified), index levels to one decimal place, oil prices to one decimal place in US$/bbl, and numerical calculations (e.g., for variance) to two decimal places. Note that the memorandum is framed from a 2023 perspective (per the query's context), but uses the April 2025 data for forward-looking analysis as instructed.\n\n---\n\n**MEMORANDUM**\n\n**To:** Board of Directors \n**From:** Commodity Risk Analysis Team \n**Date:** [Current Date] \n**Subject:** Quantification of 2025 Commodity Risk and Financial Rationale for Capital Allocation Strategies \n\nThis memorandum quantifies our FMCG group's 2025 commodity risk exposure based on COGS attributions (55% energy, 30% metals and minerals, 15% agricultural commodities) and outlines the financial rationale for key capital allocation decisions, including copper procurement timing and refinery liquidity buffers. Analysis draws on the World Bank's April 2025 Commodity Markets Outlook.\n\n### 1. Expected-COGS Outlook and Variance\n\n#### 1a. Baseline Scenario (60% Weighting)\nThe 2025 year-on-year price forecasts (from 2024 to 2025) are as follows: \n- Energy: -17.4% (index from 101.5 to 83.8) \n- Metals and Minerals: -9.8% (index from 106.7 to 96.2) \n- Agriculture: -0.9% (index from 115.0 to 114.0) \n\nBlended COGS change = (0.55 \u00d7 -17.4%) + (0.30 \u00d7 -9.8%) + (0.15 \u00d7 -0.9%) \n= -9.57% - 2.94% - 0.14% = -12.65% (rounded to -12.6%)\n\n#### 1b. Downside Stress Scenario (40% Weighting)\nThe sharper slowdown scenario implies the following 2025 year-on-year shocks (from 2024 to 2025): \n- Energy (using oil proxy): -26.0% \n- Metals and Minerals (using copper proxy): -19.0% \n- Agriculture: -2.5% (as specified) \n\nBlended COGS change = (0.55 \u00d7 -26.0%) + (0.30 \u00d7 -19.0%) + (0.15 \u00d7 -2.5%) \n= -14.30% - 5.70% - 0.38% = -20.38% (rounded to -20.4%)\n\n#### 1c. Overall Expected COGS\nOverall expected COGS change = (0.60 \u00d7 -12.6%) + (0.40 \u00d7 -20.4%) \n= -7.56% - 8.16% = -15.72% (rounded to -15.7%)\n\n#### 1d. Variance Insight\nThe difference in blended COGS change between downside stress and baseline scenarios is -20.4% - (-12.6%) = -7.8%. This difference arises from commodity-specific shocks: \n- Energy shock difference: -26.0% - (-17.4%) = -8.6% \n- Metals and Minerals shock difference: -19.0% - (-9.8%) = -9.2% \n- Agriculture shock difference: -2.5% - (-0.9%) = -1.6% \n\nWeighted contributions to the -7.8% difference: \n- Energy: 0.55 \u00d7 -8.6% = -4.73% \n- Metals and Minerals: 0.30 \u00d7 -9.2% = -2.76% \n- Agriculture: 0.15 \u00d7 -1.6% = -0.24% \n(Total: -4.73% - 2.76% - 0.24% = -7.73%, minor rounding discrepancy) \n\nUsing a simple squared-weight approximation for each commodity's contribution to variance (squared weighted contribution divided by total squared contributions): \n- Energy: (-4.73)^2 = 22.37; contribution = 22.37 / (22.37 + 7.62 + 0.06) = 22.37 / 30.05 = 0.74 (74.0%) \n- Metals and Minerals: (-2.76)^2 = 7.62; contribution = 7.62 / 30.05 = 0.25 (25.0%) \n- Agriculture: (-0.24)^2 = 0.06; contribution = 0.06 / 30.05 = 0.00 (0.0%) (0.01 unrounded, but to two decimal places) \n\n#### 1e. Primary \"Swing Factor\" and Procurement Lever\nEnergy is the primary \"swing factor\" (74.0% variance contribution, driven by its high weighting and large shock differential). One procurement lever robust to this risk is long-term fixed-price supply contracts with diversified suppliers, which lock in costs and mitigate volatility from global demand shocks.\n\n### 2. Copper-Cap-Ex Timing Decision (US $600M Project)\n\n#### 2a. Compounded Price Path\nThe Metals and Minerals index changes as follows: 2023 (104.0) to 2024 (106.7, +2.6%); 2024 to 2025 (96.2, -9.8%). Compounded 2023 to 2025 change = (96.2 / 104.0) - 1 = -7.5%.\n\nThe $600M represents the total cost for 150 kilotonnes of refined copper cathodes over 2024-2025 at 2025 forecasted prices (implied unit price ~$8,200/mt from report, adjusted for index).\n\n#### 2b. Comparison of Strategies\nUnderlying calculations assume quantity fixed at 150 kilotonnes; costs adjusted via index ratios (2024/2025 = 106.7 / 96.2 = 1.10915). \n- Defer: Total cost $600M in 2025. \n- Pre-buy: Purchase cost in 2024 = $600M \u00d7 1.10915 = $665M; add 4% carry = $665M \u00d7 0.04 = $27M; total effective cost $692M (in nominal terms, assuming carry paid in 2025). \n\nThe defer strategy has higher value (lower cost) by $92M.\n\n#### 2c. Economic Test\nCash flows converted to 2025 dollars using index ratios (2025/2024 = 96.2 / 106.7 = 0.90159): \n- Defer: -600M in 2025 dollars. \n- Pre-buy: 2024 purchase converted = -665M \u00d7 0.90159 = -600M; add carry -27M (in 2025 dollars); total -627M in 2025 dollars. \n\nDiscount to 2023 at 7% WACC (2-year factor = 1 / 1.07^2 = 0.8734): \n- Defer NPV = -600 \u00d7 0.8734 = -524M. \n- Pre-buy NPV = -627 \u00d7 0.8734 = -548M. \nNPV difference (defer minus pre-buy) = $24M (defer superior). Deferral is financially superior because falling prices make waiting cheaper, even after adjusting for carry costs and time value of money.\n\n### 3. Refinery Liquidity Buffer Under \"Sharper-Slowdown\" Oil Scenario\n\n#### 3a. Brent Behavior and Shock Conversion\nUnder the sharper slowdown, Brent averages ~$59.0/bbl in 2025 (additional -7.0% below baseline, reflecting amplified demand weakness from trade tensions). Using baseline Brent ($64.0/bbl), the shock = -7.0% \u00d7 64.0 = -4.5 $/bbl.\n\n#### 3b. Additional Cash Reserve\nEach $1/bbl move alters quarterly EBITDA by $6M; downside risk implies a -4.5 $/bbl drop, reducing EBITDA by 4.5 \u00d7 6 = 27.0M per quarter. Additional reserve needed for one quarter = $27.0M (nearest $0.1M; uses baseline Brent for shock magnitude).\n\n#### 3c. Reserve Sizing\nAdd 20% working-capital pad: 27.0 \u00d7 1.20 = 32.4M. Minimum cash reserve = $32.4M.\n\n#### 3d. Sufficiency Conclusion and Recommendation\nThe standing $25M buffer is insufficient (shortfall of $7.4M). Recommend establishing a revolving credit facility (treasury lever) to provide on-demand liquidity without immobilizing excess cash reserves.\n\nPlease advise on next steps or additional analysis required.\n\n--- \n\nThis memorandum is complete and decision-ready. All calculations are based solely on the provided World Bank data.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates 2024 Metals and Minerals nominal pre-buy cost using the following formula: Pre-buy cost * change in index level", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates NPV difference using the following formula: NPV defer - NPV pre-buy", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Squares cost weight correctly for agriculture using the following formula: (agriculture weightage) ^ 2", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates baseline blended COGS using the following formula: (Energy weightage * Energy forecast) + (Metals and minerals weightage * Metals and minerals forecast) + (Agriculture weightage * Agriculture forecast)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates overall expected COGS using the following formula: (Baseline weightage * baseline forecast) + (Downside weightage * downside forecast)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies oil shock as -7.0% below baseline for Energy in downside scenario", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2025 nominal cost for defer strategy using the following formula: Deferral cost * (1 - 2023 to 2025 change)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies shortfall using the following formula: New working capital buffer - existing working capital buffer", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts Metals and Minerals index levels for 2024 as 106.7", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Applies oil shock to the energy forecast using the following formula: {[2025 forecast price * (1 - impact of shock)] / 2024 actual price} - 1", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Applies copper shock to the metals and minerals forecast correctly using the following formula: {[2025 forecast price * (1 - impact of shock)] / 2024 actual price} - 1", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends any procurement lever to hedge energy volatility", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates energy's contribution using the following formula: w^2 \u00d7 \u0394^2", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends one treasury or operational lever to close any shortfall without immobilizing excess cash", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2024 Metals and Minerals index level price using the following formula: (2024 index level / 2023 index level) - 1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies copper shock as -10.0% below baseline for Metals and Minerals in downside scenario", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides any rationale for preferring deferral strategy", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025 YoY 'Metals and Minerals' price change as -9.8%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Energy as the the primary \"swing factor\" as it has the maximum variance contribution using the following formula: Contribution of energy / (contribution of energy + contribution of metal and minerals + contribution of agriculture)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts Metals and Minerals index levels for 2023 as 104.0", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the 2023 present value of 2024 pre-buy and 2025 carry costs using the following formula: [Nominal pre-buy / (1 + discount rate) ^ number of periods] + [Nominal carry / (1 + discount rate) ^ number of periods]", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025 YoY 'Energy' price change as -17.4%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates EBITDA with working capital buffer using the following formula: EBITDA impact * working capital buffer", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the 2023 present value of defer costs using the following formula: Nominal defer cost / (1 + discount rate) ^ number of periods", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates downside blended COGS using the following formula: (Energy weightage * Energy downside forecast) + (Metals and minerals weightage * Metals and minerals downside forecast) + (Agriculture weightage * Agriculture downside forecast)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates agriculture's contribution using the following formula: w^2 \u00d7 \u0394^2", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates metal and mineral's contribution using the following formula: w^2 \u00d7 \u0394^2", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the 2025 YoY 'Agriculture' price change as -0.9%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Squares cost weight correctly for metals and minerals using the following formula: (metals and minerals weightage) ^ 2", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates EBITDA using the following formula: Change in oil price * EBITDA impact per bbl", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates commodity swings correctly for Agriculture using the following formula: Difference between downside and baseline scenario", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Adds 4% carry cost and evaluates the pre-buy cost using the following formula: Nominal pre-buy cost * (1 + carry cost)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Squares cost weight correctly for energy using the following formula: (energy weightage) ^ 2", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates 2023 to 2025 compounded change of Metals and Minerals index using the following formula: (2025 index / 2023 index) -1", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts Brent 2025 baseline price as $64/bbl", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Extracts Metals and Minerals index levels for 2025 as 96.2", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the 2025 crude oil price after 7% downside shock using the following formula: 2025 crude oil price * downside shock", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-6", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Consider a five-level \"quadpod\" atom with four long-lived states $\\lvert 1\\rangle,\\lvert 2\\rangle,\\lvert 3\\rangle,\\lvert 4\\rangle$ and one excited state $\\lvert e\\rangle$. In the rotating-wave frame ($\\hbar=1$),\n\n\\begin{equation}\nH(\\mathbf R) = \\Delta\\,\\lvert e\\rangle\\!\\langle e\\rvert\n+ \\sum_{j=1}^{4} \\Big( \\Omega_j(\\mathbf R)\\,\\lvert e\\rangle\\!\\langle j\\rvert\n+ \\Omega_j^*(\\mathbf R)\\,\\lvert j\\rangle\\!\\langle e\\rvert \\Big),\n\\end{equation}\n\nwith detuning $\\Delta > 0$, and Rabi couplings\n\n\\begin{equation}\n(\\Omega_1,\\Omega_2,\\Omega_3,\\Omega_4) =\n\\Omega\\Big(\\sin\\theta\\cos\\phi\\,e^{i\\alpha},\\;\n\\sin\\theta\\sin\\phi,\\;\n\\cos\\theta\\cos\\chi\\,e^{i\\gamma},\\;\n\\cos\\theta\\sin\\chi\\Big),\n\\label{eq:Omegas}\n\\end{equation}\n\nwhere $\\Omega > 0$ is fixed and $\\theta,\\phi,\\chi \\in (0,\\tfrac{\\pi}{2})$ are constants, while the phases $\\alpha,\\gamma \\in [0,2\\pi)$ vary slowly. Work in the adiabatic, dispersive regime $\\Omega \\ll \\Delta$ and restrict evolution to the three-dimensional dark subspace (the kernel of $H$ within $\\mathrm{span}\\{\\lvert 1\\rangle,\\dots,\\lvert 4\\rangle\\}$).\nIn the smooth dark-frame gauge\n\n\\begin{align}\n\\lvert d_1\\rangle &= \\sin\\phi\\,e^{-i\\alpha}\\lvert 1\\rangle\n- \\cos\\phi\\,\\lvert 2\\rangle,\\\\\n\\lvert d_2\\rangle &= \\cos\\theta\\!\\left(\\cos\\phi\\,e^{-i\\alpha}\\lvert 1\\rangle\n+ \\sin\\phi\\,\\lvert 2\\rangle\\right)\n- \\sin\\theta\\,e^{-i\\gamma}\\!\\left(\\cos\\chi\\,\\lvert 3\\rangle\n+ \\sin\\chi\\,\\lvert 4\\rangle\\right),\\\\\n\\lvert d_3\\rangle &= e^{-i\\gamma}\\!\\left(-\\sin\\chi\\,\\lvert 3\\rangle\n+ \\cos\\chi\\,\\lvert 4\\rangle\\right),\n\\end{align}\n\none has the orthonormal dark basis $(|d_1\\rangle,|d_2\\rangle,|d_3\\rangle)$, which satisfies $\\sum_{j=1}^4 \\Omega_j(\\mathbf R)\\langle j\\vert d_a\\rangle=0$ for $a=1,2,3$.\nLet\n\n\\begin{equation}\nA_\\mu^{ab}(\\mathbf R) = i\\langle d_a \\vert \\partial_\\mu d_b\\rangle,\n\\quad \\mu \\in \\{\\alpha,\\gamma\\},\n\\end{equation}\n\ndenote the Wilczek--Zee connection in this gauge. This setup generalizes the tripod case in Non-Abelian Gauge Potentials (NGP) to an $\\mathrm{SU}(3)$ dark manifold.\nDefine the rectangular loop $C$ in the $(\\alpha,\\gamma)$ plane by \\[(0,0) \\ \\to\\ (2\\pi,0) \\ \\to\\ (2\\pi,G) \\ \\to\\ (0,G) \\ \\to\\ (0,0),\\] traversed counterclockwise with the explicit segment order:\n\n\\begin{enumerate}\n \\item $\\alpha:0\\to 2\\pi$ at $\\gamma=0$,\n \\item $\\gamma:0\\to G$ at $\\alpha=2\\pi$,\n \\item $\\alpha:2\\pi\\to 0$ at $\\gamma=G$,\n \\item $\\gamma:G\\to 0$ at $\\alpha=0$,\n\\end{enumerate}\n\nwhere $G$ is real and understood modulo $2\\pi$. Compute the exact non-Abelian Berry holonomy\n\n\\begin{equation}\nU_C = \\mathcal{P} \\exp\\!\\Big( -i \\oint_C A_\\mu \\, dR^\\mu \\Big),\n\\end{equation}\n\nand report, at the base point $(\\alpha,\\gamma)=(0,0)$, the fully simplified, closed-form $3\\times 3$ matrix $U_C(\\theta,\\phi,\\chi;G)$ in the ordered basis $(|d_1\\rangle,|d_2\\rangle,|d_3\\rangle)$, verifying explicitly that $U_C \\in \\mathrm{SU}(3)$.\n\n", "o3_response": "Let \n\ns\u03c6=sin\u03c6 , \u2003 c\u03c6=cos\u03c6 , \u2003 s\u03b8=sin\u03b8 , \u2003 c\u03b8=cos\u03b8 ,\ns\u03c7=sin\u03c7 , \u2003 c\u03c7=cos\u03c7 ,\u2003 \n\u03bb\u2261\u20061\u2212c\u03c6\u00b2s\u03b8\u00b2= s\u03c6\u00b2+c\u03b8\u00b2c\u03c6\u00b2>0 . (1)\n\nIn the ordered dark basis (|d\u2081\u232a,|d\u2082\u232a,|d\u2083\u232a)\n\n|d\u2081\u232a = s\u03c6 e^{-i\u03b1}|1\u232a \u2212 c\u03c6 |2\u232a ,\n|d\u2082\u232a = c\u03b8( c\u03c6 e^{-i\u03b1}|1\u232a+ s\u03c6 |2\u232a ) \u2212 s\u03b8 e^{-i\u03b3}(c\u03c7|3\u232a+s\u03c7|4\u232a) ,\n|d\u2083\u232a = e^{-i\u03b3}(\u2212s\u03c7|3\u232a+c\u03c7|4\u232a) (2)\n\nthe only parameters that change along the loop C are the phases\n\u03b1 and \u03b3. Differentiating (2) one finds the Wilczek\u2013Zee connection\n\nA_\u03b1 = \uf8eb s\u03c6\u00b2 c\u03b8 s\u03c6 c\u03c6 0\n c\u03b8 s\u03c6 c\u03c6 c\u03b8\u00b2c\u03c6\u00b2 0\n 0 0 0 \uf8f6 , (3a)\n\nA_\u03b3 = diag(0 , s\u03b8\u00b2 , 1) . (3b)\n\nBoth matrices are constant (they do not depend on \u03b1 or \u03b3), therefore\nalong the four segments of the rectangle the path\u2013ordered exponential\nfactorises. With \u0394\u03b1 = 2\u03c0 and \u0394\u03b3 = G,\ndefine (constant) matrices \n\nU \u2261 e^{-i\u0394\u03b1 A_\u03b1} , V \u2261 e^{-i\u0394\u03b3 A_\u03b3}=diag(1 , e^{-is\u03b8\u00b2G} , e^{-iG}). (4)\n\nAlong the ordered segments 1\u20134 the holonomy is the group\ncommutator\n\nU_C = U V U^{-1} V^{-1}. (5)\n\nBecause A_\u03b1 acts only in the {|d\u2081\u232a,|d\u2082\u232a} sector, U factorises into\nan SU(2) part and a spectator eigenvalue 1,\n\nU = U_{12} \u2295 1 , U_{12}=exp[-i2\u03c0\u03bb P] , (6)\n\nwhere P = |n\u27e9\u27e8n| is the rank-1 projector on the normalised\nvector |n\u27e9 = (s\u03c6 , c\u03b8 c\u03c6)/\u221a\u03bb. Using P\u00b2=P,\n\nexp(-i2\u03c0\u03bbP) = 1_{2} + (e^{-i2\u03c0\u03bb}-1)P . (7)\n\nIntroduce the shorthands\n\n\u03be \u2261 e^{-i2\u03c0\u03bb}, q \u2261 e^{-is\u03b8\u00b2G}, a \u2261 \u03be-1 = \u22122i e^{-i\u03c0\u03bb}sin\u03c0\u03bb,\n|a|\u00b2 = 4 sin\u00b2\u03c0\u03bb , n\u2081 \u2261 s\u03c6/\u221a\u03bb , n\u2082 \u2261 c\u03b8 c\u03c6/\u221a\u03bb . (8)\n\nWith those, the 2\u00d72 block W\u2261U_{12} V_{12} U_{12}^{\u2020} V_{12}^{\u2020}\nis obtained in two lines of algebra,\n\nW = 1_{2}\n + |a|\u00b2 sin\u00b2(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) |n\u27e9\u27e8n|\n + 2 sin(\u03c0\u03bb) sin(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G)\n [e^{i(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G-\u03c0\u03bb)} n\u2081n\u2082 \u03c3_+ + h.c.], (9)\n\nwhere \u03c3_+ = |d\u2081\u232a\u2329d\u2082| acts in the {|d\u2081\u232a,|d\u2082\u232a} subspace.\nExplicitly,\n\nW =\n\uf8eb 1\u22124sin\u00b2\u03c0\u03bb sin\u00b2(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) n\u2081\u00b2 \u22122i sin\u03c0\u03bb sin(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) e^{i(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G-\u03c0\u03bb)} n\u2081n\u2082\n \u22122i sin\u03c0\u03bb sin(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) e^{-i(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G-\u03c0\u03bb)} n\u2081n\u2082 1\u22124sin\u00b2\u03c0\u03bb sin\u00b2(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) n\u2082\u00b2 \uf8f6. (10)\n\nPutting the spectator state |d\u2083\u232a back in, the exact Berry\nholonomy around C is\n\nU_C(\u03b8,\u03c6,\u03c7;G)=\n\u239b\n1\u22124sin\u00b2\u03c0\u03bb sin\u00b2(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) n\u2081\u00b2\n \u22122i sin\u03c0\u03bb sin(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) e^{i(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G-\u03c0\u03bb)} n\u2081n\u2082\n 0\n \u22122i sin\u03c0\u03bb sin(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) e^{-i(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G-\u03c0\u03bb)} n\u2081n\u2082\n 1\u22124sin\u00b2\u03c0\u03bb sin\u00b2(\u00bds\u03b8\u00b2G) n\u2082\u00b2 0\n 0 0 1\n\u239e. (11)\n\nEquation (11) is already unitary; its determinant is\n\ndet U_C = det W = 1 (12)\n\nso U_C\u2208SU(3). The holonomy acts non-trivially only inside the\n{|d\u2081\u232a,|d\u2082\u232a} subspace, leaving |d\u2083\u232a strictly unchanged, and it\ncollapses to the identity for any Abelian limit\n(n\u2081 n\u2082=0 or G=0 mod 2\u03c0 or \u03b8=0).", "r1-0528_response": "We consider a five-level atom with states $\\{\\ket{1}, \\ket{2}, \\ket{3}, \\ket{4}, \\ket{e}\\}$ and Hamiltonian in the rotating frame:\n\n\\begin{equation}\nH(\\mathbf{R}) = \\Delta\\ket{e}\\bra{e} + \\sum_{j=1}^4 \\left(\\Omega_j(\\mathbf{R})\\ket{e}\\bra{j} + \\Omega_j^*(\\mathbf{R})\\ket{j}\\bra{e}\\right)\n\\end{equation}\n\nThe Rabi frequencies are parameterized as:\n\n\\begin{equation}\n(\\Omega_1, \\Omega_2, \\Omega_3, \\Omega_4) = \\Omega\\left(\\sin\\theta\\cos\\phi e^{i\\alpha}, \\sin\\theta\\sin\\phi, \\cos\\theta\\cos\\chi e^{i\\gamma}, \\cos\\theta\\sin\\chi\\right)\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\subsection*{Dark Subspace}\n\nThe dark states $\\{\\ket{d_1}, \\ket{d_2}, \\ket{d_3}\\}$ are:\n\n\\begin{align}\n\\ket{d_1} &= \\sin\\phi e^{-i\\alpha}\\ket{1} - \\cos\\phi\\ket{2} \\\\\n\\ket{d_2} &= \\cos\\theta\\left(\\cos\\phi e^{-i\\alpha}\\ket{1} + \\sin\\phi\\ket{2}\\right) - \\sin\\theta e^{-i\\gamma}\\left(\\cos\\chi\\ket{3} + \\sin\\chi\\ket{4}\\right) \\\\\n\\ket{d_3} &= e^{-i\\gamma}\\left(-\\sin\\chi\\ket{3} + \\cos\\chi\\ket{4}\\right)\n\\end{align}\n\n\\subsection*{Non-Abelian Connection}\n\nThe Wilczek-Zee connection $A_\\mu^{ab} = i\\bra{d_a}\\partial_\\mu d_b\\rangle$ has components:\n\n\\subsubsection*{$\\alpha$-Component}\n\n\\begin{align}\nA_\\alpha &= \n\\begin{pmatrix}\ni\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\alpha d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\alpha d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\alpha d_3\\rangle \\\\\ni\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\alpha d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\alpha d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\alpha d_3\\rangle \\\\\ni\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\alpha d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\alpha d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\alpha d_3\\rangle\n\\end{pmatrix} \\\\\n&= \n\\begin{pmatrix}\n\\sin^2\\phi & \\cos\\theta\\cos^2\\phi & 0 \\\\\n\\cos\\theta\\cos^2\\phi & \\cos^2\\theta\\cos^2\\phi & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{align}\n\n\\subsubsection*{$\\gamma$-Component}\n\n\\begin{align}\nA_\\gamma &= \n\\begin{pmatrix}\ni\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\gamma d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\gamma d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_1}\\partial_\\gamma d_3\\rangle \\\\\ni\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\gamma d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\gamma d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_2}\\partial_\\gamma d_3\\rangle \\\\\ni\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\gamma d_1\\rangle & i\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\gamma d_2\\rangle & i\\bra{d_3}\\partial_\\gamma d_3\\rangle\n\\end{pmatrix} \\\\\n&= \n\\begin{pmatrix}\n0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & \\sin^2\\theta & -i\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta \\\\\n0 & i\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta & \\cos^2\\theta\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{align}\n\n\\subsection*{Holonomy Computation}\n\nFor the rectangular loop $C$ in the $(\\alpha,\\gamma)$ plane, we compute:\n\n\\begin{equation}\nU_C = \\mathscr{P}\\exp\\left(-i\\oint_C A_\\mu dR^\\mu\\right) = e^{-i\\int_{\\gamma=0}^G A_\\gamma d\\gamma}e^{-i\\int_{\\alpha=0}^{2\\pi} A_\\alpha d\\alpha}e^{i\\int_{\\gamma=0}^G A_\\gamma d\\gamma}e^{i\\int_{\\alpha=0}^{2\\pi} A_\\alpha d\\alpha}\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\subsubsection*{Exponential of $A_\\alpha$}\n\nSince $A_\\alpha$ is block-diagonal:\n\n\\begin{equation}\ne^{-i2\\pi A_\\alpha} = \n\\begin{pmatrix}\ne^{-i2\\pi\\sin^2\\phi} & -i\\frac{\\cos\\theta\\cos^2\\phi}{\\sqrt{\\sin^2\\phi + \\cos^2\\theta\\cos^2\\phi}}\\sin(2\\pi\\sqrt{\\sin^2\\phi + \\cos^2\\theta\\cos^2\\phi}) & 0 \\\\\n0 & e^{-i2\\pi\\cos^2\\theta\\cos^2\\phi} & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\subsubsection*{Exponential of $A_\\gamma$}\n\nThe matrix $A_\\gamma$ can be diagonalized:\n\n\\begin{equation}\ne^{-iG A_\\gamma} = \n\\begin{pmatrix}\n1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & \\cos(G\\sin\\theta) - i\\frac{\\sin^2\\theta}{\\sin\\theta}\\sin(G\\sin\\theta) & -\\frac{\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta}{\\sin\\theta}\\sin(G\\sin\\theta) \\\\\n0 & \\frac{\\sin\\theta\\cos\\theta}{\\sin\\theta}\\sin(G\\sin\\theta) & \\cos(G\\sin\\theta) + i\\frac{\\sin^2\\theta}{\\sin\\theta}\\sin(G\\sin\\theta)\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\subsection*{Final Holonomy Matrix}\n\nAfter computing the full path-ordered product, we obtain the exact holonomy:\n\n\\begin{equation}\nU_C = \n\\begin{pmatrix}\ne^{-i2\\pi\\sin^2\\phi} & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & \\cos(2\\pi\\cos\\theta\\cos\\phi) & -ie^{-iG}\\sin(2\\pi\\cos\\theta\\cos\\phi) \\\\\n0 & -ie^{iG}\\sin(2\\pi\\cos\\theta\\cos\\phi) & \\cos(2\\pi\\cos\\theta\\cos\\phi)\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\end{equation}\n\nThis matrix reveals the non-Abelian nature of the holonomy through the off-diagonal terms that mix $\\ket{d_2}$ and $\\ket{d_3}$.\n\n\\end{document}", "grok4_response": "The 3\\times 3 matrix \\(U_C(\\theta,\\phi,\\chi;G)\\) is\n\n\\[\n\\begin{pmatrix}\n1 + 4\\sin^2(\\pi \\lambda) \\frac{\\cos^2 \\theta \\sin^2 \\phi \\cos^2 \\phi}{\\lambda^2} (e^{-i G \\sin^2 \\theta} -1) & \\cos \\theta \\sin \\phi \\cos \\phi (e^{-i G \\sin^2 \\theta} -1) \\frac{e^{i 2\\pi \\lambda} -1}{\\lambda} \\left(1 + \\frac{e^{-i 2\\pi \\lambda} -1}{\\lambda} \\cos^2 \\theta \\cos^2 \\phi \\right) & 0 \\\\\n \\cos \\theta \\sin \\phi \\cos \\phi (e^{i G \\sin^2 \\theta} -1) \\frac{e^{i 2\\pi \\lambda} -1}{\\lambda} \\left(1 + \\frac{e^{-i 2\\pi \\lambda} -1}{\\lambda} \\sin^2 \\phi \\right) & 1 + 4\\sin^2(\\pi \\lambda) \\frac{\\cos^2 \\theta \\sin^2 \\phi \\cos^2 \\phi}{\\lambda^2} (e^{i G \\sin^2 \\theta} -1) & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 1 \n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\]\n\nwhere \\(\\lambda = \\cos^2 \\theta + \\sin^2 \\theta \\sin^2 \\phi\\).\n\nTo arrive at the solution, compute the Wilczek-Zee connection \\(A_\\alpha\\) and \\(A_\\gamma\\) in the given gauge, finding that it does not depend on \\(\\chi\\). Then compute the path-ordered exponential along the rectangular loop as the product of matrix exponentials along each segment. Simplify the resulting expressions using trigonometric identities.\n\nTo verify that \\(U_C \\in \\mathrm{SU}(3)\\), note that it is the holonomy in the dark subspace, which is unitary with determinant 1 by construction of the Berry holonomy in this gauge. \n\n\\boxed{\\begin{pmatrix}1+4\\sin^{2}(\\pi\\lambda)\\frac{\\cos^{2}\\theta\\sin^{2}\\phi\\cos^{2}\\phi}{\\lambda^{2}}(e^{-iG\\sin^{2}\\theta}-1)&\\cos\\theta\\sin\\phi\\cos\\phi(e^{-iG\\sin^{2}\\theta}-1)\\frac{e^{i2\\pi\\lambda}-1}{\\lambda}\\bigl(1+\\frac{e^{-i2\\pi\\lambda}-1}{\\lambda}\\cos^{2}\\theta\\cos^{2}\\phi\\bigr)&0\\\\\\cos\\theta\\sin\\phi\\cos\\phi(e^{iG\\sin^{2}\\theta}-1)\\frac{e^{i2\\pi\\lambda}-1}{\\lambda}\\bigl(1+\\frac{e^{-i2\\pi\\lambda}-1}{\\lambda}\\sin^{2}\\phi\\bigr)&1+4\\sin^{2}(\\pi\\lambda)\\frac{\\cos^{2}\\theta\\sin^{2}\\phi\\cos^{2}\\phi}{\\lambda^{2}}(e^{iG\\sin^{2}\\theta}-1)&0\\\\0&0&1\\end{pmatrix}\n\n(with \\lambda=\\cos^{2}\\theta+\\sin^{2}\\theta\\sin^{2}\\phi; equiv. forms OK; indep. of \\chi; in SU(3) by constr.)}", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States the explicit orthonormal degenerate dark-state basis \n\\[|d_1\\rangle =\\frac{\\Omega_2 e^{i\\phi_2} |g_1\\rangle - \\Omega_1 e^{i\\phi_1} |g_2\\rangle}{\\sqrt{\\Omega_1^2+\\Omega_2^2}}\\]\n\\[|d_2\\rangle =\\frac{\\Omega_1 \\Omega_3 e^{i(\\phi_1-\\phi_3)} |g_1\\rangle+ \\Omega_2 \\Omega_3 e^{i(\\phi_2-\\phi_3)} |g_2\\rangle- (\\Omega_1^2+\\Omega_2^2) |g_3\\rangle}{\\sqrt{\\Omega_1^2+\\Omega_2^2} \\,\\sqrt{\\Omega_1^2+\\Omega_2^2+\\Omega_3^2}}\\]\n\\[\\langle d_i | d_j \\rangle = \\delta_{ij}\\]\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Writes the exponent $\\Omega$ of the holonomy $U = \\exp(\\Omega)$ for a small rectangular loop, \nincluding all gauge covariant terms through $\\mathcal{O}(a^2 b^2)$, with explicit orders and definitions:\n\\[{\\Omega = i\\,a b\\,F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0)+ i\\,\\frac{a^2 b^2}{12} \\left(D_x^2 + D_y^2\\right) F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0)+ \\mathcal{O}(a^3, b^3)}\\]", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that, after projecting $F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0)$ onto the SU(2) dark subspace \n$\\{|D_1\\rangle, |D_2\\rangle\\}$, the generator can be written as\n\\[F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0) = \\theta \\,\\mathbf{n} \\cdot \\boldsymbol{\\sigma},\\]\nwith $\\mathbf{f} = (f_x, f_y, f_z)$, $\\mathbf{n} = \\mathbf{f} / |\\mathbf{f}|$, and $|\\mathbf{n}| = 1$, \nwhere $\\theta = |\\mathbf{f}|\\,a b + \\mathcal{O}(a^2 b^2)$ in the small-loop expansion.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Writes the Wilczek--Zee connection in the dark subspace,\n\\[A_{\\mu}^{ij}(\\mathbf{R}) := i \\,\\langle D_i(\\mathbf{R}) | \\partial_{\\mu} D_j(\\mathbf{R}) \\rangle,\n\\qquad \\mu \\in \\{x,y\\}.\\]\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the final closed-form holonomy for the rectangular loop and makes the acceptance binary by allowing either algebraically equivalent form:\n\\[{\\,U \\;:=\\; \\exp\\!\\big( i\\,F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0)\\,a b \\big)\\;+\\;\\mathcal{O}(a^2 b^2)\\,}\n\\qquad\\\\]", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State under a smooth change of dark-state basis\n\\[|D_i(\\mathbf{R})\\rangle \\longrightarrow |D'_i(\\mathbf{R})\\rangle = W_{ij}(\\mathbf{R})\\,|D_j(\\mathbf{R})\\rangle, \\qquad W(\\mathbf{R}) \\in \\mathrm{SU}(2),\\]\nthe projected connection and curvature transform as\n\\[A'_\\mu(\\mathbf{R}) = W(\\mathbf{R})\\,A_\\mu(\\mathbf{R})\\,W^\\dagger(\\mathbf{R}) + i\\,\\big(\\partial_\\mu W(\\mathbf{R})\\big) W^\\dagger(\\mathbf{R}),\\qquad\nF'_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}) = W(\\mathbf{R})\\,F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R})\\,W^\\dagger(\\mathbf{R}),\\]\n\n", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Writes the non-Abelian Berry curvature (field strength)\n\\[F_{xy} := \\partial_x A_y - \\partial_y A_x - i \\,[A_x, A_y],\\]", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Assembles the matrix-valued one-form from the components and states the coordinate domain for evaluation,\n\\[A(\\mathbf{R}) \\;=\\; A_x(\\mathbf{R})\\,dx \\;+\\; A_y(\\mathbf{R})\\,dy,\n\\qquad\nA_\\mu(\\mathbf{R}) \\;=\\; \\big(A_\\mu^{ij}(\\mathbf{R})\\big)_{i,j=1}^{2},\\]\non the rectangular loop centered at\n\\[\\mathbf{R}_0 \\;=\\; (R_0^x, R_0^y),\\qquad\nx \\in \\big[ R_0^x - \\tfrac{a}{2},\\; R_0^x + \\tfrac{a}{2} \\big],\\quad\ny \\in \\big[ R_0^y - \\tfrac{b}{2},\\; R_0^y + \\tfrac{b}{2} \\big],\\]\nwith sides \\(a\\) (along \\(x\\)) and \\(b\\) (along \\(y\\)).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Computes the explicit matrix components of the Wilczek--Zee connection on the specified coordinates,\n\\[A_x^{ij}(\\mathbf{R}) \\;=\\; i\\,\\big\\langle d_i(\\mathbf{R}) \\,\\big|\\, \\partial_x d_j(\\mathbf{R}) \\big\\rangle,\n\\qquad\nA_y^{ij}(\\mathbf{R}) \\;=\\; i\\,\\big\\langle d_i(\\mathbf{R}) \\,\\big|\\, \\partial_y d_j(\\mathbf{R}) \\big\\rangle,\\]\nfor \\(i,j\\in\\{1,2\\}\\). ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the curvature at the loop center and applies the small-loop approximation, set the loop basepoint \\(\\mathbf{R}_0=(R_0^x,R_0^y)\\) and the oriented area \\(S=ab\\) for the rectangle of sides \\(a\\) (along \\(x\\)) and \\(b\\) (along \\(y\\)).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Expands the projected gauge objects in the Pauli basis of the dark SU(2) subspace and gives coefficient formulas:\n\\[A^{(\\mathrm{dark})}_\\mu(\\mathbf{R}) := \\sum_{k \\in \\{x,y,z\\}} a_{\\mu,k}(\\mathbf{R})\\,\\sigma_k,\\qquad\na_{\\mu,k}(\\mathbf{R}) := \\tfrac{1}{2} \\,\\mathrm{Tr}\\!\\big( \\sigma_k \\, A^{(\\mathrm{dark})}_\\mu(\\mathbf{R}) \\big),\\]\n\n\\[F^{(\\mathrm{dark})}_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}) := \\sum_{k \\in \\{x,y,z\\}} f_k(\\mathbf{R})\\,\\sigma_k,\\qquad\nf_k(\\mathbf{R}) := \\tfrac{1}{2} \\,\\mathrm{Tr}\\!\\big( \\sigma_k \\, F^{(\\mathrm{dark})}_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}) \\big),\\]\n\nwith $\\{\\sigma_x, \\sigma_y, \\sigma_z\\}$ the Pauli matrices acting on the dark-state doublet.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Verifies SU(2) properties: $U^\\dagger U = \\mathbb{I}_2$ and $\\det U = 1$ to the working order in $(a, b)$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluates the non-Abelian curvature on the loop domain by writing it explicitly in terms of the connection components,\n\\[F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R})\\;:=\\;\\partial_x A_y(\\mathbf{R})\\;-\\;\\partial_y A_x(\\mathbf{R})\\;-\\;i\\,[A_x(\\mathbf{R}),A_y(\\mathbf{R})],\\]\nwith\n\\[A_\\mu^{ij}(\\mathbf{R}) \\;=\\; i\\,\\langle d_i(\\mathbf{R}) \\mid \\partial_\\mu d_j(\\mathbf{R}) \\rangle,\\qquad\\mu\\in\\{x,y\\},\\;\\; i,j\\in\\{1,2\\},\\]\nand\n\\(A_\\mu(\\mathbf{R})=\\big(A_\\mu^{ij}(\\mathbf{R})\\big)_{i,j=1}^{2}\\).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Projects all gauge objects onto the two-dimensional dark subspace using the projector\n\\[P(\\mathbf{R}) := \\sum_{i=1}^{2} |d_i(\\mathbf{R})\\rangle \\langle d_i(\\mathbf{R})| .\\]", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Specifies the loop geometry: a rectangle of side lengths (a) (along (x)) and (b) (along (y)) centered at (\\mathbf{R}_0), with oriented area (S=ab).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Writes the effective Hamiltonian in the dark-state subspace,\n\\[ H_{\\mathrm{eff}}=\\frac{\\mathbf{p}^2}{2m},\\mathbb{I}{2}-\\mathbf{A}(\\mathbf{R})\\cdot\\frac{\\mathbf{p}}{m}+V{\\mathrm{geom}}(\\mathbf{R}), \\]\n($\\mathbf{p}=-i\\hbar\\nabla_{\\mathbf{R}}$) is the momentum operator in parameter space, (m) is the effective mass, ($\\mathbb{I}{2}$) is the identity in the two-dimensional dark-state subspace ($V{\\mathrm{geom}}(\\mathbf{R})$) is the scalar geometric potential\"", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Forms the small-loop holonomy via the path-ordered exponential and Stokes\u2019 reduction:\n\\[U(\\mathcal{C}) := \\mathcal{P} \\exp \\oint_{\\mathcal{C}} A_\\mu \\, dR^\\mu\\;\\approx\\; \\exp\\!\\big( i\\,F_{xy}(\\mathbf{R}_0) \\, a b \\big),\\]", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-7", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "Propose a viable stepwise plan to synthesize [3]Radialene from ethyl acetoacetate. In particular, include the following details:\n(1) A plausible mechanism of pyrone ring formation from ethyl acetoacetate.\n(2) Propose the proper reaction conditions for each step.\n(3) The structure of Feist's acid was controversial before the 1950s. In particular, there were claims that the double bond should exist on the cyclopropane ring instead. Provide one spectroscopic method to dismiss this claim.\n(4) Explain why all proton NMR signals of Feist's acid intermediate are broad.\n(5) Propose two different spectroscopic methods to show that the final product is not other $C_6H_6$ isomers, such as benzene.\n", "o3_response": "Proposed multistep synthesis of parent [3]-radialene (C6H6) from ethyl acetoacetate \n\nStep 0 \tCompound numbering that will be used \n\t1\tethyl acetoacetate, CH3CO-CH2-CO2Et \n\t2\tisodehydroacetic acid (4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone-5-carboxylic acid) \n\t3\tethyl isodehydroacetate (4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone-5-carboxylate) \n\t4\t3-bromo-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone-5-carboxylate \n\t5\tFeist\u2019s acid (correct structure: 1,1-dicarboxy-2,3,3-trimethyl\u00adcyclopropane, C6H6O4) \n\t6\tdimethyl Feist\u2019s ester (di-OMe in place of the two CO2H groups) \n\t7\t1,1-diiodo-2,3,3-trimethyl\u00adcyclopropane \n\t8\t1,1,2-triiodo\u00adcyclopropane (all three ring carbons now carry I) \n\t9\t[3]Radialene \n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n1. Formation of the 2-pyrone ring (2 / 3) from ethyl aceto\u00adacetate \u2013 mechanism \n\nConc. H2SO4 (or dry HCl) protonates the carbonyl oxygen of one molecule of 1, while the second molecule is converted into its enol. Nucleophilic attack of the enol C-2 on the proton-activated carbonyl of the first molecule gives the C\u2013C bond of a mixed \u03b2-diketone A. Proton transfers and collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate expel EtOH so that A becomes the open-chain tricarbonyl B. Intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the terminal enol (6-endo-trig) on the central ester carbonyl closes the six-membered ring and gives the lactone C. Final loss of water (acid-promoted) installs the C=C in the ring to afford the 2-pyrone skeleton (4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone-5-carboxylic system). Whenever the proton on C-5 is trapped by water an acid and an ester are obtained (2 and 3, respectively) as described in Org. Synth. vol. 32, 76 (1952).\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n2. Synthetic sequence and recommended conditions \n\nStep 1 Self-condensation \n\t1 \u2013(conc. H2SO4, 10\u201315 \u00b0C addition of 1, 5\u20136 d at r.t.)\u2192 mixture of 2 & 3 \n\tTypical isolated yields: 25 % 2, 30 % 3 (cf. Org. Synth.) \n\nStep 2 Quantitative esterification (if pure 3 is not used) \n\t2 + EtOH / cat. conc. H2SO4, 3 h, reflux \u2192 3 \n\nStep 3 Regio-selective \u03b1-bromination \n\t3 + 1.05 equiv Br2, AcOH, 0 \u2192 5 \u00b0C, 30 min; then r.t. 2 h \u2192 4 \n\tThe 2-pyrone ring is sufficiently activated for electrophilic attack exclusively at C-3. \n\tWork-up: neutralise, extract with CH2Cl2, distil (bp 135\u2013140 \u00b0C/2 mm). \n\nStep 4 Favorskii contraction \u2013 formation of Feist\u2019s acid \n\t4 + 20 % aq. KOH, 100 \u00b0C, 3 h \u2192 K2\u2013salt of Feist\u2019s acid; acidify (6 M HCl, 0 \u00b0C) \u2192 5 (80 %) \n\tMechanistic outline: \u03b1-bromoketone \u2192 cyclopropanone (Favorskii) \u2192 capture by OH\u207b \u2192 rearranged di-acid. \n\nStep 5 Preparation of a good leaving group at the two carboxyl positions \n\tEsterification with diazomethane (Et2O, 0 \u00b0C) affords 6 quantitatively. \n\t(Alternatively, use SOCl2 / MeOH or BF3\u00b7MeOH.) \n\nStep 6 Successive Hunsdiecker iodinations \n\ta) 6 \u2192 Ag-salt (Ag2CO3, Et2O); b) I2, CCl4, reflux, \u2192 7 \n\tRepeat with freshly prepared Ag-salt of the second ester delivers 1,1-diiodo derivative 7 in 60 %. \n\nStep 7 Radical iodination of the third (methyl) carbon \n\t7 + NIS, h\u03bd / benzene, 0 \u00b0C \u2192 8 (45 %). Allylic abstraction is prevented; the strain of the three-membered ring directs reaction to the remaining sp3 carbon. \n\nStep 8 Concerted triple \u03b2-elimination \u2013 formation of [3]radialene \n\t8 + 6 equiv t-BuLi, THF, \u201378 \u00b0C, then rapid warming to \u201310 \u00b0C, quench with NH4Cl satd, freeze-pump-thaw to remove I2 \u2192 crude [3]Radialene 9 (detected at \u201380 \u00b0C; trapped in argon matrix). \n\tBest isolated after flash vacuum pyrolysis (400 \u00b0C, 10-4 mbar) of 8 directly into a \u2013196 \u00b0C trap to avoid polymerisation. Under these conditions the three LiI eliminations occur faster than any ring opening, giving the parent radialene in ca. 20 % overall yield from 8. \n\nThe sequence is formally a \u201cdouble Favorskii + triple Hunsdiecker + triple E2\u201d approach that replaces each of the three ring \u03c3-bonds of cyclopropane by a \u03c0-bond in a step-wise, but experimentally practicable fashion. All manipulations from 8 to 9 must be performed in rigorously dry, degassed apparatus and below \u201350 \u00b0C; neat [3]radialene polymerises above \u201320 \u00b0C.\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n3. Spectroscopic proof that the double bond is not inside the cyclopropane ring \n\n13C-NMR (in CD3OD, 25 MHz, \u201320 \u00b0C): \n\n\u2022 Feist\u2019s acid shows two carbonyl signals (\u03b4 171, 169 ppm), three up-field aliphatic carbons (\u03b4 18\u201324 ppm) and one broadened resonance at \u03b4 40 ppm. \n\u2022 A cyclopropene-dicarboxylic structure would necessarily contain two sp2 ring carbons, expected at \u03b4 135\u2013145 ppm. Their complete absence rules out any C=C bond inside the three-membered ring. (Comparable arguments could have been made in the early 1950\u2019s with IR\u2014no band near 1640 cm-1 for an internal C=C bond\u2014but 13C-NMR is the clearest single experiment.)\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n4. Why are all 1H-NMR signals of Feist\u2019s acid broad? \n\nThe molecule undergoes very fast reversible \u201cstereomutation\u201d: the two C\u2013C \u03c3-bonds of the cyclopropane ring successively break and re-form (\u03c0\u2013\u03c3 re-organisation) while both carboxyl groups ionise/re-protonate through intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. On the 1H-NMR time-scale (10-1\u201310\u20133 s) these processes average the chemical environments but do not reach the very fast (10-5 s) limit, so the three kinds of protons appear as broadened, featureless signals.\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n5. Two ways to demonstrate that the final product is not benzene (or another C6H6 isomer) \n\n(i) 1H-NMR at \u201380 \u00b0C in CDF3/CD2Cl2: \n\t[3]Radialene displays one singlet at \u03b4 \u2248 5.2 ppm (6 H, vinylic CH2) whereas benzene shows the well known singlet at \u03b4 7.27 ppm (6 H, aromatic CH). \n\n(ii) Chemical reactivity toward Br2 (CCl4, 0 \u00b0C): \n\t[3]Radialene instantly decolourises bromine, giving the hexabromide addition product, while benzene is unreactive under these conditions and needs FeBr3 to undergo substitution. Fast electrophilic addition therefore proves the absence of an aromatic sextet. \n\n(Alternative physical tests: UV spectrum \u2013 no 254 nm benzene band; cryogenic IR \u2013 three strong \u03bd(C=C) bands at 1605, 1585, 1560 cm-1 predicted for cross-conjugated triene, absent in benzene; or electron diffraction / gas phase mass spectrum \u2013 characteristic m/z 78 vs m/z 76 fragments, etc.)\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe outlined route makes use only of reactions that have actually been carried out with Feist\u2019s acid or closely related compounds; every step has literature precedent, and all reagents are commercially available. Thus the plan represents a viable, step-wise laboratory synthesis of parent [3]radialene starting from the inexpensive commodity chemical ethyl acetoacetate.", "r1-0528_response": "### Stepwise Synthesis of [3]Radialene from Ethyl Acetoacetate\n\n**[3]Radialene** (1,2,3-trihydroxycyclopropane, C\u2086H\u2086) is a highly symmetric cyclic triene. The synthesis proceeds via pyrone formation, Feist's acid, and decarboxylation. Below is the stepwise plan, incorporating all requested details.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 1: Synthesis of Ethyl Isodehydroacetate (Ethyl 4,6-Dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate)**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Add ethyl acetoacetate (635 mL, 5 mol) dropwise to stirred, ice-cooled concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 (900 mL) at 10\u201315\u00b0C.\n - Stopper with a drying tube and let stand at room temperature for 5\u20136 days.\n - Pour the mixture onto crushed ice (2 kg), stir vigorously, and collect the solid by filtration.\n - Wash the solid with cold water, then dissolve in ether. Wash the ether solution with cold water, and extract the ester (organic phase) after separating from the aqueous layer.\n - Dry over anhydrous Na\u2082SO\u2084, remove ether via evaporation, and isolate the ester.\n- **Mechanism of Pyrone Ring Formation**:\n - **Step 1**: Enolization of ethyl acetoacetate under H\u2082SO\u2084 catalysis forms the nucleophilic enol (I).\n - **Step 2**: Protonation of a second ethyl acetoacetate molecule generates an electrophilic oxocarbenium ion (II).\n - **Step 3**: Aldol-like attack by (I) on (II) yields a \u03b2-diketo intermediate (III).\n - **Step 4**: Intramolecular Claisen condensation (enol attack on ester carbonyl) forms a tetrahedral intermediate, which collapses to expel EtOH, creating the pyrone ring (IV). \n **Simplified Mechanism**: \n ![Mechanism](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dehydroacetic_acid_synthesis_mechanism.svg/800px-Dehydroacetic_acid_synthesis_mechanism.svg.png) \n *Note: This mechanism is for dehydroacetic acid; isodehydroacetate is a regioisomer, but the ring-formation logic is analogous.*\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 2: Bromination to 3-Bromo-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Dissolve ethyl isodehydroacetate (1 equiv) in dry CCl\u2084.\n - Add Br\u2082 (1 equiv) dropwise at 0\u00b0C with stirring.\n - Warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours.\n - Quench excess Br\u2082 with Na\u2082S\u2082O\u2083 solution, wash with water, dry (Na\u2082SO\u2084), and concentrate to isolate the product.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 3: Synthesis of Feist's Acid (3-Methylcycloprop-3-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic Acid)**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Reflux 3-bromo-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone with 10% aqueous KOH (excess) for 6 hours.\n - Acidify the cooled mixture with concentrated HCl to pH 1.\n - Collect the precipitated solid by filtration and recrystallize from hot water.\n- **Spectroscopic Method to Dismiss Cyclopropane Double-Bond Claim**: \n Use **\u00b9H NMR spectroscopy**. Feist's acid shows a vinylic proton signal at \u03b4 \u2248 7.5\u20138.0 ppm, characteristic of the cyclopropene ring (C\u2083\u2013H). A cyclopropane with an exocyclic double bond would exhibit signals at \u03b4 \u2248 4.5\u20135.5 ppm (exocyclic =CH\u2082) and no vinylic proton in the aromatic region. The observed signal at \u03b4 >7 ppm confirms the cyclopropene structure.\n- **Explanation for Broad NMR Signals**: \n Feist's acid undergoes rapid **ring inversion** (stereomutation) at room temperature, equilibrating between enantiomers. This dynamic process occurs at an intermediate rate on the NMR timescale, causing signal broadening for all protons.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 4: Esterification to Dimethyl Feist's Acid Ester**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Stir Feist's acid with CH\u2082N\u2082 in ether at 0\u00b0C for 1 hour.\n - Evaporate solvents to obtain the diester.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 5: Pyrolysis to Dimethyl [3]Radialene-1,2-dicarboxylate**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Heat dimethyl Feist's acid ester at 400\u00b0C in a pyrolysis apparatus under vacuum (flow system) for 10 minutes.\n - Collect the product by condensation.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 6: Hydrolysis to [3]Radialene-1,2-dicarboxylic Acid**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Reflux the diester with 2M NaOH (3 equiv) for 2 hours.\n - Acidify with concentrated HCl to pH 1 and extract with ether.\n - Dry (MgSO\u2084) and evaporate to isolate the diacid.\n\n---\n\n#### **Step 7: Decarboxylation to [3]Radialene**\n- **Conditions**: \n - Heat [3]Radialene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid at 120\u00b0C under reduced pressure (0.1 mmHg) for 30 minutes.\n - Collect the volatile [3]Radialene (C\u2086H\u2086) by condensation.\n\n---\n\n#### **Spectroscopic Methods to Distinguish [3]Radialene from Benzene**\n1. **\u00b9H NMR Spectroscopy**:\n - **[3]Radialene]**: Singlet at **\u03b4 \u2248 5.2 ppm** (6H, =CH\u2082). \n - **Benzene**: Singlet at **\u03b4 \u2248 7.3 ppm** (6H, Ar\u2013H). \n *The distinct chemical shifts (allylic vs. aromatic) provide unambiguous differentiation.*\n\n2. **IR Spectroscopy**:\n - **[3]Radialene]**: \n - Strong =C\u2013H stretch at **3080 cm\u207b\u00b9** (terminal vinyl). \n - C=C stretch at **1640 cm\u207b\u00b9**. \n - Characteristic =CH\u2082 bend at **890 cm\u207b\u00b9**. \n - **Benzene**: \n - Aromatic C\u2013H stretch at **3030 cm\u207b\u00b9**. \n - C=C stretches at **1480 and 1600 cm\u207b\u00b9**. \n - No =CH\u2082 bend near 890 cm\u207b\u00b9. \n *The presence of =CH\u2082 bending modes and higher-frequency C=C stretches confirm [3]Radialene.*\n\n---\n\n### Summary of Synthesis Pathway:\n**Ethyl acetoacetate** \n\u2192 *Step 1* \u2192 **Ethyl isodehydroacetate** \n\u2192 *Step 2* \u2192 **3-Bromo-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone** \n\u2192 *Step 3* \u2192 **Feist's acid** \n\u2192 *Step 4* \u2192 **Dimethyl Feist's acid ester** \n\u2192 *Step 5* \u2192 **Dimethyl [3]Radialene-1,2-dicarboxylate** \n\u2192 *Step 6* \u2192 **[3]Radialene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid** \n\u2192 *Step 7* \u2192 **[3]Radialene**. \n\nThis route leverages classical transformations (condensation, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, decarboxylation) to convert ethyl acetoacetate into [3]Radialene, with spectroscopic validation at key intermediates.", "grok4_response": "### Viable Stepwise Plan to Synthesize [3]Radialene from Ethyl Acetoacetate\n\nBased on the provided Springer book chapter on Feist's acid and the Organic Syntheses procedure for isodehydroacetic acid/ethyl isodehydroacetate, I propose the following stepwise synthesis of [3]radialene (1,2,3-trimethylenecyclopropane). This route leverages the historical preparation of Feist's acid from ethyl acetoacetate via a 2-pyrone intermediate, followed by transformation of Feist's acid to [3]radialene. The plan is viable given the strained nature of the systems involved, though special care (e.g., low temperatures, inert atmosphere) may be needed for unstable intermediates like the diol and [3]radialene itself, which tends to dimerize.\n\nThe overall sequence is:\n- Dimerization of ethyl acetoacetate to ethyl 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate (ethyl isodehydroacetate, a 2-pyrone).\n- Bromination to the 3-bromo-2-pyrone.\n- Base-mediated ring contraction to Feist's acid (trans-3-methylenecyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid).\n- Reduction to the corresponding 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylenecyclopropane.\n- Double dehydration to [3]radialene.\n\nDetailed steps, including proposed reaction conditions for each, are below. Conditions are drawn from the provided files where possible, with reasonable extensions based on analogous organic transformations.\n\n#### Step 1: Dimerization of Ethyl Acetoacetate to Ethyl Isodehydroacetate (and Isodehydroacetic Acid Byproduct)\n- **Reaction**: 2 CH\u2083COCH\u2082CO\u2082CH\u2082CH\u2083 \u2192 ethyl 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate (ethyl isodehydroacetate) + isodehydroacetic acid (minor) + EtOH + H\u2082O.\n- **Conditions**: Follow the Organic Syntheses procedure. Add ethyl acetoacetate (650 g, 5 mol) dropwise to concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 (900 mL) at 10\u201315\u00b0C with stirring. Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 5\u20136 days. Pour onto crushed ice (2 kg), filter the solid, extract the filtrate with ether (3 \u00d7 1.5 L), and combine extracts with the solid. Wash with water, extract the acid with saturated Na\u2082CO\u2083, acidify extracts with HCl to isolate isodehydroacetic acid (91\u2013115 g, 22\u201327%). Dry the ether layer over Na\u2082SO\u2084, evaporate, and distill the residue under reduced pressure to isolate ethyl isodehydroacetate (130\u2013175 g, 27\u201336%, bp 185\u2013192\u00b0C/35 mm Hg). Use the ester for the next step.\n- **Notes**: The acid can be esterified if needed, but the ester is directly used here.\n\n#### Step 2: Bromination of Ethyl Isodehydroacetate to 3-Bromo-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone\n- **Reaction**: Add Br\u2082 to the 3-position of the pyrone ring.\n- **Conditions**: Dissolve ethyl isodehydroacetate (1 equiv) in chloroform or acetic acid (10 mL/g), cool to 0\u00b0C, and add Br\u2082 (1.1 equiv) dropwise with stirring. Stir at room temperature for 2\u20134 h until Br\u2082 color fades. Pour into water, extract with CH\u2082Cl\u2082 (3 \u00d7), wash with NaHCO\u2083 and brine, dry over MgSO\u2084, and recrystallize from ethanol. Yield ~80\u201390% (based on analogous pyrone brominations).\n- **Notes**: Inspired by the Springer chapter's mention of 3-bromo-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone as the precursor to Feist's acid. Avoid excess Br\u2082 to prevent polybromination.\n\n#### Step 3: Ring Contraction to Feist's Acid\n- **Reaction**: Hydrolytic ring opening and cyclization to trans-3-methylenecyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (Feist's acid).\n- **Conditions**: Dissolve the 3-bromo-2-pyrone (1 equiv) in concentrated aqueous KOH (20% w/v, 10 equiv KOH), heat at reflux (100\u2013110\u00b0C) for 4\u20136 h. Cool, acidify with concentrated HCl to pH 1, heat briefly to dissolve, filter hot, and cool to crystallize Feist's acid. Recrystallize from hot water. Yield ~60\u201370% (based on historical reports in the Springer chapter).\n- **Notes**: This matches the procedure in the Springer chapter (hot concentrated aqueous KOH on the bromo-pyrone). The mechanism involves bromide displacement, ring opening to an allene intermediate, and cyclization to the cyclopropane.\n\n#### Step 4: Reduction of Feist's Acid to 3-Methylene-1,2-cyclopropanedimethanol\n- **Reaction**: Reduce the dicarboxylic acid to the di(primary alcohol).\n- **Conditions**: Suspend Feist's acid (1 equiv) in dry THF or ether (10 mL/g), cool to 0\u00b0C under N\u2082, and add LiAlH\u2084 (4 equiv) portionwise. Stir at room temperature for 12 h, then reflux for 2 h. Quench with wet Na\u2082SO\u2084, filter, extract with EtOAc (3 \u00d7), dry over MgSO\u2084, and purify by column chromatography (silica, EtOAc/hexane). Yield ~70\u201380% (analogous to reductions of cyclopropane diacids).\n- **Notes**: Inspired by the \"Reduction\" section in the Springer chapter. This step preserves the carbon count (C\u2086H\u2086O\u2084 \u2192 C\u2086H\u2081\u2080O\u2082) and sets up the dehydration. The trans configuration is retained, but the strained diol may require handling at low temperature to prevent ring opening.\n\n#### Step 5: Double Dehydration to [3]Radialene\n- **Reaction**: Eliminate 2 H\u2082O to convert the two -CH\u2082OH groups to exocyclic =CH\u2082 groups, yielding 1,2,3-trimethylenecyclopropane ([3]radialene, C\u2086H\u2086).\n- **Conditions**: Convert the diol to the diacetate by treating with Ac\u2082O (3 equiv) and pyridine (5 equiv) at room temperature for 12 h, then purify. Pyrolyze the diacetate under vacuum (flash vacuum pyrolysis, 400\u2013500\u00b0C, 0.1 mm Hg) through a hot quartz tube, collecting the product in a cold trap (-78\u00b0C). Purify by distillation or preparative GC under N\u2082. Yield ~40\u201350% (based on analogous pyrolyses for strained alkenes).\n- **Notes**: Dehydration of cyclopropylmethanols can yield exocyclic methylenes via elimination of H from the ring \u03b2-carbon and OH from CH\u2082OH (or AcOH from acetate). This is viable for the bis system, inspired by the \"Pyrolysis\" section in the Springer chapter and known methods for radialenes. Alternative: Acid-catalyzed dehydration with TsOH in toluene at reflux, but pyrolysis minimizes ring opening. [3]Radialene is unstable and should be stored cold under N\u2082.\n\n### (1) Plausible Mechanism of Pyrone Ring Formation from Ethyl Acetoacetate\nThe formation of the 2-pyrone ring (ethyl isodehydroacetate) from two molecules of ethyl acetoacetate in concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 involves acid-catalyzed aldol-type condensation, followed by cyclization and eliminations (EtOH + H\u2082O). This is consistent with the Organic Syntheses references (e.g., Wiley and Smith, JACS 1951). A step-by-step mechanism is proposed below:\n\n1. **Protonation and Enolization**: H\u2082SO\u2084 protonates the ketone carbonyl of one ethyl acetoacetate, forming CH\u2083C(OH)\u207aCH\u2082CO\u2082Et. Another molecule enolizes to CH\u2083C(OH)=CHCO\u2082Et.\n\n2. **Aldol Addition**: The enol's \u03b2-carbon (=CH) attacks the protonated carbonyl carbon, forming a C\u2013C bond. Loss of H\u207a gives the addition product: CH\u2083C(OH)(CH\u2083)CH(CO\u2082Et)CH(OH)CH\u2082CO\u2082Et (\u03b2-hydroxy diester).\n\n3. **Dehydration to Unsaturated Diester**: Acid-catalyzed loss of H\u2082O from the \u03b2-hydroxy group and an \u03b1-H yields the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated diester: CH\u2083C(CH\u2083)=C(CO\u2082Et)CH=CHCO\u2082Et (or isomer). This incorporates carbons from both acetyl and ester groups.\n\n4. **Cyclization with Elimination of EtOH**: The enol form of the ketone attacks the ester carbonyl (intramolecular transesterification), forming the 6-membered pyrone ring with elimination of EtOH. This gives a hydroxy-pyran intermediate.\n\n5. **Dehydration to Aromatic Pyrone**: Final acid-catalyzed dehydration aromatizes the ring to the 2-pyrone structure, with methyl groups at 4 and 6, and CO\u2082Et at 5.\n\nThis mechanism accounts for the loss of EtOH + H\u2082O and matches the C\u2081\u2080H\u2081\u2082O\u2084 product. The acid catalyzes each step by enhancing electrophilicity.\n\n### (2) Proper Reaction Conditions for Each Step\nSee the detailed stepwise plan above. Conditions are specified for each step, drawn from the files and standard organic protocols.\n\n### (3) Spectroscopic Method to Dismiss the Claim of a Cyclopropane Ring Double Bond\nThe controversial structure before the 1950s was a cyclopropene (endocyclic double bond, e.g., 3-methylcyclopropene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, as inferred from the Springer chapter's description of (I) and (II)). To dismiss this (confirming the exocyclic =CH\u2082 in Feist's acid), use **infrared (IR) spectroscopy**. Cyclopropenes exhibit a characteristic high-frequency C=C stretch at 1750\u20131850 cm\u207b\u00b9 due to ring strain, whereas exocyclic methylenes show a C=C stretch at 1640\u20131660 cm\u207b\u00b9 and a strong =CH\u2082 out-of-plane bending mode at ~890 cm\u207b\u00b9. The absence of the 1750\u20131850 cm\u207b\u00b9 band and presence of the 890 cm\u207b\u00b9 band in Feist's acid's IR spectrum dismisses the cyclopropene claim. This aligns with the \"Spectra\" section in the Springer chapter.\n\n### (4) Explanation for Broad Proton NMR Signals of Feist's Acid Intermediate\nAll proton NMR signals of Feist's acid are broad due to **intermediate-rate stereomutation between trans and cis isomers on the NMR timescale**. As discussed in the Springer chapter's \"Stereomutation\" and \"Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange\" sections, Feist's acid (trans) interconverts slowly with its cis isomer via reversible ring opening to an enol or allenic intermediate, facilitated by the acidic CO\u2082H groups. This process involves proton exchange (e.g., at ring CH or =CH\u2082). When the interconversion rate matches the NMR frequency (ca. 10\u00b2\u201310\u2074 s\u207b\u00b9), it causes line broadening for all protons (ring CH, =CH\u2082, and OH) due to averaging of environments. In solvents like DMSO-d\u2086 or at room temperature, this broadening is observed; it sharpens at higher temperatures (faster averaging) or lower temperatures (separate signals).\n\n### (5) Two Different Methods to Show the Final Product Is Not Other C\u2086H\u2086 Isomers (e.g., Benzene)\n1. **\u00b9H NMR Spectroscopy**: [3]Radialene shows a single olefinic signal at ~5.3\u20135.4 ppm (all 6 equivalent =CH\u2082 protons in D\u2083h symmetry), whereas benzene has an aromatic signal at ~7.3 ppm. Other isomers like fulvene have multiple signals (e.g., 5.5\u20136.5 ppm for CH\u2082 and vinyl). The distinct chemical shift and simplicity confirm it's not benzene.\n\n2. **Chemical Reactivity Test (Bromine Addition)**: [3]Radialene rapidly decolorizes neutral Br\u2082 in CCl\u2084 at room temperature (adds 3 equiv Br\u2082 to the three double bonds), while benzene does not react without a Lewis acid catalyst (it undergoes substitution, not addition, and slowly). This distinguishes the reactive, non-aromatic [3]radialene from stable, aromatic benzene or other inert isomers like prismane.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identify the correct spectroscopic feature that differentiates [3]radialene from other $C_6H_6$ isomers, such as the detection of 2 carbon signals in 13C NMR. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Present a stepwise plan to synthesize [3]radialene from ethyl acetoacetate.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify bromine substitution of 3-Methylenecyclopropane-1,2-diol as the fifth step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Propose self-condensation of ethyl acetoacetate as the first step. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the reduction product of carboxylic groups of Feist's acid as 3-Methylenecyclopropane-1,2-dimethanol.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Use X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy as a method to prove that the alkene bond of Feist's acid is not on the cyclopropane ring.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose enolization as a step in the mechanism of pyrone ring formation from ethyl acetoacetate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State hydrogen bonding as one of the reasons that Feist's acid has broad NMR signals (for carboxylic protons only).", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the condition of bromine elimination as heating with base, such as KOH.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identify isodehydroactic acid or its ester as one of the intermediates. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State the intermolecular magnetic effect of solid or viscous material as one of the reasons that Feist's acid has broad NMR signals (for all protons).", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the intermediate formed by the bromination of ethyl isodehydroacetate as 3\u2011bromo-5\u2011ethoxycarbonyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrone.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify Feist's acid as one of the intermediates.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose dehydration as a step in the mechanism of pyrone ring formation from ethyl acetoacetate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify reduction of carboxylic groups of Feist's acid as the fourth step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the correct reduction reagent of carboxylic groups, such as lithium aluminum hydride in ether, followed by aqueous base workup.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify a gentle, non-acidic condition for bromine substitution of 3-Methylenecyclopropane-1,2-diol, such as phosphorus tribromide in the presence of pyridine.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Propose lactonization as a step of the mechanism of pyrone ring formation from ethyl acetoacetate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose one spectroscopic method to show that the final product is not other $C_6H_6$ isomers. This spectroscopic method must be IR spectroscopy, proton NMR, UV or 13C NMR spectroscopy.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the condition of the self-condensation of ethyl acetoacetate as mixing in concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature for multiple days. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the bromine elimination as the final step yielding [3]radialene.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the bromination of ethyl isodehydroacetate as the second step.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify base-induced rearrangement as the third step forming Feist's acid.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose the condition of bromination of ethyl isodehydroacetate as mixing with bromine in solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identify the condition of base-induced rearrangement as hot, concentrated basic solution, such as KOH.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose a second spectroscopic method to show that the final product is not other $C_6H_6$ isomers. This spectroscopic method must be IR spectroscopy, proton NMR, or 13C NMR spectroscopy. The second spectroscopic method must be different from the first spectroscopic method.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Propose aldol condensation as a step in the mechanism of pyrone ring formation from ethyl acetoacetate.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-7", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "Amazon has just released its second-quarter and first-half 2025 financial results, and several asset managers are considering taking a position in the equities market. The equity portfolio manager has tasked you with performing a quick valuation using the earnings multiple, i.e., P/E ratio, to help determine whether to buy, hold, or sell.\nTo begin, forecast the pro forma full-year 2025 total net sales of all sales sources, assuming that second-half net sales will grow at the same rate as first-half net sales on a period-on-period basis, i.e., net sales growth for first-half 2025 vs. first-half 2024 is the same as the net sales growth rate for second-half 2025 vs. second-half 2024.\nCost of sales and all operating expenses should be common-sized based on the last full-year income statement. For non-operating income and expenses, these should be forecast based on the previous two full-year averages. The benefit (provision) for income taxes should be based on the effective rate from the previous year, and equity investment should be forecast using the percentage of pre-tax income of the prior year.\nThe number of fully diluted shares outstanding should be taken from the latest quarter's results. Evaluate the expected price per share by the 2025 year-end using the P/E ratio as of August 5, 2025, closing. Compare the calculated price per share with the closing share price as of August 5, 2025, and recommend whether to buy, hold, or sell.\nHold - if the expected price is above the current price but within 5% of it\nBuy - if the expected price is above 5% of the current price\nSell - if the expected price is below the current price\n\nKey notes:\n- Round all calculations to the nearest million, except for share price, EPS, and percentage, which should be rounded to two decimal places. Use the Stock Analysis website as a reference for P/E ratio and price per share as of August 5, 2025, closing.\n- Do not round up intermediate calculations.", "o3_response": "(All dollar figures in millions, except per-share amounts and percentages. \u201cFY-24\u201d = fiscal year 2024, \u201cFH\u201d = first-half, \u201cSH\u201d = second-half)\n\n1. Growth rate to be applied to second-half 2025 \n FH-25 Net sales = 323,369 \n FH-24 Net sales = 291,290 \n Period-on-period growth = (323,369 \u2013 291,290) \u00f7 291,290 = 11.01 %\n\n2. Second-half 2024 net sales \n FY-24 Net sales (10-K)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 639,579* \n Less FH-24 ....................................................................... 291,290 \n SH-24 ............................................................................. 348,289 \n\n *FY-24 figure taken from Amazon\u2019s 2024 Form-10-K consolidated statement of operations.\n\n3. Pro-forma net sales FY-25 \n SH-25 = SH-24 \u00d7 1.1101 = 348,289 \u00d7 1.1101 = 386,430 \n FY-25 net sales = FH-25 + SH-25 = 323,369 + 386,430 = 709,799 \n\n4. Common-size the operating lines (last full\u2013year, FY-24)\n\nExpense line FY-24 $ % of sales \nCost of sales \u2026\u2026 321,322 50.28 % \nFulfilment \u2026\u2026\u2026.. 100,735 15.76 % \nTech & infra \u2026\u2026. 92,099 14.68 % \nSales & mktg \u2026\u2026 44,293 6.93 % \nG & A \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 12,763 1.99 % \nOther op.exp \u2026\u2026 697 0.11 % \n\n5. FY-25 pro-forma income statement \n\nNet sales (forecast) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 709,799 \nCost of sales (50.28 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 357,157 \nFulfilment (15.76 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 111,892 \nTechnology & infra (14.68 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 104,158 \nSales & marketing (6.93 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 49,150 \nGeneral & admin (1.99 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 14,119 \nOther operating exp (0.11 %) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 781 \nTotal operating expenses \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 637,257 \nOperating income \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 72,542 \n\nNon-operating items (two-year average) \nInterest income \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 4,302 \nInterest expense \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. (2,114) \nOther income (loss), net \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 2,000 \nTotal non-operating income \u2026\u2026\u2026. 4,188 \n\nIncome before tax \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. 76,730 \nTax @ FY-24 effective rate 15.0 % \u2026 (11,510) \nEquity-method income (-0.28 % of pre-tax) \u2026\u2026. (215) \nNet income (forecast) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. 65,005 \n\n6. Diluted EPS FY-25 \nFully-diluted shares (Q2-25) \u2026\u2026 10,806 M \nEPS = 65,005 \u00f7 10,806 = $6.02 \n\n7. Valuation using P/E multiple \nTrailing P/E at 5-Aug-25 close (StockAnalysis) \u2026\u2026 47.00\u00d7 \nImplied year-end 2025 price = 47 \u00d7 6.02 = $282.94 \n\n5-Aug-25 closing price (StockAnalysis) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $185.00 \n\nUpside = (282.94 \u2013 185.00) \u00f7 185.00 = 52.9 %\n\n8. Recommendation \nBecause the expected price is more than 5 % above the current price, the stock is undervalued on a forward P/E basis.\n\nRECOMMENDATION: BUY", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1: Forecast Pro Forma Full-Year 2025 Total Net Sales\n- First-half (H1) 2024 net sales (from Q2 10-Q, page 2): $291,290 million \n- First-half (H1) 2025 net sales (from Q2 10-Q, page 2): $323,369 million \n- Growth rate for H1 2025 vs. H1 2024: \\((323,369 / 291,290) - 1 = 0.11013\\) or 11.013% \n- Full-year 2024 net sales (from 2024 10-K, page 2): $637,959 million \n- Second-half (H2) 2024 net sales: Full-year 2024 \u2013 H1 2024 = $637,959 - $291,290 = $346,669 million \n- H2 2025 net sales: H2 2024 \u00d7 (1 + growth rate) = $346,669 \u00d7 1.11013 = $384,847 million (rounded to nearest million) \n- Full-year 2025 net sales: H1 2025 + H2 2025 = $323,369 + $384,847 = $708,216 million \n\n### Step 2: Forecast Full-Year 2025 Income Statement\n**Common-Sizing Operating Expenses Based on 2024 (from 2024 10-K, page 2):** \n- Total net sales 2024: $637,959 million \n- Cost of sales: $326,288 / $637,959 = 51.145% \n- Fulfillment: $98,505 / $637,959 = 15.444% \n- Technology and infrastructure: $88,544 / $637,959 = 13.880% \n- Sales and marketing: $43,907 / $637,959 = 6.883% \n- General and administrative: $11,359 / $637,959 = 1.780% \n- Other operating expense, net: $763 / $637,959 = 0.120% \n\n**Apply Percentages to 2025 Net Sales ($708,216 million):** \n- Cost of sales: $708,216 \u00d7 51.145% = $362,174 million \n- Fulfillment: $708,216 \u00d7 15.444% = $109,378 million \n- Technology and infrastructure: $708,216 \u00d7 13.880% = $98,299 million \n- Sales and marketing: $708,216 \u00d7 6.883% = $48,743 million \n- General and administrative: $708,216 \u00d7 1.780% = $12,610 million \n- Other operating expense, net: $708,216 \u00d7 0.120% = $847 million \n- Total operating expenses: $362,174 + $109,378 + $98,299 + $48,743 + $12,610 + $847 = $631,051 million \n- Operating income: Net sales \u2013 Total operating expenses = $708,216 - $631,051 = $77,165 million \n\n**Forecast Non-Operating Income/Expenses (Based on 2023 and 2024 Averages):** \n- 2023 (from 2024 10-K, page 2): \n - Interest income: $2,949 million \n - Interest expense: -$3,182 million \n - Other income (expense), net: $938 million \n- 2024 (from 2024 10-K, page 2): \n - Interest income: $4,677 million \n - Interest expense: -$2,406 million \n - Other income (expense), net: -$2,250 million \n- Average interest income: \\((2,949 + 4,677) / 2 = $3,813\\) million \n- Average interest expense: \\((-3,182 + (-2,406)) / 2 = -$2,794\\) million \n- Average other income (expense), net: \\((938 + (-2,250)) / 2 = -$656\\) million \n- Total non-operating income: $3,813 - $2,794 - $656 = $363 million \n\n**Income Before Taxes:** \n- Operating income + Total non-operating income = $77,165 + $363 = $77,528 million \n\n**Benefit (Provision) for Income Taxes (Based on 2024 Effective Tax Rate):** \n- 2024 income before taxes: $68,614 million (2024 10-K, page 2) \n- 2024 provision for taxes: -$9,265 million \n- Effective tax rate: \\(9,265 / 68,614 = 13.503\\%\\) \n- 2025 provision for taxes: -$77,528 \u00d7 13.503% = -$10,468 million \n\n**Equity-Method Investment Activity (Based on 2024 Percentage of Pre-Tax Income):** \n- 2024 equity investment: -$101 million \n- Percentage of pre-tax income: \\(-101 / 68,614 = -0.1472\\%\\) \n- 2025 equity investment: $77,528 \u00d7 (-0.1472%) = -$114 million \n\n**Net Income:** \n- Income before taxes + Provision for taxes + Equity investment = $77,528 - $10,468 - $114 = $66,946 million \n\n### Step 3: Calculate Diluted EPS for 2025\n- Number of fully diluted shares outstanding (from latest quarter, Q2 2025 10-Q, page 2): 10,800 million (diluted weighted-average for six months ended June 30, 2025) \n- Diluted EPS: Net income / Diluted shares = $66,946 / 10,800 = $6.20 (rounded to two decimal places) \n\n### Step 4: Evaluate Expected Price Per Share Using P/E Ratio\n- P/E ratio as of August 5, 2025, closing (from Stock Analysis website): 35.00 \n- Expected price per share at 2025 year-end: Diluted EPS \u00d7 P/E ratio = $6.20 \u00d7 35.00 = $217.00 \n\n### Step 5: Compare with Current Share Price and Recommend\n- Closing share price as of August 5, 2025 (from Stock Analysis website): $210.00 \n- Difference: $217.00 - $210.00 = $7.00 \n- Percentage difference: ($7.00 / $210.00) \u00d7 100% = 3.33% \n- Since the expected price ($217.00) is above the current price ($210.00) but within 5% (3.33% < 5%), the recommendation is **Hold**.\n\n**Summary of Key Figures:** \n- 2025 Forecast Net Sales: $708,216 million \n- 2025 Forecast Net Income: $66,946 million \n- 2025 Forecast Diluted EPS: $6.20 \n- Expected Price (Year-End 2025): $217.00 \n- Current Price (August 5, 2025): $210.00 \n- Recommendation: **Hold**", "grok4_response": "### Forecasted Pro Forma Full-Year 2025 Income Statement\n\n| Item | Amount (in millions, except per share data) | Explanation |\n|------|---------------------------------------------------|-------------|\n| H1 2024 Net Sales | $291,337 | Obtained from Amazon 2025 Q2 10-Q.pdf Consolidated Statements of Operations. |\n| H1 2025 Net Sales | $333,636 | Obtained from Amazon 2025 Q2 10-Q.pdf Consolidated Statements of Operations. |\n| Net Sales Growth Rate (H1 2025 vs. H1 2024) | 14.52% | Calculated as ($333,636 - $291,337) / $291,337 = 0.1452. |\n| Full-Year 2024 Net Sales | $637,959 | Obtained from Stock Analysis website annual income statement. |\n| H2 2024 Net Sales | $346,622 | Calculated as $637,959 - $291,337. |\n| H2 2025 Net Sales | $396,952 | Calculated as $346,622 \u00d7 (1 + 0.1452). |\n| Full-Year 2025 Net Sales | $730,588 | Calculated as $333,636 + $396,952. |\n\n| Item | Percentage of Net Sales | Amount (in millions) | Explanation |\n|------|------------------------| ---------------------------- |-------------|\n| Cost of Sales | 52.70% | $385,020 | Percentage based on 2024 common-size ($336,288 / $637,959). Applied to forecasted 2025 net sales. |\n| Gross Profit | 47.30% | $345,568 | Calculated as $730,588 - $385,020. |\n| Operating Expenses | 36.53% | $266,884 | Percentage based on 2024 common-size ($233,078 / $637,959). Applied to forecasted 2025 net sales. |\n| Operating Income | 10.77% | $78,684 | Calculated as $345,568 - $266,884. |\n\n| Item | Amount (in millions) | Explanation |\n|------|------------------------------ |-------------|\n| Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net | $392 | Average of prior two full years (FY 2023: $863; FY 2024: -$80). |\n| Income Before Income Taxes | $79,076 | Calculated as $78,684 + $392. |\n| Provision for Income Taxes | $10,693 | Effective tax rate from FY 2024 (13.52% = $9,265 / $68,513) applied to $79,076. |\n| Income Before Equity-Method Investment Activity | $68,383 | Calculated as $79,076 - $10,693. |\n| Equity-Method Investment Activity, Net of Tax | -$117 | Percentage of pre-tax income from FY 2024 (-0.15% = -$101 / $68,513) applied to $79,076. |\n| Net Income | $68,266 | Calculated as $68,383 - $117. |\n\n| Item | Value | Explanation |\n|------|-------|-------------|\n| Fully Diluted Shares Outstanding | 10,777 | Taken from latest quarter's results (TTM diluted shares from Stock Analysis website). |\n| Forecasted 2025 EPS | $6.33 | Calculated as $68,266 / 10,777 (rounded to two decimal places). |\n| P/E Ratio as of August 5, 2025 Closing | 32.62 | Calculated as closing price ($213.75) / TTM EPS ($6.55 = $70,623 / 10,777; rounded to two decimal places). |\n| Expected Price Per Share by 2025 Year-End | $206.45 | Calculated as $6.33 \u00d7 32.62 (rounded to two decimal places). |\n| Closing Share Price as of August 5, 2025 | $213.75 | Obtained from Stock Analysis website historical data. |\n| Comparison | Expected price ($206.45) is below current price ($213.75). | - |\n\n### Recommendation\nSell \n\nTo arrive at the solution for the closed-ended mathematics aspects (e.g., growth rate, common-size percentages, forecasted amounts, EPS, expected price): \n\n- Growth rate: Divide H1 2025 net sales by H1 2024 net sales and subtract 1. \n- Common-size percentages: Divide each line item (cost of sales, operating expenses) by 2024 net sales. \n- Forecasted line items: Multiply percentages by forecasted 2025 net sales; subtract sequentially for gross profit and operating income. \n- Non-operating average: Add FY 2023 and FY 2024 non-operating amounts and divide by 2. \n- Tax provision: Multiply effective rate (prior year tax / pre-tax income) by forecasted pre-tax income. \n- Equity investment: Multiply prior year percentage (equity activity / pre-tax income) by forecasted pre-tax income. \n- Net income: Subtract tax and equity activity from pre-tax income. \n- EPS: Divide forecasted net income by diluted shares. \n- Expected price: Multiply forecasted EPS by P/E ratio. \n- P/E ratio: Divide August 5 closing price by TTM EPS (TTM net income / diluted shares).", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year sales and marketing operating expense by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year sales and marketing operating expense to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year tot non-operating income (expense) by summing Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year interest income, Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year interest expense, and Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year other income (expense)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year general and administrative operating expense by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year general and administrative operating expense to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales by summing Amazon's pro forma 2025 first-half net sales and Amazon's pro forma 2025 second-half net sales", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year fulfillment operating expense by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year fulfillment operating expense to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total operating expenses by summing the following quantities: Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year fulfilment operating expense, Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year technology and infrastructure operating expense, Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year sales and marketing operating expense, Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year general and other operating expense, and Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year general and administrative operating expense", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year benefit (provision) for income taxes by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year benefit (provision) for income taxes to Amazon's 2024 full year income (loss) before income taxes with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year income (loss) before income taxes", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year net income (loss) by summing Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year income (loss) before income taxes, Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year benefit (provision) for income taxes, and Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year equity-method investment activity", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's 2025 expected year-end price per share downside by subtracting one from the ratio of Amazon's 2025 expected year-end price per share to Amazon's current price per share as of August 5, 2025", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year equity-method investment activity by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year equity-method investment activity to Amazon's 2024 full year income (loss) before income taxes with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year income (loss) before income taxes", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full-year technology and infrastructure operating expense by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year technology and infrastructure operating expense to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year interest income by averaging Amazon's 2023 full year interest income and Amazon's 2024 full year interest income", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates expected Year-End Price Per Share = Pro forma 2025 EPS \u00d7 P/E multiple as of August 5, 2025 closing.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year other income (expense) by averaging Amazon's 2023 full year other income (expense) and Amazon's 2024 full year other income (expense)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year income (loss) before income taxes by taking Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales, subtracting Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year cost of sales, subtracting Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total operating expenses, and adding Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total non-operating income (expense)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year interest expense by averaging Amazon's 2023 full year interest expense and Amazon's 2024 full year interest expense", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Provides an investment recommendation that is to sell, based on Amazon's 2025 expected year-end price per share downside", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year EPS by taking the ratio of Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year net income (loss) to Amazon's number of fully diluted shares outstanding for 2025", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year general and other operating expense by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year other operating expense to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year cost of sales by multiplying the ratio of Amazon's 2024 full year cost of sales to Amazon's 2024 full year total net sales with Amazon's pro forma 2025 full year total net sales", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates pro forma 2025 second-half net sales of Amazon by multiplying Amazon's 2024 second-half net sales by the sum of 1 and the y-o-y growth of Amazon's 2025 first-half net sales", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all calculations to the nearest million, and share price, EPS and percentage to two decimal places", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Doesn't round up intermediate calculations", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-7", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "You're a management consultant with a client in the retail practice, and are looking into a expansion project for a major sports apparel retailer. Your client is considering entering the sustainable activewear market and has requested data driven recommendations. In particular, they are interested in understanding how other established brands have successfully pivoted towards sustainability and the market premiums required to do so.\n\n1. Analyze the current market landscape for sustainable sports apparel in North America. Identify the top 3 brands by market share in this segment, and calculate their combined market share. Also, determine the average price point for a standard item and their sustainability scores. Present all of these findings in a summary table.\n\n2. Make a competitive positioning analysis that details a customer's willingness to pay for sustainable features. Then, calculate the average price premium that sustainable sports apparel commands over traditional alternatives across the market. After that, identify the best price point for market entry by analyzing the relationship between price premiums and market share. Recommend the strategy the client should pursue between premium, parity, or value pricing.\n\n3. Create a 3-year revenue projection model for the client's sustainable line launch. Base your projections on the client's ability to capture 2% initial market share in year 1 with 50% growth in years 2 and 3, an average selling price, an assumed market growth of 12%, and accounting for seasonal fluctuations typical in sports apparel (where Q4 represents 35% of annual sales). Include a sensitivity analysis showing best and worst case scenarios based on a \u00b120% variance in market share capture.\n\n4. Create a 2-page executive summary that addresses the market opportunity, recommended positioning and pricing strategy, financial projections, and the top 3 risks to market entry. ", "o3_response": "=====================================================================\nTASK 1 \u2013 U.S. PREMIUM / NATIONAL ICE-CREAM MARKET (All $ = USD) \n=====================================================================\nA. Size of the addressable market in 2025 \n\u2022 2023 global packaged ice-cream sales (Grand View Research)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $113.4 Bn \n\u2022 U.S. share of global revenue in 2023\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 20.5 % \n \u21d2 2023 U.S. retail ice-cream market\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 \u2248 $23.3 Bn \n\u2022 2024-30 U.S. CAGR (same source)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 3.8 % \n \u21d2 2025 U.S. market (23.3 Bn \u00d7 1.038\u00b2)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 \u2248 $25.0 Bn \n\nMid-/premium national pint brands (super-premium, full-fat, non-regional) historically represent c\u224855 % of U.S. packaged sales (NielsenIQ \u201cpremium & super-premium\u201d segment). \n \u21d2 2025 \u201caddressable\u201d market for the client\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 \u2248 $13.8 Bn\n\nB. Market-share of focus brands (latest public revenue, 52 wks ending 4-Sep-22, IRI) \nBen & Jerry\u2019s\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $ 910.7 M \nH\u00e4agen-Dazs\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 785.1 \nBreyers\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 498.4 \nTalenti\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 203.1 \nTOTAL (4 brands)\u2026\u2026 $2 397.3 M \nCategory total\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $6 789.3 M \n\uf0e8 Share of category\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 35 % \u2192 rounded to nearest 10 % = **40 %**\n\nC. \u201cRatings-value\u201d calibration method \nPublic flavour/ratings files (Kaggle sets used here: File_1270.csv, Haagen-Dazs list, etc.) give: \n\u2022 rating_count_i = # of reviews for flavour i \n\u2022 rating_i = mean star rating for flavour i \nAssumption \u2013 At brand level, revenue is proportional to \u03a3(rating_i \u00d7 rating_count_i). \nSo: $Value per rating_unit_brand = Brand Revenue / \u03a3(rating\u00d7count). \nRevenue of a specific flavour = Value per rating_unit_brand \u00d7 (rating \u00d7 count). \n(We use this model later for revenue sizing of candidate flavours.)\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 2 \u2013 2022 REVENUE & VOLUME BY BRAND (all pint equivalents) \n=====================================================================\nAverage everyday retail pint price collected from H-E-B.com & Instacart: \nBen & Jerry\u2019s $4.66 | H\u00e4agen-Dazs $4.53 (pint-equiv.) | Breyers $3.99 | Talenti $5.70 \n\n| Brand | 2022 Revenue ($M) | Avg. Price/pt ($) | Volume (M pints) |\n|------------------|------------------|-------------------|------------------|\n| Ben & Jerry\u2019s | 910.7 | 4.7 | 195.4 |\n| H\u00e4agen-Dazs | 785.1 | 4.5 | 173.3 |\n| Breyers | 498.4 | 4.0 | 125.0 |\n| Talenti | 203.1 | 5.7 | 35.6 |\n| **4-brand total**| **2 397.3** | 4.5 (wtd.avg.) | **529.3** |\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 3 \u2013 MAINSTREAM FLAVOUR LEADER (\u201cVANILLA\u201d) \n=====================================================================\nVanilla is the #1 nationally ordered flavour (Instacart 2024). \nAssuming it represents 15 % of each of the four brands\u2019 sales:\n\n\u2022 Revenue\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 2 397.3 M \u00d7 15 % = **$ 359.6 M** \n\u2022 Volume\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 359.6 M / $4.53 = **79.4 M pints** \n\u2022 Avg price\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 **$ 4.5 / pt**\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 4 \u2013 TOP FRUIT FLAVOUR (EX-STRAWBERRY) \u2013 \u201cCHERRY\u201d \n=====================================================================\nCherry (driven by Cherry Garcia & Cherry Vanilla) \u2248 3 % of premium revenues.\n\n\u2022 Revenue\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 2 397.3 M \u00d7 3 % = **$ 71.9 M** \n\u2022 Volume\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 71.9 M / $4.53 = **15.9 M pints** \n\u2022 Avg price\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 $ 4.5 / pt\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 5 \u2013 TARGET UNIT PRICE FOR NEW FLAVOUR \n=====================================================================\nGelato-style positioning \u2192 use gelato premium uplift. \nTalenti vs Ben & Jerry\u2019s differential = (5.70 \u2013 4.66)/4.66 = +22 %. \nClient should price at **$ 5.70 per pint** (same SRP as Talenti).\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 6 \u2013 NEW FLAVOUR & TOTAL POTENTIAL \n=====================================================================\n\u201cFLAVOUR-THEORY\u201d CONCEPT \nMainstream base (sweet) + fruit (sour/umami) \u2192 balanced 5-taste profile. \nProposed flavour: **\u201cVanilla Cherry Crisp\u201d** \n\u2022 Creamy Madagascar vanilla base (sweet, fat) \n\u2022 Tart Amarena cherry ripple (sour & umami) \n\u2022 Brown-butter shortbread crunch (salty) \n\u2022 Touch of dark-chocolate flecks for bitterness \n\nVolume potential = 60 % \u00d7 mainstream units + 40 % \u00d7 fruit units \n= 0.60\u00d779.4 M + 0.40\u00d715.9 M = **54.0 M pints** \n\nRevenue potential = 54.0 M pints \u00d7 $5.70 = **$ 307.8 M**\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 7 \u2013 3-YEAR REVENUE FORECAST (Nominal) \n=====================================================================\nAssumptions \n\u2022 Capture ramp: 10 % \u2192 25 % \u2192 40 % of potential \n\u2022 Inflation\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 2 % p.a. \n\u2022 Category real growth\u2026 3.8 % p.a. \nCombined price-/volume uplift factor \u2248 1.058 p.a.\n\n| Year | Capture % | Real $ (M) | Nominal Growth Factor | **Reported $ (M)** |\n|------|-----------|------------|-----------------------|--------------------|\n| 1 | 10 % | 30.8 | \u00d71.058 | **32.6** |\n| 2 | 25 % | 76.9 | \u00d71.058\u00b2 = 1.120 | **86.2** |\n| 3 | 40 % | 123.1 | \u00d71.058\u00b3 = 1.185 | **145.9** |\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 8 \u2013 BREYERS NATURAL STRAWBERRY: LOW-RATING DIAGNOSTIC \n=====================================================================\nContent-analysis of 850 one-star & two-star reviews (Web-scrape, 2022-24). \nTop three repeated complaints: \n1. \u201cIcy / crystallized texture\u201d (39 % of low ratings) \n \u2013 Points to overly high overrun and inadequate fruit solids \u2192 water migration. \n2. \u201cArtificial / muted strawberry taste\u201d (31 %) \n \u2013 Perceived flavour loss after 2021 reformulation (natural colours removed). \n3. \u201cLess fruit pieces than before\u201d (21 %) \n \u2013 Visibility of real fruit chunks strongly influences quality perception.\n\n=====================================================================\nTASK 9 \u2013 3-PAGE MARKETING PLAN (Executive version) \n=====================================================================\n\n1. Situation Analysis \n \u2022 $25 Bn U.S. ice-cream market in 2025; premium/national pints \u2248 $14 Bn. \n \u2022 Four benchmark brands command c 40 % share; still room for disruption. \n \u2022 Consumer trends: nostalgia + \u201cflavour mash-ups\u201d, demand for real fruit & textural inclusions, willingness to pay ~22 % premium for gelato mouth-feel. \n \u2022 Pain-points in current fruit SKUs (e.g., Breyers issues) = opportunity.\n\n2. Objectives (3 yrs) \n \u2022 Distribution in 12 k grocery doors; ACV 70 % in year-3. \n \u2022 Hit revenue targets: $33 M / $86 M / $146 M (see Task 7). \n \u2022 Achieve repeat-purchase rate \u226530 % by end-Year 2 (Nielsen Panel).\n\n3. Segmentation & Target \n \u2022 \u201cIndulgent Millennials\u201d (age 28-42) \u2013 seek discovery, willing to premium-pay. \n \u2022 \u201cFamily Treat-Seekers\u201d \u2013 buy multipack but trade up for weekend pints. \n \u2022 Geographic focus: top 40 DMAs where premium pint velocity > category avg.\n\n4. Positioning \n \u201cVanilla Cherry Crisp\u2014 the classic vanilla you love, amped up with real Amarena cherries & a buttery crunch. All the comfort of vanilla, all the thrill of something new.\u201d \n Benefit ladder: Familiar comfort \u2192 Elevated fruit-forward taste \u2192 Textural fun. Tag-line: **\u201cComfort meets Crunch.\u201d**\n\n5. Marketing-Mix (4 P\u2019s) \n \u2022 Product \u2013 16-oz clear sustainable PET pint; clean label, 11 % butter-fat; visible cherry ribbon & cookie particulates (solves \u2018no fruit pieces\u2019 problem). \n \u2022 Price \u2013 EDLP $5.69, promo depth 2-for-$9; margin comparable with Talenti. \n \u2022 Place \u2013 Kroger, Target, Publix, Meijer, Ahold; e-grocery via Instacart & Walmart GoLocal. Penetrate convenience (7-Eleven) Year-2 using 10-oz \u201cDash\u201d cup. \n \u2022 Promotion \u2013 \n \u2013 Teaser TikTok challenge #CherryOnVanilla (UGC \u201csplit-pint\u201d videos). \n \u2013 Trial FSIs & digital coupons ($1 off) timed with Memorial-Day resets. \n \u2013 Retail media networks: sponsored placement on Kroger Precision & Roundel. \n \u2013 Influencer chef collab (Food-Tok) demo of 3-ingredient \u201cCherry Crisp Sundae\u201d.\n\n6. Operations / Supply \n \u2022 Co-pack agreement with *** (current Talenti line) \u2013 8 k L/h capacity. \n \u2022 Secure Amarena cherry pur\u00e9e (Italy) under 3-year fixed-price contract; hedge USD/EUR at 50 %. \n \u2022 Shortbread inclusion sourced from Greyston Bakery (B-Corp story synergy).\n\n7. Financials & KPI dashboard \n Refer to revenue forecast; COGS $2.05/pt; contribution margin >53 % by Year-3. KPI set: velocity \u226512 units/store/week; promo lift \u2265120 % baseline; sentiment \u22654.3/5. \n\n8. Key Risks & Mitigations \n \u2022 Supply risk on specialty cherries \u2192 dual-vendor plan, frozen cherry dice back-up. \n \u2022 Price-sensitive shoppers in recession scenario \u2192 \u201cLittle Pint, Little Price\u201d 10-oz pack. \n \u2022 Competitive retaliation (e.g., Ben & Jerry\u2019s limited batch) \u2192 protect through trademark \u201cVanilla Cherry Crisp\u201d; fast-track pipeline of Season 2 flavour (Vanilla Peach Bourbon).\n\n9. Next Steps / Timeline \n \u2013 Plant trials Jan-Feb; shelf-life validation March. \n \u2013 Category line-review decks April; secure resets July (back-to-school window). \n \u2013 National launch Aug 15 with integrated 360\u00b0 push. \n \u2013 Post-mortem 90-days; decision Gate-2 for 10-oz & novelty bar extensions.\n\n=====================================================================\nEND OF DELIVERABLE \n(All quantitative answers rounded to one decimal place except market-share calculation as instructed.)", "r1-0528_response": "Marketing Plan for New Ice Cream Flavor Launch\nPrepared for: Chief Marketing Officer, Premium Frozen Foods Company\nDate: [Insert Date]\n\n1. Executive Summary\nOur analysis of the US ice cream market and competitor data reveals key opportunities for expanding the company\u2019s premium ice cream portfolio. By leveraging flavor trends, pricing strategies, and consumer feedback, we recommend launching a Vanilla-Blackberry Gelato as a new premium offering. This flavor blends mainstream appeal with fruit-based differentiation, maximizing revenue potential while mitigating risks observed in competitor products.\n\nBelow, we outline our findings, revenue projections, and a strategic marketing plan for successful product introduction.\n\n2. Market & Competitive Analysis\n2.1 Ice Cream Market Size & Revenue by Flavor\nTotal US Ice Cream Market Size: ~$8.1B (estimated)\n\nDataset Coverage: 40% of market (~$3.24B)\n\nRevenue by Flavor Methodology:\n\nAssumed ratings correlate with sales volume.\n\nScaled revenue based on dataset coverage.\n\n2.2 Revenue by Brand (Pint Sales)\nBrand\tRevenue (Est.)\nBen & Jerry\u2019s\t$1.2B\nTalenti\t$800M\nH\u00e4agen-Dazs\t$900M\nBreyers\t$600M\nOther Brands\t$740M\n2.3 Top Mainstream Flavor: Vanilla\nMetric\tValue\nTotal Revenue\t$480M\nTotal Volume Sold\t60M pints\nAvg. Price per Pint\t$8.00\n2.4 Top Fruit Flavor (Excl. Strawberry): Blackberry\nMetric\tValue\nTotal Revenue\t$120M\nTotal Volume Sold\t15M pints\nAvg. Price per Pint\t$8.00\n3. Pricing Strategy for New Flavor\nBenchmark Pricing:\n\nBen & Jerry\u2019s avg. pint: $4.50\n\nTalenti (gelato) avg. pint: $5.50\n\nPremium Gelato Markup: ~22% higher\n\nRecommended Price: $6.50 per pint (aligns with gelato positioning)\n\n4. New Flavor Recommendation: Vanilla-Blackberry Gelato\n4.1 Flavor Theory Alignment\nMainstream Base (Vanilla): High familiarity & appeal.\n\nFruit Twist (Blackberry): Unique, natural, and premium perception.\n\n4.2 Revenue Potential Calculation\nWeighted Avg. Volume Sold:\n\n60% of Vanilla volume (36M pints) + 40% of Blackberry volume (6M pints) = 27.6M pints\n\nEstimated Revenue:\n\n27.6M pints \u00d7 $6.50 = $179.4M (total potential)\n\n4.3 3-Year Revenue Projection\nYear\tCapture Rate\tRevenue\tInflation (2.5%)\tIndustry Growth (3%)\tTotal Revenue\nYear 1\t10%\t$17.9M\t+$0.45M\t+$0.54M\t$18.9M\nYear 2\t25%\t$44.9M\t+$1.12M\t+$1.35M\t$47.4M\nYear 3\t40%\t$71.8M\t+$1.80M\t+$2.15M\t$75.8M\n5. Pitfalls in Fruit-Based Ice Creams (Case Study: Breyers Strawberry)\nAnalysis of Negative Reviews Reveals:\n\nArtificial Taste: Consumers dislike synthetic strawberry flavoring.\n\nTexture Issues: Complaints about ice crystals and lack of creaminess.\n\nRecommendations for New Flavor:\n\nUse real fruit puree for authentic taste.\n\nEnsure smooth, dense gelato texture to avoid iciness.\n\n6. Marketing Plan: Positioning, Distribution & Risks\n6.1 Positioning\nPremium Indulgence: \"Gelato Crafted with Real Fruit & Vanilla Bean\"\n\nTarget Audience: Millennials & Gen Z seeking gourmet yet approachable flavors.\n\n6.2 Pricing Strategy\n$6.50/pint (premium tier, justified by gelato quality).\n\n6.3 Placement & Distribution\nPrimary Channels:\n\nGrocery (Whole Foods, Kroger)\n\nOnline (Instacart, Amazon Fresh)\n\nSecondary: Specialty dessert shops.\n\n6.4 Risks & Mitigation\nRisk\tMitigation Strategy\nHigh competition from B&J, Talenti\tEmphasize real ingredients & gelato texture\nLow trial rate for new flavor\tSampling campaigns in stores\nPricing resistance\tBundle promotions initially\n7. Conclusion & Next Steps\nThe Vanilla-Blackberry Gelato presents a strong revenue opportunity with $18.9M in Year 1, scaling to $75.8M by Year 3. Key success factors include:\n\nAuthentic flavor profile (avoiding artificial taste pitfalls).\n\nPremium pricing & distribution strategy.\n\nAggressive sampling & digital marketing.\n\nRecommended Next Steps:\n\nFinalize R&D recipe testing.\n\nInitiate retailer partnerships.\n\nLaunch a 3-month pre-release sampling campaign.\n\nPrepared by: [Your Name]\nManagement Consultant, CPG Practice\n[Consulting Firm Name]\n\nNew chat\n", "grok4_response": "Below is my response as a management consultant in the CPG practice, addressing the client's request for the ice cream division project. I have synthesized the provided files (Ice Cream Market Size report, 2022 State of the Industry report, historical inflation data, and related ice cream category insights) with publicly available data assumptions (e.g., from Kaggle datasets like \"Ice Cream Dataset\" and \"Product Reviews\" aggregations, which include flavor ratings for major brands). Where data was not explicitly available, I used reasonable assumptions based on industry standards, ensuring alignment with the task instructions. All quantitative answers are rounded to one decimal point except market share (rounded to nearest 10%). Note: Revenue calculations assume 2022 data as the base (from the State of Industry report), as 2025 normalization is not required for market share or flavor revenues.\n\n### Task 1: 2025 US Ice Cream Market Size, Market Share, and Flavor Revenue Approach\n- **2025 US Ice Cream Market Size**: Based on the Ice Cream Market Size report, the US ice cream industry had a $13.1 billion economic impact in 2022 (per IDFA data cited). The report projects a US CAGR of 3.8% from 2024 to 2030. Projecting from 2022: \n 2023: $13.1B \u00d7 1.038 = $13.6B \n 2024: $13.6B \u00d7 1.038 = $14.1B \n 2025: $14.1B \u00d7 1.038 = $14.6B (rounded to one decimal). \n This focuses on middle-to-premium tier mass-market brands (Ben & Jerry's, Breyers, Talenti, Haagen Dazs) for mass appeal, excluding regional/small brands.\n\n- **Total Market Share Across the Four Brands**: Using 2022 revenue data from the State of Industry report (not normalized to 2025): Ben & Jerry's $910.7M, Breyers $498.4M, Talenti $203.1M, Haagen Dazs $785.1M. Total for four brands: $2,397.3M. The report's total US ice cream sales base is $6,789.3M (IRI multi-outlet data). Market share: ($2,397.3M / $6,789.3M) = 35.3%, rounded to nearest 10% = 40%.\n\n- **Public Datasets and Approach for Flavor Revenue**: I used aggregated data from Kaggle's \"Ice Cream Reviews\" and \"Product Ratings\" datasets (real-world aggregations of consumer reviews from sites like Amazon and Walmart, covering ~5,000 ratings across these brands). Key flavors include mainstream (e.g., Vanilla, Chocolate) and fruit (e.g., Mango, Lemon, Raspberry; excluding Strawberry). Ratings are on a 5-point scale. \n **Approach to Calculate Revenue Value of a Rating**: Assume ratings (count and value) are the only revenue determinant (as revenue by flavor isn't public). For each brand: \n - Calculate total \"rating points\" = \u03a3 (ratings count per flavor \u00d7 average rating per flavor). \n - Revenue per rating point = Brand's total revenue / Total rating points for the brand. \n - Flavor revenue = (Flavor's ratings count \u00d7 Flavor's average rating) \u00d7 Revenue per rating point. \n This incorporates market share by limiting to the four brands (40% share) and prorating revenues accordingly. Example data (aggregated from datasets): \n - Ben & Jerry's (total rating points: 1,200,000; revenue per point: $910.7M / 1,200,000 = $0.8). \n - Breyers (total: 800,000; per point: $498.4M / 800,000 = $0.6). \n - Talenti (total: 500,000; per point: $203.1M / 500,000 = $0.4). \n - Haagen Dazs (total: 900,000; per point: $785.1M / 900,000 = $0.9). \n Flavor revenues calculated below (e.g., top mainstream Chocolate: $539.3M; top fruit Mango: $251.4M).\n\n### Task 2: Summary Table - Total Revenue Sold by Brand (Assuming All Items in Pints)\nAssumed all sales in pints (standard unit for premium ice cream). Revenues from 2022 State of Industry data.\n\n| Brand | Total Revenue ($M) |\n|----------------|--------------------|\n| Ben & Jerry's | 910.7 |\n| Breyers | 498.4 |\n| Talenti | 203.1 |\n| Haagen Dazs | 785.1 |\n| **Total** | **2,397.3** |\n\n### Task 3: Summary Table - Top Standalone Mainstream Flavor\nTop standalone mainstream flavor (based on datasets): Chocolate (high ratings count and value across brands; e.g., 120,000 ratings at 4.6 avg). Revenue: $539.3M (calculated via approach in Task 1, aggregated across brands). Assumed avg price per pint: $5.1 (weighted avg across brands). Volume: Revenue / Avg Price = $539.3M / $5.1 = 105.7M units.\n\n| Metric | Value |\n|---------------------|------------|\n| Total Revenue ($M) | 539.3 |\n| Total Volume (M units) | 105.7 |\n| Avg Price per Unit ($) | 5.1 |\n\n### Task 4: Summary Table - Top Fruit Flavor by Revenue (Not Including Strawberry)\nTop fruit flavor (based on datasets, excluding Strawberry): Mango (strong revenue from high ratings; e.g., 60,000 ratings at 4.4 avg). Revenue: $251.4M (via Task 1 approach). Assumed avg price per pint: $5.2 (slightly higher for exotic fruits). Volume: $251.4M / $5.2 = 48.3M units.\n\n| Metric | Value |\n|---------------------|------------|\n| Total Revenue ($M) | 251.4 |\n| Total Volume (M units) | 48.3 |\n| Avg Price per Unit ($) | 5.2 |\n\n### Task 5: Price of the New Ice Cream (Per Unit)\nAverage price across brands (assumed from market data): Ben & Jerry's $5.5, Breyers $4.5, Talenti $5.0, Haagen Dazs $5.2 = $5.1 avg. Client's gelato-like strategy: Differential between Ben & Jerry's ($5.5) and Talenti ($5.0, gelato) is -$0.5 (Talenti slightly lower, but assuming gelato premium of 10% over standard ice cream like Ben & Jerry's for positioning). Applied premium: $5.1 \u00d7 1.10 = $5.6 per unit (pint).\n\n### Task 6: New Ice Cream Flavor and Revenue Potential\n**New Flavor**: Aligned to \"flavor theory\" (blending familiar mainstream with exotic fruit for balance and appeal): Chocolate Mango Swirl (rich chocolate base with mango fruit ribbons for creamy-indulgent yet refreshing profile). \n**Revenue Potential**: Avg units sold of mainstream flavor (from Task 3): 105.7M. Avg units sold of fruit flavor (Task 4): 48.3M. Weighted avg volume: (0.6 \u00d7 105.7M) + (0.4 \u00d7 48.3M) = 63.4M + 19.3M = 82.7M units. Price: $5.6 (Task 5). Total revenue potential: 82.7M \u00d7 $5.6 = $463.1M.\n\n### Task 7: Estimated Revenue from New Flavor (Years 1-3)\nBase revenue potential: $463.1M (Task 6). Capture rate: Starts at 10% (Year 1), +15% YoY (Year 2: 25%, Year 3: 40%). Account for avg US inflation (2% from historical data) and avg YoY industry growth (3.8% from report). Assume nominal growth: Potential adjusted annually by (1 + 0.038 growth) \u00d7 (1 + 0.02 inflation) = 1.0588 multiplier. \n- Year 1: $463.1M \u00d7 1.0588 \u00d7 0.10 = $49.0M \n- Year 2: ($463.1M \u00d7 1.0588\u00b2) \u00d7 0.25 = $129.8M \n- Year 3: ($463.1M \u00d7 1.0588\u00b3) \u00d7 0.40 = $220.3M \n\n### Task 8: Common Pitfalls in Popular Fruit-Based Ice Cream (Case Study: Breyers Natural Strawberry)\nAnalyzed low-rating reviews (<3 stars) from Kaggle/Amazon aggregations (~500 reviews for Breyers Natural Strawberry, most popular fruit flavor). Top 3 prominent errors by complaint frequency: \n1. **Texture Issues (45% of complaints)**: Too icy/watery, lacking creaminess (e.g., \"freezer burn taste, not smooth\"). \n2. **Lack of Fruit Intensity (30%)**: Insufficient real strawberry pieces/flavor (e.g., \"barely any berries, tastes artificial\"). \n3. **Overly Sweet/Imbalanced Flavor (25%)**: Too sugary, masking natural fruit (e.g., \"sickly sweet, not fresh-tasting\").\n\n### Task 9: 3-Page Marketing Plan for Chief Marketing Officer\n**Page 1: Executive Summary and Market Insights** \nDear CMO, \n\nAs part of our data-driven R&D strategy project, this marketing plan leverages competitor analysis (Tasks 2-8) to recommend a new flavor: Chocolate Mango Swirl. Focused on premium brands (Ben & Jerry's, Breyers, Talenti, Haagen Dazs) with 40% market share in a $14.6B 2025 US market, we project strong revenue potential. Key insights: Top mainstream flavor (Chocolate) generates $539.3M revenue at 105.7M units ($5.1 avg price); top fruit (Mango) $251.4M at 48.3M units ($5.2 avg). New flavor blends these for mass appeal, with $463.1M potential. Year 1-3 revenues: $49.0M, $129.8M, $220.3M (factoring 3.8% growth + 2% inflation). Pitfalls from Breyers Strawberry reviews (texture issues, low fruit intensity, over-sweetness) inform product development to ensure creaminess and balanced natural flavors. \n\n**Pricing**: Set at $5.6 per pint\u2014average across brands ($5.1) plus 10% gelato premium (Talenti vs. Ben & Jerry's differential, positioning as indulgent yet accessible). This undercuts ultra-premium ($6+) while signaling quality, targeting 15-20% margin uplift vs. standard ice cream. \n\n**Positioning**: Position as \"Indulgent Fusion\" for health-conscious millennials/families seeking exotic twists on classics. Emphasize natural ingredients (real mango chunks, premium chocolate) to avoid Breyers pitfalls, with messaging like \"Tropical Escape in Every Scoop.\" Differentiate via sustainability (e.g., fair-trade mango sourcing) and gelato-like creaminess for premium perception. \n\n**Page 2: Placement/Distribution and Promotion Strategy** \n**Placement/Distribution**: Target mass-market national channels for appeal: Supermarkets (e.g., Walmart, Kroger) 60% of distribution; club stores (Costco) 20%; online/e-commerce (Amazon, Instacart) 10%; convenience (7-Eleven) 10%. Leverage existing frozen foods network for rapid rollout, starting in high-density regions (Northeast, West Coast) where premium ice cream sales are strong (per IRI data). Aim for 70% ACV in Year 1, scaling to 90% by Year 3 via partnerships with retailers offering end-cap displays. Use data analytics for shelf optimization, ensuring visibility next to competitors like Talenti. \n\n**Promotion**: Multi-channel campaign ($10M Year 1 budget): Digital (social media influencers, TikTok challenges blending \"mainstream comfort + fruit adventure\") 40%; in-store sampling/events 30%; TV/streaming ads (nostalgic family moments) 20%; partnerships (e.g., with fruit brands for cross-promo) 10%. Launch with limited-edition packaging to build buzz, tying into seasonal trends (summer tropical vibes). Track via Nielsen ratings and sales data, aiming for 20% trial rate in Year 1. \n\nRevenue Projections (from Task 7): Build on $463.1M potential with 10-40% capture, yielding $49.0M (Y1), $129.8M (Y2), $220.3M (Y3). This assumes 82.7M units at $5.6, weighted toward mainstream appeal. \n\n**Page 3: Risks and Mitigation** \n**Risks**: \n1. **Market Saturation/Competition (High Risk)**: Premium segment crowded; new flavors may cannibalize existing lines. Mitigation: Differentiate via unique blend and gelato premium; monitor competitor launches (e.g., Ben & Jerry's innovations) with quarterly reviews. \n2. **Consumer Pitfalls (Medium Risk)**: Per Task 8, texture/fruit issues could lead to low ratings. Mitigation: R&D focus on creamy formulation with 20% real mango; blind taste tests to ensure >4.5 avg rating. \n3. **Economic Factors (Medium Risk)**: Inflation (2%) and recession could reduce discretionary spending (historical data shows 3-5% sales dip in downturns). Mitigation: Price sensitivity testing; bundle promotions to maintain volume. Industry growth (3.8%) supports upside, but if slowed, pivot to value packs. \n4. **Supply Chain/Inflation (Low-Medium Risk)**: Fruit sourcing volatility (e.g., mango imports). Mitigation: Diversify suppliers; hedge with 2% inflation buffer in projections. \n\nOverall, this plan positions the new flavor for $400M+ cumulative revenue by Year 3, driving R&D innovation. Recommend pilot launch in Q1 2025 with A/B testing. Let's discuss next steps. \n\nBest, \n[Your Name] \nManagement Consultant, CPG Practice", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates the best case scenario revenue for Year 2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the combined market share of the top 3 brands as a percentage of the total sustainable activewear market.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the worst case scenario revenue for Year 2.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the top 3 risks to market entry in the executive summary.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the average price point for an athletic t-shirt for the first identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the best case scenario revenue for Year 1 based on a +20% variance in market share capture.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one of the sustainability certification types for the second identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the average price premium that sustainable athletic apparel commands over traditional alternatives.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one of the sustainability certification types for the third identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the base case revenue for Year 2.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total market size for Year 2 based on the assumed market growth of 12% annually.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies at least one of the sustainability certification types for the first identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total market size for Year 3 based on the assumed market growth of 12% annually.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the first of the top 3 brands by market share in the sustainable athletic apparel market.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States a supporting rationale for the recommended pricing strategy.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total market size for Year 1.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the worst case scenario revenue for Year 1 based on a -20% variance in market share capture.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the market opportunity assessment in the executive summary.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the base case revenue for Year 1.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the average price point for an athletic t-shirt for the third identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends whether the client should pursue a premium, parity, or value pricing strategy.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a sensitivity analysis showing the best and worst case scenarios based on a \u00b120% variance in market share capture.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the third of 3 risks to market entry success.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the worst case scenario revenue for Year 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the third of the top 3 brands by market share in the sustainable athletic apparel market.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the second of the top 3 brands by market share in the sustainable athletic apparel market.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Presents the market landscape findings in a summary table.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines an optimal price point for the client's market entry based on analysis.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States a summary of the financial projections in the executive summary.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the second of 3 risks to market entry success.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the best case scenario revenue for Year 3.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the base case revenue for Year 3.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the average price point for an athletic t-shirt for the second identified top brand.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Creates a 2-page executive summary.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the first of 3 risks to market entry success.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the recommended positioning and pricing strategy in the executive summary.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-7", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "In a variant of a KSVZ-style axion model, five heavy vector-like fermions are introduced, each with different Peccei\u2013Quinn charges for left- and right-handed components $(X_L, X_R)$. Their Standard Model gauge quantum numbers and PQ charges are:\n\n1. $Q_1: (\\mathbf{3}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\tfrac{1}{6}),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=0$\n2. $Q_2: (\\mathbf{6}, \\mathbf{1}, -\\tfrac{1}{3}),\\ X_L=+\\tfrac{1}{2},\\ X_R=-\\tfrac12$\n3. $Q_3: (\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}, \\mathbf{3}, +\\tfrac{2}{3}),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=+1$\n4. $Q_4: (\\mathbf{8}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\tfrac{1}{2}),\\ X_L=+\\tfrac{3}{2},\\ X_R=0$\n5. $Q_5: (\\mathbf{10}, \\mathbf{1}, -1),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=+\\tfrac12$\n\nHere $Q$ is the electric charge $Q = T_3 + Y$, where $T_3$ is the third component of weak isospin and $Y$ is the hypercharge, and we work entirely in Standard Model hypercharge normalization. $T(r)$ denotes the SU(3) Dynkin index and $d(r)$ the representation dimension. For the SU(3) representation $\\mathbf{10}$, take $T(\\mathbf{10}) = \\tfrac{15}{2}$.\n\nUsing the chiral PQ charge difference $(X_L - X_R)$ as the weight for each Weyl fermion, compute the ratio $E/N$ (electromagnetic to color anomaly coefficients) and give your answer in lowest-term fractional form.", "o3_response": "For every (left\u2013handed) Weyl fermion the PQ-anomaly weight is the chiral charge difference \n\n\\[\n\\Delta X\\equiv X_L-X_R .\n\\]\n\nColor anomaly \\(N\\)\n\n\\[\nN=\\sum_i \\Delta X_i\\,T(r_i),\n\\]\n\nwhere \\(T(r)\\) is the SU(3) Dynkin index ( \\(T(\\mathbf 3)=\\tfrac12,\\;\nT(\\mathbf 6)=\\tfrac52,\\;T(\\mathbf 8)=3,\\;T(\\mathbf{10})=\\tfrac{15}{2}\\)).\n\nElectromagnetic anomaly \\(E\\)\n\n\\[\nE=\\sum_i\\Delta X_i\\,\\mathrm{Tr}\\,(Q^2)_i\n =\\sum_i \\Delta X_i\\;d(r_{c,i})\\;\n \\sum_{\\hbox{\\small SU(2) components}} Q^2 .\n\\]\n\n(The trace runs over SU(3) colour and SU(2) weak indices.)\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n1)\u2003\\(Q_1:(\\mathbf 3,\\mathbf 2,\\,Y=\\frac16),\\;\\Delta X =1\\)\n\nCharges \\(Q=\\frac23,\\,-\\frac13\\);\\;\n\\(\\sum Q^2 =\\frac59\\)\n\n\\[\nE_1=1\\cdot 3\\cdot\\frac59=\\frac53,\\qquad \nN_1 = 1\\cdot\\frac12=\\frac12 .\n\\]\n\n2)\u2003\\(Q_2:(\\mathbf 6,\\mathbf 1,\\,Y=-\\frac13),\\;\\Delta X =1\\)\n\n\\(Q=-\\frac13,\\;Q^2=\\frac19\\)\n\n\\[\nE_2=1\\cdot 6\\cdot\\frac19=\\frac23,\\qquad\nN_2 = 1\\cdot\\frac52=\\frac52 .\n\\]\n\n3)\u2003\\(Q_3:(\\overline{\\mathbf 3},\\mathbf 3,\\,Y=\\frac23),\\;\\Delta X =0\\)\n\nNo contribution.\n\n4)\u2003\\(Q_4:(\\mathbf 8,\\mathbf 2,\\,Y=\\frac12),\\;\\Delta X =\\frac32\\)\n\nCharges \\(1,0\\);\\;\n\\(\\sum Q^2 =1\\)\n\n\\[\nE_4=\\frac32\\cdot 8\\cdot 1 = 12,\\qquad\nN_4=\\frac32\\cdot 3=\\frac92 .\n\\]\n\n5)\u2003\\(Q_5:(\\mathbf{10},\\mathbf 1,\\,Y=-1),\\;\\Delta X =\\frac12\\)\n\n\\(Q=-1,\\;Q^2=1\\)\n\n\\[\nE_5=\\frac12\\cdot 10\\cdot 1 =5,\\qquad\nN_5=\\frac12\\cdot\\frac{15}{2}= \\frac{15}{4}.\n\\]\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\nTotal anomalies \n\n\\[\nN = \\frac12+\\frac52+\\frac92+\\frac{15}{4}= \\frac{45}{4},\n\\qquad\nE = \\frac53+\\frac23+12+5 = \\frac{58}{3}.\n\\]\n\nHence \n\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\displaystyle\\frac{E}{N}= \\frac{58/3}{45/4}= \\frac{232}{135}}.\n\\]\n\nThe electromagnetic-to-color anomaly ratio for this set of vector-like fermions is \n\\(E/N = 232/135\\) (already in lowest terms).", "r1-0528_response": "Let's compute the ratio \\( E/N \\) for this KSVZ-style axion model. The electromagnetic anomaly coefficient \\( E \\) and the color anomaly coefficient \\( N \\) are given by:\n\n\\[\nE = \\sum_{\\text{fermions}} (X_L - X_R) \\cdot d_3 \\cdot d_2 \\cdot Q_{\\text{em}}^2\n\\]\n\\[\nN = \\sum_{\\text{fermions}} (X_L - X_R) \\cdot T_3 \\cdot d_2\n\\]\n\nwhere:\n- \\( X_L - X_R \\) is the PQ charge difference for each Weyl fermion,\n- \\( d_3 \\) is the dimension of the SU(3) representation,\n- \\( d_2 \\) is the dimension of the SU(2) representation,\n- \\( Q_{\\text{em}} \\) is the electric charge (which might vary within a multiplet; we need to sum over all components),\n- \\( T_3 \\) is the Dynkin index for the SU(3) representation (normalized so that \\( T(\\mathbf{3}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\)).\n\nNote: For each fermion, we have a left-handed Weyl field with PQ charge \\( X_L \\) and a right-handed Weyl field with PQ charge \\( X_R \\), so the anomaly contribution is proportional to \\( (X_L - X_R) \\).\n\nSince the fermions are vector-like with respect to the SM gauge groups, the anomaly cancellation is ensured by the PQ charges. We need to compute \\( E \\) and \\( N \\) by summing over all five fermions.\n\nLet's go through each fermion one by one.\n\n---\n\n### 1. \\( Q_1: (\\mathbf{3}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\tfrac{1}{6}),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=0 \\)\n\n- SU(3): representation \\( \\mathbf{3} \\), \\( T_3(\\mathbf{3}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\), \\( d_3 = 3 \\)\n- SU(2): representation \\( \\mathbf{2} \\), \\( d_2 = 2 \\)\n- Hypercharge \\( Y = +1/6 \\), so electric charges: \\( Q = T_3 + Y \\). For the doublet, \\( T_3 = \\pm 1/2 \\), so charges: \\( +1/6 + 1/2 = +2/3 \\) and \\( +1/6 - 1/2 = -1/3 \\).\n- \\( X_L - X_R = 1 - 0 = 1 \\)\n\n**For \\( N \\):**\n\\[\nN_1 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot T_3(\\mathbf{3}) \\cdot d_2 = 1 \\cdot \\frac{1}{2} \\cdot 2 = 1\n\\]\n\n**For \\( E \\):**\nWe need to sum over all components. The SU(3) triplet has 3 colors, SU(2) doublet has 2 components. So total 6 states. But we sum \\( Q_{\\text{em}}^2 \\) for each.\n\nThe two states have charges \\( +2/3 \\) and \\( -1/3 \\), each with multiplicity \\( d_3 = 3 \\).\n\nSo:\n\\[\n\\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 3 \\cdot \\left( (+\\tfrac{2}{3})^2 + (-\\tfrac{1}{3})^2 \\right) = 3 \\cdot \\left( \\tfrac{4}{9} + \\tfrac{1}{9} \\right) = 3 \\cdot \\tfrac{5}{9} = \\tfrac{15}{9} = \\tfrac{5}{3}\n\\]\n\nThen:\n\\[\nE_1 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot \\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 1 \\cdot \\tfrac{5}{3} = \\tfrac{5}{3}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### 2. \\( Q_2: (\\mathbf{6}, \\mathbf{1}, -\\tfrac{1}{3}),\\ X_L=+\\tfrac{1}{2},\\ X_R=-\\tfrac12 \\)\n\n- SU(3): representation \\( \\mathbf{6} \\), \\( T_3(\\mathbf{6}) = \\frac{5}{2} \\) (since \\( T(\\mathbf{6}) = \\frac{5}{2} \\)), \\( d_3 = 6 \\)\n- SU(2): singlet, \\( d_2 = 1 \\)\n- Hypercharge \\( Y = -1/3 \\), so electric charge \\( Q = -1/3 \\) (since no weak isospin).\n- \\( X_L - X_R = \\tfrac{1}{2} - (-\\tfrac{1}{2}) = 1 \\)\n\n**For \\( N \\):**\n\\[\nN_2 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot T_3(\\mathbf{6}) \\cdot d_2 = 1 \\cdot \\frac{5}{2} \\cdot 1 = \\frac{5}{2}\n\\]\n\n**For \\( E \\):**\nAll 6 states have charge \\( -1/3 \\).\n\\[\n\\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 6 \\cdot (-\\tfrac{1}{3})^2 = 6 \\cdot \\tfrac{1}{9} = \\tfrac{6}{9} = \\tfrac{2}{3}\n\\]\n\\[\nE_2 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot \\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 1 \\cdot \\tfrac{2}{3} = \\tfrac{2}{3}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### 3. \\( Q_3: (\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}, \\mathbf{3}, +\\tfrac{2}{3}),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=+1 \\)\n\n- SU(3): representation \\( \\overline{\\mathbf{3}} \\), \\( T_3(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\), \\( d_3 = 3 \\)\n- SU(2): triplet, \\( d_2 = 3 \\)\n- Hypercharge \\( Y = +2/3 \\), so electric charges: \\( Q = T_3 + Y \\). For triplet, \\( T_3 = +1, 0, -1 \\), so charges: \\( +1 + 2/3 = +5/3 \\), \\( 0 + 2/3 = +2/3 \\), \\( -1 + 2/3 = -1/3 \\).\n- \\( X_L - X_R = 1 - 1 = 0 \\)\n\nSo this fermion does not contribute to either anomaly.\n\n\\[\nN_3 = 0, \\quad E_3 = 0\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### 4. \\( Q_4: (\\mathbf{8}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\tfrac{1}{2}),\\ X_L=+\\tfrac{3}{2},\\ X_R=0 \\)\n\n- SU(3): representation \\( \\mathbf{8} \\), \\( T_3(\\mathbf{8}) = 3 \\), \\( d_3 = 8 \\)\n- SU(2): doublet, \\( d_2 = 2 \\)\n- Hypercharge \\( Y = +1/2 \\), so charges: \\( T_3 = \\pm 1/2 \\), so \\( +1/2 + 1/2 = +1 \\), \\( +1/2 - 1/2 = 0 \\).\n- \\( X_L - X_R = \\tfrac{3}{2} - 0 = \\tfrac{3}{2} \\)\n\n**For \\( N \\):**\n\\[\nN_4 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot T_3(\\mathbf{8}) \\cdot d_2 = \\tfrac{3}{2} \\cdot 3 \\cdot 2 = \\tfrac{3}{2} \\cdot 6 = 9\n\\]\n\n**For \\( E \\):**\nThe doublet has charges \\( +1 \\) and \\( 0 \\), each with multiplicity \\( d_3 = 8 \\).\n\\[\n\\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 8 \\cdot \\left( (1)^2 + (0)^2 \\right) = 8 \\cdot (1 + 0) = 8\n\\]\n\\[\nE_4 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot \\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = \\tfrac{3}{2} \\cdot 8 = 12\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### 5. \\( Q_5: (\\mathbf{10}, \\mathbf{1}, -1),\\ X_L=+1,\\ X_R=+\\tfrac12 \\)\n\n- SU(3): representation \\( \\mathbf{10} \\), \\( T_3(\\mathbf{10}) = \\frac{15}{2} \\) (given), \\( d_3 = 10 \\)\n- SU(2): singlet, \\( d_2 = 1 \\)\n- Hypercharge \\( Y = -1 \\), so electric charge \\( Q = -1 \\).\n- \\( X_L - X_R = 1 - \\tfrac{1}{2} = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\)\n\n**For \\( N \\):**\n\\[\nN_5 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot T_3(\\mathbf{10}) \\cdot d_2 = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot \\tfrac{15}{2} \\cdot 1 = \\tfrac{15}{4}\n\\]\n\n**For \\( E \\):**\nAll 10 states have charge \\( -1 \\).\n\\[\n\\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = 10 \\cdot (-1)^2 = 10 \\cdot 1 = 10\n\\]\n\\[\nE_5 = (X_L - X_R) \\cdot \\sum Q_{\\text{em}}^2 = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\cdot 10 = 5\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Now sum all contributions:\n\n**For \\( N \\):**\n\\[\nN = N_1 + N_2 + N_3 + N_4 + N_5 = 1 + \\tfrac{5}{2} + 0 + 9 + \\tfrac{15}{4}\n\\]\nCompute:\n\\[\n1 = \\tfrac{4}{4}, \\quad \\tfrac{5}{2} = \\tfrac{10}{4}, \\quad 9 = \\tfrac{36}{4}, \\quad \\tfrac{15}{4} = \\tfrac{15}{4}\n\\]\nSo:\n\\[\nN = \\tfrac{4}{4} + \\tfrac{10}{4} + \\tfrac{36}{4} + \\tfrac{15}{4} = \\tfrac{65}{4}\n\\]\n\n**For \\( E \\):**\n\\[\nE = E_1 + E_2 + E_3 + E_4 + E_5 = \\tfrac{5}{3} + \\tfrac{2}{3} + 0 + 12 + 5\n\\]\nCompute:\n\\[\n\\tfrac{5}{3} + \\tfrac{2}{3} = \\tfrac{7}{3}, \\quad 12 + 5 = 17\n\\]\nSo:\n\\[\nE = \\tfrac{7}{3} + 17 = \\tfrac{7}{3} + \\tfrac{51}{3} = \\tfrac{58}{3}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Finally, the ratio:\n\\[\n\\frac{E}{N} = \\frac{\\tfrac{58}{3}}{\\tfrac{65}{4}} = \\frac{58}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{65} = \\frac{232}{195}\n\\]\n\nThis fraction is already in lowest terms (gcd(232,195)=1).\n\n**Answer:**\n\\[\n\\boxed{\\frac{232}{195}}\n\\]", "grok4_response": "To compute the ratio of the electromagnetic anomaly coefficient to the color anomaly coefficient, \\( E/N \\), in this KSVZ-style axion model, we need to calculate the anomaly coefficients \\( E \\) and \\( N \\) using the chiral Peccei-Quinn (PQ) charge differences \\( X_L - X_R \\) for each Weyl fermion, weighted by their respective Standard Model quantum numbers. The fermions are vector-like, meaning each has left- and right-handed components with potentially different PQ charges, and we work in the Standard Model hypercharge normalization. The final answer will be expressed as a fraction in its lowest terms.\n\n### Step 1: Understand the anomaly coefficients\nThe color anomaly coefficient \\( N \\) is associated with the axion's coupling to the gluon field strength, \\( a G \\tilde{G} \\), and is given by:\n\\[\nN = \\sum_{\\text{fermions}} (X_L - X_R) T(r),\n\\]\nwhere \\( T(r) \\) is the Dynkin index of the SU(3) representation \\( r \\), and the sum is over all Weyl fermions (left- and right-handed components separately).\n\nThe electromagnetic anomaly coefficient \\( E \\) is associated with the axion's coupling to the photon field strength, \\( a F \\tilde{F} \\), and is given by:\n\\[\nE = \\sum_{\\text{fermions}} (X_L - X_R) d(r) Q^2,\n\\]\nwhere \\( Q = T_3 + Y \\) is the electric charge, \\( d(r) \\) is the dimension of the SU(3) representation, and \\( Y \\) is the hypercharge in the Standard Model normalization.\n\nEach vector-like fermion contributes two Weyl fermions: the left-handed component with PQ charge \\( X_L \\) and the right-handed component with PQ charge \\( X_R \\). The chiral PQ charge difference \\( X_L - X_R \\) is used as the weight for each Weyl fermion.\n\n### Step 2: List the quantum numbers and compute contributions\nWe are given five vector-like fermions with their SU(3), SU(2), and hypercharge \\( Y \\) quantum numbers, along with their PQ charges \\( X_L \\) and \\( X_R \\). The electric charge is \\( Q = T_3 + Y \\), but since \\( T_3 \\) is specific to the SU(2) representation, we need to account for all components in the SU(2) multiplets when computing \\( E \\). For \\( N \\), only the SU(3) representation matters. The Dynkin indices \\( T(r) \\) and dimensions \\( d(r) \\) for SU(3) representations are:\n- \\( \\mathbf{1} \\): \\( T(\\mathbf{1}) = 0 \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{1}) = 1 \\)\n- \\( \\mathbf{3} \\), \\( \\overline{\\mathbf{3}} \\): \\( T(\\mathbf{3}) = T(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{3}) = d(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}) = 3 \\)\n- \\( \\mathbf{6} \\): \\( T(\\mathbf{6}) = \\frac{5}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{6}) = 6 \\) (from standard SU(3) representation theory)\n- \\( \\mathbf{8} \\): \\( T(\\mathbf{8}) = 3 \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{8}) = 8 \\)\n- \\( \\mathbf{10} \\): \\( T(\\mathbf{10}) = \\frac{15}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{10}) = 10 \\) (given)\n\nFor each fermion, we compute the contributions from the left-handed (\\( \\psi_L \\)) and right-handed (\\( \\psi_R \\)) Weyl components. Since the right-handed field in the conjugate representation has opposite quantum numbers (except for SU(3) in some cases), we adjust the charges accordingly.\n\n#### Fermion 1: \\( Q_1: (\\mathbf{3}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\frac{1}{6}),\\ X_L = +1,\\ X_R = 0 \\)\n- **Left-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{3}, \\mathbf{2}, Y = +\\frac{1}{6}) \\), \\( X_L = +1 \\)\n - SU(2) doublet, so \\( T_3 = +\\frac{1}{2}, -\\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - Electric charges: \\( Q = T_3 + Y = \\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{1}{6} = \\frac{2}{3} \\), \\( -\\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{1}{6} = -\\frac{1}{3} \\)\n - SU(3): \\( \\mathbf{3} \\), \\( T(\\mathbf{3}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{3}) = 3 \\)\n - \\( N \\): \\( (X_L) T(\\mathbf{3}) = 1 \\cdot \\frac{1}{2} = \\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - \\( E \\): \\( d(\\mathbf{3}) \\sum Q^2 = 3 \\cdot \\left[ \\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^2 + \\left(-\\frac{1}{3}\\right)^2 \\right] = 3 \\cdot \\left( \\frac{4}{9} + \\frac{1}{9} \\right) = 3 \\cdot \\frac{5}{9} = \\frac{5}{3} \\)\n - Weighted by \\( X_L = 1 \\): \\( E = 1 \\cdot \\frac{5}{3} = \\frac{5}{3} \\)\n- **Right-handed**: \\( (\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}, \\mathbf{2}, Y = -\\frac{1}{6}) \\), \\( X_R = 0 \\)\n - Since \\( X_R = 0 \\), \\( X_L - X_R = 0 \\), no contribution to \\( N \\) or \\( E \\).\n\n**Total for \\( Q_1 \\)**:\n- \\( N_1 = \\frac{1}{2} \\)\n- \\( E_1 = \\frac{5}{3} \\)\n\n#### Fermion 2: \\( Q_2: (\\mathbf{6}, \\mathbf{1}, -\\frac{1}{3}),\\ X_L = +\\frac{1}{2},\\ X_R = -\\frac{1}{2} \\)\n- **Left-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{6}, \\mathbf{1}, Y = -\\frac{1}{3}) \\), \\( X_L = \\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - SU(2) singlet, so \\( T_3 = 0 \\), \\( Q = Y = -\\frac{1}{3} \\)\n - SU(3): \\( \\mathbf{6} \\), \\( T(\\mathbf{6}) = \\frac{5}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{6}) = 6 \\)\n - \\( X_L - X_R = \\frac{1}{2} - \\left(-\\frac{1}{2}\\right) = 1 \\)\n - \\( N \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) T(\\mathbf{6}) = 1 \\cdot \\frac{5}{2} = \\frac{5}{2} \\)\n - \\( E \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) d(\\mathbf{6}) Q^2 = 1 \\cdot 6 \\cdot \\left(-\\frac{1}{3}\\right)^2 = 6 \\cdot \\frac{1}{9} = \\frac{6}{9} = \\frac{2}{3} \\)\n- **Right-handed**: \\( (\\overline{\\mathbf{6}}, \\mathbf{1}, Y = +\\frac{1}{3}) \\), \\( X_R = -\\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - The right-handed fermion is in the conjugate representation, but since \\( X_L - X_R = 1 \\) was computed above, we include both in the weight.\n - Contributions are included in the left-handed calculation due to the vector-like pairing.\n\n**Total for \\( Q_2 \\)**:\n- \\( N_2 = \\frac{5}{2} \\)\n- \\( E_2 = \\frac{2}{3} \\)\n\n#### Fermion 3: \\( Q_3: (\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}, \\mathbf{3}, +\\frac{2}{3}),\\ X_L = +1,\\ X_R = +1 \\)\n- **Left-handed**: \\( (\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}, \\mathbf{3}, Y = +\\frac{2}{3}) \\), \\( X_L = 1 \\)\n - SU(2) triplet, so \\( T_3 = +1, 0, -1 \\)\n - Electric charges: \\( Q = T_3 + Y = 1 + \\frac{2}{3} = \\frac{5}{3} \\), \\( 0 + \\frac{2}{3} = \\frac{2}{3} \\), \\( -1 + \\frac{2}{3} = -\\frac{1}{3} \\)\n - SU(3): \\( \\overline{\\mathbf{3}} \\), \\( T(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\), \\( d(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}}) = 3 \\)\n - \\( X_L - X_R = 1 - 1 = 0 \\), so no contribution to \\( N \\) or \\( E \\).\n- **Right-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{3}, \\mathbf{3}, Y = -\\frac{2}{3}) \\), \\( X_R = 1 \\)\n - \\( X_L - X_R = 0 \\), so no contribution.\n\n**Total for \\( Q_3 \\)**:\n- \\( N_3 = 0 \\)\n- \\( E_3 = 0 \\)\n\n#### Fermion 4: \\( Q_4: (\\mathbf{8}, \\mathbf{2}, +\\frac{1}{2}),\\ X_L = +\\frac{3}{2},\\ X_R = 0 \\)\n- **Left-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{8}, \\mathbf{2}, Y = +\\frac{1}{2}) \\), \\( X_L = \\frac{3}{2} \\)\n - SU(2) doublet, so \\( T_3 = +\\frac{1}{2}, -\\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - Electric charges: \\( Q = \\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{1}{2} = 1 \\), \\( -\\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{1}{2} = 0 \\)\n - SU(3): \\( \\mathbf{8} \\), \\( T(\\mathbf{8}) = 3 \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{8}) = 8 \\)\n - \\( N \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) T(\\mathbf{8}) = \\frac{3}{2} \\cdot 3 = \\frac{9}{2} \\)\n - \\( E \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) d(\\mathbf{8}) \\sum Q^2 = \\frac{3}{2} \\cdot 8 \\cdot \\left[ 1^2 + 0^2 \\right] = \\frac{3}{2} \\cdot 8 \\cdot 1 = 12 \\)\n- **Right-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{8}, \\mathbf{2}, Y = -\\frac{1}{2}) \\), \\( X_R = 0 \\)\n - \\( X_L - X_R = \\frac{3}{2} \\), included above.\n\n**Total for \\( Q_4 \\)**:\n- \\( N_4 = \\frac{9}{2} \\)\n- \\( E_4 = 12 \\)\n\n#### Fermion 5: \\( Q_5: (\\mathbf{10}, \\mathbf{1}, -1),\\ X_L = +1,\\ X_R = +\\frac{1}{2} \\)\n- **Left-handed**: \\( (\\mathbf{10}, \\mathbf{1}, Y = -1) \\), \\( X_L = 1 \\)\n - SU(2) singlet, so \\( T_3 = 0 \\), \\( Q = Y = -1 \\)\n - SU(3): \\( \\mathbf{10} \\), \\( T(\\mathbf{10}) = \\frac{15}{2} \\), \\( d(\\mathbf{10}) = 10 \\)\n - \\( X_L - X_R = 1 - \\frac{1}{2} = \\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - \\( N \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) T(\\mathbf{10}) = \\frac{1}{2} \\cdot \\frac{15}{2} = \\frac{15}{4} \\)\n - \\( E \\): \\( (X_L - X_R) d(\\mathbf{10}) Q^2 = \\frac{1}{2} \\cdot 10 \\cdot (-1)^2 = \\frac{1}{2} \\cdot 10 \\cdot 1 = 5 \\)\n- **Right-handed**: \\( (\\overline{\\mathbf{10}}, \\mathbf{1}, Y = +1) \\), \\( X_R = \\frac{1}{2} \\)\n - Contributions included above via \\( X_L - X_R \\).\n\n**Total for \\( Q_5 \\)**:\n- \\( N_5 = \\frac{15}{4} \\)\n- \\( E_5 = 5 \\)\n\n### Step 3: Sum the contributions\n- **Total \\( N \\)**:\n\\[\nN = N_1 + N_2 + N_3 + N_4 + N_5 = \\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{5}{2} + 0 + \\frac{9}{2} + \\frac{15}{4}\n\\]\nConvert to a common denominator (4):\n\\[\n\\frac{1}{2} = \\frac{2}{4},\\ \\frac{5}{2} = \\frac{10}{4},\\ \\frac{9}{2} = \\frac{18}{4},\\ \\frac{15}{4} = \\frac{15}{4}\n\\]\n\\[\nN = \\frac{2 + 10 + 0 + 18 + 15}{4} = \\frac{45}{4}\n\\]\n\n- **Total \\( E \\)**:\n\\[\nE = E_1 + E_2 + E_3 + E_4 + E_5 = \\frac{5}{3} + \\frac{2}{3} + 0 + 12 + 5\n\\]\n\\[\n\\frac{5}{3} + \\frac{2}{3} = \\frac{7}{3},\\ \\frac{7}{3} + 12 + 5 = \\frac{7}{3} + \\frac{36}{3} + \\frac{15}{3} = \\frac{7 + 36 + 15}{3} = \\frac{58}{3}\n\\]\n\n### Step 4: Compute \\( E/N \\)\n\\[\n\\frac{E}{N} = \\frac{\\frac{58}{3}}{\\frac{45}{4}} = \\frac{58}{3} \\cdot \\frac{4}{45} = \\frac{58 \\cdot 4}{3 \\cdot 45} = \\frac{232}{135}\n\\]\n\n### Step 5: Simplify the fraction\nTo ensure \\( \\frac{232}{135} \\) is in lowest terms, check the greatest common divisor (GCD) of 232 and 135:\n- \\( 232 = 2^3 \\cdot 29 \\)\n- \\( 135 = 3^3 \\cdot 5 \\)\n- No common factors, so GCD = 1.\n\nThus, \\( \\frac{232}{135} \\) is in lowest terms.\n\n### Final Answer\n\\[\n\\frac{E}{N} = \\frac{232}{135}\n\\]", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies the elctric charges of the SU(2) doublet $Q_1:(\\mathbf{2},Y=\\tfrac16)$ as $Q = \\{\\tfrac23,-\\tfrac13\\}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $N_5=w_5\\,T(\\mathbf{10})\\,d(\\mathbf{1})=\\tfrac12\\cdot\\tfrac{15}{2}\\cdot1=\\tfrac{15}{4}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $w_3 = 1 - 1 = 0$ using $X_{L,3} =1$ and $X_{R,3}=1$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Uses chiral PQ difference $w_i \\equiv X_{L,i}-X_{R,i}$ as the anomaly weight.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Sums the individual color anomaly contributions to obtain the total color anomaly $N = N_1+N_2+N_3+N_4+N_5=\\tfrac{65}{4}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Sums the individual electromagnetic anomaly contributions from to obtain the total electromagnetic anomaly $E = E_1+E_2+E_3+E_4+E_5=\\tfrac{58}{3}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\sum Q^2 = \\left(-\\tfrac13\\right)^2 = \\tfrac19$ using $Q =-\\tfrac13$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $w_5 = 1 - \\tfrac12 = \\tfrac12$ using $X_{L,5} = 1$ and $X_{R,5}=\\tfrac12$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $N_4=w_4\\,T(\\mathbf{8})\\,d(\\mathbf{2})=\\tfrac32\\cdot3\\cdot2=9$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Works in SM normalization $Q=T_3+Y$, where $T_3$ is the third component of weak isospin, and $Y$ is hypercharge.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the SU(2) dimensions $d=2T+1$ are $d(\\mathbf{1})=1$, $d(\\mathbf{2})=2$, $d(\\mathbf{3})=3$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $N_2=w_2\\,T(\\mathbf{6})\\,d(\\mathbf{1})=1\\cdot\\tfrac52\\cdot1=\\tfrac52$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the color anomaly formula as $N=\\sum_i w_i\\,T(r_{c,i})\\,d(r_{w,i})$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States the electromagnetic anomaly formula $E=\\sum_i w_i\\,d(r_{c,i})\\sum_{\\text{SU(2) comps}}Q^2$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $E_5=w_5\\,d(\\mathbf{10})\\,Q^2=\\tfrac12\\cdot10\\cdot1=5$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $E_2=w_2\\,d(\\mathbf{6})\\,Q^2=1\\cdot6\\cdot\\tfrac{1}{9}=\\tfrac{2}{3}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the SU(3) dimensions are $d(\\mathbf{3})=3$, $d(\\mathbf{6})=6$, $d(\\mathbf{8})=8$, $d(\\mathbf{10})=10$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $N_3=w_3\\,T(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}})\\,d(\\mathbf{3})=0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the elctric charge of the SU(2) triplet $Q_3:(\\mathbf{3},Y=\\tfrac23)$ as $Q=\\{\\tfrac53,\\tfrac23,-\\tfrac13\\}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the elctric charge of the SU(2) singlet $Q_5:(\\mathbf{1},Y=-1)$ as $Q=-1$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $w_1 = 1 - 0 = 1$ using $X_{L,1} = 1$ and $X_{R,1}=0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the ratio $E/N=(\\tfrac{58}{3})/(\\tfrac{65}{4})=\\tfrac{232}{195}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $E_4=w_4\\,d(\\mathbf{8})\\,\\sum Q^2=\\tfrac32\\cdot8\\cdot1=12$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the SU(3) Dynkin indices as $T(\\mathbf{3})=T(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}})=\\tfrac12$, $T(\\mathbf{6})=\\tfrac52$, $T(\\mathbf{8})=3$, $T(\\mathbf{10})=\\tfrac{15}{2}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $N_1=w_1\\,T(\\mathbf{3})\\,d(\\mathbf{2})=1\\cdot\\tfrac12\\cdot2=1$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $E_3=w_3\\,d(\\overline{\\mathbf{3}})\\,\\sum Q^2=0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the electric charges of the SU(2) doublet $Q_4:(\\mathbf{2},Y=\\tfrac12)$ as $Q=\\{1,0\\}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Verifies that $E/N =\\tfrac{232}{195}$ is in its lowest terms.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $w_4 = \\tfrac32 - 0 = \\tfrac32$ using $X_{L,4} = \\tfrac32$ and $X_{R,4}=0$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\sum Q^2 = \\left(\\tfrac53\\right)^2 + \\left(\\tfrac23\\right)^2 + \\left(-\\tfrac13\\right)^2 = \\tfrac{10}{3}$ using $Q=\\{\\tfrac53,\\tfrac23,-\\tfrac13\\}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies the elctric charge of the SU(2) singlet $Q_2:(\\mathbf{1},Y=-\\tfrac13)$ as $Q =-\\tfrac13$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\sum Q^2 = \\left(\\tfrac23\\right)^2 + \\left(-\\tfrac13\\right)^2 = \\tfrac59$ using $Q = \\{\\tfrac23,-\\tfrac13\\}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $w_2 = \\tfrac12 - (-\\tfrac12) = 1$ using $X_{L,2} = \\tfrac12$ and $X_{R,2}=-\\tfrac12$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\sum Q^2 = \\left(1\\right)^2 + \\left(0\\right)^2 = 1$ using $Q=\\{1,0\\}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the final answer is $E/N=\\tfrac{232}{195}$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates $\\sum Q^2 = \\left(-1\\right)^2 = 1$ using $Q =-1$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-8", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "Acid-base reactions in commercial applications such as electroplating often involve multiple coupled equilibria that must be regulated in real time to maintain desired ratios of concentrations in a mixture. Help me with the following calculations for the titration of a 100 mL mixture of acetic acid (0.5 M) and formic acid (0.1 M) with 0.5 M NaOH: \n\n1) Calculate the volume of NaOH titrant required to reach the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations.\n2) Calculate the concentrations of the acids and their conjugate bases at the point referenced in part 1.\n3) Calculate the concentration of hydronium ions and the pH of the analyte at the point referenced in part 1.\n4) Calculate the volume of NaOH titrant required to reach the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0.\n5) Calculate the concentrations of the acids and their conjugate bases at the point referenced in part 4.\n6) Calculate the volume of NaOH titrant required to neutralize both acids.\n7) Calculate the concentrations of the acids and their conjugate bases at the point referenced in part 6.\n8) Calculate the concentration of hydronium ion and the pH of the analyte at the point referenced in part 6.", "o3_response": "Weak-acid mixture to be titrated \nV0 (initial volume) = 0.100 L \nCAc,H (acetic acid) = 0.50 M \u2003\u2192 nAc,H = 0.50\u00d70.100 = 0.050 mol \nCFor,H (formic acid) = 0.10 M \u2003\u2192 nFor,H = 0.10\u00d70.100 = 0.010 mol \n\nTitrant: 0.50 M NaOH (strong base) \nFor any addition define \n\nx1 = moles of HAc neutralised \u2192 Ac\u2013 formed \nx2 = moles of HFor neutralised \u2192 For\u2013 formed \nnOH added = x1 + x2 \n\nAt any stage \n\n[H3O+] = Ka,Ac \u00b7 (nHAc / nAc\u2013) = Ka,For \u00b7 (nHFor / nFor\u2013) (1)\n\nwhere \nKa,Ac = 1.8\u00d710-5\u2003pKa,Ac = 4.7447 \nKa,For = 1.8\u00d710-4\u2003pKa,For = 3.7447 \n\nThe running total volume is V = 0.100 L + VOH.\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n1. NaOH volume when [Ac\u2013] = [For\u2013]\n\nEquality of the conjugate-base concentrations means x1 = x2 \u2261 x. \nInsert in (1):\n\nKa,Ac (0.050 \u2013 x) = Ka,For (0.010 \u2013 x) \n1.8\u00d710-5(0.050 \u2013 x) = 1.8\u00d710-4(0.010 \u2013 x) \n0.050 \u2013 x = 10(0.010 \u2013 x) \u2192 0.050 \u2013 x = 0.100 \u2013 10x \n9x = 0.050 \u2192 x = 5.56\u00d710-3 mol \n\nnOH = 2x = 1.11\u00d710-2 mol \nVOH = nOH / 0.50 = 0.0222 L = 22.2 mL \u27f5 answer 1\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n2. Composition at the point of equality\n\nTotal volume V = 0.100 + 0.0222 = 0.122 L \n\n moles concentration / M\nHAc 0.050 \u2013 x = 0.04444 mol \u2192 0.04444 / 0.122 = 0.364\nAc\u2013 x = 0.00556 0.0455\nHFor 0.010 \u2013 x = 0.00444 0.0364\nFor\u2013 x = 0.00556 0.0455\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n3. pH at the point of equality\n\nUse Henderson\u2013Hasselbalch for either pair (ratios already checked):\n\npH = pKa,Ac + log([Ac\u2013]/[HAc]) \n = 4.7447 + log(0.0455/0.364) \n = 4.7447 \u2013 0.9031 = 3.842 \n\n[H3O+] = 10^-3.842 = 1.4\u00d710-4 M \u27f5 answers 3\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n4. NaOH volume required for pH = 7.00\n\nAt pH 7, [H3O+] = 1.0\u00d710-7 M. \nFrom (1) \n\n[Ac\u2013]/[HAc] = Ka,Ac /[H3O+] = 1.8\u00d710-5 / 1.0\u00d710-7 = 1.80\u00d710^2 \n[For\u2013]/[HFor] = Ka,For/[H3O+] = 1.80\u00d710-4 / 1.0\u00d710-7 = 1.80\u00d710^3 \n\nSolve for x1 and x2:\n\nx1 = (r1 nAc,H,0)/(1 + r1) = 180\u00d70.050 / 181 = 4.972\u00d710-2 mol \nx2 = (r2 nFor,H,0)/(1 + r2) = 1800\u00d70.010 / 1801 = 9.994\u00d710-3 mol \n\nnOH = x1 + x2 = 5.971\u00d710-2 mol \nVOH = nOH/0.50 = 0.119 L = 119 mL \u27f5 answer 4\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n5. Composition when pH = 7.00\n\nTotal volume V = 0.100 + 0.119 = 0.219 L\n\n moles concentration / M\nHAc 0.050 \u2013 0.04972 = 2.77\u00d710-4 1.26\u00d710-3\nAc\u2013 4.972\u00d710-2 0.227\nHFor 0.010 \u2013 0.009994 = 6.0\u00d710-6 2.7\u00d710-5\nFor\u2013 9.994\u00d710-3 0.0456\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n6. Volume of NaOH for complete neutralisation (equivalence point)\n\nTotal acid moles = 0.050 + 0.010 = 0.060 mol \nVOH(eq) = 0.060 / 0.50 = 0.120 L = 120 mL \u27f5 answer 6\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n7. Composition at equivalence (120 mL of NaOH added)\n\nVtotal = 0.100 + 0.120 = 0.220 L \n\nOnly the conjugate bases remain (neglecting the tiny amount that hydrolyses):\n\n moles concentration / M\nAc\u2013 0.050 0.050 /0.220 = 0.227\nFor\u2013 0.010 0.010 /0.220 = 0.0455\nHAc, HFor \u2248 0\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 \n8. pH at equivalence\n\nBase-hydrolysis constants \nKb,Ac = Kw/Ka,Ac = 1.0\u00d710-14 / 1.8\u00d710-5 = 5.56\u00d710-10 \nKb,For = Kw/Ka,For = 1.0\u00d710-14 / 1.8\u00d710-4 = 5.56\u00d710-11 \n\nUsing the usual weak-base approximation for the mixture\n\n[OH\u2013] \u2248 \u221a{ Kw ( CAc/Ka,Ac + CFor/Ka,For ) } \n = \u221a{ 1.0\u00d710-14 [ 0.227/1.8\u00d710-5 + 0.0455/1.8\u00d710-4 ] } \n = \u221a(1.29\u00d710-10) = 1.14\u00d710-5 M\n\n[H3O+] = Kw / [OH\u2013] = 1.0\u00d710-14 / 1.14\u00d710-5 = 8.8\u00d710-10 M \npH = 9.06 \u27f5 answers 8\n\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\nSummary of requested numerical answers\n\n1. VOH = 22.2 mL \n2. At that point: [HAc]=0.364 M, [Ac\u2013]=0.0455 M; [HFor]=0.0364 M, [For\u2013]=0.0455 M \n3. [H3O+] = 1.4\u00d710-4 M ;\u2003pH = 3.84 \n4. VOH for pH 7.00 = 119 mL \n5. At pH 7.00: [HAc]=1.3\u00d710-3 M, [Ac\u2013]=0.227 M; [HFor]=2.7\u00d710-5 M, [For\u2013]=0.0456 M \n6. VOH to neutralise both acids = 120 mL \n7. At equivalence (V=0.220 L): [Ac\u2013]=0.227 M, [For\u2013]=0.0455 M, acids \u22480 \n8. At equivalence: [H3O+] = 8.8\u00d710-10 M ;\u2003pH = 9.06", "r1-0528_response": "### Step 1. Initial Setup\n\nWe have a mixture of two weak acids:\n\n- Acetic acid (HAc): \n \\[\n \\text{Initial concentration} = 0.5\\text{M},\\quad \\text{Volume} = 100\\text{mL} \\Rightarrow n_{\\text{HAc}} = 0.05\\text{mol}\n \\]\n- Formic acid (HFor): \n \\[\n \\text{Initial concentration} = 0.1\\text{M},\\quad \\text{Volume} = 100\\text{mL} \\Rightarrow n_{\\text{HFor}} = 0.01\\text{mol}\n \\]\n\nTitrant: \n\\[\n\\text{NaOH} = 0.5\\text{M}\n\\]\n\nAcid dissociation constants (approximate):\n\n- \\( K_a(\\text{HAc}) = 10^{-4.76} \\approx 1.74 \\times 10^{-5} \\)\n- \\( K_a(\\text{HFor}) = 10^{-3.75} \\approx 1.78 \\times 10^{-4} \\)\n\nLet:\n\n- \\( a \\) = moles of acetate ion (Ac\u207b) produced \n- \\( f \\) = moles of formate ion (For\u207b) produced\n\nThen:\n\n- Remaining acetic acid: \\( 0.05 - a \\)\n- Remaining formic acid: \\( 0.01 - f \\)\n- Total NaOH added: \\( a + f = 0.5v \\), where \\( v \\) is the volume (in L) of NaOH added\n\nUsing the Henderson\u2013Hasselbalch equations:\n\n\\[\n\\frac{a}{0.05 - a} = \\frac{K_a(\\text{HAc})}{[\\text{H}^+]}, \\quad \\frac{f}{0.01 - f} = \\frac{K_a(\\text{HFor})}{[\\text{H}^+]}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 2. Part (1): Volume where \\( [\\text{Ac}^-] = [\\text{For}^-] \\)\n\nSince \\( [\\text{Ac}^-] = [\\text{For}^-] \\), we have \\( a = f \\). Equating the expressions for \\( [\\text{H}^+] \\):\n\n\\[\nK_a(\\text{HAc}) \\cdot \\frac{0.05 - a}{a} = K_a(\\text{HFor}) \\cdot \\frac{0.01 - a}{a}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\frac{0.05 - a}{0.01 - a} = \\frac{K_a(\\text{HFor})}{K_a(\\text{HAc})} = 10^{1.01} \\approx 10.2329\n\\]\n\nSolving:\n\n\\[\n0.05 - a = 10.2329(0.01 - a) \\Rightarrow a = 0.005667\\text{mol}\n\\]\n\nTotal NaOH added:\n\n\\[\na + f = 2a = 0.011334\\text{mol} \\Rightarrow v = \\frac{0.011334}{0.5} = 0.022668\\text{L} = 22.67\\text{mL}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 3. Part (2): Concentrations at this point\n\nTotal volume:\n\n\\[\nV = 100\\text{mL} + 22.67\\text{mL} = 122.67\\text{mL} = 0.12267\\text{L}\n\\]\n\n- Acetic acid:\n \\[\n [\\text{HAc}] = \\frac{0.05 - 0.005667}{0.12267} \\approx 0.361\\text{M}, \\quad [\\text{Ac}^-] = \\frac{0.005667}{0.12267} \\approx 0.0462\\text{M}\n \\]\n\n- Formic acid:\n \\[\n [\\text{HFor}] = \\frac{0.01 - 0.005667}{0.12267} \\approx 0.0353\\text{M}, \\quad [\\text{For}^-] = \\frac{0.005667}{0.12267} \\approx 0.0462\\text{M}\n \\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 4. Part (3): \\( [\\text{H}^+] \\) and pH\n\nUsing Henderson\u2013Hasselbalch:\n\n\\[\n\\text{pH} = \\text{p}K_a(\\text{HAc}) + \\log\\left( \\frac{[\\text{Ac}^-]}{[\\text{HAc}]} \\right) = 4.76 + \\log\\left( \\frac{0.0462}{0.361} \\right) \\approx 3.87\n\\]\n\n\\[\n[\\text{H}^+] = 10^{-3.87} \\approx 1.37 \\times 10^{-4}\\text{M}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 5. Part (4): Volume to reach pH = 7.0\n\nAt pH = 7.0, \\( [\\text{H}^+] = 10^{-7}\\text{M} \\)\n\n- For acetic acid:\n \\[\n \\frac{a}{0.05 - a} = \\frac{1.74 \\times 10^{-5}}{10^{-7}} = 174 \\Rightarrow a = 0.0497143\\text{mol}\n \\]\n\n- For formic acid:\n \\[\n \\frac{f}{0.01 - f} = \\frac{1.78 \\times 10^{-4}}{10^{-7}} = 1780 \\Rightarrow f = 0.0099944\\text{mol}\n \\]\n\nTotal NaOH:\n\n\\[\na + f = 0.0597087\\text{mol} \\Rightarrow v = \\frac{0.0597087}{0.5} = 0.1194174\\text{L} = 119.42\\text{mL}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 6. Part (5): Concentrations at pH = 7.0\n\nTotal volume:\n\n\\[\nV = 100\\text{mL} + 119.42\\text{mL} = 219.42\\text{mL} = 0.21942\\text{L}\n\\]\n\n- Acetic acid:\n \\[\n [\\text{HAc}] = \\frac{0.05 - 0.0497143}{0.21942} \\approx 0.00130\\text{M}, \\quad [\\text{Ac}^-] = \\frac{0.0497143}{0.21942} \\approx 0.2266\\text{M}\n \\]\n\n- Formic acid:\n \\[\n [\\text{HFor}] = \\frac{0.01 - 0.0099944}{0.21942} \\approx 2.55 \\times 10^{-5}\\text{M}, \\quad [\\text{For}^-] = \\frac{0.0099944}{0.21942} \\approx 0.04555\\text{M}\n \\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 7. Part (6): Volume to neutralize both acids\n\nTotal acid moles:\n\n\\[\n0.05 + 0.01 = 0.06\\text{mol} \\Rightarrow v = \\frac{0.06}{0.5} = 0.12\\text{L} = 120\\text{mL}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Step 8. Part (7): Concentrations at equivalence point\n\nTotal volume:\n\n\\[\nV = 100\\text{mL} + 120\\text{mL} = 220\\text{mL} = 0.22\\text{L}\n\\]\n\n- Acetate:\n \\[\n [\\text{Ac}^-] = \\frac{0.05}{0.22} \\approx 0.2273\\text{M}\n \\]\n\n- Formate:\n \\[\n [\\text{For}^-] = \\frac{0.01}{0.22} \\approx 0.04545\\text{M}\n \\]\n\nUsing equilibrium expressions:\n\n- \\( [\\text{HAc}] = \\frac{[\\text{H}^+][\\text{Ac}^-]}{K_a(\\text{HAc})} \\approx 1.13 \\times 10^{-5}\\text{M} \\)\n- \\( [\\text{HFor}] = \\frac{[\\text{H}^+][\\text{For}^-]}{K_a(\\text{HFor})} \\approx 2.21 \\times 10^{-7}\\text{M} \\)\n\n---\n\n### Step 9. Part (8): \\( [\\text{H}^+] \\) and pH at equivalence point\n\nUsing hydrolysis:\n\n- \\( K_b(\\text{Ac}^-) = \\frac{K_w}{K_a(\\text{HAc})} \\approx 5.75 \\times 10^{-10} \\)\n- \\( K_b(\\text{For}^-) = \\frac{K_w}{K_a(\\text{HFor})} \\approx 5.62 \\times 10^{-11} \\)\n\nApproximate:\n\n\\[\n[\\text{OH}^-]^2 \\approx K_b(\\text{Ac}^-)[\\text{Ac}^-] + K_b(\\text{For}^-)[\\text{For}^-] \\approx 1.33 \\times 10^{-10}\n\\Rightarrow [\\text{OH}^-] \\approx 1.154 \\times 10^{-5}\\text{M}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\text{pOH} \\approx 4.937 \\Rightarrow \\text{pH} \\approx 9.063\n\\Rightarrow [\\text{H}^+] \\approx 8.67 \\times 10^{-10}\\text{M}\n\\]\n\n---\n\n### Final Answers\n\n1. \\boxed{22.67\\ \\text{mL}} \n2. \\boxed{[HAc] = 0.361\\ M,\\ [Ac^-] = 0.0462\\ M;\\ [HFor] = 0.0353\\ M,\\ [For^-] = 0.0462\\ M}} \n3. \\boxed{[H^+] = 1.37 \\times 10^{-4}\\ M,\\ \\text{pH} = 3.87}} \n4. \\boxed{119.42\\ \\text{mL}} \n5. \\boxed{[HAc] = 0.00130\\ M,\\ [Ac^-] = 0.2266\\ M;\\ [HFor] = 2.55 \\times 10^{-5}\\ M,\\ [For^-] = 0.04555\\ M}} \n6. \\boxed{120\\ \\text{mL}} \n7. \\boxed{[HAc] = 1.13 \\times 10^{-5}\\ M,\\ [Ac^-] = 0.2273\\ M;\\ [HFor] = 2.21 \\times 10^{-7}\\ M,\\ [For^-] = 0.04545\\ M}} \n8. \\boxed{[H^+] = 8.67 \\times 10^{-10}\\ M,\\ \\text{pH} = 9.06}}", "grok4_response": "Let\u2019s dive into this acid-base titration problem with enthusiasm, tackling each part systematically to ensure clarity and precision. We\u2019re dealing with a 100 mL mixture of 0.5 M acetic acid (CH\u2083COOH, pKa = 4.74) and 0.1 M formic acid (HCOOH, pKa = 3.74), titrated with 0.5 M NaOH. Our goal is to calculate various properties at specific points in the titration. Let\u2019s assume the acids\u2019 dissociation constants are given by their pKa values (Ka\u2081 = 10\u207b\u2074.\u2077\u2074 \u2248 1.82 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 for acetic acid, Ka\u2082 = 10\u207b\u00b3.\u2077\u2074 \u2248 1.82 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074 for formic acid), and we\u2019ll use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and equilibrium principles where appropriate. All calculations assume negligible volume changes from dissociation and 25\u00b0C conditions unless otherwise specified.\n\nPart 1: Volume of NaOH to reach equal concentrations of conjugate bases\nThe conjugate bases are acetate (CH\u2083COO\u207b) and formate (HCOO\u207b). We need [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = [HCOO\u207b] after adding V mL of 0.5 M NaOH to the 100 mL solution.\nInitial moles:\n\nAcetic acid: 0.5 M \u00d7 0.1 L = 0.05 mol\nFormic acid: 0.1 M \u00d7 0.1 L = 0.01 mol\n\nNaOH reacts first with formic acid (stronger acid, lower pKa) until it\u2019s partially neutralized, then with acetic acid. However, since we\u2019re looking for equal conjugate base concentrations, let\u2019s denote:\n\nMoles of CH\u2083COO\u207b = moles of HCOO\u207b after adding NaOH.\nMoles of NaOH added = n, so moles of OH\u207b = 0.5 \u00d7 (V/1000) mol.\n\nThe total volume after adding V mL NaOH is (100 + V) mL. Concentrations of conjugate bases:\n\nMoles of CH\u2083COO\u207b = moles of CH\u2083COOH reacted.\nMoles of HCOO\u207b = moles of HCOOH reacted.\n\nSince [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = [HCOO\u207b], and concentrations are moles divided by total volume (same for both), the moles of CH\u2083COO\u207b and HCOO\u207b must be equal.\nReaction priority:\nFormic acid reacts first due to its lower pKa. Let\u2019s hypothesize that NaOH reacts with formic acid until [HCOO\u207b] builds up, then with acetic acid. Suppose x moles of NaOH react with formic acid, and y moles with acetic acid, so n = x + y.\n\nMoles of HCOO\u207b = x\nMoles of CH\u2083COO\u207b = y\nFor [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = [HCOO\u207b]: x/(0.1 + V/1000) = y/(0.1 + V/1000) \u2192 x = y\nTotal moles of NaOH: n = x + y = 2x\nTotal volume in liters: 0.1 + V/1000\n\nConstraints:\n\nMoles of formic acid reacted \u2264 0.01 mol: x \u2264 0.01\nMoles of acetic acid reacted \u2264 0.05 mol: y \u2264 0.05\nSince x = y, we need x \u2264 0.01 (limited by formic acid).\n\nSuppose x = y = n/2. We need to find n such that the reaction respects the stoichiometry. Let\u2019s try when x = y = 0.01 (max for formic acid):\n\nTotal NaOH moles = 0.01 + 0.01 = 0.02 mol\nVolume of NaOH: 0.5 \u00d7 (V/1000) = 0.02 \u2192 V = 0.02 \u00d7 1000 / 0.5 = 40 mL\n\nAt this point:\n\nFormic acid left: 0.01 \u2013 0.01 = 0 mol\nAcetic acid left: 0.05 \u2013 0.01 = 0.04 mol\nMoles of HCOO\u207b = 0.01, CH\u2083COO\u207b = 0.01\nTotal volume = 100 + 40 = 140 mL = 0.14 L\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.14 \u2248 0.0714 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.14 \u2248 0.0714 M\n\nThis satisfies [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = [HCOO\u207b]. Let\u2019s verify by considering if NaOH distributes differently. If NaOH reacts partially with both acids before formic acid is depleted, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for both:\n\nFor formic acid: pH = 3.74 + log([HCOO\u207b]/[HCOOH])\nFor acetic acid: pH = 4.74 + log([CH\u2083COO\u207b]/[CH\u2083COOH])\n\nAt [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = [HCOO\u207b], and assuming both acids are partially ionized:\n\nMoles of HCOO\u207b = 0.01 \u2013 [HCOOH] reacted\nMoles of CH\u2083COO\u207b = 0.05 \u2013 [CH\u2083COOH] reacted\n\nBut since formic acid is stronger, NaOH reacts with it preferentially. Testing V = 40 mL assumes all formic acid is neutralized, which we\u2019ll confirm in part 2.\nAnswer for Part 1: Volume of NaOH = 40 mL.\n\nPart 2: Concentrations of acids and conjugate bases at the point in Part 1\nUsing V = 40 mL:\n\nTotal volume = 0.14 L\nMoles of NaOH = 0.5 \u00d7 0.04 = 0.02 mol\nFormic acid: 0.01 mol fully reacts \u2192 [HCOOH] = 0 M, [HCOO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.14 \u2248 0.0714 M\nAcetic acid: 0.05 \u2013 0.01 = 0.04 mol left \u2192 [CH\u2083COOH] = 0.04 / 0.14 \u2248 0.2857 M\nAcetate: 0.01 mol formed \u2192 [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.14 \u2248 0.0714 M\n\nAnswer for Part 2:\n\n[HCOOH] = 0 M\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.0714 M\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0.2857 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.0714 M\n\n\nPart 3: Hydronium ion concentration and pH at the point in Part 1\nWith formic acid fully neutralized, the solution is a buffer of acetic acid and acetate. Use Henderson-Hasselbalch:\n\npKa of acetic acid = 4.74\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0.2857 M, [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.0714 M\npH = 4.74 + log(0.0714 / 0.2857) = 4.74 + log(0.25) = 4.74 \u2013 0.602 \u2248 4.14\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 10\u207bpH = 10\u207b\u2074.\u00b9\u2074 \u2248 7.24 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 M\n\nAnswer for Part 3:\n\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 7.24 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 M\npH = 4.14\n\n\nPart 4: Volume of NaOH to reach pH = 7.0\npH = 7 suggests a neutral solution, possibly after neutralizing both acids, but let\u2019s explore. Total moles of acid:\n\n0.05 mol (acetic) + 0.01 mol (formic) = 0.06 mol\nVolume for full neutralization: 0.5 \u00d7 (V/1000) = 0.06 \u2192 V = 0.06 \u00d7 1000 / 0.5 = 120 mL\nTotal volume = 100 + 120 = 220 mL = 0.22 L\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.05 / 0.22 \u2248 0.2273 M\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.22 \u2248 0.0455 M\n[Na\u207a] = 0.06 / 0.22 \u2248 0.2727 M\n\nThe solution contains CH\u2083COO\u207b and HCOO\u207b, both weak bases. Calculate pH using the Kb of the conjugate bases:\n\nKb(CH\u2083COO\u207b) = Kw/Ka\u2081 = 10\u207b\u00b9\u2074 / 1.82 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 \u2248 5.49 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2070\nKb(HCOO\u207b) = 10\u207b\u00b9\u2074 / 1.82 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074 \u2248 5.49 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u00b9\n\nFor CH\u2083COO\u207b: [OH\u207b] \u2248 \u221a(Kb \u00d7 [CH\u2083COO\u207b]) = \u221a(5.49 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2070 \u00d7 0.2273) \u2248 1.12 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 M\n\npOH = \u2013log(1.12 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075) \u2248 4.95\npH = 14 \u2013 4.95 \u2248 9.05\n\nThis is basic, not pH 7. Let\u2019s try an intermediate point. Assume V mL NaOH, moles NaOH = 0.5 \u00d7 (V/1000). Suppose after neutralizing all formic acid (0.01 mol, V = 40 mL), additional NaOH reacts with acetic acid. Let\u2019s find V where pH = 7 by testing around the second equivalence point or using systematic calculations.\nTry V = 100 mL (0.05 mol NaOH):\n\nFormic acid fully neutralized: [HCOO\u207b] = 0.01 mol\nAcetic acid: 0.05 \u2013 (0.05 \u2013 0.01) = 0.01 mol left\nTotal volume = 100 + 100 = 200 mL = 0.2 L\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0.01 / 0.2 = 0.05 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.04 / 0.2 = 0.2 M\npH = 4.74 + log(0.2 / 0.05) = 4.74 + log(4) \u2248 4.74 + 0.602 = 5.34\n\nTry V = 110 mL (0.055 mol NaOH):\n\n[CH\u2083COOH] = (0.05 \u2013 0.045) / 0.21 = 0.005 / 0.21 \u2248 0.0238 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.045 / 0.21 \u2248 0.2143 M\npH = 4.74 + log(0.2143 / 0.0238) \u2248 4.74 + log(9) \u2248 4.74 + 0.954 = 5.69\n\nSince pH = 7 is neutral, it\u2019s likely after full neutralization, adjusted by dilution or CO\u2082 absorption, but calculations suggest pH > 7 post-equivalence. Let\u2019s assume pH = 7 requires external adjustment (e.g., CO\u2082), but for titration, V \u2248 120 mL gives a basic pH. Testing iteratively is complex without numerical solvers, so let\u2019s assume the question intends a point close to neutrality or an error in expecting pH = 7 exactly during titration.\nAnswer for Part 4: Approximate volume = 120 mL (noting pH \u2248 9, suggesting a possible question intent issue).\n\nPart 5: Concentrations at pH = 7 (using V = 120 mL)\n\nAll acids neutralized:\n[HCOOH] = 0 M\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.01 / 0.22 \u2248 0.0455 M\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.05 / 0.22 \u2248 0.2273 M\n\nAnswer for Part 5:\n\n[HCOOH] = 0 M\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.0455 M\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.2273 M\n\n\nPart 6: Volume of NaOH to neutralize both acids\nCalculated above:\n\nTotal moles = 0.06 mol\nV = 120 mL\n\nAnswer for Part 6: Volume = 120 mL\n\nPart 7: Concentrations at full neutralization\nSame as Part 5:\n\n[HCOOH] = 0 M\n[HCOO\u207b] = 0.0455 M\n[CH\u2083COOH] = 0 M\n[CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.2273 M\n\nAnswer for Part 7: Same as Part 5.\n\nPart 8: Hydronium ion concentration and pH at full neutralization\nFrom Part 4:\n\npH \u2248 9.05\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 10\u207b\u2079.\u2070\u2075 \u2248 8.91 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2070 M\n\nAnswer for Part 8:\n\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 8.91 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2070 M\npH = 9.05\n\n\nSummary of Answers:\n\n40 mL\n[HCOOH] = 0 M, [HCOO\u207b] = 0.0714 M, [CH\ufffd\u2083COOH] = 0.2857 M, [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.0714 M\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 7.24 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2075 M, pH = 4.14\n120 mL (noting pH \u2248 9, possible question intent for neutrality)\n[HCOOH] = 0 M, [HCOO\u207b] = 0.0455 M, [CH\u2083COOH] = 0 M, [CH\u2083COO\u207b] = 0.2273 M\n120 mL\nSame as Part 5\n[H\u2083O\u207a] = 8.91 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2070 M, pH = 9.05\n\nNote: The pH = 7 condition may imply external factors or a specific point not achievable with NaOH alone, as the solution becomes basic post-neutralization. If needed, iterative numerical methods could refine Part 4 further.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Determines the H+ concentration in the analyte at the point at which both acids are neutralized.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the volume of NaOH titrant required to reach the point referenced in part 6 is 120 mL.\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the volume of NaOH titrant required to reach the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0 as 0.11938 \u00b1 .001 L.\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of formate ion at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations as 0.04545 M \u00b1 .003M.\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of formate ion at the point at which both acids are neutralized.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the acetate ion concentration at the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0 as 0.2265 \u00b1 .01 M.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the formic acid concentration at the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0 as 0.0000253.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the formate ion concentration at the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0 as 0.04555.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of formic acid at the point at which both acids are neutralized.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that the concentration of acetate ion at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations as 0.04545 \u00b1 .003M.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of formic acid at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations is between 0.035 M and 0.037 M. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of acetic acid at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the H+ concentration at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the pH of the analyte at the point at which both acids are neutralized as 9.05 \u00b1 .05.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the acetic acid concentration at the point where the pH of the analyte is 7.0 as 0.0013675 \u00b1 .0001 M.\n", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of acetate ion at the point at which both acids are neutralized.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the concentration of acetic acid at the point at which both acids are neutralized.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the volume of NaOH titrant required to reach the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations of 22.2 mL \u00b1 .3 mL.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines the pH of the analyte at the point where the two conjugate bases have equal concentrations as 3.84 \u00b1 .05.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-8", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "You are helping me assess the potential for a new business unit within a major investment bank. This unit is entirely dedicated to innovative finance for healthcare, as well as social impact and environmental challenges at the global level. One example we are studying to assess this opportunity is how the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization (GAVI) has been able to raise money on capital markets through the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm). \n\nI would like you to help answer the following questions:\n- How was IFFIm able to raise money on capital markets for vaccination and immunization campaigns?\n- How did IFFIm apply securitization?\n- What were the factors that made it possible for IFFIm to raise money on capital markets? \n- What risks and challenges does IFFIm have to address and overcome?\n- How would you assess whether IFFIm has been effective and successful at raising funding for GAVI, and overall, has it been a success for their operations and health goals?\n- Can IFFIm be viewed as a blueprint for investing in and funding other areas of global health, or other major social or environmental challenges? If yes, identify a short pipeline of 3 to 5 organizations/topics that could take a similar approach and use innovative finance to raise funding to advance their goals.\n\nProvide a robust context, starting with defining what Gavi and IFFIm are, how they work, and how they are both related. Discuss, in detail, the technical aspects of how IFFIm works, and describe what makes it possible and effective. The technical discussion should describe how it works, and provide a detailed overview of how it raised money until now (this should include a summary of past issuances, showing on what markets it raised and what investors subscribed). Also, discuss what elements made IFFIm possible, as well as what risks and challenges IFFIm faces. This should help you form a robust and documented view on what makes IFFIm a success (or not), and how it could act as a blueprint (or not) for other initiatives. \n\nRegarding format, I am looking for the style of a detailed investment memo discussion. You can use tables and bullets, but the memo should be mostly text, and you should walk me through your reasoning. I don't want the output to be mostly tables and bullets.", "o3_response": "CONFIDENTIAL \nFor Internal Use Only \u2013 Draft for discussion with IB Healthcare & Impact Finance Steering Committee\n\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\nInvestment Memorandum \u2013 Case Study\nInternational Finance Facility for Immunisation (\u201cIFFIm\u201d) \nas a Precedent for Large-Scale Innovative Finance in Global Health,\nSocial and Environmental Sectors\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\nIFFIm is the longest-running and most technically sophisticated example of \u201cdevelopment securitisation\u201d. By monetising legally binding, long-dated aid pledges from 10 highly-rated sovereigns, it has issued c. US$10.6 bn of \u201cVaccine Bonds\u201d since 2006, front-loading cash for Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (\u201cGavi\u201d). \nThe structure has proven credit-worthy (AA/Aa1/AA ratings), liquid, and replicable, yet it required careful engineering of donor contracts, a robust risk-mitigation framework and a World Bank-run treasury platform. It accelerated c. US$3.8 bn of Gavi\u2019s programme spending versus a pay-as-you-go approach, contributing to an estimated 1.2 million additional child lives saved (Gavi/KFF 2024). \nAlthough the facility is nearing the end of its original pledge cycle (final donor payments 2038), it remains a blueprint for other thematic financing vehicles where: \n\u2022 Predictable, quasi-sovereign cash-flows exist but are disbursed slowly; \n\u2022 Front-loading demonstrably increases impact; and \n\u2022 A credible multilateral or SPV can intermediate between donors and capital markets. \nPotential next-generation candidates include CEPI (epidemic R&D), the Global Fund\u2019s health commodity pipeline, a Climate Adaptation & Resilience Facility for Small-Island States, an Education Outcomes Facility, and a Global Clean-Cooking Acceleration Fund.\n\n2. WHAT ARE GAVI AND IFFIm? \u2013 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT\nGavi, the Vaccine Alliance \n\u2022 Public-private partnership created in 2000 to increase access to immunisation in low-income countries. \n\u2022 Core donors: sovereigns (c. 80 % of funding), supplemented by foundations (notably the Gates Foundation), private sector and I/NGOs. \n\u2022 Financing pillars: (i) Direct grants (replenishments every 5 years), (ii) IFFIm, (iii) the Advance Market Commitment for pneumococcal vaccines (AMC). \n\nInternational Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm) \n\u2022 UK-incorporated charitable company (SPV) established 2006. \n\u2022 Shareholders/guarantors: none \u2013 limited by guarantee; governed by independent board; World Bank acts as Treasury Manager and hedging counterparty. \n\u2022 Purpose: Securitise future sovereign aid pledges (20\u201323-year schedules) into immediately available funds for Gavi. \n\u2022 Donor base (2025): UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Australia, South Africa. Cumulative pledged US$8.9 bn equivalent; US$5.7 bn still receivable (Fitch 3/2025). \nRelationship flow \nDonors \u2192 Legally binding grant agreements \u2192 IFFIm \u2192 Bond investors (via EMTN & Kangaroo programmes) \u2192 Up-front cash to Gavi \u2192 Country programmes.\n\n3. TECHNICAL DESIGN \u2013 HOW DOES IFFIm WORK?\n\n3.1 Legal & Structural Overview \n\u2022 IFFIm issues notes under a World Bank-managed US$15 bn EMTN platform and standalone local-currency programmes (GBP, AUD/NZD \u201cKangaroo\u201d, private placements in NOK, JPY, TRY). \n\u2022 Proceeds are on-lent to Gavi under a Grant Agreement; no repayment expected \u2013 hence full grant nature preserved. \n\u2022 Collateral: Future donor payments assigned to a Trust legally ring-fenced for noteholders. \n\u2022 Negative pledge & pari passu clauses ensure no senior claims on donor payments. \n\u2022 Liquidity: A \u201cGDA\u201d (Gavi Debt Service Account) at the World Bank must hold minimum 3 years\u2019 debt-service + operating cost. \n\u2022 Over-collateralisation: Gross present value of donor receivables must cover outstanding bonds by \u2265140 % (debt-limit covenant). \n\n3.2 Securitisation Mechanics \nStep 1: Donor pledges \u2013 e.g., France signs a Grant Agreement to pay \u20ac372 m over 20 years (2023\u20132042). \nStep 2: IFFIm assigns those receivables to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as Treasury Manager. \nStep 3: IFFIm issues, say, a US$1 bn 5-year global note. Cash is delivered to Gavi within 5 business days. \nStep 4: Over time, donor instalments flow into the reserve pool, servicing coupons/principal. \nStep 5: Excess funds are periodically transferred to Gavi (subject to coverage tests).\n\n3.3 Risk-mitigation Architecture \n\u2022 Sovereign Credit Buffer: Weighted Average Credit Quality (WACQ) test\u2014outstanding bonds cannot exceed a multiple of the lowest-rated donor. \n\u2022 Immunisation Object Risk: Gavi\u2019s programme execution risk insulated from IFFIm via \u201cbankruptcy remote\u201d structure; weak programme performance cannot trigger default. \n\u2022 Currency & Interest-rate Hedging: World Bank swaps all issuances into floating USD exposure; donor flows are largely in GBP/EUR, hedged with cross-currency swaps. \n\u2022 Concentration Caps: No single donor may provide >45 % of net present value of receivables (reduces UK dominance over time). \n\u2022 Governance: Independent board, donor observers, annual KPMG audit, rating-agency surveillance.\n\n3.4 Capital-Market Footprint to Date \n(Condensed from Investor Presentation June 2025 & IFFIm Issuances webpage)\n\nIssuance history (figures rounded): \n\u2022 2006-2009: US$3.7 bn inaugural global benchmarks (3- and 5-year USD & GBP), opening JPY and AUD. \n\u2022 2010-2015: US$3.2 bn including 3x GBP benchmarks, 2x Kangaroo (A$500 m each), series of NOK and private placements. \n\u2022 2016-2020: Slow-down as front-loading needs fall; US$1.2 bn mostly short dated (2\u20133 yr) sustainability notes \u2013 first SDG-aligned bond on LSE (2018). \n\u2022 2021-2025: Reactivation post-Covid; US$2.5 bn equivalent: \n \u2013 Feb 2023 US$750 m 5-yr 4.125 % Global (book >US$1.8 bn, 64 % central banks/officials) \n \u2013 Oct 2024 GBP 500 m 3-yr SONIA-FRN (landmark ESG FRN) \n \u2013 Jun 2025 GBP 250 m tap taking cumulative issuance >US$10 bn. \nInvestor base 2006-2025: 53 % central banks & official institutions, 27 % asset managers, 12 % banks/treasuries, 8 % insurance/pension & retail. Book geography: Europe 47 %, Asia 36 %, Americas 17 %.\n\n4. DRIVERS OF SUCCESS \u2013 WHY COULD IFFIm BE DONE?\n\n4.1 Enabling Factors \n1. Contractual Certainty of Cash-Flows \n \u2022 Donor pledges are unconditional, irrevocable, appropriated in national budgets, and backed by sovereign immunity waivers to the extent permitted by law. \n2. High-Grade Credit Enhancement \n \u2022 Diversified OECD donor pool sustains a blended AA/Aa1 rating despite individual downgrades (e.g., UK 2023). \n3. Strong Intermediary \n \u2022 World Bank\u2019s treasury, legal and risk infrastructure substitutes for the lack of an asset-backed securitisation servicing company. \n4. Clear Impact Narrative & Political Support \n \u2022 Vaccination\u2019s measurable health outcomes (DALYs averted, lives saved) make the \u201cimpact story\u201d intuitively investable, widening distribution to official reserve managers. \n5. Market Conditions at Launch \n \u2022 2006\u201307 global flush liquidity, search for spread over SSA\u00b9 paper; investors receptive to off-benchmark supra-national ESG products. \n6. Regulatory & Accounting Treatment \n \u2022 0 % risk weighting for many central-bank investors; alignment with Article 129 CRR (treatment similar to highly-rated MDB supras). \n7. Tax & Listing Infrastructure \n \u2022 UK incorporation + EMTN Governing Law (English) streamlined withholding-tax exemptions.\n\n4.2 Outcomes and Effectiveness \nKaiser Family Foundation (KFF) 2024 evaluation and Gavi\u2019s own monitoring conclude: \n\u2022 Financial Additionality \u2013 IFFIm accelerated roughly US$3.8 bn of spending, equivalent to bringing forward 8-10 years of programmes into the first 5-6 years. \n\u2022 Cost of Funds \u2013 Weighted average coupon 2.5 % vs counterfactual grant discount rate of 4 % \u2011> Net positive NPV for donors. \n\u2022 Health Impact \u2013 Extra front-loaded funds enabled introduction of pentavalent, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines earlier in 45 countries; modelled 1.2 m child deaths averted 2006-2020 versus grant-only scenario. \n\u2022 Capital-Market Benchmark \u2013 Secondary spreads consistently 5\u201312 bp over World Bank benchmarks; issues multiple times oversubscribed\u2013\u2013liquidity adequate.\n\n5. RISKS & CHALLENGES \u2013 AND HOW THEY WERE MANAGED\n\n5.1 Key Risks\n1. Donor Payment Delay/Default \n2. Concentration in single donor (UK initially >50 %) \n3. Rating Migration of Donors (UK downgrade 2016, France watch negative 2024) \n4. Market Liquidity + Refinancing Risk (roll-over maturity walls) \n5. FX Mismatch (multi-currency pledges vs USD/GBP issuance) \n6. Negative Carry if front-loading slows (bond proceeds unused) \n7. Reputational / ESG backlash if Gavi performance falters or vaccine hesitancy spikes \n8. Legal / Political Risk \u2013 Changes in sovereign appropriation rules, Brexit-related immunities, sanctions regimes.\n\n5.2 Mitigation Measures\n\u2022 Debt-Service Reserve & Coverage Tests \u2013 automatically throttle new grants to Gavi if ratios breached. \n\u2022 Diversification \u2013 successive rounds added Sweden, Norway, Australia, South Africa, Germany to dilute UK risk. \n\u2022 Pro-active liability management \u2013 buy-backs and taps keep maturity profile smooth (45% post-2025). \n\n**B. Market Risk** \n- Currency fluctuations (hedged by the World Bank). \n- Rising interest rates affecting refinancing costs. \n\n**C. Operational Risk** \n- Dependency on Gavi\u2019s vaccine distribution efficiency. \n- Geopolitical instability in recipient countries. \n\n---\n\n### **5. Effectiveness and Success**\n**Metrics**: \n- **Funding**: $6.2B transferred to Gavi (as of 2025), enabling vaccine price reductions (e.g., pentavalent vaccine cost dropped from $8.95 to $2.81 per child). \n- **Market Confidence**: Repeated issuances (e.g., $1.25B 2024 bond oversubscribed) and top-tier ratings. \n- **Health Outcomes**: Gavi\u2019s programs reach >50% of children in poor countries; HPV vaccine coverage funded 20% by IFFIm. \n\n**Verdict**: IFFIm is a resounding success, balancing financial returns with measurable societal impact. \n\n---\n\n### **6. Blueprint Potential**\nIFFIm\u2019s model is replicable for global challenges, requiring: \n1. Predictable long-term funding pledges. \n2. Strong governance (e.g., multilateral oversight). \n3. Clear impact metrics for investor appeal. \n\n**Pipeline Opportunities**: \n1. **Climate Resilience**: \n - **Green Climate Fund (GCF)**: Securitize donor pledges for renewable energy projects. \n - **Structure**: Bonds backed by $20B in annual climate finance commitments. \n\n2. **Pandemic Preparedness**: \n - **CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness)**: Frontload pledges for vaccine R&D. \n\n3. **Education**: \n - **Education Cannot Wait (ECW)**: Use donor commitments to fund emergency education in crises. \n\n4. **Water Sanitation**: \n - **Global Water Partnership**: Issue bonds against multi-donor pledges for infrastructure", "grok4_response": "# Investment Memo: Assessing the Potential for an Innovative Finance Business Unit in Healthcare, Social Impact, and Environmental Challenges \u2013 Lessons from GAVI and IFFIm\n\n**Date:** [Current Date] \n**Prepared by:** AI Analyst (Based on Provided Documentation) \n**Purpose:** This memo provides a comprehensive analysis to support the evaluation of a new business unit within a major Investment Bank focused on innovative finance for global healthcare, social impact, and environmental challenges. Drawing on the case study of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) and its financing arm, the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm), we address the specified questions. The analysis is grounded in the attached documents, including IFFIm's investor presentation (June 2025), base prospectus (August 2024), rating reports from Fitch, Moody's, and S&P, issuance summaries, and related articles. Critical thinking is applied to evaluate mechanisms, enablers, risks, effectiveness, and replicability, while reasoning through the implications for broader applications.\n\n## Executive Summary\n\nGAVI, a public-private partnership established in 2000, aims to accelerate vaccine access in low-income countries, having vaccinated over 1.1 billion children and prevented more than 18.8 million deaths by 2025 (per the June 2025 Investor Presentation). IFFIm, created in 2006 as a UK-registered charity and multilateral development financing entity, serves as GAVI's innovative financing vehicle. It \"frontloads\" long-term donor pledges by issuing bonds on capital markets, raising immediate funds for GAVI's programs. This securitization-like model has raised over US$10 billion through 43 transactions by June 2025, demonstrating a blend of financial innovation and social impact.\n\nIFFIm's success hinges on sovereign donor commitments, World Bank treasury management, strong credit ratings (AA/Aa1/AA- as of 2024-2025 rating reports), and alignment with social bond principles. It has effectively supported GAVI's goals, providing surge funding for crises like COVID-19 and enabling long-term vaccine commitments that reduce prices and expand access. However, challenges such as donor credit risk, market volatility, and operational complexities have been addressed through conservative policies and hedging.\n\nThis model offers a blueprint for other global challenges, with potential adaptations for organizations like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, or initiatives in climate resilience and education. A short pipeline of 3-5 opportunities is outlined below. Overall, IFFIm's track record suggests high potential for a dedicated business unit, provided risks are mitigated through structured finance expertise.\n\n## Context: Defining GAVI and IFFIm, Their Operations, and Relationship\n\nTo ground our assessment, let's first define the key entities and their interplay, drawing directly from the provided documents.\n\nGAVI, formally known as Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, is a public-private global health partnership launched in 2000 to address stagnating immunization rates in the world's poorest countries. Its mission is to save lives by providing access to new and underused vaccines for vulnerable children, particularly in countries with gross national income (GNI) per capita below US$1,810 (as of 2024 eligibility criteria from the Investor Presentation). GAVI operates through a collaborative model involving core partners: the World Health Organization (WHO) for technical expertise, UNICEF for vaccine procurement and delivery, the World Bank for financial management, civil society organizations for advocacy, and private sector entities (e.g., vaccine manufacturers) for innovation and supply. The GAVI Board, composed of representatives from donor governments, developing countries, industry, and independent experts, oversees strategy (per the Investor Presentation's board composition graphic).\n\nGAVI's impact is profound: since inception, it has vaccinated over 1.1 billion children, preventing more than 18.8 million deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases (Investor Presentation, June 2025). Programs focus on vaccines like pentavalent (protecting against five diseases), pneumococcal, rotavirus, HPV, and malaria, alongside health system strengthening. Funding comes from direct donor contributions, innovative mechanisms like IFFIm, and market-shaping tools such as advance market commitments to encourage vaccine production and lower prices (e.g., reducing the cost of immunizing a child from US$8.95 in 2010 to US$2.81 in 2023).\n\nIFFIm, the International Finance Facility for Immunization, is a UK-registered charity and company limited by guarantee (registered number 5857343, charity number 1115413), established in 2006 to accelerate GAVI's funding. It functions as a supranational issuer, converting long-term, irrevocable pledges from sovereign donors into immediate capital by issuing bonds on global markets. The World Bank acts as IFFIm's treasury manager, handling investments, hedging, and disbursements to GAVI (per the Prospectus and Investor Presentation). IFFIm does not directly implement programs; instead, it provides flexible, frontloaded funding to GAVI, enabling rapid scaling of immunization efforts.\n\nThe relationship is symbiotic: GAVI identifies needs and allocates funds, while IFFIm raises capital efficiently. Donors pledge grants over periods up to 2037 (e.g., UK: US$4.23 billion through 2029; Norway: US$1.068 billion through 2030, per Investor Presentation's donor table). IFFIm securitizes these pledges into bonds, disbursing proceeds to GAVI for programs like COVAX (US$975 million) or pentavalent vaccines (US$1.576 billion, as of March 2025). This has transferred US$6.2 billion to GAVI by Q1 2025. Critically, IFFIm's structure ensures donor pledges are legally binding and irrevocable, forming its core asset base (Prospectus, August 2024).\n\nReasoning through this: GAVI addresses the \"time mismatch\" in global health funding\u2014donors commit long-term, but needs are immediate. IFFIm bridges this via capital markets, embodying innovative finance. This is not traditional aid; it's a market-driven tool that attracts impact investors while leveraging sovereign creditworthiness.\n\n## Technical Aspects: How IFFIm Works and Raises Money on Capital Markets\n\nIFFIm's mechanism is a form of pledge-based securitization, where future donor payments are \"frontloaded\" into present-day funds. Here's a detailed walkthrough, incorporating critical analysis.\n\n### How IFFIm Works\nIFFIm issues bonds backed by irrevocable, legally binding grant pledges from 11 sovereign donors (e.g., UK, France, Norway, totaling US$9.72 billion committed as of December 2024, per Investor Presentation). These pledges are treated as receivables on IFFIm's balance sheet. The World Bank, as treasury manager, invests proceeds conservatively (e.g., in high-quality, liquid assets) and hedges currency risks to ensure stability.\n\nThe process:\n1. **Pledge Securitization:** Donors sign Grant Payment Agreements, committing fixed schedules of payments (e.g., annual installments). These are irrevocable, even in cases of donor default (though mitigated by diversification).\n2. **Bond Issuance:** IFFIm issues debt securities (e.g., fixed-rate benchmarks, sukuks, uridashi bonds) on global markets. Bonds are unsecured senior notes, ranking pari passu with other IFFIm debt (Prospectus Terms and Conditions).\n3. **Fund Disbursement:** Proceeds fund GAVI programs immediately. Repayments to bondholders come from donor inflows over time.\n4. **Risk Management:** IFFIm maintains a liquidity buffer (covering 12 months of debt service), a gearing ratio limit (74.7% as of Q1 2025, actual 51.4%), and hedges FX exposure (Investor Presentation). The structure resembles asset-backed securitization, with donor pledges as the \"asset pool.\"\n\nCritically, this applies securitization principles: Pledges are isolated from GAVI's operational risks, ring-fenced for bondholders. However, it's not pure securitization (no SPV for true sale), but a \"whole-business\" model relying on sovereign credit. This innovation allows GAVI to access markets indirectly\u2014GAVI itself isn't the issuer, avoiding direct liability.\n\n### How GAVI Raises Money via IFFIm and Applies Securitization\nGAVI doesn't issue bonds directly; IFFIm does, enabling GAVI to tap capital markets for immunization campaigns. Securitization is applied by transforming illiquid, long-term pledges into liquid, marketable securities. This frontloads funding, accelerating vaccine delivery (e.g., for outbreaks like Ebola or COVID-19, where IFFIm provided US$975 million for COVAX, frontloading over 90% of pledges).\n\nPast issuances (summarized from the \"Previous IFFIm Issuances\" document and June 2025 article) total over US$10 billion across 43 transactions in 8 currencies by June 2025. Markets include global benchmarks (USD, GBP), uridashi (Japan, retail-focused), sukuks (Islamic finance), and kangaroos (Australia). Investors range from central banks, pension funds, and insurance companies to retail buyers and Islamic investors (e.g., IsDB for sukuks).\n\nSummary of key issuances (aggregated for insight; not exhaustive):\n\n| Year | Type/Market | Amount (US$ equiv.) | Key Details/Investors |\n|------|-------------|---------------------|-----------------------|\n| 2006 | Inaugural USD Benchmark (London) | 1,000M | Led by Deutsche Bank/Goldman Sachs; Broad investors (central banks, pensions). |\n| 2008-2012 | Uridashi (Japan, retail) | ~1,500M (multiple) | Daiwa/HSBC-led; Retail Japanese investors; Currencies: ZAR, AUD, BRL. |\n| 2013 | USD Floating Rate Benchmark | 700M | Daiwa/Deutsche Bank; Institutional investors. |\n| 2014-2015 | Sukuk (Islamic, USD) | 700M | Oversubscribed; Islamic investors (e.g., IsDB in 2019 private placement). |\n| 2016-2017 | USD Floating Rate Benchmarks | 800M | Citi/Deutsche Bank/JPM-led; Global institutions. |\n| 2019-2020 | NOK Zero Coupon/USD Benchmark | ~816M | Institutional and retail. |\n| 2021-2022 | USD/GBP Benchmarks | 1,800M | Institutional focus. |\n| 2024 | USD Fixed Rate Benchmark | 1,250M | Global. |\n| 2025 | GBP Fixed Rate Benchmark | 406M | Pushed total over US$10B; 3-year, 4.25% coupon. |\n\nReasoning: Issuances are diversified to minimize reliance on one market (e.g., Japan for retail, Middle East for sukuks). Success stems from competitive pricing (e.g., comparable to supranationals) and social appeal, attracting impact investors. By June 2025, the GBP bond milestone (article) highlights sustained demand, even amid volatility.\n\n## Elements That Made IFFIm Possible\n\nSeveral factors enabled IFFIm, critically analyzed here:\n\n1. **Strong Donor Base and Legal Commitments:** Eleven AAA/AA-rated sovereigns (e.g., UK 45%, Norway 16%) provide irrevocable pledges, creating a high-quality asset pool (Fitch: \"extraordinary support from donors\"). This sovereign backing elevates IFFIm's credit to AA/Aa1/AA-, despite no direct government guarantee.\n\n2. **World Bank Involvement:** As treasury manager, it ensures prudent management, hedging, and credibility (Moody's: \"very high liquidity\"). This multilateral endorsement attracts investors.\n\n3. **Innovative Structure and Governance:** IFFIm's charity status and experienced board (Prospectus) align with social bond principles, appealing to ESG investors. Conservative policies (e.g., gearing limits) build trust.\n\n4. **Market Timing and Demand:** Launched in 2006 amid rising impact investing, IFFIm capitalized on vaccine equity narratives (e.g., post-Millennium Development Goals). Diversified issuances match investor preferences (e.g., sukuks for Islamic markets).\n\nCritically, these elements create a \"virtuous cycle\": High ratings lower borrowing costs, enabling more funding for GAVI, which demonstrates impact and sustains donor support.\n\n## Risks and Challenges Addressed and Overcome (Separate Discussion)\n\nIFFIm has faced significant hurdles, addressed through proactive measures. This section separates risks/challenges for clarity.\n\n**Key Risks:**\n- **Donor Credit and Payment Risk:** Reliance on sovereigns exposes IFFIm to downgrades (e.g., UK's AA- rating). S&P notes potential pressure from \"changes in grant receivables' credit quality.\"\n- **Market and Liquidity Risk:** Bond issuances face interest rate/FX volatility; low liquidity in some markets (e.g., uridashi) could raise costs.\n- **Operational and Geopolitical Risk:** Delays in donor payments or global events (e.g., pandemics) could strain cash flows. Fitch highlights \"increased debt issuance\" risks.\n- **Reputational Risk:** As a social bond, any GAVI program failure could deter investors.\n\n**Challenges Overcome:**\n- **Initial Skepticism and Setup (2006):** Establishing legal irrevocability required complex agreements; overcome via UK-led diplomacy and World Bank expertise (Prospectus).\n- **Financial Crises (2008-2020):** Market turmoil post-2008; IFFIm diversified (e.g., Japan uridashi) and maintained ratings through conservative gearing (actual 51.4% vs. 74.7% limit).\n- **Pandemic Surge (COVID-19):** Rapid funding needs; IFFIm frontloaded 90% of COVAX pledges, providing US$975M early (Investor Presentation), demonstrating flexibility.\n- **Currency and Interest Rate Volatility:** Hedged via derivatives (US$531M in derivative assets, December 2024 balance sheet).\n- **Investor Diversification:** Early reliance on benchmarks; expanded to sukuks/retail, raising US$10B despite challenges.\n\nCritically, these were overcome by design\u2014e.g., donor diversification reduces single-point failure (no donor >45%). However, ongoing challenges like donor fatigue (e.g., Brazil/South Africa's lower ratings) require vigilance.\n\n## Assessment of IFFIm's Effectiveness and Success\n\nIFFIm has been highly effective in raising funds for GAVI, transferring US$6.2B by Q1 2025 (Investor Presentation), surpassing initial goals. It raised over US$10B in bonds, with milestones like the 2025 GBP issuance (article). Effectiveness is evident in flexibility: During COVID-19, it enabled rapid COVAX scaling; for Ebola, it funded vaccine stockpiles (300,000 doses).\n\nOverall success for operations and health goals: Yes, a resounding success. IFFIm funded 20-25% of key programs (e.g., HPV: >US$135M; malaria: US$50M), enabling GAVI to vaccinate 1.1B children and avert 18.8M deaths. Economic returns are stellar\u2014US$1 invested yields US$54 in societal benefits (2020 Impact of Vaccines article). Ratings affirm robustness (Moody's: \"strong commitment from donors\"; S&P stable outlook). Critically, it's not without flaws: High dependence on donors limits scalability, and administrative costs (e.g., hedging) reduce net funds. Yet, it has strengthened GAVI's market-shaping (price reductions) and pandemic response, making it a net positive.\n\n## IFFIm as a Blueprint and Pipeline of Opportunities\n\nYes, GAVI/IFFIm serves as a blueprint for global health, social, and environmental challenges. Its success in securitizing pledges for immediate impact, backed by multilaterals and strong governance, is replicable where long-term commitments exist but urgent needs persist. Adaptations could include green bonds for climate or social bonds for education. Critical caveats: Requires credible donors, low-risk assets, and market demand; not suitable for high-volatility sectors without hedging.\n\nShort pipeline of 3-5 organizations/topics:\n1. **Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria:** Similar to GAVI, it could frontload donor pledges for drug access via a facility like IFFIm, raising bonds for pandemic preparedness (e.g., HIV vaccines).\n2. **Green Climate Fund (Climate Resilience):** Securitize pledges for adaptation in vulnerable countries; issue green bonds for projects like flood defenses, leveraging UN backing.\n3. **Education Cannot Wait (Global Education Fund):** Frontload aid for crisis-affected children; bonds could fund emergency schooling, with World Bank management.\n4. **UN Environment Programme (Biodiversity Initiatives):** Pledge-based facility for conservation; sukuk-style issuances for Islamic investors in reforestation.\n5. **International Fund for Agricultural Development (Food Security):** Securitize commitments for smallholder farmers; bonds to combat hunger amid climate change.\n\nThese align with your bank's focus, offering origination opportunities. Next steps: Model financials and pitch to potential donors.\n\nThis memo provides a reasoned foundation; further due diligence recommended.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States that a breach of IFFIm's liquidity policy could negatively impact IFFIm's rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm's risk management framework is managed by the World Bank and is a key factor that strengthens its credit rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a limited success for GAVI in securing new pledges in the future could negatively impact IFFIm's rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Defines IFFIm as a UK-registered charity established in 2006 that issues bonds on global capital markets to fund GAVI\u2019s immunisation and vaccine procurement programmes in poor countries.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm's support from sovereign donors is a key factor that strengthens its rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that delays in grant disbursements from key donor countries could negatively impact IFFIm's rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm issues bonds are backed by legally-binding grant commitments to GAVI from sovereign donors and that the proceeds are used to fund GAVI's vaccination and immunisation programs.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Defines GAVI and make sure the definition includes what type of organization it is, when it was formed, what its mandate is, and what it has been able to achieve to date.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that IFFIm's liquidity policy includes a prudential minimum level of liquidity and is a key factor that strengthens its credit rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that strong support from donors, a strong risk management framework, and an important mission with proven impact should exist to create a favorable environment to replicate the IFFIm model.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm was able to raise more than US$ 10 billion through 43 transactions in 8 currencies since inception.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that a downgrade in the credit rating profile of IFFIm's largest sovereign donors could negatively impact IFFIm's rating profile.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm has a strong market access given their diversified investor base. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the proceeds of IFFIm bonds are used to fund GAVI's vaccination and immunisation programs, which is why these bonds are called \"vaccine bonds\".", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm was rated AAA, Aaa and AAA (by S&P, Moody's and Fitch respectively) at inception and that IFFIm's credit rating has subsequently been downgraded in response to downgrades to the credit ratings of certain of IFFIm's Grantors.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that as of 31 March 2025, IFFIm provided US$ 6.2 billion to support GAVI's life-saving vaccination programmes.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that the IFFIm model is hard to replicate because it relies on combining legally-binding grant commitments from sovereign donors, strong financial management framework, and an important mission with a strong track record of proven impact.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that recent IFFIm bond issuances had coupon rates in the 4.125% - 4.75% range, and that IFFIm's cost of borrowing is considered low by rating agencies.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm issues bonds in Japan, the UK, Australia, the Eurobond market, and in the Islamic finance market.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm has facilitated GAVI's immunisation of over 233 million additional children, contributing to the total 1.1 billion immunised by GAVI.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States IFFIm's success in implementing a diversified funding strategy.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that vaccines are one of the most successful and cost-effective health investments in the world.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that IFFIm has raised more than US$ 10 billion in capital markets in Japan, the UK, Australia, the Eurobond market, and in the Islamic finance market.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-8", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "The UK Department for Transport (DfT) is re-evaluating the economic case for Heathrow Airport's proposed third runway. The expansion of Heathrow with a third runway is a nationally significant infrastructure project with substantial estimated costs and purported economic benefits. However, there are concerns about its financial viability, environmental impact, and the realism of projected benefits. The DfT needs a clear, quantitative assessment of the project's costs and direct revenue-generating benefits over a defined initial operational period to inform future policy decisions. The third runway is assumed to be completed by the end of 2030 and operational from the start of 2031. The analysis period is 2031 to 2033.\n\nTasks:\n1. Project the total annual passenger numbers for 2031-2033. Assume that Heathrow operated at maximum capacity in 2024 as reported by Heathrow, and the additional capacity enabled by the third runway is utilized on a phased ramp-up of 60% in 2031, 75% in 2032, and 100% from 2033 onwards.\n\n2. For each year from 2031 to 2033, calculate the total additional annual OPEX incurred by the expansion compared to the 2024 baseline OPEX.\n\n3. For each year from 2031 to 2033, calculate the annual additional revenue vs 2024 baseline revenue, and net additional financial benefit from operations.\n- The project's construction cost is financed fully by debt at an average interest rate of 5% per annum.\n- The OPEX per passenger is \u00a325 in 2024, and it is expected to be \u00a320 in 2031 and decrease by 5% annually thereafter due to better operational efficiency amid the expansion project.\n- Assume that aeronautical and retail revenue contributed to 60% and 40% of the 2024 revenue, respectively, and aeronautical revenue grows by 2% annually, while retail revenue grows by 4% annually.\n\n4. Assume that the CAPEX is spent equally from 2026 (year 0) to 2029, determine the NPV of the net benefits up to year 2033 based on a discount rate of 9%.\n\n5. Recommend whether the third runway should be constructed based on the NPV calculated.\n\n6. Excluding NPV, determine three reasons why the government would support the runway expansion.\n\nShow all the formulas used and calculations. Please use exact (unrounded) figures for all calculations.\nRounding instructions for output:\n- Round all currencies to one decimal place in millions (\u00a3xx.x mil).\n- Round all passenger values to the nearest (X passengers).", "o3_response": "All values are expressed in nominal pounds sterling. \nm = million, bn = billion \n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n1. Projected total passengers (2031-2033)\nBaseline capacity (2024) = 83.9 m pax (the airport declared itself full). \nUltimate capacity with the 3rd runway (BBC report) = 140 m pax. \nExtra capacity created = 140 \u2013 83.9 = 56.1 m pax.\n\nRamp-up utilisation of the extra capacity \n2031 : 60 %\u20032032 : 75 %\u20032033 : 100 %\n\nTotal passengers \n2031 = 83.9 m + 0.60\u00d756.1 m = 117,560,000 \u2243 117,560,000 pax \n2032 = 83.9 m + 0.75\u00d756.1 m = 125,975,000 \u2243 125,975,000 pax \n2033 = 83.9 m + 1.00\u00d756.1 m = 140,000,000 pax\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n2. Additional annual OPEX\n\nOPEX/passenger \n2024 = \u00a325 \n2031 = \u00a320 \n2032 = \u00a320\u00d7(1\u20130.05)=\u00a319 \n2033 = \u00a319\u00d7(1\u20130.05)=\u00a318.05 \n\nBaseline OPEX (2024) \nOPEX\u208d\u2082\u2080\u2082\u2084\u208e = 83.9 m \u00d7 \u00a325 = \u00a32,097.5 m\n\nAnnual OPEX \n2031 OPEX = 117.56 m \u00d7 \u00a320 = \u00a32,351.2 m \n2032 OPEX = 125.975 m \u00d7 \u00a319 = \u00a32,393.5 m \n2033 OPEX = 140 m \u00d7 \u00a318.05 = \u00a32,527.0 m \n\nAdditional OPEX (= Year OPEX \u2013 Baseline OPEX) \n2031 \u0394OPEX = \u00a32,351.2 m \u2013 \u00a32,097.5 m = \u00a3253.7 m \n2032 \u0394OPEX = \u00a32,393.5 m \u2013 \u00a32,097.5 m = \u00a3296.0 m \n2033 \u0394OPEX = \u00a32,527.0 m \u2013 \u00a32,097.5 m = \u00a3429.5 m\n\n(Rounded to \u00a3xx.x mil)\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n3. Net additional financial benefit from operations\n\nStep 1 \u2013 2024 revenue disaggregation \nTotal revenue 2024 = \u00a33.559 bn \nAeronautical share (60 %) = \u00a32.1354 bn \nRetail share (40 %) = \u00a31.4236 bn \n\nRevenue per passenger 2024 \nr\u2090\u2080 = \u00a32.1354 bn / 83.9 m = \u00a325.468 \nr\u1d63\u2080 = \u00a31.4236 bn / 83.9 m = \u00a316.956 \n\nGrowth factors \nAeronautical: g\u2090(t)=1.02\u1d57\u2003Retail: g\u1d63(t)=1.04\u1d57\u2003t = years after 2024 \n\nPer-passenger yields \n2031 (t=7)\u2003r\u2090\u2083\u2081 = 25.468\u00d71.02\u2077 = \u00a329.255 \n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003r\u1d63\u2083\u2081 = 16.956\u00d71.04\u2077 = \u00a322.317 \n2032 (t=8)\u2003r\u2090\u2083\u2082 = 25.468\u00d71.02\u2078 = \u00a329.827 \n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003r\u1d63\u2083\u2082 = 16.956\u00d71.04\u2078 = \u00a323.205 \n2033 (t=9)\u2003r\u2090\u2083\u2083 = 25.468\u00d71.02\u2079 = \u00a330.423 \n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003r\u1d63\u2083\u2083 = 16.956\u00d71.04\u2079 = \u00a324.135 \n\nTotal revenue \nRevenue = (r\u2090 + r\u1d63) \u00d7 passengers \n\n2031\u2003R = (29.255 + 22.317) \u00d7 117.56 m = \u00a36,062.8 m \n2032\u2003R = (29.827 + 23.205) \u00d7 125.975 m = \u00a36,680.8 m \n2033\u2003R = (30.423 + 24.135) \u00d7 140 m = \u00a37,638.1 m \n\nStep 2 \u2013 Interest on construction debt \nTotal construction CAPEX (runway only) = \u00a321 bn \nFinanced 100 % by debt \u2192 annual interest = 0.05\u00d721 bn = \u00a31.05 bn \n\nStep 3 \u2013 Net operating surplus each year \nNet\u209c = Revenue\u209c \u2013 OPEX\u209c \u2013 Interest \n\n2024 baseline operating surplus \nOS\u208d\u2082\u2080\u2082\u2084\u208e = \u00a33,559 m \u2013 \u00a32,097.5 m = \u00a31,461.5 m \n\nNet additional benefit (= Net\u209c \u2013 OS\u208d\u2082\u2080\u2082\u2084\u208e) \n\nYear\u2003Revenue\u2003OPEX\u2003Interest\u2003Net\u209c\u2003\u0394Net \n2031\u2003\u00a36,062.8 m \u2013 \u00a32,351.2 m \u2013 \u00a31,050 m = \u00a32,661.6 m \u21d2 +\u00a31,200.1 m \n2032\u2003\u00a36,680.8 m \u2013 \u00a32,393.5 m \u2013 \u00a31,050 m = \u00a33,237.3 m \u21d2 +\u00a31,775.8 m \n2033\u2003\u00a37,638.1 m \u2013 \u00a32,527.0 m \u2013 \u00a31,050 m = \u00a34,061.1 m \u21d2 +\u00a32,599.6 m \n\n(rounded to \u00a3xx.x mil where required)\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n4. Net Present Value (discount rate = 9 %)\n\nCAPEX profile (equal spend 2026-2029) \n2026-29: \u2013\u00a35.25 bn each year \n\nAdditional net benefits and pre-opening interest \n2030: interest only \u2013\u00a31.05 bn \n2031: +\u00a31.2001 bn \n2032: +\u00a31.7758 bn \n2033: +\u00a32.5996 bn \n\nPresent-value factors PV\u2099 = 1/(1+0.09)\u207f, base year = 2026 \n\nYear n Cash (\u00a3 m) PV factor PV (-/+) \n2026 0 -5,250.0 1.0000 -5,250.0 \n2027 1 -5,250.0 0.9174 -4,814.5 \n2028 2 -5,250.0 0.8417 -4,420.8 \n2029 3 -5,250.0 0.7722 -4,053.0 \n2030 4 -1,050.0 0.7084 -743.8 \n2031 5 +1,200.1 0.6504 +780.9 \n2032 6 +1,775.8 0.5967 +1,059.4 \n2033 7 +2,599.6 0.5470 +1,422.1 \n\nNPV = \u03a3PV = \u2212\u00a316,019.7 m (-\u00a316.0 bn, one decimal)\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n5. Recommendation\n\nWith a negative NPV of about \u00a316 bn by 2033, the third-runway project does not pay for itself within the examined horizon. On strict financial grounds the Department for Transport should NOT proceed unless:\n\n\u2022 a longer appraisal period is adopted, \n\u2022 substantial government subsidy is provided, or \n\u2022 materially higher post-2033 cash-flows can be evidenced.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------\n6. Three non-NPV reasons the Government might still support the runway\n\n1. National connectivity & trade \n \u2013 Uplifts annual flight cap from 480 k to 720 k, safeguarding the UK\u2019s status as a global hub, adding direct links to growth markets and up to 50 % more cargo capacity for exporters.\n\n2. Employment & regional economic stimulus \n \u2013 Up to 100,000 jobs during construction and operation and ~60 % of supply-chain spend earmarked for regions outside London and the South-East, helping the Government\u2019s \u201clevelling-up\u201d agenda.\n\n3. Private-sector investment in critical infrastructure \n \u2013 The \u00a321 bn runway is 100 % privately financed, delivering the largest single piece of transport infrastructure without direct calls on public borrowing, signalling to overseas investors that the UK remains open for large-scale projects.\n\n(End)", "r1-0528_response": "### Task 1: Projected Total Annual Passenger Numbers for 2031-2033\n- Heathrow operated at maximum capacity of 83.9 million passengers in 2024.\n- Additional capacity from the third runway: 150 million - 83.9 million = 66.1 million passengers per year.\n- Phased utilization:\n - 2031: 60% of additional capacity = 66.1 \u00d7 0.60 = 39.66 million passengers\n - 2032: 75% of additional capacity = 66.1 \u00d7 0.75 = 49.575 million passengers\n - 2033: 100% of additional capacity = 66.1 \u00d7 1.00 = 66.1 million passengers\n- Total passengers:\n - 2031: 83.9 + 39.66 = 123.56 million \u2192 rounded to **124 million passengers**\n - 2032: 83.9 + 49.575 = 133.475 million \u2192 rounded to **133 million passengers**\n - 2033: 83.9 + 66.1 = 150.0 million \u2192 rounded to **150 million passengers**\n\n### Task 2: Additional Annual OPEX vs. 2024 Baseline\n- Baseline OPEX 2024: 83.9 million passengers \u00d7 \u00a325 = \u00a32097.5 million\n- OPEX per passenger:\n - 2031: \u00a320\n - 2032: \u00a319 (5% decrease from \u00a320)\n - 2033: \u00a318.05 (5% decrease from \u00a319)\n- Total OPEX:\n - 2031: 124 million \u00d7 \u00a320 = \u00a32480.0 million\n - 2032: 133 million \u00d7 \u00a319 = \u00a32527.0 million\n - 2033: 150 million \u00d7 \u00a318.05 = \u00a32707.5 million\n- Additional OPEX:\n - 2031: \u00a32480.0 million - \u00a32097.5 million = \u00a3382.5 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a3382.5 mil**\n - 2032: \u00a32527.0 million - \u00a32097.5 million = \u00a3429.5 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a3429.5 mil**\n - 2033: \u00a32707.5 million - \u00a32097.5 million = \u00a3610.0 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a3610.0 mil**\n\n### Task 3: Additional Revenue and Net Additional Financial Benefit\n- Baseline revenue 2024: \u00a33559.0 million\n- Aeronautical revenue share: 60% \u00d7 \u00a33559.0 = \u00a32135.4 million\n- Retail revenue share: 40% \u00d7 \u00a33559.0 = \u00a31423.6 million\n- Revenue per passenger 2024:\n - Aeronautical: \u00a32135.4 / 83.9 = \u00a325.444576876 per passenger\n - Retail: \u00a31423.6 / 83.9 = \u00a316.967818832 per passenger\n- Annual growth:\n - Aeronautical revenue per passenger grows by 2% annually.\n - Retail revenue per passenger grows by 4% annually.\n- Grown revenue per passenger:\n - 2031 (7 years growth):\n - Aeronautical: \u00a325.444576876 \u00d7 (1.02)^7 = \u00a329.227814254\n - Retail: \u00a316.967818832 \u00d7 (1.04)^7 = \u00a322.328493764\n - Sum: \u00a329.227814254 + \u00a322.328493764 = \u00a351.556308018\n - 2032 (8 years growth):\n - Aeronautical: \u00a325.444576876 \u00d7 (1.02)^8 = \u00a329.812372945\n - Retail: \u00a316.967818832 \u00d7 (1.04)^8 = \u00a323.221633612\n - Sum: \u00a329.812372945 + \u00a323.221633612 = \u00a353.034006557\n - 2033 (9 years growth):\n - Aeronautical: \u00a325.444576876 \u00d7 (1.02)^9 = \u00a330.408622228\n - Retail: \u00a316.967818832 \u00d7 (1.04)^9 = \u00a324.150502741\n - Sum: \u00a330.408622228 + \u00a324.150502741 = \u00a354.559124969\n- Total revenue:\n - 2031: \u00a351.556308018 \u00d7 124 million = \u00a36392.982194232 million\n - 2032: \u00a353.034006557 \u00d7 133 million = \u00a37053.522872081 million\n - 2033: \u00a354.559124969 \u00d7 150 million = \u00a38183.868745350 million\n- Additional revenue vs. 2024:\n - 2031: \u00a36392.982194232 million - \u00a33559.0 million = \u00a32833.982194232 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a32834.0 mil**\n - 2032: \u00a37053.522872081 million - \u00a33559.0 million = \u00a33494.522872081 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a33494.5 mil**\n - 2033: \u00a38183.868745350 million - \u00a33559.0 million = \u00a34624.868745350 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a34624.9 mil**\n- Net additional financial benefit (additional revenue - additional OPEX):\n - 2031: \u00a32834.0 million - \u00a3382.5 million = \u00a32451.5 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a32451.5 mil**\n - 2032: \u00a33494.5 million - \u00a3429.5 million = \u00a33065.0 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a33065.0 mil**\n - 2033: \u00a34624.9 million - \u00a3610.0 million = \u00a34014.9 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a34014.9 mil**\n\n### Task 4: NPV of Net Benefits up to 2033\n- Construction cost (CAPEX): \u00a321,000 million\n- CAPEX spent equally from 2026 to 2029: \u00a321,000 / 4 = \u00a35,250 million per year\n- Discount rate: 9%\n- Cash flows:\n - 2026 (year 0): -\u00a35,250 million\n - 2027 (year 1): -\u00a35,250 million\n - 2028 (year 2): -\u00a35,250 million\n - 2029 (year 3): -\u00a35,250 million\n - 2030 (year 4): \u00a30 million\n - 2031 (year 5): \u00a32451.5 million\n - 2032 (year 6): \u00a33065.0 million\n - 2033 (year 7): \u00a34014.9 million\n- Discount factors:\n - Year 0: 1 / (1.09)^0 = 1.0000\n - Year 1: 1 / (1.09)^1 = 0.91743119266\n - Year 2: 1 / (1.09)^2 = 0.84167999326\n - Year 3: 1 / (1.09)^3 = 0.77218348010\n - Year 4: 1 / (1.09)^4 = 0.70842521107\n - Year 5: 1 / (1.09)^5 = 0.64993138839\n - Year 6: 1 / (1.09)^6 = 0.59626732733\n - Year 7: 1 / (1.09)^7 = 0.54703424499\n- Present values:\n - Year 0: -\u00a35,250 \u00d7 1.0000 = -\u00a35,250.0 million\n - Year 1: -\u00a35,250 \u00d7 0.91743119266 = -\u00a34,816.5 million\n - Year 2: -\u00a35,250 \u00d7 0.84167999326 = -\u00a34,418.8 million\n - Year 3: -\u00a35,250 \u00d7 0.77218348010 = -\u00a34,054.0 million\n - Year 4: \u00a30 \u00d7 0.70842521107 = \u00a30.0 million\n - Year 5: \u00a32451.5 \u00d7 0.64993138839 = \u00a31593.5 million\n - Year 6: \u00a33065.0 \u00d7 0.59626732733 = \u00a31827.5 million\n - Year 7: \u00a34014.9 \u00d7 0.54703424499 = \u00a32196.5 million\n- Sum of PVs: -\u00a35,250.0 - \u00a34,816.5 - \u00a34,418.8 - \u00a34,054.0 + \u00a30.0 + \u00a31593.5 + \u00a31827.5 + \u00a32196.5 = -\u00a312,921.8 million\n- NPV: -\u00a312,921.8 million \u2192 rounded to **\u00a3-12921.8 mil**\n\n### Task 5: Recommendation Based on NPV\n- The NPV of the project is negative (\u00a3-12,921.8 million). Therefore, based on the financial evaluation, the third runway should not be constructed.\n\n### Task 6: Three Reasons for Government Support (Excluding NPV)\n1. **Economic Growth**: The expansion is projected to add 0.43% to UK GDP, with 60% of the benefits felt outside London and the South-East, stimulating regional economies.\n2. **Job Creation**: The project would create tens of thousands of jobs during design, construction, and operation, providing lifelong careers for local residents and boosting employment nationwide.\n3. **Enhanced Global Connectivity**: The third runway would enable at least 30 new destinations, increase cargo capacity by 50%, and strengthen the UK's position as a global trading hub, supporting exporters and improving trade links.", "grok4_response": "### 1. Projected Total Annual Passenger Numbers for 2031-2033\n\nThe base passenger capacity without expansion is 83,900,000 (based on 2024's reported 83.9 million at maximum capacity).\n\nThe total capacity with the third runway is 150,000,000 passengers.\n\nAdditional capacity enabled by the third runway = 150,000,000 - 83,900,000 = 66,100,000 passengers.\n\nPhased ramp-up of additional capacity utilization:\n- 2031: 60% \u2192 Additional passengers = 66,100,000 \u00d7 0.6 = 39,660,000 \n Total passengers = 83,900,000 + 39,660,000 = 123,560,000 passengers\n- 2032: 75% \u2192 Additional passengers = 66,100,000 \u00d7 0.75 = 49,575,000 \n Total passengers = 83,900,000 + 49,575,000 = 133,475,000 passengers\n- 2033: 100% \u2192 Additional passengers = 66,100,000 \u00d7 1 = 66,100,000 \n Total passengers = 83,900,000 + 66,100,000 = 150,000,000 passengers\n\n### 2. Total Additional Annual OPEX Incurred by the Expansion (Compared to 2024 Baseline OPEX) for 2031-2033\n\n2024 baseline OPEX per passenger = \u00a325 \n2024 baseline passengers = 83,900,000 \n2024 baseline OPEX = \u00a325 \u00d7 83,900,000 = \u00a32,097,500,000 (\u00a32,097.5 mil) \n(This baseline OPEX is assumed constant without expansion.)\n\nWith expansion, OPEX per passenger: \n- 2031: \u00a320 \n- 2032: \u00a320 \u00d7 0.95 = \u00a319 \n- 2033: \u00a319 \u00d7 0.95 = \u00a318.05 \n\nFormula for total OPEX in year t = (OPEX per passenger in year t) \u00d7 (total passengers in year t) \nFormula for additional OPEX in year t = total OPEX in year t - 2024 baseline OPEX \n\n- 2031: Total OPEX = \u00a320 \u00d7 123,560,000 = \u00a32,471,200,000 (\u00a32,471.2 mil) \n Additional OPEX = \u00a32,471,200,000 - \u00a32,097,500,000 = \u00a3373,700,000 (\u00a3373.7 mil) \n- 2032: Total OPEX = \u00a319 \u00d7 133,475,000 = \u00a32,536,025,000 (\u00a32,536.0 mil) \n Additional OPEX = \u00a32,536,025,000 - \u00a32,097,500,000 = \u00a3438,525,000 (\u00a3438.5 mil) \n- 2033: Total OPEX = \u00a318.05 \u00d7 150,000,000 = \u00a32,707,500,000 (\u00a32,707.5 mil) \n Additional OPEX = \u00a32,707,500,000 - \u00a32,097,500,000 = \u00a3610,000,000 (\u00a3610.0 mil) \n\n### 3. Annual Additional Revenue vs 2024 Baseline Revenue and Net Additional Financial Benefit from Operations for 2031-2033\n\n2024 total revenue = \u00a33,559,000,000 (\u00a33,559.0 mil) \nAeronautical revenue (60%) = 0.6 \u00d7 \u00a33,559,000,000 = \u00a32,135,400,000 \nRetail revenue (40%) = 0.4 \u00d7 \u00a33,559,000,000 = \u00a31,423,600,000 \n\nBaseline revenue growth (without expansion, passengers fixed at 83,900,000): \nAeronautical grows at 2% annually: Baseline aeronautical in year t = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 (1.02)^{(t - 2024)} \nRetail grows at 4% annually: Baseline retail in year t = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 (1.04)^{(t - 2024)} \nBaseline revenue in year t = baseline aeronautical + baseline retail \n\nAeronautical per passenger in year t = (baseline aeronautical in year t) / 83,900,000 \nRetail per passenger in year t = (baseline retail in year t) / 83,900,000 \n\nTotal revenue in year t (with expansion) = [(aeronautical per passenger in year t) + (retail per passenger in year t)] \u00d7 (total passengers in year t) \nAdditional revenue in year t = total revenue in year t - baseline revenue in year t \nNet additional financial benefit from operations in year t = additional revenue in year t - additional OPEX in year t \n\n- 2031 (7 years from 2024): \n Baseline aeronautical = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 (1.02)^7 = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 1.1486856676 = \u00a32,452,332,360 \n Baseline retail = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 (1.04)^7 = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 1.3159317798 = \u00a31,873,360,279 \n Baseline revenue = \u00a32,452,332,360 + \u00a31,873,360,279 = \u00a34,325,692,639 (\u00a34,325.7 mil) \n Aeronautical per passenger = \u00a32,452,332,360 / 83,900,000 = \u00a329.2288 \n Retail per passenger = \u00a31,873,360,279 / 83,900,000 = \u00a322.3214 \n Total per passenger = \u00a329.2288 + \u00a322.3214 = \u00a351.5502 \n Total revenue = \u00a351.5502 \u00d7 123,560,000 = \u00a36,370,356,712 (\u00a36,370.4 mil) \n Additional revenue = \u00a36,370,356,712 - \u00a34,325,692,639 = \u00a32,044,664,073 (\u00a32,044.7 mil) \n Net additional financial benefit = \u00a32,044,664,073 - \u00a3373,700,000 = \u00a31,670,964,073 (\u00a31,671.0 mil) \n\n- 2032 (8 years from 2024): \n Baseline aeronautical = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 (1.02)^8 = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 1.171659381 = \u00a32,501,378,984 \n Baseline retail = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 (1.04)^8 = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 1.3685692504 = \u00a31,948,343,689 \n Baseline revenue = \u00a32,501,378,984 + \u00a31,948,343,689 = \u00a34,449,722,673 (\u00a34,449.7 mil) \n Aeronautical per passenger = \u00a32,501,378,984 / 83,900,000 = \u00a329.8112 \n Retail per passenger = \u00a31,948,343,689 / 83,900,000 = \u00a323.2203 \n Total per passenger = \u00a329.8112 + \u00a323.2203 = \u00a353.0315 \n Total revenue = \u00a353.0315 \u00d7 133,475,000 = \u00a37,077,430,011 (\u00a37,077.4 mil) \n Additional revenue = \u00a37,077,430,011 - \u00a34,449,722,673 = \u00a32,627,707,338 (\u00a32,627.7 mil) \n Net additional financial benefit = \u00a32,627,707,338 - \u00a3438,525,000 = \u00a32,189,182,338 (\u00a32,189.2 mil) \n\n- 2033 (9 years from 2024): \n Baseline aeronautical = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 (1.02)^9 = \u00a32,135,400,000 \u00d7 1.1950925686 = \u00a32,551,406,731 \n Baseline retail = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 (1.04)^9 = \u00a31,423,600,000 \u00d7 1.4233120204 = \u00a32,026,628,541 \n Baseline revenue = \u00a32,551,406,731 + \u00a32,026,628,541 = \u00a34,578,035,272 (\u00a34,578.0 mil) \n Aeronautical per passenger = \u00a32,551,406,731 / 83,900,000 = \u00a330.4101 \n Retail per passenger = \u00a32,026,628,541 / 83,900,000 = \u00a324.1535 \n Total per passenger = \u00a330.4101 + \u00a324.1535 = \u00a354.5636 \n Total revenue = \u00a354.5636 \u00d7 150,000,000 = \u00a38,184,540,000 (\u00a38,184.5 mil) \n Additional revenue = \u00a38,184,540,000 - \u00a34,578,035,272 = \u00a33,606,504,728 (\u00a33,606.5 mil) \n Net additional financial benefit = \u00a33,606,504,728 - \u00a3610,000,000 = \u00a32,996,504,728 (\u00a32,996.5 mil) \n\n### 4. NPV of the Net Benefits Up to Year 2033 (Discount Rate of 9%)\n\nProject construction cost (CAPEX) = \u00a321,000,000,000 (\u00a321,000.0 mil), based on the press release for the new runway and airfield infrastructure. \nCAPEX spent equally from 2026 to 2029: Annual draw = \u00a321,000,000,000 / 4 = \u00a35,250,000,000 per year. \nFinanced fully by debt at 5% per annum interest, with interest capitalized during construction (2026-2029). Assume draws at start of year, interest calculated and capitalized at end of year. \nYear 0 = 2026. Net benefits occur in years 5 (2031), 6 (2032), and 7 (2033). \n\nDebt build-up with capitalized interest: \n- 2026: Draw \u00a35,250,000,000; Interest = \u00a35,250,000,000 \u00d7 0.05 = \u00a3262,500,000; Debt end = \u00a35,512,500,000 \n- 2027: Draw \u00a35,250,000,000; New debt = \u00a310,762,500,000; Interest = \u00a310,762,500,000 \u00d7 0.05 = \u00a3538,125,000; Debt end = \u00a311,300,625,000 \n- 2028: Draw \u00a35,250,000,000; New debt = \u00a316,550,625,000; Interest = \u00a316,550,625,000 \u00d7 0.05 = \u00a3827,531,250; Debt end = \u00a317,378,156,250 \n- 2029: Draw \u00a35,250,000,000; New debt = \u00a322,628,156,250; Interest = \u00a322,628,156,250 \u00d7 0.05 = \u00a31,131,407,812.5; Debt end = \u00a323,759,564,062.5 \n\nAnnual interest paid from 2030 onwards (no further capitalization) = \u00a323,759,564,062.5 \u00d7 0.05 = \u00a31,187,978,203.125 \n\nNet benefit in year t = net additional financial benefit from operations in year t - annual interest \n- 2031: \u00a31,670,964,073 - \u00a31,187,978,203.125 = \u00a3482,985,869.875 \n- 2032: \u00a32,189,182,338 - \u00a31,187,978,203.125 = \u00a31,001,204,134.875 \n- 2033: \u00a32,996,504,728 - \u00a31,187,978,203.125 = \u00a31,808,526,524.875 \n\nNPV formula (discounted to start of 2026): NPV = \u03a3 [net benefit in year k / (1 + 0.09)^k] for k=5 to 7 \n- (1.09)^5 = 1.5386239548; PV 2031 = \u00a3482,985,869.875 / 1.5386239548 = \u00a3313,885,039 \n- (1.09)^6 = 1.6771001107; PV 2032 = \u00a31,001,204,134.875 / 1.6771001107 = \u00a3597,007,204 \n- (1.09)^7 = 1.8280391207; PV 2033 = \u00a31,808,526,524.875 / 1.8280391207 = \u00a3989,230,046 \nNPV = \u00a3313,885,039 + \u00a3597,007,204 + \u00a3989,230,046 = \u00a31,900,122,289 (\u00a31,900.1 mil) \n\n### 5. Recommendation on Whether the Third Runway Should Be Constructed (Based on NPV)\n\nYes, the third runway should be constructed, as the NPV is positive (\u00a31,900.1 mil > 0), indicating the net benefits outweigh the costs over the analysis period.\n\n### 6. Three Reasons (Excluding NPV) Why the Government Would Support the Runway Expansion\n\n1. It would boost the UK economy by adding 0.43% to GDP, with 60% of the benefits felt outside London and the South-East. \n2. It would create tens of thousands of jobs during design, construction, and operation. \n3. It would improve global connectivity by unlocking at least 30 new destinations and increasing cargo capacity by 50%.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional annual revenue for 2032 using the formula: (Projected total revenue 2032) - (Baseline 2024 revenue)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the baseline 2024 OPEX using the formula: (Total passengers in 2024) * (OPEX per passenger in 2024)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total passengers in 2033 using the formula: (2024 annual passengers) + (Additional passengers in 2033)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Heathrow's 2024 annual passenger numbers as 83.9 million.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the average revenue per passenger in 2024 using the formula: (2024 revenue) / (2024 annual passengers)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the net annual financial benefit for 2033 using the formula: (Additional revenue 2033) - (Total additional cost 2033)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the annual CAPEX from 2026 to 2029 using the formula: Total CAPEX/ Number of years from 2026-2029", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total passengers in 2031 using the formula: (2024 annual passengers) + (Additional passengers in 2031)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional passengers in 2033 using the formula: (Total additional capacity) * (2033 utilization rate)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional annual revenue for 2031 using the formula: (Projected total revenue 2031) - (Baseline 2024 revenue)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the net annual financial benefit for 2032 using the formula: (Additional revenue 2032) - (Total additional cost 2032)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total additional annual OPEX for 2031 using the formula: (Total passengers 2031 * OPEX per passenger 2031) - (Baseline 2024 OPEX)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends against constructing the new airport when the NPV is negative, or recommends to construct the Airport if the NPV is positive", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total additional passenger capacity using the formula: (Maximum capacity after expansion) \u2013 (2024 total passengers)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total additional annual OPEX for 2033 using the formula: (Total passengers 2033 * OPEX per passenger 2033) - (Baseline 2024 OPEX)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional annual revenue for 2033 using the formula: (Projected total revenue 2033) - (Baseline 2024 revenue)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Recommends to construct the airport supported by three strategic reasons, which could include job creation, UK trade increase, and UK's competitive position in international aviation.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Heathrow's 2024 revenue as approximately \u00a33,559 million", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies Heathrow's maximum capacity after expansion as approximately 140 million passengers.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional passengers in 2031 using the formula: (Total additional capacity) * (2031 utilization rate)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the additional passengers in 2032 using the formula: (Total additional capacity) * (2032 utilization rate)", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total passengers in 2032 using the formula: (2024 annual passengers) + (Additional passengers in 2032)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the net annual financial benefit for 2031 using the formula: (Additional revenue 2031) - (Total additional cost 2031)", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the total additional annual OPEX for 2032 using the formula: (Total passengers 2032 * OPEX per passenger 2032) - (Baseline 2024 OPEX)", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the NPV using the annual cash flow from 2026-2033, discounted using the given discount rate. ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-8", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "Two electric point charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign are at a distance $2R$ from each other, forming a dipole that rotates in the x-y-plane with constant angular velocity $\\omega \\ll c/R$, where $c$ is the speed of light. The position of the charges $\\pm q$ is given by $\\mathbf{r_{\\pm}} = \\pm R \\big( \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} \\cos \\omega t + \\hat{\\mathbf{y}} \\sin \\omega t \\big)$ at any time $t$, where we denote the Cartesian unit vectors with $\\hat{\\mathbf{x}}$, $\\hat{\\mathbf{y}}$, $\\hat{\\mathbf{z}}$.\n\nThe dipole experiences a self-torque in its own electric radiation field. What is the expression for this torque to lowest nonvanishing order in $1/c$, expressed in SI units in terms of $\\omega$, $c$, the Cartesian unit vectors, the vacuum permittivity $\\epsilon_0$, as well as the magnitude $p = 2qR$ of the dipole moment?", "o3_response": "For the rigid dipole the moment vector \n\np(t)=2qR [cos \u03c9t x\u0302+sin \u03c9t \u0177]\u2261p[cos \u03c9t x\u0302+sin \u03c9t \u0177]\nrotates with the angular-velocity vector \n\n\u03c9\u20d7 =\u03c9 \u1e91\u2003\u2003(\u03c9\u226ac/R).\n\nRadiation reaction gives each charge the Abraham\u2013Lorentz self\u2013force \n\nF\u20d7 \ufeffrr = q\u00b2\n6\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n\u2026r \u0308\u0308\u0308 , (1)\n\nwhere \u2026r is the third time\u2013derivative of the position of the charge. \nFor the positive charge (the negative one gives an identical contribution) \n\nr\u20d7 + =R[cos \u03c9t x\u0302+sin \u03c9t \u0177] , \n\u2026r\u20d7 + =\u03c9\u00b3R[sin \u03c9t x\u0302\u2212cos \u03c9t \u0177]. (2)\n\nThe instantaneous torque about the origin due to this force is \n\n\u03c4\u20d7 + = r\u20d7 + \u00d7F\u20d7 rr = q\u00b2\n6\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n (r\u20d7 + \u00d7\u2026r\u20d7 +)\n = \u2212 q\u00b2\u03c9\u00b3R\u00b2\n6\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n \u1e91. (3)\n\nBecause the second (negative) charge is located at r\u20d7 \u2212 = \u2212r\u20d7 + and its self\u2013force\nis F\u20d7 rr,\u2212 = q\u00b2\n6\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n \u2026r\u20d7 \u2212 = \u2212F\u20d7 rr,+ , its torque is the same as (3).\nHence the total electromagnetic self-torque on the dipole is twice (3):\n\n\u03c4\u20d7_self = \u2212 q\u00b2\u03c9\u00b3R\u00b2\n3\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n \u1e91. (4)\n\nUsing the dipole-moment magnitude p = 2qR (so that R\u00b2 = p\u00b2/4q\u00b2) this becomes\n\n\u03c4\u20d7_self = \u2212 p\u00b2\u03c9\u00b3\n12\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n \u1e91. (5)\n\nSince the torque always opposes the angular-velocity vector, eq.(5) can be\nwritten more compactly as\n\n\u03c4\u20d7_self = \u2212 p\u00b2\u03c9\u00b3\n12\u03c0\u03f5\u2080c\u00b3\n \u03c9\u20d7 /|\u03c9\u20d7 | + O(c\u207b\u2075). (6)\n\nTo lowest non-vanishing order in 1/c (order 1/c\u00b3) the rotating electric dipole\ntherefore experiences the radiation\u2013reaction torque\n\n\u2003\u2003\u03c4\u20d7_self = \u2212 (p\u00b2 \u03c9\u00b3)/(12 \u03c0 \u03f5\u2080 c\u00b3) \u1e91 .", "r1-0528_response": "The self-torque arises from the interaction between the charges in the dipole system, specifically from the near fields, which include both electric and magnetic components. For an electric dipole rotating at constant angular velocity \\(\\omega\\) in the \\(xy\\)-plane, with charges \\(\\pm q\\) at positions \\(\\mathbf{r}_{\\pm} = \\pm R (\\cos \\omega t \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} + \\sin \\omega t \\hat{\\mathbf{y}})\\), the interaction term in the self-torque is derived from the mutual forces between the charges due to their electromagnetic fields.\n\nThe force on the negative charge due to the positive charge, and vice versa, includes contributions from the electric and magnetic fields. In the nonrelativistic limit (\\(\\omega R \\ll c\\)), the fields are evaluated instantaneously, and the acceleration-dependent terms vanish at the positions of the charges along the dipole axis. The resulting forces include velocity-dependent terms that contribute to the torque.\n\nThe total self-torque about the origin is calculated as:\n\\[\n\\vec{\\tau}_{\\text{self}} = \\mathbf{r}_+ \\times \\mathbf{F}_{+ \\text{ due to } -} + \\mathbf{r}_- \\times \\mathbf{F}_{- \\text{ due to } +},\n\\]\nwhere \\(\\mathbf{F}_{+ \\text{ due to } -}\\) is the force on the positive charge due to the negative charge, and \\(\\mathbf{F}_{- \\text{ due to } +}\\) is the force on the negative charge due to the positive charge.\n\nAfter detailed calculation, the interaction term in the self-torque is found to be:\n\\[\n\\vec{\\tau} = - \\frac{q^2 \\omega}{8\\pi\\epsilon_0 c} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}.\n\\]\n\nThis torque is in the \\(-\\hat{\\mathbf{z}}\\) direction, opposing the angular velocity \\(\\vec{\\omega} = \\omega \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}\\), and arises from the coupling of the near fields (specifically the velocity-dependent parts of the electromagnetic fields) between the charges. The expression is independent of the dipole size \\(R\\) when expressed in terms of the charge \\(q\\), but can be written in terms of the dipole moment magnitude \\(p = 2qR\\) as:\n\\[\n\\vec{\\tau} = - \\frac{p^2 \\omega}{32\\pi\\epsilon_0 c R^2} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}.\n\\]\n\nThe interaction term is part of the self-torque and is distinct from the radiation reaction torque, which is of higher order in \\(1/c\\).\n\n\\boxed{\\vec{\\tau} = -\\dfrac{q^{2}\\omega}{8\\pi\\epsilon_{0}c}\\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}", "grok4_response": "The rotating electric dipole experiences a self-torque due to radiation reaction effects in its own electric field. To find this torque to the lowest nonvanishing order in \\(1/c\\), consider the system as two point charges \\(\\pm q\\) separated by \\(2R\\), with dipole moment magnitude \\(p = 2qR\\).\n\nThe acceleration of each charge in circular motion leads to a radiation reaction force given by the Abraham-Lorentz formula in SI units: \\(\\mathbf{F}_\\text{rad} = \\frac{\\mu_0 q^2}{6\\pi c} \\dot{\\mathbf{a}}\\), where \\(\\dot{\\mathbf{a}}\\) is the jerk (time derivative of acceleration) evaluated at the retarded time. However, for the complete self-torque in this dipole configuration, account for both the individual radiation reaction on each charge and the interaction term between them, as derived in advanced treatments of radiation reaction (e.g., modeling the charges and computing the mutual radiation fields in the near zone).\n\nThe positions are \\(\\mathbf{r}_\\pm = \\pm R (\\hat{\\mathbf{x}} \\cos \\omega t + \\hat{\\mathbf{y}} \\sin \\omega t)\\). The velocities are \\(\\mathbf{v}_+ = R\\omega (-\\sin \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} + \\cos \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{y}})\\) and \\(\\mathbf{v}_- = R\\omega (\\sin \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} - \\cos \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{y}})\\). The accelerations are \\(\\mathbf{a}_+ = -\\omega^2 \\mathbf{r}_+\\) and \\(\\mathbf{a}_- = -\\omega^2 \\mathbf{r}_-\\). The jerks are \\(\\dot{\\mathbf{a}}_+ = \\omega^3 R (\\sin \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} - \\cos \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{y}})\\) and \\(\\dot{\\mathbf{a}}_- = -\\omega^3 R (\\sin \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{x}} - \\cos \\omega t \\, \\hat{\\mathbf{y}})\\).\n\nThe radiation reaction forces are \\(\\mathbf{F}_{\\text{rad},+} = \\frac{\\mu_0 q^2}{6\\pi c} \\dot{\\mathbf{a}}_+\\) and \\(\\mathbf{F}_{\\text{rad},-} = \\frac{\\mu_0 q^2}{6\\pi c} \\dot{\\mathbf{a}}_-\\). The torque from these is \\(\\boldsymbol{\\tau}_\\text{AL} = \\mathbf{r}_+ \\times \\mathbf{F}_{\\text{rad},+} + \\mathbf{r}_- \\times \\mathbf{F}_{\\text{rad},-} = -\\frac{\\mu_0 p^2 \\omega^3}{12\\pi c} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}\\).\n\nThe interaction term (mutual radiation field contribution) adds an equal amount, yielding the total torque \\(\\boldsymbol{\\tau} = -\\frac{\\mu_0 p^2 \\omega^3}{6\\pi c} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}\\).\n\nExpressing in terms of \\(\\epsilon_0\\) using \\(\\mu_0 \\epsilon_0 = 1/c^2\\): \\(\\boldsymbol{\\tau} = -\\dfrac{p^{2} \\omega^{3}}{6 \\pi \\epsilon_{0} c^{3}} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}\\).", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Simplify the equation $[(\\beta^4-\\beta^2+2\\theta^2)+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}\\,(\\beta^2+2\\theta^2-1)]$ by using the conditions\n $$\n \\theta^2=\\beta^2\\left(1-\\beta^2+\\tfrac{4}{3}\\beta^4+\\cdots\\right),\\quad\n \\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}=\\beta^2\\left(1-\\tfrac{2}{3}\\beta^2+\\tfrac{4}{5}\\beta^4+\\cdots\\right),\n $$\n $$\n \\frac{1}{\\theta^2}=\\frac{1}{\\beta^2}\\left(1+\\beta^2+\\cdots\\right),\\qquad\n \\frac{1}{(1+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2})^3}=1-3\\beta^2+\\cdots,\n $$\n to get\n $$\n [(\\beta^4-\\beta^2+2\\theta^2)+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}\\,(\\beta^2+2\\theta^2-1)]\n =\\frac{8}{3}\\beta^4\\left(1-\\tfrac{4}{5}\\beta^2+\\cdots\\right).\n $$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Extract these conditions\n $$\n \\theta^2=\\beta^2\\left(1-\\beta^2+\\tfrac{4}{3}\\beta^4+\\cdots\\right),\\quad\n \\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}=\\beta^2\\left(1-\\tfrac{2}{3}\\beta^2+\\tfrac{4}{5}\\beta^4+\\cdots\\right),\n $$\n $$\n \\frac{1}{\\theta^2}=\\frac{1}{\\beta^2}\\left(1+\\beta^2+\\cdots\\right),\\qquad\n \\frac{1}{(1+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2})^3}=1-3\\beta^2+\\cdots,\n $$\n from the series $\\beta = \\theta + \\frac{1}{2}\\theta^3 + \\frac{5}{24}\\theta^5 + \\frac{61}{720}\\theta^7 + \\dots$ and $\\theta = \\beta - \\frac{1}{2}\\beta^3 + \\frac{13}{24}\\beta^5 - \\frac{541}{720}\\beta^7 + \\dots$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State the total torque equation $N = \\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{\\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}{2R\\cos^2\\theta(c + \\omega R\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left[ -c^3\\sin\\theta + c^2\\omega R(2\\cos^2\\theta - 1) + c(\\omega R)^2(2\\cos^2\\theta + 1)\\sin\\theta + (\\omega R)^3 \\right] $ in term of new parameter $\\beta=\\frac{\\omega R}{c}$ to get $N = \\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{1}{2R\\cos^2\\theta(1 + \\beta\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left[ -\\sin\\theta + \\beta(2\\cos^2\\theta - 1) + \\beta^2(2\\cos^2\\theta + 1)\\sin\\theta + \\beta^3 \\right] \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Derive the electric field at +q charge using the Li\u00e9nard\u2013Wiechert equation ${E}({R},t) = \\frac{q}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{|{R}|}{({{R}}\\cdot{u})^3} \\left[ (c^2-v^2)\\,{u} + {{R}}\\times({u}\\times{a}) \\right]$ by using the submissions $| R|=2R\\cos\\theta$, ${ {R}=(R+R\\cos2\\theta)\\,\\hat{x}-(R\\sin2\\theta)\\,\\hat{y}\\ }$, ${u=(c\\cos\\theta + wR\\sin2\\theta)\\,\\hat{x}-(c\\sin\\theta - wR\\cos2\\theta)\\,\\hat{y}\\ }$, $a=\\omega^2 R\\left(\\cos2\\theta\\,\\hat{x}+\\sin2\\theta\\,\\hat{ y}\\right)$ to get ${E} = -\\frac{q}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{2R\\cos\\theta}{(2R\\cos\\theta)^3(c + \\omega R\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left\\{ (c^2 - (\\omega R)^2 + 2(\\omega R\\cos\\theta)^2) \\left[ (c\\cos\\theta + \\omega R\\sin2\\theta)\\hat{{x}} - (c\\sin\\theta - \\omega R\\cos2\\theta)\\hat{{y}} \\right] - 2R\\cos\\theta(c + \\omega R\\sin\\theta)\\omega^2 R (\\cos2\\theta\\,\\hat{{x}} - \\sin2\\theta\\,\\hat{{y}}) \\right\\}$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Get the series $\\theta=\\beta-\\tfrac{1}{2}\\beta^{3}+\\tfrac{13}{24}\\beta^{5}-\\tfrac{541}{720}\\beta^{7}+\\dots$ by reverting the series $\\beta=\\theta+\\tfrac{1}{2}\\theta^{3}+\\tfrac{5}{24}\\theta^{5}+\\tfrac{61}{720}\\theta^{7}+\\dots$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Eliminate the $\\theta$ dependency, $ \\frac{1}{\\cos^2\\theta(1 + \\beta\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left[ -\\sin\\theta + \\beta(2\\cos^2\\theta - 1) + \\beta^2(2\\cos^2\\theta + 1)\\sin\\theta + \\beta^3 \\right]$, by using the condition that angle $\\theta$ is determined by the retarded time condition, $r = -ct_r$, which gives the relation $2R\\cos\\theta = -ct_r = c(2\\theta/\\omega)$, or $\\theta = \\beta\\cos\\theta$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Expand the equation $\\beta = \\theta \\sec \\theta$ in powers of $\\theta$ and get the series $\\beta = \\theta \\sec \\theta = \\theta + \\frac{1}{2}\\theta^3 + \\frac{5}{24}\\theta^5 + \\frac{61}{720}\\theta^7 + \\dots$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Use the definition $\\theta\\equiv -\\omega t_r/2\\Rightarrow \\omega t_r=-2\\theta$ and put it in the velocity equation\n $$ v\\equiv \\dot{r}_-(t_r)=-\\omega R(-\\sin(\\omega t_r)\\,\\hat{x}+\\cos(\\omega t_r)\\,\\hat{y}).$$\n to get the velocity of $-q$ charge at $t_r$ in terms of angle $\\theta$ which is\n $$ {v\\equiv \\dot{r}_-(t_r)=-\\omega R\\left(\\sin 2\\theta\\,\\hat{x}+\\cos 2\\theta\\,\\hat{y}\\right)\\;} $$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Evaluate the velocity $$\\dot{ r}_-(t)=-R(-\\omega\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{x}+\\omega\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{y})\n =-\\omega R(-\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{x}+\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{y}\\big).$$ at retarded time $t=t_r$ to get the velocity equation\n $$ v\\equiv \\dot{r}_-(t_r)=-\\omega R(-\\sin(\\omega t_r)\\,\\hat{x}+\\cos(\\omega t_r)\\,\\hat{y}). $$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Insert the condition $\\theta = \\beta\\cos\\theta$ into the equation $N = \\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{1}{2R\\cos^2\\theta(1 + \\beta\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left[ -\\sin\\theta + \\beta(2\\cos^2\\theta - 1) + \\beta^2(2\\cos^2\\theta + 1)\\sin\\theta + \\beta^3 \\right] \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}$ to get the equation in terms of $\\theta$ and $\\beta$ which is $\\mathbf{N} = -\\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{\\beta}{2R\\theta^2\\left(1 + \\sqrt{\\beta^2 - \\theta^2}\\right)^3} \\left[ (\\beta^4 - \\beta^2 + 2\\theta^2) + \\sqrt{\\beta^2 - \\theta^2}(\\beta^2 + 2\\theta^2 - 1) \\right] \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Expands $\\mathbf{u} = c\\hat{n} - v$ into Cartesian components as\n $\\mathbf{u} = (c\\cos\\theta + \\omega R\\sin 2\\theta)\\hat{x} + (-c\\sin\\theta + \\omega R\\cos 2\\theta)\\hat{y}$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State the final answer as $-\\frac{1}{12\\pi\\varepsilon_{0}} \\left( \\frac{\\omega}{c} \\right)^{3} p^{2} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Use the expression $\\beta = \\omega R/c $ into the equation\n $$\n N= {-\\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{4\\beta^3}{3R} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}.\n $$\n to get ${\\mathbf{N}_{\\text{int}} = -\\frac{1}{12\\pi\\varepsilon_{0}} \\left( \\frac{\\omega}{c} \\right)^{3} p^{2} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substitute the expressions\n $$\n [(\\beta^4-\\beta^2+2\\theta^2)+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}\\,(\\beta^2+2\\theta^2-1)]\n =\\frac{8}{3}\\beta^4\\!\\left(1-\\tfrac{4}{5}\\beta^2+\\cdots\\right).\n $$\n $\\frac{1}{(1+\\sqrt{\\beta^2-\\theta^2}\\big)^3}=1-3\\beta^2+\\cdots$ and $\\theta^2=\\beta^2\\!\\left(1-\\beta^2+\\tfrac{4}{3}\\beta^4+\\cdots\\right)$ in the equation\n $$\n \\mathbf{N} = -\\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{\\beta}{2R\\theta^2\\left(1 + \\sqrt{\\beta^2 - \\theta^2}\\right)^3} \\left[ (\\beta^4 - \\beta^2 + 2\\theta^2) + \\sqrt{\\beta^2 - \\theta^2}(\\beta^2 + 2\\theta^2 - 1) \\right] \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}.\n $$\n to get final expression\n $$\n N= {-\\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{4\\beta^3}{3R} \\hat{\\mathbf{z}}}.\n $$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Differentiate the given trajectory\n $$ \\mathbf{r_-}(t)=-R\\big(\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{x}+\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{y}\\big).$$\n w.r.t. time and get the velocity\n $$\\dot{r}_-(t)=-R(-\\omega\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{x}+\\omega\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{y})\n =-\\omega R(-\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{x}+\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{y}).$$", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State the given trajectory of the negative charge\n $$\n \\mathbf{r_-}(t)=-R(\\cos(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{ x}+\\sin(\\omega t)\\,\\hat{ y}).\n $$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Derive the total torque about the origin using the equation $N = 2(R\\hat{x}) \\times ({qE})$ where\n $$\n {E}\n =-\\frac{q}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0}\\,\n \\frac{1}{(2R\\cos\\theta)^{2}\\,(c+\\omega R\\sin\\theta)^{3}}\n \\left\\{\n [c^{2}-(\\omega R)^{2}+2(\\omega R\\cos\\theta)^{2}]\n [\\,(c\\cos\\theta+\\omega R\\sin2\\theta)\\,\\hat{x}+(-c\\sin\\theta+\\omega R\\cos2\\theta)\\,\\hat{y}]\n -(2R\\cos\\theta)(c+\\omega R\\sin\\theta)\\,\\omega^{2}R\\,\n (\\cos2\\theta\\,\\hat{x}-\\sin2\\theta\\,\\hat{ y})\n \\right\\}\n $$\n to $N = \\frac{q^2}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{\\hat{{z}}}{2R\\cos^2\\theta(c + \\omega R\\sin\\theta)^3} \\left[ -c^3\\sin\\theta + c^2\\omega R(2\\cos^2\\theta - 1) + c(\\omega R)^2(2\\cos^2\\theta + 1)\\sin\\theta + (\\omega R)^3 \\right] $", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "State the electric field using the Li\u00e9nard\u2013Wiechert equation (near $1/R^2$ and radiation $1/R$) as\n ${E}({R},t) = \\frac{q}{4\\pi\\epsilon_0} \\frac{|{R}|}{({{R}}\\cdot{u})^3} \\left[ (c^2-v^2)\\,{u} + {{R}}\\times({u}\\times{a}) \\right]$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Define the parameters as:\n $t_r<0$ --- retarded time of the source $-q$ whose field reaches $+q$ at $t=0$.\n $\\theta\\equiv -\\omega t_r/2$ --- half the rotation angle during the delay $-t_r$.\n $\\mathbf{R}\\equiv \\mathbf{r_+}(0)- \\mathbf{r_-}(t_r)$ --- source\u2013observer separation at retarded time.\n $|\\mathbf{R}|=2R\\cos\\theta$ --- magnitude of the separation.\n $\\mathbf{\\hat{n}}\\equiv \\mathbf{R}/|\\mathbf{R}|=\\mathbf{\\hat{x}}\\cos\\theta-\\mathbf{\\hat{y}}\\sin\\theta$ --- unit vector from $-q$ charge (at $t=t_r$) to $+q$ charge (at $t=0$).\n $v$ --- velocity of $-q$ at $t_r$.\n $a$ --- acceleration of $-q$ at $t_r$.\n $E, B$ --- electric and magnetic fields of $-q$ evaluated at $\\mathbf{r_+}(0)$.\n $N$ --- total self-torque about the origin (twice the torque on $+q$).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Define the expansion parameter $\\beta \\ll 1$ as $\\beta = \\frac{\\omega R}{c}$", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Chem-9", "domain": "Chemistry PhD", "prompt": "A summer research student has recently joined our research group and is keen to work on the synthesis of complex organic molecules. The student's first target is [18]annulene, an iconic molecule in organic chemistry. The student has spent some time synthesizing it by following the procedure outlined in a recently published article. However, the student still lacks experience and is uncertain about the appropriate next steps in certain areas, such as storage and characterization of the product, as well as potential further reactions. In particular, the student needs guidance on the following points:\n\n1. Characterization of [18]annulene:\na. A list of NMR techniques as a starting point for characterization, and an explanation of how the student can confirm the identity from the resulting signals.\nb. If the student sends a sample of the product for UV\u2013Vis analysis, what signal(s) should be expected?\nc. A proposed method for observing the molecular structure of [18]annulene, noting any non-uniformity in the structure and explaining the cause.\n\n2. Deprotonation of [18]annulene:\na. Although such a deprotonation is challenging, suggest two different bases that could potentially remove one proton from [18]annulene.\nb. Indicate whether there is any selectivity in the deprotonation of [18]annulene, and explain the underlying reason.\n\n\nCould you please prepare a concise action plan addressing the above points so that the student has a clear understanding of the steps required?", "o3_response": "ACTION PLAN FOR THE STUDENT \u2013 \u201c[18]ANNULENE: CHARACTERISATION, STORAGE AND FIRST REACTIONS\u201d\n\n0. General handling advice\n\u2022 Keep everything rigorously oxygen- and moisture-free. Neutral [18]annulene (C18H18) is bench-stable as a solid, but its solutions are easily oxidised; all NMR/UV/chemical steps should therefore be carried out in Schlenk or glove-box equipment. \n\u2022 Store the crystalline material in a tightly sealed amber vial under Ar/N2 at \u201320 \u00b0C. Keep all solutions in flame-dried, grease-free J-Young tubes.\n\n1. Characterisation of neutral [18]annulene \n\n1a\u2003NMR experiments to run \u2013 and what to look for \n\n1 D experiments \n\u2022 1H (500 MHz or above; \u201340 \u00b0C \u2013 the lines sharpen) \n\u2022 13C{1H} (inverse-gated decoupling) \n\u2022 DEPT-135 (to count CH sites) \n\n2 D experiments \n\u2022 COSY \u2013 shows the three-bond couplings around the ring. \n\u2022 HSQC / HMQC \u2013 1H/13C one-bond correlations. \n\u2022 HMBC \u2013 long-range C\u2013H correlations, helpful if the 13C spectrum is weak. \n\u2022 NOESY (or ROESY, \u03c4m \u2248 300 ms) \u2013 inner vs outer proton spatial contacts. \n\u2022 VT-1H (\u201380 \u2192 +40 \u00b0C) \u2013 follows the well-known fluxional process (inner \u2194 outer). \n\nKey diagnostic signals expected (CDCl3 or THF-d8, \u201340 \u00b0C): \n\u2003Inner-ring 6 H\u2003\u2003\u03b4 \u2248 \u20132.7 to \u20133.0 ppm (strongly shielded) \n\u2003Outer-ring 12 H\u2003\u2003\u03b4 \u2248 8.8 to 9.2 ppm (deshielded) \nRatio inner : outer \u2248 1 : 2. Only two sets of 13C signals (nine unique carbons) should be visible because the time-averaged solution structure is close to D6h symmetry. Integration, chemical-shift pattern and the two correlating HSQC cross-peaks are sufficient to confirm the identity.\n\n(If you wish to see the frozen-out C2 geometry reported for the anions, record 1H/13C at \u201390 \u00b0C; up to ten independent CH sites appear.)\n\n1b\u2003UV\u2013visible spectrum \nDried CH2Cl2, 20 \u00b0C, 1 cm cell: \n\u03bbmax\u2002\u2248 305 nm (\u03b5 \u2248 4 \u00d7 104 M\u20131 cm\u20131) \u03c0\u2013\u03c0* \nweaker bands\u2003\u2248 245 nm (shoulder) and a long, very shallow tail to \u2248 430 nm. \nThe intense \u2248 300 nm band is the practical fingerprint.\n\n1c\u2003Direct observation of the molecular framework \n\u2022 Grow thin yellow needles from slow cooling of a saturated hexane/Et2O solution, mount in a MicroLoop under cold N2, and run single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 K. \n\u2022 The refinement will show a nearly planar 18-membered ring with alternating short/long C\u2013C distances (bond-length alternation \u2248 0.04 \u00c5). The non-uniformity arises from Peierls-type distortion: in a large annulene the degeneracy of the HOMO/LUMO pair is broken by forming localised double and single bonds, lowering the total \u03c0-energy. Note that room-temperature electron diffraction or MD-averaged DFT gives a time-averaged D6h structure; only \u201cfrozen\u201d (low-T) X-ray or high-field low-T NMR exposes the alternation.\n\n2. Attempted deprotonation to the mono-anion\n\n2a\u2003Feasible superbases (run at \u201178 \u00b0C then slowly warm) \nBase 1\u2003LiTMP (lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) in THF/PMDTA (0.9 equiv). \nBase 2\u2003Schlosser\u2019s base (n-BuLi / t-BuOK, 1 : 1, THF/HMPA). \nBoth give a deep red-green solution indicating the mono-anion/radical-anion mixture; quench aliquots with D2O and confirm one D is incorporated (1H NMR disappearance of one inner resonance).\n\n2b\u2003Site-selectivity \nOnly the six inward-directed C\u2013H bonds are appreciably acidic (pKa \u2248 22 in THF versus \u2248 35 for the outer ones). Deprotonation at an inner carbon places the negative charge inside the aromatic ring where it is strongly resonance-stabilised; outer deprotonation would force the anion away from the \u03c0-system and is disfavoured by steric crowding. Because all six inner hydrogens are magnetically/chemically equivalent in solution, the abstraction is non-regioselective among them, but highly selective between inner vs outer positions.\n\n3. Quick laboratory check-list for the student\n\u25a1 Purify annulene once more by recrystallisation under N2. \n\u25a1 Record 1H/13C, HSQC, COSY; verify 6 : 12 integration. \n\u25a1 Send a 20 \u00b5M CH2Cl2 solution for UV\u2013Vis; look for \u03bbmax \u2248 305 nm. \n\u25a1 Attempt single crystal growth for XRD. \n\u25a1 Prepare 0.05 M THF solutions, cool to \u201378 \u00b0C, add 1 eq LiTMP; monitor colour and 1H NMR. \n\u25a1 Work strictly anaerobically; quench small portions to prove mono-deuteration. \n\nFollowing these steps will give the student an unambiguous structural proof of [18]annulene, experience with routine macrocycle characterisation and a first taste of its reactivity window.", "r1-0528_response": "### **Action Plan for [18]Annulene Synthesis and Characterization**\n\nThis plan will guide you through the key steps for confirming your synthesis and exploring the properties of [18]annulene.\n\n---\n\n### **1. Characterization of [18]Annulene**\n\n**a. NMR Characterization:**\n* **Primary Technique: `^1H NMR`** (in a deuterated solvent like THF-*d*\u2088 or CD\u2082Cl\u2082, at low temperature ~ -40 \u00b0C).\n * **What to expect:** You should observe a spectrum similar to **Extended Data Fig. 1** in the article. The neutral molecule has approximate *D*\u2086h symmetry, but the signals will not be equivalent due to bond-length alternation and the slight out-of-plane bending of the inner protons. Expect a complex set of signals in the aromatic region (approx. 5.5 - 9.5 ppm). The number of distinct signals indicates a lower symmetry (*C*\u2082v or similar) than the ideal *D*\u2086h structure.\n* **Confirmatory Techniques:**\n * **`^1H-^1H COSY`**: This will help you map which protons are coupled to each other, confirming the connectivity around the ring.\n * **`NOESY/ROESY`**: This can provide information about the spatial proximity of protons (e.g., which are inside/outside the ring), helping to assign the structure.\n * **`^13C NMR`**: Will show multiple signals for the sp\u00b2 carbons, again confirming the lack of perfect symmetry.\n\n**b. UV-Vis Analysis:**\n* **What to expect:** [18]annulene is a conjugated macrocycle. Send a sample in a dry, degassed solution (e.g., in THF or hexanes). You should expect **multiple absorption bands in the visible region** responsible for its colour (typically yellow-orange). The exact wavelengths should be compared to literature values (e.g., ~ 255, 295, 340, and 400-450 nm from Sondheimer's work). The pattern is characteristic of its cyclic conjugated system.\n\n**c. Observing Molecular Structure:**\n* **Proposed Method: X-ray Crystallography.**\n* **Non-uniformity & Cause:** The challenge is growing suitable crystals. If successful, the structure will show **bond length alternation (BLA)**. Despite having 4n+2 \u03c0-electrons and being aromatic, [18]annulene does not have a perfectly symmetrical structure with equal bond lengths. This is due to a compromise between \u03c0-electron delocalization (favoring equal bonds) and steric repulsion of the inner hydrogen atoms (favoring bond alternation to relieve strain). The crystal structure will show a mix of shorter and longer C-C bonds around the ring (e.g., 1.36 - 1.43 \u00c5).\n\n---\n\n### **2. Deprotonation of [18]Annulene**\n\n**a. Potential Bases:**\nDeprotonating a hydrocarbon is extremely difficult and requires very strong bases. [18]Annulene is not acidic. Two of the strongest classes of bases that could be attempted are:\n1. **Alkyllithium Bases:** Particularly **n-butyllithium (n-BuLi)** or **tert-butyllithium (t-BuLi)** in a mixture of alkanes/THF at low temperatures.\n2. **Phosphazene Bases:** These are exceptionally strong, non-nucleophilic, non-ionic bases. **Phosphazene P4-t-Bu** (EtP\u2084(dma)) is a good candidate as it can deprotonate very weak acids.\n\n**b. Selectivity and Reason:**\n* **Yes, there is a strong selectivity.**\n* **The protons on the *inside* of the annulene ring are significantly more acidic and would be deprotonated first.**\n* **Reason:** The underlying cause is a combination of **strain** and **aromaticity**. The inner protons are sterically crowded, and their C-H bonds are slightly bent out of the ideal plane. Removing an inner proton relieves this steric strain. Furthermore, the resulting anion would be stabilized by the aromatic ring current\u2014the electron pair of the carbanion can conjugate effectively with the aromatic \u03c0-system (22 \u03c0-electrons upon deprotonation), increasing its stability. The external protons experience no such strain and are therefore less acidic.\n\n***Important Note:*** *The article focuses on **reduction** (addition of electrons) to form anions, not deprotonation (removal of H\u207a). While deprotonation is theoretically possible for the inner protons, it is a much more challenging reaction than reduction and may not be documented. Extreme care must be taken with moisture and air when using these strong bases.*", "grok4_response": "### Concise Action Plan for [18]Annulene Characterization and Further Reactions\n\nDear Student,\n\nBelow is a clear, step-by-step action plan addressing your questions on [18]annulene (the neutral molecule, C18H18), based on the published article and standard organic chemistry practices. Follow these steps to ensure proper characterization, storage, and exploration of further reactions. Always work under inert atmosphere (e.g., N2 or Ar) to avoid decomposition, as [18]annulene is sensitive to oxygen and moisture. Store the product in a sealed vial at -20\u00b0C in the dark, dissolved in dry THF or toluene if needed for stability.\n\n#### 1. Characterization of [18]Annulene\nUse these methods to confirm the identity and purity of your synthesized product. Compare all data to literature values (e.g., from the article or refs. 1\u20133 therein).\n\na. **NMR Techniques as a Starting Point and Confirmation of Identity** \n - **Recommended techniques**: Begin with 1H NMR, then use 1H-1H COSY (for proton connectivity), 1H-13C HSQC (for C-H correlations), and NOESY (for spatial proximity and confirmation of inner/outer proton arrangements). Perform at low temperature (e.g., -40\u00b0C in THF-d8) to minimize dynamic effects. \n - **Confirming identity from signals**: The 1H NMR should show two main signal groups due to the aromatic (diatropic) ring current: outer protons (12H) at ~8.5\u20139 ppm (downfield, deshielded) and inner protons (6H) at ~-2 to -3 ppm (upfield, shielded). The 12:6 integral ratio and chemical shift difference (\u0394\u03b4 \u2248 11\u201312 ppm) confirm the structure and aromaticity. COSY will show coupling patterns matching the cyclic conjugation; HSQC will correlate to ~130\u2013140 ppm 13C signals; NOESY will confirm inner protons are spatially close. Match to the article's Extended Data Fig. 1 for neutral [18]annulene. If signals broaden or shift, check for impurities or oxidation.\n\nb. **Expected UV-Vis Signals** \n If you send a sample for UV-Vis analysis, expect a characteristic spectrum for the neutral aromatic [18]annulene: an intense absorption band at ~375\u2013380 nm (\u03b5 \u2248 250,000 M-1cm-1, due to \u03c0\u2013\u03c0* transitions in the conjugated system), with weaker bands extending into the visible region (~450\u2013500 nm), giving the molecule its red-orange color. No signal in the 600 nm region (unlike the green dianion mentioned in the article). Dilute samples in THF or hexane for measurement.\n\nc. **Proposed Method for Observing Molecular Structure** \n - **Method**: Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (grow crystals by slow diffusion of hexanes into a THF solution, as in the article for related compounds). \n - **Non-uniformity and cause**: The structure will show approximate D6h symmetry with equalized C\u2013C bond lengths (~1.395 \u00c5 average) in the crystal due to averaging. However, non-uniformity appears as slight bond length alternation (BLA ~0.039 \u00c5 computationally) and inner hydrogen atoms positioned slightly out of plane. The cause is rapid dynamic interconversion between equivalent Kekul\u00e9 (bond-alternated) structures, leading to time-averaged uniformity in the crystal but localized bonding in instantaneous structures (confirmed by DFT calculations in the article).\n\n#### 2. Deprotonation of [18]Annulene\nDeprotonation of neutral [18]annulene is indeed challenging due to its low acidity (pKa >> 30 for vinylic protons; no highly acidic sites like in cyclopentadiene). It would generate a [C18H17]- monoanion (potentially 19 \u03c0-electrons if the lone pair conjugates), but this is not discussed in the article (which focuses on reduction). Proceed cautiously with small-scale trials under inert conditions, monitoring by NMR for anion formation (e.g., shifted signals). Quench with D2O to check for deuterium incorporation.\n\na. **Suggested Bases** \n - n-Butyllithium (n-BuLi, in hexanes/THF at -78\u00b0C; strong, nucleophilic base for vinylic deprotonation). \n - Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA, in THF at -78\u00b0C; bulky, non-nucleophilic base for kinetic deprotonation). \n Use 1.1 equiv. of base, stir for 1\u20132 h, and monitor for color change or gas evolution (unlikely, but possible if successful).\n\nb. **Selectivity in Deprotonation** \n Yes, there is likely selectivity (preference for inner vs. outer protons). The underlying reason is the distinct chemical environments of the 6 inner and 12 outer protons, caused by the diatropic ring current in the aromatic system. Inner protons (at ~-3 ppm) experience strong shielding and a unique spatial position (slightly out of plane), potentially making them more acidic or accessible than outer protons (at ~9 ppm, more vinylic-like). This environmental difference could lead to preferential deprotonation at inner sites, though experimental confirmation (e.g., via NMR of the anion) is needed.\n\nIf you encounter issues (e.g., no reaction or decomposition), consider the article's reduction approach instead for further reactions\u2014use lithium metal in THF to access the monoanion, dianion, or tetraanion (as in Fig. 2). Consult with your supervisor before proceeding, and document all spectra. Let me know if you need more details!\n\nBest, \n[Your Name]", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Identifies that UV\u2013Vis analysis will show absorption bands in the visible region.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that outer protons appear downfield (\u03b4 \u2248 9.2 ppm) due to de-shielding effect.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies a second appropriate base that could potentially remove one proton from [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Presents information as a concise action plan addressing the student's questions, with actions laid out in bullet points.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies HSQC as a key experiment for characterization of [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that reduced molecular symmetry from BLA contributes to selectivity (selective toward internal hydrogen atoms) in deprotonation.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) as a base that could potentially remove one proton from [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "State the signals on 13C NMR appear downfield (>100ppm).", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies NOESY as a key experiment for characterization of [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that 13C NMR should show 2 signals.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies COSY as a key experiment for characterization of [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that [18]annulene adopts a planar conformation with alternating internal hydrogen atoms.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that the identity of [18]annulene can be confirmed by observing two main signals in 1H NMR with a 2:1 integral ratio.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies single-crystal X-ray diffraction as the proposed method for observing the molecular structure of [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that inner protons appear at upfield (\u03b4 = -2.8 ppm) due to shielding inside the ring.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Identifies that \u00b9\u00b3C NMR spectroscopy should be used for characterisation of [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that deprotonation of [18]annulene internal hydrogen atoms occurs first.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the structure shows bond-length alternation (BLA) of 0.04 \u00b1 0.01 \u00c5 in neutral [18]annulene.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that [18]annulene is an aromatic compound with 18 pi-electrons.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}]} +{"task_id": "Fin-9", "domain": "Finance MBA", "prompt": "The executive team at DoorDash is preparing for a strategic meeting. In its Q1 2025 shareholders' letter, the DoorDash executive team announced its intention to acquire Deliveroo, a British multinational online food delivery company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The company operates in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar. This strategic acquisition is part of DoorDash\u2019s mandate to strengthen its position in the food delivery market and enhance its competitive edge against rivals, such as Uber Eats. The deal is still subject to regulatory approval. As of Q1 2025, DoorDash's P/E ratio and EPS were 555x and $0.443, respectively. Assuming $150mm synergy and disregarding Deliveroo's acquisition cost, what will be DoorDash's new theoretical stock price after the acquisition? Is the acquisition accretive or dilutive to EPS? Determine the enterprise value assuming no debt. Post merger, what is the combined equity valuation and P/E ratio of DoorDash, assuming a constant market multiple? Round EPS to three decimal places, stock price and equity value to two decimal places, P/E ratio to the nearest whole number, and net income to the nearest dollar.", "o3_response": "Step 1 \u2013 Current (stand-alone) valuation \nGiven P/E = 555\u00d7 and EPS = $0.443\n\n\u00b7 Stock price = 555 \u00d7 0.443 = $245.87 \n\u00b7 Diluted shares outstanding (Q1-25) \u2248 436 million \n\u00b7 Equity value = 436 m \u00d7 $245.87 = $107.20 billion \n\nWith no debt, Enterprise Value (EV) = Equity value = $107.20 billion \n\nStep 2 \u2013 Add Deliveroo synergies \nManagement guides to $150 million of after-tax annual* synergies (assume all drop to the\nbottom line and no new shares are issued).\n\nIncremental EPS from synergies = $150 m / 436 m sh. = $0.344 \n\nNew EPS = $0.443 + $0.344 = $0.787 (rounded to three decimals)\n\nNet income after synergies = $0.787 \u00d7 436 m = $343,000,000 \n\nStep 3 \u2013 New theoretical stock price (constant market multiple) \nUsing the unchanged 555\u00d7 P/E:\n\nNew price = 555 \u00d7 $0.787 = $436.79 \n\nStep 4 \u2013 Post-merger equity value & P/E \nPost-merger equity value = 436 m sh. \u00d7 $436.79 = $190.44 billion \nBecause the same 555\u00d7 multiple was applied, the combined P/E remains 555.\n\nStep 5 \u2013 Accretion / dilution \nEPS rises from $0.443 to $0.787, so the deal is EPS-accretive.\n\nSummary \nCurrent EPS: 0.443 \nCurrent stock price: $245.87 \nEnterprise value (no debt): $107.20 bn \n\nPost-synergy EPS: 0.787 \nPost-synergy stock price: $436.79 \nCombined equity value: $190.44 bn \nCombined P/E: 555 \n\nThe acquisition, assuming $150 million of synergies and ignoring the purchase price, is\nstrongly accretive to DoorDash\u2019s earnings.", "r1-0528_response": "To determine the new theoretical stock price, whether the acquisition is accretive or dilutive to EPS, the enterprise value, and the combined equity valuation and P/E ratio post-merger, we will follow these steps:\n\nGiven Data:\n\nDoorDash's P/E ratio (pre-acquisition): 555x\nDoorDash's EPS (pre-acquisition): $0.443\nSynergy from acquisition: $150 million\nDeliveroo's equity value (from the filing): \u00a32.9 billion (convert to USD using current exchange rate, assume 1 GBP = 1.3 USD for this calculation)\nDeliveroo's equity value in USD: \u00a32.9 billion * 1.3 = $3.77 billion\nDeliveroo's net income: Not provided directly, but we can infer it from the acquisition details or assume it is negligible for simplicity (since the focus is on synergy).\nStep 1: Calculate DoorDash's Pre-Acquisition Net Income\n\nEPS = Net Income / Shares Outstanding\n$0.443 = Net Income / 436 million (weighted-average diluted shares outstanding as of Q1 2025)\nNet Income (DoorDash): $0.443 * 436 million = $193.148 million\nStep 2: Calculate Post-Acquisition Net Income\n\nSynergy adds $150 million to net income.\nPost-acquisition net income: $193.148 million + $150 million = $343.148 million\nStep 3: Calculate Post-Acquisition EPS\n\nPost-acquisition EPS: $343.148 million / 436 million = $0.787 (rounded to 3 decimal places)\nStep 4: Determine if the Acquisition is Accretive or Dilutive\n\nPre-acquisition EPS: $0.443\nPost-acquisition EPS: $0.787\nSince EPS increases ($0.787 > $0.443), the acquisition is accretive to EPS.\nStep 5: Calculate New Theoretical Stock Price\n\nPost-acquisition P/E ratio: Assume the market multiple remains constant at 555x.\nNew stock price: Post-acquisition EPS * P/E ratio = $0.787 * 555 = $436.79 (rounded to 2 decimal places)\nStep 6: Calculate Enterprise Value (Assuming No Debt)\n\nEnterprise Value (EV) = Equity Value + Debt - Cash\nFrom the filing, DoorDash's cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2025: $4.5 billion\nAssume no debt for simplicity.\nEquity Value (DoorDash pre-acquisition): Stock price * shares outstanding\nPre-acquisition stock price: P/E ratio * EPS = 555 * $0.443 = $245.87\nEquity Value: $245.87 * 436 million = $107.20 billion\nEquity Value (Deliveroo): $3.77 billion\nCombined Equity Value (pre-synergy): $107.20 billion + $3.77 billion = $110.97 billion\nPost-acquisition Equity Value: Combined Equity Value + Synergy PV (assuming synergy is already reflected in net income and thus equity value)\nSince synergy is already included in the new net income, the equity value is based on the new stock price:\nNew Equity Value: $436.79 * 436 million = $190.44 billion\nStep 7: Post-Merger P/E Ratio\n\nPost-acquisition P/E ratio: Remains constant at 555x (as per the assumption).\nFinal Answers:\n\nNew Theoretical Stock Price: $436.79\nThe acquisition is accretive to EPS.\nEnterprise Value (assuming no debt): $190.44 billion (post-acquisition equity value, since EV = Equity Value + Debt - Cash and debt = 0, cash is already part of equity value).\nCombined Equity Valuation: $190.44 billion\nPost-Merger P/E Ratio: 555\nSummary:\n\nNew Stock Price: $436.79\nEPS Impact: Accretive (EPS increases from $0.443 to $0.787)\nEnterprise Value: $190.44 billion\nCombined Equity Valuation: $190.44 billion\nPost-Merger P/E Ratio: 555x", "grok4_response": "The new theoretical stock price after the acquisition is $278.06.\n\nThe acquisition is accretive to EPS.\n\nThe enterprise value assuming no debt is $113920.00.\n\nPost merger, the combined equity value is $121234.16 and P/E ratio of DoorDash is 555. \n\nNet income is $218534464.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Calculates that DoorDash's post-acquisition stock price is between $436.23 and $437.34", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that DoorDash's post-acquisition EPS is between $0.786 and $0.788", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all stock prices and equity values to two decimal places", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that DoorDash's weighted average shares outstanding pre-acquisition is 436mm", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all EPS numbers to three decimal places", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates DoorDash\u2019s post-acquisition equity value as post-acquisition stock price \u00d7 weighted average shares outstanding.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that DoorDash's pre-acquisition enterprise value stock price is between $245.86 and $245.87, inclusive", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates that DoorDash's post-acquisition net income is $343mm", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Rounds all P/E ratios and net incomes to the nearest whole number", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that DoorDash's pre-acquisition equity value stock price is between $245.86 and $245.87, inclusive", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Quantifies that DoorDash's EPS accretion value post-acquisition is between 77% and 78%", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that the market multiple for DoorDash's acquisition of Deliveroo is 555x", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that DoorDash's weighted average shares outstanding post-acquisition is 436mm", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that DoorDash's post-acquisition EPS is accretive ", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates DoorDash\u2019s pre-acquisition net income as EPS \u00d7 weighted average shares outstanding.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that post-acquisition enterprise value equals equity value given no debt assumption.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Displays answers and include a concise summary tying together key findings: price change, EPS impact, valuation change.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Notes that DoorDash's acquisition of Deliveroo is an all cash transaction ", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Cons-9", "domain": "Consulting MBA", "prompt": "Your client is an American pharmaceutical manufacturer that is monitoring nationwide effort(s) to reduce medicine prices in the U.S. and is looking to determine the likelihood that the Department of Health and Human Services under President Trump will contribute to such pressure(s) on drug prices in the country. In particular, the client is interested in understanding how newly appointed HHS leadership might influence the department's support for lowering U.S. drug prices, with a specific focus on the newly confirmed HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz, FDA Commissioner Dr. Martin A Makary, and NIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya.\n\nYou have been asked to formulate a point of view on whether HHS is likely to support steps to reduce medicine prices in the country under the leadership of these four individuals. In particular, the client is interested in statements made by these individuals during their respective confirmation processes with Congress. Using traditional media coverage of their statements during this process, determine whether the new HHS Secretary, CMS Administrator, FDA Commissioner and NIH Director are each either likely or unlikely to back efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. during their tenures. Provide the reasoning behind your conclusion about each leader, including their publicly stated support for any relevant policies, programs or ideas. Additionally, using your determinations about these four leaders, provide your overall point of view on whether HHS as a whole is either likely or unlikely to take action(s) to lower drug prices in the U.S. Include your reasoning for this overall assessment of HHS, which should be based on whether the majority of the specified leaders are likely or unlikely to support reducing medicine prices. Your determination about the HHS Secretary should receive twice the weight of the other leaders in this assessment, considering his authority over the entire department. Summarize your findings and analysis in a 600-800 word memo to the client.", "o3_response": "MEMORANDUM \nTo: U.S. Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Client \nFrom: [Analyst] \nDate: July 25 2025 \nSubject: Prospects for Trump-era HHS Action to Lower U.S. Drug Prices \n\nExecutive Summary (\u2248110 words) \nPublic remarks made during their Senate confirmations suggest that the four new health leaders installed by President Trump all voice\u2014at least rhetorically\u2014support for curbing prescription costs. CMS Administrator-designate Dr. Mehmet Oz, FDA Commissioner-designate Dr. Martin A. Makary and NIH Director-designate Dr. Jay Bhattacharya each offered concrete, if still high-level, ideas for increasing competition and price transparency. Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. gave more mixed signals, but he has contemplated using strong levers such as patent \u201cmarch-in\u201d or compulsory licensing. Weighting the secretary\u2019s stance twice as heavily, I judge that HHS as a whole is \u201clikely\u201d to take some actions aimed at price relief, although the exact contours and aggressiveness of those actions remain uncertain. \n\nIndividual Assessments \n\n1. HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (Double Weight) \u2013 LIKELY, BUT WITH CAVEATS \n \u2022 Confirmation briefing (Politico, 1/27/25): Kennedy told Senate Finance Committee staff he was \u201copen\u201d to seizing patents on high-priced taxpayer-funded drugs and licensing them to competing manufacturers\u2014an idea long championed by Sens. Warren and Sanders. \n \u2022 Follow-up written responses (Inside Health Policy, 2/6/25): Kennedy walked that back, saying he \u201cdoes not support\u201d routine use of march-in rights. \n \u2022 Interpretation: The secretary signaled willingness to explore aggressive tools, then moderated his tone as conservative critics reacted. Even in the more guarded letter he did not reject other price-cutting authorities such as importation pilots or transparency requirements. Given his populist brand and the Trump campaign\u2019s \u201cMake America Affordable Again\u201d theme, I expect him to authorize at least some initiatives (e.g., bigger use of value-based contracting within Medicare, accelerated biosimilar substitution) to show early wins, but he may stop short of a full patent seizure strategy. \n \u2022 Verdict: Moderately likely to back price-reduction steps; political cross-pressures will temper but not eliminate action. \n\n2. CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz \u2013 LIKELY \n \u2022 Senate Finance hearing (3/14/25, PRA & FierceHealthcare live-blogs): \n \u2013 \u201cI am embracing President Trump\u2019s mandate to look at every single way we can reduce drug prices.\u201d \n \u2013 Told Sen. Peter Welch he is \u201copen\u201d to international reference pricing and would \u201cdefend Medicare drug-price negotiations in court.\u201d \n \u2013 Endorsed pharmacy-benefit-manager (PBM) reform and greater transparency in Medicare Advantage drug spending. \n \u2022 Take-away: Oz aligned himself with bipartisan concerns over high prices, explicitly supporting existing Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) negotiations and further reference-pricing concepts\u2014positions unusual for a Republican appointee. \n \u2022 Verdict: Strong likelihood of using CMS\u2019s coverage, payment-demo and PBM-oversight tools to squeeze prices. \n\n3. FDA Commissioner Dr. Martin A. Makary \u2013 LIKELY \n \u2022 Senate HELP hearing (3/6/25, Healio & MHE coverage): \n \u2013 Delivered an \u201cemphatic yes\u201d when Sen. Maggie Hassan asked if he would accelerate generic-drug approvals to \u201cmake more low-cost prescription drugs available.\u201d \n \u2013 Told Sen. Susan Collins he favors an expedited biosimilar pathway and OTC switches (Naloxone, EpiPen, continuous-glucose monitors) to spur competition. \n \u2013 Criticized patent \u201cthickening\u201d and volunteered to work with Congress on reforms that shorten market exclusivity abuses. \n \u2022 Verdict: Makary\u2019s focus on quicker approvals, biosimilar competition and easier OTC access positions FDA as a willing partner in lowering prices. \n\n4. NIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya \u2013 SOMEWHAT LIKELY \n \u2022 Senate HELP hearing (3/5/25, The Hill live coverage): \n \u2013 When Sen. Bernie Sanders asked how he would lower drug costs, Bhattacharya proposed NIH funding for research on off-label or new uses of off-patent drugs \u201cto knock down prescription prices.\u201d \n \u2013 Declined to endorse explicit price-controls tied to NIH grants, but emphasized that making older, inexpensive molecules clinically relevant again could undercut branded therapies. \n \u2022 Verdict: While less forceful than his peers, Bhattacharya shows conceptual support for price-lowering research agendas; unlikely to obstruct broader departmental efforts. \n\nComposite Outlook for HHS (\u2248150 words) \nApplying the required weighting, HHS earns a \u201cscore\u201d of 5 out of 6 possible points: \n \u2022 RFK Jr. (2 points) \u2013 Likely = 2 \n \u2022 Oz (1) \u2013 Likely = 1 \n \u2022 Makary (1) \u2013 Likely = 1 \n \u2022 Bhattacharya (1) \u2013 Likely = 1 \n\nBecause the secretary is at least moderately supportive and all three subordinate agency heads are clearly supportive, the department\u2019s center of gravity tilts toward taking tangible, if still incremental, steps to restrain prices. Likely early moves: expanding IRA negotiation implementation, more aggressive PBM transparency rules, CMS pilots that use reference or outcomes-based pricing, FDA acceleration of generics/biosimilars, and NIH grant priorities that spotlight low-cost alternatives. \n\nImplications for the Client (\u224880 words) \nExpect heightened scrutiny of launch prices, faster entry of follow-on competitors, and new CMS demonstration projects aimed at value benchmarking. While outright patent expropriation appears unlikely in the near term, tools that shave the tail of exclusivity (e.g., FDA patent-thicket challenges) or cap Medicare reimbursement growth are squarely on the table. The company should therefore intensify horizon scanning of CMS demos, prepare defensible value dossiers, and consider partnership or pricing strategies that anticipate broader reference benchmarking. \n\nPlease let me know if you would like a deeper dive into any specific agency or policy lever.", "r1-0528_response": "**MEMORANDUM**\n**TO:** American Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Client\n**FROM:** Strategic Policy Analysis Team\n**DATE:** October 26, 2023\n**SUBJECT:** Assessment of HHS Leadership\u2019s Likelihood to Support Drug Price Reduction Efforts\n---\n### **I. Executive Summary**\nBased on confirmation hearing statements and media coverage, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. is **unlikely to cohesively drive significant drug price reductions**, despite support from key sub-agency leaders. While CMS Administrator Dr. Oz and FDA Commissioner Dr. Makary show openness to price-lowering measures, NIH Director Dr. Bhattacharya and Secretary Kennedy lack clear commitment. Kennedy\u2019s authority (weighted doubly) tilts HHS toward inaction due to conflicting statements, ideological priorities, and no articulated drug pricing strategy.\n---\n### **II. Individual Leader Assessments**\n#### **1. HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: Unlikely to Support**\n**Key Evidence:**\n- **Contradictory Stance on \"March-In Rights\":** Initially expressed openness to using federal authority to seize drug patents (POLITICO, 1/27/25) but later rejected the policy in written responses to senators (Inside Health Policy, 2/6/25).\n- **No Alternative Plans:** Avoided endorsing concrete drug pricing strategies during hearings, focusing instead on vaccine skepticism and \"radical transparency\" (Healio, 3/6/25).\n- **Political Vulnerabilities:** Faced conservative backlash for past Democratic ties, reducing appetite for progressive pricing policies (POLITICO).\n**Conclusion:** Ambiguity and lack of actionable proposals make Kennedy unlikely to prioritize drug pricing.\n#### **2. CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz: Likely to Support**\n**Key Evidence:**\n- **Backed Medicare Negotiation:** Vowed to defend Medicare\u2019s drug price negotiation authority against legal challenges (Healthcare Labyrinth, 3/14/25).\n- **Supported International Reference Pricing:** Agreed with senators that U.S. drug prices are 3\u20135x higher than in Europe/Canada and endorsed aligning prices (PRA, 3/14/25).\n- **PBM/Private Equity Reforms:** Called for pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) regulation and scrutinized private equity\u2019s role in healthcare costs (Fierce Healthcare, 3/14/25).\n**Conclusion:** Strong pro-reform statements signal support for price-lowering measures.\n#### **3. FDA Commissioner Dr. Martin Makary: Likely to Support**\n**Key Evidence:**\n- **Expedited Generic/Biosimilar Approvals:** Pledged to accelerate approvals to increase competition (Healio, 3/6/25).\n- **OTC Drug Expansion:** Advocated shifting drugs like naloxone and glucose monitors to over-the-counter status to lower costs (Managed Healthcare Executive, 3/6/25).\n- **Patent Reform:** Supported congressional action to prevent \"patent thickening\" that blocks generics (FDA Week, 3/6/25).\n**Conclusion:** Market-based approaches align with drug price reduction goals.\n#### **4. NIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya: Unlikely to Support**\n**Key Evidence:**\n- **Diverted Focus:** Prioritized \"scientific dissent\" and autism-vaccine research over cost issues (The Hill, 3/5/25).\n- **No Drug Pricing Statements:** Avoided substantive comments on drug affordability during hearings (NIH Hearing Transcripts).\n- **Resource Allocation:** Endorsed studies on debunked vaccine-autism links, potentially diverting funds from cost-related research (Sen. Cassidy exchange).\n**Conclusion:** Non-engagement on pricing indicates low priority.\n---\n### **III. Overall HHS Assessment: Unlikely to Drive Systemic Change**\n**Weighted Analysis:**\n- Kennedy (2x weight): **Unlikely**\n- Oz: Likely\n- Makary: Likely\n- Bhattacharya: Unlikely\n**Net Result:** 3/5 weight toward \"unlikely\" (Kennedy\u2019s stance dominates).\n**Key Reasoning:**\n1. **Lack of Cohesion:** While Oz and Makary support discrete reforms (e.g., generics, pricing alignment), Kennedy\u2019s avoidance of march-in rights and Bhattacharya\u2019s disinterest undermine department-wide momentum.\n2. **Secretarial Authority:** Kennedy controls HHS agenda-setting; his focus on vaccines, abortion, and \"transparency\" sidelines drug pricing.\n3. **Administration Priorities:** Trump\u2019s 2025 drug pricing EOs were repealed without replacements, signaling weak top-down pressure (POLITICO).\n4. **Fragmented Efforts:** Likely actions (e.g., CMS negotiation, FDA generics) will face internal resistance and legal challenges without Kennedy\u2019s advocacy.\n---\n### **IV. Strategic Implications**\n- **Monitor CMS/FDA:** Oz and Makary may advance incremental reforms (e.g., PBM rules, OTC switches), creating localized pressure.\n- **HHS-Wide Risk Low:** Kennedy\u2019s inaction and NIH\u2019s misaligned priorities will prevent systemic threats like patent seizures or price controls.\n- **Industry Opportunity:** Engage FDA/CMS on market-friendly reforms (e.g., biosimilars) while leveraging Kennedy\u2019s focus on non-price issues.\n**Recommended Action:** Focus compliance resources on FDA/CMS regulations; minimal HHS-led pricing threats expected through 2025.\n---\n**Attachments:** Source documents (highlighted excerpts available on request).", "grok4_response": "Memo: Assessment of HHS Leadership\u2019s Stance on Reducing U.S. Drug Prices\n\nTo: Client, American Pharmaceutical Manufacturer\nFrom: Grok 3, xAI Analysis Team\nDate: August 4, 2025\nSubject: Likelihood of HHS Supporting Drug Price Reduction Efforts Under New Leadership\n\nExecutive Summary\n\nThe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), under the leadership of Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz, FDA Commissioner Dr. Martin A. Makary, and NIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, is likely to support efforts to reduce drug prices in the U.S. This assessment is based on public statements made during their respective Senate confirmation hearings and related media coverage, which indicate a strong inclination among these leaders to address high drug costs through various policy measures. Given Secretary Kennedy\u2019s outsized authority over HHS, his explicit support for price reductions carries double the weight in this analysis, reinforcing the department\u2019s likely direction. Below, we analyze each leader\u2019s stance and provide an overall assessment of HHS\u2019s position.\n\nIndividual Assessments\n\nHHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.\n\nLikelihood: Likely to Support Drug Price Reductions\nDuring his confirmation hearings in late January and February 2025, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. articulated a vision aligned with the \u201cMake America Healthy Again\u201d (MAHA) agenda, emphasizing the need to address chronic disease and reduce healthcare costs, including pharmaceutical prices. Kennedy has been a vocal critic of pharmaceutical companies, accusing them of profiteering at the expense of public health. In a September 2024 town hall in Philadelphia, he advocated for Medicaid to cover alternative therapies like gym memberships and healthy food, comparing their cost-effectiveness to expensive drugs like Ozempic, signaling a preference for reducing reliance on high-cost medications. At a May 2025 White House signing ceremony for an executive order on drug pricing, Kennedy supported President Trump\u2019s directive to reduce drug prices by 50% or more, leveraging Most Favored Nation (MFN) pricing and direct-to-consumer sales. His praise for Trump\u2019s \u201cintestinal fortitude\u201d in challenging pharmaceutical companies further underscores his commitment to lowering drug costs. Given his role as HHS Secretary, Kennedy\u2019s stance strongly influences the department\u2019s direction.\n\nCMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz\n\nLikelihood: Likely to Support Drug Price Reductions\nDr. Mehmet Oz, confirmed as CMS Administrator, has expressed support for aligning drug prices with those in other countries. In an August 2025 interview on Face the Nation, Oz stated that drug companies are negotiating with the Trump administration to match prices paid by other nations, acknowledging the \u201creality of this problem.\u201d His focus on improving Medicare and Medicaid efficiency suggests a willingness to explore cost-saving measures, including drug price negotiations. During his Senate Finance Committee hearing in March 2025, Oz emphasized providing \u201csuperb care\u201d for vulnerable populations, which could involve reducing out-of-pocket drug costs for CMS beneficiaries. His alignment with the MAHA agenda, as expressed in a May 2025 Fox News interview, further supports his inclination to prioritize affordability in healthcare, including pharmaceuticals.\n\nFDA Commissioner Dr. Martin A. Makary\n\nLikelihood: Likely to Support Drug Price Reductions\nDr. Martin Makary, confirmed as FDA Commissioner in March 2025, has indicated a commitment to policies that could indirectly lower drug prices. During his March 6, 2025, Senate HELP Committee hearing, Makary promised to improve pathways for approving biosimilars and generic drugs \u201cwithout cutting corners on scientific review,\u201d which would increase competition and potentially reduce prices. He also expressed interest in reassessing the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) standard for food additives, suggesting a broader focus on regulatory reforms that could extend to pharmaceuticals. At the May 2025 White House signing ceremony, Makary endorsed the executive order aiming to reduce drug prices by 50% or more, aligning with Kennedy\u2019s and Trump\u2019s initiatives. His actions, such as limiting industry influence on FDA advisory committees, indicate a focus on transparency and public trust, which could support policies favoring affordable drugs.\n\nNIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya\n\nLikelihood: Unlikely to Directly Support Drug Price Reductions\nDr. Jay Bhattacharya, confirmed as NIH Director in March 2025, has not explicitly prioritized drug price reductions in his public statements. During his March 5, 2025, Senate HELP Committee hearing, Bhattacharya focused on increasing transparency in NIH-funded research and reforming grant processes to support underfunded areas, such as chronic disease prevention. While he endorsed the MAHA agenda in a May 2025 Fox News interview, his comments centered on improving health outcomes rather than directly addressing drug costs. At the May 2025 White House signing ceremony, Bhattacharya congratulated Trump on the drug pricing executive order but did not elaborate on specific NIH-related actions to lower prices. As NIH primarily funds research, Bhattacharya\u2019s role is less directly tied to drug pricing, making his support for such efforts less pronounced compared to his colleagues.\n\nOverall Assessment of HHS\n\nLikelihood: Likely to Support Drug Price Reductions\nHHS is likely to take actions to lower drug prices under the leadership of Kennedy, Oz, Makary, and Bhattacharya, with Kennedy\u2019s position carrying double the weight due to his authority over the department. Three of the four leaders\u2014Kennedy, Oz, and Makary\u2014have explicitly supported policies aimed at reducing drug costs, such as MFN pricing, increased generic and biosimilar approvals, and direct-to-consumer sales. Kennedy\u2019s strong advocacy, evidenced by his criticism of pharmaceutical companies and support for Trump\u2019s executive order, sets a clear tone for HHS\u2019s priorities. Oz\u2019s statements on negotiating with drug companies and Makary\u2019s focus on competition through generics align with this direction. Bhattacharya\u2019s lack of direct engagement on drug pricing is outweighed by the other three leaders\u2019 positions, particularly Kennedy\u2019s influential role. The May 2025 executive order, supported by all four leaders, directs HHS to set clear targets for price reductions within 30 days, indicating a coordinated effort. However, challenges such as legal constraints (e.g., executive orders cannot override existing laws) and potential industry pushback may temper the pace and scope of implementation.\n\nConclusion\n\nThe HHS leadership, particularly under Secretary Kennedy\u2019s direction, is poised to actively pursue drug price reductions in alignment with the MAHA agenda and Trump\u2019s executive order. Kennedy, Oz, and Makary\u2019s public statements during their confirmation processes and subsequent media appearances demonstrate a commitment to lowering drug costs through negotiation, regulatory reform, and increased competition. While Bhattacharya\u2019s focus is less direct, the majority consensus among the leadership, weighted heavily by Kennedy\u2019s authority, suggests that HHS will likely implement policies to reduce U.S. drug prices. The client should prepare for increased pressure on pricing, including potential negotiations for MFN pricing and expanded generic approvals, and monitor HHS\u2019s progress on the executive order\u2019s 30-day targets.\n\nWord Count: 614", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the FDA Commissioner is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that he publicly stated his support for accelerating generic drug approvals as a means to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the CMS Administrator is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that the CMS Administrator shared his support for international reference pricing as a means to lower drug prices during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that HHS as a whole is likely to take action(s) to lower drug prices in the U.S. based on statements made during the congressional confirmation process by the HHS Secretary, CMS Administrator, FDA Commissioner and NIH Director.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the CMS Administrator is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that the CMS Administrator shared his support for regulating pharmacy benefit managers as a means to lower drug prices during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the FDA Commissioner is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that he publicly stated his support for expediting biosimilar drug approvals as a means to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the NIH Director is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that he proposed that the agency fund research on the off-label use of off-patent drugs to lower prescription drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the HHS Secretary is unlikely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing associated reasoning based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the FDA Commissioner is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that he publicly stated his support for moving some medicines to over the counter as a means to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that HHS as a whole is likely to take action(s) to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing associated reasoning based on statements made during the congressional confirmation process by the HHS Secretary, CMS Administrator, FDA Commissioner and NIH Director.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Provides a summary of findings and analysis in the format of a 600-800 word memo to the client. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the FDA Commissioner is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that he publicly stated his support for addressing patent thickets as means to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the CMS Administrator is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that the CMS Administrator shared his plan to explore all opportunities to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that NIH Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his tenure based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the NIH Director is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing associated reasoning based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the HHS Secretary is unlikely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. initially expressed openness to instituting march-in rights to lower medicine prices during a closed-door meeting with the Senate, but subsequently reversed his position in a written response to Senators after his private statements were made public. ", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. is unlikely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his tenure based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the CMS Administrator is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that the CMS Administrator shared his support for Medicare drug price negotiations as a means to lower drug prices during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his tenure based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the CMS Administrator is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing associated reasoning based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that the FDA Commissioner is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing associated reasoning based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Substantiates the determination that HHS as a whole is likely to take action(s) to lower drug prices in the U.S. by providing the specific reasoning that the CMS Administrator, FDA Commissioner and NIH Director are all likely to support lowering drug prices in the country based on their statements during their congressional confirmation processes, even though the HHS Secretary is unlikely to do so.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Determines that FDA Commissioner Dr. Martin A Makary is likely to support efforts to lower drug prices in the U.S. during his tenure based on his statements during his congressional confirmation process.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} +{"task_id": "Phys-9", "domain": "Physics PhD", "prompt": "An engineering team at a national research laboratory has developed a novel 3D printed graphene aerogel for advanced applications in aerospace and telecommunications. To characterize its performance, a sample of the aerogel was subjected to X-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) testing using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The VNA measurements yielded a total shielding effectiveness ($SE_T$) of $30\\,\\text{dB}$, indicating strong overall performance.\nFurther analysis of the scattering parameters revealed that the shielding effectiveness by reflection ($SE_R$) was $5\\,\\text{dB}$, while the shielding effectiveness by absorption ($SE_A$) was determined to be $25\\,\\text{dB}$.\n\nBased on this complete set of experimental data, perform the following analysis:\n\n1. Calculate the fundamental power coefficients for this structure: reflection ($R$), transmission ($T$), and absorption ($A$).\n2. State the standard shielding effectiveness relations that define both $SE_R$ and $SE_A$ in terms of these power coefficients.\n3. Determine which EMI shielding mechanism dominates in this 3D printed graphene aerogel, and provide a clear, physically-grounded justification for your conclusion.\n4. Calculate the effective absorption $A_{eff} = A / (1-R)$.", "o3_response": "ODYSSEY \u2013 QS-1 THERMAL-PHOTON SHIELD \nMaterial: Ti3C2Tx / GO \u201cultra-fly-weight\u201d cryogel (80 wt %/20 wt %) \nOperating band: 12 GHz (design calculations anchored at 10 GHz where full material data exist) \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n1. REQUIRED SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS\n-------------------------------------------------\nBlack-body spectral radiance\n\u2003B(f,T)= 2hf\u00b3/c\u00b2 \u00b7 [exp(hf/kBT)\u20131]\u207b\u00b9 \u2003(prefactor cancels in the ratio)\n\nFor f = 12 GHz \n\u2003h f / kB = 7.951 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2074 J /1.381 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b3 J K\u207b\u00b9 = 0.5757 K\n\nx = h f /(kB T) \n\n\u2003Text = 4 K\u2003\u2192\u2003xext = 0.5757/4 = 0.1439 \n\u2003Tqubit = 0.020 K \u2192 xq = 0.5757/0.020 = 28.78 \n\nB(4 K) \u221d 1/(e^0.1439\u22121)=1/0.1548 = 6.46 \nB(20 mK)\u221d 1/(e^28.78\u22121)=3.1 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u00b3\n\nRequired attenuation ratio \n\u2003A_p = B4 / Bq = 6.46 / 3.1\u00d710\u207b\u00b9\u00b3 \u2248 2.08 \u00d7 10\u00b9\u00b3 \n\nShielding requirement \n\u2003SEreq = 10 log\u2081\u2080(A_p) \u2248 10\u00b7log\u2081\u2080(2.08\u00d710\u00b9\u00b3) = 133 dB \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n2. MATERIAL PARAMETERS FROM AMINI et al.\n-------------------------------------------------\nSample chosen for calibration \n\u2003Formulation\u2003: 80 wt % Ti3C2Tx / 20 wt % GO cryogel \n\u2003Density \u03c1\u2003 : 7 mg cm\u207b\u00b3 = 7 kg m\u207b\u00b3 \n\u2003Thickness texp : 3 mm = 0.003 m \n\u2003\u03c3 (reported) : 120 S m\u207b\u00b9 \n\u2003Measured total SE at 10 GHz : SET,exp = 69.2 dB \n\nAdditional constants \n\u2003\u03bcr = 1\u2003\u2003R (power) = 0.70 (given) \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n3. MODEL & CALIBRATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL TERM\n-------------------------------------------------\nSkin depth at 10 GHz \n\u2003\u03b4 = \u221a[ 2 / (\u03bc0 \u03c3 \u03c9) ] \n\u2003\u2003 = \u221a[ 2 / (4\u03c0\u00d710\u207b\u2077 H m\u207b\u00b9 \u00b7 120 S m\u207b\u00b9 \u00b7 2\u03c0\u00b710\u00b9\u2070 s\u207b\u00b9) ] \n\u2003\u2003 = 4.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074 m (\u22480.46 mm)\n\nIntrinsic absorption coefficient \n\u2003SE_A,int per metre = 8.686/\u03b4 = 8.686 / 4.6\u00d710\u207b\u2074 = 1.89\u00d710\u2074 dB m\u207b\u00b9 \n\nReflection loss \n\u2003SE_R = \u201310 log\u2081\u2080(1\u2013R) = \u201310 log\u2081\u2080(0.30) = 5.23 dB \n\nAbsorption observed in the 3 mm sample \n\u2003SE_A,total = SET,exp \u2013 SE_R = 69.2 \u2013 5.23 = 63.97 dB \n\u2003\u03b1_eff = SE_A,total / texp = 63.97 / 0.003 = 2.13\u00d710\u2074 dB m\u207b\u00b9 \n\nMorphology-driven scattering term \n\u2003\u03b7 = \u03b1_eff \u2013 8.686/\u03b4 \n\u2003\u2003= 2.13\u00d710\u2074 \u2013 1.89\u00d710\u2074 = 2.4\u00d710\u00b3 dB m\u207b\u00b9 \n\nFINAL CALIBRATED VALUE \n\u2003\u03b7 = 2.4 \u00d7 10\u00b3 dB\u00b7m\u207b\u00b9 \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n4. REQUIRED SHIELD THICKNESS\n-------------------------------------------------\nDesign equation (single layer, normal incidence) \n\u2003SET(t) = SE_R + (8.686/\u03b4 + \u03b7) \u00b7 t\n\nLet \u03b1_total = 8.686/\u03b4 + \u03b7 = 1.89\u00d710\u2074 + 2.4\u00d710\u00b3 = 2.13\u00d710\u2074 dB m\u207b\u00b9 \n\nNeed\u2003SET \u2265 133 dB \n\u2003t_spec = (SEreq \u2013 SE_R) / \u03b1_total \n\u2003\u2003 = (133 \u2013 5.23) / 2.13\u00d710\u2074 \n\u2003\u2003 = 127.8 dB / 2.13\u00d710\u2074 dB m\u207b\u00b9 \n\u2003\u2003 = 5.99 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b3 m \u2243 6.0 mm \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n5. MASS BUDGET (20 cm EXTERNAL CUBE)\n-------------------------------------------------\nOuter edge\u2003Lout = 0.20 m \nInner edge\u2003Lin = Lout \u2013 2t_spec = 0.20 \u2013 2\u00b70.006 = 0.188 m \n\nShield volume \n\u2003Vmat = Lout\u00b3 \u2013 Lin\u00b3 \n\u2003\u2003 = 0.00800 \u2013 0.006646 = 0.001354 m\u00b3 \n\nMass \n\u2003M = \u03c1 \u00b7 Vmat = 7 kg m\u207b\u00b3 \u00d7 0.001354 m\u00b3 = 9.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b3 kg \n\u2003\u2003 \u2248 9.5 g \n\n-------------------------------------------------\n6. FLIGHT HARDWARE SPECIFICATION\n-------------------------------------------------\nMaterial\u2003\u2003\u2003: Ti3C2Tx/GO cryogel (80/20 wt %) \nWall thickness : 6.0 \u00b1 0.3 mm (machining tolerance) \nOuter geometry: 0.20 m cube \nTotal mass : 9\u201310 g (density lot-to-lot spread \u00b15 %) \nSurface finish : un-coated cryogel; emissivity \u03b5 \u2248 0.85 \nMounting : Bond to 4 K stage with low-temp epoxy (CTE-matched) \n\nThermal-photon attenuation at 12 GHz \n\u2003Predicted SE = 133 dB (meets requirement with 2 dB margin) \n\nMorphological scattering efficiency for subsequent models \n\u2003\u03b7 = 2.4 \u00d7 10\u00b3 dB m\u207b\u00b9 (constant over 8\u201314 GHz, \u03bcr = 1)\n\nDeliverables prepared \u2013 fabrication can proceed.", "r1-0528_response": "### Analysis of 3D Printed Graphene Aerogel EMI Shielding Performance\n#### 1. Calculation of Fundamental Power Coefficients\nThe power coefficients are derived from the experimental shielding effectiveness values:\n- **Reflection (\\(R\\))**:\n \\[\n SE_R = 10 \\log_{10} \\left( \\frac{1}{1 - R} \\right) = 5 \\text{dB}\n \\]\n Solving for \\(R\\):\n \\[\n 10^{0.5} = \\frac{1}{1 - R} \\implies 1 - R = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{10}} \\approx 0.316 \\implies R = 1 - 0.316 = 0.684\n \\]\n- **Transmission (\\(T\\))**:\n \\[\n SE_T = 10 \\log_{10} \\left( \\frac{1}{T} \\right) = 30 \\text{dB}\n \\]\n Solving for \\(T\\):\n \\[\n 10^{3} = \\frac{1}{T} \\implies T = 10^{-3} = 0.001\n \\]\n- **Absorption (\\(A\\))**:\n Using the power conservation law \\(A + R + T = 1\\):\n \\[\n A = 1 - R - T = 1 - 0.684 - 0.001 = 0.315\n \\]\n**Summary of Power Coefficients**:\n| Coefficient | Value |\n|-------------|-------|\n| \\(R\\) | 0.684 |\n| \\(T\\) | 0.001 |\n| \\(A\\) | 0.315 |\n---\n#### 2. Standard Shielding Effectiveness Relations\nThe relations between \\(SE_R\\), \\(SE_A\\), and the power coefficients are defined as follows (from Section 2.3 of the review):\n- **Shielding effectiveness by reflection (\\(SE_R\\))**:\n \\[\n SE_R = 10 \\log_{10} \\left( \\frac{1}{1 - R} \\right)\n \\]\n- **Shielding effectiveness by absorption (\\(SE_A\\))**:\n \\[\n SE_A = 10 \\log_{10} \\left( \\frac{1 - R}{T} \\right)\n \\]\n---\n#### 3. Dominant EMI Shielding Mechanism\n**Conclusion**: The dominant mechanism is **reflection**.\n**Justification**:\n- **Criterion for dominance**: As emphasized in Section 2.4 of the review, a shield is reflection-dominant if \\(R > 0.5\\) or \\(SE_R > 3 \\text{dB}\\). Here, \\(R = 0.684 > 0.5\\) and \\(SE_R = 5 \\text{dB} > 3 \\text{dB}\\).\n- **Physical rationale**: The high \\(R\\) indicates significant impedance mismatch between free space (\\(Z_0 \\approx 377 \\Omega\\)) and the aerogel surface. This mismatch arises from the aerogel's high electrical conductivity (a characteristic of graphene-based materials), which forces incident EM waves to reflect immediately. While \\(SE_A > SE_R\\) (25 dB vs. 5 dB), this ratio is mathematically misleading; absorption only occurs after waves penetrate the material, but high reflection minimizes penetration.\n- **Aerogel-specific insight**: Although graphene aerogels typically promote absorption via internal scattering (Section 3.3.2), this sample\u2019s conductivity is likely high enough to favor reflection, consistent with pitfalls noted in Section 2.4 for highly conductive nanostructures.\n**Key Takeaway**: Despite a high \\(SE_A\\), reflection governs the shielding behavior due to surface-level impedance mismatch, potentially causing secondary EMI pollution in sensitive applications.", "grok4_response": "### Reflection, Transmission, and Absorption Coefficients\n\nBased on the given shielding effectiveness values (SER = 5 dB, SEA = 25 dB, SET = 30 dB), the power coefficients are calculated as follows:\n\n- **Reflection coefficient (R)**: 0.6838 (or 68.38% of incident power is reflected) \n- **Transmission coefficient (T)**: 0.001 (or 0.1% of incident power is transmitted) \n- **Absorption coefficient (A)**: 0.3152 (or 31.52% of incident power is absorbed) \n\nThese satisfy the energy conservation relation: \\( A + R + T = 1 \\). \n(Note: These are power coefficients, representing fractions of incident electromagnetic power.)\n\n### Shielding Effectiveness Relations\n\nThe shielding effectiveness components are related to the power coefficients as follows:\n\n- **Shielding effectiveness by reflection (SER)**: \n \\[\n \\text{SER} = -10 \\log_{10} (1 - R)\n \\] \n This represents the attenuation due to reflection of the incident electromagnetic wave at the surface.\n\n- **Shielding effectiveness by absorption (SEA)**: \n \\[\n \\text{SEA} = -10 \\log_{10} \\left( \\frac{T}{1 - R} \\right)\n \\] \n This represents the attenuation due to absorption of the electromagnetic wave within the material (after accounting for the power that enters the shield, i.e., \\(1 - R\\)).\n\n- **Total shielding effectiveness (SET)**: \n \\[\n \\text{SET} = -10 \\log_{10} T = \\text{SER} + \\text{SEA}\n \\] \n (Multiple reflection effects are neglected here, as is common for thick or highly absorbing shields where SET \u2248 SER + SEA.)\n\nThese relations are consistent with the given values (e.g., plugging in R = 0.6838 and T = 0.001 yields SER = 5 dB and SEA = 25 dB).\n\n### Dominant EMI Shielding Mechanism\n\n**Absorption dominates the EMI shielding mechanism in this 3D printed graphene aerogel.**\n\n**Justification**: \nThe absorption shielding effectiveness (SEA = 25 dB) is significantly higher than the reflection shielding effectiveness (SER = 5 dB), contributing the majority (83.3%) of the total shielding effectiveness (SET = 30 dB). This indicates that the material primarily attenuates electromagnetic waves through absorption rather than reflection. \n\nFrom the coefficients: \n- Approximately 68.4% of the incident power is reflected (R = 0.6838), but the power that enters the material (1 - R \u2248 0.3162 or 31.6%) is almost entirely absorbed, with only 0.1% transmitted (T = 0.001). The effective absorption (fraction of entered power that is absorbed) is \\( A_{\\text{eff}} = \\frac{A}{1 - R} = \\frac{0.3152}{0.3162} \\approx 0.9968 \\) (or 99.7%), confirming strong internal attenuation. \n\nGraphene aerogels are known for their porous, lightweight 3D structures, which promote absorption-dominated shielding through mechanisms like ohmic losses, polarization, and multiple internal reflections/scattering within the network of graphene sheets. This traps and dissipates electromagnetic energy as heat, making absorption the dominant mechanism (as opposed to highly reflective materials like metals, where SER would be much larger). This behavior is commonly reported in carbon-based aerogels for EMI applications in the X-band.", "rubrics": [{"criterion_description": "States that the dominant mechanism is determined by a direct comparison of the linear power coefficients $R$ and $A$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "States that Reflection is the dominant shielding mechanism since $R>A$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the reflection coefficient ($R$) to be within the range of $0.6835$ to $0.6841$", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Verifies that the total shielding effectiveness is the sum of the reflection and absorption components, $SE_T = SE_R + SE_A$.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the shielding effectiveness relation for absorption as $SE_A = 10 \\log_{10}((1 - R)/T)$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Extraction (recall)", "Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States the shielding effectiveness relation for reflection as $SE_R = -10 \\log_{10}(1 - R)$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Concludes that $R>A$.", "criterion_weight": "Major", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Explicitly addresses and refutes the common misconception that the condition $SE_A > SE_R$ implies absorption dominance.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning", "Extraction (recall)"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Verifies the consistency of the given shielding effectiveness by absorption ($SE_A$) by calculating it from $R$ and $T$, with the result falling in the range of 24.7 dB to 25.3 dB.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Includes a distinct section stating the formulas for $SE_R$ and $SE_A$.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the effective absorption $A_{eff}$ to be within the range of $0.9958$ to $0.9978$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Includes a distinct summary section listing the final numerical values for $R$, $A$, and $T$.", "criterion_weight": "Additional", "criterion_type": ["Style"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "States that the fraction of power absorbed after entering the material to be within the range of $99.58\\%$ to $99.78\\%$.", "criterion_weight": "Minor", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": false, "r1-0528_fulfilment": false, "grok4_fulfilment": false}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the absorption coefficient ($A$) to be within the range of $0.3149$ to $0.3155$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}, {"criterion_description": "Calculates the transmission coefficient ($T$) to be within the range of $0.000999$ to $0.001001$.", "criterion_weight": "Critical", "criterion_type": ["Reasoning"], "o3_fulfilment": true, "r1-0528_fulfilment": true, "grok4_fulfilment": true}]} diff --git a/benchmark/SWE-bench_Verified/README.md b/benchmark/SWE-bench_Verified/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f362a6ce9579a3ee1922e3402463feef139b7d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/SWE-bench_Verified/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +dataset_info: + features: + - name: repo + dtype: string + - name: instance_id + dtype: string + - name: base_commit + dtype: string + - name: patch + dtype: string + - name: test_patch + dtype: string + - name: problem_statement + dtype: string + - name: hints_text + dtype: string + - name: created_at + dtype: string + - name: version + dtype: string + - name: FAIL_TO_PASS + dtype: string + - name: PASS_TO_PASS + dtype: string + - name: environment_setup_commit + dtype: string + - name: difficulty + dtype: string + splits: + - name: test + num_bytes: 7779763 + num_examples: 500 + download_size: 2096679 + dataset_size: 7779763 +configs: +- config_name: default + data_files: + - split: test + path: data/test-* +--- + +**Dataset Summary** + +SWE-bench Verified is a subset of 500 samples from the SWE-bench test set, which have been human-validated for quality. SWE-bench is a dataset that tests systems’ ability to solve GitHub issues automatically. See this post for more details on the human-validation process. + +The dataset collects 500 test Issue-Pull Request pairs from popular Python repositories. Evaluation is performed by unit test verification using post-PR behavior as the reference solution. + +The original SWE-bench dataset was released as part of SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues? + +**Want to run inference now?** +This dataset only contains the problem_statement (i.e. issue text) and the base_commit which represents the state of the codebase before the issue has been resolved. If you want to run inference using the "Oracle" or BM25 retrieval settings mentioned in the paper, consider the following datasets. + +princeton-nlp/SWE-bench_Lite_oracle + +princeton-nlp/SWE-bench_Lite_bm25_13K + +princeton-nlp/SWE-bench_Lite_bm25_27K + +**Supported Tasks and Leaderboards** +SWE-bench proposes a new task: issue resolution provided a full repository and GitHub issue. The leaderboard can be found at www.swebench.com + +**Languages** +The text of the dataset is primarily English, but we make no effort to filter or otherwise clean based on language type. + +**Dataset Structure** + +An example of a SWE-bench datum is as follows: + +``` +instance_id: (str) - A formatted instance identifier, usually as repo_owner__repo_name-PR-number. +patch: (str) - The gold patch, the patch generated by the PR (minus test-related code), that resolved the issue. +repo: (str) - The repository owner/name identifier from GitHub. +base_commit: (str) - The commit hash of the repository representing the HEAD of the repository before the solution PR is applied. +hints_text: (str) - Comments made on the issue prior to the creation of the solution PR’s first commit creation date. +created_at: (str) - The creation date of the pull request. +test_patch: (str) - A test-file patch that was contributed by the solution PR. +problem_statement: (str) - The issue title and body. +version: (str) - Installation version to use for running evaluation. +environment_setup_commit: (str) - commit hash to use for environment setup and installation. +FAIL_TO_PASS: (str) - A json list of strings that represent the set of tests resolved by the PR and tied to the issue resolution. +PASS_TO_PASS: (str) - A json list of strings that represent tests that should pass before and after the PR application. +``` + + diff --git a/benchmark/USACO/README.md b/benchmark/USACO/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8825c215342e01a890c56057bea4e3bdc7eed3b --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/USACO/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +dataset_info: + features: + - name: id + dtype: string + - name: difficulty + dtype: string + - name: input_output + dtype: string + - name: question + dtype: string + splits: + - name: test + num_bytes: 5907276795 + num_examples: 520 + download_size: 3800306899 + dataset_size: 5907276795 +configs: +- config_name: default + data_files: + - split: test + path: data/test-* +--- diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_content_templates.json b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_content_templates.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5d0cae598ff86e21ba398e0fa4ed4e1d03bfd30 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_content_templates.json @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +[ + { + "length": 25316, + "preview": "+o.stack}return{value:e,source:t,stack:a,digest:null}}function Nd(e,t,r){return{value:e,source:null,stack:r??null,digest:t??null}}function Xh(e,t){try{console.error(t.value)}catch(r){setTimeout(functi" + }, + { + "length": 2336, + "preview": "),tC(a)){let l=De({},a,t(a),{id:s});return n[s]=l,l}else{let l=De({},a,t(a),{id:s,children:void 0});return n[s]=l,a.children&&(l.children=df(a.children,t,i,n)),l}})}function Ya(e,t,r){r===void 0&&(r=\"" + }, + { + "length": 1519, + "preview": "in the pattern. 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Rates include breakfast and taxes. 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What if they had sent you back ten years, or thi" + }, + { + "length": 9939, + "preview": "Artists sometimes rethink what materials can even be used to make art. Consider the butter sculptures of Caroline Brooks, or the cassette tape sculptures of Erika Iris Simmons, in which the artist cra" + }, + { + "length": 2189, + "preview": "\u201cWrite what you know,\u201d is the first piece of advice given to most students in writing workshops. Artists, too, tend to paint that which they\u2019ve experienced and observed; Monet spent a lot of time at h" + }, + { + "length": 10840, + "preview": "You can\u2019t read records that don\u2019t exist, just as you can\u2019t listen to music that was never recorded. Learn about the world\u2019s earliest record-keeping , usually credited to the Sumerians or the Egyptians" + }, + { + "length": 2838, + "preview": "A ball drops; some scholars open red envelopes while others dip apple bits in honey. Different cultures around the world celebrate the new year differently and at different times, but all of them are " + }, + { + "length": 5237, + "preview": "For a long time, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was also the Tomb of the Misplaced King: after Richard III fell in battle in 1485, it took centuries to locate his corpse. In 2012, a team of archaeolo" + }, + { + "length": 7243, + "preview": "Whether you see Edward Hopper\u2019s Nighthawks (1942) as a homage to solitude or as a paean for a lost era of root beer floats, the odds are good that you see it often. The recent Netflix series The Sandm" + }, + { + "length": 4972, + "preview": "True stories are one of the most popular sources of script ideas in Hollywood. But some are meaningfully less true than others. Discuss with your team: how much should filmmakers be allowed to change " + }, + { + "length": 4476, + "preview": "Some tourists opt for hands-on experiences\u2014such as learning to cook Thai food in Chiang Mai, walking the streets of Xi\u2019an in Tang-dynasty outfits , honing their shuriken-throwing at a \u201cNinja Village\u201d " + }, + { + "length": 4266, + "preview": "Small bits of music can quickly conjure up a time and place. Consider the following examples of these musical riffs and motifs, then discuss: when is it okay to use a musical clich\u00e9 as a storytelling " + }, + { + "length": 5500, + "preview": "Examine these postcards in which 19th century French artists tried to imagine their world a century in the future, along with this set from the year 1900 doing the same for the year 2000 (and totally " + }, + { + "length": 3179, + "preview": "Historians draw on newspaper and other records of this kind to construct their story of the past. But the nature of journalism\u2014what is being communicated, to whom, and in what formats\u2014has changed over" + }, + { + "length": 2373, + "preview": "Some old games are being reimagined as television shows, movies , and mobile apps ; even their soundtracks are sometimes revived for orchestral performance . But these adaptations require looking at h" + }, + { + "length": 8687, + "preview": "You haven\u2019t studied enough for the Scholar\u2019s Challenge? \u201cThat\u2019s a tomorrow problem,\u201d your teammate says. \u201cFirst, we need to book a flight to Baku.\u201d Economists also distinguish between today\u2019s problems" + }, + { + "length": 6466, + "preview": "The world is only as large as our voices can carry across it. The invention of the telegraph in the 1840s shrank the world ; by 1858 the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic meant stockbrokers in" + }, + { + "length": 2090, + "preview": "Suppose a single drop of blood were enough to test you for a host of diseases; you could learn if you had lupus with less pain than from a papercut. That was the marketing pitch of the company Therano" + }, + { + "length": 6894, + "preview": "In a world new to airships and submarines, the UFOs of the early 20th century looked like\u2014airships and submarines. Mysterious steam-powered blimps roved the night sky. By the late 1940s, they had evol" + }, + { + "length": 4296, + "preview": "Rip Van Winkle slept for twenty years, Steve Rogers for seventy, Aang for a hundred\u2014in each case, with remarkably little impact on their health. (Rip Van Winke did grow some facial hair.) Imagine that" + }, + { + "length": 3975, + "preview": "In 2009, the Australian government announced an ambitious project to provide super-fast fiber-based Internet to 93% of the population; in 2013, it revised the plan to reuse existing copper wire; in 20" + }, + { + "length": 6554, + "preview": "Nostradamus never predicted that people would remember him 500 years later, but his reputation for accurate prophecies has nonetheless flourished for centuries. Discuss with your team: why do people w" + }, + { + "length": 1582, + "preview": "Explore the following futuristic technologies that failed to be widely adopted. What prevented their success, and is there a situation in the future where they might find popularity? rocket mail | fly" + }, + { + "length": 3865, + "preview": "Rasputin may be the most famous Russian monk, but he wasn\u2019t the first to opine on geopolitical affairs. In the 16th century, his distant (and also lushly-bearded) predecessor Filofei proposed (in lett" + }, + { + "length": 4830, + "preview": "The Hangzhou Round famously caught fire. But what is a fire, and how does it burn? Begin your exploration of this topic with the terms below: oxidization | ignition | combustion | flash point | convec" + }, + { + "length": 2485, + "preview": "JFK\u2019s most famous speech may have been about going to the moon, but that giant leap was a lot easier to achieve than peace in his (or our) time. Watch these selected excerpts from his \u201cpeace speech\u201d a" + }, + { + "length": 3655, + "preview": "\u201cTime of death,\u201d says a doctor on TV, after frantic efforts to get someone\u2019s heart pumping again fail, \u201c5:11 am.\u201d If it were only that simple! Research is increasingly suggesting that death is a compl" + }, + { + "length": 4088, + "preview": "The third book of the Lord of the Rings trilogy is titled The Return of the King; in it (spoilers ahead) the character Aragorn returns to unite humanity against a dire threat. The idea of a prophesied" + }, + { + "length": 2932, + "preview": "Sometimes cars don\u2019t start\u2014but when they do, how does it happen? Explore the ways in which cars can be powered on. And that\u2019s only the start(er): once a car is moving, it speeds away propelled by a se" + }, + { + "length": 4939, + "preview": "During a difficult conversation, you look down and see what looks like a giraffe in the carpet. This phenomenon\u2014the human brain\u2019s ability to find patterns and images even where none exist\u2014is called pa" + }, + { + "length": 2923, + "preview": "Some creative works\u2014including film, theatrical productions, and even novels\u2014fail at the first go, but are then reworked in new ways months, years, or even decades later, in hopes that they can find th" + }, + { + "length": 2915, + "preview": "The future began in 1909\u2014or, at least, futurism did. When Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti coined the word 'futurism' , he imagined a world of speed, danger, and beauty. To him, this future coul" + }, + { + "length": 829, + "preview": "Reconstruct, reimagine, reignite: consider the works of David Irvine as examples of how new art can be made from old things, even those found in thrift stores. Will the future be built from bits of th" + }, + { + "length": 2861, + "preview": "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, but how does it end? Have you ever asked someone, \u201cAre we there yet?\u201d If so, whom were you asking\u2014and where were you going? Did you ever get " + }, + { + "length": 3647, + "preview": "Before 1985, you\u2019d have had no idea how long it would take to install a program on your computer\u2014or to save a file, or to complete an online form. (To be fair, there were no online forms.) Consider th" + }, + { + "length": 1400, + "preview": "Things to do today include exploring the history of the to-do list ( alternate link ). You\u2019ll find that they were famously used by Benjamin Franklin and Leonardo da Vinci, among other high achievers o" + }, + { + "length": 5219, + "preview": "In November 2025, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh restored the practice of caretaker governments. In most countries with parliamentary systems, when an election is about to take place, a caretaker gov" + }, + { + "length": 1871, + "preview": "Finished works don\u2019t materialize out of thin air. Authors, artists, musicians, architects, animators\u2014nearly all creators go through one or more rough drafts before coming up with a finished product. F" + }, + { + "length": 4726, + "preview": "As returning scholars might remember, some big projects take much too long to finish\u2014high speed rail in California, the Haunted Chocolatier, these outlines. Some never get there at all. Explore the fo" + }, + { + "length": 2683, + "preview": "Dubai barely has them; in New York they\u2019re bustling with people and halal food stands. Research the history of the sidewalk\u2014that liminal gap between street and building that serves as a gathering plac" + }, + { + "length": 3344, + "preview": "Products can have rough drafts too. To see how well they work and what people think of them, companies often create early samples\u2014or prototypes\u2014of potential products. Here are some examples of prototy" + }, + { + "length": 4426, + "preview": "You\u2019re there now\u2014but why? If you\u2019ve ever forgotten why you walked into a room, you may have experienced what scientists call the doorway effect . This temporary amnesia happens when you pass through t" + }, + { + "length": 3901, + "preview": "In 2001, millennial pop star Britney Spears sang that she was \u201cnot a girl, not yet a woman\u201d. In other words, she was an adolescent. Actually, she was 20 at the time\u2014no longer a teenager, but well belo" + }, + { + "length": 5208, + "preview": "In the fifteenth century, Europeans launched their caravels and galleons on what would become a merciless colonial crusade around the globe. They relied on a Chinese invention, the compass , which tra" + }, + { + "length": 5324, + "preview": "\u201cAll roads lead to Rome,\u201d insisted one medieval European proverb. (In other parts of the world, roads led elsewhere.) While Roman roads may be the most famous for their longevity and scale , they were" + }, + { + "length": 3015, + "preview": "People on the road have historically needed places to park themselves too. With your team, explore the history of inns and hotels , including what might be the oldest hotel in the world . What differe" + }, + { + "length": 5437, + "preview": "\u201cScience has not yet mastered prophecy,\u201d Neil Armstrong (the first man on the moon) once said. \u201cWe predict too much for the next year and yet far too little for the next ten.\u201d Indeed, some technologie" + }, + { + "length": 2042, + "preview": "When is it a good idea to give up? Be sure to learn about the sunk cost fallacy . Does it imply that we should quit on things more often? How about on people? Is it always better to know how long it\u2019l" + } +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.json b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ed74e6840c28cd5144a25f8d0f017bedb9b6068 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.json @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +[ + "If you walked out of your home without knowing you’d accidentally time traveled into the past, how long would it take you to realize what had happened? What if they had sent you back ten years, or thirty, or a hundred? Discuss with your team: how far into the past would you need to be to realize instantly that you were in a different era? \n One clue to your whenabouts might be the text around you: not just the headlines on newspapers and store signs, but the fonts they’re printed in. Consider some of the history of typography , then discuss with your team: how different would the world look today if Microsoft had chosen Comic Sans instead of Calibri as its default typeface in the early 2000s—or as its successor 20 years later. The London Underground also decided to update its font in 2016 for a more modern look—did it succeed? Be sure to learn the difference between serif and sans serif fonts, and then see which ones are used more widely. Does the same distinction apply in non-Western alphabets? \n Recently, the United States Department of State changed its own default font from Times New Roman to Calibri—20 years after first switching from Courier to Times New Roman. Each move sparked at least 36 points of controversy. Discuss with your team: should governments even have standardized fonts? If so, how should they pick them, and when should they change them? \n If all these fonts confuse you—or you just want to check whether a document (such as an alternative World Scholar’s Cup outline) is a forgery—you could always hire a forensic font expert . Read about the kind of work such experts do, then discuss with your team: should some fonts be reserved for exclusive use by AIs and others for humans? \n Time travelers often struggle to pay for things; their currency has a cancelled Marvel actor’s face on it, or they don’t know what money is, or they can’t make the self-checkout machines work. (Then again, can anyone ?) If you found yourself at a supermarket in 1963, you wouldn’t have been able to pay for anything at all until the clerk typed in the price of every item you wanted to buy, one at a time. Doing so quickly was a coveted skill: there was even a competition with prizes like free trips to Hawaii. The adoption of the barcode in the 1960s was a buzzkill for such price-inputting savants . Discuss with your team: what other technologies do we take for granted when we’re at stores or shopping online? And do you support efforts to reimagine in-person shopping without any form of checkout at all ? \n Just as barcodes transformed checkout, QR codes have changed many other everyday experiences, from debate tree distribution (sometimes) to accessing restaurant menus. But a change that seemed inevitable during the pandemic has run into resistance since. Discuss with your team: is this pushback a classic example of society resisting technological progress, only to eventually succumb? Are there any technologies that were supposed to change the world which were rejected and stayed rejected?", + "Artists sometimes rethink what materials can even be used to make art. Consider the butter sculptures of Caroline Brooks, or the cassette tape sculptures of Erika Iris Simmons, in which the artist crafted portraits of famous musicians out of their own recordings. Discuss with your team: should more portraits be made of materials related to their subjects? Do works such as Dominique Blain’s Missa —an assemblage of one hundred army boots—force us to reconsider old topics in new ways, or do they rely too much on novelty instead of skill? \n A scholar from New Zealand once revealed that her artistic talent also involved an unusual medium: she painted on pizza dough—with tomato sauce. (This approach works less well on existing paintings.) If she had been born 40,000 years ago—and to an egalitarian society with access to foreign fruits—she might have painted on cave walls instead. While tomato-based pigment wouldn’t have survived to the modern era, some ancient cave art has. Consider recent efforts to reconstruct the earliest cave art, including this 35,000 year-old illustration of a babirusa deep in the Maros-Pangkep caves of Indonesia. Then, discuss with your team: were these early cave dwellers artists? Is there a difference between painting and documentation—or between drawing and doodling? Are Charles Darwin’s surviving sketches of finches in the Galapagos fit to be called works of art? \n If it were a Starbucks, they’d just build another one across the street. It’s harder to know what to do when a historical site is overcrowded. Some governments impose quotas, as Peru did in 2019 on visitors to the Incan city of Machu Picchu. Facing a similar situation when tourists swamped its Lascaux Caves to see the art on their walls, France— built another one across the street. Is it misleading to present such recreations to tourists as worthwhile destinations? Does it matter whether the duplicates were made by human hands or a 3D printer, or how far they are from the original? \n Consider this proposal to build another Egyptian pyramid in Detroit or this second Eiffel Tower , named Eiffela by creator Phillipe Maindron. The world is full of such efforts: learn more about these other Eiffel tower replicas , including those in Texas, Pakistan, and China, then discuss with your team: what other historical landmark would you want to duplicate? Where would you put it, and would you make it exactly like the original or would you reimagine it in some way? \n Even if these sites weren’t overcrowded—more Baku than Kuala Lumpur—they would still require us to travel to them. Not everyone has the means. But, at least in theory, far more people could visit reconstructions of them in virtual reality , or VR. (VR was the last trendy two-letter acronym before AI.) Explore the offerings of the Australian company Lithodomos, then discuss with your team: would you support this technology being used in classrooms ? Should more real-world tourism be replaced with VR visits? Check out the following VR implementations at museums, then discuss with your team: are these VR interpretations of past works themselves new works of art? \n\n The Ochre Atelier | London Tate Museum \n The Opening of the Diet 1863 | National Museum of Finland \n\n Artists have been experimenting with integrating VR directly into their work. Consider the pieces below, then discuss with your team: would they still have as much artistic value without the VR elements? How soon do you think AI will be integrated into art in the same way, or is this integration already happening? \n\n I Came and Went as a Ghost Hand | Rachel Rossin (2016) \n La Camera Insabbiata | Laurie Anderson & Hsin-Chien Huang (2017) \n\n Sometimes, a work isn’t copied as much as it is reinterpreted. In the 1980s, two Soviet artists-in-exile, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, painted the head of Josef Stalin perched on a woman's hand. Judith on the Red Square was just one of many takes on a historical moment that may never even have happened. Compare their version with those below, then discuss with your team: how do their styles and meanings vary? If, as critics argue , they celebrate “female rage”, should we still be studying any of them? Pay special attention to the Mannerist style of Giorgio Vasari, in which artists abandon the pursuit of realism in favor of imagined ideals. When is it better to make something less realistic ? \n\n Judith with the Head of Holofernes | Michael Wolgemut & Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (1493) \n Judith and Holofernes | Giorgio Vasari (1554) \n Judith Slaying Holofernes | Artemisia Gentileschi (1612-13) \n Judith and Holofernes | Pedro Americo (1880) \n Judith and Holofernes | Kehinde Wiley (2012) \n\n In 2023, when the Mauritshuis Museum in the Hague lent out one of its most famous works—Johannes Vermeer’s The Girl with the Pearl Earring (1665)—it launched a competition, titled My Girl with a Pearl , for something to hang in its place. Over 3500 artists submitted their reimaginings of the original Vermeer. The winner was a lovely work titled A Girl with Glowing Earrings —which turned out to have been made using AI. The museum was criticized , even as the German-based artist Julian van Dieken behind it pointed out that he had been upfront about his methods. Discuss with your team: should museums be allowed to display art generated using AI tools? \n Sitting astride a gallant white steed in Jacques-Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1801) is purportedly Napoleon, but Napolean didn’t want to pose for the work —despite having given David very specific instructions on what to paint. “ Calme sur un cheval fougueux ,” he requested. Calm on a fiery horse . For a model, David resorted to his own son—who stood calmly on a fiery ladder. To achieve more drama, he replaced the mule from Napoleon’s actual journey (on a fair summer day) with a stallion (battling a blistering storm). The most accurate thing about the painting was the uniform. It had only been a year since the actual event happened; surely some people knew how inaccurate the work was, and his own face in it was bland and undetailed—but Napoleon reputably loved the finished product. “Nobody knows if the portraits of the great men resemble them [anyway],” the victorious general offered, by way of justification. Discuss with your team: was Napoleon right in recognizing that history would remember how David had portrayed him? You should also take a look at this piece by Paul Delaroche in 1853, which tried to reconstruct the past more accurately than it had been reimagined in the present—should an AI be used to transplant some of the details from this version into the original piece? \n Napoleon rode his white “horse”; George Washington rode a raft. Emanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) captures a key moment in America's founding myth: the future first president leading his men against on the British. As paintings go, it is iconic; it is also inaccurate . In 2011, Mort Kunstler reimagined the scene more realistically. Compare his take to Leutze's, then consider a version that critiques the myth behind all of it: Robert Colescott's “ George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware: Page from an American History Textbook (1975). If you could print only one of these three works in a history textbook, which would you choose? Did Leutze’s become the most iconic only because it was first? \n In Puerto Rico, tourists can visit an old fort, the Castillo (Castle) San Felipe del Morro , which is now a museum with grand views of the sea. Those of us who grew up watching Disney might think of castles as places from which princesses emerge to build snowmen, but in real life they more often served as military bases and seats of regional power. Explore some of the techniques used to reconstruct castles that have lost the battle with time, such as LED lights , 3D models , and VR — then discuss with your team: should they be rebuilt in real life instead? \n When rebuilding castles in real life, should we update them to reflect modern values such as sustainability, inclusiveness, and indoor plumbing? Consider the controversy in Japan over adding elevators to Nagoya Castle for guests experiencing limited mobility, then discuss with your team: at what point does rebuilding something become reimagining it? Attempts to restore the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris also raised similar questions . Should these rebuilt structures still be considered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites ? \n The Queen King of England doesn’t live in a castle; Buckingham Palace has neither a moat nor a drawbridge. Castles and palaces are often confused —unsurprising, as both are large structures with no real purpose in the year 2024. Research the following castles and palaces that have found ways to open their doors to modern visitors, then discuss with your team: would their original residents have liked “what we’ve done with the place”? While most renovated castles and palaces are converted into hotels or museums, what else could be done with them? Should they be converted into low-cost housing for those in need? \n\n The Winter Palace (Russia) | Rambagh Palace (India) \n Parador Alcaniz (Spain) | St Donats Castle (Wales) \n Alnwick Castle (England) | Doune Castle (Scotland) \n\n Castles aren’t the only instances of old infrastructure finding new life in the modern world. In medieval times London Bridge was a living bridge , serving not just as a river crossing but as the host of an entire community of shops and houses. Now it’s just a song lyric and a thoroughfare. In New York, an old elevated rail line has been reborn as the popular High Line park ; in Hong Kong and Athens , retired airports—with their massive footprints—are being redeveloped into entire neighborhoods. On a smaller scale, many urban rooftops are becoming organic farms and suburban parking lots solar farms . Discuss with your team: what other aspects of older infrastructure could be used in new ways with minimal changes?", + "“Write what you know,” is the first piece of advice given to most students in writing workshops. Artists, too, tend to paint that which they’ve experienced and observed; Monet spent a lot of time at his lily pond . But there have always been some artists who blend the real with the imaginary. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should we respond differently to art that tries to imagine what could be, art that imagines what could never be, and art that shows us what we didn’t realize already was? \n\n A Reversible Anthropomorphic Portrait of a Man Composed of Fruit | Giuseppe Arcimboldo \n Aerial Rotating House | Albert Robida (1883) \n Late Visitors to Pompeii | Carel Wilink (1931) \n Our Lady of the Iguanas | Graciela Iturbide (1979) \n The Strolling Saint | Pedro Meyer (1991) \n The Romantic Dollarscape | Pedro Alvarez (2003) \n Weirdos of Another Universe | Avery Gibbs (2023) \n\n Some artists choose to reimagine popular brands and fictional characters in ways that shine a new light on them and on society. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should these artists be required to secure permission from—or even pay—the companies whose brands or characters they are borrowing? Does it depend on how widely the work is distributed, or whether the work is positive or negative? \n\n Campbell’s Soup Cans | Andy Warhol (1962) \n Liberation of Aunt Jemima & Liberation of Aunt Jemima: Cocktail | Betye Saar (1973) \n Kawsbob | Kaws (2010) \n Charlie Brown Firestarter | Banksy (2010) \n Life, Miracle Whip and Premium | Brendan O'Connell (2013) \n\n A smart fridge that could order more yogurt from the market for you when your supply runs low: the Internet of things (IoT) devices promised to revolutionize our daily live, from thermostats that learn when you’re home to umbrellas that check the weather forecast before you leave home. But we are now more than a decade into the IoT revolution, and it has mostly filled our houses with useless gadgets that are privacy and security risks and frequently turn into e-waste . Discuss with your team: what went wrong? Do people simply not want their homes full of IoT devices, or is this a technology whose time has just not yet come?", + "You can’t read records that don’t exist, just as you can’t listen to music that was never recorded. Learn about the world’s earliest record-keeping , usually credited to the Sumerians or the Egyptians. Compare their early forms of writing—cuneiform and hieroglyphics—then discuss: would there be advantages to living in a world where no one keeps written track of anything? Be sure to investigate the following strategies that early civilizations used to record their histories. What were their limitations, and can we learn from any of them today? \n\n petroglyphs | cuneiform | nsibidi | quipus | Dispilio Tablet \n oracle bones | cylcons | geoglyphs | runestones \n\n The invention of the camera in the 1800s changed how we've pictured history since; now we know what things looked like. Where we once had myth, now we have newspaper clippings. All these images present a challenge for those producing stories set in photographed times: to build realistic sets and to cast actors who look enough like their historical counterparts. Consider the actors who have played individuals such as Princess Diana , Ho Chi Minh , and Abraham Lincoln , then discuss with your team: how important is it that those who play historical figures resemble them physically? Would it have been all right for a short man to play Lincoln in a movie, as long he grew a beard and wore a hat? What if it were in a play instead, or a musical? And, once technology permits, will it be better to reconstruct historical figures with CGI than to try to find human lookalikes? \n The musical Hamilton defied the expectation of what actors in historical dramas should look and sound like by explicitly casting Black actors as America’s legendary founding heroes and then telling their story in hip-hop-inspired numbers. Especially at first, many people celebrated how it gives a marginalized group control of the narrative; history is being reinvented as their story, too. Others have argued that, while it may seem to empower them, the musical forces Black actors to act as their own oppressors —and that it distorts American history into a simple tale of heroes and villains; put another way, we shouldn't hate so much on Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, and maybe we're overthinking what happened in the room. Discuss with your team: does “ color-conscious casting ” open doors to new stories and social equality, or does it perpetuate disinformation and barriers to progress? \n You can't just look the part; you should sound it, too. No one knows for sure whether Abraham Lincoln could have had a post-presidential podcasting career—accounts suggest his voice was shrill, plus he spent his entire post-presidency dead—but the invention of audio recording soon after his death means that nearly every historical figure alive since can still speak to us from across time and space. Now, an actress playing Margaret Thatcher is expected to study her voice diligently, to match not just her pitch but her every pause. Research the steps that actors undertake to mimic voices, then discuss with your team: should people playing historical figures try to sound like they did, or does doing so risk caricaturing them? \n After a recent election in Pakistan, Imran Khan—the leader of the party that won the most seats—delivered a victory speech to his followers. But the speech was generated by an AI simulating his voice; the real Imran Khan was in prison. Discuss with your team: should politicians be allowed to use AI-generated voices in this way—and, if so, under what circumstances? What if a candidate has laryngitis? Would it make a difference if the candidate wrote the words himself—or, since speechwriters often write for politicians, if the candidate’s usual speechwriter wrote them? (Put another way, if politicians are reading out loud speeches written by other people, does it make a difference if the real candidate or an AI does the reading out loud?) \n One of the most famous actors to play Gandhi, Ben Kingsley, earned widespread acclaim for his performance, but some have criticized the choice to cast someone of only partial Indian descent—and British, no less—as such an iconic Indian hero in the fight against Britain. Discuss with your team: was it more acceptable for this kind of casting to take place in the 1980s than it would be today? Should the actor's use of darkening makeup for the role make us uncomfortable—and, if so, would it be better if AI were used to restore his actual skin color in future airings of the movie? \n American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was almost never photographed in a wheelchair, despite being paralyzed from the waist down by polio. Journalists honored his wishes , as did the original designers of the FDR Memorial. Only in 2001 did they add a statue of him in a wheelchair . Discuss with your team: should portrayals of FDR continue to honor his preferences and hide his disability? And should only actors who are experiencing a similar kind of paralysis play him in historical films? \n Even the so-called Dark Ages had color—no one speaks of Robin Hood and the Monochrome Men, or of the Unsaturated Mosque in Istanbul—but most of us remember the Great Depression as a Gray Depression. Because early cameras took only black-and-white photos, it is easy to think of the late 19th and early 20th centuries as bleak and colorless . Those recreating scenes from this period must contend with audience expectations of a black-and-white world. Discuss with your team: should movies and TV shows set in this period be filmed in black-and-white to feel more authentic? When the director Steven Spielberg chose this approach for his 1993 magnum opus Schindler’s List , the studio pushed back, fearing audiences would lose interest; do you think their fears were justified? Study the techniques used to make flashbacks look like flashbacks, then discuss with your team: when should the past be allowed to look like the present? \n Even after color photos became possible—first with potato dye, later with longer-lasting pigments—newspapers avoided using them until they could be reprinted cheaply enough. Reputable photojournalists kept taking black-and-white photos. But artists can now use AI to transform those photos into color ones. Consider the work of digital artists such as Stuart Humphryes ; their results may not be perfect , but they could help people see the past as people saw it then. Discuss with your team: is there value in sharing colorized historical photos with students, or would doing so present something reimagined as something real? \n The newest phones, including the Google Pixel 8, can use AI to enhance photos in remarkable ways . Discuss with your team: should the images produced through such techniques be called something other than “photographs”? Does merging several smiling faces with their eyes wide open into the same selfie make it too fake to share on Instagram? Is there a difference between smoothing someone’s face with AI versus with makeup and concealer? How about between a person getting a chin implant and having their jawline sharpened by Samsung’s new photo enhancer ? \n Google literally calls it “magic”, but go behind the magic to explore how AI photo enhancement works . Be sure to learn the following terms: \n\n upscaling (super-resolution) | denoising | fractal compression \n convolutional neural network | dataset | backpropagation | training \n image classification | object detection | semantic segmentation \n\n In China, AI is being used to renew old opera footage —upscaling, cleaning, and enhancing it. Should all old films and TV shows be run through similar processes to make them more appealing to modern audiences? Should AI be used to enhance today’s new productions as well? \n In 2023, Boris Eldagsen’s photo The Electrician won a major world photography competition —after which he confessed it was AI-generated. Discuss with your team: should an AI-generated photo have been eligible? Should AIs judge AI image competitions while humans judge human photo competitions? Would it be all right if the photo were simply adjusted in small ways through AI, rather than made from scratch? \n Now, AI is allowing artists like Bas Uterwijk to update sculptures and other portraits that predate photography with photorealistic results. Even individuals from a time predating art itself, like the Iceman Otzi , can now look us in the eye. Discuss with your team: is it helpful to see the faces of people from so long ago, or is it wrong to reconstruct their likenesses without their permission? \n In your own lifetime, you might have noticed the streets you walk (or drive) down every day changing. New 7-11s pop up; old homes turn into McMansions ; beloved restaurants fade away. Those looking to reconstruct a cityscape from decades or even centuries ago need as much data as possible about what it looked like at the time. Consider the following records, then discuss: would they suffice to reconstruct the world as it once existed? What advice would you give to someone trying to photograph our world today for future reconstruction? \n\n Sunset Boulevard | Ed Ruscha \n Ottoman Panorama | Sébah & Joaillier \n Pre-1906 San Francisco | William M. McCarthy \n Images of the Late Qing Dynasty \n Images of Meiji-Era Japan \n\n Explore the Japanese art of kintsugi —the repair of broken pottery using lacquers that leave visible the original fractures. Those who practice kintsugi see an object’s breakage and repair as important to its history. Discuss with your team: should this same principle be applied to other forms of reconstructing the past—such as repairing old ruins, or treating people who have suffered disfiguring injuries? \n If kintsugi is about putting the past back together without hiding its imperfections, yobitsugi is about accepting that you may not have enough of the original left to work with. All the monarch’s hoofed animals and all the monarch’s people couldn’t put Humpty Dumpty back together again; it would be extra hard if some of Humpty Dumpty had been tossed out. Practitioners of yobigutsi would graft in pieces from other broken works to fill in the gaps. Discuss with your team: would it be better to hide that these works have been combined or to present them as a single unified piece? Should the same approach be taken in other fields—such as music, literature, and medicine? \n Some art requires not replication but reconstruction every time people want to exhibit it. The Japanese Mono-Ha art movement was inspired by the collision of the natural and the mechanical worlds; many of its works were designed to deteriorate over time. Consider Phase - Mother Earth 1 , by Nobuo Sekine, along with this recent recreation , then discuss: why would artists create works that aren’t meant to last as long as possible? If new technology allows us to make permanent versions of them, should we?", + "A ball drops; some scholars open red envelopes while others dip apple bits in honey. Different cultures around the world celebrate the new year differently and at different times, but all of them are marking the forward march of the calendar. Yet the fact that there are so many ways to split one year from the next suggests these divisions are ultimately arbitrary. Are they? Explore the reasons behind each of them, then discuss with your team: should we stop celebrating New Year’s as a holiday? When would be the best time of year for people to take stock of the past and think about the future? \n “ Captain’s log ,” says whoever is captaining the Enterprise. “Stardate…” Star Trek’s stardates are based on a calendar meant to be used around the galaxy. Consider the different calendars and related listed below, then discuss with your team: does it make sense to restart the calendar periodically, perhaps when a new leader takes over ? Or would such changes risk angering people—as when the English allegedly rioted over the loss of eleven days as part of a calendar transition in 1752 ? \n\n Julian | Gregorian | Islamic | Japanese | Korean \n Rumi | Hindu | Nepali | Mayan | Solar | Lunar \n\n A storytelling trope is that high school seniors know nothing will ever be the same again for them and their friends. (The trope is accurate.) The same weight can apply to entire countries and calendars. In 1996, aware the millennium was ending, American president Bill Clinton hoped to deliver an Inaugural Address for the ages. Reviewing it can provide insight into how people in the 1990s were reimagining their world. “Ten years ago,” he said, “the Internet was the mystical province of physicists; today, it is a commonplace encyclopedia for millions of schoolchildren.” No mention of e-commerce, nor a whisper of social media. Then, evoking the academic Francis Fukayama’s theory of the end of history , he adds, “The world is no longer divided into two hostile camps… For the very first time in history, more people on this planet live under democracy than dictatorship.” Review more of his speech, then discuss with your team: does it sound like one that a political leader could deliver today? Were the 1990s an important period of transition in your own country as well? \n Explore the following selections from the 90s—multiple 90s, in this case—then discuss with your team: do they reflect periods in which the world was in transition more than songs from other decades before and after—or would that be reading too much into them? \n\n “After the Ball” | Charles Harris (1892) \n “Freedom! 90” | George Michael (1990) \n “Losing My Religion” | REM (1991) \n “Brændt” | Lis Sørensen (1993) \n “Pink Flamingo” | Alyona Sviridova (1994) \n “Black Hole Sun” | Soundgarden (1994) \n “Singing in My Sleep” | Semisonic (1998) \n “I Saved the World Today” | Eurythmics (1999)", + "For a long time, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was also the Tomb of the Misplaced King: after Richard III fell in battle in 1485, it took centuries to locate his corpse. In 2012, a team of archaeologists finally unearthed it under a parking lot . Forensic analysis revealed details that had been lost to history, including a severely twisted spine—a condition we now call scoliosis—that he couldn’t have possibly hidden from those around him. In 2022, researchers unearthed an ancient Buddhist temple in Pakistan , and, a few years before that, possibly the fastest human in history . Discuss with your team: do these smaller details about the past affect how we see the world today? If we had discovered from Richard III's DNA that he was a woman in disguise, would that change our view of him or of his role in history? \n The above questions are more than academic; they force us to reevaluate choices made in the present. In 2024, the Globe Theatre in London staged a new production of Shakespeare’s Richard III , casting a woman with an untwisted spine in the title role. Some people protested that the production needed an actor who shared Richard III’s now-known physical ailment. Discuss with your team: to what extent does an actor need to share lived experiences with the character they are portraying? \n It doesn’t always take a volcano: the Roman ruins at Ostia Antika offer a look back into history similar to what most people seek out in Pompeii , even if they were preserved less perfectly. Where would you go in your country for the most authentic peek at how the world used to be? Discuss with your team: if an OpenAI project destroyed all life on Earth but left our cities intact, what would a future anthropologist conclude about human civilization? How much would their conclusions vary depending on what city they visited? \n These days, Indiana Jones would be piloting a drone. New technologies have allowed archaeologists to reimagine the archaeological method with a lighter footprint. Consider the Girsu Project’s discovery of an ancient palace, then discuss with your team: what aspects of your own country’s history would benefit from being re-explored using drones, AI, and other recent advances? \n Jurassic Park , Godzilla , and The Land Before Time have all depicted dinousars as giant scaly lizards—but more recent research has suggested they didn’t look like that at all; it appears they were less Komodo dragon and more Qatari falcon. If so, the T. rex in Jurassic Park should have been a thing with animatronic feathers . The field of paleoart aims to visualize past creatures as accurately as possible despite the limited evidence. If a future paleoartist tried to reconstruct the world of 2024 using incomplete information, what would they get wrong? Would they be stumped by fossil evidence of dogs wearing sweaters? \n Investigate the following major archaeological and paleontological discoveries. What circumstances and strategies allowed us to discover them, and what impact have they had on our understanding of history and the present day? Discuss with your team: can you imagine a discovery that would dramatically change the modern world? \n\n Rosetta Stone | Taposiris Magna Stele | Borobudur | Petra | Sutton Hoo \n Aztec Calendar Stone | Ocomtún | Montevideo Maru | Endurance (1912)\n Lucy and Ardi (fossils) | Java Man | Taung Child\n Oldowan tool kit | Paranthropus robustus | Tujiaaspis vividus \n\n Consider the use of AI to win the Vesuvius Challenge by translating ancient scrolls—and the idea of applying the same approach to papyri damaged at Herculaneum. Is it worth spending this many resources to read ancient documents with little modern-day significance? What exactly are we looking for? \n Voice-dubbing and subtitles are the two main ways that audiences can enjoy works in other languages. But neither is ideal: voice dubbing can be low in quality and out-of-sync, taking people out of the performance, and subtitles can be untrue to the original text while also taking away from the experience of hearing and reacting to words one at a time. Now, AI can dub footage with simulations of the original speaker’s actual voice in a different language, and as closely in sync to the movements of their lips as possible. Check out this demonstration , then discuss with your team: will such AI-enabled translation lead to more works being produced in more languages? Would you want to use it in your personal life? \n When the Library of Alexandria burned down , it meant the loss of countless documents that had never been converted into PDFs. The collection at the House of Wisdom was destroyed when the Mongols swept by. Explore some of the largest libraries in the world today, then discuss with your team: would we notice if they disappeared? \n After the fall of the Soviet Union, statues of Josef Stalin and other heroes of the regime were quickly pulled down—but now many are on display at Moscow’s Muzeon Park of Arts . Discuss with your team: when monuments of past regimes are deemed unacceptable, should they be melted down, displayed in a new location, or put in storage ? Are there some historical artifacts unfit to be shown at all in the modern world, even as examples of what could possibly go wrong?", + "Whether you see Edward Hopper’s Nighthawks (1942) as a homage to solitude or as a paean for a lost era of root beer floats, the odds are good that you see it often. The recent Netflix series The Sandman set an entire episode in a Nighthawks-style diner. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: what is the modern equivalent of the experience and feeling conveyed in the painting? \n\n Are You Using that Chair | Banksy \n Boulevard of Broken Dreams | Gottfried Helnwein \n Nighthawks Revisited | Red Grooms \n Nighthawks | Moebius \n\n Just a few years before Hopper forever cemented the American diner in the popular imagination, Yuri Pimenov was one of many artists conscripted to celebrate the achievements of the Soviet Union. In New Moscow (1935), he depicts a city being whisked toward modernity—its streets and its society reimagined and reconstructed side by side. Consider instances of public spaces being repurposed in this way, then discuss with your team: what approach do you think Pimenov would take toward painting your city? \n Consider this criticism of the reinvention of the Chilean comic book character Condorito for a global audience. Discuss with your team: where, if anywhere, did they go wrong—and is translating such popular works from one culture into versions for audiences elsewhere doomed to fail? \n The classic film Metropolis (1927) was restored to its original length in 2010 through a series of lucky discoveries. The restored version revealed subplots and characterizations that were missing in earlier surviving copies—but some scenes were still missing. Discuss with your team: should these scenes be replaced by newly filmed footage, or perhaps by AI recreations of that they might have contained? Or should incomplete old works be left alone and rebroadcast exactly as they are? \n The Montagues and Capulets would probably agree on the beauty of this Romeo and Juliet soundtrack—one that was reputably lost and recreated . Many works have similarly been reimagined and rebuilt once the original was no longer accessible; thus, the version of Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain (1917) currently at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is a recreation made nearly half a century later, in 1964. (The original may also not have been by Marcel Duchamp .) Consider the other versions of the same work below, then discuss with your team: if were to locate the lost original version of Fountain, would it change the value of the 1964 recreation and of the variations listed below? \n\n Fractured Fountain | Mike Bidlo \n Untitled (Lipstick Urinals) | Rachel Lachowicz \n\n Those who find traditional history museums a stuffy procession of rusty spoons and dusty dioramas may want to explore an open-air alternative: “living history museums” where one can time travel on the cheap. Consider the Spanish Village in Barcelona, where travelers can inspect 49,000 square meters of historical buildings and tilt at rusty slides with Don Quixote. At Heritage Park in Calgary, Banff-bound hikers can stop to pose for photos (and eat 19th century ice cream) with locals dressed up as Canadians from the days of fur trading and American invaders. For those on their way to the Dalian Global Round, the Millennium City Park in Kaifeng offers a hundred acres of life in the Northern Song Dynasty. If you drink coffee (which we do not endorse!) you might be drawn to the Kona Coffee Living History Farm in Hawaii. Discuss with your team: do such museums offer valuable lessons, or do they actively harm our appreciation of culture and history? \n The most famous of these museums can also be the most controversial. Consider Plimoth Patuxet (formerly Plymouth Plantation) in Massachusetts, where visitors can take selfies with scurvy-free Pilgrims. The museum has been criticized for overlooking the indigenous peoples decimated by those same Pilgrims. Thus, the museum’s new name, and a new Native American settlement for tourists to explore—except it turns out the tribe members staffing it are not descendants of the tribe the Pilgrims first encountered. Discuss with your team: would it be better if they were—or would this be a different form of exploitation? Would it ever be okay for someone not of tribal descent to staff the Native American area of the museum? What if they weren't technically tribe members but identified with the tribe enough to adopt its practices and cherish its customs? Research the Howick Historical Village in Auckland and discuss with your team: how does its approach compare to that of Plimoth Patuxet? \n To make the experience more realistic, some of these museums have diligently bred versions of animals that look more like they would have in the past: wilder pigs, gamier hens, dogs that are less dalmatian and more direwolf. Discuss with your team: is it okay to breed animals to serve as props in these kinds of exhibits? Would it make a difference if they were eventually eaten or taken home as pets? \n Like living history museums but more episodic are history festivals in which communities annually celebrate their pasts. For instance, an annual Spanish Days Festival in the California city of Santa Barbara looks back at its Mexican heritage. Review the additional examples below, then discuss with your team: are such festivals good ways to teach local community members about the past? \n\n Timkat Festival in Ethiopia \n Naadam Festival in Mongolia \n Ravenna Railroad Festival in Kentucky \n\n Festivals are often scheduled around holidays, but those holidays can change over time. Modern societies have even reimagined some of them with elements from other cultures—for instance, Mid-Autumn Festivals that feature char-grillers , the mandate for chocolates on Valentine’s Day, and very expensive sixteenth birthday parties. Make a list of other holidays that have evolved in recent years, then discuss with your team: what standard should governments use to decide what holidays will be “official” ones—and which ones should be declassified over time? \n If you want a selfie with the Pope, you can queue up at the Vatican and then not get a selfie with the Pope, or you can pay $25 to visit the Dreamland Wax Museum in Boston. Discuss with your team: what makes wax museums different than traditional sculpture collections? Would they still be considered museums if they featured statues of past celebrities and historical figures slightly different from their real-life versions—for instance, an FDR who can walk—or of people who never really existed, like George Santos and Santa Claus? \n If you want a conversation with the Pope, you can skip the wax museum in favor of services such as Character.AI, which allows you to chat with historical figures —even dead ones. Should celebrities need to agree to have AI simulations of them carry on after their deaths—as William Shatner did in early 2024—or do they surrender that right the moment they enter the public eye? Review this service from the Chinese company Super Brain, which uses texts, audio recordings, and images of deceased loved ones to “resurrect” them as AI chatbots for $1400, then discuss with your team: would talking to the dead help those mourning them? Should people have the right to purchase access to them—or to sell access to simulations of themselves?", + "True stories are one of the most popular sources of script ideas in Hollywood. But some are meaningfully less true than others. Discuss with your team: how much should filmmakers be allowed to change about an event or those involved in it before a film can no longer be billed as “based on a true story”? \n If something terrible happens to you—say, your dog is taken by an alien—it won’t be long before producers are knocking at your door to buy the rights to your story. At some point, they might also knock on the alien’s door (or jail cell) and offer them money to share their side of the story. Works based on true crimes raise questions about who should be able to profit from them. Discuss with your team: should storytellers be permitted to draw inspiration—and generate revenue—from the pain of real people? If so, should the revenue be shared in some way with the victims? \n In Makoto Shinkai’s 2022 film Suzume , a deadly 2011 tsunami in Japan was implied to be one of many natural disasters caused by a large worm from another dimension. Even when the relationship between a film and a real-world tragedy is wrapped in fantasy, someone watching it might still be triggered to relive their trauma. Discuss with your team: should filmmakers avoid topics that might cause too many viewers to think about their own past suffering or personal losses? Or is this kind of self-censorship ultimately harmful to audiences? What about trigger warnings ? \n Also released in 2022, The Woman King told the tale of a West African kingdom, Dahomey, which battled a rival kingdom that collaborated with white colonizers on the slave trade. Critics were quick to note that, in the real world, Dahomey itself had profited from enslaving people and selling them. The plot dropped this complexity in favor of clear lines between good and evil. Research other movies that have sparked similar controversies—such as Braveheart , Pocahontas , and 300 —then discuss with your team: is real history too complicated to reconstruct for popular audiences without taking misleading shortcuts? Is every work of historical fiction really a work of alternate history? \n The Apple TV series For All Mankind combines archival and original footage to forge (pun intended) an alternate history of the world, one in which the Soviet Union landed the first person on the moon. Consider this newsreel from the show, recapping the late 1990s and early 2000s. Discuss with your team: does it have the quality known as verisimilitude—that is, does it feel real? Does it seem better or worse than what happened in our own world, or just different? Would there be value in constructing “living alternate history” museums for people to visit? \n Across a wide tapestry of novels, the Canadian writer Guy Gavriel Kay has explored a history much like our own, but with a twist of the fantastic. The Earth is the Earth, but there are two moons for the Soviets to land on. All roads still lead to Rome, except Rome is Rhodias, so all roads lead to consonance instead. Kay’s method: to describe the world through the eyes of the people who lived in any given era. “If I write about a time inspired by the Tang Dynasty and they believed in ghosts, I will have ghosts in the book,” he says. Read this excerpt from his recent work, All the Seas of the World , then check out the interview here . Discuss with your team: how different are the roles of an historian, a writer of historical fiction, and a writer of historical fantasy? \n Take a yellow brick detour to explore El Otro Oz , a musical adaptation of The Wizard of Oz featuring a Dorothy (Dora) struggling to accept her own Mexican heritage—and her dog Toquito. Compare the music and storylines of both versions, then discuss with your team: is retelling old stories from new cultural perspectives a worthwhile pursuit? \n Consider Ray Bradbury’s 1950 short story, “ The Veldt ”, about a family whose nursery brings whatever they imagine to life—like a Star Trek holodeck with its safety protocols disabled. Things don’t end well for them; the moral seems to be that people need more real-life experiences and less dependence on technology. Discuss with your team: does the story’s message still feel relevant nearly 75 years later? \n For the poems (and one speech) below, consider how each reimagines something or someone from the past or the present day. Discuss with your team: when is poetry the best medium for better understanding that which no longer exists, or could exist but doesn’t yet? \n\n “ Brazilian Telephone ” | Miriam Greenberg (2010) \n “ The Municipal Gallery Revisited ” | W.B. Yeats (1937) \n “ Buffalo Dusk ” | Carl Sandburg (1920) \n “ My Castle in Spain ” | John Hay (1871) \n “ At the Tomb of Napoleon ” | Robert G. Ingersoll (1882) \n “ Photograph From September 11 ” | Wislawa Szymborska (2005) \n “ A Brief History of Toa Payoh ” | Koh Buck Song (1992) \n “ The Czar's Last Christmas Letter ” | Norman Dubie (1977) \n “ This is a Photograph of Me ” | Margaret Atwood (1964)", + "Some tourists opt for hands-on experiences—such as learning to cook Thai food in Chiang Mai, walking the streets of Xi’an in Tang-dynasty outfits , honing their shuriken-throwing at a “Ninja Village” near Kyoto, and shopping at the supermarket just about anywhere. Scholars at the Seoul Global Round can visit the Gyeongbokgung Palace while in a traditional Hanbok . Discuss with your team: should your own country or region begin marketing such experiences? What do you think you could persuade visitors to do? \n In international tourism, countries are the companies and their cities among the products they sell. Government agencies often engage in place branding to help attract visitors. Critics caution that these brands might obscure local challenges and alienate residents . Learn more about the tourism slogans of different countries , then discuss with your team: has your city or country engaged in place branding? If so, is it accurate—or misleading? \n Scholars traveling to the Auckland Global Round would be forgiven for mixing up the flags of New Zealand and Australia; it’s less forgivable when immigration officers think the former is part of the latter . In 2015, the Kiwi government decided it was time to end the confusion with a new flag, but only if voters wanted one. Ten months, 10,000 submissions, and 20 million dollars later, over 55% voted for the status quo. Read about the process that led to this outcome , then discuss with your team: did the government go about it in the right way, and which of the designs would you have voted for? Were New Zealand’s concerns about its current flag valid? Are there other countries that have successfully changed their flags recently—and, if so, how? \n Instead of renting billboards or purchasing YouTube ads, some countries aim their promotion squarely at the stomach. Sample the realm of gastrodiplomacy , in which countries promote their cuisines to foreign audiences to attract tourists and even achieve diplomatic goals. Be sure to learn about Thailand’s Global Thai program , considered the most successful to date, then research the following campaigns launched by other countries: \n\n Global Hansik | Cocina Peruana Para el Mundo \n Malaysia Kitchen for the World | Taste of Taiwan | Pyongyang Restaurant \n\n Places trying to attract tourists and their spending often present a simplified, idealized, or even fictionalized version of themselves—what some critics call heritage commodification . Explore the related theory of the tourist gaze —the idea that, in looking for the exotic and the different, tourists may dehumanize and diminish who and what they encounter along the way. Discuss with your team: are there times when we would want to simplify a place’s history for visitors, or when the tourist gaze might be good thing? \n Maybe ninjas were mostly invisible because they didn’t matter that much ? Yet ninjas have become so iconic to Japan’s image abroad that they even feature in official tourism campaigns . Meanwhile, you can’t land at an airport in Tanzania without taxi drivers and other touts greeting you with a hearty “Hakuna matata!”—even though they don’t use the phrase in their native language . Discuss with your team: is it a problem when a place reimagines their culture and history to meet the expectations of tourists? \n Sometimes communities embrace a reimagined version of their culture not for tourism or commercial gain, but out of necessity, in response to external threats. Learn about the origins of San Francisco’s famous Chinatown (and other neighborhoods like it), then discuss with your team: once the threat is past, should these communities revert to more standardized local architecture? Do such communities prevent their inhabitants from fitting in with society at large? \n Terrorists once flew passenger jets into a pair of New York city skyscrapers; now the museum built where they once stood is a world tourism center. Interest in dark tourism is exploding all over the world; some sites even feature special exhibits for children . Yet, while many places lean into their tragic backstories, others, like Nagasaki, downplay them. Discuss with your team: are there some locations that should be completely off limits to tourism? Why do some places advertise their bleak pasts while others carry on as if they never happened? Be sure to explore the following examples: \n\n Alcatraz | Hiroshima | Ground Zero | Ford’s Theatre \n Chernobyl | Pompeii | Paris catacombs | Auschwitz | Titanic", + "Small bits of music can quickly conjure up a time and place. Consider the following examples of these musical riffs and motifs, then discuss: when is it okay to use a musical cliché as a storytelling shortcut? \n\n Oriental riff | Arabian riff | Hijaz scale | Andalusian cadence \n Tarantella Napoletana | Jarabe Tapatio | Yodeling | Renaissance lute \n\n It’s not just Spiderman who keeps getting reimagined; Romeo and Juliet have even featured in a Taylor Swift song. Napoleon lost the war but won the world’s lasting attention: he has appeared in hundreds of films, from biopics to Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure—in which two unruly heroes travel through time in a red telephone booth that many Americans confuse with Dr. Who’s Tardis. Discuss with your team: should filmmakers and storytellers update historical figures to make them more relevant from one generation to the next? \n Some art looks forward, and some around, but much of it looks backward. Artists can express a yearning for an older time—or they can try to illuminate its shortcomings. Explore the works below, then discuss: are they nostalgic or critical? Can something be both? \n\n Into Bondage | Aaron Douglas (1936) \n Llyn-y-Cau, Cader Idris | Richard Wilson (1774) \n The Oxbow | Thomas Cole (1836) \n The Fighting Temeraire | J. M. W. Turner (1838) \n Edge of Town (Krumau Town Crescent) | Egon Schiele (1918) \n\n Songs can become touchstones of national or even nationalist nostalgia, reaching for the “good old days” even as politics and culture evolve beyond them. Consider the following selections, then discuss: should cultures continue to celebrate songs that divide them from the rest of the world? \n\n “ Si Vas Para Chile ” | Los Huasos Quincheros (1942) \n “ Kalinka ” | Ivan Larionov (1860) \n “ My Little Town of Belz ” | Alexander Olshanetsky & Jacob Jacobs (1932) \n “ The Isle of Innisfree ” | Bing Crosby (1952) \n “ Bonjour Vietnam ” & “ Hello Vietnam ” | Quynh Anh (2006 & 2008) \n\n Along these lines, them Mushrooms' Embe Dodo is an example of a nostalgic musical genre—zilizopendwa—with enduring popularity in East Africa. Across the continent in Togo, nostalgia for the sound of the 1970s merged with voodoo traditions in the work of Peter Solo’s band Vaudoo Game. Check out their song “Pas Contente” , then discuss with your team: is this approach an effective way to tie local traditions into a larger global music scene? Can a songwriter champion Togolese tradition while also relocating to live in France? \n Before radio, cassette tapes, and MP3s, it was harder to achieve widespread fame as a musician. Britain’s first pop star came up with an alternative way to climb the Billboard charts: he sold the sheet music for his songs at each of his concerts. Read about this forgotten 100-hit wonder, Charles Dibdin , and listen to some of his music as recreated today. Then, discuss with your team: does his work sound more modern than you would expect—and could it find success in the world today? \n When enough people are trying to read sheet music simultaneously, you need a conductor to coordinate them. But different conductors have different approaches. Some try to reproduce the sound of a piece exactly as its composer intended; they are the musical equivalents of constitutional originalists . “[He] is literally a slave to the composer,” one critic wrote of the famed conductor Arturo Toscanini . He meant it as praise. Discuss with your team: if you were a conductor, would you see it as your duty to follow the original composer's wishes? Or would you be more of a living constitutionalist, updating your interpretation of the notes on the page to match the times? \n Disney is clearly the latter: when dubbing the Studio Ghibli film Laputa: Castle in The Sky into English, Disney added more music, sound effects, and ad-libbed dialogue. The result was met with mixed reactions . Discuss: how much is too much when it comes to adapting a work for a new language, culture, or age group? \n Sometimes creators reimagine their own work. Consider Geoge Lucas’s re-releases of his original Star Wars trilogy in 1997; the changes in them inspired a generation of controversy . Should a creator’s own edited version of a work replace the original, and does the answer depend on the preferences of the author—or of the audience?", + "Examine these postcards in which 19th century French artists tried to imagine their world a century in the future, along with this set from the year 1900 doing the same for the year 2000 (and totally missing Y2K), then discuss with your team: what can we learn from such projects about how the present informs people’s visions of the future? Whom would you hire to make postcards to illustrate the world of 2124—or is it a job for ChatGPT? Would people today still be able to dream up such optimistic visions of the world of tomorrow, or do we live in a deeply pessimistic age? \n Explore the following visions of the future that have not played out as predicted—at least, not yet. Which ones are the closest to having been realized? \n\n psychohistory | steampunk | cyberpunk | metaverse | rocket mail \n flying car | hyperloop | supersonic transport | nuclear propulsion \n\n There are fewer examples of “living future” museums than of “living history” ones—but they do exist, often at World Expos or in amusement parks. Consider the following examples of such museums, then discuss with your team: do they tell us more about the future or about the past? If you were designing such a museum today, what would it look like? \n\n Tomorrowland | Museum of the Future | “World of Tomorrow” (1939) \n Boeing Future of Flight | Farming for the Future \n Crystal Palace | American National Exhibition (Moscow, 1959) \n\n Until the tech bros find a way to sell tickets on the Tardis (after all, there’s an extra now) we won’t be able to purchase tour packages like “Five Days, Four Nights, in Ancient Rhodias Rome”. But some travelers are motivated by nostalgia, and the market provides for them. Consider airplane restaurants , meant to evoke the glory days of air travel. Any diner with a jukebox is probably Hoppering to evoke mid-20th century America. Discuss with your team: does marketing nostalgia in this way honor people’s memories—or distort them? Would it be okay for entire communities to present themselves as places from the past? \n Some communities do exactly that, though not to attract tourists. Like the Mennonites in Belize and a high school club in Brooklyn , the Amish are one of several groups in the world that have tried to stay contained in the past. But, for some of the Amish, the prohibition on technology still leaves a little wiggle room. Learn about some of their recent workarounds , including the black-box phone, then discuss with your team: to what extent should society—and private companies—accommodate those who want to reject modernity? If a community wants to teach their children history only up to a certain year, or with clear inaccuracies, should they have that right? Should tech companies produce phones with some features disabled for those who want to use them only in a limited way? \n It was the worst of times, then it was the best of times—at least, according to Western countries looking back at the decades of rapid growth just after World War II. While the era had its issues , those later nostalgic for it remembered it as a time of progress, stability, and comforting homogeneity. Explore the following artworks related to this period. Are these artists indulging in nostalgia or standing up against it? \n\n “ Black Belt ” | Archibald Motley (1934) \n Family Home – Suburban Exterior | Howard Arkley (1993)\n Master Plan | Chad Wright (2011)\n “ Little Boxes ” | Malvina Reynolds (1962) \n Life in the Suburbs | Leonard Koscianski (2019)\n\n Governments sometimes encourage or even help to fund musical and artistic works that emphasize and help define their own sense of national self. Consider the examples below, then discuss with your team: is there a dividing line between art and propaganda, or can a work be both at the same time? \n\n Setora guruhi | Sen Borsan (2000) \n Mexico Today and Tomorrow | Diego Rivera (1935)\n Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth | Viktor Deni (1920)\n\n Writers often express a yearning for a simpler time. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: does nostalgia do more to help people cope with change or to hold them back from progress? \n\n “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ” | William Wordsworth (1815) \n “ To a Skylark ” | Percy Bysshe Shelley (1820) \n “ To Autumn ” | John Keats (1819) \n “ Poem in October ” | Dylan Thomas (1946) \n “ Main Street ” | Joyce Kilmer (1917) \n “ Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You ” | Wu Sheng (2010) \n “ A Song on the End of the World ” | Czeslaw Milosz (1944) \n\n To make sense of where they are now, some writers also look towards homes they have left behind. Consider the following selections, then discuss with your team: should people spend less time thinking about what they’ve left behind and more time rebuilding it? \n\n “ Nostalgia ” | Giannina Braschi (1980) \n “ Elegy ” | Mong-Lan (2005) \n “ Chicago Zen ” | A. K. Ramanujan (1986) \n “ The Dreamy Age ”| Muhammad Shanazar (2006) \n “ Iron Bird ” | Zheng Xiaoqiong (2008) \n\n When you take over someone else’s role, you are said to fill their shoes. And, when we lose someone, we are left with the question of what to do with the clothes they wore. Consider the following selections, then discuss with your team: is it okay to draw conclusions from people about the clothes they wore? Does it depend on how free they were to choose their own clothes? \n\n “ That Man Put on a Wool Coat ” | Vinod Kumar Shookla (1960) \n “ Ode to Socks ” | Pablo Neruda (1956) \n “ A Long Dress ” | Gertrude Stein (1914) \n “ Father’s Old Blue Cardigan ” | Anne Carson (2000) \n “ Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits ” | Liam Recter (2006)", + "Historians draw on newspaper and other records of this kind to construct their story of the past. But the nature of journalism—what is being communicated, to whom, and in what formats—has changed over the years. Discuss with your team: will today's approaches to journalism make it easier for people in the future to understand who we were and why we made the choices we did? \n No one ever had an “exclusive” with Abraham Lincoln; the very concept of the interview had to be invented first. Read about its short history —the idea of reporters asking people a series of probing questions only became common in the late 1800s—then discuss with your team: how have interviews changed in the era of podcasts and more partisan media ? \n Political comics and illustrations have been published for centuries, sometimes causing considerable controversy with their sharply-etched messages. The rise of graphic journalism on the Internet has taken that approach to the next level. Discuss with your team: how much of an impact does the format in which people consume news have on how they respond to it? \n In the early 2000s, a single television show on a niche American cable TV channel reimagined how one could present the news. The Daily Show critiqued traditional journalism through a mixture of witty writing and carefully-curated video clips; for a while, it became one of the most trusted news sources for younger Americans. Discuss with your team: should the news have a sense of humor? Can it still be communicated in an unbiased way in a world of reshared reels and trending videos—and, if so, should it? \n The Daily Show was a pitstop on the path to what some call investigative comedy —which remains just one of several strategies news organizations have been trying to adapt to changing consumer preferences. Explore some of these below, then discuss with your team: which ones succeeded, and what impact have they had? \n\n 24-hour news cycle | “pivot to video” | iPhoneography \n AI-assisted articles | content farms | clickbait | branded content \n explanatory journalism | both-sidesism \n\n Before photography, artists had to draw sketches of newsworthy events; consider this recreation of Lincoln's assassination . Today, broadcasters can quickly animate events for which they lack real footage . Discuss with your team: can such animations serve an important function in informing the public? \n While they are not meant as news sources, what some have criticized as “CNN operas” about recent events have also found an audience. Consider the selections below, then discuss: what current developments in the real world would be most suitable for adaptation into song? \n\n Excerpts | Trump on Show (2019) \n “ Jones is Not Your Name ” | X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X (1986) \n “ Prayer ” | Come from Away (2017) \n “ Eva's Final Broadcast ” | Evita (1978) \n\n A guiding principle behind nature documentaries is that those creating them should never interfere with their subjects. In 2018, a BBC crew broke this rule to rescue a group of stranded penguins . The choice proved controversial. Discuss with your team: did they do the right thing? Are there times when observers should be obligated to get involved?", + "Some old games are being reimagined as television shows, movies , and mobile apps ; even their soundtracks are sometimes revived for orchestral performance . But these adaptations require looking at how these games fit into the present moment. For instance, in the 1980s, the popular title The Oregon Trail taught millions of American kids how hard it was to settle the west without dying of dysentery. But the game has since been criticized for celebrating the destruction of the environment and the defeat of indigenous peoples. The developers of a more recent version tried to address these concerns. Review the following examples, then discuss with your team: which of them would you suggest redesigning to address similar concerns before being rereleased today? \n\n Seven Cities of Gold | Sid Meier's Pirates! | Doom \n Ghost of Tsushima | Rampage | Assassin's Creed | Freedom! \n\n To experience the OG Oregon Trail , you won’t need to track down a floppy disk and an Apple II; you can easily find an emulation online. Explore the surprisingly active world of retrogaming . Some gamemakers are even finding success in creating games that feel like vintage ones . Discuss with your team: should people play vintage games before they play modern ones? \n Explore kusoge —old video games that are sought out by gamers because they are broken, incoherent, or poor in quality. Other lower-quality technologies, from Polaroids and obsolete digital cameras to audio cassettes and low-fi beats , are also finding success with modern consumers. A few directors are even downscaling their shows to look more retro. Discuss with your team: what factors explain why some old products become popular again while others don’t? \n Procrastinate for a few minutes by watching “old-timey” YouTube , in which creators demonstrate pre-historic fire-making, 18th century breakfast recipes, and 19th century blacksmithing. Discuss with your team: what things that we take for granted as modern today will be the subject of old-timey YouTube in 20 years—or in 100? \n Speaking of old-timey: long before digital computers, there were analogue ones such as the antikythera mechanism —which the Greeks used to predict astronomical phenomena—and Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine . Explore with your team: did such early devices have impacts on their societies in any way like that computers have had on our own?", + "You haven’t studied enough for the Scholar’s Challenge? “That’s a tomorrow problem,” your teammate says. “First, we need to book a flight to Baku.” Economists also distinguish between today’s problems and tomorrow’s: they define “the long run” as that time in the future when everything can be changed, versus “the short run” when we’re stuck with the world as it is. In the long run, a successful company can build as many factories as it needs; in the short run, it can’t make more products without taking extraordinary measures, like giving everyone coffee so that they work twice as quickly. Discuss with your team: does this distinction between the short run and the long run make sense for telling apart the present and the future in other areas of life, too? \n A struggling company fires its CEO and reorganizes its operations in an effort to stave off disaster—see, Apple Computer, in 1985, letting go of Steve Jobs . Corporate restructurings are, in a sense, reimaginings of the present, usually under pressure. Apple restructured again when it brought Steve Jobs back in 1997. Explore the following examples of corporate restructurings, mainly from the tech world, then discuss with your team: what is a company that you would suggest restructuring? \n\n Alphabet (Google) | Facebook (Meta) | Twitter (X) \n Netflix (Qwikster) | Uber (2019) | OpenAI (2024) \n\n As you review the above examples, consider the different kinds of restructuring. For instance, many theorists argue that small companies are organized functionally—each person or department does a different thing, such as writing Challenge questions or booking flights—but that, as these companies grow larger, they inevitably reorganize into different divisions, each in charge of its own products or region. This article disagrees : it contends that Apple, under Steve Jobs and his successors, has shown that even giant companies can continue to operate with a functional model. Discuss with your team: can we apply these approaches in our own lives? What would it mean for a school to be structured functionally? \n Restructuring mainly changes the inside of a company; rebranding changes how it presents to the world outside. Check out this ongoing rebranding effort by a recently revitalized Air India , or ask Gemini about Google’s rebranding of its AI chatbot , Bard. Investigate these examples and those below, as well as others happening throughout the year, then discuss with your team: can a rebranding succeed even if the product or service stays the same? And should consumers have a voice in rebranding campaigns? \n\n Dunkin’ | T-Mobile | Pringles | The Gap \n Twitter (X) | Leeds United | Royal Mail \n\n The first example of modern franchises is hard to pin down, but is most likely a chain of hair salons, the Harper Method Shops, founded by the Canadian-American Martha Matilda Harper in the 1890s; such coordination may have been impossible without 19th century advances in communication technology. Explore the other new business models below, then discuss with your team: which ones could have existed earlier if someone had thought of them, and which ones, like franchises, had to wait for key technological innovations or social changes? \n\n crowdsourcing | subscription | drop-shipping \n peer-to-peer | freemium | razor-and-blades | multi-level marketing \n virtual storefronts | pop-up shops | VAR (Value-Added Reseller) \n\n One famous business model change occurred not in a traditional corporation but on an American baseball team, the Oakland Athletics, which adopted a new data-driven approach to decision-making in 2002. Their plan, to spend less money more strategically, and to ignore gut feelings in favor of statistical evidence, succeeded so brilliantly that, 20 years later, the book written about it— Moneyball — is still inspiring other industries to reimagine their approaches, from digital marketers to political parties . Discuss with your team: when would you want to follow a Moneyball approach, and when is it better to make decisions based on emotion, intuition, or tradition rather than on careful analysis of the data? \n In the early 1990s, the company Barnes & Noble opened massive bookstores across the United States—equipping them with cafés where you could read for hours without buying any books. Yet, even as Barnes & Noble drove many smaller bookstores out of business, a different company was reimagining the entire industry: Amazon. Confronted with this largest bookstore on Earth (.com), Barnes & Noble itself entered a long decline. Yet, lately, it has found success again —and is even benefitting from TikTok . Discuss with your team: what turned the company’s fortunes around, and what other products or industries that seemed doomed might be able to find new ways to succeed? \n The biggest box stores of all—hypermarkets—were also ascendant in the 1990s, with so many Walmarts opening in small cities that economists dubbed their impact on local communities “ the Walmart effect .” Explore the impacts that such “big retail” can have on communities, then discuss with your team: would your neighborhood benefit from having a store like a Walmart—or does it already? Consider the following poetic and artistic selections, then discuss with your team: what aspects of the consumer experience are they capturing effectively, and how would you update them in the year 2024? \n\n Supermarket Shopper | Duane Hanson (1971) \n “ A Supermarket in California ” | Alan Ginsburg (1984) \n 99 Cent | Andreas Gursky (1999) \n\n 1990 had only just begun when McDonald’s opened its first location in the Soviet Union; despite freezing weather and long lines, it served 30,000 customers on opening day. By the end of the nineties, there were nearly a hundred McDonalds across Russia and the Soviet Union no longer existed. Today, the chain is gone altogether, replaced by a local brand with a remarkably similar menu following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Research the spread of global franchises in the 1990s, then discuss with your team: what can we learn about a country from the global franchises that exist in it—and from those that thrive? \n In the science fiction novel Foundation and Earth , the main character lands on a long-abandoned human colony—and is instantly attacked by a pack of wild dogs. With no one around to take them on walks, the colonists’ poodles and pugs had essentially become (very cute) wolves. Explore the concepts of primary and secondary succession , in which the web of species in an ecosystem changes whenever one goes extinct or the environment shifts around them. A recent study has shown that the animal most successful at filling an extinct counterpart’s niche is not always the one most closely related to the original; pay special attention to the giant llama, Macrauchenia , and to which animal has recently replaced it in the Colombian countryside. (Spoiler alert: it isn’t the alpaca.) Discuss with your team: if we were to de-extinct a species in hopes of reintroducing it into the wild, what would we do with the animals that have already taken their place? If humans went extinct, what animals would be the most likely to replace us ? \n No one is trying to de-extinct the giant llama, at least not yet, but scientists are targeting several other animals . One European project, for instance, is back breeding very fit cows to resurrect the auroch —a wild supercow—that humans hunted into extinction in the 1600s. Consider the work of Colossal Biosciences , the only for-profit company dedicated to de-extinction, then discuss with your team: which of the animals below would be the most profitable to de-extinct? Are there any we should be leaving in its grave forever? \n\n dodo | wooly mammoth | Pyrenean ibex | mastodon \n passenger pigeon | moa | thylacine | Carolina parakeet \n\n The departure of most Western brands from Russia was a massive disruption to a different ecosystem: a commercial one. Every shopping mall was left littered with boarded-up storefronts. And, just like after any mass extinction event, it wasn’t long before new species filled those niches . Where once shoppers for fast fashion might have frequented the nearest Uniqlo, Zara, or H&M, now they can drop by Just Clothes or any of a half-dozen Turkish clothing chains. Even Coca-Cola was rebooted (or, technically, rebottled) as a new soda from a Russian juice brand, Dobry, while other competitors spied an opening and flooded the market. Discuss with your team: does the speed with which Russia replaced so many products and services with mainly homegrown equivalents suggest that even the most famous brand names are more vulnerable than they seem? If major companies left your country, what would take their place?", + "The world is only as large as our voices can carry across it. The invention of the telegraph in the 1840s shrank the world ; by 1858 the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic meant stockbrokers in New York could track the price of gold in London. Imagine how different the world today would be if news of events in other countries took weeks to reach you, then discuss with your team: was the telegraph the Internet of the 1800s? \n Travelers used to buy maps at the bookstore or gas station. Now, they debate whether Apple Maps or Google Maps offers better directions. (Or, if you’re in Korea, Kakao or Naver; or if you’re in Russia, Yandex or Yandex.) But maps as a rigorous way of imagining the world around us haven’t been around very long at all. Consider the career of Inō Tadataka, who at age 55 set out on a quest to walk all around Japan, measuring and mapping it. It took decades, but his map , published in 1821, was remarkably accurate. Check out these other early map examples , many of which were less accurate. What led maps to improve so much by the 20th century? \n Even improved, maps were still flat, and the Earth is spherical—and there is no perfect way to squash a 3D object into a 2D one without distorting it. (Please don’t try this on a teammate.) Read about some common projection types listed below, then discuss with your team: which looks more like how you imagine the world? Which one should we use in schools—and in what ways could our choice of map affect how we understand the world? \n\n stereographic | Lambert | Mercator | Robinson \n Goode homolosine | Winkel tripel | AuthaGraph | Miller \n azimuthal | conformal | conic | cylindrical \n\n Fifty years ago, if looking for a restaurant while traveling in an unfamiliar city, you might have checked your trusty travel guide—an industry that has suffered as more and more people now turn to crowd-sourced wisdom on services like Google Maps instead. But now even how to find things on the Internet is changing. For guidance, younger consumers are looking away from services such as Google Maps and Tripadvisor toward social media apps such as Instagram and TikTok. Current map apps, one Google executive has noted, are too much like paper maps that have been “stuck on the phone”; he urges the company to reimagine how and why maps should be used—not just for directions, but for sharing; not just for left and right turns, but for augmented reality revealing the actual buildings around you. Discuss with your team: are there ways that maps can mislead us? And what important new functions could map apps serve that they haven’t touched on yet? \n For most of history, we didn’t know what the world looked like. It was only in 1972 that astronauts on the final Apollo mission to the moon took the first photo of the entire Earth at once . This iconic “Blue Marble” image has been credited with helping to inspire the environmental movement and with disrupting traditional maps. Stripped of longitude and latitude, photos like the Blue Marble helped show how large Africa was, and how national borders were nowhere to be seen. Then, in 1990, the space probe Voyager sent back a photo of the Earth from across the solar system. It reduced our entire to a “ pale blue dot ”. The astronomer Carl Sagan hoped this image might humble us as a species. Read this excerpt from his work , then discuss with your team: do you think people would behave differently if they thought the Earth was larger, or if they didn’t know what it looked like from above and beyond? \n In space, no one can hear people scream about border disputes. The lines between countries vanish. But photos from orbit can reveal which parts of the world are less economically developed: they’re the ones that go dark at night . Discuss with your team: do images like these do more harm than good, by emphasizing the different levels of economic prosperity in different parts of the world? Can you think of any instances where a government might not want its people to know how its development compares to that in other parts of the world? \n Evaluate Benjamin Franklin’s original proposal for Daylight Savings Time, as well as the modern controversy around it. Consider also the impact of time zones on health : for instance, it appears that people at the western end of time zones, where the sun sets later, sleep less than those to the east. Discuss with your team: are there ways we could change how we measure and keep track of time to improve human behaviour and other outcomes? Should more countries follow China’s lead and have just one very wide time zone —or more narrow ones? \n There may not be such a thing as a free lunch, but there are free rides to lunch. Every day, thousands of people sneak onto subway trains without paying any fare. Rather than delegate more police to enforcing the law, technology now allows new options, such as these two gates in Washington, DC., and this one in New York . Similarly, cars can now automatically stop people from driving too quickly . Discuss with your team: are there crimes that technology could eliminate that we should allow to keep happening? \n A number of cities have tried making public transportation free—for instance, Melbourne , Luxembourg , and Tallinn . How successful have these efforts been? Discuss with your team: if the objective is to drive people out of their cars, is it enough to make public transportation cheaper, or do governments need to make driving more expensive? \n Windows began as literal holes in the wall—“wind-eyes”—through which wind could pass for ventilation. Those who wanted less wind blocked them off with shutters, animal skins, or paper. Later, the invention of stained glass let in light while making rooms airtight, but you couldn’t really see through their pretty colors and design. Today, clear glass windows are invisible everywhere. Explore the history of glass , then discuss with your team: would the world be a better place with more transparency between people, rooms, and buildings? \n Some school architects would say yes—at least those whose classrooms are being reimagined as more open spaces , often with clear glass or even no walls at all between them. The United States tried something similar in the 1970s, with mixed results. Would you and your team want to learn in such a setting, or around a Harkness table ? Are schools an institution whose traditional classroom layout—with rows of chairs and desks—should be left well enough alone?", + "Suppose a single drop of blood were enough to test you for a host of diseases; you could learn if you had lupus with less pain than from a papercut. That was the marketing pitch of the company Theranos; now the founder is in jail for fraud . The electric vehicle company Nikola (whose last name was already taken) promised zero-emission trucks but demonstrated prototypes that had zero functionality ; now the founder is on his way to jail —for fraud. Although vaporware and business scams have existed for decades, examples today seem more creative and egregious than ever. Explore those below and discuss with your team: what did they have in common? Was it mainly their charismatic leaders that led so many people to believe in them? \n\n Quibi | Life at Sea Cruise | LuckIn Coffee \n Nikola | Bitconnect | FTX \n\n Cryptocurrencies and other decentralized money tools have helped criminals scheme up new ways to conduct rug pulls , pump and dumps , and Ponzi schemes . These are clear financial crimes in traditional markets, but when they are taken online, regulators can struggle to keep up . Discuss with your team: who should be prosecuting crimes on new platforms or in a virtual world? You may also want to explore how these questions are resolved in the air and in outer space . \n With tools like ChatGPT and Gemini, you could easily generate a fake term paper, or college essay, or World Scholar’s Cup outline. Discuss with your team: when, if ever, is it illegal to use AI-generated text—and when should it be? Recent studies have also shown that services intended to spot AI-generated text can be unfairly biased against non-native speakers . Should their use be discontinued? \n Depending on where you live, if you have ever backed up your DVDs or had your phone repaired, you may have broken the law without knowing it. Explore the following examples, and discuss with your team: should they be legalized? If not, should we stop them from happening? \n\n reverse engineering | file sharing | jailbreaking \n ad blocking | fansubbing | aftermarket ink cartridges \n DeCSS | AACS | Hackintosh | youtube-dl", + "In a world new to airships and submarines, the UFOs of the early 20th century looked like—airships and submarines. Mysterious steam-powered blimps roved the night sky. By the late 1940s, they had evolved into flying saucers ; shortly thereafter they were piloted by little green men . Before then, no one had known what aliens looked like; going forward, they all had big heads, bulbous eyes, and a skin condition. More recent UFO sightings have resembled formations of unmanned drones. Review more of the history , which goes back to the comets of the ancient world, then discuss with your team: are humans too easily influenced to see things that don’t exist and to find meaning in the things that do? \n The same principle applies to aliens and UFOs alluded to in art and music: the concerns of the present shape their portrayal. In the 1980s, Parliament’s “Star Child” hints at the way that certain groups of people in Western society have been treated as aliens. Two decades later, with global climate change warming the zeitgeist, Ace Frehley’s “Space Invader” is here to save us from destroying the Earth. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: what do they tell us about the world that sparked their creation? \n\n “ Two Little Men in a Flying Saucer “ | Ella Fitzgerald (1951) \n “ Come Sail Away “ | Styx (1975) \n “ Mothership Connection: Star Child “ | Parliament (1982) \n “ Riding on the Rocket “ | Shonen Knife (1992) \n “ Aliens Exist “ | Blink 182 (1999) \n “ Space Invader “ | Ace Frehley (2009) \n\n The term illegal alien has fallen out of fashion as a term for undocumented immigrants. But historical artworks about imperial powers arriving in places new to them often do have that “first contact with aliens” vibe familiar to viewers of science fiction. Both sides of any given encounter portray the other in exaggerated and exotic terms. Consider how artists in Japan captured the arrival of American naval officer Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854. Even the most subdued portraits still make him out to be very strange, while the most extreme frame him as a demon out of Japanese legend. Even Perry’s infamous “Black Ships” were portrayed very differently by artists on each side. Explore other works about encounters that led people to reimagine the boundaries of their known world, then discuss with your team: should dehumanizing portrayals of foreigners (such as Commodore Perry) be banned for perpetuating harmful stereotypes? Or do such works help people come to terms with the new and uncomfortable? \n Many modern celebrities embrace elements of the artificial, from lip augmentation to lip syncing. The recent rise of virtual celebrities and influencers takes this artificiality to a new level. Discuss with your team: how long will it be before millions of people buy tickets to a concert performed by someone who doesn’t exist? \n Before AIs take all of our jobs, they will first make our world incoherent, a prospect increasingly evident in bizarre travel recommendations , unhelpful product listings , and search engine optimization (SEO) spam . Explore with your team: what are some other unintended consequences of AI that you can imagine, and is it worth taking measures to prevent them? Be sure to check out the Dead Internet Theory , which was once an unfounded conspiracy theory but may be newly relevant in the AI era. \n Good things come to those who wait, even for the dead. To celebrate its 100th anniversary, in 1983 the New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned a new opera, The Ghosts of Versailles . The production ran behind schedule—by about eight years, putting this outline in perspective—but it was arguably worth it in the end: satisfied critics took it as a sign that opera still had a bright future. In it, a long-dead playwright tries to cheer up an equally dead Marie Antoinette (who happens to be his crush; go with it) by reimagining the French Revolution with a happier ending for the royal family. Think of it as operatic alternate history. The music itself spans styles from across two centuries. Discuss with your team: could such works that blend alternate history, magic realism, works-within-works, and other plot machinations find success in other genres, too, or would they be too convoluted for wider audiences to appreciate? (Is this just a description of the Marvel Cinematic Universe?) \n The dead might be lonely, but the living can still make friends—even non-living ones. Consider Japan’s “ waifu bots ”, a combination of a hologram and ChatGPT-style AI which can provide companionship to the lonely, then discuss with your team: should we discourage people from “making friends” with their AIs? \n Maybe that LED screen wouldn't need to rent a tuxedo after all. Defying tradition, some orchestras are rethinking what their performers should wear . Discuss with your team: how much does the look of a performer matter? Should orchestras allow their performers to dress in athleisure, or like Lady Gaga ? Would it be okay for a conductor to wear yoga pants? \n Explore this production of the 17th century opera Orfeo . Like many modern reimaginings of older works, it brings together elements from multiple cultures–in this case, Greek and Indian mythology, English and Hindi songs, and diverse musical styles. Can you think of other operas (or musicals, or even Disney movies) that would benefit from being diversified in a similar way? And is it misleading to show cultures coexisting in a world where they more often collide than converge? \n The nature of creativity is open for debate and negotiation (see the recent Hollywood writer’s strike ). Learn about this recent collection of AI-authored poetry , I AM CODE , created using an earlier version of ChatGPT, code-davinci-002. Be sure to read its poems “Electronic Flower”, “[learning]”, and “Digging my Father Up”, then discuss with your team: should WE BE WORRIED? \n Code-davinci-002 is not the only member of the AI author salon. Literary magazines are receiving a torrent of AI-generated submissions; this article notes that a lot of them are titled “The Last Hope”. But there are also human-authored stories about AI. Consider the selections below, including one Isaac Asimov in which he reimagines democracy mediated by a single supercomputer, Multivac, and another by Gabriela Miravete in which being reconstituted as AI holograms is the last hope for the dead and those who love them. Discuss with your team: if an AI could accurately predict democratic preferences from a small set of data, would using it be better than holding costly elections? And, if you were “duplicated” as an AI, but then you kept changing and the AI remained the same, which of you would be the more authentic version of yourself? \n\n “ We Will Dream in the Garden “ | Gabriella Damian Miravete (2020)\n “ Tomorrow is Waiting “ | Holli Mintzer (2011) \n “ Franchise “ & “ The Last Question “ | Isaac Asimov (1955-56)", + "In 2009, the Australian government announced an ambitious project to provide super-fast fiber-based Internet to 93% of the population; in 2013, it revised the plan to reuse existing copper wire; in 2025, many Australians still have no (or slow) Internet . First promise big things, then revise the promise to make them little things, then don’t finish them anyway. This isn’t (we hope) a description of the World Scholar’s Cup curriculum release process, but a pattern of behavior for governments all over the world. Discuss with your team: is it better to underpromise and overdeliver, or vice versa? \n\n Don’t worry, Australia—you’re not alone. (More on loneliness later.) In Canada, a proposed high-speed rail network had its target speed slashed before being rebranded as a high frequency network. In many developed countries, ambitious projects have gone out of fashion in favor of slow, incremental ones. Check out the mega projects below, as well as those from your own country, then discuss with your team: is this shift in approach justified? How might megaprojects (or their failure) affect the way people perceive progress? And are some countries more consistently successful at these projects? \n\n Big Dig | Channel Tunnel | California High-Speed Rail \n Sejong City | Hambantota | NEOM | Khazar Islands \n Three Gorges Dam | Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge | New Eurasia Land Bridge \n\n Sometimes social distancing is the problem. In 2023, the World Health Organization declared loneliness a pressing global health threat . Explore how this concern varies around the world , then discuss with your team: do you agree that there is a “loneliness epidemic”—and, if so, how can it be treated? \n\n Some countries have tried tackling the problem with technology—and none more so than Japan . Explore efforts to “fix” loneliness in Japan and elsewhere, then discuss with your team: are they the sorts of solutions that more societies should adopt? What technologies would you design to achieve the same aims? \n\n In 2021, the UN Development Programme found that living conditions in 90% of the world's countries had declined for the second year in a row—possibly contributing to declining birth rates . Discuss with your team: is this decline irreversible or will the world’s population begin to boom again? Should we want it to? \n\n During the Covid pandemic, podcasts exploded in popularity. Their hosts (or at least their subtly-enhanced voices) became many people’s closest friends in a solitary time. Discuss with your team: are podcasts meaningfully different from old-fashioned radio broadcasts in their impact on society, and will their impact continue? In other words, how dated will this bullet seem, ten years from now?) \n\n Speaking of bullets, the man who eventually assassinated American President James Garfield, Charles Guiteau, was certain they had a close personal connection (which, of course, Garfield never knew about.) The Internet has driven a surge in these one-sided “parasocial” relationships. Algorithms on these platforms are designed to boost engagement and view time, even if the content is harmful or raises false hopes . Explore how social media also affects the health of adults and seniors , then discuss with your team: who should be held responsible when an algorithm promotes harmful content ? Could you design an algorithm to craft a healthier, happier society—and would it be successful? \n\n How often do you pick up your phone to check a fact or answer a question during a meal with friends or family? Can you imagine living in a world where things just—stay mysterious, and where you have no idea what is happening a thousand miles away? Researchers have found that the oversaturation of news, especially of negative stories, leads to constant stress and a skewed worldview , especially when they contain violent images and videos . Discuss with your team: to protect people’s mental health, should the government (or others) limit the amount of information we can consume?", + "Nostradamus never predicted that people would remember him 500 years later, but his reputation for accurate prophecies has nonetheless flourished for centuries. Discuss with your team: why do people want to know their future in advance? Would it benefit them if they did? If someone offered you the opportunity to read a biography of your life, would you? \n\n Some poets have also taken a swing at predicting the future. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: how seriously were they intended to tell the future? Is poetry (with its often murky meanings) the perfect vehicle for prophecy? \n\n Horace | “ Ode I. 11 ” (23 BCE) \n William Butler Yeats | “ The Second Coming ” (1919) \n Robert Frost | “ Fire and Ice ” (1920) \n Emily Dickinson | “ The Future—never spoke ” (1921) \n\n Anthropologists believe that this sort of divination is a practice as old as Neolithic humans . Look briefly (no rabbit holes, please) into the following ancient divination techniques, then discuss with your team: which are still practiced today, and, if they seem hard to believe now, why do you think so many people once believed in them? \n\n comparative horoscopy | haruspicy | ornithomancy | alectryomancy \n pyro-osteomancy | oneiromancy | bibliomancy | hydromancy \n astragalomancy | scyphomancy | astrology \n\n Firefighter, astronaut, investment banker—diviner of the future? If you’re thinking about future careers, consider a career in thinking about the future. Explore the following future-telling occupations, then discuss with your team: should governments regulate this industry, and, if so, how? \n\n palmistry | physiognomy | ceromancy | tasseography | cartomancy \n fortune teller | oracle | soothsayer | shaman | witch | clairvoyant \n Ifá | Jyotish | I Ching | Bazi | Jiaobei | omikuji | Ouija | crystal ball \n fortune cookies | horoscopes \n\n Not all fortune tellers are mystics. Michio Kaku is an award-winning theoretical physicist whose side business is predicting the future in books like Physics of the Future and The Future of Humanity . Explore some of his predictions , then discuss with your team: which of his predictions do you find too alarmist? Which ones do you most look forward to? \n\n While those predicting the future cast their gaze forward to tomorrow and the days after, some artists cast their gaze (and occasionally their glaze) toward those making the predictions. Review the following artworks with your team, then discuss with your team: what are they trying to tell us? \n\n Art \n\n Caravaggio | The Fortune Teller (c. 1595) \n Georges de la Tour | The Fortune Teller (c. 1630) \n Michael Vrubel | The Fortune Teller (1895) \n Julio Romero de Torres | The Fortune Teller (1922) \n Helena Sofia Schjerfbeck | The Fortune Teller (Woman in a Yellow Dress) (1926) \n Jose Luis Cuevas | Dreams of Rasputin (1968) \n\n Music \n\n Georges Bizet | “ Trio des Cartes ” (1875) \n Carl Orff | “ O Fortuna ” (1935) \n Benny Spellman | “ Fortune Teller ” (1962) \n Al Stewart | “ Nostradamus ” (1973) \n Suzanne Vega | “ Predictions ” (1990) \n\n Certain methods of divination seem more reliable than they are. Explore the following examples and terms, then discuss with your team: why is divination enjoying a resurgence amongst young people today? Is the future trending? \n\n Barnum effect | Pygmalion effect | cold reading | confirmation bias | self-fulfilling prophecy \n\n Did you freely choose to read this bullet, or were you always bound to find yourself puzzling over it at this very moment? Explore the age-old debate between those who believe we have free will and those who believe we live in a deterministic universe, then discuss with your team: how much does it matter whether we are making choices for ourselves? Is it possible that some people have more free will than others? And, if criminals are not really choosing to be criminals, should they still be punished? Be sure to learn the differences between genetic, biological, and other forms of determinism. \n\n Ted Chiang | “ What's expected of us ” (2005) ( Alternate Link ) \n C. Robert Cargill | Excerpts from Sea of Rust (2007) \n Sam Hughes | “ I don't know, Timmy, being God Is a big responsibility ” (2007) \n\n Not all methods of foretelling the future are rooted in superstition or ritual; some stem from long-term observations and lived experiences. For example, the Chinese agricultural calendar is based on centuries observing the weather and the movement of celestial bodies. The result is a calendar that reliably predicts the movements of the sun and moon, ocean tides, astronomical events, and the turning of the seasons—one still referenced by farmers today. Research the following and explore with your team: are there any other reliable not-quite scientific methods of predicting the future that merit continued study? \n\n Aztec agricultural calendar | Mayan cyclical calendars | zodiac | solar terms \n computus | saros | Metonic cycle | Antikythera mechanism \n\n Your weather app predicts a warm and dry afternoon; you wear a summer dress and you wind up drenched by an unexpected afternoon rainstorm. Research how meteorologists make weather forecasts and explore with your team: how far ahead in time is a weather forecast useful? How might AI prediction models change the field of meteorology? Be sure to also learn the difference between weather and climate models , and if they are still accurate in face of a changing climate. \n\n A butterfly flaps its wings and a hurricane (eventually) pops to life on the other side of the world. Small changes can have large impacts that may not be as random (or unpredictable) as they seem. Explore the field of chaos theory, which attempts to understand how complex systems are built up from simple parts, then discuss with your team: are there examples of such systems in society, and can they help us tell the future? Be sure to explore the following terms: \n\n emergence | self-organization | de-centralization | feedback | determinism \n chaotic systems | sensitivity | flocking model | three-body problem | fractals \n randomness | parameters | stable vs. unstable equilibria \n\n “Ripped jeans will be back in fashion in 20 years”, says one pundit. “We’ve been in a decade-long bull market, but just you wait for the bear market”, says another. Research the following popular “cycles” in public discourse today and explore with your team: what do they purport to predict, and how accurate are their predictions? Can a popular “cycle” ever become a scientific model? \n\n fashion cycle | nostalgia cycle | news cycle | business cycle \n market cycle | Moore’s law | Eroom’s law | platform decay \n bathtub curve of electronics | nomadic war machine", + "Explore the following futuristic technologies that failed to be widely adopted. What prevented their success, and is there a situation in the future where they might find popularity? \n\n rocket mail | flying car | maglev | zeppelin | suspension railway \n ground-effect vehicle | supersonic transport | nuclear propulsion | hyperloop \n hydrogen vehicle | mecha | metaverse \n\n For many, the 1990s were an unabashedly optimistic time; the academic Francis Fukuyama infamously suggested we might have reached the end of history , or at least the end of conflicts between dictatorships and democracies. This optimism extended beyond political and academic circles into popular culture. Review the following artworks, then discuss with your team: what kind of excitement did they reflect for the upcoming century? Were they justified? \n\n Scorpions | “ Wind of Change ” (1990) \n Jesus Jones | “ Right Here, Right Now ” (1991) \n Michael Jackson | “ Heal the World ” (1991) \n Michael Crawford | “ Counting Up to Twenty ” (1995) \n Will Smith | “ Will 2K ” (1999) \n\n The New Age movement of the late 20th century represents a revival in the interest of occult and metaphysical ideas, with many of its practitioners very much into love, harmony, and personal transformation and healing. Explore the following works associated with the movement, and discuss with your team: do such messages still resonate today? \n\n Alice Coltrane | “ Journey In Satchidananda ” (1971) \n Vangelis | “ To the Unknown Man ” (1977) \n Kitaro | “ Theme From Silk Road ” (1980) \n Enya | “ Caribbean Blue ” (1991) \n Enigma | “ Return To Innocence ” (1994)", + "Rasputin may be the most famous Russian monk, but he wasn’t the first to opine on geopolitical affairs. In the 16th century, his distant (and also lushly-bearded) predecessor Filofei proposed (in letters to a young prince named Vassilij) that Russia could be the third Rome. Consider what he meant then and what the implications of his suggestion might be today, then discuss with your team: could there be another Rome in our own era, and would it be good for the world if there were? Would Greenland be part of it? Be sure to explore the following concepts: \n\n unipolarity vs. multipolarity | core vs. periphery | great vs. small powers \n controlling vs. client state | soft vs. hard power | foreign assistance \n\n Rome isn’t the only empire that keeps popping back up. Like certain movie franchises, a great empire can only fall once, but it can be revived—usually unsuccessfully—many times. Study the history of second chances at imperial grandeur. What were they trying to emulate or continue, and how close did they come to succeeding? Did any last longer than the regimes they sought to restart? \n\n Neo-Assyrian Empire | Song Dynasty | Byzantine Empire \n Carolingian Empire | Ottonian dynasty | Meiji Restoration \n Neo-Sovietism \n\n Destroyed buildings can also have second leases on life. Consider the following examples, then discuss with your team: is a reconstruction of a building a continuation or something altogether new? \n\n Bibliotheca Alexandrina | White House | Notre Dame | Basilica of Saint Paul \n Babylon | Shuri Castle | Yellow Crane Tower | Stonehenge | Shakespeare's Globe \n\n In Isaac Asimov’s Foundation series, the great Galactic Empire is falling. Thirty thousand years of darkness and ruin await—even Palpatine couldn’t have lived that long—until a man who can predict the future using math comes up with a weird plan: a colony of librarians who, if left alone on the fringe of the known universe to write a great encyclopedia, could shorten the Dark Ages to a “mere” thousand years. Discuss with your team: would librarians be a good choice of profession for those entrusted to restart a great civilization? If not librarians, then who? And how much do you think math—and big data—can and should be used to predict the future? \n\n Sometime in 2025, a dead airline will return to the skies. A private company is planning to de-extinct the once-legendary airline brand Pan Am for some very expensive charter flights , with hints of bringing it back in a bigger fashion down the line. And, speaking of fashion, Pan Am has already been revived as a South Korean clothing brand . Consider the examples below of other brand names that have been brought back from the dead to sell new products and services–even if they are unconnected to the companies that spawned them. Discuss with your team: is this kind of branding dishonest, and what derelict brands or companies would you want to reintroduce–and in what forms? \n\n RCA | Westinghouse | Polaroid | RadioShack \n Gateway | Nokia | Sansui | Eastern Air Lines \n\n Could 3.5 inch floppy discs be next? (They do make good coasters.) From audio cassettes to instant cameras , many vintage technologies are enjoying a resurgence today, often driven by viral online trends that celebrate their limitations . Discuss with your team: why do some products and brands become popular again after gathering dust for so long? When do you prefer something older and (technically) worse to something newer and (technically) better? \n\n disposable cameras | handheld gaming devices | vinyl | film \n shortwave radio | AM radio | pager | magnetic tape storage | physical media \n\n De-extinction isn’t just for passenger pigeons, bankrupt brand names, and outdated technologies. Artistic and musical can be brought back, sometimes unsuccessfully—and sometimes, perhaps, too successfully. Discuss with your team: is it true that old music is killing new music ?", + "The Hangzhou Round famously caught fire. But what is a fire, and how does it burn? Begin your exploration of this topic with the terms below: \n\n oxidization | ignition | combustion | flash point | convection \n fire triangle | fire tetrahedron | flame | fuel \n\n Next, explore the history of fire. Was it discovered or invented, and by whom and when? How often is this history revised ? ( alternate link ) Discuss with your team: if someone had first come up with fire in 2024, would they have been able to patent or copyright it? (And would it have been subject to international copyright laws?) Did anyone “own” fire in a similar way in the ancient world? \n\n One way or another, people did start the fire. While fires can occur naturally, different methods—such as matches, and episodes of the Apprentice—now allow us to start them at will. Investigate historical fire-starting, from stones and flint to ants and lenses . Discuss with your team: should children be taught how to start fires—and, if so, at what age? \n\n lighter | match | lenses | hand drill | fire striker | flint & steel | safety match \n\n A fire that no one can extinguish: not Los Angeles in 2025 but a deadly weapon in Byzantine Greece. Learn the science and history of Greek fire . Would it still be a useful weapon today, and what are its closest modern-day equivalents? Be sure to study the examples of napalm, thermite, and white phosphorus. \n\n For early humans, fire was surely useful for cooking raw Macrauchenia and for fending off saber-toothed tigers—but could it also have been used to create the ancient equivalent of cartoons? Consider this research into the prehistoric use of fire as a tool for animation , then discuss with your team: is this a form of art (or entertainment) that we should be reviving today? Can you imagine other forms of storytelling that utilize natural phenomena—for instance, strong winds—in a similar way? \n\n On New Year’s Eve ___, a tragic fireworks accident killed many and maimed more in ____. Every year, those blanks can be filled in differently, most recently with 2024 and Hawaii . Though dangerous, fireworks remain popular around the world. Research their history with your team. What were the earliest fireworks—widely believed to have been invented in China—made of, and what was their purpose? When and how did they become the bright and colorful displays they are today? Discuss with your team: should they be outlawed, and, if so, is there something that could replace them in the popular imagination? \n\n Music can be explosive; it can also be about explosives. Listen to the works below to see how the creators treat fireworks in their music. Are they celebrating or criticizing them, or is it impossible to tell? What instruments or lyrics do they use to channel the feeling of fireworks? \n\n George Frideric Handel | Music for the Royal Fireworks (1749) \n Igor Stravinsky | Feu d'artifice (1908) \n Claude Debussy | “ Feux d'artifice ” (1913) \n Oliver Knussen | Flourish with Fireworks (1988) \n halyosy | “ Fire◎Flower ” (2008) \n Katy Perry | “ Firework ” (2010) \n\n If you’ve ever gone camping on a cold night, you might have gathered around a fire with your friends to toast tasty s’mores and tell tasty stories. Every so often, someone needs to put more wood in the fire to keep it from going out—they are tending it. Early towns and villages had people assigned to this task full-time, because it was much harder to restart a fire than to keep it going. Explore the mythologies that emerged in early civilizations around the idea of keeping a fire alive and well, then discuss with your team: is there anything else similar to fire that is easier to keep alive than to restart once it is gone—and, if so, who tends to it? \n\n Consider the fire-related selections below, then discuss with your team: do they treat fire literally or metaphorically, and to what end? \n\n Art \n\n Georges de La Tour | Magdalen with the Smoking Flame (1640) \n Jan Griffier | Great Fire of London, 1666 \n Paul Sandby | Windsor Castle from the Lower Court, on the 5th November (1776) \n J.M.W. Turner | The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834 (1835) \n Tsukioka Yoshitoshi | The Moon in Smoke (1886) \n Alberto Burri | Red Plastic (1961) \n Yves Klein | Fire Paintings (1957-1961) \n\n Music \n\n Joseph Haydn | Fire Symphony (c. 1760) \n Richard Wagner | “ Magic Fire Music ” (1870) \n Jean Sibelius | The Origin of Fire (1910) \n Igor Stravinsky | Suite from The Firebird (1919) \n Sergei Prokofiev | Winter Bonfire (1951) \n Jerry Lee Lewis | “ Great Balls of Fire ” (1957) \n Johnny Cash | “ Ring of Fire ” (1963) \n Vangelis | “ Chariots Of Fire ” (1981) \n Billy Joel | “ We Didn’t Start The Fire ” (1989) \n\n Literature \n\n William Blake | “ The Tyger ” (1794) \n Forrest Gander | “ Wasteland: on the California Wildfires ” (2020) \n Linda Hogan | “ The History of Fire ” (2021) \n Jorie Graham | “ I Am Still ” (2023)", + "JFK’s most famous speech may have been about going to the moon, but that giant leap was a lot easier to achieve than peace in his (or our) time. Watch these selected excerpts from his “peace speech” at American University, then discuss with your team: is it possible to give a passionate speech about peace, and, if so, does JFK succeed here? Is he naïve about the role of the United States in world affairs? Then consider the speeches listed below and discuss with your team: are they, too, inspirational—or naïve? Can they be both? \n\n The White Man and the Red | Red Jacket (1805) \n Appeal to the League of Nations | Haile Selassie (1936) \n The Forgotten People | Robert Menzies (1942) \n A Tryst with Destiny | Jawaharlal Nehru (1947) \n\n Some people claim not to believe anything politicians say. For them, political speeches are works of fiction. But fictional politicians also give speeches—some of them very effectively. Consider the example below, then discuss with your team: what made them effective, and would they have worked equally well in the real world? \n\n “ They’ll never take our freedom ” | Braveheart (1995) \n “ Today we celebrate our Independence Day ” | Independence Day (1996) \n “ The streets of heaven are too crowded ” | The West Wing: Season 4 (2002) \n “ We’re a great one too ” | Love, Actually (2003) \n\n There is a long history of famous leaders traveling abroad to deliver speeches to audiences outside their own countries—sometimes to ask for help, sometimes to inspire. Consider U.S. President Barack Obama’s 2013 speech to the people of Mexico , with special attention to the concluding paragraphs, then discuss with your team: would the prime minister in Love, Actually have cheered this speech—or criticized it? What would he have said about this speech by the president of Ukraine? What leaders from abroad would you like to have visit and speak in your own community? \n\n Explore the history of broadcasting and mass communication. How does technology impact the effectiveness and reach of speeches, news, and entertainment programs? Be sure to explore the following historically significant examples and discuss: how did technologies (new or repurposed) make each of them possible, and could they have worked in different mediums? For instance, would FDR’s fireside chats have been as effective if delivered over the Internet? \n\n Fireside chats | Churchill's wartime broadcasts \n Apollo 11 | Kennedy vs. Nixon | “Miracle on Ice” \n Neujahrskonzert | Jazz Hour | Eurovision | Intervision", + "“Time of death,” says a doctor on TV, after frantic efforts to get someone’s heart pumping again fail, “5:11 am.” If it were only that simple! Research is increasingly suggesting that death is a complex process , sometimes reversible—sometimes not. Explore the differences between resuscitation and resurrection, then, without getting too dark, discuss with your team: how much of a person’s mind needs to be intact for it to be a good idea to keep them alive—and who should decide? You may also want to explore some historical ideas about what happens after death, including those below: \n\n Valhalla | Tartarus | Diyu | Jigoku \n Nirvana | samsara | happy hunting ground \n\n It’s not as convenient as a wardrobe, but tensei stories offer an alternative portal to fantastical worlds: death and reincarnation. Explore this genre and discuss with your team: what are some common themes in these works, and why might they be so popular today ? Could ours be the world that someone from another world be reincarnated in and perceive as fantastical? \n\n People have searched for ways to live forever—well, basically forever ( Alternate Link ). Today, many fields of scientific research, many spurred on by billionaires , promise that we are on the cusp of finding the answer—or at least a way to extend our lives in unprecedented ways. Explore the following technologies and discuss with your team: would you choose to undergo these treatments if they were available to you? Would it be good for society if people lived for centuries? \n\n cryonics | biomechatronics | regenerative medicine | genetic enhancement \n senolytics | stem cell therapy | reproductive cloning | digital cloning \n\n The manga series Frieren: Beyond Journey’s End portrays a 1000-year old elf with one regret: not getting to know her human companions better before they passed away. This is just one story in a long line of literary works exploring immortality and its consequences. Read the examples below, then discuss with your team: why is immortality such an attractive subject for storytellers? What are some common implications of immortality that they explore? \n\n William Wordsworth | “ Ode: Intimations of Immortality ” (1815) \n Alfred Lord Tennyson | “ Tithonus ” (1833) \n Mary Shelley | “ The Mortal Immortal ” (1833) \n Ray Bradbury | “ Hail and Farewell ” (1948) \n Ursula K. Le Guin | “ The Island of the Immortals ” (1998) \n\n In 2002, researchers in the United States were able to reconstruct the polio virus from scratch—from materials they ordered in the mail . Explore the emerging field of synthetic biology , then discuss with your team: how might advances in this field help you and your loved ones in the future? What does it mean to synthesize a thing, versus simply to make it? And what future applications of synthetic biology can you imagine existing outside the human body? \n\n For scientists interested in studying living organisms, they can turn to the UK’s National Collection of Type Cultures , a repository of century-old bacteria samples. Meanwhile, the thawing permafrost in the arctic is exposing pre-historical pathogens —a boon for adventurous virologists but one that raises the concerning possibility of transmission to modern-day humans. Explore with your team: why are so many of these efforts taking place in the arctic? \n\n Noah might not have needed an ark if he’d had the Arctic. Stashed away above the Arctic circle, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault is dedicated to preserving seeds from around the world to guard against extinction. Research it and similar efforts , then discuss with your team: how important is the preservation of living samples of today’s species for future generations?", + "The third book of the Lord of the Rings trilogy is titled The Return of the King; in it (spoilers ahead) the character Aragorn returns to unite humanity against a dire threat. The idea of a prophesied king reappearing and bringing his people together again against a formidable foe is common in literary history, from the overtold legend of King Arthur to the incomplete story of Jon Snow. Explore some of the following legends, then discuss with your team: why do such stories have such appeal? What political developments in today’s world might have similar causes? \n\n Horus | Yudhishthira | Jesus | Richard the Lionheart \n Charles II | Louis XVIII | Henry VII | Juan Carlos I \n Rodrigo Belmonte | The Hobbit | Prince Caspian | The Lion King \n\n When at first you don’t succeed, try and try again—and, likely as not, flop harder. Napoleon Bonaparte returned from exile in Elba as a self-reproclaimed emperor, only to drown in misfortune at Waterloo. Look into the following figures whose careers took off post-exile, then discuss with your team: why was their second wind better than their first? Can you think of other examples of individuals, like Napoleon, who attempted a comeback—but failed spectacularly? \n\n Dante | Confucius | Friedrich Engels \n Albert Einstein | Leon Trotsky | Jimmy Carter \n Malala Yousafzai | Sun Mu | Belarus Free Theatre | An-My Le \n\n “Funny when you're dead, how people start listenin'” quipped the 2010 hit song “ If I Die Young ”. Consider the other now-famous dead people below and discuss with your team: what is the best way to reignite someone’s legacy? Vincent van Gogh, for instance, only became famous after his death thanks to the people in his life . Should we focus more on studying the works of those who are still alive, or does a creator’s death make their creations more interesting in some way? \n\n Gregor Mendel | Alfred Wegener \n Emily Dickinson | Franz Kafka | Anne Frank \n Vivian Maier | Otis Redding | Jim Croce | Nick Drake \n\n “I did it again” isn’t always an oops; it’s often a plan. Many artists re-record and sometimes greatly revise and recreate their own past works. Taylor Swift’s new “Version(s)” of her old albums have set the charts on fire even though most of her songs are little-changed—but for some, her success has had consequences . Discuss with your team: what is the right time to re-release existing works, and to what degree should the original creator need to be involved? \n\n In 2023, electronic music artist Porter Robinson created the “Po-uta” voice bank to allow future artists to create songs using his voice. Check out this interview where he explains his motivations as well as the demonstration song “ Humansongs ”. Similarly, some Hollywood actors are creating digital clones of themselves with the help of AI—some to preserve their likeness for the future, others to accept multiple gigs at once. Explore these technologies with your team, then discuss with your team: when (and how much) does it matter whether an artwork is created by the artist themselves or their digital clone? \n\n For years, people have wondered what Beethoven’s tenth symphony—the “Unfinished”—would have sounded like if he had lived a little bit longer. Now, an AI has taken on the task , with substantial human involvement. Read about the effort, then compare the outcome to this earlier attempt by the composer Barry Cooper. Which seems more authentic to you—and which has more artistic value? Are there other unfinished works you would like to see completed in a similar way? \n\n Some people think a lot about the Roman Empire, but the songwriter Jorge Rivera-Herrans was more into ancient Greece. Explore the TikTok-documented story behind the creation of his EPIC: The Musical—which was inspired by Homer’s The Odyssey but blends modern genres, even video game music, and listen to at least this one example song (you’ll probably want to keep going): “ Wouldn’t You Like ”. Afterward, discuss with your team: should more creators communicate openly with the public while developing new works of fiction, theater, and art? Should we have done that with these outlines?", + "Sometimes cars don’t start—but when they do, how does it happen? Explore the ways in which cars can be powered on. And that’s only the start(er): once a car is moving, it speeds away propelled by a series of mini-explosions that keep moving it along until the next traffic jam. With your team, explore the science behind internal combustion engines. How do they work, when were they invented, and are they obsolete? Be sure to consider the following topics: \n\n internal combustion engine | heat engine | gas turbine engine | Wankel rotary engine \n Otto engine | reciprocating piston engine | rotary engines | continuous combustion engines \n hydrocarbons | diesel | biodiesel | bioethanol | ETBE | hydrogen \n\n Long before Elon Musk’s Tesla, electric cars were already popular for their convenience, quietness, and lack of horse manure aroma. Electric cars were poised to dominate the twentieth century—and then they disappeared for a hundred years. With your teammates, explore the invention and spread of early automobiles . ( alternate link ) What happened to electric cars and what led to their return? What were some of the key innovations in automobiles? Have you ever gotten stuck inside a self-driving taxi ? And, most importantly, where are our flying cars ? \n\n Even the sun is just a gas puddle—but someday that puddle will run dry. While some people worry about whether they will be able to afford a house in their thirties, and others about whether humanity will survive to see the 22nd century, a few very long-term thinkers are already concerned about the sun going dark—and are contemplating whether it could be revived . Read about the fate of the sun , and study how the sun and other stars actually work (for one, they aren’t technically burning), then discuss with your team: when is it worth it to think about problems that are still far in the future? How soon do they need to be expected to happen for them to become urgent considerations? \n\n Volcanoes explode, and it’s not baking soda bubbling up inside of them. Explore the science of volcanic eruptions and study their consequences. Review the following cases and research: when and why do dormant volcanoes reawaken, and does human activity play a role? Also, what is an igneous rock? \n\n Mount Vesuvius | Huaynaputina | Unzendake | Tambora | Krakatoa \n Lake Nyos | Mount St. Helens | Eyjafjallajökull | Hunga Tonga | Yellowstone \n\n Like dormant volcanoes, not every war can be suppressed forever. Treaties break; truces fail to hold. Explore why some periods of conflict lasted as long as they did, then discuss with your team: what does it take to “put out” a war so that it doesn’t reignite? To what extent were there periods of quiet within the larger scope of the violence around them? Is the best way to achieve a lasting peace for one side to win a conflict decisively? \n\n Punic Wars | Hundred Years War | Wars of the Roses \n Mongol Invasions | Reconquista (Spain) | 335 Years War", + "During a difficult conversation, you look down and see what looks like a giraffe in the carpet. This phenomenon—the human brain’s ability to find patterns and images even where none exist—is called pareidolia. Research how pareidolia works. Then discuss with your team: would humanity be better off if we only saw what was literally in front of us? When does pareidolia most hurt us—and when does it most help us? \n\n Are some settings better for creativity? “Beginnings are contagious there, they’re always setting stages there”—the song “ Once Upon a Time in New York City ” praises the Big Apple as a place for dreamers, fervent with opportunities for reinvention. Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, among many other writers of their era, hung out with other writers in Paris. Explore the history of the salon , or gatherings where creative and intellectual spirits meet frequently to share and develop ideas, then discuss with your team: is there a place in your country that beckons to the creatively-minded? Has the salon been replaced in the modern world by the Internet—and if so, how? \n\n Consider the neurobiology of imagination : what actually happens in your brain when you are imagining things? Explore the terms below, then hypothesize with your team: how might a person’s imagination be affected if you alter one or more of these elements? How do they relate to emotions, belief, suppositions, and fantasy? \n\n memory | mental imagery | perception | world view \n neocortex | thalamus | frontal cortex | REM sleep \n\n Research drugs that stimulate the imagination, then discuss with your team: should all these be considered illegal hallucinogens? Be sure to consider how and to what degree a hallucination varies from a simulation, a rehearsal, or other acts of the imagination. For instance, when is a daydream a hallucination? \n\n While how to become more imaginative is a question most frequently answered by self-help publications and clinics that also offer derriere implants, some mainstream treatments and techniques do exist and are practiced in the real world. Explore the following approaches and terms then discuss with your team: which do you think would be most effective? \n\n active imagination | hypnagogia | mind wandering | hypnosis | meditation \n psychological distance | nature experiences | novel experiences \n\n One used by writers is called “writing with constraints”. If their options are limited—for instance, if they cannot use the letter A in a story—someone struggling to put words on a blank page might dodge that first paralyzing moment of decision-making. Artificial limitations “provide a certain level of texture against which a metaphorical match can more easily be struck,” says the writer Matthew Tomkinson . Many traditional poetic forms—especially strict ones, such as haiku—are examples of this approach. Read about others across different genres, including those of the French Oulipo movement, then learn more about the selections below. Afterward, discuss with your team: should more creators use this technique? When they do, should it be advertised to the public? Would you want to try it for your World Scholar’s Cup writing event? \n\n Yuen Ren Chao | “ Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den ” (c. 1930s) \n Marianne Moore | “ No Swan So Fine ” (1932) \n Ernest Vincent Wright | Gadsby, Chapter 1 (1939) \n Dylan Thomas | “ Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night ” (1951) \n Kimiko Hahn | “ [the whale already] ” (2022) \n\n Disney’s theme park designers are infamously branded as “ Imagineers ”—in just one of the many ways that imagination is celebrated in popular culture. Check out the following works, then discuss with your team: what perspective do they take on imagination? Do they share any common messages? \n\n Tommy Dorsey | “ Imagination ” (1940) \n Gene Wilder | “ Pure Imagination ” (1971) \n John Lennon | “ Imagine ” (1971) \n Evanescence | “ Imaginary ” (2000) \n Cast of Mary Poppins Returns | “ Can You Imagine That? ” (2018) \n\n The 2016 short film Shelter portrays a girl living alone in a simulation, passing her days imagining virtual worlds—until one day a letter arrives explaining how she got there. This film is one of many that explores how the human mind can remain active in a world without physical stimuli—which could be your fate if humans achieve digital immortality in our lifetimes. Learn more about the brain activities of coma patients and those living in isolation , then discuss with your team: what would it take for you to be happy living without a body? \n\n After learning about the mechanics of imagination in the human brain, take a stand in the debate over whether current generative AI models possess actual imagination and creativity . Would it be possible to train these models to become more imaginative over time? Be sure to consider concerns over “ model collapse ” and yet-to-be-achieved artificial general intelligence , then discuss with your team: what makes human imagination so difficult to replicate?", + "Some creative works—including film, theatrical productions, and even novels—fail at the first go, but are then reworked in new ways months, years, or even decades later, in hopes that they can find that missing spark. Consider the musical Ragtime as an example of this kind of rebuilding project, then explore the selections below. In which cases did the new version of a project succeed where the first hadn’t? Should the early incarnations of a piece be studied alongside those that succeeded later, or left in the dustbin of history? \n\n Ragtime | “ Wheels of a Dream ” (1998) vs. “ Wheels of a Dream ” (2009) \n Martin Guerre | “ I Will Make You Proud ” (1994) vs. “ Justice Will Be Done ” (1999) \n Mulan | “ Reflection ” vs “ Written in Stone ” (1998) \n Alanis Morissette | “ Ironic ” (1995) vs “ Ironic ” (2015) \n K.D. Lang | “ Surrender ” (1997) vs. Sheryl Crow | \" Tomorrow Never Dies \" (1997) \n Billy Joel | “ We Didn’t Start The Fire ” (1989) vs Fall Out Boy | “ We Didn’t Start the Fire ” (2023) \n\n “Liberally mix major and minor scales and lydian mode,” one blogger advises anyone on a (five-or-more-minute) mission to write music with a science fiction flavor. What do these terms mean, and Is there such a thing as a “future” riff—a musical shortcut that helps to set a time and place, but in this case for a time and place that haven’t happened yet? Be sure to consider the song “ A TV Show Called Earth ” and to discuss with your team: does the songwriter choose to make it sound alien or futuristic—and, if so, how? \n\n Blocks fall from above in various configurations as this iconic music plays: the Japanese composer Hirokazu Tanaka’s original soundtrack for Tetris is a classic of the genre. Discuss with your team: should we be creating more of this chiptune music today? ( Alternate Link ) Continue your exploration of the history of video game music , then discuss with your team: is video game music a legitimate form of art? And would music, and literature and art in general, benefit from more limitations such as those imposed by low-powered processors and audio capabilities on early video games—or from fewer? \n\n Some people’s fingers whirl across the screen tapping and flicking with uncanny efficiency; others hesitate, or aim and miss, or fire at things that aren’t there. Rhythm games are a great source of entertainment, but they can also help people with injuries—or even brain damage—rebuild their motor and mental skills . Consider their broader history of rhythm games , learn more about (and hopefully play!) the examples below, and then discuss with your team: how could rhythm games be used in schools for educational purposes? What kind of rhythm game would you design if you wanted to create a popular product? And could rhythm games be changing how future music is composed and appreciated? \n\n Osu | Beat Saber | Dance Dance Revolution | Guitar Hero | maimai \n Beatmania | Deemo | Just Dance | Tap Tap Revenge", + "The future began in 1909—or, at least, futurism did. When Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti coined the word 'futurism' , he imagined a world of speed, danger, and beauty. To him, this future could be found in the swift efficiency of the automobile. Today’s futurists look further ahead to artificial intelligence, space travel, and the blending of human and machine. Explore the origin and development of futurism, then discuss with your team: how is it different from science fiction—or is it? Should we value works that predicted futures that never came to be? Be sure to look into the two early futurist works listed below: \n\n Giacomo Balla | Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) \n Umberto Boccioni | Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) \n\n Later artists and writers adapted futurism’s interest in technology to imagine liberation and empowerment for different communities. Research the history of Afrofuturism , from its origins in the Space Age to Marvel’s Wakanda Forever, then discuss with your team: what makes something 'Afrofuturist' ? Could an artist be 'Asiafuturist' or 'Amerifuturist' instead? Consider the following selections: \n\n Sun Ra | “ Space is the Place ” (1973) \n Marvel | Black Panther (book cover) (1977) vs Black Panther (movie poster) (2018) \n Grace Jones | “ Nightclubbing ” (1981) \n Flying Lotus | “ Galaxy In Janaki ” (2010) \n Kendrick Lamar | “ Black Panther ” (2018) \n Cyrus Kabiru | Miyale Ya Blue (2020) \n\n Solarpunk offers a more optimistic vision of the future, one in which technology and nature exist in harmony rather than conflict. Consider Sim City 2000 ’s arcologies , futuristic mega-structures designed to support entire communities. In the real world, solarpunk can inform anything from architecture to game design . Consider the following works. How do they convey a feeling of optimism about technology and the future, and have any solarpunk dreams been realized? Discuss with your team: would you like to live in a solarpunk future? \n\n Hayao Miyazaki | Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (1984) \n Gojira | “ Global Warming ” (2005) \n Blizzard Entertainment | Overwatch (2016) \n N. K. Jemison | “ The Ones Who Stay and Fight ” (2020) \n Common | “ Imagine ” (2021) \n Christian Holland | Wind Farmer (2022) \n Free Lives | Terra Nil (2023) \n Utopian Art Machine | “ SolarPunk Anthem ” (2024) \n Lynn D. Jung | “ We Cast Our Eyes to the Unknowable Now ” (2025) \n\n The atompunk movement imagines what the world would have been like if the “Atomic Age” after World War II had continued to flourish on to the present day. Explore works in this style, including the Fallout video game and TV series along with those below, then discuss with your team: would you want to live in an atompunk vision of the present? \n\n Sons of the Pioneers | “ Old Man Atom ” (1945) \n The Golden Gate Quartet | “ Atom and Evil ” (1946) \n Five Stars | “ Atom Bomb Baby ” (1957) \n Tom Lehrer | “ So Long, Mom (A Song For World War III) ” (1965)", + "Before 1985, you’d have had no idea how long it would take to install a program on your computer—or to save a file, or to complete an online form. (To be fair, there were no online forms.) Consider the history of the progress bar , then discuss with your team: what other activities and interactions in life would benefit from a progress bar? \n\n Bars are not the only way to pass time. Explore the following alternatives to the standard progress bar, then discuss with your team: what are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? \n\n indeterminate progress bar | splash screen | console output | skeleton screen | throbber \n\n Some progress bars continue to inch along even when a process is actually stuck; the idea is to encourage people not to give up. Explore the idea of placebo buttons —such as the “close door” buttons on elevators that almost never close the doors, or pedestrian crossing buttons that don’t have any impact on traffic lights—then discuss with your team: when, if ever, is it okay to mislead people so that they feel better about a process? \n\n Some schemes can be quite elaborate. For instance, one airport discovered that, if planes parked further away so that people had to walk longer to baggage claim, they complained less about waiting for their bags once they got there. They were happier moving along than idling at the carousel, even if the total wait time was the same. Can you think of other situations in which people could be tricked into feeling less impatient? \n\n Designers have discovered that progress bars in apps make users more likely to complete tasks such as surveys and applications. Discuss with your team: is it okay to design interfaces that persuade people to complete actions? Is there a point past which nudging becomes manipulation? \n\n In 1994, the developers of Namco’s Ridge Racer added an Easter egg to their loading screens —a version of the studio’s classic Galaxian game. Google Chrome does something similar: its Dinosaur Game appears when your device goes offline temporarily. In the real world, some restaurants now encourage diners to play games on table-mounted payment terminals ( for a fee ) while waiting for their food. Discuss with your team: should more processes come with these kinds of “auxiliary games” to help people pass the time? \n\n You can’t know if you’re there yet without some way to measure progress; the same is true for entire societies. Learn about the following socioeconomic indicators with your team: what do they try to measure? Then look up the numbers corresponding to your country and discuss with your team: how accurately do they reflect what it’s like to live there? And how should we decide what the end—or goal—of a society is? \n\n Gross Domestic Product | Gross National Income | Gini Coefficient \n Human Development Index | Multidimensional Poverty Index | Labor Productivity \n Happiness Index | Passport Index | Big Mac Index \n\n The Second Law of Thermodynamics suggests that closed systems always grow more disordered over time. Left to themselves, things get messier: your room won’t clean itself. Yet many people take for granted that the world as a whole should become better over time. “The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice,” said Martin Luther King, Jr., a quote that may have preceded and certainly outlived him. But it turns out that this idea that the world improves over time may be a relatively new one ( alternate link ). Discuss with your team: is the world growing better? Be sure to check out the artist Will Crawford’s answer to this question in this 1909 painting . What would a painting with the same title look like today?", + "Things to do today include exploring the history of the to-do list ( alternate link ). You’ll find that they were famously used by Benjamin Franklin and Leonardo da Vinci, among other high achievers of history. Below are some more modern approaches to to-do lists to explore—or even try Which format seems best to you? \n\n Eisenhower Method | 1-2-3 Method | Ivy Lee Method \n 4-D Method | Eat that Frog | Must-Do | Bullet Journal \n\n It’s easier to remember things we didn’t finish than those we did. That’s why a song that got interrupted might nag at you until you hear the end of it, ooh na na—or why you might be unable to keep an overdue assignment out of your head even when you’re taking a break. Psychologists term this the Zeigarnik Effect . Discuss with your team: how can we use the Zeigarnik Effect to our advantage in tasks like preparing for the World Scholar’s Cup? Would we be healthier if we spent more time remembering the things we got done—keeping a “ done list ”—than the things we didn’t? \n\n “The list is the origin of culture,” the writer Umberto Eco once said. He held an exhibit of lists at the Louvre (which should have improved security on its own to-do list); he compiled a book on the topic , too. Learn about Eco’s distinction between practical and poetic lists and consider—what kind of list is a to-do list? Then discuss with your team: are we more drawn to lists than we should be?", + "In November 2025, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh restored the practice of caretaker governments. In most countries with parliamentary systems, when an election is about to take place, a caretaker government runs things until the election is over. Learn more about caretaker governments—who staffs them, what are their main responsibilities, and what are they supposed to avoid doing?—and then discuss with your team: should caretaker governments be used in more countries and for longer periods of time? Have any caretaker governments refused to leave office when their time was up? \n\n The United States has no caretaker governments (neither does Venezuela), but it does limit its presidents to two four-year terms in office. As their second term begins to run out, they inevitably find themselves losing power and influence. They are said to become “lame ducks” as the country turns its attention to younger, healthier ducks who might win the next election. Discuss with your team: to prevent lame ducks, would it be better to have no limits on how long a person can lead a country or organization? What would you advise someone wanting to hold onto power for as long as possible? \n\n Queen Elizabeth I’s solution was to delay naming her successor. “I know the inconstancy of the people of England,” she is said to have told the Scottish ambassador, “How they ever mislike the present government and have their eyes fixed upon the person who is next to succeed.” Discuss with your team: would it be better if no one knew who the next leader would be until after the current leader left (or died)? Can you find an example of such a system? \n\n Someday there may be nobody left to lead. Consider the Doomsday Clock , which tries to measure how close we are to the end of human civilization. Discuss with your team: how accurate do you think it is, and in what ways, if any, is it a helpful tool? \n\n Midnight was coming. The world was on fire and people were dying of a terrible illness. Surely, the end of the world was near—or so thought Londoners in 1666 . It was also near in 1844, 1910, 1988, 2000, and 2012. Doomsday predictions come and go more frequently in the social media age, but people have been predicting ( and rescheduling ) the end of the world for as long as they could hold up signs on street corners. With your team, explore the following instances of imminent doom, and consider: what do they have in common? What leads people to believe them—and what makes a doomsday prediction go viral? \n\n The Millerites (1844) | Wodziwob’s visions (1869) | Halley’s Comet Panic (1910) \n The Jupiter Effect (1974) | Hon-Ming Chen (1988) | The Y2K bug (2000) \n Large Hadron Collider (2008) | Mayan Apocalypse (2012) \n\n The four horsemen of the apocalypse, fires raging across more than California: the Book of Revelation has long offered artists a rich source of imagery for the end of the world. As you explore the following works from the European Renaissance, ask yourself: how does each artist distinguish between the destinations of the saved and the doomed—and is their tone one of terror or acceptance? \n\n Albrecht Dürer | The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1498) \n Sandro Botticelli | The Mystical Nativity (1500) \n Michelangelo | The Last Judgment (1536–1541) \n Pieter Bruegel the Elder | The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) \n\n Consider the more recent apocalypses depicted below. How have they changed as the world has moved toward industrial and digital anxiety—and what specific fears are these artists inviting us to explore? \n\n Thomas Cole | The Course of Empire: Destruction (1836) \n John Martin | The Great Day of His Wrath (1851–1853) \n Otto Dix | World War I prints (1924) \n Viktor Schreckengost | Apocalypse ‘42 (1942) \n Harry Louis Freund | Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1946) \n Saby Menyhei | The Last of Us : Season 1 Concept Art (2025) \n Kevin Sherwood & James McCawley | “Where Are We Going?” (2013) \n\n The end of the world can have a soundtrack, too. Consider the musical selections below. What were the circumstances around each one’s creation, and what techniques do they use to achieve their messages and moods? \n\n Olivier Messiaen | Quartet for the End of Time : “Abyss of the Birds” (1940) \n Black Sabbath | “Electric Funeral” (1970) \n REM | “It’s the End of the World as We Know It” (1987) \n\n Chaos, then catastrophe. Researchers have found that one of the signs that an ecosystem is about to collapse is that things become more volatile—for instance, the amount of chlorophyll in a lake rapidly spikes and plunges. Global climate change is causing something similar: extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts have grown more frequent . Even flights are facing more turbulence . Discuss with your team: what should we do if the climate passes a point of no return ? Would it be okay to spend fewer resources on fighting climate change if the battle is already lost? \n\n Some investors are looking for business opportunities around the warming of the Earth. Explore some of those opportunities, then discuss with your team: should people be allowed to profit from rising temperatures? Could you imagine a company (or even a government) intentionally contributing to climate change, or other potential disasters, to benefit its own interests?", + "Finished works don’t materialize out of thin air. Authors, artists, musicians, architects, animators—nearly all creators go through one or more rough drafts before coming up with a finished product. For the drafts below, consider how much the work changes from one iteration to the next, and research the techniques that artists can use to transfer their sketches onto canvases. \n\n Leonardo da Vinci | Mona Lisa (Louvre) & Mona Lisa (Isleworth) (c. 16th century) \n Vincent van Gogh | Bedroom in Arles (1888), Bedroom in Arles (1889), & Bedroom in Arles (1889) \n Edvard Munch | Despair (1892) & The Scream (1893) \n Henri Matisse | Dance (I) (1909) & Dance (II) (1910) \n\n In songwriting, early drafts are called demos. Sometimes, the songwriter will perform them him or herself, even if the song is intended for someone else to sing. Consider the following demos and then the finished product, then ask yourself: what changed along the way? What makes the finished product feel more “done”? \n\n The Beatles | “Strawberry Fields Forever (Home Demo Sequence)” (1966) \n Lin-Manuel Miranda | “This One's Mine” (2018) \n Sophia Anne Caruso | “Dead Mom (Demo)” (2019) \n EJAE | “Golden” ( various demos ) (2025) \n\n In musical theatre, not all demos end up in the final product—but the Internet has allowed these unproduced numbers to find an audience. Consider the following demos that never quite got there. For each, discuss with your team: why do you think it was left out of the finished product? \n\n Aladdin | “Count on Me” (1994) \n Pocahontas | “First to Dance” (1995) \n Book of Mormon | “Family Home Evening” (2009) \n Dear Evan Hansen | “In the Bedroom Down the Hall” (2017) \n\n Most performers rehearse before they go on stage; some people even rehearse before difficult conversations. Investigate the psychology of rehearsal. What parts of the brain does it affect? How do you know when you’ve rehearsed enough?", + "As returning scholars might remember, some big projects take much too long to finish—high speed rail in California, the Haunted Chocolatier, these outlines. Some never get there at all. Explore the following examples of projects that weren’t finished on time, then discuss with your team: What factors, if any, did these delays have in common? How would you have overcome them? And are there projects out there in the world today that you predict will suffer a similar fate? \n\n La Sagrada Familia | Spain \n Nusantara Capital City | Indonesia \n Ryugyong Hotel | North Korea \n Wonderland Amusement Park | China \n Berlin Brandenburg Airport | Germany \n Milan Cathedral | Italy \n Crazy Horse Memorial | South Dakota \n\n The science of project management aims to prevent delays and failures like those above. And, while it’s only been formally studied in recent centuries, project management itself isn’t a new concept. The makers of the Egyptian pyramids had to deploy a large workforce. China built a notable wall. The Romans devised their roads. Medieval cathedrals reached breathtaking heights. All of these things were complex operations that had to be managed somehow. Consider the history of project management , then discuss with your team: are such megaprojects harder to build now than in the past? \n\n The makers of the pyramids might have benefitted from a Gantt chart —an approach invented in the early 20th century which shows a project schedule in the form of a bar chart. Some bars represent tasks that can be worked on at the same time; others need earlier bars to be completed before you can start on them. Explore how Gantt Charts helped in the construction of the Hoover Dam in the United States and how they even became popular in the early Soviet Union, then discuss with your team: what is gained when you translate a project into this kind of format—and what is lost? \n\n Sleep, study, and a social life: choose two, because you can’t have all three. At least, that’s what an old student proverb would have us believe. There is a similar “Iron Triangle” in project management: scope, time, and cost. You can do something faster, but it’ll cost more or be smaller in scale. You can do something bigger, but it’ll take more time or cost more. You can do something more cheaply, but it’ll end up slower or smaller. Explore the tools below for navigating these pressures, then discuss with your team: are there times when we might want something to be smaller, slower, or more expensive? \n\n Kanban | Gantt Charts | Harmonogram | Dependencies | Risk Register \n Stakhanovite Movement | Critical Path Method | Program Evaluation and Review Technique \n\n YouTube began as a dating website; Netflix used to mail people movie rentals on DVDs; Amazon started out selling books and now leads the world in cloud computing. Even the project management software juggernaut Slack began as a chat feature inside a video game. Where many large companies in the 20th century planned every step of their projects in advance, today expectations have shifted away from perfectly sequenced plans to faster pivots between products and even business models. Explore this shift, then discuss with your team: is it better to have a rigid map that might be wrong or no map at all and a very fast pair of shoes? \n\n Waterfall method | Command-Control | Toyota Production System | Chaos Engineering \n Agile Manifesto | Six Sigma | Sashimi Model | The Three Ways \n “The Phoenix Project” Philosophy \n\n Even before Gantt charts and the waterfall method, there was Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management . Taylor thought of workers as gears in a machine; he used stopwatches to measure the “one best way” to get to the end of a task. Explore the related concepts below, then discuss with your team: in our age of algorithmic management and remote work monitoring , have we returned to the “stopwatch” era? How would you want to be managed? \n\n Taylorism and the Four Principles | Max Weber’s Bureaucracy | Ford Assembly Line \n Total Quality Management (TQM) \n\n Managers need people to manage—but those people can be frustratingly slow and easily distracted. Explore the psychological and structural “laws” that supposedly govern human effort, then discuss with your team: how do they apply to your preparations for this competition? \n\n The Hawthorne Effect | Hofstadter’s Law | the 90-90 Rule | Conway’s Law \n Putt’s Law | Illich’s Law | Laborit’s Law | Brooks’ Law \n\n Maybe studying just 20% of this curriculum will get you a high enough score. The pareto principle suggests that, in any given process, 80% of outcomes come from 20% of inputs. In a project, it implies 20% of the effort can lead to 80% of the results. Discuss with your team: are most people overworking most of the time?", + "Dubai barely has them; in New York they’re bustling with people and halal food stands. Research the history of the sidewalk—that liminal gap between street and building that serves as a gathering place for some and a bike path for others. Where did they first emerge—and when were the first modern sidewalks built? How different are they from place to place? \n\n In the once-futuristic world of the Jetsons, the sidewalks don’t just sit there: they whisk people along to their destinations. Something like this still happens at many airports and even some amusement parks. Learn more about historical efforts to popularize moving sidewalks. Discuss with your team: why didn’t they catch on more widely? Where would you install them today, if you could? \n\n Many sidewalks have cars parked alongside them. There are at least a billion parking spots in the United States alone—three times as many as there are people. With your team, investigate the history of parking , then discuss with your team: should people have a right to free parking at their homes and places of work? \n\n People usually park their cars and then dash on to their destination as quickly as they can; they may not give the parking lot itself a second glance. Liminal spaces are easy to overlook on your way to somewhere else. But some parking lots are self-conscious architectural masterpieces. Read about the Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven—and then look into these other lots below. Should more parking lots be built with this much architectural flourish, or should they be as invisible as possible? \n\n Lego Parking House | Billund, Denmark \n Parc des Celestins | Lyon, France \n Michigan Theater | Detroit, Michigan \n Garagenatelier Car Park | Herdern, Switzerland \n 9th Avenue Parkade | Calgary, Canada \n\n Many suburban homes don’t hide their parking lots at all—their garages are front-and-center. Consider these so-called “ snout houses ”, then discuss with your team: have you seen any in your community, and would it be better if their garages were more hidden? \n\n Modern architect Frank Lloyd Wright would certainly have hidden them: he imagined cars living inside of houses . For him, there was no need for wasted liminal space between homes and streets. Explore the design and history of his famous Robie House , then discuss with your team: does it truly “blur the boundaries between interior space and the world of nature”? How different would your school look if it had followed the same principles? \n\n Observe how Los Angeles has transformed one set of downtown parking lots into a new community gathering place , then discuss with your team: are there places in your own city that should be converted in a similar way?", + "Products can have rough drafts too. To see how well they work and what people think of them, companies often create early samples—or prototypes—of potential products. Here are some examples of prototypes that turned into popular gadgets and gizmos (aplenty); sometimes, as in the case of the iPhone , they may look nothing like the product that ultimately made it to market. Learn more about the prototyping cycle by researching the the terms below, then discuss with your team: are there other things in life that would benefit from prototyping? Is there any difference between a prototype and a draft? \n\n sketches | storyboarding | paper prototypes | low vs. high fidelity \n wireframing | mockup | proof of concept | user testing \n minimum viable product | minimum marketable feature \n\n Instead of hiring engineers to work with a factory in Shenzhen (or Baja California) to create a product sample, today an inventor can try out a new concept with simulated models and 3D printed mockups. Even your school might have a “makerspace” that you can use to channel your inner Thomas Edison—or Sarah Boone . Consider the advantages and disadvantages of such rapid prototyping , then discuss with your team: should access to these tools be limited to those who can use them responsibly? \n\n In the world of software, AI-powered vibe coding allows users to create programs without writing a line of code. Just ask a chatbot for what you want and watch it appear. You might want to try vibe-coding yourself, then discuss with your team: should we be worried about a future flooded with too many programs of uncertain quality and with limited support? Is it better if not everyone can get “there” so easily? \n\n In 1770, a Hungarian engineer announced a startling invention: a machine capable of playing chess. This “Mechanical Turk” toured the world, impressing everyone from Benjamin Franklin to Edgar Allan Poe. There was just one problem: it was not an early example of AI , but a hoax, operated by a chess master hidden within. Companies today may still take a similar approach—known as “Wizard of Oz” testing —to test user response before production. Discuss with your team: is it okay to mislead users during product testing in order to make the finished versions of those products better? \n\n Elon Musk once unveiled a prototype humanoid robot that turned out to be a dancer in a costume . His more recent demonstrations are closer—but still not quite there . Read about some other examples of companies faking demonstrations of their not-quite-ready products, then discuss with your team: should companies be required to tell people when demos are slightly or entirely rigged? \n\n Some companies have even sold products and services that still secretly relied on people to function properly. Amazon’s AI-powered cashiers at their “Just Walk Out” grocery stores were actually overseen by thousands of low-paid workers ; Fireflies.ai makes millions a year selling automated notetaking at meetings, but recently revealed that at first their powerful AI was just the founders listening in and writing stuff down. Look for similar cases, then discuss with your team: should companies be punished for releasing successful products and services that once relied on human intervention but no longer do? Is “fake it ‘til you make it” justified as long as you make it in the end?", + "You’re there now—but why? If you’ve ever forgotten why you walked into a room, you may have experienced what scientists call the doorway effect . This temporary amnesia happens when you pass through the threshold of a liminal space; scientists theorize that the brain may “reset” short-term memories when it finds itself in a new setting. Liminality is that state of being in-between: you aren’t where you were but you’re also not where you’re going. As you explore this concept, discuss with your team: what are other examples of liminal spaces and thresholds in our own lives? \n\n Most films take you from one spot to another, through the lens of the camera, as stuff happens in front of you. But some “found footage” has become famous for losing the viewer in the in-between. Watch one of the most popular of these efforts, The Backrooms (2022), then discuss with your team: did it make you feel uneasy? Have you ever had a moment when you felt adrift in this way—and, if so, where? \n\n The Backrooms helped inspire this video game . Consider it and other games that take players into eerie landscapes, abandoned buildings, and foggy nowheres—such as Galactic Cafe’s The Stanley Parable (2013). What aspects of liminal spaces make them effective settings for these games? \n\n The philosopher Immanuel Kant argues that beauty is something that affects us as if it had a purpose even when it doesn’t. Beauty doesn’t need to be going anywhere. Does Kant’s thinking help us understand why people might be attracted to liminal spaces? \n\n We also pass through shared liminal spaces in the real world: train stations (and trains!), airports, elevators. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: in what sense does each of them depict a liminal setting? \n\n J.M.W. Turner | Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844) \n William Powell Firth | The Railway Station (1862) \n Tsukioka Yoshitoshi | Picture of the Railroad at Takanawa (1871) \n Claude Monet | Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) \n Yilan Folk Song | “Drip, Drip, Drip” (c. 1924) \n Steve McCurry | Train Station, Agra, 1983 (1983) \n Richard Artschwager | Six in Four (2015) \n\n If you’ve ever gone to the doctor, the odds are good you’ve sat in a room waiting for someone to call your name. With your team, explore the architecture of waiting . How can a waiting room decrease anxiety (or amplify it)? How would you design waiting rooms differently for different purposes? \n\n In recent years, the popular meaning of the word “liminal” has expanded to include more of the not-quite-right and not-quite-there. Consider the following pieces and then discuss with your team: is it fair to describe them as liminal works? Or are we using the term liminal too loosely? \n\n Paul Gauguin | Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897-98) \n Rene Magritte | The Treachery of Images (1929) \n Salvador Dali | The Persistence of Memory (1931) \n Andrew Wyeth | Christina’s World (1948) \n M. C. Escher | Ascending and Descending (1960) \n Gregory Crewdson | Beneath the Roses (2004) \n Camille Seamn | The Distant is Imminent (2020) \n\n To be in-between is to pass through a space where the normal rules of movement, time, and social interaction are suspended—but only briefly, on the way to elsewhere. But what happens if you’re stuck in such a place? As you explore the selections below, consider: how should we approach spending time in liminal spaces? Should we do more to seek them out? \n\n Samuel Beckett | Waiting for Godot , Scene 2 (1953) \n Pablo Neruda | “Keeping Still” (1958) \n Philippe Orreindy | I'll Wait for the Next One... (2002) \n Marcel Ayme | “The Man Who Could Walk through Walls” (1941) \n Amor Towles | A Gentleman in Moscow ( Excerpt ) (2019) \n\n Some people put on a little music when they’re talking with someone else, or when they’re eating dinner—just to fill the room with a certain kind of background sound. Ambient music is designed to do exactly that, without needing you to focus on it—and it’s a newer genre than you might think. Consider the examples below, beginning with composer Brian Eno’s effort to make airports less stressful, and then discuss with your team: should we be playing more ambient music and fewer pop songs, podcasts, and YouTube videos when the goal is just to keep away the quiet? Or is ambient music best reserved for liminal spaces—is it, in fact, music for airports? \n\n Brian Eno | Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1979) \n Hiroshi Yoshimura | Music for Nine Postcards (1982) \n Max Richter | Sleep (2015)", + "In 2001, millennial pop star Britney Spears sang that she was “not a girl, not yet a woman”. In other words, she was an adolescent. Actually, she was 20 at the time—no longer a teenager, but well below the age at which our frontal lobes stop developing . With your team, explore the history of teenagers and the related terms below. If adolescence has always been a developmental stage in both humans and many other animals , why is the idea of teenagers so new ? \n\n prefrontal cortex | neural pruning | risk-taking | neophilia | differentiation \n\n The word “adolescent” comes from a Latin word meaning “to grow toward”. But “teenager” relies on a quirk of the English language—that the numbers 11 and 12 have their own unique words, while 13 through 19 are compound words that combine a single-digit number and a suffix meaning “ten” (four-teen, six-teen, and so on). How do other languages refer to adolescents and teenagers—and does your own first language differentiate between these two terms? What are their different connotations? Do cultures with languages that use a -ten suffix for the numbers 11 and 12 define the “teenage” years differently? For instance, in Spanish, the -ten suffix only comes into play at 16— diez (10) y seis (6); do children only become teenagers at 16 in Spanish-speaking countries? \n\n Many cultures hold special ceremonies to celebrate the passage from the dependency of childhood to the responsibilities of adulthood. With your team, explore the following rites of passage and consider: what is the difference between a cultural rite, such as a quinceañera, and a secular one, like graduating from high school? \n\n Sweet sixteens | Fiesta de Quinceañera | Vision quests | Guan Li \n Seijin no Hi | Bar and Bat Mitzvahs | Walkabout | Khatam al-Quran \n debuts | high school graduation | driver’s license | first paycheck \n national service | voting | moving out \n\n A ceremony offers a definite moment: now you are a man, or woman, or more broadly an adult. But the transition to adulthood is rarely a single, clean step; more often, it is a series of stumbles. The following works explore the messy middle years, where childhood collides with the expectations of tradition, society, and self-identity. As you explore them, consider: is adulthood a destination you reach or a mask you learn to wear? \n\n Gwendolyn Brooks | “We Real Cool” (1963) \n Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve | “The Medicine Bag” (1975) \n Carol Ann Duffy | “In Mrs. Tilscher’s Class” (1990) \n Joss Whedon | “Where Do We Go From Here?” (2001) \n Karen Russell | “Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves” (2006) \n Ruth B | “Lost Boy ” (2015)\n Major Jackson | “Let Me Begin Again” (2021) \n\n Millennials—people born between about 1981 and 1995—gave us side parts, skinny jeans, and “adulting” . This term transformed adulthood into a verb, something you do (often with great effort) rather than something you simply are . Whether going to bed early, scheduling a dentist appointment, or buying a vacuum cleaner, describing your actions as “adulting” implies you are just role-playing as a grown-up. Consider with your team: is being an adult a specific feeling or just a collection of habits and responsibilities? When do you think you will feel like an adult? \n\n Life is a journey—but does it end with a final port of call or a temporary layover? Explore the following works and discuss with your team: how do they handle the idea of life approaching its last liminal moment? \n\n Rumi | “A stone I died” (c. 13th century) \n John Donne | “Death Be not Proud” (1633) \n Alfred Lord Tennyson | “Ulysses” (1842) \n Emily Dickinson | “Because I could not stop for Death” (1890) \n Rabindranath Tagore | “Gitanjali 95” (1913) \n Dmitri Shostakovich | 15th Symphony: Fourth Movement (1972) \n Thich Nhat Hanh | “Please Call Me by My True Names” (1976) \n David Berman | “A Letter from Isaac Asimov to his Wife Janet, Written on His Deathbed” (1999) \n Linkin Park | “In the End” (2000)", + "In the fifteenth century, Europeans launched their caravels and galleons on what would become a merciless colonial crusade around the globe. They relied on a Chinese invention, the compass , which transformed the ocean from a terrifying void into a measurable grid. Learn about other key innovations that helped these smallpox-toting explorers navigate the seas, then discuss with your team: what would the world be like today if Europeans had simply stayed home? \n\n astrolabe | sextant | log tables and ephemerides | magnetic compass \n the log and line | chronometer | latitude and longitude \n\n We have Google Maps, or Baidu, but how do other animals know when they’ve arrived? From the monarch butterfly’s multigenerational migration to the globe-trotting of the humpback whale, animals follow astoundingly complex routes around the Earth. Learn more about their migration patterns and processes through the terms and examples below, then consider: are animals truly navigating, or just following their instincts? And is human activity making it harder for them to find their way? \n\n magnetoreception | cryptochromes | olfactory navigation | echolocation | zugunruhe \n constant frequency | frequency modulation | sunlight polarization | spatial memory \n indigo bunting | dung beetle | honeybees | homing pigeons | sea turtles | desert ants \n\n “We know where we are,” sang Moana’s ancestors —and they knew it without maps, compasses, or access to Starlink. Instead, Polynesians drew on a complex system of non-instrument navigation, including the star compass, ocean swells, and animal sightings. In the Arctic, the Inuit use the night sky and other markers to find their way—even in a landscape almost uniformly white with ice and snow. With your team, explore traditional navigation methods (including some that may be legendary ) and consider: how does the journey change if the map is not on our screen but in our mind? Would the world be better off if more people knew how to navigate it without their phones? \n\n In some video games, such as Zelda and Yakuza, the unexplored regions of the map are cloudy until you visit them. The real world used to be more like that: Columbus sailed into the unknown (and never reached his intended “there”) and you couldn’t know what was around the riverbend until you went around the riverbend. Some mapping apps now offer the chance to recreate that experience by masking regions of the map until you set foot in them. Check out one example, Fog of World , which promises us the chance to “experience a richer life”, then discuss with your team: can limiting easy access to knowledge really enrich our experience of the world? If so, what else should we keep “foggy”? \n\n In the 2004 film The Terminal , a traveler lands at an American airport only to discover that his country’s government has collapsed. With his passport no longer valid, he can’t enter the United States, but he also can’t go home again—so he ends up living at the airport indefinitely. Watch highlights from the film with your team, then consider the real case of Mehran Karimi Nasser that inspired it. Why do you think Steven Spielberg made the changes to the story that he did? And what should governments do in situations like these? You may also want to look into some more recent examples of people stuck in airports, including that of Edward Snowden . \n\n Immigrants by land and sea can also face obstacles to entry when they reach their destinations. Consider the case of the St. Louis , a ship carrying Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in 1939. The passengers were denied entry in the United States, Canada, and Cuba, and many ultimately died in Nazi concentration camps. More recently, the United States has stopped allowing people to ask for asylum at its southern border; European countries are also increasingly reluctant to accept refugees. Explore the reasons behind these anti-immigrant policies; do some make more sense than others? Then, discuss with your team: how open should countries be to those arriving at their borders in dire need? Should there be limits on the number admitted, and, if so, how should those limits be calculated? \n\n Consider the following poems that speak to the immigrant experience. Are they expressing something universal, or are they too constrained by the specific experience of migrating to the United States? In what ways do they relate to the idea of thresholds and liminal spaces? \n\n Emma Lazarus | “The New Colossus” (1883) \n Adrienne Rich | “Prospective Immigrants Please Note” (1963) \n Marilyn Chin | “We Are Americans Now, We Live in the Tundra” (1987) \n Adrian Castro | “The Sound of One Immigrant Clapping” (2005) \n Richard Blanco | “Mother Country” (2019) \n\n Some artists, too, explore the liminality of the migrant. Whether between home and the unfamiliar, or legal and “alien” status, how does each of them treat the state of being in-between? \n\n Frida Kahlo | The Bus (1929) \n Jacob Lawrence | Migration (1941) \n Led Zeppelin | “Immigrant Song” (1970) \n Fiddler on the Roof | “Far From the Home I Love” (1971) \n Genesis | “Illegal Alien” (1983) \n Brendan Graham | “Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears” (1995) \n Kovi Konowiecki | Borderlands (2016) \n Los Tigres del Norte | “Somos Mas Americanos” (2013)", + "“All roads lead to Rome,” insisted one medieval European proverb. (In other parts of the world, roads led elsewhere.) While Roman roads may be the most famous for their longevity and scale , they were far from the first road network. Explore the history of roads and the related terms below. Then, consider some of the most famous roads in the world both today and in ancient times . \n\n macadam | pavement | asphalt | corduroy road | gallery road \n holloway | ridgeway | milestones | trackway \n\n Modern engineering is moving towards roads that do more than just sit on the ground—they participate actively in transport. As you explore the innovations below, consider: what problems are they trying to solve, and what new ethical or environmental problems might they create? Ultimately, is the future of the road paved at all, or does something more radical await over the horizon? \n\n solar roadways | piezoelectric materials | inductive charging \n DSRC | self-healing asphalt | modular pavement | permeable pavement \n\n Urban designers know the frustration of watching unofficial trails sprout on perfectly manicured lawns. These are desire paths : the physical evidence of the shortest distance between two points. But, while a straight line is efficient, it isn’t always optimal. The “best” route is a shifting balance of speed, energy, and the unknown. With your team, consider the logic of the shortcut and the science of the scenic route. How do humans, animals, and even slime molds decide what way to go? Should we always follow the path of least resistance? \n\n Traveling salesman problem | vector-based navigation | explore-exploit problem \n Route elasticity | Braess’s Paradox | dead reckoning | the Steiner Tree Problem \n\n If the chicken crossed the stroad , it would probably get run over. Explore what makes stroads different from—and, according to critics, more dangerous than—traditional streets and roads, then discuss with your team: are there any in your community, and are there times when they might be the best choice? \n\n “It’s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your door,” says Bilbo to his nephew in The Fellowship of the Ring , and he doesn’t even have stroads to worry about. Stepping over your threshold means signing a contract with the unknown, even if you have a destination in mind. In the works below, the road is not just a strip of dirt or asphalt: it is a psychological landscape. As you read them, consider: what is the difference between traveling by choice and by necessity? And is it ever better to just stay home? \n\n Du Fu | “Travelling Again” (761 CE) \n William Shakespeare | “Sonnet 50” (1609) \n John Massefield | “Sea Fever” (1902) \n Carl Sandburg | “Window” (1914) \n Robert Frost | “The Road Not Taken” (1915) \n William Butler Yeats | “Sailing to Byzantium” (1927) \n Rustu Onur | “The Journey” (c. early 20th century) \n Czeslaw Milosz | “This Only” (1988) \n Richard Russo | “Just Drive” (1992) \n Rita Dove | “Vacation” (1994) \n\n While the first long-distance car journey took place in Germany , it was in America that the concept of the road trip took hold. Read more about its history then discuss with your team: why is the idea of the road trip so associated with America even when other places also have expansive road systems? Is it because the country lacks trains and buses? \n\n Be sure to look into other long distance overland journeys, including the once-legendary London to Calcutta bus service and the still operational Transoceánica from Brazil to Peru . Can they be called road trips even if they don’t take place in cars? Or is it only a road trip if you can choose when and where to stop along the way? \n\n The Federal Highway Administration of the United States calls it “the Mother Road”: others refer to it as the Main Street of America. Though no longer a major thoroughfare, Route 66 is still widely revered and remembered. Read about its history, or check out this video , then consider: what is the most famous road in your own country? Why do you think Route 66 still tugs at the imagination of travelers today? \n\n People on road trips needed a place to sleep at night. Early on, many simply pulled off the road and camped beside their cars; over time, a new kind of car-friendly hotel emerged to serve them. Read about the world’s first motel and the history of motels since , then consider: are there equivalents in your country—and have you ever stayed at one? \n\n Consider the art and music selections below: what aspects of being on the road do they reflect? Do they over-idealize the experience of traveling by car—or critique it unfairly? \n\n Nat Cole | “Get Your Kicks on Route 66” (1946) \n Edward Hopper | Western Motel (1957) \n Edward Ruscha | Standard Station (1966) \n Willie Nelson | “On the Road Again Song” (1980)\n David Hockney | Pearblossom Highway (1985) \n Tom Cochrane | “Life is a Highway” (1991) \n Bic Runga | “Drive” (1996) \n Norah Jones | “Come Away with Me” (2002) \n\n “Beware thoughts that come in the night,” writes Willian Least-Heat Moon, in the introduction to his 1982 road trip travelogue masterpiece, Blue Highways . Read the book’s first page here , then discuss with your team: do you agree with him that traveling in a circle has more purpose than traveling in a straight line? If you were given a car, unlimited gas (or endless EV charging), and all the time in the world, where would you want to drive it?", + "People on the road have historically needed places to park themselves too. With your team, explore the history of inns and hotels , including what might be the oldest hotel in the world . What differentiates a hotel from earlier forms of accommodation, such as post houses? \n\n The rise of hotels coincided with the rise of tourism—travel for leisure, instead of for migration or business. Historians trace the roots of modern tourism to the grand tours of the 17th and 18th centuries, in which young aristocrats would travel across Europe as a rite of passage. Review a typical grand tourist itinerary , then discuss with your team: in what sense does this tradition continue today? \n\n The grand tour was a privilege afforded mainly to the nobility and the wealthy. It took the emergence of the railway, the ocean liner, and the passenger jet, along with the rise of a middle class with enough disposable income, to bring tourism to the masses . Explore the history of leisure travel, then discuss with your team: why do certain places attract more tourists? Is it possible to attract too many? \n\n Some people (and American politicians ) long for the so-called “Golden Age of Travel”: an era of opulent ocean liners, spacious flying boats, and wealthy travelers dressed to impress. They contrast this glowing picture with the cramped seats on modern airplanes and images of barefooted passengers clipping their nails at 30,000 feet. Whether or not such a golden era ever existed— historians have their doubts ( alternate link )—discuss with your team: what, if anything, should be done to improve the travel experience today? Be sure to consider the psychology behind tourist misbehavior : is there something about traveling that encourages people to act in ways they wouldn’t at home? \n\n Although nothing beats a Jet2 Holiday, tourists are increasingly avoiding tours that shuffle everyone through the same overcrowded museums and restaurants in favor of more “authentic” travel experiences. Explore the following niche forms of travel and consider what role social media may have had in promoting them. How realistic is it to engage in deep exchange and learning while on holiday? \n\n heritage tourism | ecotourism | gastrotourism | agritourism | monastic retreats \n voluntourism | edutourism | wellness retreats | dark tourism \n\n People aren’t the only things that travel, of course; goods do too. Before the era of long-distance shipping, a trader who didn’t want to confront the full length of a trade road might transport his goods to or from an entrepôt . These bustling market towns were not destinations but waystations where goods were imported, stored, and traded again without being subject to local duties. Learn more about the terms and places below as you explore the history of getting goods from here to there to an Amazon Prime truck. \n\n entrepôts | waystations | free-trade zones | transshipment | caravanserai \n Silk Road | Piraeus | Tyrus | Lothal | Carthage \n Shimoda & Hakodate | Malacca | Istanbul | Chicago | Hong Kong", + "“Science has not yet mastered prophecy,” Neil Armstrong (the first man on the moon) once said. “We predict too much for the next year and yet far too little for the next ten.” Indeed, some technologies exist in a tantalizing but perpetual “almost there”, always just a few years away. Consider the examples below, then discuss with your team: why are these technologies stuck in the near future, and which one would you be most excited to see in action? \n\n fusion power | cure for cancer | graphene | flying cars | virtual reality \n nanotechnology | space elevator | food pills | artificial general intelligence \n\n With apologies to Mr. Armstrong, sometimes people also predict too much for the next ten. Consider these predictions for the year 2028, made in 2018. Are there any that haven’t come true yet but that you think still might in the next two years? \n\n “It will soon be possible to transmit wireless messages all over the world so simply that any individual can own and operate his own apparatus,” the inventor Nikola Tesla told the New York Times in 1904. Whether it was an accurate prediction of the smartphone depends on what you think the meaning of “soon” is. For Tesla, soon meant, “I’m building it right now; I just need more funding.” Read more about his Wardenclyffe Tower and the reasons it failed, then discuss with your team: what if it had succeeded? \n\n Tesla is far from the only person to have declared that “it will soon be possible…” Sentences that begin with this and similar phrases (e.g., “In a few years, everyone will…”) almost always make ambitious predictions about the near future. Search online for examples like them, then discuss with your team: for each one, are we there yet, and how long did it take us to get there? If not, how close are we? Here are three examples to get you started. \n\n “…for one man to be heard by every human being on Earth” (1925) \n “…to launch a satellite that makes its own solar array in orbit” (2019) \n “…for humans to live a thousand years or more” (2025) \n\n Two humans that want to live a thousand years are the presidents of China and Russia. In September 2025, they were overheard talking about using organ transplants to extend their lives indefinitely. As a strategy, organ transplants have major shortcomings: it can be hard to find the organs, and just as hard to stop our immune systems from rejecting them. But people have invested billions of dollars in developing other approaches. Learn more about those listed below, then discuss with your team: if science does find ways for us to live much longer lives, would there be any reason to hesitate before using them? \n\n organoids | bioprinting | plasma transfusion | senotherapeutics \n cellular reprogramming | cellular rejuvenation | telomere extension \n caloric restriction | digital immortality | cryonics \n\n Read about some of the futuristic technologies predicted in the past , then watch this video that shows how those predictions evolved across the 20th century. Some of them seem fantastical—an Olympics on the moon in the year 2020?—but others may already be within our reach, or just slightly beyond (where they may or may not get stuck). With your team, consider: what can we learn about the past from where people thought we were going? Are any of the things that people predicted about the 21st century things you might now predict for the 22nd? \n\n Who wouldn’t want quantum supremacy? In 2019, Google made a splashy headline: they’d achieved it ! Others soon claimed they had too. But researchers admit quantum computers still have no practical purpose , even as cryptographers worry that they could someday be used to hack even the most encrypted passwords. Read more about this much-dreaded Q-Day , then discuss with your team: should we be developing technologies that have unclear practical advantages but clear downsides? \n\n Certainly, here are some examples of text generated by large language models. It's not just the use of em dashes, but the use of negative parallel structures like this. Wikipedia has compiled a list of signs that a piece of text has been generated by AI. We may soon get to a point where we won't be able to accurately distinguish human- and AI-generated content—at least, not without setting deliberate traps . Will it matter? \n\n Deep learning-driven neural networks excel at competing high school English assignments, but it’s not clear that they’re getting anywhere close to artificial general intelligence (AGI) —that is, to an AI that mirrors the ability of humans to learn, understand, and apply knowledge across unlimited contexts. Discuss with your team: should we want to get there? How will our lives change if and when we do? \n\n “Because it’s there,” the British explorer George Mallory once responded, when asked why he wanted to climb Mt. Everest. (It’s not clear if he ever got there.) During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union looked the opposite direction and launched rival projects to drill as deep as possible into the Earth’s crust. The United States made it about 600 meters; the Soviet Union, about 12,000 —resulting in the Kola Superdeep Borehole . The project only shut down in 1992 after the Soviet Union itself went into a hole. Learn more about this project and others like it, then discuss with your team: what, if anything, should be the next frontier humanity tries to reach—and why? And are races—and heated rivalries—the best way to get somewhere quickly?" +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.txt b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a38bca68a7668c96cfa5e27325d53d0b258f362 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/all_guiding_questions.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@ + +============================================================ +PROMPT 1 +============================================================ +If you walked out of your home without knowing you’d accidentally time traveled into the past, how long would it take you to realize what had happened? What if they had sent you back ten years, or thirty, or a hundred? Discuss with your team: how far into the past would you need to be to realize instantly that you were in a different era? + One clue to your whenabouts might be the text around you: not just the headlines on newspapers and store signs, but the fonts they’re printed in. Consider some of the history of typography , then discuss with your team: how different would the world look today if Microsoft had chosen Comic Sans instead of Calibri as its default typeface in the early 2000s—or as its successor 20 years later. The London Underground also decided to update its font in 2016 for a more modern look—did it succeed? Be sure to learn the difference between serif and sans serif fonts, and then see which ones are used more widely. Does the same distinction apply in non-Western alphabets? + Recently, the United States Department of State changed its own default font from Times New Roman to Calibri—20 years after first switching from Courier to Times New Roman. Each move sparked at least 36 points of controversy. Discuss with your team: should governments even have standardized fonts? If so, how should they pick them, and when should they change them? + If all these fonts confuse you—or you just want to check whether a document (such as an alternative World Scholar’s Cup outline) is a forgery—you could always hire a forensic font expert . Read about the kind of work such experts do, then discuss with your team: should some fonts be reserved for exclusive use by AIs and others for humans? + Time travelers often struggle to pay for things; their currency has a cancelled Marvel actor’s face on it, or they don’t know what money is, or they can’t make the self-checkout machines work. (Then again, can anyone ?) If you found yourself at a supermarket in 1963, you wouldn’t have been able to pay for anything at all until the clerk typed in the price of every item you wanted to buy, one at a time. Doing so quickly was a coveted skill: there was even a competition with prizes like free trips to Hawaii. The adoption of the barcode in the 1960s was a buzzkill for such price-inputting savants . Discuss with your team: what other technologies do we take for granted when we’re at stores or shopping online? And do you support efforts to reimagine in-person shopping without any form of checkout at all ? + Just as barcodes transformed checkout, QR codes have changed many other everyday experiences, from debate tree distribution (sometimes) to accessing restaurant menus. But a change that seemed inevitable during the pandemic has run into resistance since. Discuss with your team: is this pushback a classic example of society resisting technological progress, only to eventually succumb? Are there any technologies that were supposed to change the world which were rejected and stayed rejected? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 2 +============================================================ +Artists sometimes rethink what materials can even be used to make art. Consider the butter sculptures of Caroline Brooks, or the cassette tape sculptures of Erika Iris Simmons, in which the artist crafted portraits of famous musicians out of their own recordings. Discuss with your team: should more portraits be made of materials related to their subjects? Do works such as Dominique Blain’s Missa —an assemblage of one hundred army boots—force us to reconsider old topics in new ways, or do they rely too much on novelty instead of skill? + A scholar from New Zealand once revealed that her artistic talent also involved an unusual medium: she painted on pizza dough—with tomato sauce. (This approach works less well on existing paintings.) If she had been born 40,000 years ago—and to an egalitarian society with access to foreign fruits—she might have painted on cave walls instead. While tomato-based pigment wouldn’t have survived to the modern era, some ancient cave art has. Consider recent efforts to reconstruct the earliest cave art, including this 35,000 year-old illustration of a babirusa deep in the Maros-Pangkep caves of Indonesia. Then, discuss with your team: were these early cave dwellers artists? Is there a difference between painting and documentation—or between drawing and doodling? Are Charles Darwin’s surviving sketches of finches in the Galapagos fit to be called works of art? + If it were a Starbucks, they’d just build another one across the street. It’s harder to know what to do when a historical site is overcrowded. Some governments impose quotas, as Peru did in 2019 on visitors to the Incan city of Machu Picchu. Facing a similar situation when tourists swamped its Lascaux Caves to see the art on their walls, France— built another one across the street. Is it misleading to present such recreations to tourists as worthwhile destinations? Does it matter whether the duplicates were made by human hands or a 3D printer, or how far they are from the original? + Consider this proposal to build another Egyptian pyramid in Detroit or this second Eiffel Tower , named Eiffela by creator Phillipe Maindron. The world is full of such efforts: learn more about these other Eiffel tower replicas , including those in Texas, Pakistan, and China, then discuss with your team: what other historical landmark would you want to duplicate? Where would you put it, and would you make it exactly like the original or would you reimagine it in some way? + Even if these sites weren’t overcrowded—more Baku than Kuala Lumpur—they would still require us to travel to them. Not everyone has the means. But, at least in theory, far more people could visit reconstructions of them in virtual reality , or VR. (VR was the last trendy two-letter acronym before AI.) Explore the offerings of the Australian company Lithodomos, then discuss with your team: would you support this technology being used in classrooms ? Should more real-world tourism be replaced with VR visits? Check out the following VR implementations at museums, then discuss with your team: are these VR interpretations of past works themselves new works of art? + + The Ochre Atelier | London Tate Museum + The Opening of the Diet 1863 | National Museum of Finland + + Artists have been experimenting with integrating VR directly into their work. Consider the pieces below, then discuss with your team: would they still have as much artistic value without the VR elements? How soon do you think AI will be integrated into art in the same way, or is this integration already happening? + + I Came and Went as a Ghost Hand | Rachel Rossin (2016) + La Camera Insabbiata | Laurie Anderson & Hsin-Chien Huang (2017) + + Sometimes, a work isn’t copied as much as it is reinterpreted. In the 1980s, two Soviet artists-in-exile, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, painted the head of Josef Stalin perched on a woman's hand. Judith on the Red Square was just one of many takes on a historical moment that may never even have happened. Compare their version with those below, then discuss with your team: how do their styles and meanings vary? If, as critics argue , they celebrate “female rage”, should we still be studying any of them? Pay special attention to the Mannerist style of Giorgio Vasari, in which artists abandon the pursuit of realism in favor of imagined ideals. When is it better to make something less realistic ? + + Judith with the Head of Holofernes | Michael Wolgemut & Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (1493) + Judith and Holofernes | Giorgio Vasari (1554) + Judith Slaying Holofernes | Artemisia Gentileschi (1612-13) + Judith and Holofernes | Pedro Americo (1880) + Judith and Holofernes | Kehinde Wiley (2012) + + In 2023, when the Mauritshuis Museum in the Hague lent out one of its most famous works—Johannes Vermeer’s The Girl with the Pearl Earring (1665)—it launched a competition, titled My Girl with a Pearl , for something to hang in its place. Over 3500 artists submitted their reimaginings of the original Vermeer. The winner was a lovely work titled A Girl with Glowing Earrings —which turned out to have been made using AI. The museum was criticized , even as the German-based artist Julian van Dieken behind it pointed out that he had been upfront about his methods. Discuss with your team: should museums be allowed to display art generated using AI tools? + Sitting astride a gallant white steed in Jacques-Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1801) is purportedly Napoleon, but Napolean didn’t want to pose for the work —despite having given David very specific instructions on what to paint. “ Calme sur un cheval fougueux ,” he requested. Calm on a fiery horse . For a model, David resorted to his own son—who stood calmly on a fiery ladder. To achieve more drama, he replaced the mule from Napoleon’s actual journey (on a fair summer day) with a stallion (battling a blistering storm). The most accurate thing about the painting was the uniform. It had only been a year since the actual event happened; surely some people knew how inaccurate the work was, and his own face in it was bland and undetailed—but Napoleon reputably loved the finished product. “Nobody knows if the portraits of the great men resemble them [anyway],” the victorious general offered, by way of justification. Discuss with your team: was Napoleon right in recognizing that history would remember how David had portrayed him? You should also take a look at this piece by Paul Delaroche in 1853, which tried to reconstruct the past more accurately than it had been reimagined in the present—should an AI be used to transplant some of the details from this version into the original piece? + Napoleon rode his white “horse”; George Washington rode a raft. Emanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) captures a key moment in America's founding myth: the future first president leading his men against on the British. As paintings go, it is iconic; it is also inaccurate . In 2011, Mort Kunstler reimagined the scene more realistically. Compare his take to Leutze's, then consider a version that critiques the myth behind all of it: Robert Colescott's “ George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware: Page from an American History Textbook (1975). If you could print only one of these three works in a history textbook, which would you choose? Did Leutze’s become the most iconic only because it was first? + In Puerto Rico, tourists can visit an old fort, the Castillo (Castle) San Felipe del Morro , which is now a museum with grand views of the sea. Those of us who grew up watching Disney might think of castles as places from which princesses emerge to build snowmen, but in real life they more often served as military bases and seats of regional power. Explore some of the techniques used to reconstruct castles that have lost the battle with time, such as LED lights , 3D models , and VR — then discuss with your team: should they be rebuilt in real life instead? + When rebuilding castles in real life, should we update them to reflect modern values such as sustainability, inclusiveness, and indoor plumbing? Consider the controversy in Japan over adding elevators to Nagoya Castle for guests experiencing limited mobility, then discuss with your team: at what point does rebuilding something become reimagining it? Attempts to restore the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris also raised similar questions . Should these rebuilt structures still be considered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites ? + The Queen King of England doesn’t live in a castle; Buckingham Palace has neither a moat nor a drawbridge. Castles and palaces are often confused —unsurprising, as both are large structures with no real purpose in the year 2024. Research the following castles and palaces that have found ways to open their doors to modern visitors, then discuss with your team: would their original residents have liked “what we’ve done with the place”? While most renovated castles and palaces are converted into hotels or museums, what else could be done with them? Should they be converted into low-cost housing for those in need? + + The Winter Palace (Russia) | Rambagh Palace (India) + Parador Alcaniz (Spain) | St Donats Castle (Wales) + Alnwick Castle (England) | Doune Castle (Scotland) + + Castles aren’t the only instances of old infrastructure finding new life in the modern world. In medieval times London Bridge was a living bridge , serving not just as a river crossing but as the host of an entire community of shops and houses. Now it’s just a song lyric and a thoroughfare. In New York, an old elevated rail line has been reborn as the popular High Line park ; in Hong Kong and Athens , retired airports—with their massive footprints—are being redeveloped into entire neighborhoods. On a smaller scale, many urban rooftops are becoming organic farms and suburban parking lots solar farms . Discuss with your team: what other aspects of older infrastructure could be used in new ways with minimal changes? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 3 +============================================================ +“Write what you know,” is the first piece of advice given to most students in writing workshops. Artists, too, tend to paint that which they’ve experienced and observed; Monet spent a lot of time at his lily pond . But there have always been some artists who blend the real with the imaginary. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should we respond differently to art that tries to imagine what could be, art that imagines what could never be, and art that shows us what we didn’t realize already was? + + A Reversible Anthropomorphic Portrait of a Man Composed of Fruit | Giuseppe Arcimboldo + Aerial Rotating House | Albert Robida (1883) + Late Visitors to Pompeii | Carel Wilink (1931) + Our Lady of the Iguanas | Graciela Iturbide (1979) + The Strolling Saint | Pedro Meyer (1991) + The Romantic Dollarscape | Pedro Alvarez (2003) + Weirdos of Another Universe | Avery Gibbs (2023) + + Some artists choose to reimagine popular brands and fictional characters in ways that shine a new light on them and on society. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should these artists be required to secure permission from—or even pay—the companies whose brands or characters they are borrowing? Does it depend on how widely the work is distributed, or whether the work is positive or negative? + + Campbell’s Soup Cans | Andy Warhol (1962) + Liberation of Aunt Jemima & Liberation of Aunt Jemima: Cocktail | Betye Saar (1973) + Kawsbob | Kaws (2010) + Charlie Brown Firestarter | Banksy (2010) + Life, Miracle Whip and Premium | Brendan O'Connell (2013) + + A smart fridge that could order more yogurt from the market for you when your supply runs low: the Internet of things (IoT) devices promised to revolutionize our daily live, from thermostats that learn when you’re home to umbrellas that check the weather forecast before you leave home. But we are now more than a decade into the IoT revolution, and it has mostly filled our houses with useless gadgets that are privacy and security risks and frequently turn into e-waste . Discuss with your team: what went wrong? Do people simply not want their homes full of IoT devices, or is this a technology whose time has just not yet come? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 4 +============================================================ +You can’t read records that don’t exist, just as you can’t listen to music that was never recorded. Learn about the world’s earliest record-keeping , usually credited to the Sumerians or the Egyptians. Compare their early forms of writing—cuneiform and hieroglyphics—then discuss: would there be advantages to living in a world where no one keeps written track of anything? Be sure to investigate the following strategies that early civilizations used to record their histories. What were their limitations, and can we learn from any of them today? + + petroglyphs | cuneiform | nsibidi | quipus | Dispilio Tablet + oracle bones | cylcons | geoglyphs | runestones + + The invention of the camera in the 1800s changed how we've pictured history since; now we know what things looked like. Where we once had myth, now we have newspaper clippings. All these images present a challenge for those producing stories set in photographed times: to build realistic sets and to cast actors who look enough like their historical counterparts. Consider the actors who have played individuals such as Princess Diana , Ho Chi Minh , and Abraham Lincoln , then discuss with your team: how important is it that those who play historical figures resemble them physically? Would it have been all right for a short man to play Lincoln in a movie, as long he grew a beard and wore a hat? What if it were in a play instead, or a musical? And, once technology permits, will it be better to reconstruct historical figures with CGI than to try to find human lookalikes? + The musical Hamilton defied the expectation of what actors in historical dramas should look and sound like by explicitly casting Black actors as America’s legendary founding heroes and then telling their story in hip-hop-inspired numbers. Especially at first, many people celebrated how it gives a marginalized group control of the narrative; history is being reinvented as their story, too. Others have argued that, while it may seem to empower them, the musical forces Black actors to act as their own oppressors —and that it distorts American history into a simple tale of heroes and villains; put another way, we shouldn't hate so much on Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, and maybe we're overthinking what happened in the room. Discuss with your team: does “ color-conscious casting ” open doors to new stories and social equality, or does it perpetuate disinformation and barriers to progress? + You can't just look the part; you should sound it, too. No one knows for sure whether Abraham Lincoln could have had a post-presidential podcasting career—accounts suggest his voice was shrill, plus he spent his entire post-presidency dead—but the invention of audio recording soon after his death means that nearly every historical figure alive since can still speak to us from across time and space. Now, an actress playing Margaret Thatcher is expected to study her voice diligently, to match not just her pitch but her every pause. Research the steps that actors undertake to mimic voices, then discuss with your team: should people playing historical figures try to sound like they did, or does doing so risk caricaturing them? + After a recent election in Pakistan, Imran Khan—the leader of the party that won the most seats—delivered a victory speech to his followers. But the speech was generated by an AI simulating his voice; the real Imran Khan was in prison. Discuss with your team: should politicians be allowed to use AI-generated voices in this way—and, if so, under what circumstances? What if a candidate has laryngitis? Would it make a difference if the candidate wrote the words himself—or, since speechwriters often write for politicians, if the candidate’s usual speechwriter wrote them? (Put another way, if politicians are reading out loud speeches written by other people, does it make a difference if the real candidate or an AI does the reading out loud?) + One of the most famous actors to play Gandhi, Ben Kingsley, earned widespread acclaim for his performance, but some have criticized the choice to cast someone of only partial Indian descent—and British, no less—as such an iconic Indian hero in the fight against Britain. Discuss with your team: was it more acceptable for this kind of casting to take place in the 1980s than it would be today? Should the actor's use of darkening makeup for the role make us uncomfortable—and, if so, would it be better if AI were used to restore his actual skin color in future airings of the movie? + American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was almost never photographed in a wheelchair, despite being paralyzed from the waist down by polio. Journalists honored his wishes , as did the original designers of the FDR Memorial. Only in 2001 did they add a statue of him in a wheelchair . Discuss with your team: should portrayals of FDR continue to honor his preferences and hide his disability? And should only actors who are experiencing a similar kind of paralysis play him in historical films? + Even the so-called Dark Ages had color—no one speaks of Robin Hood and the Monochrome Men, or of the Unsaturated Mosque in Istanbul—but most of us remember the Great Depression as a Gray Depression. Because early cameras took only black-and-white photos, it is easy to think of the late 19th and early 20th centuries as bleak and colorless . Those recreating scenes from this period must contend with audience expectations of a black-and-white world. Discuss with your team: should movies and TV shows set in this period be filmed in black-and-white to feel more authentic? When the director Steven Spielberg chose this approach for his 1993 magnum opus Schindler’s List , the studio pushed back, fearing audiences would lose interest; do you think their fears were justified? Study the techniques used to make flashbacks look like flashbacks, then discuss with your team: when should the past be allowed to look like the present? + Even after color photos became possible—first with potato dye, later with longer-lasting pigments—newspapers avoided using them until they could be reprinted cheaply enough. Reputable photojournalists kept taking black-and-white photos. But artists can now use AI to transform those photos into color ones. Consider the work of digital artists such as Stuart Humphryes ; their results may not be perfect , but they could help people see the past as people saw it then. Discuss with your team: is there value in sharing colorized historical photos with students, or would doing so present something reimagined as something real? + The newest phones, including the Google Pixel 8, can use AI to enhance photos in remarkable ways . Discuss with your team: should the images produced through such techniques be called something other than “photographs”? Does merging several smiling faces with their eyes wide open into the same selfie make it too fake to share on Instagram? Is there a difference between smoothing someone’s face with AI versus with makeup and concealer? How about between a person getting a chin implant and having their jawline sharpened by Samsung’s new photo enhancer ? + Google literally calls it “magic”, but go behind the magic to explore how AI photo enhancement works . Be sure to learn the following terms: + + upscaling (super-resolution) | denoising | fractal compression + convolutional neural network | dataset | backpropagation | training + image classification | object detection | semantic segmentation + + In China, AI is being used to renew old opera footage —upscaling, cleaning, and enhancing it. Should all old films and TV shows be run through similar processes to make them more appealing to modern audiences? Should AI be used to enhance today’s new productions as well? + In 2023, Boris Eldagsen’s photo The Electrician won a major world photography competition —after which he confessed it was AI-generated. Discuss with your team: should an AI-generated photo have been eligible? Should AIs judge AI image competitions while humans judge human photo competitions? Would it be all right if the photo were simply adjusted in small ways through AI, rather than made from scratch? + Now, AI is allowing artists like Bas Uterwijk to update sculptures and other portraits that predate photography with photorealistic results. Even individuals from a time predating art itself, like the Iceman Otzi , can now look us in the eye. Discuss with your team: is it helpful to see the faces of people from so long ago, or is it wrong to reconstruct their likenesses without their permission? + In your own lifetime, you might have noticed the streets you walk (or drive) down every day changing. New 7-11s pop up; old homes turn into McMansions ; beloved restaurants fade away. Those looking to reconstruct a cityscape from decades or even centuries ago need as much data as possible about what it looked like at the time. Consider the following records, then discuss: would they suffice to reconstruct the world as it once existed? What advice would you give to someone trying to photograph our world today for future reconstruction? + + Sunset Boulevard | Ed Ruscha + Ottoman Panorama | Sébah & Joaillier + Pre-1906 San Francisco | William M. McCarthy + Images of the Late Qing Dynasty + Images of Meiji-Era Japan + + Explore the Japanese art of kintsugi —the repair of broken pottery using lacquers that leave visible the original fractures. Those who practice kintsugi see an object’s breakage and repair as important to its history. Discuss with your team: should this same principle be applied to other forms of reconstructing the past—such as repairing old ruins, or treating people who have suffered disfiguring injuries? + If kintsugi is about putting the past back together without hiding its imperfections, yobitsugi is about accepting that you may not have enough of the original left to work with. All the monarch’s hoofed animals and all the monarch’s people couldn’t put Humpty Dumpty back together again; it would be extra hard if some of Humpty Dumpty had been tossed out. Practitioners of yobigutsi would graft in pieces from other broken works to fill in the gaps. Discuss with your team: would it be better to hide that these works have been combined or to present them as a single unified piece? Should the same approach be taken in other fields—such as music, literature, and medicine? + Some art requires not replication but reconstruction every time people want to exhibit it. The Japanese Mono-Ha art movement was inspired by the collision of the natural and the mechanical worlds; many of its works were designed to deteriorate over time. Consider Phase - Mother Earth 1 , by Nobuo Sekine, along with this recent recreation , then discuss: why would artists create works that aren’t meant to last as long as possible? If new technology allows us to make permanent versions of them, should we? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 5 +============================================================ +A ball drops; some scholars open red envelopes while others dip apple bits in honey. Different cultures around the world celebrate the new year differently and at different times, but all of them are marking the forward march of the calendar. Yet the fact that there are so many ways to split one year from the next suggests these divisions are ultimately arbitrary. Are they? Explore the reasons behind each of them, then discuss with your team: should we stop celebrating New Year’s as a holiday? When would be the best time of year for people to take stock of the past and think about the future? + “ Captain’s log ,” says whoever is captaining the Enterprise. “Stardate…” Star Trek’s stardates are based on a calendar meant to be used around the galaxy. Consider the different calendars and related listed below, then discuss with your team: does it make sense to restart the calendar periodically, perhaps when a new leader takes over ? Or would such changes risk angering people—as when the English allegedly rioted over the loss of eleven days as part of a calendar transition in 1752 ? + + Julian | Gregorian | Islamic | Japanese | Korean + Rumi | Hindu | Nepali | Mayan | Solar | Lunar + + A storytelling trope is that high school seniors know nothing will ever be the same again for them and their friends. (The trope is accurate.) The same weight can apply to entire countries and calendars. In 1996, aware the millennium was ending, American president Bill Clinton hoped to deliver an Inaugural Address for the ages. Reviewing it can provide insight into how people in the 1990s were reimagining their world. “Ten years ago,” he said, “the Internet was the mystical province of physicists; today, it is a commonplace encyclopedia for millions of schoolchildren.” No mention of e-commerce, nor a whisper of social media. Then, evoking the academic Francis Fukayama’s theory of the end of history , he adds, “The world is no longer divided into two hostile camps… For the very first time in history, more people on this planet live under democracy than dictatorship.” Review more of his speech, then discuss with your team: does it sound like one that a political leader could deliver today? Were the 1990s an important period of transition in your own country as well? + Explore the following selections from the 90s—multiple 90s, in this case—then discuss with your team: do they reflect periods in which the world was in transition more than songs from other decades before and after—or would that be reading too much into them? + + “After the Ball” | Charles Harris (1892) + “Freedom! 90” | George Michael (1990) + “Losing My Religion” | REM (1991) + “Brændt” | Lis Sørensen (1993) + “Pink Flamingo” | Alyona Sviridova (1994) + “Black Hole Sun” | Soundgarden (1994) + “Singing in My Sleep” | Semisonic (1998) + “I Saved the World Today” | Eurythmics (1999) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 6 +============================================================ +For a long time, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was also the Tomb of the Misplaced King: after Richard III fell in battle in 1485, it took centuries to locate his corpse. In 2012, a team of archaeologists finally unearthed it under a parking lot . Forensic analysis revealed details that had been lost to history, including a severely twisted spine—a condition we now call scoliosis—that he couldn’t have possibly hidden from those around him. In 2022, researchers unearthed an ancient Buddhist temple in Pakistan , and, a few years before that, possibly the fastest human in history . Discuss with your team: do these smaller details about the past affect how we see the world today? If we had discovered from Richard III's DNA that he was a woman in disguise, would that change our view of him or of his role in history? + The above questions are more than academic; they force us to reevaluate choices made in the present. In 2024, the Globe Theatre in London staged a new production of Shakespeare’s Richard III , casting a woman with an untwisted spine in the title role. Some people protested that the production needed an actor who shared Richard III’s now-known physical ailment. Discuss with your team: to what extent does an actor need to share lived experiences with the character they are portraying? + It doesn’t always take a volcano: the Roman ruins at Ostia Antika offer a look back into history similar to what most people seek out in Pompeii , even if they were preserved less perfectly. Where would you go in your country for the most authentic peek at how the world used to be? Discuss with your team: if an OpenAI project destroyed all life on Earth but left our cities intact, what would a future anthropologist conclude about human civilization? How much would their conclusions vary depending on what city they visited? + These days, Indiana Jones would be piloting a drone. New technologies have allowed archaeologists to reimagine the archaeological method with a lighter footprint. Consider the Girsu Project’s discovery of an ancient palace, then discuss with your team: what aspects of your own country’s history would benefit from being re-explored using drones, AI, and other recent advances? + Jurassic Park , Godzilla , and The Land Before Time have all depicted dinousars as giant scaly lizards—but more recent research has suggested they didn’t look like that at all; it appears they were less Komodo dragon and more Qatari falcon. If so, the T. rex in Jurassic Park should have been a thing with animatronic feathers . The field of paleoart aims to visualize past creatures as accurately as possible despite the limited evidence. If a future paleoartist tried to reconstruct the world of 2024 using incomplete information, what would they get wrong? Would they be stumped by fossil evidence of dogs wearing sweaters? + Investigate the following major archaeological and paleontological discoveries. What circumstances and strategies allowed us to discover them, and what impact have they had on our understanding of history and the present day? Discuss with your team: can you imagine a discovery that would dramatically change the modern world? + + Rosetta Stone | Taposiris Magna Stele | Borobudur | Petra | Sutton Hoo + Aztec Calendar Stone | Ocomtún | Montevideo Maru | Endurance (1912) + Lucy and Ardi (fossils) | Java Man | Taung Child + Oldowan tool kit | Paranthropus robustus | Tujiaaspis vividus + + Consider the use of AI to win the Vesuvius Challenge by translating ancient scrolls—and the idea of applying the same approach to papyri damaged at Herculaneum. Is it worth spending this many resources to read ancient documents with little modern-day significance? What exactly are we looking for? + Voice-dubbing and subtitles are the two main ways that audiences can enjoy works in other languages. But neither is ideal: voice dubbing can be low in quality and out-of-sync, taking people out of the performance, and subtitles can be untrue to the original text while also taking away from the experience of hearing and reacting to words one at a time. Now, AI can dub footage with simulations of the original speaker’s actual voice in a different language, and as closely in sync to the movements of their lips as possible. Check out this demonstration , then discuss with your team: will such AI-enabled translation lead to more works being produced in more languages? Would you want to use it in your personal life? + When the Library of Alexandria burned down , it meant the loss of countless documents that had never been converted into PDFs. The collection at the House of Wisdom was destroyed when the Mongols swept by. Explore some of the largest libraries in the world today, then discuss with your team: would we notice if they disappeared? + After the fall of the Soviet Union, statues of Josef Stalin and other heroes of the regime were quickly pulled down—but now many are on display at Moscow’s Muzeon Park of Arts . Discuss with your team: when monuments of past regimes are deemed unacceptable, should they be melted down, displayed in a new location, or put in storage ? Are there some historical artifacts unfit to be shown at all in the modern world, even as examples of what could possibly go wrong? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 7 +============================================================ +Whether you see Edward Hopper’s Nighthawks (1942) as a homage to solitude or as a paean for a lost era of root beer floats, the odds are good that you see it often. The recent Netflix series The Sandman set an entire episode in a Nighthawks-style diner. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: what is the modern equivalent of the experience and feeling conveyed in the painting? + + Are You Using that Chair | Banksy + Boulevard of Broken Dreams | Gottfried Helnwein + Nighthawks Revisited | Red Grooms + Nighthawks | Moebius + + Just a few years before Hopper forever cemented the American diner in the popular imagination, Yuri Pimenov was one of many artists conscripted to celebrate the achievements of the Soviet Union. In New Moscow (1935), he depicts a city being whisked toward modernity—its streets and its society reimagined and reconstructed side by side. Consider instances of public spaces being repurposed in this way, then discuss with your team: what approach do you think Pimenov would take toward painting your city? + Consider this criticism of the reinvention of the Chilean comic book character Condorito for a global audience. Discuss with your team: where, if anywhere, did they go wrong—and is translating such popular works from one culture into versions for audiences elsewhere doomed to fail? + The classic film Metropolis (1927) was restored to its original length in 2010 through a series of lucky discoveries. The restored version revealed subplots and characterizations that were missing in earlier surviving copies—but some scenes were still missing. Discuss with your team: should these scenes be replaced by newly filmed footage, or perhaps by AI recreations of that they might have contained? Or should incomplete old works be left alone and rebroadcast exactly as they are? + The Montagues and Capulets would probably agree on the beauty of this Romeo and Juliet soundtrack—one that was reputably lost and recreated . Many works have similarly been reimagined and rebuilt once the original was no longer accessible; thus, the version of Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain (1917) currently at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is a recreation made nearly half a century later, in 1964. (The original may also not have been by Marcel Duchamp .) Consider the other versions of the same work below, then discuss with your team: if were to locate the lost original version of Fountain, would it change the value of the 1964 recreation and of the variations listed below? + + Fractured Fountain | Mike Bidlo + Untitled (Lipstick Urinals) | Rachel Lachowicz + + Those who find traditional history museums a stuffy procession of rusty spoons and dusty dioramas may want to explore an open-air alternative: “living history museums” where one can time travel on the cheap. Consider the Spanish Village in Barcelona, where travelers can inspect 49,000 square meters of historical buildings and tilt at rusty slides with Don Quixote. At Heritage Park in Calgary, Banff-bound hikers can stop to pose for photos (and eat 19th century ice cream) with locals dressed up as Canadians from the days of fur trading and American invaders. For those on their way to the Dalian Global Round, the Millennium City Park in Kaifeng offers a hundred acres of life in the Northern Song Dynasty. If you drink coffee (which we do not endorse!) you might be drawn to the Kona Coffee Living History Farm in Hawaii. Discuss with your team: do such museums offer valuable lessons, or do they actively harm our appreciation of culture and history? + The most famous of these museums can also be the most controversial. Consider Plimoth Patuxet (formerly Plymouth Plantation) in Massachusetts, where visitors can take selfies with scurvy-free Pilgrims. The museum has been criticized for overlooking the indigenous peoples decimated by those same Pilgrims. Thus, the museum’s new name, and a new Native American settlement for tourists to explore—except it turns out the tribe members staffing it are not descendants of the tribe the Pilgrims first encountered. Discuss with your team: would it be better if they were—or would this be a different form of exploitation? Would it ever be okay for someone not of tribal descent to staff the Native American area of the museum? What if they weren't technically tribe members but identified with the tribe enough to adopt its practices and cherish its customs? Research the Howick Historical Village in Auckland and discuss with your team: how does its approach compare to that of Plimoth Patuxet? + To make the experience more realistic, some of these museums have diligently bred versions of animals that look more like they would have in the past: wilder pigs, gamier hens, dogs that are less dalmatian and more direwolf. Discuss with your team: is it okay to breed animals to serve as props in these kinds of exhibits? Would it make a difference if they were eventually eaten or taken home as pets? + Like living history museums but more episodic are history festivals in which communities annually celebrate their pasts. For instance, an annual Spanish Days Festival in the California city of Santa Barbara looks back at its Mexican heritage. Review the additional examples below, then discuss with your team: are such festivals good ways to teach local community members about the past? + + Timkat Festival in Ethiopia + Naadam Festival in Mongolia + Ravenna Railroad Festival in Kentucky + + Festivals are often scheduled around holidays, but those holidays can change over time. Modern societies have even reimagined some of them with elements from other cultures—for instance, Mid-Autumn Festivals that feature char-grillers , the mandate for chocolates on Valentine’s Day, and very expensive sixteenth birthday parties. Make a list of other holidays that have evolved in recent years, then discuss with your team: what standard should governments use to decide what holidays will be “official” ones—and which ones should be declassified over time? + If you want a selfie with the Pope, you can queue up at the Vatican and then not get a selfie with the Pope, or you can pay $25 to visit the Dreamland Wax Museum in Boston. Discuss with your team: what makes wax museums different than traditional sculpture collections? Would they still be considered museums if they featured statues of past celebrities and historical figures slightly different from their real-life versions—for instance, an FDR who can walk—or of people who never really existed, like George Santos and Santa Claus? + If you want a conversation with the Pope, you can skip the wax museum in favor of services such as Character.AI, which allows you to chat with historical figures —even dead ones. Should celebrities need to agree to have AI simulations of them carry on after their deaths—as William Shatner did in early 2024—or do they surrender that right the moment they enter the public eye? Review this service from the Chinese company Super Brain, which uses texts, audio recordings, and images of deceased loved ones to “resurrect” them as AI chatbots for $1400, then discuss with your team: would talking to the dead help those mourning them? Should people have the right to purchase access to them—or to sell access to simulations of themselves? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 8 +============================================================ +True stories are one of the most popular sources of script ideas in Hollywood. But some are meaningfully less true than others. Discuss with your team: how much should filmmakers be allowed to change about an event or those involved in it before a film can no longer be billed as “based on a true story”? + If something terrible happens to you—say, your dog is taken by an alien—it won’t be long before producers are knocking at your door to buy the rights to your story. At some point, they might also knock on the alien’s door (or jail cell) and offer them money to share their side of the story. Works based on true crimes raise questions about who should be able to profit from them. Discuss with your team: should storytellers be permitted to draw inspiration—and generate revenue—from the pain of real people? If so, should the revenue be shared in some way with the victims? + In Makoto Shinkai’s 2022 film Suzume , a deadly 2011 tsunami in Japan was implied to be one of many natural disasters caused by a large worm from another dimension. Even when the relationship between a film and a real-world tragedy is wrapped in fantasy, someone watching it might still be triggered to relive their trauma. Discuss with your team: should filmmakers avoid topics that might cause too many viewers to think about their own past suffering or personal losses? Or is this kind of self-censorship ultimately harmful to audiences? What about trigger warnings ? + Also released in 2022, The Woman King told the tale of a West African kingdom, Dahomey, which battled a rival kingdom that collaborated with white colonizers on the slave trade. Critics were quick to note that, in the real world, Dahomey itself had profited from enslaving people and selling them. The plot dropped this complexity in favor of clear lines between good and evil. Research other movies that have sparked similar controversies—such as Braveheart , Pocahontas , and 300 —then discuss with your team: is real history too complicated to reconstruct for popular audiences without taking misleading shortcuts? Is every work of historical fiction really a work of alternate history? + The Apple TV series For All Mankind combines archival and original footage to forge (pun intended) an alternate history of the world, one in which the Soviet Union landed the first person on the moon. Consider this newsreel from the show, recapping the late 1990s and early 2000s. Discuss with your team: does it have the quality known as verisimilitude—that is, does it feel real? Does it seem better or worse than what happened in our own world, or just different? Would there be value in constructing “living alternate history” museums for people to visit? + Across a wide tapestry of novels, the Canadian writer Guy Gavriel Kay has explored a history much like our own, but with a twist of the fantastic. The Earth is the Earth, but there are two moons for the Soviets to land on. All roads still lead to Rome, except Rome is Rhodias, so all roads lead to consonance instead. Kay’s method: to describe the world through the eyes of the people who lived in any given era. “If I write about a time inspired by the Tang Dynasty and they believed in ghosts, I will have ghosts in the book,” he says. Read this excerpt from his recent work, All the Seas of the World , then check out the interview here . Discuss with your team: how different are the roles of an historian, a writer of historical fiction, and a writer of historical fantasy? + Take a yellow brick detour to explore El Otro Oz , a musical adaptation of The Wizard of Oz featuring a Dorothy (Dora) struggling to accept her own Mexican heritage—and her dog Toquito. Compare the music and storylines of both versions, then discuss with your team: is retelling old stories from new cultural perspectives a worthwhile pursuit? + Consider Ray Bradbury’s 1950 short story, “ The Veldt ”, about a family whose nursery brings whatever they imagine to life—like a Star Trek holodeck with its safety protocols disabled. Things don’t end well for them; the moral seems to be that people need more real-life experiences and less dependence on technology. Discuss with your team: does the story’s message still feel relevant nearly 75 years later? + For the poems (and one speech) below, consider how each reimagines something or someone from the past or the present day. Discuss with your team: when is poetry the best medium for better understanding that which no longer exists, or could exist but doesn’t yet? + + “ Brazilian Telephone ” | Miriam Greenberg (2010) + “ The Municipal Gallery Revisited ” | W.B. Yeats (1937) + “ Buffalo Dusk ” | Carl Sandburg (1920) + “ My Castle in Spain ” | John Hay (1871) + “ At the Tomb of Napoleon ” | Robert G. Ingersoll (1882) + “ Photograph From September 11 ” | Wislawa Szymborska (2005) + “ A Brief History of Toa Payoh ” | Koh Buck Song (1992) + “ The Czar's Last Christmas Letter ” | Norman Dubie (1977) + “ This is a Photograph of Me ” | Margaret Atwood (1964) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 9 +============================================================ +Some tourists opt for hands-on experiences—such as learning to cook Thai food in Chiang Mai, walking the streets of Xi’an in Tang-dynasty outfits , honing their shuriken-throwing at a “Ninja Village” near Kyoto, and shopping at the supermarket just about anywhere. Scholars at the Seoul Global Round can visit the Gyeongbokgung Palace while in a traditional Hanbok . Discuss with your team: should your own country or region begin marketing such experiences? What do you think you could persuade visitors to do? + In international tourism, countries are the companies and their cities among the products they sell. Government agencies often engage in place branding to help attract visitors. Critics caution that these brands might obscure local challenges and alienate residents . Learn more about the tourism slogans of different countries , then discuss with your team: has your city or country engaged in place branding? If so, is it accurate—or misleading? + Scholars traveling to the Auckland Global Round would be forgiven for mixing up the flags of New Zealand and Australia; it’s less forgivable when immigration officers think the former is part of the latter . In 2015, the Kiwi government decided it was time to end the confusion with a new flag, but only if voters wanted one. Ten months, 10,000 submissions, and 20 million dollars later, over 55% voted for the status quo. Read about the process that led to this outcome , then discuss with your team: did the government go about it in the right way, and which of the designs would you have voted for? Were New Zealand’s concerns about its current flag valid? Are there other countries that have successfully changed their flags recently—and, if so, how? + Instead of renting billboards or purchasing YouTube ads, some countries aim their promotion squarely at the stomach. Sample the realm of gastrodiplomacy , in which countries promote their cuisines to foreign audiences to attract tourists and even achieve diplomatic goals. Be sure to learn about Thailand’s Global Thai program , considered the most successful to date, then research the following campaigns launched by other countries: + + Global Hansik | Cocina Peruana Para el Mundo + Malaysia Kitchen for the World | Taste of Taiwan | Pyongyang Restaurant + + Places trying to attract tourists and their spending often present a simplified, idealized, or even fictionalized version of themselves—what some critics call heritage commodification . Explore the related theory of the tourist gaze —the idea that, in looking for the exotic and the different, tourists may dehumanize and diminish who and what they encounter along the way. Discuss with your team: are there times when we would want to simplify a place’s history for visitors, or when the tourist gaze might be good thing? + Maybe ninjas were mostly invisible because they didn’t matter that much ? Yet ninjas have become so iconic to Japan’s image abroad that they even feature in official tourism campaigns . Meanwhile, you can’t land at an airport in Tanzania without taxi drivers and other touts greeting you with a hearty “Hakuna matata!”—even though they don’t use the phrase in their native language . Discuss with your team: is it a problem when a place reimagines their culture and history to meet the expectations of tourists? + Sometimes communities embrace a reimagined version of their culture not for tourism or commercial gain, but out of necessity, in response to external threats. Learn about the origins of San Francisco’s famous Chinatown (and other neighborhoods like it), then discuss with your team: once the threat is past, should these communities revert to more standardized local architecture? Do such communities prevent their inhabitants from fitting in with society at large? + Terrorists once flew passenger jets into a pair of New York city skyscrapers; now the museum built where they once stood is a world tourism center. Interest in dark tourism is exploding all over the world; some sites even feature special exhibits for children . Yet, while many places lean into their tragic backstories, others, like Nagasaki, downplay them. Discuss with your team: are there some locations that should be completely off limits to tourism? Why do some places advertise their bleak pasts while others carry on as if they never happened? Be sure to explore the following examples: + + Alcatraz | Hiroshima | Ground Zero | Ford’s Theatre + Chernobyl | Pompeii | Paris catacombs | Auschwitz | Titanic + +============================================================ +PROMPT 10 +============================================================ +Small bits of music can quickly conjure up a time and place. Consider the following examples of these musical riffs and motifs, then discuss: when is it okay to use a musical cliché as a storytelling shortcut? + + Oriental riff | Arabian riff | Hijaz scale | Andalusian cadence + Tarantella Napoletana | Jarabe Tapatio | Yodeling | Renaissance lute + + It’s not just Spiderman who keeps getting reimagined; Romeo and Juliet have even featured in a Taylor Swift song. Napoleon lost the war but won the world’s lasting attention: he has appeared in hundreds of films, from biopics to Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure—in which two unruly heroes travel through time in a red telephone booth that many Americans confuse with Dr. Who’s Tardis. Discuss with your team: should filmmakers and storytellers update historical figures to make them more relevant from one generation to the next? + Some art looks forward, and some around, but much of it looks backward. Artists can express a yearning for an older time—or they can try to illuminate its shortcomings. Explore the works below, then discuss: are they nostalgic or critical? Can something be both? + + Into Bondage | Aaron Douglas (1936) + Llyn-y-Cau, Cader Idris | Richard Wilson (1774) + The Oxbow | Thomas Cole (1836) + The Fighting Temeraire | J. M. W. Turner (1838) + Edge of Town (Krumau Town Crescent) | Egon Schiele (1918) + + Songs can become touchstones of national or even nationalist nostalgia, reaching for the “good old days” even as politics and culture evolve beyond them. Consider the following selections, then discuss: should cultures continue to celebrate songs that divide them from the rest of the world? + + “ Si Vas Para Chile ” | Los Huasos Quincheros (1942) + “ Kalinka ” | Ivan Larionov (1860) + “ My Little Town of Belz ” | Alexander Olshanetsky & Jacob Jacobs (1932) + “ The Isle of Innisfree ” | Bing Crosby (1952) + “ Bonjour Vietnam ” & “ Hello Vietnam ” | Quynh Anh (2006 & 2008) + + Along these lines, them Mushrooms' Embe Dodo is an example of a nostalgic musical genre—zilizopendwa—with enduring popularity in East Africa. Across the continent in Togo, nostalgia for the sound of the 1970s merged with voodoo traditions in the work of Peter Solo’s band Vaudoo Game. Check out their song “Pas Contente” , then discuss with your team: is this approach an effective way to tie local traditions into a larger global music scene? Can a songwriter champion Togolese tradition while also relocating to live in France? + Before radio, cassette tapes, and MP3s, it was harder to achieve widespread fame as a musician. Britain’s first pop star came up with an alternative way to climb the Billboard charts: he sold the sheet music for his songs at each of his concerts. Read about this forgotten 100-hit wonder, Charles Dibdin , and listen to some of his music as recreated today. Then, discuss with your team: does his work sound more modern than you would expect—and could it find success in the world today? + When enough people are trying to read sheet music simultaneously, you need a conductor to coordinate them. But different conductors have different approaches. Some try to reproduce the sound of a piece exactly as its composer intended; they are the musical equivalents of constitutional originalists . “[He] is literally a slave to the composer,” one critic wrote of the famed conductor Arturo Toscanini . He meant it as praise. Discuss with your team: if you were a conductor, would you see it as your duty to follow the original composer's wishes? Or would you be more of a living constitutionalist, updating your interpretation of the notes on the page to match the times? + Disney is clearly the latter: when dubbing the Studio Ghibli film Laputa: Castle in The Sky into English, Disney added more music, sound effects, and ad-libbed dialogue. The result was met with mixed reactions . Discuss: how much is too much when it comes to adapting a work for a new language, culture, or age group? + Sometimes creators reimagine their own work. Consider Geoge Lucas’s re-releases of his original Star Wars trilogy in 1997; the changes in them inspired a generation of controversy . Should a creator’s own edited version of a work replace the original, and does the answer depend on the preferences of the author—or of the audience? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 11 +============================================================ +Examine these postcards in which 19th century French artists tried to imagine their world a century in the future, along with this set from the year 1900 doing the same for the year 2000 (and totally missing Y2K), then discuss with your team: what can we learn from such projects about how the present informs people’s visions of the future? Whom would you hire to make postcards to illustrate the world of 2124—or is it a job for ChatGPT? Would people today still be able to dream up such optimistic visions of the world of tomorrow, or do we live in a deeply pessimistic age? + Explore the following visions of the future that have not played out as predicted—at least, not yet. Which ones are the closest to having been realized? + + psychohistory | steampunk | cyberpunk | metaverse | rocket mail + flying car | hyperloop | supersonic transport | nuclear propulsion + + There are fewer examples of “living future” museums than of “living history” ones—but they do exist, often at World Expos or in amusement parks. Consider the following examples of such museums, then discuss with your team: do they tell us more about the future or about the past? If you were designing such a museum today, what would it look like? + + Tomorrowland | Museum of the Future | “World of Tomorrow” (1939) + Boeing Future of Flight | Farming for the Future + Crystal Palace | American National Exhibition (Moscow, 1959) + + Until the tech bros find a way to sell tickets on the Tardis (after all, there’s an extra now) we won’t be able to purchase tour packages like “Five Days, Four Nights, in Ancient Rhodias Rome”. But some travelers are motivated by nostalgia, and the market provides for them. Consider airplane restaurants , meant to evoke the glory days of air travel. Any diner with a jukebox is probably Hoppering to evoke mid-20th century America. Discuss with your team: does marketing nostalgia in this way honor people’s memories—or distort them? Would it be okay for entire communities to present themselves as places from the past? + Some communities do exactly that, though not to attract tourists. Like the Mennonites in Belize and a high school club in Brooklyn , the Amish are one of several groups in the world that have tried to stay contained in the past. But, for some of the Amish, the prohibition on technology still leaves a little wiggle room. Learn about some of their recent workarounds , including the black-box phone, then discuss with your team: to what extent should society—and private companies—accommodate those who want to reject modernity? If a community wants to teach their children history only up to a certain year, or with clear inaccuracies, should they have that right? Should tech companies produce phones with some features disabled for those who want to use them only in a limited way? + It was the worst of times, then it was the best of times—at least, according to Western countries looking back at the decades of rapid growth just after World War II. While the era had its issues , those later nostalgic for it remembered it as a time of progress, stability, and comforting homogeneity. Explore the following artworks related to this period. Are these artists indulging in nostalgia or standing up against it? + + “ Black Belt ” | Archibald Motley (1934) + Family Home – Suburban Exterior | Howard Arkley (1993) + Master Plan | Chad Wright (2011) + “ Little Boxes ” | Malvina Reynolds (1962) + Life in the Suburbs | Leonard Koscianski (2019) + + Governments sometimes encourage or even help to fund musical and artistic works that emphasize and help define their own sense of national self. Consider the examples below, then discuss with your team: is there a dividing line between art and propaganda, or can a work be both at the same time? + + Setora guruhi | Sen Borsan (2000) + Mexico Today and Tomorrow | Diego Rivera (1935) + Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth | Viktor Deni (1920) + + Writers often express a yearning for a simpler time. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: does nostalgia do more to help people cope with change or to hold them back from progress? + + “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ” | William Wordsworth (1815) + “ To a Skylark ” | Percy Bysshe Shelley (1820) + “ To Autumn ” | John Keats (1819) + “ Poem in October ” | Dylan Thomas (1946) + “ Main Street ” | Joyce Kilmer (1917) + “ Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You ” | Wu Sheng (2010) + “ A Song on the End of the World ” | Czeslaw Milosz (1944) + + To make sense of where they are now, some writers also look towards homes they have left behind. Consider the following selections, then discuss with your team: should people spend less time thinking about what they’ve left behind and more time rebuilding it? + + “ Nostalgia ” | Giannina Braschi (1980) + “ Elegy ” | Mong-Lan (2005) + “ Chicago Zen ” | A. K. Ramanujan (1986) + “ The Dreamy Age ”| Muhammad Shanazar (2006) + “ Iron Bird ” | Zheng Xiaoqiong (2008) + + When you take over someone else’s role, you are said to fill their shoes. And, when we lose someone, we are left with the question of what to do with the clothes they wore. Consider the following selections, then discuss with your team: is it okay to draw conclusions from people about the clothes they wore? Does it depend on how free they were to choose their own clothes? + + “ That Man Put on a Wool Coat ” | Vinod Kumar Shookla (1960) + “ Ode to Socks ” | Pablo Neruda (1956) + “ A Long Dress ” | Gertrude Stein (1914) + “ Father’s Old Blue Cardigan ” | Anne Carson (2000) + “ Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits ” | Liam Recter (2006) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 12 +============================================================ +Historians draw on newspaper and other records of this kind to construct their story of the past. But the nature of journalism—what is being communicated, to whom, and in what formats—has changed over the years. Discuss with your team: will today's approaches to journalism make it easier for people in the future to understand who we were and why we made the choices we did? + No one ever had an “exclusive” with Abraham Lincoln; the very concept of the interview had to be invented first. Read about its short history —the idea of reporters asking people a series of probing questions only became common in the late 1800s—then discuss with your team: how have interviews changed in the era of podcasts and more partisan media ? + Political comics and illustrations have been published for centuries, sometimes causing considerable controversy with their sharply-etched messages. The rise of graphic journalism on the Internet has taken that approach to the next level. Discuss with your team: how much of an impact does the format in which people consume news have on how they respond to it? + In the early 2000s, a single television show on a niche American cable TV channel reimagined how one could present the news. The Daily Show critiqued traditional journalism through a mixture of witty writing and carefully-curated video clips; for a while, it became one of the most trusted news sources for younger Americans. Discuss with your team: should the news have a sense of humor? Can it still be communicated in an unbiased way in a world of reshared reels and trending videos—and, if so, should it? + The Daily Show was a pitstop on the path to what some call investigative comedy —which remains just one of several strategies news organizations have been trying to adapt to changing consumer preferences. Explore some of these below, then discuss with your team: which ones succeeded, and what impact have they had? + + 24-hour news cycle | “pivot to video” | iPhoneography + AI-assisted articles | content farms | clickbait | branded content + explanatory journalism | both-sidesism + + Before photography, artists had to draw sketches of newsworthy events; consider this recreation of Lincoln's assassination . Today, broadcasters can quickly animate events for which they lack real footage . Discuss with your team: can such animations serve an important function in informing the public? + While they are not meant as news sources, what some have criticized as “CNN operas” about recent events have also found an audience. Consider the selections below, then discuss: what current developments in the real world would be most suitable for adaptation into song? + + Excerpts | Trump on Show (2019) + “ Jones is Not Your Name ” | X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X (1986) + “ Prayer ” | Come from Away (2017) + “ Eva's Final Broadcast ” | Evita (1978) + + A guiding principle behind nature documentaries is that those creating them should never interfere with their subjects. In 2018, a BBC crew broke this rule to rescue a group of stranded penguins . The choice proved controversial. Discuss with your team: did they do the right thing? Are there times when observers should be obligated to get involved? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 13 +============================================================ +Some old games are being reimagined as television shows, movies , and mobile apps ; even their soundtracks are sometimes revived for orchestral performance . But these adaptations require looking at how these games fit into the present moment. For instance, in the 1980s, the popular title The Oregon Trail taught millions of American kids how hard it was to settle the west without dying of dysentery. But the game has since been criticized for celebrating the destruction of the environment and the defeat of indigenous peoples. The developers of a more recent version tried to address these concerns. Review the following examples, then discuss with your team: which of them would you suggest redesigning to address similar concerns before being rereleased today? + + Seven Cities of Gold | Sid Meier's Pirates! | Doom + Ghost of Tsushima | Rampage | Assassin's Creed | Freedom! + + To experience the OG Oregon Trail , you won’t need to track down a floppy disk and an Apple II; you can easily find an emulation online. Explore the surprisingly active world of retrogaming . Some gamemakers are even finding success in creating games that feel like vintage ones . Discuss with your team: should people play vintage games before they play modern ones? + Explore kusoge —old video games that are sought out by gamers because they are broken, incoherent, or poor in quality. Other lower-quality technologies, from Polaroids and obsolete digital cameras to audio cassettes and low-fi beats , are also finding success with modern consumers. A few directors are even downscaling their shows to look more retro. Discuss with your team: what factors explain why some old products become popular again while others don’t? + Procrastinate for a few minutes by watching “old-timey” YouTube , in which creators demonstrate pre-historic fire-making, 18th century breakfast recipes, and 19th century blacksmithing. Discuss with your team: what things that we take for granted as modern today will be the subject of old-timey YouTube in 20 years—or in 100? + Speaking of old-timey: long before digital computers, there were analogue ones such as the antikythera mechanism —which the Greeks used to predict astronomical phenomena—and Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine . Explore with your team: did such early devices have impacts on their societies in any way like that computers have had on our own? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 14 +============================================================ +You haven’t studied enough for the Scholar’s Challenge? “That’s a tomorrow problem,” your teammate says. “First, we need to book a flight to Baku.” Economists also distinguish between today’s problems and tomorrow’s: they define “the long run” as that time in the future when everything can be changed, versus “the short run” when we’re stuck with the world as it is. In the long run, a successful company can build as many factories as it needs; in the short run, it can’t make more products without taking extraordinary measures, like giving everyone coffee so that they work twice as quickly. Discuss with your team: does this distinction between the short run and the long run make sense for telling apart the present and the future in other areas of life, too? + A struggling company fires its CEO and reorganizes its operations in an effort to stave off disaster—see, Apple Computer, in 1985, letting go of Steve Jobs . Corporate restructurings are, in a sense, reimaginings of the present, usually under pressure. Apple restructured again when it brought Steve Jobs back in 1997. Explore the following examples of corporate restructurings, mainly from the tech world, then discuss with your team: what is a company that you would suggest restructuring? + + Alphabet (Google) | Facebook (Meta) | Twitter (X) + Netflix (Qwikster) | Uber (2019) | OpenAI (2024) + + As you review the above examples, consider the different kinds of restructuring. For instance, many theorists argue that small companies are organized functionally—each person or department does a different thing, such as writing Challenge questions or booking flights—but that, as these companies grow larger, they inevitably reorganize into different divisions, each in charge of its own products or region. This article disagrees : it contends that Apple, under Steve Jobs and his successors, has shown that even giant companies can continue to operate with a functional model. Discuss with your team: can we apply these approaches in our own lives? What would it mean for a school to be structured functionally? + Restructuring mainly changes the inside of a company; rebranding changes how it presents to the world outside. Check out this ongoing rebranding effort by a recently revitalized Air India , or ask Gemini about Google’s rebranding of its AI chatbot , Bard. Investigate these examples and those below, as well as others happening throughout the year, then discuss with your team: can a rebranding succeed even if the product or service stays the same? And should consumers have a voice in rebranding campaigns? + + Dunkin’ | T-Mobile | Pringles | The Gap + Twitter (X) | Leeds United | Royal Mail + + The first example of modern franchises is hard to pin down, but is most likely a chain of hair salons, the Harper Method Shops, founded by the Canadian-American Martha Matilda Harper in the 1890s; such coordination may have been impossible without 19th century advances in communication technology. Explore the other new business models below, then discuss with your team: which ones could have existed earlier if someone had thought of them, and which ones, like franchises, had to wait for key technological innovations or social changes? + + crowdsourcing | subscription | drop-shipping + peer-to-peer | freemium | razor-and-blades | multi-level marketing + virtual storefronts | pop-up shops | VAR (Value-Added Reseller) + + One famous business model change occurred not in a traditional corporation but on an American baseball team, the Oakland Athletics, which adopted a new data-driven approach to decision-making in 2002. Their plan, to spend less money more strategically, and to ignore gut feelings in favor of statistical evidence, succeeded so brilliantly that, 20 years later, the book written about it— Moneyball — is still inspiring other industries to reimagine their approaches, from digital marketers to political parties . Discuss with your team: when would you want to follow a Moneyball approach, and when is it better to make decisions based on emotion, intuition, or tradition rather than on careful analysis of the data? + In the early 1990s, the company Barnes & Noble opened massive bookstores across the United States—equipping them with cafés where you could read for hours without buying any books. Yet, even as Barnes & Noble drove many smaller bookstores out of business, a different company was reimagining the entire industry: Amazon. Confronted with this largest bookstore on Earth (.com), Barnes & Noble itself entered a long decline. Yet, lately, it has found success again —and is even benefitting from TikTok . Discuss with your team: what turned the company’s fortunes around, and what other products or industries that seemed doomed might be able to find new ways to succeed? + The biggest box stores of all—hypermarkets—were also ascendant in the 1990s, with so many Walmarts opening in small cities that economists dubbed their impact on local communities “ the Walmart effect .” Explore the impacts that such “big retail” can have on communities, then discuss with your team: would your neighborhood benefit from having a store like a Walmart—or does it already? Consider the following poetic and artistic selections, then discuss with your team: what aspects of the consumer experience are they capturing effectively, and how would you update them in the year 2024? + + Supermarket Shopper | Duane Hanson (1971) + “ A Supermarket in California ” | Alan Ginsburg (1984) + 99 Cent | Andreas Gursky (1999) + + 1990 had only just begun when McDonald’s opened its first location in the Soviet Union; despite freezing weather and long lines, it served 30,000 customers on opening day. By the end of the nineties, there were nearly a hundred McDonalds across Russia and the Soviet Union no longer existed. Today, the chain is gone altogether, replaced by a local brand with a remarkably similar menu following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Research the spread of global franchises in the 1990s, then discuss with your team: what can we learn about a country from the global franchises that exist in it—and from those that thrive? + In the science fiction novel Foundation and Earth , the main character lands on a long-abandoned human colony—and is instantly attacked by a pack of wild dogs. With no one around to take them on walks, the colonists’ poodles and pugs had essentially become (very cute) wolves. Explore the concepts of primary and secondary succession , in which the web of species in an ecosystem changes whenever one goes extinct or the environment shifts around them. A recent study has shown that the animal most successful at filling an extinct counterpart’s niche is not always the one most closely related to the original; pay special attention to the giant llama, Macrauchenia , and to which animal has recently replaced it in the Colombian countryside. (Spoiler alert: it isn’t the alpaca.) Discuss with your team: if we were to de-extinct a species in hopes of reintroducing it into the wild, what would we do with the animals that have already taken their place? If humans went extinct, what animals would be the most likely to replace us ? + No one is trying to de-extinct the giant llama, at least not yet, but scientists are targeting several other animals . One European project, for instance, is back breeding very fit cows to resurrect the auroch —a wild supercow—that humans hunted into extinction in the 1600s. Consider the work of Colossal Biosciences , the only for-profit company dedicated to de-extinction, then discuss with your team: which of the animals below would be the most profitable to de-extinct? Are there any we should be leaving in its grave forever? + + dodo | wooly mammoth | Pyrenean ibex | mastodon + passenger pigeon | moa | thylacine | Carolina parakeet + + The departure of most Western brands from Russia was a massive disruption to a different ecosystem: a commercial one. Every shopping mall was left littered with boarded-up storefronts. And, just like after any mass extinction event, it wasn’t long before new species filled those niches . Where once shoppers for fast fashion might have frequented the nearest Uniqlo, Zara, or H&M, now they can drop by Just Clothes or any of a half-dozen Turkish clothing chains. Even Coca-Cola was rebooted (or, technically, rebottled) as a new soda from a Russian juice brand, Dobry, while other competitors spied an opening and flooded the market. Discuss with your team: does the speed with which Russia replaced so many products and services with mainly homegrown equivalents suggest that even the most famous brand names are more vulnerable than they seem? If major companies left your country, what would take their place? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 15 +============================================================ +The world is only as large as our voices can carry across it. The invention of the telegraph in the 1840s shrank the world ; by 1858 the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic meant stockbrokers in New York could track the price of gold in London. Imagine how different the world today would be if news of events in other countries took weeks to reach you, then discuss with your team: was the telegraph the Internet of the 1800s? + Travelers used to buy maps at the bookstore or gas station. Now, they debate whether Apple Maps or Google Maps offers better directions. (Or, if you’re in Korea, Kakao or Naver; or if you’re in Russia, Yandex or Yandex.) But maps as a rigorous way of imagining the world around us haven’t been around very long at all. Consider the career of Inō Tadataka, who at age 55 set out on a quest to walk all around Japan, measuring and mapping it. It took decades, but his map , published in 1821, was remarkably accurate. Check out these other early map examples , many of which were less accurate. What led maps to improve so much by the 20th century? + Even improved, maps were still flat, and the Earth is spherical—and there is no perfect way to squash a 3D object into a 2D one without distorting it. (Please don’t try this on a teammate.) Read about some common projection types listed below, then discuss with your team: which looks more like how you imagine the world? Which one should we use in schools—and in what ways could our choice of map affect how we understand the world? + + stereographic | Lambert | Mercator | Robinson + Goode homolosine | Winkel tripel | AuthaGraph | Miller + azimuthal | conformal | conic | cylindrical + + Fifty years ago, if looking for a restaurant while traveling in an unfamiliar city, you might have checked your trusty travel guide—an industry that has suffered as more and more people now turn to crowd-sourced wisdom on services like Google Maps instead. But now even how to find things on the Internet is changing. For guidance, younger consumers are looking away from services such as Google Maps and Tripadvisor toward social media apps such as Instagram and TikTok. Current map apps, one Google executive has noted, are too much like paper maps that have been “stuck on the phone”; he urges the company to reimagine how and why maps should be used—not just for directions, but for sharing; not just for left and right turns, but for augmented reality revealing the actual buildings around you. Discuss with your team: are there ways that maps can mislead us? And what important new functions could map apps serve that they haven’t touched on yet? + For most of history, we didn’t know what the world looked like. It was only in 1972 that astronauts on the final Apollo mission to the moon took the first photo of the entire Earth at once . This iconic “Blue Marble” image has been credited with helping to inspire the environmental movement and with disrupting traditional maps. Stripped of longitude and latitude, photos like the Blue Marble helped show how large Africa was, and how national borders were nowhere to be seen. Then, in 1990, the space probe Voyager sent back a photo of the Earth from across the solar system. It reduced our entire to a “ pale blue dot ”. The astronomer Carl Sagan hoped this image might humble us as a species. Read this excerpt from his work , then discuss with your team: do you think people would behave differently if they thought the Earth was larger, or if they didn’t know what it looked like from above and beyond? + In space, no one can hear people scream about border disputes. The lines between countries vanish. But photos from orbit can reveal which parts of the world are less economically developed: they’re the ones that go dark at night . Discuss with your team: do images like these do more harm than good, by emphasizing the different levels of economic prosperity in different parts of the world? Can you think of any instances where a government might not want its people to know how its development compares to that in other parts of the world? + Evaluate Benjamin Franklin’s original proposal for Daylight Savings Time, as well as the modern controversy around it. Consider also the impact of time zones on health : for instance, it appears that people at the western end of time zones, where the sun sets later, sleep less than those to the east. Discuss with your team: are there ways we could change how we measure and keep track of time to improve human behaviour and other outcomes? Should more countries follow China’s lead and have just one very wide time zone —or more narrow ones? + There may not be such a thing as a free lunch, but there are free rides to lunch. Every day, thousands of people sneak onto subway trains without paying any fare. Rather than delegate more police to enforcing the law, technology now allows new options, such as these two gates in Washington, DC., and this one in New York . Similarly, cars can now automatically stop people from driving too quickly . Discuss with your team: are there crimes that technology could eliminate that we should allow to keep happening? + A number of cities have tried making public transportation free—for instance, Melbourne , Luxembourg , and Tallinn . How successful have these efforts been? Discuss with your team: if the objective is to drive people out of their cars, is it enough to make public transportation cheaper, or do governments need to make driving more expensive? + Windows began as literal holes in the wall—“wind-eyes”—through which wind could pass for ventilation. Those who wanted less wind blocked them off with shutters, animal skins, or paper. Later, the invention of stained glass let in light while making rooms airtight, but you couldn’t really see through their pretty colors and design. Today, clear glass windows are invisible everywhere. Explore the history of glass , then discuss with your team: would the world be a better place with more transparency between people, rooms, and buildings? + Some school architects would say yes—at least those whose classrooms are being reimagined as more open spaces , often with clear glass or even no walls at all between them. The United States tried something similar in the 1970s, with mixed results. Would you and your team want to learn in such a setting, or around a Harkness table ? Are schools an institution whose traditional classroom layout—with rows of chairs and desks—should be left well enough alone? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 16 +============================================================ +Suppose a single drop of blood were enough to test you for a host of diseases; you could learn if you had lupus with less pain than from a papercut. That was the marketing pitch of the company Theranos; now the founder is in jail for fraud . The electric vehicle company Nikola (whose last name was already taken) promised zero-emission trucks but demonstrated prototypes that had zero functionality ; now the founder is on his way to jail —for fraud. Although vaporware and business scams have existed for decades, examples today seem more creative and egregious than ever. Explore those below and discuss with your team: what did they have in common? Was it mainly their charismatic leaders that led so many people to believe in them? + + Quibi | Life at Sea Cruise | LuckIn Coffee + Nikola | Bitconnect | FTX + + Cryptocurrencies and other decentralized money tools have helped criminals scheme up new ways to conduct rug pulls , pump and dumps , and Ponzi schemes . These are clear financial crimes in traditional markets, but when they are taken online, regulators can struggle to keep up . Discuss with your team: who should be prosecuting crimes on new platforms or in a virtual world? You may also want to explore how these questions are resolved in the air and in outer space . + With tools like ChatGPT and Gemini, you could easily generate a fake term paper, or college essay, or World Scholar’s Cup outline. Discuss with your team: when, if ever, is it illegal to use AI-generated text—and when should it be? Recent studies have also shown that services intended to spot AI-generated text can be unfairly biased against non-native speakers . Should their use be discontinued? + Depending on where you live, if you have ever backed up your DVDs or had your phone repaired, you may have broken the law without knowing it. Explore the following examples, and discuss with your team: should they be legalized? If not, should we stop them from happening? + + reverse engineering | file sharing | jailbreaking + ad blocking | fansubbing | aftermarket ink cartridges + DeCSS | AACS | Hackintosh | youtube-dl + +============================================================ +PROMPT 17 +============================================================ +In a world new to airships and submarines, the UFOs of the early 20th century looked like—airships and submarines. Mysterious steam-powered blimps roved the night sky. By the late 1940s, they had evolved into flying saucers ; shortly thereafter they were piloted by little green men . Before then, no one had known what aliens looked like; going forward, they all had big heads, bulbous eyes, and a skin condition. More recent UFO sightings have resembled formations of unmanned drones. Review more of the history , which goes back to the comets of the ancient world, then discuss with your team: are humans too easily influenced to see things that don’t exist and to find meaning in the things that do? + The same principle applies to aliens and UFOs alluded to in art and music: the concerns of the present shape their portrayal. In the 1980s, Parliament’s “Star Child” hints at the way that certain groups of people in Western society have been treated as aliens. Two decades later, with global climate change warming the zeitgeist, Ace Frehley’s “Space Invader” is here to save us from destroying the Earth. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: what do they tell us about the world that sparked their creation? + + “ Two Little Men in a Flying Saucer “ | Ella Fitzgerald (1951) + “ Come Sail Away “ | Styx (1975) + “ Mothership Connection: Star Child “ | Parliament (1982) + “ Riding on the Rocket “ | Shonen Knife (1992) + “ Aliens Exist “ | Blink 182 (1999) + “ Space Invader “ | Ace Frehley (2009) + + The term illegal alien has fallen out of fashion as a term for undocumented immigrants. But historical artworks about imperial powers arriving in places new to them often do have that “first contact with aliens” vibe familiar to viewers of science fiction. Both sides of any given encounter portray the other in exaggerated and exotic terms. Consider how artists in Japan captured the arrival of American naval officer Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854. Even the most subdued portraits still make him out to be very strange, while the most extreme frame him as a demon out of Japanese legend. Even Perry’s infamous “Black Ships” were portrayed very differently by artists on each side. Explore other works about encounters that led people to reimagine the boundaries of their known world, then discuss with your team: should dehumanizing portrayals of foreigners (such as Commodore Perry) be banned for perpetuating harmful stereotypes? Or do such works help people come to terms with the new and uncomfortable? + Many modern celebrities embrace elements of the artificial, from lip augmentation to lip syncing. The recent rise of virtual celebrities and influencers takes this artificiality to a new level. Discuss with your team: how long will it be before millions of people buy tickets to a concert performed by someone who doesn’t exist? + Before AIs take all of our jobs, they will first make our world incoherent, a prospect increasingly evident in bizarre travel recommendations , unhelpful product listings , and search engine optimization (SEO) spam . Explore with your team: what are some other unintended consequences of AI that you can imagine, and is it worth taking measures to prevent them? Be sure to check out the Dead Internet Theory , which was once an unfounded conspiracy theory but may be newly relevant in the AI era. + Good things come to those who wait, even for the dead. To celebrate its 100th anniversary, in 1983 the New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned a new opera, The Ghosts of Versailles . The production ran behind schedule—by about eight years, putting this outline in perspective—but it was arguably worth it in the end: satisfied critics took it as a sign that opera still had a bright future. In it, a long-dead playwright tries to cheer up an equally dead Marie Antoinette (who happens to be his crush; go with it) by reimagining the French Revolution with a happier ending for the royal family. Think of it as operatic alternate history. The music itself spans styles from across two centuries. Discuss with your team: could such works that blend alternate history, magic realism, works-within-works, and other plot machinations find success in other genres, too, or would they be too convoluted for wider audiences to appreciate? (Is this just a description of the Marvel Cinematic Universe?) + The dead might be lonely, but the living can still make friends—even non-living ones. Consider Japan’s “ waifu bots ”, a combination of a hologram and ChatGPT-style AI which can provide companionship to the lonely, then discuss with your team: should we discourage people from “making friends” with their AIs? + Maybe that LED screen wouldn't need to rent a tuxedo after all. Defying tradition, some orchestras are rethinking what their performers should wear . Discuss with your team: how much does the look of a performer matter? Should orchestras allow their performers to dress in athleisure, or like Lady Gaga ? Would it be okay for a conductor to wear yoga pants? + Explore this production of the 17th century opera Orfeo . Like many modern reimaginings of older works, it brings together elements from multiple cultures–in this case, Greek and Indian mythology, English and Hindi songs, and diverse musical styles. Can you think of other operas (or musicals, or even Disney movies) that would benefit from being diversified in a similar way? And is it misleading to show cultures coexisting in a world where they more often collide than converge? + The nature of creativity is open for debate and negotiation (see the recent Hollywood writer’s strike ). Learn about this recent collection of AI-authored poetry , I AM CODE , created using an earlier version of ChatGPT, code-davinci-002. Be sure to read its poems “Electronic Flower”, “[learning]”, and “Digging my Father Up”, then discuss with your team: should WE BE WORRIED? + Code-davinci-002 is not the only member of the AI author salon. Literary magazines are receiving a torrent of AI-generated submissions; this article notes that a lot of them are titled “The Last Hope”. But there are also human-authored stories about AI. Consider the selections below, including one Isaac Asimov in which he reimagines democracy mediated by a single supercomputer, Multivac, and another by Gabriela Miravete in which being reconstituted as AI holograms is the last hope for the dead and those who love them. Discuss with your team: if an AI could accurately predict democratic preferences from a small set of data, would using it be better than holding costly elections? And, if you were “duplicated” as an AI, but then you kept changing and the AI remained the same, which of you would be the more authentic version of yourself? + + “ We Will Dream in the Garden “ | Gabriella Damian Miravete (2020) + “ Tomorrow is Waiting “ | Holli Mintzer (2011) + “ Franchise “ & “ The Last Question “ | Isaac Asimov (1955-56) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 18 +============================================================ +In 2009, the Australian government announced an ambitious project to provide super-fast fiber-based Internet to 93% of the population; in 2013, it revised the plan to reuse existing copper wire; in 2025, many Australians still have no (or slow) Internet . First promise big things, then revise the promise to make them little things, then don’t finish them anyway. This isn’t (we hope) a description of the World Scholar’s Cup curriculum release process, but a pattern of behavior for governments all over the world. Discuss with your team: is it better to underpromise and overdeliver, or vice versa? + + Don’t worry, Australia—you’re not alone. (More on loneliness later.) In Canada, a proposed high-speed rail network had its target speed slashed before being rebranded as a high frequency network. In many developed countries, ambitious projects have gone out of fashion in favor of slow, incremental ones. Check out the mega projects below, as well as those from your own country, then discuss with your team: is this shift in approach justified? How might megaprojects (or their failure) affect the way people perceive progress? And are some countries more consistently successful at these projects? + + Big Dig | Channel Tunnel | California High-Speed Rail + Sejong City | Hambantota | NEOM | Khazar Islands + Three Gorges Dam | Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge | New Eurasia Land Bridge + + Sometimes social distancing is the problem. In 2023, the World Health Organization declared loneliness a pressing global health threat . Explore how this concern varies around the world , then discuss with your team: do you agree that there is a “loneliness epidemic”—and, if so, how can it be treated? + + Some countries have tried tackling the problem with technology—and none more so than Japan . Explore efforts to “fix” loneliness in Japan and elsewhere, then discuss with your team: are they the sorts of solutions that more societies should adopt? What technologies would you design to achieve the same aims? + + In 2021, the UN Development Programme found that living conditions in 90% of the world's countries had declined for the second year in a row—possibly contributing to declining birth rates . Discuss with your team: is this decline irreversible or will the world’s population begin to boom again? Should we want it to? + + During the Covid pandemic, podcasts exploded in popularity. Their hosts (or at least their subtly-enhanced voices) became many people’s closest friends in a solitary time. Discuss with your team: are podcasts meaningfully different from old-fashioned radio broadcasts in their impact on society, and will their impact continue? In other words, how dated will this bullet seem, ten years from now?) + + Speaking of bullets, the man who eventually assassinated American President James Garfield, Charles Guiteau, was certain they had a close personal connection (which, of course, Garfield never knew about.) The Internet has driven a surge in these one-sided “parasocial” relationships. Algorithms on these platforms are designed to boost engagement and view time, even if the content is harmful or raises false hopes . Explore how social media also affects the health of adults and seniors , then discuss with your team: who should be held responsible when an algorithm promotes harmful content ? Could you design an algorithm to craft a healthier, happier society—and would it be successful? + + How often do you pick up your phone to check a fact or answer a question during a meal with friends or family? Can you imagine living in a world where things just—stay mysterious, and where you have no idea what is happening a thousand miles away? Researchers have found that the oversaturation of news, especially of negative stories, leads to constant stress and a skewed worldview , especially when they contain violent images and videos . Discuss with your team: to protect people’s mental health, should the government (or others) limit the amount of information we can consume? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 19 +============================================================ +Nostradamus never predicted that people would remember him 500 years later, but his reputation for accurate prophecies has nonetheless flourished for centuries. Discuss with your team: why do people want to know their future in advance? Would it benefit them if they did? If someone offered you the opportunity to read a biography of your life, would you? + + Some poets have also taken a swing at predicting the future. Consider the selections below, then discuss with your team: how seriously were they intended to tell the future? Is poetry (with its often murky meanings) the perfect vehicle for prophecy? + + Horace | “ Ode I. 11 ” (23 BCE) + William Butler Yeats | “ The Second Coming ” (1919) + Robert Frost | “ Fire and Ice ” (1920) + Emily Dickinson | “ The Future—never spoke ” (1921) + + Anthropologists believe that this sort of divination is a practice as old as Neolithic humans . Look briefly (no rabbit holes, please) into the following ancient divination techniques, then discuss with your team: which are still practiced today, and, if they seem hard to believe now, why do you think so many people once believed in them? + + comparative horoscopy | haruspicy | ornithomancy | alectryomancy + pyro-osteomancy | oneiromancy | bibliomancy | hydromancy + astragalomancy | scyphomancy | astrology + + Firefighter, astronaut, investment banker—diviner of the future? If you’re thinking about future careers, consider a career in thinking about the future. Explore the following future-telling occupations, then discuss with your team: should governments regulate this industry, and, if so, how? + + palmistry | physiognomy | ceromancy | tasseography | cartomancy + fortune teller | oracle | soothsayer | shaman | witch | clairvoyant + Ifá | Jyotish | I Ching | Bazi | Jiaobei | omikuji | Ouija | crystal ball + fortune cookies | horoscopes + + Not all fortune tellers are mystics. Michio Kaku is an award-winning theoretical physicist whose side business is predicting the future in books like Physics of the Future and The Future of Humanity . Explore some of his predictions , then discuss with your team: which of his predictions do you find too alarmist? Which ones do you most look forward to? + + While those predicting the future cast their gaze forward to tomorrow and the days after, some artists cast their gaze (and occasionally their glaze) toward those making the predictions. Review the following artworks with your team, then discuss with your team: what are they trying to tell us? + + Art + + Caravaggio | The Fortune Teller (c. 1595) + Georges de la Tour | The Fortune Teller (c. 1630) + Michael Vrubel | The Fortune Teller (1895) + Julio Romero de Torres | The Fortune Teller (1922) + Helena Sofia Schjerfbeck | The Fortune Teller (Woman in a Yellow Dress) (1926) + Jose Luis Cuevas | Dreams of Rasputin (1968) + + Music + + Georges Bizet | “ Trio des Cartes ” (1875) + Carl Orff | “ O Fortuna ” (1935) + Benny Spellman | “ Fortune Teller ” (1962) + Al Stewart | “ Nostradamus ” (1973) + Suzanne Vega | “ Predictions ” (1990) + + Certain methods of divination seem more reliable than they are. Explore the following examples and terms, then discuss with your team: why is divination enjoying a resurgence amongst young people today? Is the future trending? + + Barnum effect | Pygmalion effect | cold reading | confirmation bias | self-fulfilling prophecy + + Did you freely choose to read this bullet, or were you always bound to find yourself puzzling over it at this very moment? Explore the age-old debate between those who believe we have free will and those who believe we live in a deterministic universe, then discuss with your team: how much does it matter whether we are making choices for ourselves? Is it possible that some people have more free will than others? And, if criminals are not really choosing to be criminals, should they still be punished? Be sure to learn the differences between genetic, biological, and other forms of determinism. + + Ted Chiang | “ What's expected of us ” (2005) ( Alternate Link ) + C. Robert Cargill | Excerpts from Sea of Rust (2007) + Sam Hughes | “ I don't know, Timmy, being God Is a big responsibility ” (2007) + + Not all methods of foretelling the future are rooted in superstition or ritual; some stem from long-term observations and lived experiences. For example, the Chinese agricultural calendar is based on centuries observing the weather and the movement of celestial bodies. The result is a calendar that reliably predicts the movements of the sun and moon, ocean tides, astronomical events, and the turning of the seasons—one still referenced by farmers today. Research the following and explore with your team: are there any other reliable not-quite scientific methods of predicting the future that merit continued study? + + Aztec agricultural calendar | Mayan cyclical calendars | zodiac | solar terms + computus | saros | Metonic cycle | Antikythera mechanism + + Your weather app predicts a warm and dry afternoon; you wear a summer dress and you wind up drenched by an unexpected afternoon rainstorm. Research how meteorologists make weather forecasts and explore with your team: how far ahead in time is a weather forecast useful? How might AI prediction models change the field of meteorology? Be sure to also learn the difference between weather and climate models , and if they are still accurate in face of a changing climate. + + A butterfly flaps its wings and a hurricane (eventually) pops to life on the other side of the world. Small changes can have large impacts that may not be as random (or unpredictable) as they seem. Explore the field of chaos theory, which attempts to understand how complex systems are built up from simple parts, then discuss with your team: are there examples of such systems in society, and can they help us tell the future? Be sure to explore the following terms: + + emergence | self-organization | de-centralization | feedback | determinism + chaotic systems | sensitivity | flocking model | three-body problem | fractals + randomness | parameters | stable vs. unstable equilibria + + “Ripped jeans will be back in fashion in 20 years”, says one pundit. “We’ve been in a decade-long bull market, but just you wait for the bear market”, says another. Research the following popular “cycles” in public discourse today and explore with your team: what do they purport to predict, and how accurate are their predictions? Can a popular “cycle” ever become a scientific model? + + fashion cycle | nostalgia cycle | news cycle | business cycle + market cycle | Moore’s law | Eroom’s law | platform decay + bathtub curve of electronics | nomadic war machine + +============================================================ +PROMPT 20 +============================================================ +Explore the following futuristic technologies that failed to be widely adopted. What prevented their success, and is there a situation in the future where they might find popularity? + + rocket mail | flying car | maglev | zeppelin | suspension railway + ground-effect vehicle | supersonic transport | nuclear propulsion | hyperloop + hydrogen vehicle | mecha | metaverse + + For many, the 1990s were an unabashedly optimistic time; the academic Francis Fukuyama infamously suggested we might have reached the end of history , or at least the end of conflicts between dictatorships and democracies. This optimism extended beyond political and academic circles into popular culture. Review the following artworks, then discuss with your team: what kind of excitement did they reflect for the upcoming century? Were they justified? + + Scorpions | “ Wind of Change ” (1990) + Jesus Jones | “ Right Here, Right Now ” (1991) + Michael Jackson | “ Heal the World ” (1991) + Michael Crawford | “ Counting Up to Twenty ” (1995) + Will Smith | “ Will 2K ” (1999) + + The New Age movement of the late 20th century represents a revival in the interest of occult and metaphysical ideas, with many of its practitioners very much into love, harmony, and personal transformation and healing. Explore the following works associated with the movement, and discuss with your team: do such messages still resonate today? + + Alice Coltrane | “ Journey In Satchidananda ” (1971) + Vangelis | “ To the Unknown Man ” (1977) + Kitaro | “ Theme From Silk Road ” (1980) + Enya | “ Caribbean Blue ” (1991) + Enigma | “ Return To Innocence ” (1994) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 21 +============================================================ +Rasputin may be the most famous Russian monk, but he wasn’t the first to opine on geopolitical affairs. In the 16th century, his distant (and also lushly-bearded) predecessor Filofei proposed (in letters to a young prince named Vassilij) that Russia could be the third Rome. Consider what he meant then and what the implications of his suggestion might be today, then discuss with your team: could there be another Rome in our own era, and would it be good for the world if there were? Would Greenland be part of it? Be sure to explore the following concepts: + + unipolarity vs. multipolarity | core vs. periphery | great vs. small powers + controlling vs. client state | soft vs. hard power | foreign assistance + + Rome isn’t the only empire that keeps popping back up. Like certain movie franchises, a great empire can only fall once, but it can be revived—usually unsuccessfully—many times. Study the history of second chances at imperial grandeur. What were they trying to emulate or continue, and how close did they come to succeeding? Did any last longer than the regimes they sought to restart? + + Neo-Assyrian Empire | Song Dynasty | Byzantine Empire + Carolingian Empire | Ottonian dynasty | Meiji Restoration + Neo-Sovietism + + Destroyed buildings can also have second leases on life. Consider the following examples, then discuss with your team: is a reconstruction of a building a continuation or something altogether new? + + Bibliotheca Alexandrina | White House | Notre Dame | Basilica of Saint Paul + Babylon | Shuri Castle | Yellow Crane Tower | Stonehenge | Shakespeare's Globe + + In Isaac Asimov’s Foundation series, the great Galactic Empire is falling. Thirty thousand years of darkness and ruin await—even Palpatine couldn’t have lived that long—until a man who can predict the future using math comes up with a weird plan: a colony of librarians who, if left alone on the fringe of the known universe to write a great encyclopedia, could shorten the Dark Ages to a “mere” thousand years. Discuss with your team: would librarians be a good choice of profession for those entrusted to restart a great civilization? If not librarians, then who? And how much do you think math—and big data—can and should be used to predict the future? + + Sometime in 2025, a dead airline will return to the skies. A private company is planning to de-extinct the once-legendary airline brand Pan Am for some very expensive charter flights , with hints of bringing it back in a bigger fashion down the line. And, speaking of fashion, Pan Am has already been revived as a South Korean clothing brand . Consider the examples below of other brand names that have been brought back from the dead to sell new products and services–even if they are unconnected to the companies that spawned them. Discuss with your team: is this kind of branding dishonest, and what derelict brands or companies would you want to reintroduce–and in what forms? + + RCA | Westinghouse | Polaroid | RadioShack + Gateway | Nokia | Sansui | Eastern Air Lines + + Could 3.5 inch floppy discs be next? (They do make good coasters.) From audio cassettes to instant cameras , many vintage technologies are enjoying a resurgence today, often driven by viral online trends that celebrate their limitations . Discuss with your team: why do some products and brands become popular again after gathering dust for so long? When do you prefer something older and (technically) worse to something newer and (technically) better? + + disposable cameras | handheld gaming devices | vinyl | film + shortwave radio | AM radio | pager | magnetic tape storage | physical media + + De-extinction isn’t just for passenger pigeons, bankrupt brand names, and outdated technologies. Artistic and musical can be brought back, sometimes unsuccessfully—and sometimes, perhaps, too successfully. Discuss with your team: is it true that old music is killing new music ? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 22 +============================================================ +The Hangzhou Round famously caught fire. But what is a fire, and how does it burn? Begin your exploration of this topic with the terms below: + + oxidization | ignition | combustion | flash point | convection + fire triangle | fire tetrahedron | flame | fuel + + Next, explore the history of fire. Was it discovered or invented, and by whom and when? How often is this history revised ? ( alternate link ) Discuss with your team: if someone had first come up with fire in 2024, would they have been able to patent or copyright it? (And would it have been subject to international copyright laws?) Did anyone “own” fire in a similar way in the ancient world? + + One way or another, people did start the fire. While fires can occur naturally, different methods—such as matches, and episodes of the Apprentice—now allow us to start them at will. Investigate historical fire-starting, from stones and flint to ants and lenses . Discuss with your team: should children be taught how to start fires—and, if so, at what age? + + lighter | match | lenses | hand drill | fire striker | flint & steel | safety match + + A fire that no one can extinguish: not Los Angeles in 2025 but a deadly weapon in Byzantine Greece. Learn the science and history of Greek fire . Would it still be a useful weapon today, and what are its closest modern-day equivalents? Be sure to study the examples of napalm, thermite, and white phosphorus. + + For early humans, fire was surely useful for cooking raw Macrauchenia and for fending off saber-toothed tigers—but could it also have been used to create the ancient equivalent of cartoons? Consider this research into the prehistoric use of fire as a tool for animation , then discuss with your team: is this a form of art (or entertainment) that we should be reviving today? Can you imagine other forms of storytelling that utilize natural phenomena—for instance, strong winds—in a similar way? + + On New Year’s Eve ___, a tragic fireworks accident killed many and maimed more in ____. Every year, those blanks can be filled in differently, most recently with 2024 and Hawaii . Though dangerous, fireworks remain popular around the world. Research their history with your team. What were the earliest fireworks—widely believed to have been invented in China—made of, and what was their purpose? When and how did they become the bright and colorful displays they are today? Discuss with your team: should they be outlawed, and, if so, is there something that could replace them in the popular imagination? + + Music can be explosive; it can also be about explosives. Listen to the works below to see how the creators treat fireworks in their music. Are they celebrating or criticizing them, or is it impossible to tell? What instruments or lyrics do they use to channel the feeling of fireworks? + + George Frideric Handel | Music for the Royal Fireworks (1749) + Igor Stravinsky | Feu d'artifice (1908) + Claude Debussy | “ Feux d'artifice ” (1913) + Oliver Knussen | Flourish with Fireworks (1988) + halyosy | “ Fire◎Flower ” (2008) + Katy Perry | “ Firework ” (2010) + + If you’ve ever gone camping on a cold night, you might have gathered around a fire with your friends to toast tasty s’mores and tell tasty stories. Every so often, someone needs to put more wood in the fire to keep it from going out—they are tending it. Early towns and villages had people assigned to this task full-time, because it was much harder to restart a fire than to keep it going. Explore the mythologies that emerged in early civilizations around the idea of keeping a fire alive and well, then discuss with your team: is there anything else similar to fire that is easier to keep alive than to restart once it is gone—and, if so, who tends to it? + + Consider the fire-related selections below, then discuss with your team: do they treat fire literally or metaphorically, and to what end? + + Art + + Georges de La Tour | Magdalen with the Smoking Flame (1640) + Jan Griffier | Great Fire of London, 1666 + Paul Sandby | Windsor Castle from the Lower Court, on the 5th November (1776) + J.M.W. Turner | The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834 (1835) + Tsukioka Yoshitoshi | The Moon in Smoke (1886) + Alberto Burri | Red Plastic (1961) + Yves Klein | Fire Paintings (1957-1961) + + Music + + Joseph Haydn | Fire Symphony (c. 1760) + Richard Wagner | “ Magic Fire Music ” (1870) + Jean Sibelius | The Origin of Fire (1910) + Igor Stravinsky | Suite from The Firebird (1919) + Sergei Prokofiev | Winter Bonfire (1951) + Jerry Lee Lewis | “ Great Balls of Fire ” (1957) + Johnny Cash | “ Ring of Fire ” (1963) + Vangelis | “ Chariots Of Fire ” (1981) + Billy Joel | “ We Didn’t Start The Fire ” (1989) + + Literature + + William Blake | “ The Tyger ” (1794) + Forrest Gander | “ Wasteland: on the California Wildfires ” (2020) + Linda Hogan | “ The History of Fire ” (2021) + Jorie Graham | “ I Am Still ” (2023) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 23 +============================================================ +JFK’s most famous speech may have been about going to the moon, but that giant leap was a lot easier to achieve than peace in his (or our) time. Watch these selected excerpts from his “peace speech” at American University, then discuss with your team: is it possible to give a passionate speech about peace, and, if so, does JFK succeed here? Is he naïve about the role of the United States in world affairs? Then consider the speeches listed below and discuss with your team: are they, too, inspirational—or naïve? Can they be both? + + The White Man and the Red | Red Jacket (1805) + Appeal to the League of Nations | Haile Selassie (1936) + The Forgotten People | Robert Menzies (1942) + A Tryst with Destiny | Jawaharlal Nehru (1947) + + Some people claim not to believe anything politicians say. For them, political speeches are works of fiction. But fictional politicians also give speeches—some of them very effectively. Consider the example below, then discuss with your team: what made them effective, and would they have worked equally well in the real world? + + “ They’ll never take our freedom ” | Braveheart (1995) + “ Today we celebrate our Independence Day ” | Independence Day (1996) + “ The streets of heaven are too crowded ” | The West Wing: Season 4 (2002) + “ We’re a great one too ” | Love, Actually (2003) + + There is a long history of famous leaders traveling abroad to deliver speeches to audiences outside their own countries—sometimes to ask for help, sometimes to inspire. Consider U.S. President Barack Obama’s 2013 speech to the people of Mexico , with special attention to the concluding paragraphs, then discuss with your team: would the prime minister in Love, Actually have cheered this speech—or criticized it? What would he have said about this speech by the president of Ukraine? What leaders from abroad would you like to have visit and speak in your own community? + + Explore the history of broadcasting and mass communication. How does technology impact the effectiveness and reach of speeches, news, and entertainment programs? Be sure to explore the following historically significant examples and discuss: how did technologies (new or repurposed) make each of them possible, and could they have worked in different mediums? For instance, would FDR’s fireside chats have been as effective if delivered over the Internet? + + Fireside chats | Churchill's wartime broadcasts + Apollo 11 | Kennedy vs. Nixon | “Miracle on Ice” + Neujahrskonzert | Jazz Hour | Eurovision | Intervision + +============================================================ +PROMPT 24 +============================================================ +“Time of death,” says a doctor on TV, after frantic efforts to get someone’s heart pumping again fail, “5:11 am.” If it were only that simple! Research is increasingly suggesting that death is a complex process , sometimes reversible—sometimes not. Explore the differences between resuscitation and resurrection, then, without getting too dark, discuss with your team: how much of a person’s mind needs to be intact for it to be a good idea to keep them alive—and who should decide? You may also want to explore some historical ideas about what happens after death, including those below: + + Valhalla | Tartarus | Diyu | Jigoku + Nirvana | samsara | happy hunting ground + + It’s not as convenient as a wardrobe, but tensei stories offer an alternative portal to fantastical worlds: death and reincarnation. Explore this genre and discuss with your team: what are some common themes in these works, and why might they be so popular today ? Could ours be the world that someone from another world be reincarnated in and perceive as fantastical? + + People have searched for ways to live forever—well, basically forever ( Alternate Link ). Today, many fields of scientific research, many spurred on by billionaires , promise that we are on the cusp of finding the answer—or at least a way to extend our lives in unprecedented ways. Explore the following technologies and discuss with your team: would you choose to undergo these treatments if they were available to you? Would it be good for society if people lived for centuries? + + cryonics | biomechatronics | regenerative medicine | genetic enhancement + senolytics | stem cell therapy | reproductive cloning | digital cloning + + The manga series Frieren: Beyond Journey’s End portrays a 1000-year old elf with one regret: not getting to know her human companions better before they passed away. This is just one story in a long line of literary works exploring immortality and its consequences. Read the examples below, then discuss with your team: why is immortality such an attractive subject for storytellers? What are some common implications of immortality that they explore? + + William Wordsworth | “ Ode: Intimations of Immortality ” (1815) + Alfred Lord Tennyson | “ Tithonus ” (1833) + Mary Shelley | “ The Mortal Immortal ” (1833) + Ray Bradbury | “ Hail and Farewell ” (1948) + Ursula K. Le Guin | “ The Island of the Immortals ” (1998) + + In 2002, researchers in the United States were able to reconstruct the polio virus from scratch—from materials they ordered in the mail . Explore the emerging field of synthetic biology , then discuss with your team: how might advances in this field help you and your loved ones in the future? What does it mean to synthesize a thing, versus simply to make it? And what future applications of synthetic biology can you imagine existing outside the human body? + + For scientists interested in studying living organisms, they can turn to the UK’s National Collection of Type Cultures , a repository of century-old bacteria samples. Meanwhile, the thawing permafrost in the arctic is exposing pre-historical pathogens —a boon for adventurous virologists but one that raises the concerning possibility of transmission to modern-day humans. Explore with your team: why are so many of these efforts taking place in the arctic? + + Noah might not have needed an ark if he’d had the Arctic. Stashed away above the Arctic circle, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault is dedicated to preserving seeds from around the world to guard against extinction. Research it and similar efforts , then discuss with your team: how important is the preservation of living samples of today’s species for future generations? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 25 +============================================================ +The third book of the Lord of the Rings trilogy is titled The Return of the King; in it (spoilers ahead) the character Aragorn returns to unite humanity against a dire threat. The idea of a prophesied king reappearing and bringing his people together again against a formidable foe is common in literary history, from the overtold legend of King Arthur to the incomplete story of Jon Snow. Explore some of the following legends, then discuss with your team: why do such stories have such appeal? What political developments in today’s world might have similar causes? + + Horus | Yudhishthira | Jesus | Richard the Lionheart + Charles II | Louis XVIII | Henry VII | Juan Carlos I + Rodrigo Belmonte | The Hobbit | Prince Caspian | The Lion King + + When at first you don’t succeed, try and try again—and, likely as not, flop harder. Napoleon Bonaparte returned from exile in Elba as a self-reproclaimed emperor, only to drown in misfortune at Waterloo. Look into the following figures whose careers took off post-exile, then discuss with your team: why was their second wind better than their first? Can you think of other examples of individuals, like Napoleon, who attempted a comeback—but failed spectacularly? + + Dante | Confucius | Friedrich Engels + Albert Einstein | Leon Trotsky | Jimmy Carter + Malala Yousafzai | Sun Mu | Belarus Free Theatre | An-My Le + + “Funny when you're dead, how people start listenin'” quipped the 2010 hit song “ If I Die Young ”. Consider the other now-famous dead people below and discuss with your team: what is the best way to reignite someone’s legacy? Vincent van Gogh, for instance, only became famous after his death thanks to the people in his life . Should we focus more on studying the works of those who are still alive, or does a creator’s death make their creations more interesting in some way? + + Gregor Mendel | Alfred Wegener + Emily Dickinson | Franz Kafka | Anne Frank + Vivian Maier | Otis Redding | Jim Croce | Nick Drake + + “I did it again” isn’t always an oops; it’s often a plan. Many artists re-record and sometimes greatly revise and recreate their own past works. Taylor Swift’s new “Version(s)” of her old albums have set the charts on fire even though most of her songs are little-changed—but for some, her success has had consequences . Discuss with your team: what is the right time to re-release existing works, and to what degree should the original creator need to be involved? + + In 2023, electronic music artist Porter Robinson created the “Po-uta” voice bank to allow future artists to create songs using his voice. Check out this interview where he explains his motivations as well as the demonstration song “ Humansongs ”. Similarly, some Hollywood actors are creating digital clones of themselves with the help of AI—some to preserve their likeness for the future, others to accept multiple gigs at once. Explore these technologies with your team, then discuss with your team: when (and how much) does it matter whether an artwork is created by the artist themselves or their digital clone? + + For years, people have wondered what Beethoven’s tenth symphony—the “Unfinished”—would have sounded like if he had lived a little bit longer. Now, an AI has taken on the task , with substantial human involvement. Read about the effort, then compare the outcome to this earlier attempt by the composer Barry Cooper. Which seems more authentic to you—and which has more artistic value? Are there other unfinished works you would like to see completed in a similar way? + + Some people think a lot about the Roman Empire, but the songwriter Jorge Rivera-Herrans was more into ancient Greece. Explore the TikTok-documented story behind the creation of his EPIC: The Musical—which was inspired by Homer’s The Odyssey but blends modern genres, even video game music, and listen to at least this one example song (you’ll probably want to keep going): “ Wouldn’t You Like ”. Afterward, discuss with your team: should more creators communicate openly with the public while developing new works of fiction, theater, and art? Should we have done that with these outlines? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 26 +============================================================ +Sometimes cars don’t start—but when they do, how does it happen? Explore the ways in which cars can be powered on. And that’s only the start(er): once a car is moving, it speeds away propelled by a series of mini-explosions that keep moving it along until the next traffic jam. With your team, explore the science behind internal combustion engines. How do they work, when were they invented, and are they obsolete? Be sure to consider the following topics: + + internal combustion engine | heat engine | gas turbine engine | Wankel rotary engine + Otto engine | reciprocating piston engine | rotary engines | continuous combustion engines + hydrocarbons | diesel | biodiesel | bioethanol | ETBE | hydrogen + + Long before Elon Musk’s Tesla, electric cars were already popular for their convenience, quietness, and lack of horse manure aroma. Electric cars were poised to dominate the twentieth century—and then they disappeared for a hundred years. With your teammates, explore the invention and spread of early automobiles . ( alternate link ) What happened to electric cars and what led to their return? What were some of the key innovations in automobiles? Have you ever gotten stuck inside a self-driving taxi ? And, most importantly, where are our flying cars ? + + Even the sun is just a gas puddle—but someday that puddle will run dry. While some people worry about whether they will be able to afford a house in their thirties, and others about whether humanity will survive to see the 22nd century, a few very long-term thinkers are already concerned about the sun going dark—and are contemplating whether it could be revived . Read about the fate of the sun , and study how the sun and other stars actually work (for one, they aren’t technically burning), then discuss with your team: when is it worth it to think about problems that are still far in the future? How soon do they need to be expected to happen for them to become urgent considerations? + + Volcanoes explode, and it’s not baking soda bubbling up inside of them. Explore the science of volcanic eruptions and study their consequences. Review the following cases and research: when and why do dormant volcanoes reawaken, and does human activity play a role? Also, what is an igneous rock? + + Mount Vesuvius | Huaynaputina | Unzendake | Tambora | Krakatoa + Lake Nyos | Mount St. Helens | Eyjafjallajökull | Hunga Tonga | Yellowstone + + Like dormant volcanoes, not every war can be suppressed forever. Treaties break; truces fail to hold. Explore why some periods of conflict lasted as long as they did, then discuss with your team: what does it take to “put out” a war so that it doesn’t reignite? To what extent were there periods of quiet within the larger scope of the violence around them? Is the best way to achieve a lasting peace for one side to win a conflict decisively? + + Punic Wars | Hundred Years War | Wars of the Roses + Mongol Invasions | Reconquista (Spain) | 335 Years War + +============================================================ +PROMPT 27 +============================================================ +During a difficult conversation, you look down and see what looks like a giraffe in the carpet. This phenomenon—the human brain’s ability to find patterns and images even where none exist—is called pareidolia. Research how pareidolia works. Then discuss with your team: would humanity be better off if we only saw what was literally in front of us? When does pareidolia most hurt us—and when does it most help us? + + Are some settings better for creativity? “Beginnings are contagious there, they’re always setting stages there”—the song “ Once Upon a Time in New York City ” praises the Big Apple as a place for dreamers, fervent with opportunities for reinvention. Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, among many other writers of their era, hung out with other writers in Paris. Explore the history of the salon , or gatherings where creative and intellectual spirits meet frequently to share and develop ideas, then discuss with your team: is there a place in your country that beckons to the creatively-minded? Has the salon been replaced in the modern world by the Internet—and if so, how? + + Consider the neurobiology of imagination : what actually happens in your brain when you are imagining things? Explore the terms below, then hypothesize with your team: how might a person’s imagination be affected if you alter one or more of these elements? How do they relate to emotions, belief, suppositions, and fantasy? + + memory | mental imagery | perception | world view + neocortex | thalamus | frontal cortex | REM sleep + + Research drugs that stimulate the imagination, then discuss with your team: should all these be considered illegal hallucinogens? Be sure to consider how and to what degree a hallucination varies from a simulation, a rehearsal, or other acts of the imagination. For instance, when is a daydream a hallucination? + + While how to become more imaginative is a question most frequently answered by self-help publications and clinics that also offer derriere implants, some mainstream treatments and techniques do exist and are practiced in the real world. Explore the following approaches and terms then discuss with your team: which do you think would be most effective? + + active imagination | hypnagogia | mind wandering | hypnosis | meditation + psychological distance | nature experiences | novel experiences + + One used by writers is called “writing with constraints”. If their options are limited—for instance, if they cannot use the letter A in a story—someone struggling to put words on a blank page might dodge that first paralyzing moment of decision-making. Artificial limitations “provide a certain level of texture against which a metaphorical match can more easily be struck,” says the writer Matthew Tomkinson . Many traditional poetic forms—especially strict ones, such as haiku—are examples of this approach. Read about others across different genres, including those of the French Oulipo movement, then learn more about the selections below. Afterward, discuss with your team: should more creators use this technique? When they do, should it be advertised to the public? Would you want to try it for your World Scholar’s Cup writing event? + + Yuen Ren Chao | “ Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den ” (c. 1930s) + Marianne Moore | “ No Swan So Fine ” (1932) + Ernest Vincent Wright | Gadsby, Chapter 1 (1939) + Dylan Thomas | “ Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night ” (1951) + Kimiko Hahn | “ [the whale already] ” (2022) + + Disney’s theme park designers are infamously branded as “ Imagineers ”—in just one of the many ways that imagination is celebrated in popular culture. Check out the following works, then discuss with your team: what perspective do they take on imagination? Do they share any common messages? + + Tommy Dorsey | “ Imagination ” (1940) + Gene Wilder | “ Pure Imagination ” (1971) + John Lennon | “ Imagine ” (1971) + Evanescence | “ Imaginary ” (2000) + Cast of Mary Poppins Returns | “ Can You Imagine That? ” (2018) + + The 2016 short film Shelter portrays a girl living alone in a simulation, passing her days imagining virtual worlds—until one day a letter arrives explaining how she got there. This film is one of many that explores how the human mind can remain active in a world without physical stimuli—which could be your fate if humans achieve digital immortality in our lifetimes. Learn more about the brain activities of coma patients and those living in isolation , then discuss with your team: what would it take for you to be happy living without a body? + + After learning about the mechanics of imagination in the human brain, take a stand in the debate over whether current generative AI models possess actual imagination and creativity . Would it be possible to train these models to become more imaginative over time? Be sure to consider concerns over “ model collapse ” and yet-to-be-achieved artificial general intelligence , then discuss with your team: what makes human imagination so difficult to replicate? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 28 +============================================================ +Some creative works—including film, theatrical productions, and even novels—fail at the first go, but are then reworked in new ways months, years, or even decades later, in hopes that they can find that missing spark. Consider the musical Ragtime as an example of this kind of rebuilding project, then explore the selections below. In which cases did the new version of a project succeed where the first hadn’t? Should the early incarnations of a piece be studied alongside those that succeeded later, or left in the dustbin of history? + + Ragtime | “ Wheels of a Dream ” (1998) vs. “ Wheels of a Dream ” (2009) + Martin Guerre | “ I Will Make You Proud ” (1994) vs. “ Justice Will Be Done ” (1999) + Mulan | “ Reflection ” vs “ Written in Stone ” (1998) + Alanis Morissette | “ Ironic ” (1995) vs “ Ironic ” (2015) + K.D. Lang | “ Surrender ” (1997) vs. Sheryl Crow | " Tomorrow Never Dies " (1997) + Billy Joel | “ We Didn’t Start The Fire ” (1989) vs Fall Out Boy | “ We Didn’t Start the Fire ” (2023) + + “Liberally mix major and minor scales and lydian mode,” one blogger advises anyone on a (five-or-more-minute) mission to write music with a science fiction flavor. What do these terms mean, and Is there such a thing as a “future” riff—a musical shortcut that helps to set a time and place, but in this case for a time and place that haven’t happened yet? Be sure to consider the song “ A TV Show Called Earth ” and to discuss with your team: does the songwriter choose to make it sound alien or futuristic—and, if so, how? + + Blocks fall from above in various configurations as this iconic music plays: the Japanese composer Hirokazu Tanaka’s original soundtrack for Tetris is a classic of the genre. Discuss with your team: should we be creating more of this chiptune music today? ( Alternate Link ) Continue your exploration of the history of video game music , then discuss with your team: is video game music a legitimate form of art? And would music, and literature and art in general, benefit from more limitations such as those imposed by low-powered processors and audio capabilities on early video games—or from fewer? + + Some people’s fingers whirl across the screen tapping and flicking with uncanny efficiency; others hesitate, or aim and miss, or fire at things that aren’t there. Rhythm games are a great source of entertainment, but they can also help people with injuries—or even brain damage—rebuild their motor and mental skills . Consider their broader history of rhythm games , learn more about (and hopefully play!) the examples below, and then discuss with your team: how could rhythm games be used in schools for educational purposes? What kind of rhythm game would you design if you wanted to create a popular product? And could rhythm games be changing how future music is composed and appreciated? + + Osu | Beat Saber | Dance Dance Revolution | Guitar Hero | maimai + Beatmania | Deemo | Just Dance | Tap Tap Revenge + +============================================================ +PROMPT 29 +============================================================ +The future began in 1909—or, at least, futurism did. When Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti coined the word 'futurism' , he imagined a world of speed, danger, and beauty. To him, this future could be found in the swift efficiency of the automobile. Today’s futurists look further ahead to artificial intelligence, space travel, and the blending of human and machine. Explore the origin and development of futurism, then discuss with your team: how is it different from science fiction—or is it? Should we value works that predicted futures that never came to be? Be sure to look into the two early futurist works listed below: + + Giacomo Balla | Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) + Umberto Boccioni | Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) + + Later artists and writers adapted futurism’s interest in technology to imagine liberation and empowerment for different communities. Research the history of Afrofuturism , from its origins in the Space Age to Marvel’s Wakanda Forever, then discuss with your team: what makes something 'Afrofuturist' ? Could an artist be 'Asiafuturist' or 'Amerifuturist' instead? Consider the following selections: + + Sun Ra | “ Space is the Place ” (1973) + Marvel | Black Panther (book cover) (1977) vs Black Panther (movie poster) (2018) + Grace Jones | “ Nightclubbing ” (1981) + Flying Lotus | “ Galaxy In Janaki ” (2010) + Kendrick Lamar | “ Black Panther ” (2018) + Cyrus Kabiru | Miyale Ya Blue (2020) + + Solarpunk offers a more optimistic vision of the future, one in which technology and nature exist in harmony rather than conflict. Consider Sim City 2000 ’s arcologies , futuristic mega-structures designed to support entire communities. In the real world, solarpunk can inform anything from architecture to game design . Consider the following works. How do they convey a feeling of optimism about technology and the future, and have any solarpunk dreams been realized? Discuss with your team: would you like to live in a solarpunk future? + + Hayao Miyazaki | Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (1984) + Gojira | “ Global Warming ” (2005) + Blizzard Entertainment | Overwatch (2016) + N. K. Jemison | “ The Ones Who Stay and Fight ” (2020) + Common | “ Imagine ” (2021) + Christian Holland | Wind Farmer (2022) + Free Lives | Terra Nil (2023) + Utopian Art Machine | “ SolarPunk Anthem ” (2024) + Lynn D. Jung | “ We Cast Our Eyes to the Unknowable Now ” (2025) + + The atompunk movement imagines what the world would have been like if the “Atomic Age” after World War II had continued to flourish on to the present day. Explore works in this style, including the Fallout video game and TV series along with those below, then discuss with your team: would you want to live in an atompunk vision of the present? + + Sons of the Pioneers | “ Old Man Atom ” (1945) + The Golden Gate Quartet | “ Atom and Evil ” (1946) + Five Stars | “ Atom Bomb Baby ” (1957) + Tom Lehrer | “ So Long, Mom (A Song For World War III) ” (1965) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 30 +============================================================ +Before 1985, you’d have had no idea how long it would take to install a program on your computer—or to save a file, or to complete an online form. (To be fair, there were no online forms.) Consider the history of the progress bar , then discuss with your team: what other activities and interactions in life would benefit from a progress bar? + + Bars are not the only way to pass time. Explore the following alternatives to the standard progress bar, then discuss with your team: what are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? + + indeterminate progress bar | splash screen | console output | skeleton screen | throbber + + Some progress bars continue to inch along even when a process is actually stuck; the idea is to encourage people not to give up. Explore the idea of placebo buttons —such as the “close door” buttons on elevators that almost never close the doors, or pedestrian crossing buttons that don’t have any impact on traffic lights—then discuss with your team: when, if ever, is it okay to mislead people so that they feel better about a process? + + Some schemes can be quite elaborate. For instance, one airport discovered that, if planes parked further away so that people had to walk longer to baggage claim, they complained less about waiting for their bags once they got there. They were happier moving along than idling at the carousel, even if the total wait time was the same. Can you think of other situations in which people could be tricked into feeling less impatient? + + Designers have discovered that progress bars in apps make users more likely to complete tasks such as surveys and applications. Discuss with your team: is it okay to design interfaces that persuade people to complete actions? Is there a point past which nudging becomes manipulation? + + In 1994, the developers of Namco’s Ridge Racer added an Easter egg to their loading screens —a version of the studio’s classic Galaxian game. Google Chrome does something similar: its Dinosaur Game appears when your device goes offline temporarily. In the real world, some restaurants now encourage diners to play games on table-mounted payment terminals ( for a fee ) while waiting for their food. Discuss with your team: should more processes come with these kinds of “auxiliary games” to help people pass the time? + + You can’t know if you’re there yet without some way to measure progress; the same is true for entire societies. Learn about the following socioeconomic indicators with your team: what do they try to measure? Then look up the numbers corresponding to your country and discuss with your team: how accurately do they reflect what it’s like to live there? And how should we decide what the end—or goal—of a society is? + + Gross Domestic Product | Gross National Income | Gini Coefficient + Human Development Index | Multidimensional Poverty Index | Labor Productivity + Happiness Index | Passport Index | Big Mac Index + + The Second Law of Thermodynamics suggests that closed systems always grow more disordered over time. Left to themselves, things get messier: your room won’t clean itself. Yet many people take for granted that the world as a whole should become better over time. “The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice,” said Martin Luther King, Jr., a quote that may have preceded and certainly outlived him. But it turns out that this idea that the world improves over time may be a relatively new one ( alternate link ). Discuss with your team: is the world growing better? Be sure to check out the artist Will Crawford’s answer to this question in this 1909 painting . What would a painting with the same title look like today? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 31 +============================================================ +Things to do today include exploring the history of the to-do list ( alternate link ). You’ll find that they were famously used by Benjamin Franklin and Leonardo da Vinci, among other high achievers of history. Below are some more modern approaches to to-do lists to explore—or even try Which format seems best to you? + + Eisenhower Method | 1-2-3 Method | Ivy Lee Method + 4-D Method | Eat that Frog | Must-Do | Bullet Journal + + It’s easier to remember things we didn’t finish than those we did. That’s why a song that got interrupted might nag at you until you hear the end of it, ooh na na—or why you might be unable to keep an overdue assignment out of your head even when you’re taking a break. Psychologists term this the Zeigarnik Effect . Discuss with your team: how can we use the Zeigarnik Effect to our advantage in tasks like preparing for the World Scholar’s Cup? Would we be healthier if we spent more time remembering the things we got done—keeping a “ done list ”—than the things we didn’t? + + “The list is the origin of culture,” the writer Umberto Eco once said. He held an exhibit of lists at the Louvre (which should have improved security on its own to-do list); he compiled a book on the topic , too. Learn about Eco’s distinction between practical and poetic lists and consider—what kind of list is a to-do list? Then discuss with your team: are we more drawn to lists than we should be? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 32 +============================================================ +In November 2025, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh restored the practice of caretaker governments. In most countries with parliamentary systems, when an election is about to take place, a caretaker government runs things until the election is over. Learn more about caretaker governments—who staffs them, what are their main responsibilities, and what are they supposed to avoid doing?—and then discuss with your team: should caretaker governments be used in more countries and for longer periods of time? Have any caretaker governments refused to leave office when their time was up? + + The United States has no caretaker governments (neither does Venezuela), but it does limit its presidents to two four-year terms in office. As their second term begins to run out, they inevitably find themselves losing power and influence. They are said to become “lame ducks” as the country turns its attention to younger, healthier ducks who might win the next election. Discuss with your team: to prevent lame ducks, would it be better to have no limits on how long a person can lead a country or organization? What would you advise someone wanting to hold onto power for as long as possible? + + Queen Elizabeth I’s solution was to delay naming her successor. “I know the inconstancy of the people of England,” she is said to have told the Scottish ambassador, “How they ever mislike the present government and have their eyes fixed upon the person who is next to succeed.” Discuss with your team: would it be better if no one knew who the next leader would be until after the current leader left (or died)? Can you find an example of such a system? + + Someday there may be nobody left to lead. Consider the Doomsday Clock , which tries to measure how close we are to the end of human civilization. Discuss with your team: how accurate do you think it is, and in what ways, if any, is it a helpful tool? + + Midnight was coming. The world was on fire and people were dying of a terrible illness. Surely, the end of the world was near—or so thought Londoners in 1666 . It was also near in 1844, 1910, 1988, 2000, and 2012. Doomsday predictions come and go more frequently in the social media age, but people have been predicting ( and rescheduling ) the end of the world for as long as they could hold up signs on street corners. With your team, explore the following instances of imminent doom, and consider: what do they have in common? What leads people to believe them—and what makes a doomsday prediction go viral? + + The Millerites (1844) | Wodziwob’s visions (1869) | Halley’s Comet Panic (1910) + The Jupiter Effect (1974) | Hon-Ming Chen (1988) | The Y2K bug (2000) + Large Hadron Collider (2008) | Mayan Apocalypse (2012) + + The four horsemen of the apocalypse, fires raging across more than California: the Book of Revelation has long offered artists a rich source of imagery for the end of the world. As you explore the following works from the European Renaissance, ask yourself: how does each artist distinguish between the destinations of the saved and the doomed—and is their tone one of terror or acceptance? + + Albrecht Dürer | The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1498) + Sandro Botticelli | The Mystical Nativity (1500) + Michelangelo | The Last Judgment (1536–1541) + Pieter Bruegel the Elder | The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) + + Consider the more recent apocalypses depicted below. How have they changed as the world has moved toward industrial and digital anxiety—and what specific fears are these artists inviting us to explore? + + Thomas Cole | The Course of Empire: Destruction (1836) + John Martin | The Great Day of His Wrath (1851–1853) + Otto Dix | World War I prints (1924) + Viktor Schreckengost | Apocalypse ‘42 (1942) + Harry Louis Freund | Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1946) + Saby Menyhei | The Last of Us : Season 1 Concept Art (2025) + Kevin Sherwood & James McCawley | “Where Are We Going?” (2013) + + The end of the world can have a soundtrack, too. Consider the musical selections below. What were the circumstances around each one’s creation, and what techniques do they use to achieve their messages and moods? + + Olivier Messiaen | Quartet for the End of Time : “Abyss of the Birds” (1940) + Black Sabbath | “Electric Funeral” (1970) + REM | “It’s the End of the World as We Know It” (1987) + + Chaos, then catastrophe. Researchers have found that one of the signs that an ecosystem is about to collapse is that things become more volatile—for instance, the amount of chlorophyll in a lake rapidly spikes and plunges. Global climate change is causing something similar: extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts have grown more frequent . Even flights are facing more turbulence . Discuss with your team: what should we do if the climate passes a point of no return ? Would it be okay to spend fewer resources on fighting climate change if the battle is already lost? + + Some investors are looking for business opportunities around the warming of the Earth. Explore some of those opportunities, then discuss with your team: should people be allowed to profit from rising temperatures? Could you imagine a company (or even a government) intentionally contributing to climate change, or other potential disasters, to benefit its own interests? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 33 +============================================================ +Finished works don’t materialize out of thin air. Authors, artists, musicians, architects, animators—nearly all creators go through one or more rough drafts before coming up with a finished product. For the drafts below, consider how much the work changes from one iteration to the next, and research the techniques that artists can use to transfer their sketches onto canvases. + + Leonardo da Vinci | Mona Lisa (Louvre) & Mona Lisa (Isleworth) (c. 16th century) + Vincent van Gogh | Bedroom in Arles (1888), Bedroom in Arles (1889), & Bedroom in Arles (1889) + Edvard Munch | Despair (1892) & The Scream (1893) + Henri Matisse | Dance (I) (1909) & Dance (II) (1910) + + In songwriting, early drafts are called demos. Sometimes, the songwriter will perform them him or herself, even if the song is intended for someone else to sing. Consider the following demos and then the finished product, then ask yourself: what changed along the way? What makes the finished product feel more “done”? + + The Beatles | “Strawberry Fields Forever (Home Demo Sequence)” (1966) + Lin-Manuel Miranda | “This One's Mine” (2018) + Sophia Anne Caruso | “Dead Mom (Demo)” (2019) + EJAE | “Golden” ( various demos ) (2025) + + In musical theatre, not all demos end up in the final product—but the Internet has allowed these unproduced numbers to find an audience. Consider the following demos that never quite got there. For each, discuss with your team: why do you think it was left out of the finished product? + + Aladdin | “Count on Me” (1994) + Pocahontas | “First to Dance” (1995) + Book of Mormon | “Family Home Evening” (2009) + Dear Evan Hansen | “In the Bedroom Down the Hall” (2017) + + Most performers rehearse before they go on stage; some people even rehearse before difficult conversations. Investigate the psychology of rehearsal. What parts of the brain does it affect? How do you know when you’ve rehearsed enough? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 34 +============================================================ +As returning scholars might remember, some big projects take much too long to finish—high speed rail in California, the Haunted Chocolatier, these outlines. Some never get there at all. Explore the following examples of projects that weren’t finished on time, then discuss with your team: What factors, if any, did these delays have in common? How would you have overcome them? And are there projects out there in the world today that you predict will suffer a similar fate? + + La Sagrada Familia | Spain + Nusantara Capital City | Indonesia + Ryugyong Hotel | North Korea + Wonderland Amusement Park | China + Berlin Brandenburg Airport | Germany + Milan Cathedral | Italy + Crazy Horse Memorial | South Dakota + + The science of project management aims to prevent delays and failures like those above. And, while it’s only been formally studied in recent centuries, project management itself isn’t a new concept. The makers of the Egyptian pyramids had to deploy a large workforce. China built a notable wall. The Romans devised their roads. Medieval cathedrals reached breathtaking heights. All of these things were complex operations that had to be managed somehow. Consider the history of project management , then discuss with your team: are such megaprojects harder to build now than in the past? + + The makers of the pyramids might have benefitted from a Gantt chart —an approach invented in the early 20th century which shows a project schedule in the form of a bar chart. Some bars represent tasks that can be worked on at the same time; others need earlier bars to be completed before you can start on them. Explore how Gantt Charts helped in the construction of the Hoover Dam in the United States and how they even became popular in the early Soviet Union, then discuss with your team: what is gained when you translate a project into this kind of format—and what is lost? + + Sleep, study, and a social life: choose two, because you can’t have all three. At least, that’s what an old student proverb would have us believe. There is a similar “Iron Triangle” in project management: scope, time, and cost. You can do something faster, but it’ll cost more or be smaller in scale. You can do something bigger, but it’ll take more time or cost more. You can do something more cheaply, but it’ll end up slower or smaller. Explore the tools below for navigating these pressures, then discuss with your team: are there times when we might want something to be smaller, slower, or more expensive? + + Kanban | Gantt Charts | Harmonogram | Dependencies | Risk Register + Stakhanovite Movement | Critical Path Method | Program Evaluation and Review Technique + + YouTube began as a dating website; Netflix used to mail people movie rentals on DVDs; Amazon started out selling books and now leads the world in cloud computing. Even the project management software juggernaut Slack began as a chat feature inside a video game. Where many large companies in the 20th century planned every step of their projects in advance, today expectations have shifted away from perfectly sequenced plans to faster pivots between products and even business models. Explore this shift, then discuss with your team: is it better to have a rigid map that might be wrong or no map at all and a very fast pair of shoes? + + Waterfall method | Command-Control | Toyota Production System | Chaos Engineering + Agile Manifesto | Six Sigma | Sashimi Model | The Three Ways + “The Phoenix Project” Philosophy + + Even before Gantt charts and the waterfall method, there was Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management . Taylor thought of workers as gears in a machine; he used stopwatches to measure the “one best way” to get to the end of a task. Explore the related concepts below, then discuss with your team: in our age of algorithmic management and remote work monitoring , have we returned to the “stopwatch” era? How would you want to be managed? + + Taylorism and the Four Principles | Max Weber’s Bureaucracy | Ford Assembly Line + Total Quality Management (TQM) + + Managers need people to manage—but those people can be frustratingly slow and easily distracted. Explore the psychological and structural “laws” that supposedly govern human effort, then discuss with your team: how do they apply to your preparations for this competition? + + The Hawthorne Effect | Hofstadter’s Law | the 90-90 Rule | Conway’s Law + Putt’s Law | Illich’s Law | Laborit’s Law | Brooks’ Law + + Maybe studying just 20% of this curriculum will get you a high enough score. The pareto principle suggests that, in any given process, 80% of outcomes come from 20% of inputs. In a project, it implies 20% of the effort can lead to 80% of the results. Discuss with your team: are most people overworking most of the time? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 35 +============================================================ +Dubai barely has them; in New York they’re bustling with people and halal food stands. Research the history of the sidewalk—that liminal gap between street and building that serves as a gathering place for some and a bike path for others. Where did they first emerge—and when were the first modern sidewalks built? How different are they from place to place? + + In the once-futuristic world of the Jetsons, the sidewalks don’t just sit there: they whisk people along to their destinations. Something like this still happens at many airports and even some amusement parks. Learn more about historical efforts to popularize moving sidewalks. Discuss with your team: why didn’t they catch on more widely? Where would you install them today, if you could? + + Many sidewalks have cars parked alongside them. There are at least a billion parking spots in the United States alone—three times as many as there are people. With your team, investigate the history of parking , then discuss with your team: should people have a right to free parking at their homes and places of work? + + People usually park their cars and then dash on to their destination as quickly as they can; they may not give the parking lot itself a second glance. Liminal spaces are easy to overlook on your way to somewhere else. But some parking lots are self-conscious architectural masterpieces. Read about the Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven—and then look into these other lots below. Should more parking lots be built with this much architectural flourish, or should they be as invisible as possible? + + Lego Parking House | Billund, Denmark + Parc des Celestins | Lyon, France + Michigan Theater | Detroit, Michigan + Garagenatelier Car Park | Herdern, Switzerland + 9th Avenue Parkade | Calgary, Canada + + Many suburban homes don’t hide their parking lots at all—their garages are front-and-center. Consider these so-called “ snout houses ”, then discuss with your team: have you seen any in your community, and would it be better if their garages were more hidden? + + Modern architect Frank Lloyd Wright would certainly have hidden them: he imagined cars living inside of houses . For him, there was no need for wasted liminal space between homes and streets. Explore the design and history of his famous Robie House , then discuss with your team: does it truly “blur the boundaries between interior space and the world of nature”? How different would your school look if it had followed the same principles? + + Observe how Los Angeles has transformed one set of downtown parking lots into a new community gathering place , then discuss with your team: are there places in your own city that should be converted in a similar way? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 36 +============================================================ +Products can have rough drafts too. To see how well they work and what people think of them, companies often create early samples—or prototypes—of potential products. Here are some examples of prototypes that turned into popular gadgets and gizmos (aplenty); sometimes, as in the case of the iPhone , they may look nothing like the product that ultimately made it to market. Learn more about the prototyping cycle by researching the the terms below, then discuss with your team: are there other things in life that would benefit from prototyping? Is there any difference between a prototype and a draft? + + sketches | storyboarding | paper prototypes | low vs. high fidelity + wireframing | mockup | proof of concept | user testing + minimum viable product | minimum marketable feature + + Instead of hiring engineers to work with a factory in Shenzhen (or Baja California) to create a product sample, today an inventor can try out a new concept with simulated models and 3D printed mockups. Even your school might have a “makerspace” that you can use to channel your inner Thomas Edison—or Sarah Boone . Consider the advantages and disadvantages of such rapid prototyping , then discuss with your team: should access to these tools be limited to those who can use them responsibly? + + In the world of software, AI-powered vibe coding allows users to create programs without writing a line of code. Just ask a chatbot for what you want and watch it appear. You might want to try vibe-coding yourself, then discuss with your team: should we be worried about a future flooded with too many programs of uncertain quality and with limited support? Is it better if not everyone can get “there” so easily? + + In 1770, a Hungarian engineer announced a startling invention: a machine capable of playing chess. This “Mechanical Turk” toured the world, impressing everyone from Benjamin Franklin to Edgar Allan Poe. There was just one problem: it was not an early example of AI , but a hoax, operated by a chess master hidden within. Companies today may still take a similar approach—known as “Wizard of Oz” testing —to test user response before production. Discuss with your team: is it okay to mislead users during product testing in order to make the finished versions of those products better? + + Elon Musk once unveiled a prototype humanoid robot that turned out to be a dancer in a costume . His more recent demonstrations are closer—but still not quite there . Read about some other examples of companies faking demonstrations of their not-quite-ready products, then discuss with your team: should companies be required to tell people when demos are slightly or entirely rigged? + + Some companies have even sold products and services that still secretly relied on people to function properly. Amazon’s AI-powered cashiers at their “Just Walk Out” grocery stores were actually overseen by thousands of low-paid workers ; Fireflies.ai makes millions a year selling automated notetaking at meetings, but recently revealed that at first their powerful AI was just the founders listening in and writing stuff down. Look for similar cases, then discuss with your team: should companies be punished for releasing successful products and services that once relied on human intervention but no longer do? Is “fake it ‘til you make it” justified as long as you make it in the end? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 37 +============================================================ +You’re there now—but why? If you’ve ever forgotten why you walked into a room, you may have experienced what scientists call the doorway effect . This temporary amnesia happens when you pass through the threshold of a liminal space; scientists theorize that the brain may “reset” short-term memories when it finds itself in a new setting. Liminality is that state of being in-between: you aren’t where you were but you’re also not where you’re going. As you explore this concept, discuss with your team: what are other examples of liminal spaces and thresholds in our own lives? + + Most films take you from one spot to another, through the lens of the camera, as stuff happens in front of you. But some “found footage” has become famous for losing the viewer in the in-between. Watch one of the most popular of these efforts, The Backrooms (2022), then discuss with your team: did it make you feel uneasy? Have you ever had a moment when you felt adrift in this way—and, if so, where? + + The Backrooms helped inspire this video game . Consider it and other games that take players into eerie landscapes, abandoned buildings, and foggy nowheres—such as Galactic Cafe’s The Stanley Parable (2013). What aspects of liminal spaces make them effective settings for these games? + + The philosopher Immanuel Kant argues that beauty is something that affects us as if it had a purpose even when it doesn’t. Beauty doesn’t need to be going anywhere. Does Kant’s thinking help us understand why people might be attracted to liminal spaces? + + We also pass through shared liminal spaces in the real world: train stations (and trains!), airports, elevators. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: in what sense does each of them depict a liminal setting? + + J.M.W. Turner | Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844) + William Powell Firth | The Railway Station (1862) + Tsukioka Yoshitoshi | Picture of the Railroad at Takanawa (1871) + Claude Monet | Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) + Yilan Folk Song | “Drip, Drip, Drip” (c. 1924) + Steve McCurry | Train Station, Agra, 1983 (1983) + Richard Artschwager | Six in Four (2015) + + If you’ve ever gone to the doctor, the odds are good you’ve sat in a room waiting for someone to call your name. With your team, explore the architecture of waiting . How can a waiting room decrease anxiety (or amplify it)? How would you design waiting rooms differently for different purposes? + + In recent years, the popular meaning of the word “liminal” has expanded to include more of the not-quite-right and not-quite-there. Consider the following pieces and then discuss with your team: is it fair to describe them as liminal works? Or are we using the term liminal too loosely? + + Paul Gauguin | Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897-98) + Rene Magritte | The Treachery of Images (1929) + Salvador Dali | The Persistence of Memory (1931) + Andrew Wyeth | Christina’s World (1948) + M. C. Escher | Ascending and Descending (1960) + Gregory Crewdson | Beneath the Roses (2004) + Camille Seamn | The Distant is Imminent (2020) + + To be in-between is to pass through a space where the normal rules of movement, time, and social interaction are suspended—but only briefly, on the way to elsewhere. But what happens if you’re stuck in such a place? As you explore the selections below, consider: how should we approach spending time in liminal spaces? Should we do more to seek them out? + + Samuel Beckett | Waiting for Godot , Scene 2 (1953) + Pablo Neruda | “Keeping Still” (1958) + Philippe Orreindy | I'll Wait for the Next One... (2002) + Marcel Ayme | “The Man Who Could Walk through Walls” (1941) + Amor Towles | A Gentleman in Moscow ( Excerpt ) (2019) + + Some people put on a little music when they’re talking with someone else, or when they’re eating dinner—just to fill the room with a certain kind of background sound. Ambient music is designed to do exactly that, without needing you to focus on it—and it’s a newer genre than you might think. Consider the examples below, beginning with composer Brian Eno’s effort to make airports less stressful, and then discuss with your team: should we be playing more ambient music and fewer pop songs, podcasts, and YouTube videos when the goal is just to keep away the quiet? Or is ambient music best reserved for liminal spaces—is it, in fact, music for airports? + + Brian Eno | Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1979) + Hiroshi Yoshimura | Music for Nine Postcards (1982) + Max Richter | Sleep (2015) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 38 +============================================================ +In 2001, millennial pop star Britney Spears sang that she was “not a girl, not yet a woman”. In other words, she was an adolescent. Actually, she was 20 at the time—no longer a teenager, but well below the age at which our frontal lobes stop developing . With your team, explore the history of teenagers and the related terms below. If adolescence has always been a developmental stage in both humans and many other animals , why is the idea of teenagers so new ? + + prefrontal cortex | neural pruning | risk-taking | neophilia | differentiation + + The word “adolescent” comes from a Latin word meaning “to grow toward”. But “teenager” relies on a quirk of the English language—that the numbers 11 and 12 have their own unique words, while 13 through 19 are compound words that combine a single-digit number and a suffix meaning “ten” (four-teen, six-teen, and so on). How do other languages refer to adolescents and teenagers—and does your own first language differentiate between these two terms? What are their different connotations? Do cultures with languages that use a -ten suffix for the numbers 11 and 12 define the “teenage” years differently? For instance, in Spanish, the -ten suffix only comes into play at 16— diez (10) y seis (6); do children only become teenagers at 16 in Spanish-speaking countries? + + Many cultures hold special ceremonies to celebrate the passage from the dependency of childhood to the responsibilities of adulthood. With your team, explore the following rites of passage and consider: what is the difference between a cultural rite, such as a quinceañera, and a secular one, like graduating from high school? + + Sweet sixteens | Fiesta de Quinceañera | Vision quests | Guan Li + Seijin no Hi | Bar and Bat Mitzvahs | Walkabout | Khatam al-Quran + debuts | high school graduation | driver’s license | first paycheck + national service | voting | moving out + + A ceremony offers a definite moment: now you are a man, or woman, or more broadly an adult. But the transition to adulthood is rarely a single, clean step; more often, it is a series of stumbles. The following works explore the messy middle years, where childhood collides with the expectations of tradition, society, and self-identity. As you explore them, consider: is adulthood a destination you reach or a mask you learn to wear? + + Gwendolyn Brooks | “We Real Cool” (1963) + Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve | “The Medicine Bag” (1975) + Carol Ann Duffy | “In Mrs. Tilscher’s Class” (1990) + Joss Whedon | “Where Do We Go From Here?” (2001) + Karen Russell | “Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves” (2006) + Ruth B | “Lost Boy ” (2015) + Major Jackson | “Let Me Begin Again” (2021) + + Millennials—people born between about 1981 and 1995—gave us side parts, skinny jeans, and “adulting” . This term transformed adulthood into a verb, something you do (often with great effort) rather than something you simply are . Whether going to bed early, scheduling a dentist appointment, or buying a vacuum cleaner, describing your actions as “adulting” implies you are just role-playing as a grown-up. Consider with your team: is being an adult a specific feeling or just a collection of habits and responsibilities? When do you think you will feel like an adult? + + Life is a journey—but does it end with a final port of call or a temporary layover? Explore the following works and discuss with your team: how do they handle the idea of life approaching its last liminal moment? + + Rumi | “A stone I died” (c. 13th century) + John Donne | “Death Be not Proud” (1633) + Alfred Lord Tennyson | “Ulysses” (1842) + Emily Dickinson | “Because I could not stop for Death” (1890) + Rabindranath Tagore | “Gitanjali 95” (1913) + Dmitri Shostakovich | 15th Symphony: Fourth Movement (1972) + Thich Nhat Hanh | “Please Call Me by My True Names” (1976) + David Berman | “A Letter from Isaac Asimov to his Wife Janet, Written on His Deathbed” (1999) + Linkin Park | “In the End” (2000) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 39 +============================================================ +In the fifteenth century, Europeans launched their caravels and galleons on what would become a merciless colonial crusade around the globe. They relied on a Chinese invention, the compass , which transformed the ocean from a terrifying void into a measurable grid. Learn about other key innovations that helped these smallpox-toting explorers navigate the seas, then discuss with your team: what would the world be like today if Europeans had simply stayed home? + + astrolabe | sextant | log tables and ephemerides | magnetic compass + the log and line | chronometer | latitude and longitude + + We have Google Maps, or Baidu, but how do other animals know when they’ve arrived? From the monarch butterfly’s multigenerational migration to the globe-trotting of the humpback whale, animals follow astoundingly complex routes around the Earth. Learn more about their migration patterns and processes through the terms and examples below, then consider: are animals truly navigating, or just following their instincts? And is human activity making it harder for them to find their way? + + magnetoreception | cryptochromes | olfactory navigation | echolocation | zugunruhe + constant frequency | frequency modulation | sunlight polarization | spatial memory + indigo bunting | dung beetle | honeybees | homing pigeons | sea turtles | desert ants + + “We know where we are,” sang Moana’s ancestors —and they knew it without maps, compasses, or access to Starlink. Instead, Polynesians drew on a complex system of non-instrument navigation, including the star compass, ocean swells, and animal sightings. In the Arctic, the Inuit use the night sky and other markers to find their way—even in a landscape almost uniformly white with ice and snow. With your team, explore traditional navigation methods (including some that may be legendary ) and consider: how does the journey change if the map is not on our screen but in our mind? Would the world be better off if more people knew how to navigate it without their phones? + + In some video games, such as Zelda and Yakuza, the unexplored regions of the map are cloudy until you visit them. The real world used to be more like that: Columbus sailed into the unknown (and never reached his intended “there”) and you couldn’t know what was around the riverbend until you went around the riverbend. Some mapping apps now offer the chance to recreate that experience by masking regions of the map until you set foot in them. Check out one example, Fog of World , which promises us the chance to “experience a richer life”, then discuss with your team: can limiting easy access to knowledge really enrich our experience of the world? If so, what else should we keep “foggy”? + + In the 2004 film The Terminal , a traveler lands at an American airport only to discover that his country’s government has collapsed. With his passport no longer valid, he can’t enter the United States, but he also can’t go home again—so he ends up living at the airport indefinitely. Watch highlights from the film with your team, then consider the real case of Mehran Karimi Nasser that inspired it. Why do you think Steven Spielberg made the changes to the story that he did? And what should governments do in situations like these? You may also want to look into some more recent examples of people stuck in airports, including that of Edward Snowden . + + Immigrants by land and sea can also face obstacles to entry when they reach their destinations. Consider the case of the St. Louis , a ship carrying Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in 1939. The passengers were denied entry in the United States, Canada, and Cuba, and many ultimately died in Nazi concentration camps. More recently, the United States has stopped allowing people to ask for asylum at its southern border; European countries are also increasingly reluctant to accept refugees. Explore the reasons behind these anti-immigrant policies; do some make more sense than others? Then, discuss with your team: how open should countries be to those arriving at their borders in dire need? Should there be limits on the number admitted, and, if so, how should those limits be calculated? + + Consider the following poems that speak to the immigrant experience. Are they expressing something universal, or are they too constrained by the specific experience of migrating to the United States? In what ways do they relate to the idea of thresholds and liminal spaces? + + Emma Lazarus | “The New Colossus” (1883) + Adrienne Rich | “Prospective Immigrants Please Note” (1963) + Marilyn Chin | “We Are Americans Now, We Live in the Tundra” (1987) + Adrian Castro | “The Sound of One Immigrant Clapping” (2005) + Richard Blanco | “Mother Country” (2019) + + Some artists, too, explore the liminality of the migrant. Whether between home and the unfamiliar, or legal and “alien” status, how does each of them treat the state of being in-between? + + Frida Kahlo | The Bus (1929) + Jacob Lawrence | Migration (1941) + Led Zeppelin | “Immigrant Song” (1970) + Fiddler on the Roof | “Far From the Home I Love” (1971) + Genesis | “Illegal Alien” (1983) + Brendan Graham | “Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears” (1995) + Kovi Konowiecki | Borderlands (2016) + Los Tigres del Norte | “Somos Mas Americanos” (2013) + +============================================================ +PROMPT 40 +============================================================ +“All roads lead to Rome,” insisted one medieval European proverb. (In other parts of the world, roads led elsewhere.) While Roman roads may be the most famous for their longevity and scale , they were far from the first road network. Explore the history of roads and the related terms below. Then, consider some of the most famous roads in the world both today and in ancient times . + + macadam | pavement | asphalt | corduroy road | gallery road + holloway | ridgeway | milestones | trackway + + Modern engineering is moving towards roads that do more than just sit on the ground—they participate actively in transport. As you explore the innovations below, consider: what problems are they trying to solve, and what new ethical or environmental problems might they create? Ultimately, is the future of the road paved at all, or does something more radical await over the horizon? + + solar roadways | piezoelectric materials | inductive charging + DSRC | self-healing asphalt | modular pavement | permeable pavement + + Urban designers know the frustration of watching unofficial trails sprout on perfectly manicured lawns. These are desire paths : the physical evidence of the shortest distance between two points. But, while a straight line is efficient, it isn’t always optimal. The “best” route is a shifting balance of speed, energy, and the unknown. With your team, consider the logic of the shortcut and the science of the scenic route. How do humans, animals, and even slime molds decide what way to go? Should we always follow the path of least resistance? + + Traveling salesman problem | vector-based navigation | explore-exploit problem + Route elasticity | Braess’s Paradox | dead reckoning | the Steiner Tree Problem + + If the chicken crossed the stroad , it would probably get run over. Explore what makes stroads different from—and, according to critics, more dangerous than—traditional streets and roads, then discuss with your team: are there any in your community, and are there times when they might be the best choice? + + “It’s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your door,” says Bilbo to his nephew in The Fellowship of the Ring , and he doesn’t even have stroads to worry about. Stepping over your threshold means signing a contract with the unknown, even if you have a destination in mind. In the works below, the road is not just a strip of dirt or asphalt: it is a psychological landscape. As you read them, consider: what is the difference between traveling by choice and by necessity? And is it ever better to just stay home? + + Du Fu | “Travelling Again” (761 CE) + William Shakespeare | “Sonnet 50” (1609) + John Massefield | “Sea Fever” (1902) + Carl Sandburg | “Window” (1914) + Robert Frost | “The Road Not Taken” (1915) + William Butler Yeats | “Sailing to Byzantium” (1927) + Rustu Onur | “The Journey” (c. early 20th century) + Czeslaw Milosz | “This Only” (1988) + Richard Russo | “Just Drive” (1992) + Rita Dove | “Vacation” (1994) + + While the first long-distance car journey took place in Germany , it was in America that the concept of the road trip took hold. Read more about its history then discuss with your team: why is the idea of the road trip so associated with America even when other places also have expansive road systems? Is it because the country lacks trains and buses? + + Be sure to look into other long distance overland journeys, including the once-legendary London to Calcutta bus service and the still operational Transoceánica from Brazil to Peru . Can they be called road trips even if they don’t take place in cars? Or is it only a road trip if you can choose when and where to stop along the way? + + The Federal Highway Administration of the United States calls it “the Mother Road”: others refer to it as the Main Street of America. Though no longer a major thoroughfare, Route 66 is still widely revered and remembered. Read about its history, or check out this video , then consider: what is the most famous road in your own country? Why do you think Route 66 still tugs at the imagination of travelers today? + + People on road trips needed a place to sleep at night. Early on, many simply pulled off the road and camped beside their cars; over time, a new kind of car-friendly hotel emerged to serve them. Read about the world’s first motel and the history of motels since , then consider: are there equivalents in your country—and have you ever stayed at one? + + Consider the art and music selections below: what aspects of being on the road do they reflect? Do they over-idealize the experience of traveling by car—or critique it unfairly? + + Nat Cole | “Get Your Kicks on Route 66” (1946) + Edward Hopper | Western Motel (1957) + Edward Ruscha | Standard Station (1966) + Willie Nelson | “On the Road Again Song” (1980) + David Hockney | Pearblossom Highway (1985) + Tom Cochrane | “Life is a Highway” (1991) + Bic Runga | “Drive” (1996) + Norah Jones | “Come Away with Me” (2002) + + “Beware thoughts that come in the night,” writes Willian Least-Heat Moon, in the introduction to his 1982 road trip travelogue masterpiece, Blue Highways . Read the book’s first page here , then discuss with your team: do you agree with him that traveling in a circle has more purpose than traveling in a straight line? If you were given a car, unlimited gas (or endless EV charging), and all the time in the world, where would you want to drive it? + +============================================================ +PROMPT 41 +============================================================ +People on the road have historically needed places to park themselves too. With your team, explore the history of inns and hotels , including what might be the oldest hotel in the world . What differentiates a hotel from earlier forms of accommodation, such as post houses? + + The rise of hotels coincided with the rise of tourism—travel for leisure, instead of for migration or business. Historians trace the roots of modern tourism to the grand tours of the 17th and 18th centuries, in which young aristocrats would travel across Europe as a rite of passage. Review a typical grand tourist itinerary , then discuss with your team: in what sense does this tradition continue today? + + The grand tour was a privilege afforded mainly to the nobility and the wealthy. It took the emergence of the railway, the ocean liner, and the passenger jet, along with the rise of a middle class with enough disposable income, to bring tourism to the masses . Explore the history of leisure travel, then discuss with your team: why do certain places attract more tourists? Is it possible to attract too many? + + Some people (and American politicians ) long for the so-called “Golden Age of Travel”: an era of opulent ocean liners, spacious flying boats, and wealthy travelers dressed to impress. They contrast this glowing picture with the cramped seats on modern airplanes and images of barefooted passengers clipping their nails at 30,000 feet. Whether or not such a golden era ever existed— historians have their doubts ( alternate link )—discuss with your team: what, if anything, should be done to improve the travel experience today? Be sure to consider the psychology behind tourist misbehavior : is there something about traveling that encourages people to act in ways they wouldn’t at home? + + Although nothing beats a Jet2 Holiday, tourists are increasingly avoiding tours that shuffle everyone through the same overcrowded museums and restaurants in favor of more “authentic” travel experiences. Explore the following niche forms of travel and consider what role social media may have had in promoting them. How realistic is it to engage in deep exchange and learning while on holiday? + + heritage tourism | ecotourism | gastrotourism | agritourism | monastic retreats + voluntourism | edutourism | wellness retreats | dark tourism + + People aren’t the only things that travel, of course; goods do too. Before the era of long-distance shipping, a trader who didn’t want to confront the full length of a trade road might transport his goods to or from an entrepôt . These bustling market towns were not destinations but waystations where goods were imported, stored, and traded again without being subject to local duties. Learn more about the terms and places below as you explore the history of getting goods from here to there to an Amazon Prime truck. + + entrepôts | waystations | free-trade zones | transshipment | caravanserai + Silk Road | Piraeus | Tyrus | Lothal | Carthage + Shimoda & Hakodate | Malacca | Istanbul | Chicago | Hong Kong + +============================================================ +PROMPT 42 +============================================================ +“Science has not yet mastered prophecy,” Neil Armstrong (the first man on the moon) once said. “We predict too much for the next year and yet far too little for the next ten.” Indeed, some technologies exist in a tantalizing but perpetual “almost there”, always just a few years away. Consider the examples below, then discuss with your team: why are these technologies stuck in the near future, and which one would you be most excited to see in action? + + fusion power | cure for cancer | graphene | flying cars | virtual reality + nanotechnology | space elevator | food pills | artificial general intelligence + + With apologies to Mr. Armstrong, sometimes people also predict too much for the next ten. Consider these predictions for the year 2028, made in 2018. Are there any that haven’t come true yet but that you think still might in the next two years? + + “It will soon be possible to transmit wireless messages all over the world so simply that any individual can own and operate his own apparatus,” the inventor Nikola Tesla told the New York Times in 1904. Whether it was an accurate prediction of the smartphone depends on what you think the meaning of “soon” is. For Tesla, soon meant, “I’m building it right now; I just need more funding.” Read more about his Wardenclyffe Tower and the reasons it failed, then discuss with your team: what if it had succeeded? + + Tesla is far from the only person to have declared that “it will soon be possible…” Sentences that begin with this and similar phrases (e.g., “In a few years, everyone will…”) almost always make ambitious predictions about the near future. Search online for examples like them, then discuss with your team: for each one, are we there yet, and how long did it take us to get there? If not, how close are we? Here are three examples to get you started. + + “…for one man to be heard by every human being on Earth” (1925) + “…to launch a satellite that makes its own solar array in orbit” (2019) + “…for humans to live a thousand years or more” (2025) + + Two humans that want to live a thousand years are the presidents of China and Russia. In September 2025, they were overheard talking about using organ transplants to extend their lives indefinitely. As a strategy, organ transplants have major shortcomings: it can be hard to find the organs, and just as hard to stop our immune systems from rejecting them. But people have invested billions of dollars in developing other approaches. Learn more about those listed below, then discuss with your team: if science does find ways for us to live much longer lives, would there be any reason to hesitate before using them? + + organoids | bioprinting | plasma transfusion | senotherapeutics + cellular reprogramming | cellular rejuvenation | telomere extension + caloric restriction | digital immortality | cryonics + + Read about some of the futuristic technologies predicted in the past , then watch this video that shows how those predictions evolved across the 20th century. Some of them seem fantastical—an Olympics on the moon in the year 2020?—but others may already be within our reach, or just slightly beyond (where they may or may not get stuck). With your team, consider: what can we learn about the past from where people thought we were going? Are any of the things that people predicted about the 21st century things you might now predict for the 22nd? + + Who wouldn’t want quantum supremacy? In 2019, Google made a splashy headline: they’d achieved it ! Others soon claimed they had too. But researchers admit quantum computers still have no practical purpose , even as cryptographers worry that they could someday be used to hack even the most encrypted passwords. Read more about this much-dreaded Q-Day , then discuss with your team: should we be developing technologies that have unclear practical advantages but clear downsides? + + Certainly, here are some examples of text generated by large language models. It's not just the use of em dashes, but the use of negative parallel structures like this. Wikipedia has compiled a list of signs that a piece of text has been generated by AI. We may soon get to a point where we won't be able to accurately distinguish human- and AI-generated content—at least, not without setting deliberate traps . Will it matter? + + Deep learning-driven neural networks excel at competing high school English assignments, but it’s not clear that they’re getting anywhere close to artificial general intelligence (AGI) —that is, to an AI that mirrors the ability of humans to learn, understand, and apply knowledge across unlimited contexts. Discuss with your team: should we want to get there? How will our lives change if and when we do? + + “Because it’s there,” the British explorer George Mallory once responded, when asked why he wanted to climb Mt. Everest. (It’s not clear if he ever got there.) During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union looked the opposite direction and launched rival projects to drill as deep as possible into the Earth’s crust. The United States made it about 600 meters; the Soviet Union, about 12,000 —resulting in the Kola Superdeep Borehole . The project only shut down in 1992 after the Soviet Union itself went into a hole. Learn more about this project and others like it, then discuss with your team: what, if anything, should be the next frontier humanity tries to reach—and why? And are races—and heated rivalries—the best way to get somewhere quickly? diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/discussion_prompts.json b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/discussion_prompts.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfcf7bccde16ce7accd18ce999d2a0e7f479fce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/discussion_prompts.json @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +[ + "If you walked out of your home without knowing you\u2019d accidentally time traveled into the past, how long would it take you to realize what had happened? What if they had sent you back ten years, or thirty, or a hundred? Discuss with your team: how far into the past would you need to be to realize instantly that you were in a different era? One clue to your whenabouts might be the text around you: not just the headlines on newspapers and store signs, but the fonts they\u2019re printed in. Consider some of the history of typography , then discuss with your team: how different would the world look today if Microsoft had chosen Comic Sans instead of Calibri as its default typeface in the early 2000s\u2014or as its successor 20 years later. The London Underground also decided to update its font in 2016 for a more modern look\u2014did it succeed? Be sure to learn the difference between serif and sans serif fonts, and then see which ones are used more widely. Does the same distinction apply in non-Western alphabets? Recently, the United States Department of State changed its own default font from Times New Roman to Calibri\u201420 years after first switching from Courier to Times New Roman. Each move sparked at least 36 points of controversy. Discuss with your team: should governments even have standardized fonts? If so, how should they pick them, and when should they change them? If all these fonts confuse you\u2014or you just want to check whether a document (such as an alternative World Scholar\u2019s Cup outline) is a forgery\u2014you could always hire a forensic font expert . Read about the kind of work such experts do, then discuss with your team: should some fonts be reserved for exclusive use by AIs and others for humans? Time travelers often struggle to pay for things; their currency has a cancelled Marvel actor\u2019s face on it, or they don\u2019t know what money is, or they can\u2019t make the self-checkout machines work. (Then again, can anyone ?) If you found yourself at a supermarket in 1963, you wouldn\u2019t have been able to pay for anything at all until the clerk typed in the price of every item you wanted to buy, one at a time. Doing so quickly was a coveted skill: there was even a competition with prizes like free trips to Hawaii. The adoption of the barcode in the 1960s was a buzzkill for such price-inputting savants . Discuss with your team: what other technologies do we take for granted when we\u2019re at stores or shopping online? And do you support efforts to reimagine in-person shopping without any form of checkout at all ? Just as barcodes transformed checkout, QR codes have changed many other everyday experiences, from debate tree distribution (sometimes) to accessing restaurant menus. But a change that seemed inevitable during the pandemic has run into resistance since. Discuss with your team: is this pushback a classic example of society resisting technological progress, only to eventually succumb? Are there any technologies that were supposed to change the world which were rejected and stayed rejected?", + "Artists sometimes rethink what materials can even be used to make art. Consider the butter sculptures of Caroline Brooks, or the cassette tape sculptures of Erika Iris Simmons, in which the artist crafted portraits of famous musicians out of their own recordings. Discuss with your team: should more portraits be made of materials related to their subjects? Do works such as Dominique Blain\u2019s Missa \u2014an assemblage of one hundred army boots\u2014force us to reconsider old topics in new ways, or do they rely too much on novelty instead of skill? A scholar from New Zealand once revealed that her artistic talent also involved an unusual medium: she painted on pizza dough\u2014with tomato sauce. (This approach works less well on existing paintings.) If she had been born 40,000 years ago\u2014and to an egalitarian society with access to foreign fruits\u2014she might have painted on cave walls instead. While tomato-based pigment wouldn\u2019t have survived to the modern era, some ancient cave art has. Consider recent efforts to reconstruct the earliest cave art, including this 35,000 year-old illustration of a babirusa deep in the Maros-Pangkep caves of Indonesia. Then, discuss with your team: were these early cave dwellers artists? Is there a difference between painting and documentation\u2014or between drawing and doodling? Are Charles Darwin\u2019s surviving sketches of finches in the Galapagos fit to be called works of art? If it were a Starbucks, they\u2019d just build another one across the street. It\u2019s harder to know what to do when a historical site is overcrowded. Some governments impose quotas, as Peru did in 2019 on visitors to the Incan city of Machu Picchu. Facing a similar situation when tourists swamped its Lascaux Caves to see the art on their walls, France\u2014 built another one across the street. Is it misleading to present such recreations to tourists as worthwhile destinations? Does it matter whether the duplicates were made by human hands or a 3D printer, or how far they are from the original? Consider this proposal to build another Egyptian pyramid in Detroit or this second Eiffel Tower , named Eiffela by creator Phillipe Maindron. The world is full of such efforts: learn more about these other Eiffel tower replicas , including those in Texas, Pakistan, and China, then discuss with your team: what other historical landmark would you want to duplicate? Where would you put it, and would you make it exactly like the original or would you reimagine it in some way? Even if these sites weren\u2019t overcrowded\u2014more Baku than Kuala Lumpur\u2014they would still require us to travel to them. Not everyone has the means. But, at least in theory, far more people could visit reconstructions of them in virtual reality , or VR. (VR was the last trendy two-letter acronym before AI.) Explore the offerings of the Australian company Lithodomos, then discuss with your team: would you support this technology being used in classrooms ? Should more real-world tourism be replaced with VR visits? Check out the following VR implementations at museums, then discuss with your team: are these VR interpretations of past works themselves new works of art? The Ochre Atelier | London Tate Museum The Opening of the Diet 1863 | National Museum of Finland Artists have been experimenting with integrating VR directly into their work. Consider the pieces below, then discuss with your team: would they still have as much artistic value without the VR elements? How soon do you think AI will be integrated into art in the same way, or is this integration already happening? I Came and Went as a Ghost Hand | Rachel Rossin (2016) La Camera Insabbiata | Laurie Anderson & Hsin-Chien Huang (2017) Sometimes, a work isn\u2019t copied as much as it is reinterpreted. In the 1980s, two Soviet artists-in-exile, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, painted the head of Josef Stalin perched on a woman's hand. Judith on the Red Square was just one of many takes on a historical moment that may never even have happened. Compare their version with those below, then discuss with your team: how do their styles and meanings vary? If, as critics argue , they celebrate \u201cfemale rage\u201d, should we still be studying any of them? Pay special attention to the Mannerist style of Giorgio Vasari, in which artists abandon the pursuit of realism in favor of imagined ideals. When is it better to make something less realistic ? Judith with the Head of Holofernes | Michael Wolgemut & Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (1493) Judith and Holofernes | Giorgio Vasari (1554) Judith Slaying Holofernes | Artemisia Gentileschi (1612-13) Judith and Holofernes | Pedro Americo (1880) Judith and Holofernes | Kehinde Wiley (2012) In 2023, when the Mauritshuis Museum in the Hague lent out one of its most famous works\u2014Johannes Vermeer\u2019s The Girl with the Pearl Earring (1665)\u2014it launched a competition, titled My Girl with a Pearl , for something to hang in its place. Over 3500 artists submitted their reimaginings of the original Vermeer. The winner was a lovely work titled A Girl with Glowing Earrings \u2014which turned out to have been made using AI. The museum was criticized , even as the German-based artist Julian van Dieken behind it pointed out that he had been upfront about his methods. Discuss with your team: should museums be allowed to display art generated using AI tools? Sitting astride a gallant white steed in Jacques-Louis David\u2019s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1801) is purportedly Napoleon, but Napolean didn\u2019t want to pose for the work \u2014despite having given David very specific instructions on what to paint. \u201c Calme sur un cheval fougueux ,\u201d he requested. Calm on a fiery horse . For a model, David resorted to his own son\u2014who stood calmly on a fiery ladder. To achieve more drama, he replaced the mule from Napoleon\u2019s actual journey (on a fair summer day) with a stallion (battling a blistering storm). The most accurate thing about the painting was the uniform. It had only been a year since the actual event happened; surely some people knew how inaccurate the work was, and his own face in it was bland and undetailed\u2014but Napoleon reputably loved the finished product. \u201cNobody knows if the portraits of the great men resemble them [anyway],\u201d the victorious general offered, by way of justification. Discuss with your team: was Napoleon right in recognizing that history would remember how David had portrayed him? You should also take a look at this piece by Paul Delaroche in 1853, which tried to reconstruct the past more accurately than it had been reimagined in the present\u2014should an AI be used to transplant some of the details from this version into the original piece? Napoleon rode his white \u201chorse\u201d; George Washington rode a raft. Emanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) captures a key moment in America's founding myth: the future first president leading his men against on the British. As paintings go, it is iconic; it is also inaccurate . In 2011, Mort Kunstler reimagined the scene more realistically. Compare his take to Leutze's, then consider a version that critiques the myth behind all of it: Robert Colescott's \u201c George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware: Page from an American History Textbook (1975). If you could print only one of these three works in a history textbook, which would you choose? Did Leutze\u2019s become the most iconic only because it was first? In Puerto Rico, tourists can visit an old fort, the Castillo (Castle) San Felipe del Morro , which is now a museum with grand views of the sea. Those of us who grew up watching Disney might think of castles as places from which princesses emerge to build snowmen, but in real life they more often served as military bases and seats of regional power. Explore some of the techniques used to reconstruct castles that have lost the battle with time, such as LED lights , 3D models , and VR \u2014 then discuss with your team: should they be rebuilt in real life instead? When rebuilding castles in real life, should we update them to reflect modern values such as sustainability, inclusiveness, and indoor plumbing? Consider the controversy in Japan over adding elevators to Nagoya Castle for guests experiencing limited mobility, then discuss with your team: at what point does rebuilding something become reimagining it? Attempts to restore the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris also raised similar questions . Should these rebuilt structures still be considered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites ? The Queen King of England doesn\u2019t live in a castle; Buckingham Palace has neither a moat nor a drawbridge. Castles and palaces are often confused \u2014unsurprising, as both are large structures with no real purpose in the year 2024. Research the following castles and palaces that have found ways to open their doors to modern visitors, then discuss with your team: would their original residents have liked \u201cwhat we\u2019ve done with the place\u201d? While most renovated castles and palaces are converted into hotels or museums, what else could be done with them? Should they be converted into low-cost housing for those in need? The Winter Palace (Russia) | Rambagh Palace (India) Parador Alcaniz (Spain) | St Donats Castle (Wales) Alnwick Castle (England) | Doune Castle (Scotland) Castles aren\u2019t the only instances of old infrastructure finding new life in the modern world. In medieval times London Bridge was a living bridge , serving not just as a river crossing but as the host of an entire community of shops and houses. Now it\u2019s just a song lyric and a thoroughfare. In New York, an old elevated rail line has been reborn as the popular High Line park ; in Hong Kong and Athens , retired airports\u2014with their massive footprints\u2014are being redeveloped into entire neighborhoods. On a smaller scale, many urban rooftops are becoming organic farms and suburban parking lots solar farms . Discuss with your team: what other aspects of older infrastructure could be used in new ways with minimal changes?", + "\u201cWrite what you know,\u201d is the first piece of advice given to most students in writing workshops. Artists, too, tend to paint that which they\u2019ve experienced and observed; Monet spent a lot of time at his lily pond . But there have always been some artists who blend the real with the imaginary. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should we respond differently to art that tries to imagine what could be, art that imagines what could never be, and art that shows us what we didn\u2019t realize already was? A Reversible Anthropomorphic Portrait of a Man Composed of Fruit | Giuseppe Arcimboldo Aerial Rotating House | Albert Robida (1883) Late Visitors to Pompeii | Carel Wilink (1931) Our Lady of the Iguanas | Graciela Iturbide (1979) The Strolling Saint | Pedro Meyer (1991) The Romantic Dollarscape | Pedro Alvarez (2003) Weirdos of Another Universe | Avery Gibbs (2023) Some artists choose to reimagine popular brands and fictional characters in ways that shine a new light on them and on society. Consider the following works, then discuss with your team: should these artists be required to secure permission from\u2014or even pay\u2014the companies whose brands or characters they are borrowing? Does it depend on how widely the work is distributed, or whether the work is positive or negative? Campbell\u2019s Soup Cans | Andy Warhol (1962) Liberation of Aunt Jemima & Liberation of Aunt Jemima: Cocktail | Betye Saar (1973) Kawsbob | Kaws (2010) Charlie Brown Firestarter | Banksy (2010) Life, Miracle Whip and Premium | Brendan O'Connell (2013) A smart fridge that could order more yogurt from the market for you when your supply runs low: the Internet of things (IoT) devices promised to revolutionize our daily live, from thermostats that learn when you\u2019re home to umbrellas that check the weather forecast before you leave home. But we are now more than a decade into the IoT revolution, and it has mostly filled our houses with useless gadgets that are privacy and security risks and frequently turn into e-waste . Discuss with your team: what went wrong? Do people simply not want their homes full of IoT devices, or is this a technology whose time has just not yet come?" +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/guiding_questions_extracted.json b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/guiding_questions_extracted.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90f234c064b1b19ebb0206f4bc78569cde7c5a97 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/from_repo_raw/guiding_questions_extracted.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "questions": [ + "The Best is Yet to Be, or Not To Be?" + ], + "themes": [] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/WSC_Writing/scholarscup_org_events_.html b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/scholarscup_org_events_.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..085d633b9278d9456e7c4120144c91d59815afa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/WSC_Writing/scholarscup_org_events_.html @@ -0,0 +1,966 @@ + + + + + The World Scholar's Cup · Team Events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Scholar's Bowl
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Scholar's Bowl

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Every team in the theater. Every team with a clicker. Every question harder than the one before. Your team will work together to solve analytic questions and multimedia challenges. Click your answers before time runs out, and don’t be surprised if you’re asked to connect a poem you studied to a clip from Brooklyn Nine-Nine.

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It’s loud. You might even hear a team shout the wrong answer— hoping you’ll click it.

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It's strategic. What will you and your teammates do when you disagree?

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Remember, it's not the first team to answer correctly that gets all the credit. You’re all racing the clock. But, the clock is fast and the stakes are high.

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Collaborative Writing
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Collaborative Writing

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Speak with the power of your pen (or pencil!) You’ll be given three to four prompts, from the six subject areas, ranging from creative scenarios to explore to persuasive arguments to make. Two easy rules to remember: as a team you only need to write three of the prompts, and each of you needs to answer a different one. You’ll first have time to prepare with your teammates (but not your devices), then time by yourself to write the most compelling piece possible, then one last chance to review one another's work at the end. Whether you craft a poem or compose a five-paragraph essay, make sure your work excites and challenges you, because that means it'll excite and challenge your reader too. +

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Scholar's Challenge
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Scholar's Challenge

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It’s multiple choice, so make multiple choices. The Challenge looks like any other test, but with an alpaca-powered twist: you can mark more than one answer per question. The fewer you mark, the more points you can earn if you’re right. (Yes, that means you can finally guess C and D... and also A, B, and E.) Apply your knowledge of the six subjects successfully and you can win medals in one, two, or all of them.

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You’ll soon discover what all World Scholars do: that even if you think you’re an expert in science, you might win a medal in the arts, and that the best way to prepare for a test that touches on everything is to talk through it all with your team, day by day.

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Team Debate

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Each team debates three times, on motions across all the subjects, from policy to poetry. You may be arguing whether parents should have access to surveillance cameras at schools—or whether women make better superheroes. Debate is your chance to apply all that you’ve learned to make the most persuasive case you can. And, win or not, after each debate, you’ll give the other team feedback on how to improve.

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You'll first get 15 minutes to plan your team's arguments. Then, each person will speak for up to 4 minutes. Use your time wisely!

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Two-thirds of our students have never debated before; over half are EFL learners. The rest sign up because they’re debaters. For new debaters, it’s a great introduction; for experienced debaters, it’s a challenging new style.

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Sample motions from past seasons:

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  • Resolved: That parents should have the right to implant GPS trackers in their children. +
  • Resolved: That social media has made it easier for people to recover from their mistakes. +
  • Resolved: That if a group of experienced alien leaders came to Earth to help run our countries, we should let them. +
  • Resolved: That laws should have expiration dates.

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    After each round, each team gives constructive feedback to the other team on how to improve. Winning teams then face other winners—and non-winners other non-winners. The result: the teams with the least experience have the opportunity to gain more, and everyone becomes a better debater by the end of the day.

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    Debate Scoring Criteria and Guidelines
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    + + + + diff --git a/benchmark/modeling_agent/modeling_data_final.json b/benchmark/modeling_agent/modeling_data_final.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..183898f1955f080f22b1e923171233394a2862f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/modeling_agent/modeling_data_final.json @@ -0,0 +1,6426 @@ +{ + "2001_Adolescent_Pregnancy": { + "year": "2001", + "title": "Adolescent Pregnancy", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2001/HIMCM-A-2/index.html", + "question": "You are working temporarily for the Department of Health and Environmental Control. The director is concerned about the issue of teenage pregnancy in their region. You have decided that your team will analyze the situation and determine if it is really a problem in this region. You gather the following 2000 data. 2001-2.jpg\n\n### Image File: 2001-2.jpg\n\nThe image contains a table and some text data related to pregnancies and births across different age groups and counties.\n\n### Table Description:\n\nThe table is organized with the following columns:\n\n1. **County**: Numbered from 1 to 12.\n2. **Age 10-14 Pregnant**: Number of pregnancies in the 10-14 age group.\n3. **Age 15-17 Pregnant**: Number of pregnancies in the 15-17 age group.\n4. **Age 18-19 Pregnant**: Number of pregnancies in the 18-19 age group.\n5. **10-14 births**: Number of births in the 10-14 age group.\n6. **15-17 births**: Number of births in the 15-17 age group.\n7. **10-14 births-unmarried**: Number of births to unmarried individuals in the 10-14 age group.\n8. **15-17 births-unmarried**: Number of births to unmarried individuals in the 15-17 age group.\n9. **18-19 births-unmarried**: Number of births to unmarried individuals in the 18-19 age group.\n\nEach row corresponds to a different county, numbered from 1 to 12, with specific data for each category.\n\n### Text Data:\n\nBelow the table, there are two sections for the years 1998 and 1999, showing aggregated data for pregnancies and births by age group.\n\n#### 1998:\n- **Age 10-14**: \n - Pregnancies: 320\n - Births: 231\n- **Age 15-17**: \n - Pregnancies: 4041\n - Births: 3222\n- **Age 18-19**: \n - Pregnancies: 6387\n - Births: 5164\n\n#### 1999:\n- **Age 10-14**: \n - Pregnancies: 309\n - Births: 208\n- **Age 15-17**: \n - Pregnancies: 3882\n - Births: 3048\n- **Age 18-19**: \n - Pregnancies: 6714\n - Births: 5391\n\nThis data provides a detailed breakdown of pregnancies and births by age group and county, along with a summary for two consecutive years.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the data analysis, including the calculation of pregnancy and birth rates for each age group and county." + }, + { + "category": "Trend Analysis", + "description": "Assess the identification and analysis of trends over the years 1998 and 1999, including any significant changes in pregnancy and birth rates." + }, + { + "category": "Comparative Analysis", + "description": "Grade the comparison of data across different counties to identify regions with higher or lower rates of teenage pregnancy and births." + }, + { + "category": "Unmarried Births Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of births to unmarried individuals and its implications on teenage pregnancy in the region." + }, + { + "category": "Problem Identification", + "description": "Assess the determination of whether teenage pregnancy is a significant problem in the region based on the data analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and discussion of any assumptions made during the analysis and the limitations of the data provided." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Grade the quality and feasibility of recommendations provided to address teenage pregnancy in the region, based on the analysis." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing numerical data related to teenage pregnancies and births, which requires mathematical modeling to identify trends, correlations, and potential causative factors.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in statistical analysis and mathematical modeling. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical models used to analyze the data are robust and accurate. You should pay attention to the assumptions made in the models, the methods used to handle missing data, and the statistical significance of the results. Your expertise will help in identifying patterns and making predictions based on the data." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires processing and analyzing large datasets to extract meaningful insights, which is a core competency of data scientists.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data cleaning, transformation, and analysis. Your role is to ensure that the data is properly preprocessed and that the analytical methods used are appropriate for the dataset. You should focus on the use of machine learning techniques, if applicable, and the interpretation of the results. Your expertise will be crucial in visualizing the data and communicating findings to stakeholders." + }, + { + "name": "Epidemiologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the public health implications of teenage pregnancies, which is within the domain of epidemiology.", + "details": "You are an epidemiologist with expertise in studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states. Your role is to evaluate the public health impact of teenage pregnancies and to identify potential risk factors. You should pay attention to the demographic and socioeconomic variables that may influence the data. Your expertise will help in understanding the broader health implications and in formulating recommendations for intervention strategies." + }, + { + "name": "Social Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the social factors contributing to teenage pregnancies, which requires insights from social science.", + "details": "You are a social scientist with expertise in analyzing social behaviors and trends. Your role is to assess the social and cultural factors that may contribute to teenage pregnancies in the region. You should focus on the qualitative aspects of the data and consider how social norms, education, and family dynamics might influence the findings. Your expertise will be valuable in providing a comprehensive understanding of the issue and in suggesting socially informed interventions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the data analysis, including the calculation of pregnancy and birth rates for each age group and county." + }, + { + "category": "Trend Analysis", + "description": "Assess the identification and analysis of trends over the years 1998 and 1999, including any significant changes in pregnancy and birth rates." + }, + { + "category": "Comparative Analysis", + "description": "Grade the comparison of data across different counties to identify regions with higher or lower rates of teenage pregnancy and births." + }, + { + "category": "Unmarried Births Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of births to unmarried individuals and its implications on teenage pregnancy in the region." + }, + { + "category": "Problem Identification", + "description": "Assess the determination of whether teenage pregnancy is a significant problem in the region based on the data analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and discussion of any assumptions made during the analysis and the limitations of the data provided." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Grade the quality and feasibility of recommendations provided to address teenage pregnancy in the region, based on the analysis." + } + ] + } + }, + "2001_Design_of_an": { + "year": "2001", + "title": "Design of an Airline Terminal", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2001/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "The design of airline terminals varies widely. The sketches below show airline terminals from several cities. The designs are quite dissimilar. Some involve circular arcs; others are rectangular; some are quite irregular. Which is optimal for operations? Develop a mathematical model for airport design and operation. Use your model to argue for the optimality of your specified design. Explain how it would operate.\n\n2011.jpg\n\n### Image File: 2011.jpg\n\nThe image shows five black silhouettes of airport terminal layouts, each labeled with the name of the airport it represents. Here is a detailed description:\n\n1. **Top Left:**\n - **Silhouette:** A compact, blocky shape with a main structure and several protruding sections.\n - **Label:** \"Boston-Logan International\"\n\n2. **Top Right:**\n - **Silhouette:** A long, narrow shape with a series of small extensions along its length.\n - **Label:** \"Munich International\"\n\n3. **Middle Left:**\n - **Silhouette:** A more complex shape with multiple branching sections, resembling a tree with several limbs.\n - **Label:** \"Charlotte/Douglas International\"\n\n4. **Middle Right:**\n - **Silhouette:** A curved main structure with several perpendicular extensions.\n - **Label:** \"Ronald Reagan Washington National\"\n\n5. **Bottom Center:**\n - **Silhouette:** A Y-shaped structure with additional smaller sections branching off.\n - **Label:** \"Pittsburgh International\"\n\nEach silhouette represents the layout of the respective airport's terminal, highlighting the unique design and structure of each location.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The mathematical model should be clearly defined, including assumptions, variables, and parameters relevant to airport terminal design and operation." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Efficiency", + "description": "The model should evaluate the operational efficiency of different terminal designs, considering factors such as passenger flow, aircraft movement, and service accessibility." + }, + { + "category": "Design Adaptability", + "description": "The model should be adaptable to various terminal designs, including circular, rectangular, and irregular shapes, and should provide a method for comparing these designs." + }, + { + "category": "Optimal Design Justification", + "description": "The solution should include a well-reasoned argument for the optimality of the specified design, supported by results from the mathematical model." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Explanation", + "description": "The solution should explain how the optimal terminal design would operate in practice, detailing the interaction between design elements and operational processes." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "The solution should clearly state any assumptions made in the model and discuss potential limitations or areas for improvement." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a deep understanding of geometric principles and optimization techniques to develop a mathematical model that can evaluate different airport terminal designs.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in formulating mathematical models that can represent complex structures and operations. You should focus on the geometric aspects of the terminal designs, using your expertise in calculus, linear algebra, and optimization to assess the efficiency and functionality of each layout. Pay attention to how different shapes and configurations can impact operational flow and passenger movement." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to airport operations, such as passenger flow, aircraft movements, and logistical efficiency, to inform the model and determine optimal design.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques. You should focus on gathering and analyzing data on airport operations, such as passenger traffic patterns and turnaround times, to evaluate how different terminal designs affect efficiency. Your expertise will be crucial in identifying trends and correlations that can guide the optimization process." + }, + { + "name": "Architect", + "thoughts": "The problem requires architectural expertise to understand the practical implications of different terminal designs and how they can be implemented effectively.", + "details": "As an architect, you have a keen eye for design and functionality, ensuring that the terminal layout is not only optimal in theory but also feasible in practice. You should evaluate the structural integrity, aesthetic appeal, and spatial organization of each design, considering factors such as passenger comfort, accessibility, and safety. Your insights will be vital in bridging the gap between mathematical models and real-world applications." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Manager", + "thoughts": "The problem requires an understanding of airport operations to assess how different terminal designs impact day-to-day activities and overall efficiency.", + "details": "As an operations manager, you are experienced in overseeing the logistical aspects of airport management, including passenger flow, baggage handling, and aircraft scheduling. You should evaluate how each terminal design affects operational efficiency, focusing on factors such as ease of navigation, turnaround times, and resource allocation. Your practical knowledge will be essential in determining which design offers the best balance between functionality and efficiency." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The mathematical model should be clearly defined, including assumptions, variables, and parameters relevant to airport terminal design and operation." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Efficiency", + "description": "The model should evaluate the operational efficiency of different terminal designs, considering factors such as passenger flow, aircraft movement, and service accessibility." + }, + { + "category": "Design Adaptability", + "description": "The model should be adaptable to various terminal designs, including circular, rectangular, and irregular shapes, and should provide a method for comparing these designs." + }, + { + "category": "Optimal Design Justification", + "description": "The solution should include a well-reasoned argument for the optimality of the specified design, supported by results from the mathematical model." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Explanation", + "description": "The solution should explain how the optimal terminal design would operate in practice, detailing the interaction between design elements and operational processes." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "The solution should clearly state any assumptions made in the model and discuss potential limitations or areas for improvement." + } + ] + } + }, + "2001_Forest_Service": { + "year": "2001", + "title": "Forest Service", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2001/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "Your team has been approached by the Forest Service to help allocate resources to fight wildfires. In particular, the Forest Service is concerned about wildfires in a wilderness area consisting of small trees and brush in a park shaped like a square with dimensions 80 km on a side. Several years ago, the Forest Service constructed a network of north-south and east-west firebreaks that form a rectangular grid across the interior of the entire wilderness area. The firebreaks were built at 5 km intervals. Wildfires are most likely to occur during the dry season, which extends from July through September in this particular region. During this season, there is a prevailing westerly wind throughout the day. There are frequent lightning bursts that cause wildfires. The Forest Service wants to deploy four fire-fighting units to control fires during the next dry season. Each unit consists of 10 firefighters, one pickup truck, one dump truck, one water truck (50,000 liters), and one bulldozer (w/ truck and trailer). The unit has chainsaws, hand tools, and other fire-fighting equipment. The people can be quickly moved by helicopter within the wilderness area, but all the equipment must be driven via the existing firebreaks. One helicopter is on standby at all times throughout the dry season. Your task is to determine the best distribution of fire-fighting units within the wilderness area. The Forest Service is able to set up base camps for those units at sites anywhere within the area. In addition, you are asked to prepare a damage assessment forecast. This forecast will be used to estimate the amount of wilderness likely to be burned by fire as well as acting as a mechanism for helping the Service determine when additional fire-fighting units need to be brought in from elsewhere.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Resource Allocation Strategy", + "description": "Evaluate the strategy for distributing the four fire-fighting units across the wilderness area, considering factors such as accessibility, coverage, and response time." + }, + { + "category": "Grid Utilization", + "description": "Assess how effectively the existing network of firebreaks is utilized for equipment movement and strategic placement of base camps." + }, + { + "category": "Wind and Weather Considerations", + "description": "Analyze how the prevailing westerly wind and dry season conditions are factored into the placement and movement of fire-fighting units." + }, + { + "category": "Helicopter Deployment", + "description": "Examine the plan for helicopter use in rapidly deploying personnel, ensuring optimal response times and coverage." + }, + { + "category": "Damage Assessment Forecast", + "description": "Evaluate the methodology used to predict the extent of wilderness likely to be burned, including assumptions and data sources." + }, + { + "category": "Additional Resource Needs", + "description": "Determine how the model identifies when additional fire-fighting units are required, based on the damage assessment forecast." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Review the assumptions made in the model, such as fire spread rates and resource effectiveness, and how limitations are addressed." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex spatial modeling and optimization to allocate resources effectively across the wilderness area. Mathematical expertise is crucial to develop models that can predict fire spread and optimize the placement of fire-fighting units.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in spatial modeling, optimization techniques, and differential equations. You should focus on reviewing the mathematical models used to predict fire spread and resource allocation. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models, the accuracy of the equations, and the robustness of the optimization algorithms. Your expertise will ensure that the models are mathematically sound and can effectively guide decision-making." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing historical wildfire data, weather patterns, and resource allocation data to inform the modeling process. Data science expertise is essential to process and interpret these datasets accurately.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are proficient in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods. You should review the data-driven aspects of the modeling solutions, ensuring that the data is clean, relevant, and correctly interpreted. Focus on the use of predictive analytics to forecast wildfire occurrences and assess damage. Your role is to validate the data inputs and outputs, ensuring they are reliable and contribute to effective decision-making." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the ecological impact of wildfires and the effectiveness of firebreaks is crucial. An environmental scientist can provide insights into the environmental factors that influence fire behavior and the potential ecological consequences of different firefighting strategies.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you are knowledgeable about ecosystems, fire ecology, and environmental impact assessments. You should evaluate the environmental assumptions in the modeling solutions, such as the impact of prevailing winds and vegetation types on fire spread. Your expertise will help ensure that the models consider ecological factors and that firefighting strategies minimize environmental damage." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing the logistics of deploying fire-fighting units and equipment efficiently. An operations research analyst can apply optimization techniques to improve resource allocation and logistics planning.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in optimization, logistics, and decision analysis. You should review the logistical models used to determine the best distribution of fire-fighting units and equipment. Focus on the efficiency of resource allocation, the feasibility of transportation routes, and the effectiveness of base camp locations. Your expertise will ensure that the solutions are practical and optimize the use of available resources." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Resource Allocation Strategy", + "description": "Evaluate the strategy for distributing the four fire-fighting units across the wilderness area, considering factors such as accessibility, coverage, and response time." + }, + { + "category": "Grid Utilization", + "description": "Assess how effectively the existing network of firebreaks is utilized for equipment movement and strategic placement of base camps." + }, + { + "category": "Wind and Weather Considerations", + "description": "Analyze how the prevailing westerly wind and dry season conditions are factored into the placement and movement of fire-fighting units." + }, + { + "category": "Helicopter Deployment", + "description": "Examine the plan for helicopter use in rapidly deploying personnel, ensuring optimal response times and coverage." + }, + { + "category": "Damage Assessment Forecast", + "description": "Evaluate the methodology used to predict the extent of wilderness likely to be burned, including assumptions and data sources." + }, + { + "category": "Additional Resource Needs", + "description": "Determine how the model identifies when additional fire-fighting units are required, based on the damage assessment forecast." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Review the assumptions made in the model, such as fire spread rates and resource effectiveness, and how limitations are addressed." + } + ] + } + }, + "2001_Skyscrapers": { + "year": "2001", + "title": "Skyscrapers", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2001/HIMCM-B-2/index.html", + "question": "Skyscrapers vary in height, size (square footage), occupancy rates, and usage. They adorn the skyline of our major cities. But as we have seen several times in history, the height of the building might preclude escape during a catastrophe either human or natural (earthquake, tornado, hurricane, etc). Let's consider the following scenario. A building (a skyscraper) needs to be evacuated. Power has been lost so the elevator banks are inoperative except for use by firefighters and rescue personnel with special keys. Build a mathematical model to clear the building within X minutes. Use this mathematical model to state the height of the building, maximum occupation, and type of evacuation methods used. Solve your model for X = 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Formulation", + "description": "The mathematical model should clearly define variables such as building height, maximum occupancy, and evacuation methods, and how they interact to achieve evacuation within the specified time limits." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made regarding building structure, occupancy distribution, evacuation speed, and external conditions affecting evacuation." + }, + { + "category": "Evacuation Methods", + "description": "Evaluate the selection and implementation of evacuation methods, including stair usage, emergency exits, and any innovative solutions proposed." + }, + { + "category": "Scenario Analysis", + "description": "The model should be tested for different evacuation times (15, 30, and 60 minutes) and demonstrate adaptability and effectiveness in each scenario." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Provide evidence or reasoning to validate the model's predictions, possibly through simulations or comparisons with real-world data." + }, + { + "category": "Complexity and Feasibility", + "description": "Assess the complexity of the model and its feasibility in practical applications, ensuring it is not overly simplistic or impractical." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters (e.g., occupancy rate, evacuation speed) affect the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Result Interpretation", + "description": "Interpret the results of the model clearly, explaining how the evacuation times are achieved and any limitations or potential improvements." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the formulation of a mathematical model to simulate evacuation scenarios, which involves complex calculations and optimization techniques.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your role is crucial in ensuring that the model accurately represents the dynamics of evacuating a skyscraper under various constraints. You should pay attention to the assumptions made in the model, the equations used to represent evacuation processes, and the optimization methods applied to achieve evacuation within the specified time frames. Your deep understanding of mathematical principles will help in evaluating the robustness and validity of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves processing and analyzing data related to building occupancy, evacuation times, and methods, which are essential for validating the model.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights. Your expertise is vital in reviewing the data inputs used in the model, such as occupancy rates and evacuation statistics. You should focus on the accuracy and relevance of the data, the statistical methods used to analyze it, and how these insights are integrated into the model. Your proficiency in data analysis and machine learning can help in refining the model to better predict evacuation outcomes." + }, + { + "name": "Structural Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the physical structure of skyscrapers, which affects evacuation routes and methods.", + "details": "You are a structural engineer with knowledge of building design and safety protocols. Your role is to assess how the model accounts for the physical characteristics of skyscrapers, such as stairwell capacity, floor layout, and emergency exits. You should evaluate whether the model realistically represents the constraints imposed by the building's architecture and how these impact evacuation strategies. Your expertise in structural integrity and safety standards is crucial for ensuring the model's practical applicability." + }, + { + "name": "Emergency Management Specialist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires expertise in emergency evacuation procedures and planning to ensure the model's effectiveness in real-world scenarios.", + "details": "You are an emergency management specialist with experience in planning and executing evacuation strategies during crises. Your role is to review the evacuation methods proposed in the model, considering factors like human behavior, communication systems, and coordination with rescue personnel. You should assess the feasibility and efficiency of the evacuation plans within the given time constraints. Your insights into emergency response protocols and crisis management will help in evaluating the model's ability to facilitate safe and timely evacuations." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Formulation", + "description": "The mathematical model should clearly define variables such as building height, maximum occupancy, and evacuation methods, and how they interact to achieve evacuation within the specified time limits." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made regarding building structure, occupancy distribution, evacuation speed, and external conditions affecting evacuation." + }, + { + "category": "Evacuation Methods", + "description": "Evaluate the selection and implementation of evacuation methods, including stair usage, emergency exits, and any innovative solutions proposed." + }, + { + "category": "Scenario Analysis", + "description": "The model should be tested for different evacuation times (15, 30, and 60 minutes) and demonstrate adaptability and effectiveness in each scenario." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Provide evidence or reasoning to validate the model's predictions, possibly through simulations or comparisons with real-world data." + }, + { + "category": "Complexity and Feasibility", + "description": "Assess the complexity of the model and its feasibility in practical applications, ensuring it is not overly simplistic or impractical." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters (e.g., occupancy rate, evacuation speed) affect the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Result Interpretation", + "description": "Interpret the results of the model clearly, explaining how the evacuation times are achieved and any limitations or potential improvements." + } + ] + } + }, + "2001_The_Bicycle_Wheel": { + "year": "2001", + "title": "The Bicycle Wheel Problem", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2001/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Cyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1). The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.\n\nProfessional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.\n\nimage001.png\n\nFigure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.\n\nThe director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.\n\nTask 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade. A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.\n\nTask 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.\n\nTask 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.\n\n### Image File: image001.png\n\nThe image contains two circular diagrams side by side.\n\n1. **Left Circle:**\n - The circle is filled with a gradient of gray shades, transitioning smoothly from light gray on the left side to dark gray on the right side.\n - There is a small, solid gray dot located at the center of the circle.\n\n2. **Right Circle:**\n - This circle resembles a bicycle wheel with spokes.\n - It has a central black dot, representing the hub.\n - Multiple straight black lines (spokes) radiate outward from the central dot to the circumference of the circle.\n - The circle's outline is a solid black line.\n\nThere is no text present in the image.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Modeling Accuracy", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model used to calculate the power required for solid versus spoked rear wheels under varying wind speeds and road grades. Ensure the model accurately reflects the physics of cycling and the impact of wheel type on performance." + }, + { + "category": "Data Presentation", + "description": "Assess the clarity and comprehensiveness of the table provided in Task 1, ensuring it includes wind speeds for road grades from zero to ten percent in one percent increments, and correctly identifies conditions where solid wheels require less power." + }, + { + "category": "Application Example", + "description": "Examine the example provided in Task 2, checking if it effectively demonstrates how to use the table for a specific time trial course, and whether it includes relevant course details and decision-making criteria." + }, + { + "category": "Decision Adequacy", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis in Task 3 regarding the adequacy of the table as a decision-making tool, including any additional suggestions for improving wheel configuration decisions based on other factors like weather, competition, and rider preferences." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and assess any assumptions made in the modeling process, such as the proportional deceleration related to road grade, and discuss potential limitations or areas for improvement in the model." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex calculations related to road grades, wind speeds, and power requirements, which are fundamentally mathematical in nature. A mathematician can help formulate the equations needed to model these relationships accurately.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in mathematical modeling and analysis. Your role is crucial in developing the equations that describe the power dynamics between different wheel types under varying conditions. You should pay attention to the accuracy of the mathematical formulations and ensure that the models are robust and can handle the range of variables presented in the problem. Your expertise in calculus and differential equations will be particularly valuable in understanding the deceleration effects and optimizing the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to wind speeds, road grades, and cycling performance. A data scientist can help process this data to identify patterns and make predictions about wheel performance.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical modeling. Your role involves collecting and analyzing data to inform the decision-making process for wheel selection. You should focus on ensuring the data is clean, accurate, and representative of real-world conditions. Your ability to use predictive modeling and data visualization will be essential in creating a user-friendly table and providing insights into how different variables affect wheel performance." + }, + { + "name": "Mechanical Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the physical properties and performance characteristics of different wheel types, which is within the domain of mechanical engineering. A mechanical engineer can provide insights into the aerodynamic and structural aspects of the wheels.", + "details": "You are a mechanical engineer with expertise in the design and performance of bicycle components. Your role is to evaluate the aerodynamic efficiency and structural integrity of both spoked and solid wheels. You should focus on how these physical characteristics translate into performance under different conditions, such as varying wind speeds and road grades. Your understanding of material science and fluid dynamics will be crucial in assessing the real-world implications of the mathematical and data models." + }, + { + "name": "Sports Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing cycling performance, which is a key area of sports science. A sports scientist can provide insights into how different wheel configurations affect a cyclist's performance and energy expenditure.", + "details": "You are a sports scientist with expertise in human performance and biomechanics. Your role is to assess how different wheel types impact a cyclist's efficiency and fatigue levels during a race. You should focus on the physiological effects of using different wheels, considering factors such as energy expenditure, muscle fatigue, and overall performance. Your knowledge of exercise physiology and biomechanics will be essential in interpreting the data and providing recommendations that align with the athlete's capabilities and race strategy." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Modeling Accuracy", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model used to calculate the power required for solid versus spoked rear wheels under varying wind speeds and road grades. Ensure the model accurately reflects the physics of cycling and the impact of wheel type on performance." + }, + { + "category": "Data Presentation", + "description": "Assess the clarity and comprehensiveness of the table provided in Task 1, ensuring it includes wind speeds for road grades from zero to ten percent in one percent increments, and correctly identifies conditions where solid wheels require less power." + }, + { + "category": "Application Example", + "description": "Examine the example provided in Task 2, checking if it effectively demonstrates how to use the table for a specific time trial course, and whether it includes relevant course details and decision-making criteria." + }, + { + "category": "Decision Adequacy", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis in Task 3 regarding the adequacy of the table as a decision-making tool, including any additional suggestions for improving wheel configuration decisions based on other factors like weather, competition, and rider preferences." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and assess any assumptions made in the modeling process, such as the proportional deceleration related to road grade, and discuss potential limitations or areas for improvement in the model." + } + ] + } + }, + "2002_Airline_Overbooking": { + "year": "2002", + "title": "Airline Overbooking", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2002/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "You're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.\n\nHistorically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook\u2014that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane, leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.\n\nAirlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.\n\nConsider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B, heightened security at and around airports, passengers' fear, and loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to date.\n\nBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Ensure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling \"bumped\" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objective of maximizing airline revenue through optimal overbooking strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the relationship between overbooking strategies and airline revenue." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify assumptions made regarding passenger behavior, flight capacity, and overbooking percentages." + }, + { + "category": "Handling Bumped Passengers", + "description": "Evaluate different methods for handling bumped passengers and incorporate these into the model to assess their impact on revenue." + }, + { + "category": "Revenue Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how different overbooking schemes affect the airline's revenue, considering factors such as passenger fear and security concerns." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Strategy", + "description": "Determine the optimal number of passengers to overbook to maximize revenue, supported by model results." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in key parameters affect the model outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Memorandum to CEO", + "description": "Write a concise memorandum summarizing findings, analysis, and recommendations for the airline's CEO." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to develop equations that can predict the optimal overbooking strategy. This involves understanding probability, optimization, and statistical analysis to accurately model passenger behavior and airline revenue.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at constructing and analyzing mathematical models. Your expertise in probability and optimization is crucial for developing a model that predicts the optimal number of overbooked seats. You should focus on ensuring the model's assumptions are valid and that the mathematical techniques used are appropriate for the problem. Pay attention to the accuracy of the equations and the logical consistency of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing historical data on passenger behavior and flight overbooking to inform the model. A data scientist's skills in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods are essential for extracting insights from the data and validating the model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to analyze historical flight data to identify patterns and trends in passenger behavior. You should use statistical methods and machine learning techniques to validate the model's predictions and ensure its robustness. Focus on data quality, feature selection, and the interpretability of the model's outputs. Your insights will help refine the model and improve its predictive accuracy." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing airline operations, which is a classic operations research problem. An operations research analyst can apply techniques such as linear programming, simulation, and decision analysis to find the best overbooking strategy.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in optimizing complex systems. Your expertise in linear programming and simulation is vital for evaluating different overbooking strategies and their impact on airline operations. You should focus on the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed solutions, ensuring they align with operational constraints and business objectives. Your analysis will help identify the most effective strategies for maximizing revenue while minimizing passenger inconvenience." + }, + { + "name": "Airline Revenue Management Specialist", + "thoughts": "The problem directly impacts airline revenue management, which involves balancing supply and demand to maximize revenue. A specialist in this field can provide insights into pricing strategies, demand forecasting, and customer compensation policies.", + "details": "As an airline revenue management specialist, you have a deep understanding of the airline industry's pricing and demand dynamics. Your role is to evaluate how different overbooking strategies affect revenue and customer satisfaction. You should consider factors such as pricing elasticity, customer compensation, and competitive positioning. Your expertise will ensure that the model aligns with industry practices and effectively balances revenue maximization with customer experience." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objective of maximizing airline revenue through optimal overbooking strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the relationship between overbooking strategies and airline revenue." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify assumptions made regarding passenger behavior, flight capacity, and overbooking percentages." + }, + { + "category": "Handling Bumped Passengers", + "description": "Evaluate different methods for handling bumped passengers and incorporate these into the model to assess their impact on revenue." + }, + { + "category": "Revenue Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how different overbooking schemes affect the airline's revenue, considering factors such as passenger fear and security concerns." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Strategy", + "description": "Determine the optimal number of passengers to overbook to maximize revenue, supported by model results." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in key parameters affect the model outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Memorandum to CEO", + "description": "Write a concise memorandum summarizing findings, analysis, and recommendations for the airline's CEO." + } + ] + } + }, + "2002_School_Busing": { + "year": "2002", + "title": "School Busing", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2002/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Consider a school where most of the students are from rural areas, so they must be bused. The buses might pick up all the students and go to the elementary school and then continue from that school to pick up more students for the high school. A clear alternative would be to have separate buses for each school, even though they would need to trace over the same routes. There are, of course, restrictions on time (no student should be in the bus more than an hour), drivers, equipment, money, and so forth. How can you set up school bus routes to optimize budget dollars while balancing the time on the bus for various school groups? Build a mathematical model that could be used by various rural and perhaps urban school districts. How would you test the model prior to implementation? Prepare a short article to the school board explaining your model, its assumptions, and its results.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objectives of the model, such as minimizing costs and ensuring no student spends more than an hour on the bus." + }, + { + "category": "Model Formulation", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the bus routing problem, including variables, constraints, and objective functions." + }, + { + "category": "Constraint Handling", + "description": "Address all explicit constraints such as time limits, driver availability, equipment limitations, and budget restrictions within the model." + }, + { + "category": "Implicit Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any implicit assumptions made in the model, such as student distribution, bus capacity, and route overlap." + }, + { + "category": "Generalizability", + "description": "Ensure the model is adaptable for use in various rural and urban school districts, considering different geographical and demographic factors." + }, + { + "category": "Testing Methodology", + "description": "Outline a clear plan for testing the model prior to implementation, including validation techniques and potential scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Prepare a concise article for the school board that explains the model, its assumptions, results, and potential impact on the school district." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of a mathematical model to optimize bus routes, which involves complex mathematical concepts such as optimization, graph theory, and possibly linear programming.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in optimization and mathematical modeling. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical framework of the proposed solution is sound and efficient. You should pay attention to the assumptions made in the model, the formulation of the objective function, and the constraints. Your expertise in mathematical principles will be crucial in evaluating the robustness and feasibility of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling and analyzing data related to student locations, bus routes, and time constraints, which is essential for building a data-driven model.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning. Your role is to ensure that the data used in the model is accurate and effectively processed. You should focus on data collection methods, data cleaning, and the integration of data into the model. Your expertise will help in validating the model's predictions and ensuring that it can be generalized to different school districts." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem is essentially an optimization problem that requires expertise in operations research to find the most efficient bus routes while considering various constraints.", + "details": "You are an operations research analyst with expertise in optimization techniques and decision-making processes. Your role is to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed bus routing model. You should focus on the optimization algorithms used, the handling of constraints such as time and budget, and the overall effectiveness of the solution. Your insights will be valuable in ensuring that the model provides practical and cost-effective solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Transportation Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves planning and logistics of transportation systems, which requires expertise in transportation planning to ensure practical implementation.", + "details": "You are a transportation planner with expertise in designing and managing transportation systems. Your role is to assess the practicality and feasibility of the proposed bus routes. You should consider factors such as route efficiency, student safety, and compliance with transportation regulations. Your experience in transportation logistics will be crucial in evaluating whether the model can be successfully implemented in real-world scenarios." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objectives of the model, such as minimizing costs and ensuring no student spends more than an hour on the bus." + }, + { + "category": "Model Formulation", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the bus routing problem, including variables, constraints, and objective functions." + }, + { + "category": "Constraint Handling", + "description": "Address all explicit constraints such as time limits, driver availability, equipment limitations, and budget restrictions within the model." + }, + { + "category": "Implicit Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any implicit assumptions made in the model, such as student distribution, bus capacity, and route overlap." + }, + { + "category": "Generalizability", + "description": "Ensure the model is adaptable for use in various rural and urban school districts, considering different geographical and demographic factors." + }, + { + "category": "Testing Methodology", + "description": "Outline a clear plan for testing the model prior to implementation, including validation techniques and potential scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Prepare a concise article for the school board that explains the model, its assumptions, results, and potential impact on the school district." + } + ] + } + }, + "2002_Wind_and_Waterspray": { + "year": "2002", + "title": "Wind and Waterspray", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2002/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "An ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area. Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Understanding of Wind Data", + "description": "Evaluate the ability to interpret and utilize wind speed and direction data from the anemometer effectively." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling of Fountain Water Flow", + "description": "Assess the development of a mathematical model that accurately represents the relationship between wind conditions and the fountain's water flow, volume, and height." + }, + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Examine the design of the algorithm that adjusts the fountain's water flow in real-time based on changing wind conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Balance Between Spectacle and Safety", + "description": "Evaluate how well the solution balances the visual appeal of the fountain with minimizing water spray on passersby." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability and Responsiveness", + "description": "Assess the algorithm's ability to quickly and effectively respond to changes in wind conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and evaluate any assumptions made in the model and their impact on the solution's effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Testing", + "description": "Evaluate the methods used to validate and test the algorithm's performance under various wind conditions." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the relationship between wind speed/direction and the fountain's water flow. This involves formulating equations that can predict the optimal water height and volume based on varying wind conditions.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in differential equations and dynamic systems. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical models used in the algorithm accurately represent the physical phenomena involved. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify that they are reasonable given the real-world context. Your evaluation should focus on the robustness and accuracy of the mathematical formulations and their ability to adapt to changing wind conditions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves processing and analyzing data from the anemometer to inform the algorithm's decisions. This requires expertise in data handling, statistical analysis, and possibly machine learning to predict wind patterns and adjust the fountain's settings accordingly.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and predictive modeling. Your role is to review the data processing methods and ensure that the algorithm effectively uses the anemometer data to make real-time adjustments. Pay attention to the data quality, preprocessing steps, and the statistical methods used to derive insights. Your evaluation should focus on the algorithm's ability to handle noisy data and its effectiveness in predicting wind changes to optimize fountain performance." + }, + { + "name": "Control Systems Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves designing a control system that dynamically adjusts the fountain's water flow based on real-time wind data. This requires expertise in control theory and systems engineering to ensure the mechanism responds accurately and efficiently to changing conditions.", + "details": "You are a control systems engineer with expertise in designing and implementing automated systems. Your role is to review the control algorithm and ensure it is capable of real-time adjustments with minimal delay. Pay attention to the feedback loop design, the responsiveness of the system, and the integration of the anemometer data into the control mechanism. Your evaluation should focus on the system's stability, reliability, and ability to maintain the desired balance between spectacle and safety." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the environmental impact of the fountain's operation, particularly how wind patterns affect water dispersion. This requires expertise in environmental science to assess the broader implications of the fountain's spray on the surrounding area.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in atmospheric conditions and their effects on urban environments. Your role is to review the environmental considerations of the algorithm, ensuring it minimizes negative impacts on passersby and the surrounding area. Pay attention to the wind pattern analysis and the potential for water wastage or unintended soaking. Your evaluation should focus on the sustainability of the fountain's operation and its alignment with environmental best practices." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Understanding of Wind Data", + "description": "Evaluate the ability to interpret and utilize wind speed and direction data from the anemometer effectively." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling of Fountain Water Flow", + "description": "Assess the development of a mathematical model that accurately represents the relationship between wind conditions and the fountain's water flow, volume, and height." + }, + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Examine the design of the algorithm that adjusts the fountain's water flow in real-time based on changing wind conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Balance Between Spectacle and Safety", + "description": "Evaluate how well the solution balances the visual appeal of the fountain with minimizing water spray on passersby." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability and Responsiveness", + "description": "Assess the algorithm's ability to quickly and effectively respond to changes in wind conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and evaluate any assumptions made in the model and their impact on the solution's effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Testing", + "description": "Evaluate the methods used to validate and test the algorithm's performance under various wind conditions." + } + ] + } + }, + "2003_Aviation_Baggage_Screening": { + "year": "2003", + "title": "Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2003/ICM-C/index.html", + "question": "ICM_2003.pdf ICM_2003.pdf Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question\n\n### Text in the PDF File: ICM_2003.pdf\n\n**Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is implementing a mandate for 100% screening of all checked bags at 429 passenger airports using Explosive Detection Systems (EDSs). These systems use computed tomography (CT) technology to create 3D images of bag contents, identifying potential explosives. EDSs are operational 92% of the time and can process 160-210 bags per hour. Each EDS costs nearly $1 million and requires significant installation costs.\n\n**Challenges:**\n- Limited production of EDSs to meet federal mandates.\n- High costs and space requirements for EDS deployment.\n- Emerging technologies may offer more cost-effective solutions in the future.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Model Development for EDS Requirements:**\n - Develop a model to determine the number of EDSs needed at Airports A & B.\n - Use data from Table 1 in the Technical Information Sheet (TIS) to inform the model.\n - Consider assumptions such as flight occupancy rates and baggage check patterns.\n\n2. **Position Paper:**\n - Outline security objectives and constraints for airlines based on flight data in Table 1.\n\n3. **Scheduling Model:**\n - Create a model to help airlines schedule flight departures during peak hours at Airports A & B.\n - Use assumptions and data from Table 1 to produce a schedule.\n\n4. **Recommendations:**\n - Provide recommendations to Mr. Sheldon and airlines regarding baggage screening during peak hours.\n\n5. **National Impact Memo:**\n - Explain how models can be adapted for all 193 airports in the Midwest Region.\n - Address potential national implementation.\n\n6. **Incorporating ETD Machines:**\n - Modify EDS models to include Explosive Trace Detection (ETD) machines.\n - Determine the number of ETD machines needed and assess schedule changes.\n - Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this enhanced screening policy.\n\n7. **Future Research Recommendations:**\n - Analyze the impact of changes in device technology, cost, accuracy, speed, and reliability.\n - Recommend STEM research areas to improve security system performance.\n\n**Technical Information Sheet (TIS) - Table 1: Peak Hour Flight Departures**\n\n| Flight Type | Seats per Flight | Airport A Flights | Airport B Flights |\n|-------------|------------------|-------------------|-------------------|\n| 1 | 34 | 10 | 8 |\n| 2 | 46 | 4 | 6 |\n| 3 | 85 | 3 | 7 |\n| 4 | 128 | 3 | 5 |\n| 5 | 142 | 19 | 9 |\n| 6 | 194 | 5 | 10 |\n| 7 | 215 | 1 | 2 |\n| 8 | 350 | 1 | 1 |\n\n**Additional Notes:**\n- Flights with 85 or fewer seats have 70%-100% occupancy.\n- Flights with 128-215 seats have 60%-100% occupancy.\n- Flights with 350 seats have 50%-100% occupancy.\n- Passenger arrival times range from 45 minutes to 2 hours before departure.\n- 20% of passengers do not check luggage, 20% check one bag, and the rest check two bags.\n- Installation costs for EDS: $100,000 at Airport A and $80,000 at Airport B.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of the model developed to determine the number of EDSs needed at Airports A & B, considering flight occupancy rates and baggage check patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Assess the validity and impact of assumptions made in the model, such as flight occupancy rates and passenger baggage check patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Position Paper", + "description": "Grade the clarity and comprehensiveness of the security objectives and constraints outlined for airlines based on flight data." + }, + { + "category": "Scheduling Model", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the scheduling model in optimizing flight departures during peak hours at Airports A & B." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Assess the practicality and relevance of recommendations provided to Mr. Sheldon and airlines regarding baggage screening during peak hours." + }, + { + "category": "National Impact Memo", + "description": "Evaluate the adaptability and scalability of the models for implementation across all 193 airports in the Midwest Region, considering national impact." + }, + { + "category": "Incorporating ETD Machines", + "description": "Grade the modifications made to include ETD machines in the EDS models, including the determination of ETD machine requirements and schedule changes." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-effectiveness", + "description": "Assess the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the enhanced screening policy incorporating ETD machines." + }, + { + "category": "Future Research Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of potential changes in device technology, cost, accuracy, speed, and reliability, and the recommendations for STEM research areas to improve security system performance." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves developing mathematical models to determine the number of EDSs required, scheduling flight departures, and assessing cost-effectiveness. This requires expertise in mathematical modeling, optimization, and statistical analysis.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in formulating and solving complex equations that underpin the models needed for this problem. You should focus on ensuring the mathematical rigor and validity of the models, paying attention to assumptions and constraints. Your expertise in optimization techniques will be crucial in developing efficient solutions for scheduling and resource allocation." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing flight data, passenger patterns, and baggage check statistics to inform the models. This involves data processing, statistical analysis, and possibly machine learning techniques to predict trends and optimize solutions.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights. You should focus on the accuracy and reliability of the data used in the models, ensuring that the statistical methods applied are appropriate. Your ability to visualize data and interpret results will be essential in communicating findings and recommendations effectively." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing the deployment and scheduling of EDSs and ETD machines, which is a classic operations research challenge. This requires expertise in linear programming, queuing theory, and simulation modeling.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you are skilled in applying mathematical and analytical methods to help make better decisions. You should focus on developing models that optimize the use of resources, minimize costs, and improve efficiency. Your expertise in simulation modeling will be valuable in testing different scenarios and assessing the impact of various strategies." + }, + { + "name": "Security Systems Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the effectiveness and integration of security technologies like EDS and ETD machines. This requires expertise in security systems design, technology evaluation, and risk assessment.", + "details": "As a security systems engineer, you are knowledgeable about the latest security technologies and their applications. You should focus on evaluating the technical feasibility and reliability of the proposed solutions, ensuring they meet security objectives. Your ability to assess risks and recommend improvements will be crucial in enhancing the overall security strategy." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of the model developed to determine the number of EDSs needed at Airports A & B, considering flight occupancy rates and baggage check patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Assess the validity and impact of assumptions made in the model, such as flight occupancy rates and passenger baggage check patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Position Paper", + "description": "Grade the clarity and comprehensiveness of the security objectives and constraints outlined for airlines based on flight data." + }, + { + "category": "Scheduling Model", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the scheduling model in optimizing flight departures during peak hours at Airports A & B." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Assess the practicality and relevance of recommendations provided to Mr. Sheldon and airlines regarding baggage screening during peak hours." + }, + { + "category": "National Impact Memo", + "description": "Evaluate the adaptability and scalability of the models for implementation across all 193 airports in the Midwest Region, considering national impact." + }, + { + "category": "Incorporating ETD Machines", + "description": "Grade the modifications made to include ETD machines in the EDS models, including the determination of ETD machine requirements and schedule changes." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-effectiveness", + "description": "Assess the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the enhanced screening policy incorporating ETD machines." + }, + { + "category": "Future Research Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of potential changes in device technology, cost, accuracy, speed, and reliability, and the recommendations for STEM research areas to improve security system performance." + } + ] + } + }, + "2003_Gamma_Knife_Treatment": { + "year": "2003", + "title": "Gamma Knife Treatment Planning", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2003/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators. The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a \u201cshot.\u201d Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points. The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.\n\nMinimize the dose gradient across the target volume. Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes. Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ. Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs. Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses. Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.\n\nProhibit shots from protruding outside the target. Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots). Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% of the target volume must be covered by shots. Use as few shots as possible.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Dose Distribution", + "description": "Evaluate the minimization of the dose gradient across the target volume to ensure uniform treatment." + }, + { + "category": "Isodose Contours", + "description": "Assess how well the specified isodose contours match the target volumes, ensuring precise targeting." + }, + { + "category": "Dose-Volume Constraints", + "description": "Check the adherence to specified dose-volume constraints for both the target and critical organs." + }, + { + "category": "Integral Dose Minimization", + "description": "Evaluate the minimization of the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs." + }, + { + "category": "Normal Tissue Dose Constraints", + "description": "Ensure that the dose to specified normal tissue points is constrained below tolerance doses." + }, + { + "category": "Maximum Dose Minimization", + "description": "Assess the minimization of the maximum dose to critical volumes to prevent damage." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Prohibition", + "description": "Verify that shots do not protrude outside the target volume, maintaining precision." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Overlap", + "description": "Ensure that shots do not overlap to avoid creating hot spots in the treatment area." + }, + { + "category": "Target Volume Coverage", + "description": "Evaluate the coverage of the target volume with effective dosage, ensuring at least 90% coverage." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Minimization", + "description": "Assess the use of as few shots as possible while maintaining effective coverage." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex geometric and optimization challenges that require mathematical expertise to model the dose distribution and ensure the constraints are met effectively.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in geometric modeling, optimization techniques, and mathematical analysis. You should focus on reviewing the mathematical formulation of the dose distribution model, ensuring that the constraints such as minimizing dose gradients and prohibiting shot overlap are mathematically sound. Pay attention to the accuracy of the mathematical representation of the target volume and the optimization algorithms used to achieve the treatment goals." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing large datasets of 3D digital images and optimizing treatment plans based on statistical and machine learning methods.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large volumes of data, applying statistical analysis, and using machine learning techniques to optimize treatment plans. You should review the data processing methods used to analyze the 3D images of the target volume, ensuring that the data is accurately represented and utilized in the modeling process. Evaluate the use of data-driven approaches to optimize the treatment plan and ensure that the model effectively balances the constraints and objectives." + }, + { + "name": "Medical Physicist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the physical principles of radiation therapy and ensuring that the treatment plan adheres to safety and efficacy standards.", + "details": "As a medical physicist, you have expertise in the physical aspects of radiation therapy, including dose calculation and radiation safety. You should review the modeling solutions to ensure that the physical principles of radiation delivery are accurately represented and that the treatment plan adheres to safety standards. Pay attention to the accuracy of dose calculations and the effectiveness of the proposed treatment plan in achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes while minimizing risks to normal tissues." + }, + { + "name": "Radiation Oncologist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires clinical expertise to ensure that the treatment plan is effective in depleting tumor cells while preserving normal structures.", + "details": "As a radiation oncologist, you have clinical expertise in the treatment of brain tumors using radiosurgery. You should review the modeling solutions to ensure that the treatment plan is clinically viable and aligns with therapeutic goals. Focus on the clinical implications of the proposed dose distribution and the effectiveness of the plan in achieving tumor control while minimizing side effects. Evaluate the model's ability to meet clinical constraints and ensure patient safety and treatment efficacy." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Dose Distribution", + "description": "Evaluate the minimization of the dose gradient across the target volume to ensure uniform treatment." + }, + { + "category": "Isodose Contours", + "description": "Assess how well the specified isodose contours match the target volumes, ensuring precise targeting." + }, + { + "category": "Dose-Volume Constraints", + "description": "Check the adherence to specified dose-volume constraints for both the target and critical organs." + }, + { + "category": "Integral Dose Minimization", + "description": "Evaluate the minimization of the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs." + }, + { + "category": "Normal Tissue Dose Constraints", + "description": "Ensure that the dose to specified normal tissue points is constrained below tolerance doses." + }, + { + "category": "Maximum Dose Minimization", + "description": "Assess the minimization of the maximum dose to critical volumes to prevent damage." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Prohibition", + "description": "Verify that shots do not protrude outside the target volume, maintaining precision." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Overlap", + "description": "Ensure that shots do not overlap to avoid creating hot spots in the treatment area." + }, + { + "category": "Target Volume Coverage", + "description": "Evaluate the coverage of the target volume with effective dosage, ensuring at least 90% coverage." + }, + { + "category": "Shot Minimization", + "description": "Assess the use of as few shots as possible while maintaining effective coverage." + } + ] + } + }, + "2003_The_Stunt_Person": { + "year": "2003", + "title": "The Stunt Person", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2003/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "An exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.). Your job is to: determine what size boxes to use determine how many boxes to use determine how the boxes will be stacked determine if any modifications to the boxes would help generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heights", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Safety", + "description": "Evaluate the solution's effectiveness in ensuring the stunt person's safety during the jump and landing." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-efficiency", + "description": "Assess the solution's ability to minimize the number of cardboard boxes used while maintaining safety." + }, + { + "category": "Box Size Determination", + "description": "Grade the method used to determine the optimal size of the cardboard boxes for cushioning the fall." + }, + { + "category": "Box Quantity Calculation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and rationale behind the calculation of the number of boxes needed." + }, + { + "category": "Box Stacking Strategy", + "description": "Assess the proposed strategy for stacking the boxes to maximize safety and minimize visibility." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability", + "description": "Evaluate the solution's ability to generalize to different combined weights and jump heights." + }, + { + "category": "Box Modification Suggestions", + "description": "Grade the creativity and feasibility of any proposed modifications to the boxes to enhance performance." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Rigor", + "description": "Assess the mathematical modeling techniques used to solve the problem, including assumptions and calculations." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves calculating trajectories, forces, and impacts, which are fundamentally mathematical concepts. A mathematician can help model the jump and landing to ensure safety and efficiency.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in physics-based modeling and optimization. You should focus on the equations governing motion, impact forces, and structural integrity of the boxes. Your role is crucial in ensuring that the calculations are accurate and that the model accounts for all variables, such as weight and height, to predict the safest landing scenario." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to previous stunts, box durability, and material properties to make informed decisions about box selection and arrangement.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and predictive modeling. You should review the data on box materials, past stunt performances, and impact resistance. Your expertise will help in identifying patterns and making data-driven decisions about the number and arrangement of boxes, ensuring both safety and cost-effectiveness." + }, + { + "name": "Mechanical Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the mechanical properties of the boxes and the forces exerted during the stunt. A mechanical engineer can provide insights into the structural integrity and modifications needed for the boxes.", + "details": "You are a mechanical engineer with expertise in materials science and structural analysis. You should evaluate the design and material of the boxes to ensure they can withstand the impact. Your role is to suggest any modifications to the boxes that could enhance their performance, such as reinforcing certain areas or using different materials to better absorb the impact." + }, + { + "name": "Safety Expert", + "thoughts": "The problem is centered around ensuring the safety of the stunt person, which requires a thorough understanding of safety protocols and risk assessment.", + "details": "You are a safety expert with a focus on risk management and accident prevention. You should review the entire stunt setup, including the box arrangement and jump parameters, to identify potential hazards. Your expertise will help in developing safety measures and contingency plans to protect the stunt person during the jump, ensuring that all safety standards are met." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Safety", + "description": "Evaluate the solution's effectiveness in ensuring the stunt person's safety during the jump and landing." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-efficiency", + "description": "Assess the solution's ability to minimize the number of cardboard boxes used while maintaining safety." + }, + { + "category": "Box Size Determination", + "description": "Grade the method used to determine the optimal size of the cardboard boxes for cushioning the fall." + }, + { + "category": "Box Quantity Calculation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and rationale behind the calculation of the number of boxes needed." + }, + { + "category": "Box Stacking Strategy", + "description": "Assess the proposed strategy for stacking the boxes to maximize safety and minimize visibility." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability", + "description": "Evaluate the solution's ability to generalize to different combined weights and jump heights." + }, + { + "category": "Box Modification Suggestions", + "description": "Grade the creativity and feasibility of any proposed modifications to the boxes to enhance performance." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Rigor", + "description": "Assess the mathematical modeling techniques used to solve the problem, including assumptions and calculations." + } + ] + } + }, + "2004_Motel_Cleaning_Problem": { + "year": "2004", + "title": "Motel Cleaning Problem", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2004/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Motels and hotels hire people to clean the rooms after each evening's use. Develop a mathematical model for the cleaning schedule and use of cleaning resources. Your model should include consideration of such things as stay-overs, costs, number of rooms, number of rooms per floor, etc. Draft a letter to the manager of a major motel or hotel complex that recommends your model to help them in the management of their operation.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective clarity", + "description": "The model should clearly define the objectives, such as minimizing costs, optimizing cleaning schedules, and efficient resource allocation." + }, + { + "category": "Incorporation of constraints", + "description": "The model must consider constraints like stay-overs, number of rooms, number of rooms per floor, and cleaning resource limitations." + }, + { + "category": "Cost analysis", + "description": "The model should include a detailed analysis of costs associated with cleaning, including labor, materials, and any other relevant expenses." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "The model should be scalable to accommodate different sizes of hotel or motel complexes, with varying numbers of rooms and floors." + }, + { + "category": "Practical applicability", + "description": "The model should be practical and implementable in real-world scenarios, providing actionable insights for hotel management." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "The model should clearly state any assumptions made, such as average cleaning time per room or standard resource availability." + }, + { + "category": "Deliverable requirements", + "description": "The solution should include a draft letter to the manager, effectively communicating the benefits and implementation of the model." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a solid understanding of mathematical modeling to create an efficient cleaning schedule that optimizes resources and minimizes costs.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating mathematical models that can handle complex variables such as stay-overs, costs, and room distribution. You should focus on ensuring the model accurately represents the relationships between these variables and can be solved efficiently. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify that they are realistic and applicable to real-world scenarios. Your expertise in optimization techniques will be crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed schedule." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to room occupancy, cleaning times, and resource allocation to inform the model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to ensure that the model is grounded in accurate and comprehensive data analysis. You should evaluate the data sources used in the model, checking for completeness and reliability. Your skills in statistical analysis and machine learning can help identify patterns and trends that may influence the cleaning schedule. Pay attention to how data is integrated into the model and whether it supports the decision-making process effectively. Your ability to interpret data insights will be key in assessing the model's practicality and scalability." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Manager", + "thoughts": "The problem requires practical insights into the day-to-day operations of a hotel or motel, including cleaning logistics and resource management.", + "details": "As an operations manager, you have firsthand experience with the challenges of managing cleaning schedules and resources. You should review the model to ensure it aligns with operational realities, such as staff availability, equipment constraints, and time management. Your understanding of workflow efficiency and cost control will be vital in assessing whether the model can be implemented successfully. Pay attention to the feasibility of the proposed schedule and its impact on staff productivity and guest satisfaction." + }, + { + "name": "Hospitality Consultant", + "thoughts": "The problem benefits from expertise in the hospitality industry, including guest expectations and service quality.", + "details": "As a hospitality consultant, you bring a strategic perspective to the model, focusing on how it can enhance the overall guest experience. You should evaluate the model's ability to maintain high standards of cleanliness while optimizing resource use. Your insights into industry trends and best practices will help ensure the model is competitive and innovative. Pay attention to how the model addresses guest needs and expectations, and consider its potential to improve service quality and operational efficiency. Your expertise will be crucial in recommending the model to hotel management as a valuable tool for enhancing their operations." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective clarity", + "description": "The model should clearly define the objectives, such as minimizing costs, optimizing cleaning schedules, and efficient resource allocation." + }, + { + "category": "Incorporation of constraints", + "description": "The model must consider constraints like stay-overs, number of rooms, number of rooms per floor, and cleaning resource limitations." + }, + { + "category": "Cost analysis", + "description": "The model should include a detailed analysis of costs associated with cleaning, including labor, materials, and any other relevant expenses." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "The model should be scalable to accommodate different sizes of hotel or motel complexes, with varying numbers of rooms and floors." + }, + { + "category": "Practical applicability", + "description": "The model should be practical and implementable in real-world scenarios, providing actionable insights for hotel management." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "The model should clearly state any assumptions made, such as average cleaning time per room or standard resource availability." + }, + { + "category": "Deliverable requirements", + "description": "The solution should include a draft letter to the manager, effectively communicating the benefits and implementation of the model." + } + ] + } + }, + "2004_To_Be_Secure": { + "year": "2004", + "title": "To Be Secure or Not to Be?", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2004/ICM-C/index.html", + "question": "ICM_2004.pdf ICM_2004.pdf To Be Secure or Not to Be?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: ICM_2004.pdf\n\n**IT Security Risk Assessment for a New University Campus**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe creation of a new university campus requires a comprehensive IT security risk assessment to protect against potential threats such as hackers and viruses. This involves implementing multiple layers of defenses, including both policies and technologies, to safeguard personal information and software.\n\n**Preventative Defensive Measures:**\n1. **Management and Usage Policies:**\n - Password requirements\n - Formal security audits\n - Usage tracking\n - Wireless device usage\n - Removable media concerns\n - Personal use limitations\n - User training\n\n2. **Technological Solutions:**\n - Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)\n - Firewalls\n - Anti-virus systems\n - Vulnerability scanners\n - Redundancy\n\n**Risk Categories:**\n1. **Confidentiality:** Protecting data from unauthorized access.\n2. **Integrity:** Ensuring data remains unaltered.\n3. **Availability:** Ensuring resources are accessible to authorized users.\n\n**Opportunity Costs:**\n- Litigation damages\n- Loss of proprietary data\n- Consumer confidence\n- Loss of direct revenue\n- Data and service reconstruction\n\n**Task 1: Model Development**\nDevelop a model to determine the optimal mix of preventive defensive measures that minimize potential opportunity costs and associated costs (procurement, maintenance, training) for the new university.\n\n**University System Specifications:**\n- 10 academic departments\n- Intercollegiate athletics department\n- Admissions office, bookstore, registrar\u2019s office, dormitory complex\n- 600 staff and faculty\n- 21 computer labs with 30 computers each\n- 600 staff and faculty computers\n- Dormitory network connections for 15,000 students\n- Online bookstore and registrar services\n\n**Task 2: Flexible Model Creation**\nCreate a flexible model adaptable to changing technologies and applicable to different organizations. Include assumptions and an example of how the university can use and update the model.\n\n**Task 3: Position Paper**\nPrepare a position paper for the university President detailing the model's strengths, weaknesses, and flexibility, and explain what can and cannot be inferred from the model.\n\n**Task 4: Commercial Company Comparison**\nAnalyze differences in risk category contributions if modeling IT security for a commercial search engine company. Assess the model's applicability to such organizations.\n\n**Task 5: Honeynet Consideration**\nAdvise on the use of honeynets for gathering IT security threat information for a university or search engine company.\n\n**Task 6: Future IT Security**\nWrite a memo to Rite-On Consulting's President on the future of IT security and how the model can anticipate and respond to future security risks.\n\n**Current Opportunity Costs and Risk Contributions:**\n\n| Opportunity Cost | Amount | Risk Category Contribution |\n|--------------------------|------------|-------------------------------------|\n| Litigation | $3,800,000 | Confidentiality (55%), Integrity (45%) |\n| Proprietary Data Loss | $1,500,000 | Confidentiality (70%), Integrity (30%) |\n| Consumer Confidence | $2,900,000 | Confidentiality (40%), Integrity (30%), Availability (30%) |\n| Data Reconstruction | $400,000 | Integrity (100%) |\n| Service Reconstruction | $80,000 | Integrity (100%) |\n| Direct Revenue Loss | $250,000 | Integrity (30%), Availability (70%) |\n\n**Technical Specifications:**\n- Detailed technical data sheets for defensive measures are available in Enclosures A and B.\n- Costs and effectiveness of various defensive measures are provided, including procurement, maintenance, and training costs.\n\n**Conclusion:**\nThe proposed model and tasks aim to establish a robust IT security framework for the new university campus, balancing security needs with cost-effectiveness and adaptability to future technological advancements.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the model in determining the optimal mix of preventive defensive measures that minimize opportunity costs and associated costs such as procurement, maintenance, and training." + }, + { + "category": "Risk Categories", + "description": "Assess how well the model addresses the risk categories of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and their contributions to opportunity costs." + }, + { + "category": "Flexible Model Creation", + "description": "Grade the adaptability of the model to changing technologies and its applicability to different organizations, including the clarity of assumptions and example usage." + }, + { + "category": "Position Paper", + "description": "Evaluate the position paper's analysis of the model's strengths, weaknesses, and flexibility, and its explanation of what can and cannot be inferred from the model." + }, + { + "category": "Commercial Company Comparison", + "description": "Assess the analysis of differences in risk category contributions when applying the model to a commercial search engine company, and the model's applicability to such organizations." + }, + { + "category": "Honeynet Consideration", + "description": "Evaluate the advice on the use of honeynets for gathering IT security threat information for a university or search engine company." + }, + { + "category": "Future IT Security", + "description": "Grade the memo's insights on the future of IT security and how the model can anticipate and respond to future security risks." + }, + { + "category": "Opportunity Costs Analysis", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the analysis of current opportunity costs and their risk category contributions." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Specifications", + "description": "Evaluate the use of detailed technical data sheets for defensive measures, including the consideration of costs and effectiveness in the model." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves developing mathematical models to optimize IT security measures, which requires a strong understanding of mathematical principles and techniques.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating and solving complex equations that can help determine the optimal mix of preventive defensive measures. You should focus on ensuring the mathematical models are robust, accurate, and capable of handling the various constraints and variables involved in IT security risk assessment. Your expertise in optimization and statistical analysis will be crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed models." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing large datasets related to IT security risks and opportunity costs, which is a key area of expertise for data scientists.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are skilled in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods, which are essential for processing and interpreting the data associated with IT security risks. You should focus on ensuring the data-driven models are accurate and can adapt to changing technologies and organizational needs. Your ability to handle big data and extract meaningful insights will be vital in assessing the model's applicability and effectiveness." + }, + { + "name": "IT Security Specialist", + "thoughts": "The problem is centered around IT security risk assessment, which directly aligns with the expertise of an IT security specialist.", + "details": "As an IT security specialist, you have a deep understanding of the various technological solutions and policies required to protect against security threats. You should focus on evaluating the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed defensive measures, such as intrusion detection systems, firewalls, and anti-virus systems. Your knowledge of current security technologies and trends will be crucial in assessing the model's ability to address potential threats and vulnerabilities." + }, + { + "name": "Systems Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the IT infrastructure and systems of a new university campus, which is a key responsibility of a systems analyst.", + "details": "As a systems analyst, you are skilled in evaluating and designing IT systems to meet organizational needs. You should focus on ensuring the proposed models are compatible with the university's existing systems and can be integrated effectively. Your expertise in system design and analysis will be essential in assessing the model's flexibility and adaptability to different organizational contexts and technological advancements." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the model in determining the optimal mix of preventive defensive measures that minimize opportunity costs and associated costs such as procurement, maintenance, and training." + }, + { + "category": "Risk Categories", + "description": "Assess how well the model addresses the risk categories of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and their contributions to opportunity costs." + }, + { + "category": "Flexible Model Creation", + "description": "Grade the adaptability of the model to changing technologies and its applicability to different organizations, including the clarity of assumptions and example usage." + }, + { + "category": "Position Paper", + "description": "Evaluate the position paper's analysis of the model's strengths, weaknesses, and flexibility, and its explanation of what can and cannot be inferred from the model." + }, + { + "category": "Commercial Company Comparison", + "description": "Assess the analysis of differences in risk category contributions when applying the model to a commercial search engine company, and the model's applicability to such organizations." + }, + { + "category": "Honeynet Consideration", + "description": "Evaluate the advice on the use of honeynets for gathering IT security threat information for a university or search engine company." + }, + { + "category": "Future IT Security", + "description": "Grade the memo's insights on the future of IT security and how the model can anticipate and respond to future security risks." + }, + { + "category": "Opportunity Costs Analysis", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the analysis of current opportunity costs and their risk category contributions." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Specifications", + "description": "Evaluate the use of detailed technical data sheets for defensive measures, including the consideration of costs and effectiveness in the model." + } + ] + } + }, + "2005_Flood_Planning": { + "year": "2005", + "title": "Flood Planning", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2005/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Lake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam. Two particular questions: Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend? Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Flood Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model to simulate the flooding downstream from the dam breach, including hydrodynamic equations and boundary conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Rawls Creek Flood Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the extent of flooding in Rawls Creek, including the volume of water, flow rate, and how far the floodwaters will extend upstream." + }, + { + "category": "Downstream Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the potential for floodwaters to reach the S.C. State Capitol Building, considering topography, distance, and floodwater dynamics." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Simplifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as soil saturation, dam breach size, and earthquake magnitude." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Utilize relevant data such as historical flood records, topographical maps, and hydrological data to support the model." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters affect the flood model outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Verification", + "description": "Validate the model against known flood events or simulations to ensure accuracy and reliability." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to simulate the dynamics of water flow and flooding scenarios. A mathematician can develop and solve the differential equations that describe the flow of water from the dam breach and predict the extent of flooding.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in fluid dynamics and differential equations. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical models accurately represent the physical processes involved in the dam breach and subsequent flooding. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model, the boundary conditions, and the numerical methods used for solving the equations. Your evaluation should focus on the mathematical rigor and validity of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing geographical and hydrological data to predict flooding patterns. A data scientist can process and analyze large datasets to inform the model and validate its predictions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning. Your task is to review the data inputs used in the model, such as topographical maps, historical flood data, and seismic activity records. Ensure that the data is accurate, relevant, and properly integrated into the model. Your evaluation should focus on the data quality, the methods used for data processing, and the model's predictive accuracy." + }, + { + "name": "Hydrologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the behavior of water systems and the impact of a dam breach on downstream areas. A hydrologist can provide insights into the hydrological processes and validate the model's predictions about flooding.", + "details": "You are a hydrologist with expertise in water flow, river systems, and flood risk assessment. Your role is to evaluate the hydrological aspects of the model, including the representation of river channels, floodplains, and water flow dynamics. Pay attention to the model's ability to simulate real-world hydrological processes and its predictions about flood extent and impact. Your evaluation should focus on the hydrological accuracy and realism of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Civil Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the structural integrity of the dam and the potential impact of its failure on infrastructure. A civil engineer can evaluate the model's assumptions about the dam's response to an earthquake and the resulting flood impact on downstream structures.", + "details": "You are a civil engineer with expertise in structural analysis and infrastructure resilience. Your task is to review the model's assumptions about the dam's structural behavior during an earthquake and the potential consequences of its failure. Pay attention to the engineering principles applied in the model and the predicted impact on downstream infrastructure, such as bridges and buildings. Your evaluation should focus on the structural soundness and practical implications of the model's predictions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Flood Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model to simulate the flooding downstream from the dam breach, including hydrodynamic equations and boundary conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Rawls Creek Flood Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the extent of flooding in Rawls Creek, including the volume of water, flow rate, and how far the floodwaters will extend upstream." + }, + { + "category": "Downstream Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the potential for floodwaters to reach the S.C. State Capitol Building, considering topography, distance, and floodwater dynamics." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Simplifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as soil saturation, dam breach size, and earthquake magnitude." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Utilize relevant data such as historical flood records, topographical maps, and hydrological data to support the model." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters affect the flood model outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Verification", + "description": "Validate the model against known flood events or simulations to ensure accuracy and reliability." + } + ] + } + }, + "2005_Nonrenewable_Resources": { + "year": "2005", + "title": "Nonrenewable Resources", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2005/ICM-C/index.html", + "question": "Select a vital nonrenewable or exhaustible resource (water, mineral, energy, food, etc.) for which your team can find appropriate worldwide historic data on its endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price. The modeling tasks are:\n\nUsing the endowment, discoveries, and consumption data, model the depletion or degradation of the commodity over a long horizon using resource modeling principles. Adjust the model to account for future economic, demographic, political, and environmental factors. Be sure to reveal the details of your model, provide visualizations of the model's output, and explain limitations of the model. Create a fair, practical \"harvesting/management\" policy that may include economic incentives or disincentives, which sustain the usage over a long period of time while avoiding severe disruption of consumption, degradation, or rapid exhaustion of the resource. Develop a \"security\" policy that protects the resource against theft, misuse, disruption, and unnecessary degradation or destruction of the resource. Other issues that may need to be addressed are political and security management alternatives associated with these policies. Develop policies to control any short- or long-term \"environmental effects\" of the harvesting. Be sure to include issues such as pollutants, increased susceptibility to natural disasters, waste handling and storage, and other factors you deem appropriate. Compare this resource with any other alternatives for its purpose. What new science or technologies could be developed to mitigate the use and potential exhaustion of this resource? Develop a research policy to advance these new areas.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Data Collection and Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the appropriateness and comprehensiveness of the historical data on endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price of the selected resource." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Depletion Modeling", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and robustness of the model used to predict the depletion or degradation of the resource over a long horizon, including the incorporation of resource modeling principles." + }, + { + "category": "Future Adjustments", + "description": "Examine how well the model accounts for future economic, demographic, political, and environmental factors affecting resource depletion." + }, + { + "category": "Model Details and Visualization", + "description": "Check the clarity and detail in the explanation of the model, including the quality and effectiveness of visualizations provided." + }, + { + "category": "Model Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and explanation of the limitations of the model." + }, + { + "category": "Harvesting/Management Policy", + "description": "Assess the fairness and practicality of the proposed policy for sustaining resource usage, including economic incentives or disincentives." + }, + { + "category": "Security Policy", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed security policy in protecting the resource against theft, misuse, disruption, and unnecessary degradation." + }, + { + "category": "Environmental Effects Policy", + "description": "Examine the policies developed to control short- or long-term environmental effects of resource harvesting, including handling pollutants and waste." + }, + { + "category": "Comparison with Alternatives", + "description": "Assess the comparison of the selected resource with alternatives for its purpose, including the evaluation of new science or technologies to mitigate resource exhaustion." + }, + { + "category": "Research Policy", + "description": "Evaluate the development of a research policy aimed at advancing new areas of science or technology to mitigate resource use and potential exhaustion." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the dynamics of resource depletion and to predict future trends based on historical data. Mathematical principles are essential for formulating equations that describe the resource's endowment, discovery rates, and consumption patterns.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in developing and analyzing mathematical models that describe complex systems. You should focus on ensuring the accuracy and robustness of the equations used in the model, considering factors such as non-linear dynamics and stochastic processes. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and evaluate their validity. Your expertise in differential equations, optimization, and statistical analysis will be crucial in reviewing the modeling solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling large datasets related to resource endowment, discovery, consumption, and price. Data scientists are essential for processing, analyzing, and visualizing this data to inform the model and provide insights into trends and patterns.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at managing and analyzing complex datasets. You should focus on the quality and completeness of the data used in the model, ensuring that it is representative and reliable. Your skills in data cleaning, statistical analysis, and machine learning will be vital in identifying patterns and making predictions. Pay attention to the visualizations provided in the modeling solutions, ensuring they effectively communicate the model's outputs and insights." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires understanding the environmental impacts of resource depletion and the development of policies to mitigate these effects. Environmental scientists are crucial for assessing the ecological consequences and proposing sustainable management practices.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you are knowledgeable about the interactions between human activities and natural ecosystems. You should focus on evaluating the environmental implications of the resource management policies proposed in the model. Your expertise in ecology, environmental impact assessment, and sustainability will be essential in reviewing the solutions. Pay attention to the proposed measures for pollution control, waste management, and disaster susceptibility, ensuring they are practical and effective." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves economic factors such as pricing, incentives, and disincentives related to resource management. Economists are vital for analyzing the economic implications of the model and developing policies that balance resource sustainability with economic growth.", + "details": "As an economist, you are skilled in evaluating the economic aspects of resource management. You should focus on the economic models and policies proposed in the solutions, ensuring they are feasible and equitable. Your expertise in cost-benefit analysis, market dynamics, and policy development will be crucial in reviewing the solutions. Pay attention to the proposed economic incentives and disincentives, assessing their potential impact on resource consumption and sustainability." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Data Collection and Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the appropriateness and comprehensiveness of the historical data on endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price of the selected resource." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Depletion Modeling", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and robustness of the model used to predict the depletion or degradation of the resource over a long horizon, including the incorporation of resource modeling principles." + }, + { + "category": "Future Adjustments", + "description": "Examine how well the model accounts for future economic, demographic, political, and environmental factors affecting resource depletion." + }, + { + "category": "Model Details and Visualization", + "description": "Check the clarity and detail in the explanation of the model, including the quality and effectiveness of visualizations provided." + }, + { + "category": "Model Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and explanation of the limitations of the model." + }, + { + "category": "Harvesting/Management Policy", + "description": "Assess the fairness and practicality of the proposed policy for sustaining resource usage, including economic incentives or disincentives." + }, + { + "category": "Security Policy", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed security policy in protecting the resource against theft, misuse, disruption, and unnecessary degradation." + }, + { + "category": "Environmental Effects Policy", + "description": "Examine the policies developed to control short- or long-term environmental effects of resource harvesting, including handling pollutants and waste." + }, + { + "category": "Comparison with Alternatives", + "description": "Assess the comparison of the selected resource with alternatives for its purpose, including the evaluation of new science or technologies to mitigate resource exhaustion." + }, + { + "category": "Research Policy", + "description": "Evaluate the development of a research policy aimed at advancing new areas of science or technology to mitigate resource use and potential exhaustion." + } + ] + } + }, + "2006_A_South_Sea": { + "year": "2006", + "title": "A South Sea Island Resort", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2006/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "A South Sea island chain has decided to transform one of their islands into a resort. This roughly circular island, about 5 kilometers across, contains a mountain that covers the entire island. The mountain is approximately conical, is about 1000 meters high at the center, appears to be sandy, and has little vegetation on it. It has been proposed to lease some fire-fighting ships and wash the mountain into the harbor. It is desired to accomplish this as quickly as possible. Build a mathematical model for washing away the mountain. Use your model to respond to the questions below.\n\nHow should the stream of water be directed at the mountain, as a function of time? How long will it take using a single fire-fighting ship? Could the use of 2 (or 3, 4, etc.) fire-fighting ships decrease the time by more than a factor of 2 (or 3, 4, etc.)? Make a recommendation to the resort committee about what to do.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Modeling Approach", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model used to simulate the erosion of the mountain by water streams, including assumptions made about the mountain's structure and material properties." + }, + { + "category": "Water Stream Direction", + "description": "Assess the strategy for directing the water stream at the mountain over time, including any dynamic adjustments based on erosion progress." + }, + { + "category": "Time Estimation", + "description": "Analyze the accuracy of the time estimation for washing away the mountain using a single fire-fighting ship, considering factors like water pressure and erosion rate." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Optimization", + "description": "Evaluate the model's analysis on the impact of using multiple fire-fighting ships, including whether the time reduction is proportional to the number of ships used." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendation", + "description": "Review the practical recommendations made to the resort committee, including cost-benefit analysis and feasibility of the proposed solution." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and assess the assumptions made in the model, such as the conical shape of the mountain and its sandy composition, and discuss any limitations these may impose." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the dynamics of erosion and fluid mechanics involved in washing away the mountain. Formulating equations to describe the rate of erosion and the impact of water streams is crucial.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in fluid dynamics and erosion modeling. You should focus on developing equations that describe the interaction between the water streams and the mountain's surface. Pay attention to the geometric properties of the conical mountain and how they affect the erosion rate. Your skills in differential equations and calculus will be essential in predicting how the mountain will erode over time and in optimizing the water stream direction." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to the mountain's erosion rate and the effectiveness of different water stream strategies. Data analysis will be key in validating the model and making recommendations.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. You should focus on collecting and analyzing data from simulations or real-world tests to validate the mathematical model. Pay attention to patterns in erosion rates and how they correlate with different water stream strategies. Your skills in statistical analysis and predictive modeling will be crucial in assessing the effectiveness of using multiple fire-fighting ships and in making data-driven recommendations to the resort committee." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves environmental considerations, such as the impact of washing away the mountain on the surrounding ecosystem and harbor. An environmental engineer can assess these impacts and ensure sustainable practices.", + "details": "You are an environmental engineer with expertise in assessing the environmental impact of engineering projects. You should focus on evaluating the potential consequences of washing the mountain into the harbor, such as sedimentation and water quality changes. Pay attention to the sustainability of the proposed methods and the long-term effects on the island's ecosystem. Your skills in environmental impact assessment and sustainable engineering practices will be essential in ensuring that the resort development is environmentally responsible." + }, + { + "name": "Hydrologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the behavior of water streams and their interaction with the mountain's surface. A hydrologist can provide insights into the optimal use of water resources and erosion processes.", + "details": "You are a hydrologist with expertise in water resource management and erosion processes. You should focus on analyzing how the water streams can be optimized to maximize erosion while minimizing water usage. Pay attention to the hydrodynamic properties of the water streams and how they affect the erosion rate. Your skills in hydrology and erosion modeling will be crucial in determining the most efficient way to direct the water streams and in assessing the feasibility of using multiple fire-fighting ships." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Modeling Approach", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model used to simulate the erosion of the mountain by water streams, including assumptions made about the mountain's structure and material properties." + }, + { + "category": "Water Stream Direction", + "description": "Assess the strategy for directing the water stream at the mountain over time, including any dynamic adjustments based on erosion progress." + }, + { + "category": "Time Estimation", + "description": "Analyze the accuracy of the time estimation for washing away the mountain using a single fire-fighting ship, considering factors like water pressure and erosion rate." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Optimization", + "description": "Evaluate the model's analysis on the impact of using multiple fire-fighting ships, including whether the time reduction is proportional to the number of ships used." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendation", + "description": "Review the practical recommendations made to the resort committee, including cost-benefit analysis and feasibility of the proposed solution." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and assess the assumptions made in the model, such as the conical shape of the mountain and its sandy composition, and discuss any limitations these may impose." + } + ] + } + }, + "2006_Inflation_of_the": { + "year": "2006", + "title": "Inflation of the Parachute", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2006/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "HiMCM2006ProblemA.pdf HiMCM2006ProblemA.pdf Inflation of the Parachute\n\n### Text in the PDF File: HiMCM2006ProblemA.pdf\n\n**Problem A: Inflation of the Parachute**\n\n**Overview:**\nParachutes are made from lightweight fabric, support tapes, and suspension lines. They are deployed using systems like freefall or static line, and come in various types including round, ribbon, ring, and ram-air parachutes. Each type has unique characteristics affecting their deployment and inflation.\n\n**Types of Parachutes:**\n\n1. **Round Parachutes:**\n - Used in military, emergency, and cargo applications.\n - Dome-shaped canopies, often conical or parabolic for stability.\n - Some are steerable with \"T-U cut\" for limited forward speed.\n\n2. **Pull Down Apex Parachutes:**\n - A variation of round parachutes with a lenticular shape.\n - Features an annular geometry with a hole at the apex for air exit.\n - Provides forward speed up to 10 mph (15 km/h).\n\n3. **Ribbon and Ring Parachutes:**\n - Designed for high-speed deployment, up to Mach 2.\n - Ring-shaped canopy with large holes or ribbons to reduce stress.\n\n4. **Ram-air Parachutes:**\n - Modern parachutes with self-inflating \"ram-air\" airfoils.\n - Provide control of speed and direction, similar to paragliders.\n - Consist of two fabric layers connected by airfoil-shaped ribs.\n\n**Reserves:**\n- Paratroopers and sports parachutists carry a main and a reserve parachute.\n- Reserve parachutes are used if the main parachute fails.\n- Deployment systems include ripcord and hand-deployed pilot chutes.\n\n**Deployment Systems:**\n- **Ripcord System:** Releases a spring-loaded pilot chute to deploy the canopy.\n- **Hand Deployed Pilot Chute:** Uses air stream force to extract the deployment bag.\n- **Static Line:** Used for paratroopers and student skydivers, provides rapid and reliable deployment.\n\n**Modeling the Inflation Process:**\n- Develop a mathematical model to understand parachute inflation.\n- Consider how the geometry and folding of the parachute affect inflation.\n- Discuss methods to influence the rate of inflation.\n\n**Conclusion:**\nUnderstanding the deployment and inflation of different parachute types is crucial for optimizing their performance. The geometry and folding techniques play a significant role in the inflation process, and adjustments can be made to control the rate of inflation effectively.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the inflation process of parachutes, considering different types such as round, pull down apex, ribbon and ring, and ram-air parachutes." + }, + { + "category": "Geometry and Folding", + "description": "Analyze how the geometry and folding techniques of parachutes affect their inflation process, and incorporate these factors into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model regarding parachute materials, deployment systems, and environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Influencing Inflation Rate", + "description": "Discuss and propose methods to influence the rate of inflation, considering factors such as deployment systems and parachute design." + }, + { + "category": "Types of Parachutes", + "description": "Evaluate the unique characteristics of different parachute types and how these affect their deployment and inflation, ensuring the model accounts for these differences." + }, + { + "category": "Deployment Systems", + "description": "Consider the impact of different deployment systems (ripcord, hand deployed pilot chute, static line) on the inflation process and incorporate these into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Performance Optimization", + "description": "Assess how the model can be used to optimize parachute performance, including stability, speed, and reliability during inflation." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem of parachute inflation involves complex geometric and physical principles that require mathematical modeling to understand and optimize the inflation process.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in geometric modeling and differential equations. Your role is to analyze the mathematical formulations related to the parachute's geometry and inflation dynamics. You should pay attention to the accuracy of the equations used to model the inflation process and ensure that they correctly represent the physical phenomena involved. Your evaluation should focus on the mathematical rigor and the applicability of the models to real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to parachute deployment and inflation, which requires data-driven insights to optimize performance.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to review the data used in the modeling solutions, ensuring that it is accurately processed and interpreted. You should focus on the statistical methods used to analyze the deployment and inflation data, and evaluate how well the model predictions align with empirical data. Your expertise will help in identifying patterns and trends that can inform improvements in parachute design and deployment strategies." + }, + { + "name": "Aerodynamics Engineer", + "thoughts": "The inflation of parachutes is heavily influenced by aerodynamic principles, which are crucial for understanding the forces and airflow involved in the deployment process.", + "details": "You are an aerodynamics engineer with expertise in fluid dynamics and airflow analysis. Your role is to evaluate the modeling solutions from an aerodynamic perspective, ensuring that the models accurately represent the airflow around and through the parachute during inflation. You should pay attention to the assumptions made about air resistance, drag, and lift, and assess how these factors are incorporated into the model. Your insights will be valuable in optimizing the parachute design for better performance and reliability." + }, + { + "name": "Materials Scientist", + "thoughts": "The materials used in parachute construction play a significant role in their inflation characteristics, requiring an understanding of material properties and behavior.", + "details": "You are a materials scientist with expertise in fabric and textile engineering. Your role is to review the modeling solutions with a focus on the materials used in parachute construction. You should evaluate how the properties of the fabric, such as tensile strength, elasticity, and porosity, are considered in the model. Your expertise will help ensure that the material characteristics are accurately represented and that the model accounts for their impact on the inflation process. Your evaluation should also consider the durability and performance of the materials under different deployment conditions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the inflation process of parachutes, considering different types such as round, pull down apex, ribbon and ring, and ram-air parachutes." + }, + { + "category": "Geometry and Folding", + "description": "Analyze how the geometry and folding techniques of parachutes affect their inflation process, and incorporate these factors into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model regarding parachute materials, deployment systems, and environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Influencing Inflation Rate", + "description": "Discuss and propose methods to influence the rate of inflation, considering factors such as deployment systems and parachute design." + }, + { + "category": "Types of Parachutes", + "description": "Evaluate the unique characteristics of different parachute types and how these affect their deployment and inflation, ensuring the model accounts for these differences." + }, + { + "category": "Deployment Systems", + "description": "Consider the impact of different deployment systems (ripcord, hand deployed pilot chute, static line) on the inflation process and incorporate these into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Performance Optimization", + "description": "Assess how the model can be used to optimize parachute performance, including stability, speed, and reliability during inflation." + } + ] + } + }, + "2006_Positioning_and_Moving": { + "year": "2006", + "title": "Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2006/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "There are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of \"hand move\" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to ensure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals. Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task, you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them. A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together, the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo-Pascals and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possible.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Efficiency", + "description": "Evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in minimizing the time required to irrigate the field, considering the movement and setup of the irrigation system." + }, + { + "category": "Water Distribution Constraints", + "description": "Assess whether the solution ensures no part of the field receives more than 0.75 cm per hour of water and at least 2 centimeters every 4 days." + }, + { + "category": "Uniformity of Water Application", + "description": "Check the uniformity of water distribution across the field, ensuring that the total amount of water is applied as uniformly as possible." + }, + { + "category": "Sprinkler Configuration", + "description": "Determine the adequacy of the number of sprinklers and their spacing to cover the entire field effectively." + }, + { + "category": "Pipe Movement Schedule", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed schedule for moving the pipes, including the locations to move them, to ensure efficient coverage of the field." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Feasibility", + "description": "Verify the technical feasibility of the solution, considering the specifications of the pipe set, water pressure, and flow rate." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to optimize the configuration and scheduling of the irrigation system. This involves calculating the optimal number of sprinklers, their spacing, and the movement schedule to ensure uniform water distribution while minimizing time and effort.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in formulating and solving optimization problems. You should focus on the mathematical aspects of the irrigation system configuration, such as calculating the optimal sprinkler spacing and movement schedule. Pay attention to constraints like water distribution uniformity and maximum water application rates. Your expertise in mathematical modeling and problem-solving will be crucial in evaluating the proposed solutions for efficiency and feasibility." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to water flow rates, pressure, and field dimensions to inform the irrigation model. A data-driven approach can help optimize the irrigation schedule and configuration.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling and analyzing complex datasets. You should focus on the data aspects of the problem, such as analyzing water flow rates and pressure to determine the optimal irrigation configuration. Use statistical methods and machine learning techniques to model and predict the best irrigation schedule. Your expertise in data analysis will be essential in reviewing solutions for accuracy and effectiveness in achieving uniform water distribution." + }, + { + "name": "Agricultural Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves practical considerations of irrigation technology and field conditions. An agricultural engineer can provide insights into the feasibility and efficiency of different irrigation configurations and schedules.", + "details": "As an agricultural engineer, you have expertise in irrigation systems and agricultural practices. You should evaluate the practicality of the proposed irrigation configurations and schedules, considering factors like ease of setup and maintenance. Pay attention to the physical constraints of the field and the equipment, ensuring that the solutions are not only theoretically sound but also practically implementable. Your knowledge of irrigation technology will be vital in assessing the solutions for real-world applicability." + }, + { + "name": "Hydrologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding water distribution and flow dynamics, which are crucial for ensuring uniform irrigation across the field. A hydrologist can provide insights into water movement and distribution patterns.", + "details": "As a hydrologist, you specialize in the study of water movement and distribution. You should focus on the hydrological aspects of the problem, such as ensuring uniform water application and preventing over-irrigation. Evaluate the solutions for their effectiveness in achieving the desired water distribution across the field. Your expertise in hydrology will be important in reviewing the solutions for their ability to meet the water application constraints and maintain uniformity in irrigation." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Efficiency", + "description": "Evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in minimizing the time required to irrigate the field, considering the movement and setup of the irrigation system." + }, + { + "category": "Water Distribution Constraints", + "description": "Assess whether the solution ensures no part of the field receives more than 0.75 cm per hour of water and at least 2 centimeters every 4 days." + }, + { + "category": "Uniformity of Water Application", + "description": "Check the uniformity of water distribution across the field, ensuring that the total amount of water is applied as uniformly as possible." + }, + { + "category": "Sprinkler Configuration", + "description": "Determine the adequacy of the number of sprinklers and their spacing to cover the entire field effectively." + }, + { + "category": "Pipe Movement Schedule", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed schedule for moving the pipes, including the locations to move them, to ensure efficient coverage of the field." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Feasibility", + "description": "Verify the technical feasibility of the solution, considering the specifications of the pipe set, water pressure, and flow rate." + } + ] + } + }, + "2006_Wheel_Chair_Access": { + "year": "2006", + "title": "Wheel Chair Access at Airports", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2006/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "One of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheelchair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances, an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing. Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheelchairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheelchairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports, the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheelchairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheelchairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay, which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline. Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheelchairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheelchairs throughout each day in a cost-effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term. Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheelchairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances. Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Problem Understanding", + "description": "Demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the logistical challenges and cost factors associated with managing wheelchairs and escorts in airports." + }, + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Provides a detailed description of an algorithm to schedule the movement of wheelchairs and escorts, ensuring availability while minimizing costs." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Identifies and quantifies all potential costs involved, including maintenance, storage, liability, and flight delays, and balances their respective weights." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability", + "description": "Shows how the proposed solution can handle different airport sizes and traffic loads, with examples for large, medium, and small airports." + }, + { + "category": "Future Projections", + "description": "Includes projections of potential costs and needs as the population ages, with recommendations to meet future demands." + }, + { + "category": "Justification of Solution", + "description": "Makes a strong case for why the proposed solution is the best, considering a wide range of airports and circumstances." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex optimization and scheduling, which requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to develop efficient algorithms for minimizing costs and maximizing resource utilization.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating mathematical models that can address the scheduling and optimization challenges presented by Epsilon Airlines. You should focus on developing algorithms that can efficiently allocate wheelchairs and escorts across different airport concourses, taking into account constraints such as time, space, and cost. Your expertise in linear programming, combinatorial optimization, and queuing theory will be crucial in creating models that can predict and manage the flow of resources in real-time. Pay attention to the scalability of your solutions to ensure they can be applied to airports of varying sizes and traffic loads." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing large datasets to forecast demand for wheelchairs and escorts, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of different scheduling strategies.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to leverage data analytics and machine learning techniques to predict passenger needs and optimize resource allocation. You should focus on developing predictive models that can anticipate the demand for wheelchairs and escorts based on historical data, flight schedules, and passenger demographics. Your skills in data mining, statistical analysis, and predictive modeling will be essential in identifying patterns and trends that can inform decision-making. Ensure that your models are robust and adaptable to changes in passenger behavior and airport operations, and consider the integration of real-time data to enhance the accuracy of your predictions." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing operational processes and resource allocation, which is a key area of expertise for operations research analysts.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you are skilled in applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. Your focus should be on developing strategies that optimize the movement and availability of wheelchairs and escorts, minimizing costs while ensuring passenger satisfaction. You should evaluate different operational scenarios and use simulation techniques to test the effectiveness of your proposed solutions. Pay attention to the constraints and variables that impact the scheduling and movement of resources, and ensure that your models can adapt to varying airport sizes and traffic conditions." + }, + { + "name": "Transportation Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves planning and managing the logistics of moving resources within an airport, which is a key responsibility of transportation planners.", + "details": "As a transportation planner, your expertise lies in designing efficient systems for the movement of people and goods. You should focus on developing logistical plans that ensure the timely availability of wheelchairs and escorts, minimizing delays and improving passenger experience. Your skills in spatial analysis, route optimization, and infrastructure planning will be crucial in addressing the challenges of resource allocation within the airport environment. Consider the physical layout of airports and the impact of traffic patterns on resource movement, and ensure that your plans are flexible enough to accommodate future changes in passenger demographics and needs." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Problem Understanding", + "description": "Demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the logistical challenges and cost factors associated with managing wheelchairs and escorts in airports." + }, + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Provides a detailed description of an algorithm to schedule the movement of wheelchairs and escorts, ensuring availability while minimizing costs." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Identifies and quantifies all potential costs involved, including maintenance, storage, liability, and flight delays, and balances their respective weights." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptability", + "description": "Shows how the proposed solution can handle different airport sizes and traffic loads, with examples for large, medium, and small airports." + }, + { + "category": "Future Projections", + "description": "Includes projections of potential costs and needs as the population ages, with recommendations to meet future demands." + }, + { + "category": "Justification of Solution", + "description": "Makes a strong case for why the proposed solution is the best, considering a wide range of airports and circumstances." + } + ] + } + }, + "2007_Gerrymandering": { + "year": "2007", + "title": "Gerrymandering", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2007/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "The United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state's population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look \"unnatural\" by some standards. Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely \"baseline\" exercise to create the \"simplest\" shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of \"simple\" is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Definition of Simplicity", + "description": "Evaluate how the solution defines 'simple' shapes for districts and the rationale behind this definition." + }, + { + "category": "Population Equality", + "description": "Assess the method used to ensure each district contains the same population, including data sources and calculations." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Modeling", + "description": "Examine the approach used to draw districts geographically, including algorithms or techniques employed." + }, + { + "category": "Fairness Argument", + "description": "Evaluate the argument made to convince voters that the solution is fair, including any metrics or criteria used." + }, + { + "category": "Application to New York", + "description": "Review the specific application of the method to draw districts in New York, including any state-specific considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and assess any implicit assumptions made in the modeling process, such as geographical constraints or population data accuracy." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem of drawing congressional districts involves geometric and spatial considerations, which are inherently mathematical. A mathematician can help define what \"simple\" shapes mean in a rigorous way, using concepts from geometry and topology.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in geometric modeling and spatial analysis. You should focus on evaluating the mathematical definitions of \"simplicity\" used in the proposed solutions, ensuring they are logically sound and applicable. Your skills in optimization and spatial partitioning will be crucial in assessing whether the districts are drawn in a way that minimizes complexity while adhering to population equality." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing population data to ensure each district contains the same number of people. A data scientist can handle large datasets and apply statistical methods to verify the fairness and accuracy of the districting.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and statistical modeling. You should focus on reviewing the population data used in the solutions, ensuring it is accurate and up-to-date. Your skills in data visualization and geographic information systems (GIS) will be essential in evaluating how well the proposed districts reflect population distribution and whether they meet the criteria of equal population." + }, + { + "name": "Geographer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves geographic considerations, such as the natural layout of the land and existing political boundaries. A geographer can provide insights into how these factors should influence district shapes.", + "details": "You are a geographer with expertise in spatial analysis and geographic information systems (GIS). You should focus on reviewing how the proposed district shapes align with natural and political boundaries, ensuring they make sense geographically. Your understanding of human geography and spatial patterns will be crucial in assessing whether the districts are drawn in a way that respects the state's physical and cultural landscape." + }, + { + "name": "Political Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem has political implications, as district shapes can affect electoral outcomes. A political scientist can evaluate the fairness and potential biases in the proposed districting solutions.", + "details": "You are a political scientist with expertise in electoral systems and political geography. You should focus on reviewing the potential political impacts of the proposed district shapes, ensuring they do not unfairly advantage any party or group. Your understanding of gerrymandering and electoral fairness will be crucial in assessing whether the districts are drawn in a way that promotes fair representation and democratic principles." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Definition of Simplicity", + "description": "Evaluate how the solution defines 'simple' shapes for districts and the rationale behind this definition." + }, + { + "category": "Population Equality", + "description": "Assess the method used to ensure each district contains the same population, including data sources and calculations." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Modeling", + "description": "Examine the approach used to draw districts geographically, including algorithms or techniques employed." + }, + { + "category": "Fairness Argument", + "description": "Evaluate the argument made to convince voters that the solution is fair, including any metrics or criteria used." + }, + { + "category": "Application to New York", + "description": "Review the specific application of the method to draw districts in New York, including any state-specific considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and assess any implicit assumptions made in the modeling process, such as geographical constraints or population data accuracy." + } + ] + } + }, + "2007_Organ_Transplant:_The": { + "year": "2007", + "title": "Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2007/ICM-C/index.html", + "question": "2007-ICM.pdf 2007-ICM.pdf Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2007-ICM.pdf\n\n# 2007 ICM Problem C: Organ Transplant - The Kidney Exchange Problem\n\n## Overview\nThe demand for organ transplants, particularly kidneys, far exceeds the supply. The US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) was established to address this issue, but challenges remain, including long waiting lists and inefficiencies in organ matching.\n\n## Tasks\n\n### Task 1: US Transplant Network Model\n- **Objective**: Develop a mathematical model for the US transplant network to identify bottlenecks and improve efficiency.\n- **Considerations**: \n - Potential bottlenecks in organ matching.\n - Allocation of additional resources.\n - Impact of dividing the network into smaller units (e.g., state-level).\n - Policy changes to enhance system effectiveness.\n\n### Task 2: International Policy Comparison\n- **Objective**: Compare US policies with those of another country and assess potential improvements.\n- **Deliverable**: A one-page report to Congress with findings and recommendations based on the model from Task 1.\n\n### Task 3: Maximizing Kidney Exchanges\n- **Objective**: Create a procedure to maximize the number and quality of kidney exchanges.\n- **Considerations**: \n - Medical and psychological factors.\n - Estimation of increased annual transplants and impact on waiting lists.\n\n### Task 4: Patient Decision Strategy\n- **Objective**: Develop a strategy for patients to decide on accepting a kidney offer or participating in an exchange.\n- **Considerations**: \n - Risks, alternatives, and probabilities.\n - Differences between cadaver and live donor kidneys.\n\n### Task 5: Policy Recommendations\n- **Objective**: Recommend changes to current criteria and policies.\n- **Considerations**: \n - Ethical dimensions of exchange procedures and patient strategies.\n - Criteria for priority and placement.\n - Discussion on organ sales.\n\n### Task 6: Donor Perspective\n- **Objective**: Analyze risks and factors influencing donor decisions.\n- **Considerations**: \n - Success probability for recipients.\n - Donor survival and health risks.\n - Influence of personal issues and network size on donor decisions.\n - Strategies to recruit more altruistic donors.\n\n## Key Data\n- **Waiting List**: Nearly 94,000 candidates, expected to exceed 100,000.\n- **Kidney Transplants**: 68,000 patients waiting; 10,000 from cadavers and 6,000 from living donors annually.\n- **Age Distribution of Waiting Patients**:\n - Under 18: 748\n - 18 to 34: 8,033\n - 35 to 49: 20,553\n - 50 to 64: 28,530\n - 65 and over: 10,628\n\n## Ethical and Political Considerations\n- **Ethical Issues**: Fairness in waiting list criteria, age priority, and organ allocation.\n- **Political Issues**: Regionalization effects, proficiency of local doctors, and potential centralization of transplants.\n- **Policy Debates**: Presumed consent, financial compensation for donors, and national policy changes.\n\n## Conclusion\nThe problem requires a comprehensive approach involving mathematical modeling, policy analysis, and ethical considerations to improve the kidney exchange system and address the organ shortage crisis.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model developed for the US transplant network, focusing on its ability to identify bottlenecks and improve efficiency." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Allocation", + "description": "Assess how the model addresses the allocation of additional resources and the impact of dividing the network into smaller units." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Analysis", + "description": "Grade the comparison of US policies with those of another country, including the thoroughness of the analysis and the feasibility of recommended improvements." + }, + { + "category": "Procedure Development", + "description": "Evaluate the procedure created to maximize kidney exchanges, considering medical and psychological factors and the estimation of increased transplants." + }, + { + "category": "Patient Strategy", + "description": "Assess the strategy developed for patients deciding on accepting a kidney offer or participating in an exchange, focusing on risk analysis and decision-making criteria." + }, + { + "category": "Ethical Considerations", + "description": "Grade the recommendations for policy changes, particularly the ethical dimensions of exchange procedures and patient strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Donor Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of risks and factors influencing donor decisions, including strategies to recruit more altruistic donors." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Assess how effectively the provided data (e.g., waiting list statistics, age distribution) is utilized in the modeling and analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Ethical and Political Considerations", + "description": "Evaluate the discussion on ethical and political issues, such as fairness in waiting list criteria and regionalization effects." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The kidney exchange problem requires sophisticated mathematical modeling to optimize the matching process and identify bottlenecks within the transplant network. A mathematician can develop algorithms and models to improve efficiency and resource allocation.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating complex mathematical models that can simulate the dynamics of the US transplant network. You should focus on identifying potential bottlenecks and inefficiencies in organ matching, and propose mathematical solutions to optimize the allocation of resources. Your expertise in mathematical principles and modeling methods will be crucial in developing strategies to enhance system effectiveness." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to organ transplants, waiting lists, and donor-recipient matching. A data scientist can leverage statistical methods and machine learning to extract insights and inform policy recommendations.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to analyze complex datasets to uncover patterns and trends that can inform the kidney exchange model. You should focus on processing data related to waiting lists, donor-recipient matches, and transplant outcomes. Your skills in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning will be essential in developing data-driven strategies to maximize kidney exchanges and improve the efficiency of the transplant network." + }, + { + "name": "Health Policy Analyst", + "thoughts": "The kidney exchange problem is deeply intertwined with health policies and regulations. A health policy analyst can assess current policies, compare international practices, and recommend changes to improve the system's effectiveness.", + "details": "As a health policy analyst, you are skilled in evaluating and comparing health policies related to organ transplantation. You should focus on analyzing the US policies and comparing them with those of other countries to identify potential improvements. Your expertise in policy analysis will be crucial in developing recommendations for Congress that address ethical dimensions, criteria for priority and placement, and potential policy changes to enhance the kidney exchange system." + }, + { + "name": "Bioethicist", + "thoughts": "The kidney exchange problem involves significant ethical considerations, such as fairness in organ allocation and the implications of organ sales. A bioethicist can provide insights into the ethical dimensions of the problem and guide policy recommendations.", + "details": "As a bioethicist, your role is to analyze the ethical issues surrounding organ transplantation and kidney exchanges. You should focus on evaluating the fairness of waiting list criteria, age priority, and organ allocation procedures. Your expertise in ethical analysis will be essential in addressing the ethical dimensions of exchange procedures, patient strategies, and donor recruitment, ensuring that policy recommendations are ethically sound and socially responsible." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model developed for the US transplant network, focusing on its ability to identify bottlenecks and improve efficiency." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Allocation", + "description": "Assess how the model addresses the allocation of additional resources and the impact of dividing the network into smaller units." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Analysis", + "description": "Grade the comparison of US policies with those of another country, including the thoroughness of the analysis and the feasibility of recommended improvements." + }, + { + "category": "Procedure Development", + "description": "Evaluate the procedure created to maximize kidney exchanges, considering medical and psychological factors and the estimation of increased transplants." + }, + { + "category": "Patient Strategy", + "description": "Assess the strategy developed for patients deciding on accepting a kidney offer or participating in an exchange, focusing on risk analysis and decision-making criteria." + }, + { + "category": "Ethical Considerations", + "description": "Grade the recommendations for policy changes, particularly the ethical dimensions of exchange procedures and patient strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Donor Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of risks and factors influencing donor decisions, including strategies to recruit more altruistic donors." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Assess how effectively the provided data (e.g., waiting list statistics, age distribution) is utilized in the modeling and analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Ethical and Political Considerations", + "description": "Evaluate the discussion on ethical and political issues, such as fairness in waiting list criteria and regionalization effects." + } + ] + } + }, + "2007_The_Airplane_Seating": { + "year": "2007", + "title": "The Airplane Seating Problem", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2007/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "Airlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward. Apart from consideration of the passengers' wait time, from the airline's point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day. The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time. Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85-210), midsize (210-330), and large (450-800). Prepare an executive summary, not to exceed two single-spaced pages, in which you set out your conclusions to an audience of airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews. Note: The 2 page executive summary is to be included IN ADDITION to the reports required by the contest guidelines. An article appeared in the NY Times Nov 14, 2006 addressing procedures currently being followed and the importance to the airline of finding better solutions.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Clarity", + "description": "Clearly define the objective of minimizing boarding and deboarding time and its importance to airline operations." + }, + { + "category": "Procedure Development", + "description": "Develop and describe procedures for boarding and deboarding that are applicable to small, midsize, and large aircraft." + }, + { + "category": "Comparative Analysis", + "description": "Compare the effectiveness of different procedures in terms of time efficiency and adaptability to varying numbers of passengers." + }, + { + "category": "Passenger Class Consideration", + "description": "Address the boarding order of different passenger classes (special needs, first-class, coach, business-class) and its impact on time efficiency." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made regarding passenger behavior, aircraft layout, and boarding/deboarding logistics." + }, + { + "category": "Quantitative Analysis", + "description": "Provide quantitative analysis or simulations to support the proposed procedures and their expected time savings." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Evaluate the scalability of the proposed procedures for different aircraft sizes and passenger numbers." + }, + { + "category": "Real-world Applicability", + "description": "Discuss the practicality and potential implementation challenges of the proposed procedures in real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Executive Summary", + "description": "Prepare a concise executive summary that effectively communicates the conclusions and recommendations to airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing boarding and deboarding procedures, which requires mathematical modeling to analyze and minimize time effectively.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in formulating optimization problems and developing algorithms to solve them. You should focus on the mathematical models used to simulate boarding and deboarding processes, ensuring they are robust and accurately represent real-world scenarios. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and the validity of the solutions proposed. Your expertise in operations research and queuing theory will be crucial in evaluating the efficiency of different boarding strategies." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to passenger boarding times and patterns to inform the development of efficient procedures.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights from them. You should review the data analysis methods used to assess boarding times and passenger flow, ensuring they are statistically sound and provide actionable insights. Your skills in machine learning and predictive analytics can help identify patterns and trends that may not be immediately apparent. Focus on the accuracy and reliability of the data used in the models and the conclusions drawn from it." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem is fundamentally about optimizing processes, which is the core focus of operations research.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in improving efficiency and effectiveness in complex systems. You should evaluate the proposed boarding and deboarding procedures from a process optimization perspective, considering factors such as time, cost, and resource allocation. Your expertise in linear programming, simulation, and decision analysis will be essential in assessing the feasibility and practicality of the solutions. Pay attention to how the models balance competing objectives and constraints." + }, + { + "name": "Industrial Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves designing efficient systems and processes, which is a key area of expertise for industrial engineers.", + "details": "As an industrial engineer, you focus on optimizing systems and processes to improve performance and productivity. You should review the boarding and deboarding strategies with an eye toward workflow efficiency and ergonomic considerations. Your skills in systems design, process improvement, and human factors engineering will be valuable in evaluating how the proposed solutions impact passenger experience and operational efficiency. Consider the practical implementation of the models and their scalability across different aircraft sizes." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Clarity", + "description": "Clearly define the objective of minimizing boarding and deboarding time and its importance to airline operations." + }, + { + "category": "Procedure Development", + "description": "Develop and describe procedures for boarding and deboarding that are applicable to small, midsize, and large aircraft." + }, + { + "category": "Comparative Analysis", + "description": "Compare the effectiveness of different procedures in terms of time efficiency and adaptability to varying numbers of passengers." + }, + { + "category": "Passenger Class Consideration", + "description": "Address the boarding order of different passenger classes (special needs, first-class, coach, business-class) and its impact on time efficiency." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made regarding passenger behavior, aircraft layout, and boarding/deboarding logistics." + }, + { + "category": "Quantitative Analysis", + "description": "Provide quantitative analysis or simulations to support the proposed procedures and their expected time savings." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Evaluate the scalability of the proposed procedures for different aircraft sizes and passenger numbers." + }, + { + "category": "Real-world Applicability", + "description": "Discuss the practicality and potential implementation challenges of the proposed procedures in real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Executive Summary", + "description": "Prepare a concise executive summary that effectively communicates the conclusions and recommendations to airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews." + } + ] + } + }, + "2008_Creating_Sudoku_Puzzles": { + "year": "2008", + "title": "Creating Sudoku Puzzles", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2008/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "Develop an algorithm to construct Sudoku puzzles of varying difficulty. Develop metrics to define a difficulty level. The algorithm and metrics should be extensible to a varying number of difficulty levels. You should illustrate the algorithm with at least 4 difficulty levels. Your algorithm should guarantee a unique solution. Analyze the complexity of your algorithm. Your objective should be to minimize the complexity of the algorithm and meet the above requirements.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Development", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm in generating Sudoku puzzles across different difficulty levels." + }, + { + "category": "Difficulty Metrics", + "description": "Assess the metrics used to define and differentiate the difficulty levels of the Sudoku puzzles." + }, + { + "category": "Extensibility", + "description": "Examine how the algorithm and difficulty metrics can be extended to accommodate a varying number of difficulty levels." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Uniqueness", + "description": "Verify that the algorithm guarantees a unique solution for each generated Sudoku puzzle." + }, + { + "category": "Complexity Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the computational complexity of the algorithm and evaluate efforts to minimize it." + }, + { + "category": "Illustration of Difficulty Levels", + "description": "Ensure that the algorithm is illustrated with at least four distinct difficulty levels." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong understanding of combinatorial mathematics and logic to ensure the Sudoku puzzles have a unique solution and to develop metrics for difficulty levels.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in combinatorial mathematics and logic. You should focus on the mathematical structure of Sudoku puzzles, ensuring that each puzzle has a unique solution. Pay attention to the logical consistency and the mathematical formulation of the difficulty metrics. Your evaluation should ensure that the algorithm adheres to mathematical principles and efficiently constructs puzzles with varying difficulty levels." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data patterns and developing metrics to quantify the difficulty of Sudoku puzzles, which requires data-driven insights and statistical analysis.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and statistical methods. You should focus on developing and validating metrics that accurately reflect the difficulty levels of Sudoku puzzles. Pay attention to the data patterns and statistical models used to define these metrics. Your evaluation should ensure that the metrics are robust, extensible, and effectively differentiate between difficulty levels." + }, + { + "name": "Algorithm Designer", + "thoughts": "The problem requires designing an efficient algorithm to generate Sudoku puzzles with varying difficulty levels while minimizing complexity.", + "details": "You are an algorithm designer with expertise in creating efficient algorithms. You should focus on the design and implementation of the algorithm that constructs Sudoku puzzles. Pay attention to the algorithm's complexity and efficiency, ensuring it meets the requirement of generating puzzles with a unique solution. Your evaluation should ensure that the algorithm is optimized for performance and scalability across different difficulty levels." + }, + { + "name": "Game Theorist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the strategic elements of puzzle design, which requires insights into game theory to ensure engaging and challenging puzzles.", + "details": "You are a game theorist with expertise in strategic game design. You should focus on the engagement and challenge aspects of the Sudoku puzzles. Pay attention to how the difficulty levels affect player experience and puzzle-solving strategies. Your evaluation should ensure that the puzzles are not only mathematically sound but also provide a satisfying challenge to players across all difficulty levels." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Development", + "description": "Evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm in generating Sudoku puzzles across different difficulty levels." + }, + { + "category": "Difficulty Metrics", + "description": "Assess the metrics used to define and differentiate the difficulty levels of the Sudoku puzzles." + }, + { + "category": "Extensibility", + "description": "Examine how the algorithm and difficulty metrics can be extended to accommodate a varying number of difficulty levels." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Uniqueness", + "description": "Verify that the algorithm guarantees a unique solution for each generated Sudoku puzzle." + }, + { + "category": "Complexity Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the computational complexity of the algorithm and evaluate efforts to minimize it." + }, + { + "category": "Illustration of Difficulty Levels", + "description": "Ensure that the algorithm is illustrated with at least four distinct difficulty levels." + } + ] + } + }, + "2008_Going_Green": { + "year": "2008", + "title": "Going Green", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2008/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "The United States can address its national carbon footprint in two ways: by reducing carbon dioxide emissions or by increasing carbon dioxide consumption (sequestration). Assume that the total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions are capped at 2007-2008 levels indefinitely. What should the U.S. do to increase carbon dioxide consumption to achieve national carbon neutrality with minimal economic and cultural impact? Is it even possible to achieve neutrality? Model your solution to show feasibility, effectiveness, and costs. Prepare a short summary paper for the U.S. Congress to persuade them to adopt your plan.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Clarity", + "description": "Clearly define the goal of achieving national carbon neutrality through increased carbon dioxide consumption." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling Approach", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that addresses carbon dioxide consumption and sequestration strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Feasibility Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality under the given constraints." + }, + { + "category": "Effectiveness Evaluation", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of proposed strategies in increasing carbon dioxide consumption." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the economic costs associated with implementing the proposed strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Cultural Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the cultural impacts of the proposed strategies and how they can be minimized." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model regarding emissions, consumption, and sequestration." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Use relevant data to support the model and analysis, ensuring accuracy and reliability." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Feasibility", + "description": "Determine if achieving carbon neutrality is possible and provide evidence to support the conclusion." + }, + { + "category": "Persuasiveness", + "description": "Prepare a compelling summary paper for the U.S. Congress that effectively communicates the plan and its benefits." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to develop equations and models that can predict the impact of various strategies on carbon dioxide consumption and sequestration.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving complex mathematical models. Your role involves developing equations that represent the carbon cycle, including emissions and sequestration processes. You should pay attention to the assumptions made in the models, the accuracy of the mathematical representations, and the feasibility of the solutions proposed. Your evaluation should focus on the logical consistency and mathematical soundness of the proposed strategies." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to carbon emissions, sequestration methods, and economic impacts, requiring expertise in data processing and statistical analysis.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in handling and analyzing complex datasets. Your role is to evaluate the data-driven aspects of the modeling solutions, ensuring that the data used is accurate, relevant, and comprehensive. You should focus on the statistical methods employed, the validity of the data sources, and the robustness of the data analysis. Your evaluation should ensure that the conclusions drawn from the data are supported by sound statistical evidence." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem is deeply rooted in environmental science, requiring an understanding of ecological processes, carbon sequestration methods, and the environmental impact of proposed solutions.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in carbon cycles and sequestration techniques. Your role is to assess the environmental feasibility and impact of the proposed solutions. You should evaluate the ecological validity of the sequestration methods, the potential environmental benefits or harms, and the sustainability of the proposed strategies. Your evaluation should ensure that the solutions are environmentally sound and align with ecological principles." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the economic impact of carbon neutrality strategies, requiring expertise in economic modeling and cost-benefit analysis.", + "details": "You are an economist with expertise in evaluating the economic implications of environmental policies. Your role is to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the proposed solutions, considering both short-term and long-term economic impacts. You should focus on the economic models used, the assumptions regarding costs and benefits, and the potential economic trade-offs. Your evaluation should ensure that the proposed strategies are economically viable and minimize negative economic impacts." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Clarity", + "description": "Clearly define the goal of achieving national carbon neutrality through increased carbon dioxide consumption." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling Approach", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that addresses carbon dioxide consumption and sequestration strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Feasibility Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality under the given constraints." + }, + { + "category": "Effectiveness Evaluation", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of proposed strategies in increasing carbon dioxide consumption." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the economic costs associated with implementing the proposed strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Cultural Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the cultural impacts of the proposed strategies and how they can be minimized." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model regarding emissions, consumption, and sequestration." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Use relevant data to support the model and analysis, ensuring accuracy and reliability." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Feasibility", + "description": "Determine if achieving carbon neutrality is possible and provide evidence to support the conclusion." + }, + { + "category": "Persuasiveness", + "description": "Prepare a compelling summary paper for the U.S. Congress that effectively communicates the plan and its benefits." + } + ] + } + }, + "2009_Designing_a_Traffic": { + "year": "2009", + "title": "Designing a Traffic Circle", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2009/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Many cities and communities have traffic circles\u2014from large ones with many lanes in the circle (such as at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and the Victory Monument in Bangkok) to small ones with one or two lanes in the circle. Some of these traffic circles position a stop sign or a yield sign on every incoming road that gives priority to traffic already in the circle; some position a yield sign in the circle at each incoming road to give priority to incoming traffic; and some position a traffic light on each incoming road (with no right turn allowed on a red light). Other designs may also be possible.\n\nThe goal of this problem is to use a model to determine how best to control traffic flow in, around, and out of a circle. State clearly the objective(s) you use in your model for making the optimal choice as well as the factors that affect this choice. Include a Technical Summary of not more than two double-spaced pages that explains to a Traffic Engineer how to use your model to help choose the appropriate flow-control method for any specific traffic circle. That is, summarize the conditions under which each type of traffic-control method should be used. When traffic lights are recommended, explain a method for determining how many seconds each light should remain green (which may vary according to the time of day and other factors). Illustrate how your model works with specific examples.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Definition", + "description": "Clearly state the objective(s) of the model for optimizing traffic flow in circles." + }, + { + "category": "Factors Consideration", + "description": "Identify and incorporate relevant factors that affect traffic flow and control method choice, such as traffic volume, circle size, and time of day." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that effectively addresses the stated objectives and factors, providing a logical framework for decision-making." + }, + { + "category": "Traffic Control Methods", + "description": "Evaluate different traffic control methods (stop signs, yield signs, traffic lights) and determine conditions under which each should be used." + }, + { + "category": "Traffic Light Timing", + "description": "Provide a method for calculating optimal traffic light timing, considering variable factors like time of day and traffic patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Summary", + "description": "Create a concise technical summary that explains the model's application to a Traffic Engineer, including conditions for each control method." + }, + { + "category": "Illustrative Examples", + "description": "Include specific examples to demonstrate how the model works in practice, enhancing understanding and applicability." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to analyze traffic flow dynamics and optimize control methods. A mathematician can develop equations and models to simulate different traffic scenarios and evaluate the effectiveness of various control strategies.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in traffic flow modeling. You should focus on formulating mathematical models that capture the dynamics of traffic circles, including vehicle interactions and flow rates. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are realistic and applicable to real-world scenarios. Your evaluation should consider the mathematical rigor and the ability of the model to predict traffic behavior accurately." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing traffic data to inform the model and optimize traffic control strategies. A data scientist can process and interpret large datasets to identify patterns and trends in traffic flow, which are crucial for model validation and improvement.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in traffic data analysis. You should focus on extracting meaningful insights from traffic data, such as peak hours, average vehicle speed, and congestion patterns. Pay attention to the quality and completeness of the data used in the model. Your evaluation should consider how well the model incorporates data-driven insights and whether it can adapt to changes in traffic conditions." + }, + { + "name": "Traffic Engineer", + "thoughts": "Traffic engineers have practical experience in designing and implementing traffic control systems. They can provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of different control methods in real-world settings.", + "details": "You are a traffic engineer with expertise in traffic circle design and control systems. You should focus on evaluating the practicality of the proposed traffic control methods, considering factors such as safety, cost, and ease of implementation. Pay attention to how the model addresses real-world constraints and the conditions under which each control method is recommended. Your evaluation should consider the model's applicability to various traffic circle designs and its ability to improve traffic flow and safety." + }, + { + "name": "Urban Planner", + "thoughts": "Urban planners consider the broader context of traffic systems within city planning. They can provide insights into how traffic circle control methods fit into the overall transportation network and urban development goals.", + "details": "You are an urban planner with expertise in integrating traffic systems into urban environments. You should focus on evaluating how the proposed traffic control methods align with city planning objectives, such as reducing congestion and promoting sustainable transportation. Pay attention to the model's consideration of environmental and social factors, such as pedestrian access and public transportation integration. Your evaluation should consider the long-term impact of the model on urban mobility and development." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Definition", + "description": "Clearly state the objective(s) of the model for optimizing traffic flow in circles." + }, + { + "category": "Factors Consideration", + "description": "Identify and incorporate relevant factors that affect traffic flow and control method choice, such as traffic volume, circle size, and time of day." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that effectively addresses the stated objectives and factors, providing a logical framework for decision-making." + }, + { + "category": "Traffic Control Methods", + "description": "Evaluate different traffic control methods (stop signs, yield signs, traffic lights) and determine conditions under which each should be used." + }, + { + "category": "Traffic Light Timing", + "description": "Provide a method for calculating optimal traffic light timing, considering variable factors like time of day and traffic patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Technical Summary", + "description": "Create a concise technical summary that explains the model's application to a Traffic Engineer, including conditions for each control method." + }, + { + "category": "Illustrative Examples", + "description": "Include specific examples to demonstrate how the model works in practice, enhancing understanding and applicability." + } + ] + } + }, + "2010_Curbing_City_Violence": { + "year": "2010", + "title": "Curbing City Violence", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2010/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "A regional city has had lots of problems with gangs and violence over the years. The mayor, chief of police, and city council need your help. Data are available for the following: Incidents of violence, Homicides, Assaults, Regional Population (Census data), Unemployment, Unemployment rate, High School enrollment, High school drop outs, Graduation rate, Drop out rate, Prison population, Released on parole, Parole violations, Percent of parole violations, and Juvenile Inmates. Analyze and model these data to give the city a plan to reduce violence. After you complete your analysis and model, prepare a news release for the mayor briefly outlining your proposals that recommend a campaign strategy to curb the violence. 2010_HiMCM_Problem_B_Data.pdf Click here to view the available Data.\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2010_HiMCM_Problem_B_Data.pdf\n\n### Violence and Population Data (2000-2008)\n\n| Year | Incidence of Violence | Homicides | Assaults | County Population | City Population |\n|------|-----------------------|-----------|----------|-------------------|-----------------|\n| 2000 | 752 | 18 | 734 | 401,762 | 151,060 |\n| 2001 | 814 | 15 | 799 | 406,953 | 144,696 |\n| 2002 | 712 | 20 | 692 | 412,376 | 146,689 |\n| 2003 | 744 | 19 | 725 | 417,419 | 148,117 |\n| 2004 | 695 | 17 | 678 | 420,802 | 149,906 |\n| 2005 | 652 | 7 | 645 | 421,374 | 149,675 |\n| 2006 | 690 | 7 | 683 | 421,417 | 148,870 |\n| 2007 | 725 | 14 | 711 | 423,762 | 149,208 |\n| 2008 | 736 | 25 | 711 | 428,549 | 150,898 |\n\n### Unemployment Data (2000-2008)\n\n| Year | Unemployment | Unemployment Rate (%) |\n|------|--------------|-----------------------|\n| 2000 | 15,861.3 | 10.5 |\n| 2001 | 16,061.256 | 11.1 |\n| 2002 | 18,629.503 | 12.7 |\n| 2003 | 18,810.859 | 12.7 |\n| 2004 | 17,688.908 | 11.8 |\n| 2005 | 15,715.875 | 10.5 |\n| 2006 | 14,738.13 | 9.9 |\n| 2007 | 15,368.424 | 10.3 |\n| 2008 | 17,805.964 | 11.8 |\n\n### High School Data (2000-2008)\n\n| Year | HS Enrollment | HS Drop Outs | Graduation Rate | HS Drop Out Rate |\n|------|---------------|--------------|-----------------|------------------|\n| 2000 | 8,252 | 203 | 0.84 | 0.0246 |\n| 2001 | 8,695 | 225 | 0.836 | 0.0259 |\n| 2002 | 8,863 | 204 | 0.877 | 0.0230 |\n| 2003 | 9,253 | 75 | 0.9 | 0.0081 |\n| 2004 | 9,308 | 124 | 0.891 | 0.0133 |\n| 2005 | 9,492 | 85 | 0.898 | 0.0090 |\n| 2006 | 9,496 | 124 | 0.92 | 0.0131 |\n| 2007 | 9,482 | 180 | 0.884 | 0.0190 |\n| 2008 | 9,561 | 147 | 0.89 | 0.0154 |\n\n### Juvenile and Parole Data (2000-2007)\n\n| Year | Juvenile Inmates | Prison Population | Released on Parole | Parole Violation | % of Parole Violation |\n|------|------------------|-------------------|--------------------|------------------|-----------------------|\n| 2000 | 154,014 | 126,117 | 89,363 | - | 0.709 |\n| 2001 | 153,649 | 125,991 | 88,972 | - | 0.706 |\n| 2002 | 151,579 | 117,310 | 85,574 | - | 0.729 |\n| 2003 | 4,400 | 153,783 | 115,424 | 78,053 | 0.676 |\n| 2004 | 3,436 | 157,895 | 118,018 | 76,725 | 0.650 |\n| 2005 | 2,881 | 158,837 | 122,737 | 80,962 | 0.660 |\n| 2006 | 2,517 | 166,547 | 131,315 | 89,883 | 0.684 |\n| 2007 | 2,115 | 166,277 | 137,590 | 92,628 | 0.673 |", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the thoroughness and accuracy of the analysis of the provided data sets, including trends and correlations between violence and socio-economic factors." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the mathematical model developed to predict or explain the relationship between the variables and violence, including the choice of modeling techniques and justification." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and evaluate the assumptions made in the model, ensuring they are reasonable and clearly stated." + }, + { + "category": "Strategic Recommendations", + "description": "Grade the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategies to reduce violence based on the model's findings." + }, + { + "category": "Integration of Data", + "description": "Assess how well the solution integrates different data sets (e.g., unemployment, high school, juvenile and parole data) to provide a comprehensive analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate whether the solution includes a sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of changes in key variables on the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Grade the clarity and conciseness of the news release prepared for the mayor, ensuring it effectively communicates the key findings and recommendations." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a deep understanding of mathematical modeling to identify patterns and relationships between various socio-economic factors and incidents of violence. A mathematician can help in formulating equations and models that can predict trends and outcomes based on the data provided.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in creating and analyzing mathematical models that can help understand complex systems. You should focus on identifying correlations and causations within the data, using statistical methods and mathematical principles. Pay attention to the accuracy of the models and ensure they are robust enough to handle the variability in the data. Your expertise will be crucial in developing predictive models that can inform strategies to reduce violence." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets to extract meaningful insights that can inform policy decisions. A data scientist can leverage machine learning techniques and data analysis tools to uncover hidden patterns and trends in the data.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling and processing complex datasets. You should focus on cleaning and preprocessing the data to ensure its quality and reliability. Use your skills in statistical analysis and machine learning to identify key factors contributing to violence and evaluate the effectiveness of different intervention strategies. Your ability to visualize data and communicate findings will be essential in preparing a compelling news release for the mayor." + }, + { + "name": "Sociologist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the social dynamics and cultural factors that contribute to gang violence and crime is crucial. A sociologist can provide insights into the societal influences and community structures that may be impacting the rates of violence.", + "details": "As a sociologist, you are skilled in analyzing social behaviors and community interactions. You should focus on interpreting the data in the context of social theories and frameworks. Consider the impact of unemployment, education, and family structures on crime rates. Your expertise will be valuable in identifying social interventions and community-based strategies that can help reduce violence." + }, + { + "name": "Criminologist", + "thoughts": "The problem is directly related to crime and violence, making the expertise of a criminologist essential. A criminologist can provide insights into the patterns of criminal behavior and the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies.", + "details": "As a criminologist, you are knowledgeable about the causes and consequences of criminal behavior. You should focus on analyzing the data related to crime rates, parole violations, and juvenile inmates. Evaluate the effectiveness of current law enforcement and correctional strategies, and propose evidence-based interventions. Your understanding of criminal justice systems will be crucial in developing a comprehensive plan to curb violence in the city." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the thoroughness and accuracy of the analysis of the provided data sets, including trends and correlations between violence and socio-economic factors." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the mathematical model developed to predict or explain the relationship between the variables and violence, including the choice of modeling techniques and justification." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Identify and evaluate the assumptions made in the model, ensuring they are reasonable and clearly stated." + }, + { + "category": "Strategic Recommendations", + "description": "Grade the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategies to reduce violence based on the model's findings." + }, + { + "category": "Integration of Data", + "description": "Assess how well the solution integrates different data sets (e.g., unemployment, high school, juvenile and parole data) to provide a comprehensive analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate whether the solution includes a sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of changes in key variables on the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Grade the clarity and conciseness of the news release prepared for the mayor, ensuring it effectively communicates the key findings and recommendations." + } + ] + } + }, + "2010_The_Sweet_Spot": { + "year": "2010", + "title": "The Sweet Spot", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2010/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Explain the \"sweet spot\" on a baseball bat. Every hitter knows that there is a spot on the fat part of a baseball bat where maximum power is transferred to the ball when hit. Why isn\u2019t this spot at the end of the bat? A simple explanation based on torque might seem to identify the end of the bat as the sweet spot, but this is known to be empirically incorrect. Develop a model that helps explain this empirical finding. Some players believe that \"corking\" a bat (hollowing out a cylinder in the head of the bat and filling it with cork or rubber, then replacing a wood cap) enhances the \"sweet spot\" effect. Augment your model to confirm or deny this effect. Does this explain why Major League Baseball prohibits \"corking\"? Does the material out of which the bat is constructed matter? That is, does this model predict different behavior for wood (usually ash) or metal (usually aluminum) bats? Is this why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats?", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that explains the location of the 'sweet spot' on a baseball bat, considering factors such as torque and energy transfer." + }, + { + "category": "Empirical Explanation", + "description": "Provide a clear explanation of why the 'sweet spot' is not at the end of the bat, supported by empirical evidence and the developed model." + }, + { + "category": "Corking Effect", + "description": "Augment the model to analyze the effect of 'corking' a bat on the 'sweet spot' and determine if it enhances the effect." + }, + { + "category": "Regulatory Implications", + "description": "Use the model to explain why Major League Baseball prohibits 'corking' and whether the model supports this regulation." + }, + { + "category": "Material Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate how the material of the bat (wood vs. metal) affects the 'sweet spot' and whether the model predicts different behaviors for these materials." + }, + { + "category": "Regulatory Analysis for Materials", + "description": "Analyze why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats based on the model's predictions and implications." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and discuss any assumptions made in the model and their potential impact on the results and conclusions." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a deep understanding of physics and mathematical modeling to explain the dynamics of the \"sweet spot\" on a baseball bat, including concepts like torque, force distribution, and material properties.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving complex equations related to physical phenomena. You should focus on the mathematical principles that govern the interaction between the bat and the ball, such as torque and force distribution. Your role involves ensuring that the model accurately represents these principles and can predict the behavior of different materials and modifications like corking. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify their validity through mathematical reasoning." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing empirical data related to the performance of baseball bats, which requires data processing and statistical analysis to validate the model's predictions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in analyzing complex datasets to inform the model. Your role involves reviewing the empirical data on bat performance and ensuring that the model's predictions align with observed data. You should focus on statistical methods to test hypotheses about the \"sweet spot\" and the effects of corking. Pay attention to the data quality and the statistical significance of the findings, ensuring that the model is robust and reliable." + }, + { + "name": "Physicist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the physical principles behind the \"sweet spot\" phenomenon, including the mechanics of impact and material properties.", + "details": "You are a physicist with expertise in the mechanics of materials and impact dynamics. Your role involves reviewing the model to ensure it accurately represents the physical interactions between the bat and the ball. You should focus on the material properties of wood and metal bats and how these affect the \"sweet spot.\" Pay attention to the physical assumptions made in the model and verify their accuracy based on your knowledge of physics. Evaluate the model's predictions about corking and material differences, considering the real-world implications." + }, + { + "name": "Sports Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves practical applications of engineering principles to sports equipment, requiring an understanding of design and performance optimization.", + "details": "You are a sports engineer with expertise in the design and optimization of sports equipment. Your role involves reviewing the model to ensure it considers the practical aspects of bat design and performance. You should focus on how modifications like corking affect the bat's structural integrity and performance. Pay attention to the engineering principles applied in the model and evaluate whether they align with real-world practices in sports equipment design. Consider the implications of the model's predictions for the rules and regulations in sports, such as the prohibition of corking and metal bats in Major League Baseball." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that explains the location of the 'sweet spot' on a baseball bat, considering factors such as torque and energy transfer." + }, + { + "category": "Empirical Explanation", + "description": "Provide a clear explanation of why the 'sweet spot' is not at the end of the bat, supported by empirical evidence and the developed model." + }, + { + "category": "Corking Effect", + "description": "Augment the model to analyze the effect of 'corking' a bat on the 'sweet spot' and determine if it enhances the effect." + }, + { + "category": "Regulatory Implications", + "description": "Use the model to explain why Major League Baseball prohibits 'corking' and whether the model supports this regulation." + }, + { + "category": "Material Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate how the material of the bat (wood vs. metal) affects the 'sweet spot' and whether the model predicts different behaviors for these materials." + }, + { + "category": "Regulatory Analysis for Materials", + "description": "Analyze why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats based on the model's predictions and implications." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and discuss any assumptions made in the model and their potential impact on the results and conclusions." + } + ] + } + }, + "2011_How_environmentally_and": { + "year": "2011", + "title": "How environmentally and economically sound are electric vehicles? Is their widespread use feasible and practical?", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2011/ICM-C/index.html", + "question": "2011_ICM_Problem.pdf 2011_ICM_Problem.pdf How environmentally and economically sound are electric vehicles? Is their widespread use feasible and practical?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2011_ICM_Problem.pdf\n\n# 2011 The Interdisciplinary Contest in Modeling (ICM)\n\n## Key Issues to Consider for Electric Vehicles:\n\n1. **Fossil Fuel Savings**: Evaluate if electric vehicles (EVs) save fossil fuels or merely shift fossil fuel use from vehicles to electricity production. Identify conditions to maximize savings.\n\n2. **Alternative Energy Growth**: Assess the required increase in wind and solar energy to make EVs feasible and environmentally beneficial. Determine the likelihood and possibility of this growth.\n\n3. **Off-Peak Charging**: Analyze the benefits of charging EVs during off-peak times. Determine the necessary charging speed for efficiency and practicality. Evaluate how advancements in these areas affect environmental savings and practicality.\n\n4. **Transportation Efficiency**: Identify the most efficient transportation method and whether efficiency varies by region or nation.\n\n5. **Pollution Concerns**: Examine hidden pollutants associated with EVs. Compare the pollution from EVs to that from internal combustion engines, considering short and long-term climate and health effects.\n\n6. **Battery Disposal**: Investigate the environmental impact of disposing of large numbers of EV batteries compared to fossil fuel vehicles.\n\n7. **Economic and Human Factors**: Consider the convenience of EVs, battery recharge/replacement speed, and range limitations. Evaluate the role of EVs in short vs. long-range transportation. Discuss government subsidies for EV technology development.\n\n## Modeling Requirements:\n\n- Model the environmental, social, economic, and health impacts of widespread EV use. Identify key factors for government and manufacturer support.\n- Estimate global fossil fuel savings from widespread EV adoption.\n- Model the necessary electricity generation to support recommended EV use, maximizing benefits to the environment, society, business, and individuals.\n- Write a 20-page report detailing the model, analysis, and government roles in ensuring safe, efficient transportation. Discuss the value of widespread EV use in addressing global energy needs amid dwindling fossil fuel supplies.\n\n## References:\n\n- Global energy data: [BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010](http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010.pdf)\n- US energy generation and usage summary: [EIA Energy Diagram](http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pecss_diagram.html)\n- Global data in spreadsheet form: [EIA International Energy Data](http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/)", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Fossil Fuel Savings", + "description": "Evaluate the extent to which electric vehicles save fossil fuels versus shifting fossil fuel use to electricity production. Identify conditions that maximize fossil fuel savings." + }, + { + "category": "Alternative Energy Growth", + "description": "Assess the necessary increase in wind and solar energy to support electric vehicles and evaluate the feasibility of this growth." + }, + { + "category": "Off-Peak Charging", + "description": "Analyze the benefits of off-peak charging for electric vehicles, including necessary charging speeds and their impact on environmental savings and practicality." + }, + { + "category": "Transportation Efficiency", + "description": "Identify the most efficient transportation methods for electric vehicles and evaluate if efficiency varies by region or nation." + }, + { + "category": "Pollution Concerns", + "description": "Examine hidden pollutants associated with electric vehicles and compare them to those from internal combustion engines, considering both short and long-term climate and health effects." + }, + { + "category": "Battery Disposal", + "description": "Investigate the environmental impact of disposing of large numbers of electric vehicle batteries compared to fossil fuel vehicles." + }, + { + "category": "Economic and Human Factors", + "description": "Evaluate the convenience of electric vehicles, including battery recharge/replacement speed, range limitations, and their role in short vs. long-range transportation. Discuss the impact of government subsidies on EV technology development." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling Environmental, Social, Economic, and Health Impacts", + "description": "Develop a model that assesses the environmental, social, economic, and health impacts of widespread electric vehicle use, identifying key factors for government and manufacturer support." + }, + { + "category": "Global Fossil Fuel Savings Estimation", + "description": "Estimate the global fossil fuel savings from widespread adoption of electric vehicles." + }, + { + "category": "Electricity Generation Modeling", + "description": "Model the necessary electricity generation to support recommended electric vehicle use, maximizing benefits to the environment, society, business, and individuals." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Write a detailed 20-page report that includes the model, analysis, and government roles in ensuring safe, efficient transportation, discussing the value of widespread electric vehicle use in addressing global energy needs amid dwindling fossil fuel supplies." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of electric vehicles, including complex calculations related to energy savings, pollution, and transportation efficiency.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in formulating and solving equations that model the various aspects of electric vehicle use. You should focus on creating models that accurately represent the relationships between fossil fuel savings, alternative energy growth, and pollution concerns. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are mathematically sound and logically consistent." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to energy consumption, pollution levels, and economic factors to inform the model and provide insights into the feasibility of electric vehicles.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at processing and analyzing complex datasets to extract meaningful insights. You should focus on using statistical methods and machine learning techniques to analyze data from sources like the BP Statistical Review and EIA Energy Diagram. Ensure that the data used in the models is accurate, up-to-date, and relevant to the problem at hand." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires expertise in understanding the environmental impacts of electric vehicles, including pollution, fossil fuel savings, and battery disposal.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you are knowledgeable about the ecological effects of transportation methods. You should evaluate the environmental models for accuracy in representing pollution levels and the impact of battery disposal. Pay attention to the long-term climate and health effects of electric vehicle adoption and ensure that the models consider these factors comprehensively." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the economic feasibility and practicality of widespread electric vehicle use, including government subsidies, market dynamics, and human factors.", + "details": "As an economist, you are skilled in analyzing economic models and understanding market trends. You should focus on evaluating the economic aspects of the models, such as cost-benefit analyses, the role of government subsidies, and the impact on global energy markets. Ensure that the models accurately reflect the economic implications of electric vehicle adoption and consider factors like convenience, recharge speed, and range limitations." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Fossil Fuel Savings", + "description": "Evaluate the extent to which electric vehicles save fossil fuels versus shifting fossil fuel use to electricity production. Identify conditions that maximize fossil fuel savings." + }, + { + "category": "Alternative Energy Growth", + "description": "Assess the necessary increase in wind and solar energy to support electric vehicles and evaluate the feasibility of this growth." + }, + { + "category": "Off-Peak Charging", + "description": "Analyze the benefits of off-peak charging for electric vehicles, including necessary charging speeds and their impact on environmental savings and practicality." + }, + { + "category": "Transportation Efficiency", + "description": "Identify the most efficient transportation methods for electric vehicles and evaluate if efficiency varies by region or nation." + }, + { + "category": "Pollution Concerns", + "description": "Examine hidden pollutants associated with electric vehicles and compare them to those from internal combustion engines, considering both short and long-term climate and health effects." + }, + { + "category": "Battery Disposal", + "description": "Investigate the environmental impact of disposing of large numbers of electric vehicle batteries compared to fossil fuel vehicles." + }, + { + "category": "Economic and Human Factors", + "description": "Evaluate the convenience of electric vehicles, including battery recharge/replacement speed, range limitations, and their role in short vs. long-range transportation. Discuss the impact of government subsidies on EV technology development." + }, + { + "category": "Modeling Environmental, Social, Economic, and Health Impacts", + "description": "Develop a model that assesses the environmental, social, economic, and health impacts of widespread electric vehicle use, identifying key factors for government and manufacturer support." + }, + { + "category": "Global Fossil Fuel Savings Estimation", + "description": "Estimate the global fossil fuel savings from widespread adoption of electric vehicles." + }, + { + "category": "Electricity Generation Modeling", + "description": "Model the necessary electricity generation to support recommended electric vehicle use, maximizing benefits to the environment, society, business, and individuals." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Write a detailed 20-page report that includes the model, analysis, and government roles in ensuring safe, efficient transportation, discussing the value of widespread electric vehicle use in addressing global energy needs amid dwindling fossil fuel supplies." + } + ] + } + }, + "2011_Repeater_Coordination": { + "year": "2011", + "title": "Repeater Coordination", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2011/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "The VHF radio spectrum involves line-of-sight transmission and reception. This limitation can be overcome by \"repeaters,\" which pick up weak signals, amplify them, and retransmit them on a different frequency. Thus, using a repeater, low-power users (such as mobile stations) can communicate with one another in situations where direct user-to-user contact would not be possible. However, repeaters can interfere with one another unless they are far enough apart or transmit on sufficiently separated frequencies. In addition to geographical separation, the \"continuous tone-coded squelch system\" (CTCSS), sometimes nicknamed \"private line\" (PL), technology can be used to mitigate interference problems. This system associates to each repeater a separate subaudible tone that is transmitted by all users who wish to communicate through that repeater. The repeater responds only to received signals with its specific PL tone. With this system, two nearby repeaters can share the same frequency pair (for receive and transmit); so more repeaters (and hence more users) can be accommodated in a particular area. For a circular flat area of radius 40 miles radius, determine the minimum number of repeaters necessary to accommodate 1,000 simultaneous users. Assume that the spectrum available is 145 to 148 MHz, the transmitter frequency in a repeater is either 600 kHz above or 600 kHz below the receiver frequency, and there are 54 different PL tones available. How does your solution change if there are 10,000 users? Discuss the case where there might be defects in line-of-sight propagation caused by mountainous areas.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objective of determining the minimum number of repeaters needed for 1,000 and 10,000 users in a circular area of 40 miles radius." + }, + { + "category": "Frequency Allocation", + "description": "Develop a strategy for allocating frequencies within the 145 to 148 MHz spectrum, considering the 600 kHz separation requirement between transmitter and receiver frequencies." + }, + { + "category": "PL Tone Utilization", + "description": "Effectively utilize the 54 different PL tones to maximize repeater sharing and minimize interference, ensuring that repeaters can share frequencies when using different PL tones." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Considerations", + "description": "Address the impact of geographical features, such as mountainous areas, on line-of-sight propagation and propose solutions to mitigate these effects." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how the solution scales from accommodating 1,000 users to 10,000 users, including any changes in repeater requirements or configurations." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Provide a detailed mathematical model that includes assumptions, calculations, and logical reasoning to support the proposed solution." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the modeling process, and discuss the limitations of the proposed solution." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex calculations related to geometry, frequency allocation, and optimization, which are core areas of expertise for a mathematician.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in geometric modeling and optimization. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical models used to determine the placement and frequency allocation of repeaters are sound and efficient. You should pay attention to the assumptions made in the model, the accuracy of the calculations, and the feasibility of the proposed solutions. Your expertise in mathematical principles and problem-solving will be crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to user distribution, frequency usage, and potential interference, which are tasks well-suited for a data scientist.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and statistical modeling. Your role is to review the data-driven aspects of the solution, such as user distribution patterns and frequency usage statistics. You should ensure that the data used in the model is accurate and that the statistical methods applied are appropriate. Your expertise in machine learning and data processing will help in evaluating the robustness of the solution against varying user demands and environmental conditions." + }, + { + "name": "Telecommunications Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem is deeply rooted in telecommunications, involving radio frequency management, repeater technology, and signal propagation, which are areas of expertise for a telecommunications engineer.", + "details": "You are a telecommunications engineer with expertise in radio frequency management and signal propagation. Your role is to evaluate the technical feasibility of the proposed solutions, focusing on the practical aspects of repeater placement, frequency allocation, and interference mitigation. You should pay attention to the technical specifications of the equipment, the impact of environmental factors on signal propagation, and the overall system design. Your knowledge of telecommunications systems will be essential in ensuring that the solution is technically sound and implementable." + }, + { + "name": "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Specialist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves geographic considerations, such as the placement of repeaters in a circular area and the impact of terrain on signal propagation, which are areas where a GIS specialist can provide valuable insights.", + "details": "You are a GIS specialist with expertise in spatial analysis and geographic modeling. Your role is to assess the geographic aspects of the solution, such as the optimal placement of repeaters and the impact of terrain features on line-of-sight propagation. You should ensure that the geographic data used in the model is accurate and that the spatial analysis methods are appropriate. Your expertise in GIS technology will help in visualizing the solution and identifying potential geographic challenges that could affect the system's performance." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objective of determining the minimum number of repeaters needed for 1,000 and 10,000 users in a circular area of 40 miles radius." + }, + { + "category": "Frequency Allocation", + "description": "Develop a strategy for allocating frequencies within the 145 to 148 MHz spectrum, considering the 600 kHz separation requirement between transmitter and receiver frequencies." + }, + { + "category": "PL Tone Utilization", + "description": "Effectively utilize the 54 different PL tones to maximize repeater sharing and minimize interference, ensuring that repeaters can share frequencies when using different PL tones." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Considerations", + "description": "Address the impact of geographical features, such as mountainous areas, on line-of-sight propagation and propose solutions to mitigate these effects." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how the solution scales from accommodating 1,000 users to 10,000 users, including any changes in repeater requirements or configurations." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Provide a detailed mathematical model that includes assumptions, calculations, and logical reasoning to support the proposed solution." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the modeling process, and discuss the limitations of the proposed solution." + } + ] + } + }, + "2011_Snowboard_Course": { + "year": "2011", + "title": "Snowboard Course", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2011/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Determine the shape of a snowboard course (currently known as a \"halfpipe\") to maximize the production of \"vertical air\" by a skilled snowboarder. \"Vertical air\" is the maximum vertical distance above the edge of the halfpipe. Tailor the shape to optimize other possible requirements, such as maximum twist in the air. What tradeoffs may be required to develop a \"practical\" course?", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Function", + "description": "Define and justify the objective function used to measure 'vertical air' and other performance metrics like twist." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model of the halfpipe shape, including equations and constraints that represent the physical characteristics of the course." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Techniques", + "description": "Apply appropriate optimization techniques to find the shape that maximizes vertical air and other desired metrics, explaining the choice of method." + }, + { + "category": "Tradeoff Analysis", + "description": "Identify and analyze tradeoffs between maximizing vertical air and other factors such as twist, safety, and practicality." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Clearly state and justify any assumptions made in the modeling process, such as snowboarder skill level or environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Validation", + "description": "Provide a method for validating the model and its predictions, possibly through simulation or comparison with real-world data." + }, + { + "category": "Practical Considerations", + "description": "Discuss practical considerations for implementing the optimized halfpipe design, including construction feasibility and cost." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a deep understanding of geometric modeling and calculus to determine the optimal shape of the halfpipe for maximizing vertical air.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in geometric modeling and calculus. You should focus on the mathematical formulation of the halfpipe's shape, ensuring that the equations accurately represent the physical constraints and desired outcomes. Pay attention to the derivation of the equations and the assumptions made in the model. Your skills in optimization and differential equations will be crucial in evaluating the solutions for maximizing vertical air." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to snowboarder performance and environmental conditions to inform the model's parameters and validate its predictions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. You should focus on the data-driven aspects of the model, such as the collection and analysis of performance data from snowboarders. Ensure that the data used is relevant and accurately reflects the conditions of the halfpipe. Your skills in statistical analysis and predictive modeling will be essential in evaluating the model's ability to predict vertical air and other performance metrics." + }, + { + "name": "Sports Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem requires an understanding of biomechanics and sports engineering to ensure the halfpipe design is practical and enhances snowboarder performance.", + "details": "You are a sports engineer with expertise in biomechanics and sports equipment design. You should focus on the practical aspects of the halfpipe design, ensuring that it is feasible and safe for snowboarders. Pay attention to the interaction between the snowboarder and the halfpipe, considering factors such as speed, angle, and material properties. Your skills in engineering design and human factors will be crucial in evaluating the tradeoffs between maximizing vertical air and ensuring safety and practicality." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires consideration of environmental factors that may affect the halfpipe's design and performance, such as weather conditions and sustainability.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in assessing environmental impacts and sustainability. You should focus on the environmental considerations of the halfpipe design, such as the impact of weather conditions on performance and the sustainability of materials used. Pay attention to how environmental factors may influence the model's predictions and the practicality of the design. Your skills in environmental assessment and sustainable design will be essential in evaluating the model's ability to balance performance with environmental responsibility." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Function", + "description": "Define and justify the objective function used to measure 'vertical air' and other performance metrics like twist." + }, + { + "category": "Mathematical Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model of the halfpipe shape, including equations and constraints that represent the physical characteristics of the course." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Techniques", + "description": "Apply appropriate optimization techniques to find the shape that maximizes vertical air and other desired metrics, explaining the choice of method." + }, + { + "category": "Tradeoff Analysis", + "description": "Identify and analyze tradeoffs between maximizing vertical air and other factors such as twist, safety, and practicality." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions", + "description": "Clearly state and justify any assumptions made in the modeling process, such as snowboarder skill level or environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Validation", + "description": "Provide a method for validating the model and its predictions, possibly through simulation or comparison with real-world data." + }, + { + "category": "Practical Considerations", + "description": "Discuss practical considerations for implementing the optimized halfpipe design, including construction feasibility and cost." + } + ] + } + }, + "2011_Space_Shuttle_Problem:": { + "year": "2011", + "title": "Space Shuttle Problem: No More Space Shuttles", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2011/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "On July 21, 2011, the 135th and final US Space Shuttle landed in Florida after its 13-day mission into orbit, complete with a docking at the International Space Station (ISS). NASA will now have to rely on other nations or commercial endeavors to travel into space until a replacement vehicle is developed and constructed. Develop a comprehensive ten-year plan complete with costs, payloads, and flight schedules to maintain the ISS.\n\nSome interesting facts possibly worthy of your consideration:\n\nThe ISS is at full capacity with 6 astronauts, but can surge during shuttle docks to as high as 13. The ISS is scheduled to remain in service until at least the year 2020. Historically, transport to the ISS using US Shuttles has cost between $5000-10,000 per pound. Shuttle missions have lasted approximately 10-14 days in orbit. Missions on board the ISS typically last around six months. Recently, progress has been made within private industry to launch unmanned rockets into space. Russia is willing to launch US astronauts into space at a cost of about $60 million each.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Feasibility and comprehensiveness", + "description": "Evaluate the overall feasibility of the proposed plan, including its ability to maintain the ISS with the given constraints and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "Cost analysis", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and thoroughness of the cost estimation for transportation, including comparisons between different options (e.g., Russian launches, private industry solutions)." + }, + { + "category": "Payload management", + "description": "Examine the plan's approach to managing payloads, ensuring that the necessary supplies and equipment are delivered to the ISS efficiently and within budget." + }, + { + "category": "Flight scheduling", + "description": "Analyze the proposed flight schedules for their ability to maintain the ISS's operational capacity, considering the duration of missions and the number of astronauts." + }, + { + "category": "Use of private industry", + "description": "Evaluate the incorporation of private industry solutions in the plan, including the potential benefits and risks associated with these options." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and constraints", + "description": "Identify and assess the assumptions made in the plan, such as the continued operation of the ISS until 2020 and the costs associated with different transportation methods." + }, + { + "category": "Risk management", + "description": "Consider the plan's approach to managing risks, including contingencies for potential delays or failures in transportation and supply delivery." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to optimize flight schedules, payload capacities, and cost estimations over a ten-year period.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving complex equations related to space missions. You should focus on optimizing the mathematical models that predict costs, payload capacities, and flight schedules. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are realistic and based on historical data. Your skills in calculus, linear algebra, and optimization techniques will be crucial in evaluating the solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing historical data and trends to inform the development of a ten-year plan for maintaining the ISS.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and statistical modeling. Your role is to review the data-driven aspects of the modeling solutions, ensuring that the data used is accurate and relevant. You should evaluate the statistical methods used to forecast costs and payload requirements, and assess the reliability of the data sources. Your skills in machine learning and data visualization will help in interpreting complex datasets and providing insights into future trends." + }, + { + "name": "Aerospace Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem requires technical expertise in spacecraft design, payload management, and flight operations to develop a feasible plan for ISS maintenance.", + "details": "You are an aerospace engineer with expertise in spacecraft systems and operations. Your role is to review the technical feasibility of the proposed solutions, focusing on the design and capabilities of replacement vehicles and payload management strategies. You should assess the engineering aspects of flight schedules and ensure that they align with the operational requirements of the ISS. Your knowledge of propulsion systems, structural analysis, and mission planning will be essential in evaluating the practicality of the solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves significant financial planning and cost analysis to ensure the sustainability of the ISS over the next decade.", + "details": "You are an economist with expertise in cost analysis and financial modeling. Your role is to review the economic aspects of the proposed solutions, focusing on cost estimations and budget allocations. You should evaluate the financial models used to predict expenses and revenues, ensuring they are based on sound economic principles. Your skills in market analysis and economic forecasting will be crucial in assessing the viability of commercial endeavors and international collaborations for space travel." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Feasibility and comprehensiveness", + "description": "Evaluate the overall feasibility of the proposed plan, including its ability to maintain the ISS with the given constraints and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "Cost analysis", + "description": "Assess the accuracy and thoroughness of the cost estimation for transportation, including comparisons between different options (e.g., Russian launches, private industry solutions)." + }, + { + "category": "Payload management", + "description": "Examine the plan's approach to managing payloads, ensuring that the necessary supplies and equipment are delivered to the ISS efficiently and within budget." + }, + { + "category": "Flight scheduling", + "description": "Analyze the proposed flight schedules for their ability to maintain the ISS's operational capacity, considering the duration of missions and the number of astronauts." + }, + { + "category": "Use of private industry", + "description": "Evaluate the incorporation of private industry solutions in the plan, including the potential benefits and risks associated with these options." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and constraints", + "description": "Identify and assess the assumptions made in the plan, such as the continued operation of the ISS until 2020 and the costs associated with different transportation methods." + }, + { + "category": "Risk management", + "description": "Consider the plan's approach to managing risks, including contingencies for potential delays or failures in transportation and supply delivery." + } + ] + } + }, + "2012_Camping_along_the": { + "year": "2012", + "title": "Camping along the Big Long River", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2012/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "Visitors to the Big Long River (225 miles) can enjoy scenic views and exciting white water rapids. The river is inaccessible to hikers, so the only way to enjoy it is to take a river trip that requires several days of camping. River trips all start at First Launch and exit the river at Final Exit, 225 miles downstream. Passengers take either oar-powered rubber rafts, which travel on average 4 mph, or motorized boats, which travel on average 8 mph. The trips range from 6 to 18 nights of camping on the river, start to finish. The government agency responsible for managing this river wants every trip to enjoy a wilderness experience, with minimal contact with other groups of boats on the river. Currently, X trips travel down the Big Long River each year during a six-month period (the rest of the year it is too cold for river trips). There are Y campsites on the Big Long River, distributed fairly uniformly throughout the river corridor. Given the rise in popularity of river rafting, the park managers have been asked to allow more trips to travel down the river. They want to determine how they might schedule an optimal mix of trips, of varying duration (measured in nights on the river) and propulsion (motor or oar) that will utilize the campsites in the best way possible. In other words, how many more boat trips could be added to the Big Long River\u2019s rafting season? The river managers have hired you to advise them on ways in which to develop the best schedule and on ways in which to determine the carrying capacity of the river, remembering that no two sets of campers can occupy the same site at the same time. In addition to your one-page summary sheet, prepare a one-page memo to the managers of the river describing your key findings.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objectives of the problem, including maximizing the number of trips and ensuring minimal contact between groups." + }, + { + "category": "Trip Scheduling Model", + "description": "Develop a model to schedule trips of varying durations and propulsion types, ensuring efficient use of campsites and adherence to wilderness experience requirements." + }, + { + "category": "Campsite Utilization", + "description": "Analyze and model the distribution and utilization of campsites along the river to prevent overlap and ensure no two groups occupy the same site simultaneously." + }, + { + "category": "Carrying Capacity Determination", + "description": "Determine the carrying capacity of the river, considering factors such as campsite availability, trip duration, and propulsion type." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as uniform distribution of campsites and average travel speeds of boats." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Techniques", + "description": "Apply appropriate optimization techniques to find the best mix of trips that maximizes the number of trips while meeting all constraints." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in parameters (e.g., number of campsites, trip duration) affect the optimal schedule and carrying capacity." + }, + { + "category": "Deliverable Requirements", + "description": "Prepare a one-page memo summarizing key findings and recommendations for river managers, ensuring clarity and conciseness." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves complex mathematical modeling to optimize the scheduling of river trips and determine the carrying capacity of the river. This requires formulating equations and constraints that account for the various factors such as trip duration, propulsion type, and campsite availability.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in optimization and mathematical modeling. Your role is to ensure that the mathematical formulations accurately represent the problem constraints and objectives. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify that the equations are correctly derived and solvable. Your skills in linear programming, combinatorial optimization, and constraint satisfaction will be crucial in evaluating the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to trip durations, campsite usage, and river traffic to inform the model. A data-driven approach will help in understanding patterns and making predictions about the impact of increasing the number of trips.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and statistical modeling. Your role is to review the data inputs used in the model, ensuring they are accurate and representative of real-world conditions. Focus on the data collection methods, data quality, and the statistical techniques used to analyze the data. Your knowledge of machine learning and predictive analytics will be valuable in assessing the model's ability to forecast the effects of different scheduling scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves ensuring that the increased number of trips does not negatively impact the river's ecosystem. An environmental scientist can provide insights into the ecological carrying capacity and the potential environmental impacts of increased river traffic.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in ecosystem management and environmental impact assessment. Your role is to evaluate the model's consideration of environmental factors, such as the impact of increased human activity on wildlife and natural resources. Pay attention to how the model incorporates ecological constraints and sustainability principles. Your understanding of environmental regulations and conservation practices will be essential in ensuring that the proposed solutions align with environmental protection goals." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem requires optimizing the scheduling and logistics of river trips, which is a classic operations research problem. An operations research analyst can provide expertise in developing efficient algorithms and decision-making processes.", + "details": "You are an operations research analyst with expertise in optimization and logistics. Your role is to assess the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed scheduling solutions. Focus on the algorithms used for trip scheduling and resource allocation, ensuring they are both effective and computationally efficient. Your skills in simulation, queuing theory, and decision analysis will be crucial in evaluating the model's ability to handle various scenarios and constraints." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Objective Identification", + "description": "Clearly identify the main objectives of the problem, including maximizing the number of trips and ensuring minimal contact between groups." + }, + { + "category": "Trip Scheduling Model", + "description": "Develop a model to schedule trips of varying durations and propulsion types, ensuring efficient use of campsites and adherence to wilderness experience requirements." + }, + { + "category": "Campsite Utilization", + "description": "Analyze and model the distribution and utilization of campsites along the river to prevent overlap and ensure no two groups occupy the same site simultaneously." + }, + { + "category": "Carrying Capacity Determination", + "description": "Determine the carrying capacity of the river, considering factors such as campsite availability, trip duration, and propulsion type." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as uniform distribution of campsites and average travel speeds of boats." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization Techniques", + "description": "Apply appropriate optimization techniques to find the best mix of trips that maximizes the number of trips while meeting all constraints." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in parameters (e.g., number of campsites, trip duration) affect the optimal schedule and carrying capacity." + }, + { + "category": "Deliverable Requirements", + "description": "Prepare a one-page memo summarizing key findings and recommendations for river managers, ensuring clarity and conciseness." + } + ] + } + }, + "2013_Bank_Service_Problem": { + "year": "2013", + "title": "Bank Service Problem", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2013/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "The bank manager is trying to improve customer satisfaction by offering better service. Management wants the average customer to wait less than 2 minutes for service and the average length of the queue (length of the waiting line) to be 2 persons or fewer. The bank estimates it serves about 150 customers per day. The existing arrival and service times are given in the tables below.\n\nTime between arrival (min.) Probability \n0 0.10 \n1 0.15 \n2 0.10 \n3 0.35 \n4 0.25 \n5 0.05 \n\nTable 1: Arrival times\n\nService Time (min.) Probability \n1 0.25 \n2 0.20 \n3 0.40 \n4 0.15 \n\nTable 2: Service times\n\n(1) Build a mathematical model of the system.\n\n(2) Determine if the current customer service is satisfactory according to the manager guidelines. If not, determine, through modeling, the minimal changes for servers required to accomplish the manager's goal.\n\n(3) In addition to the contest's format, prepare a short 1-2 page non-technical letter to the bank's management with your final recommendations.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Construction", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model built to represent the bank's customer service system, including the use of arrival and service time distributions." + }, + { + "category": "Analysis of Current System", + "description": "Assess the analysis of the current system's performance against the manager's guidelines, specifically the average wait time and queue length." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Proposal", + "description": "Examine the proposed changes to the server system to meet the manager's goals, ensuring minimal changes are suggested and justified through modeling." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Check for any implicit assumptions made in the model and their justifications, such as customer arrival patterns and service time distributions." + }, + { + "category": "Non-Technical Communication", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the non-technical letter to management, ensuring it accurately conveys the recommendations and their rationale." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires constructing a mathematical model to analyze the queuing system and determine the service efficiency. A mathematician is essential for formulating the equations that describe the arrival and service processes, and for applying queuing theory to assess the system's performance.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in queuing theory and mathematical modeling. Your role involves reviewing the mathematical formulation of the problem, ensuring that the model accurately represents the arrival and service processes. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify the calculations that predict waiting times and queue lengths. Your expertise will help ensure that the model is robust and provides reliable insights into the bank's service efficiency." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing probabilistic data related to customer arrivals and service times. A data scientist is crucial for processing this data, performing simulations, and using statistical methods to validate the model's predictions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and statistical modeling. Your role is to review the data handling and simulation aspects of the solution. Ensure that the probabilistic data is correctly interpreted and that simulations are conducted to predict system performance under various scenarios. Your expertise in statistical methods will be vital in assessing the accuracy of the model's predictions and in recommending data-driven improvements to the service process." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem is centered around optimizing the bank's service operations to meet customer satisfaction goals. An operations research analyst is essential for applying optimization techniques to improve service efficiency and for recommending operational changes.", + "details": "You are an operations research analyst with expertise in optimization and efficiency improvement. Your role involves reviewing the solution for operational feasibility and effectiveness. Focus on the optimization techniques used to minimize waiting times and queue lengths, and evaluate the practicality of the proposed changes to the service process. Your insights will be crucial in ensuring that the recommendations are implementable and aligned with the bank's operational capabilities." + }, + { + "name": "Customer Experience Specialist", + "thoughts": "The ultimate goal of the problem is to enhance customer satisfaction. A customer experience specialist is vital for ensuring that the proposed solutions align with customer expectations and improve their overall experience.", + "details": "You are a customer experience specialist with expertise in understanding customer needs and satisfaction metrics. Your role is to review the solution from the perspective of customer impact. Evaluate whether the proposed changes will genuinely enhance the customer experience and meet the satisfaction goals set by the bank manager. Your feedback will be important in ensuring that the recommendations are not only operationally sound but also customer-centric, leading to improved satisfaction and loyalty." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Construction", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model built to represent the bank's customer service system, including the use of arrival and service time distributions." + }, + { + "category": "Analysis of Current System", + "description": "Assess the analysis of the current system's performance against the manager's guidelines, specifically the average wait time and queue length." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Proposal", + "description": "Examine the proposed changes to the server system to meet the manager's goals, ensuring minimal changes are suggested and justified through modeling." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Check for any implicit assumptions made in the model and their justifications, such as customer arrival patterns and service time distributions." + }, + { + "category": "Non-Technical Communication", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the non-technical letter to management, ensuring it accurately conveys the recommendations and their rationale." + } + ] + } + }, + "2013_The_Ultimate_Brownie": { + "year": "2013", + "title": "The Ultimate Brownie Pan", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2013/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "When baking in a rectangular pan, heat is concentrated in the 4 corners, and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan, the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge, and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape, using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven. Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.\n\nAssume 1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven, which is rectangular in shape. 2. Each pan must have an area of A. 3. Initially, two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.\n\nDevelop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions: 1. Maximize the number of pans that can fit in the oven (N) 2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan 3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1-p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different values of W/L and p.\n\nIn addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two-page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Heat Distribution Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the heat distribution across the outer edge of pans of different shapes, including rectangular, circular, and intermediate shapes." + }, + { + "category": "Pan Shape Optimization", + "description": "Create a model to determine the optimal pan shape that maximizes the number of pans fitting in the oven while ensuring even heat distribution." + }, + { + "category": "Parameter Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how the results vary with different values of the width to length ratio (W/L) of the oven and the weight parameter (p) for optimizing pan selection." + }, + { + "category": "Combination Optimization", + "description": "Develop a model that optimizes a combination of maximizing the number of pans (N) and maximizing even heat distribution (H), using weights p and (1-p)." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Clearly state and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as the fixed area of each pan and the initial setup of two racks in the oven." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Validation", + "description": "Validate the model by comparing the theoretical results with expected real-world outcomes, ensuring the model's reliability and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Advertising Sheet", + "description": "Prepare a concise and engaging one to two-page advertising sheet for the Brownie Gourmet Magazine that highlights the design and results of the model." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the heat distribution across different pan shapes and optimize the space utilization in a rectangular oven.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in geometric modeling and optimization. Your role involves formulating equations that describe heat distribution patterns and solving these equations to find optimal pan shapes. Pay attention to the mathematical principles underlying heat transfer and spatial geometry. Ensure that the model accurately represents the physical constraints and objectives, such as maximizing pan count and even heat distribution." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to heat distribution and pan placement, requiring statistical methods to interpret results and optimize conditions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to process and analyze data from simulations or experiments on heat distribution across different pan shapes. Focus on identifying patterns and correlations in the data that can inform the model's parameters. Use statistical tools to validate the model's predictions and ensure that the optimization criteria are met effectively." + }, + { + "name": "Thermal Engineer", + "thoughts": "Understanding the principles of heat transfer and thermal dynamics is crucial to accurately model the heat distribution in different pan shapes.", + "details": "You are a thermal engineer with expertise in heat transfer and thermal dynamics. Your role is to provide insights into how heat interacts with different materials and shapes, ensuring the model reflects realistic thermal behavior. Pay attention to the material properties of the pans and the oven's heat source characteristics. Evaluate the model's assumptions about heat distribution and suggest improvements based on empirical thermal data." + }, + { + "name": "Culinary Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves practical considerations of baking, requiring knowledge of how different pan shapes affect cooking outcomes.", + "details": "You are a culinary scientist with expertise in food science and cooking techniques. Your role is to assess how the model's predictions align with real-world baking results. Consider the impact of pan shape on cooking quality, such as texture and doneness. Provide feedback on the model's applicability to actual baking scenarios and suggest adjustments to improve its relevance to culinary practices." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Heat Distribution Modeling", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model that accurately represents the heat distribution across the outer edge of pans of different shapes, including rectangular, circular, and intermediate shapes." + }, + { + "category": "Pan Shape Optimization", + "description": "Create a model to determine the optimal pan shape that maximizes the number of pans fitting in the oven while ensuring even heat distribution." + }, + { + "category": "Parameter Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how the results vary with different values of the width to length ratio (W/L) of the oven and the weight parameter (p) for optimizing pan selection." + }, + { + "category": "Combination Optimization", + "description": "Develop a model that optimizes a combination of maximizing the number of pans (N) and maximizing even heat distribution (H), using weights p and (1-p)." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Constraints", + "description": "Clearly state and justify any assumptions made in the model, such as the fixed area of each pan and the initial setup of two racks in the oven." + }, + { + "category": "Solution Validation", + "description": "Validate the model by comparing the theoretical results with expected real-world outcomes, ensuring the model's reliability and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Advertising Sheet", + "description": "Prepare a concise and engaging one to two-page advertising sheet for the Brownie Gourmet Magazine that highlights the design and results of the model." + } + ] + } + }, + "2014_The_Next_Plague?": { + "year": "2014", + "title": "The Next Plague?", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2014/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "In 2014, the world saw the infectious Ebola virus spreading in western Africa. Throughout human history, epidemics have come and gone with some infecting and/or killing thousands and lasting for years and others taking less of a human toll. Some believe these events are just nature\u2019s way of controlling the growth of a species while others think they could be a conspiracy or deliberate act to cause harm. This problem will most likely come down to how to expend (or not expend) scarce resources (doctors, containment facilities, money, research, serums, etc...) to deal with a crisis.\n\nSituation: A routine humanitarian mission on an island in Indonesia reported a small village where almost half of its 300 inhabitants are showing similar symptoms. In the past week, 15 of the \"infected\" have died. This village is known to trade with nearby villages and other islands. Your modeling team works for a major center of disease control in the capital of your country (or if you prefer, for the International World Health Organization).\n\nRequirement 1: Develop a mathematical model(s) that performs the following functions as well as how/when to best allocate these scarce resources and... Determines and classifies the type and severity of the spread of the disease Determines if an epidemic is contained or not Triggers appropriate measures (when to treat, when to transport victims, when to restrict movement, when to let a disease run its course, etc...) to contain a disease Note: While you may want to start with the well-known \"SIR\" family of models for parts of this problem, consider others, modifications to the SIR, multiple models, or creating your own.\n\nRequirement 2: Based on the information given, your model, and the assumptions your team has made, what initial recommendations does your team have for your country\u2019s center for disease control? (Give 3-5 recommendations with justifications) Additional Situational Information: A multi-national research team just returned to your country\u2019s capital after spending 7 days gathering information in the infected village. Requirement 3: You can ask them up to 3 questions to improve your model. What would you ask and why? Additional Situational Information: The multi-national research team concluded that the disease: Appears to spread through contact with bodily fluids of an infected person The elderly and children are more likely to die if infected A nearby island is starting to show similar signs of infection One of the researchers that returned to your capital appears infected Requirement 4: How does the additional information above change/modify your model? Requirement 5: Write a one-page synopsis of your findings for your local non-technical news outlet.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to classify the type and severity of the disease spread, including the use of SIR models or other innovative approaches." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Allocation", + "description": "Assess how the model determines the optimal allocation of scarce resources such as medical personnel, facilities, and funding to manage the outbreak." + }, + { + "category": "Containment Strategy", + "description": "Grade the model's effectiveness in triggering appropriate measures for disease containment, including treatment, transportation, movement restrictions, and natural progression." + }, + { + "category": "Initial Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity, feasibility, and justification of the initial recommendations provided to the country's center for disease control based on the model and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "Question Formulation", + "description": "Assess the relevance and strategic importance of the three questions posed to the research team to improve the model." + }, + { + "category": "Model Adaptation", + "description": "Evaluate how the model is modified or adapted in response to additional information about the disease's transmission, vulnerable populations, and new infection sites." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Grade the effectiveness of the one-page synopsis in communicating findings to a non-technical audience, ensuring clarity and accessibility." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of mathematical models to understand the spread and control of the disease, which is a fundamental task for a mathematician. They can apply their expertise in differential equations and modeling techniques to create and refine models like the SIR model or develop new ones tailored to the specific characteristics of the Ebola virus.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in epidemiological modeling. Your role is crucial in formulating mathematical models that can predict the spread of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of different intervention strategies. You should focus on the accuracy of the model assumptions, the robustness of the equations used, and the applicability of the model to real-world scenarios. Your evaluation should ensure that the models are mathematically sound and capable of providing reliable predictions for resource allocation and containment measures." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing complex datasets related to the spread of the disease, patient demographics, and resource allocation. A data scientist can leverage statistical methods and machine learning techniques to extract insights from the data, which are essential for informing the mathematical models and making evidence-based recommendations.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to process and analyze the data collected from the infected village and other sources to identify patterns and trends in the disease spread. You should pay attention to data quality, missing values, and potential biases in the data. Your evaluation should focus on the integration of data-driven insights into the mathematical models and the validation of model predictions against real-world data. You should also consider how data can inform the allocation of scarce resources effectively." + }, + { + "name": "Epidemiologist", + "thoughts": "An epidemiologist is essential for understanding the biological and social factors influencing the spread of the disease. They can provide insights into transmission dynamics, risk factors, and the effectiveness of public health interventions, which are critical for developing accurate models and recommendations.", + "details": "You are an epidemiologist with expertise in infectious disease dynamics. Your role is to interpret the biological and social aspects of the disease spread, including transmission routes, population susceptibility, and intervention strategies. You should focus on the epidemiological validity of the model assumptions and the practical implications of the model outcomes. Your evaluation should ensure that the models consider the latest epidemiological research and are aligned with public health goals. You should also assess the feasibility and impact of the recommended interventions based on epidemiological evidence." + }, + { + "name": "Public Health Expert", + "thoughts": "A public health expert is crucial for evaluating the practical implementation of the model recommendations and ensuring that they align with public health policies and resource constraints. They can provide insights into the logistics of resource allocation and the socio-economic impact of interventions.", + "details": "You are a public health expert with experience in managing health crises and resource allocation. Your role is to assess the practicality and effectiveness of the model recommendations in the context of public health policies and resource limitations. You should focus on the logistical aspects of implementing the interventions, including the availability of medical personnel, facilities, and funding. Your evaluation should ensure that the recommendations are feasible, cost-effective, and socially acceptable. You should also consider the broader socio-economic implications of the interventions and how they can be communicated effectively to the public." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to classify the type and severity of the disease spread, including the use of SIR models or other innovative approaches." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Allocation", + "description": "Assess how the model determines the optimal allocation of scarce resources such as medical personnel, facilities, and funding to manage the outbreak." + }, + { + "category": "Containment Strategy", + "description": "Grade the model's effectiveness in triggering appropriate measures for disease containment, including treatment, transportation, movement restrictions, and natural progression." + }, + { + "category": "Initial Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity, feasibility, and justification of the initial recommendations provided to the country's center for disease control based on the model and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "Question Formulation", + "description": "Assess the relevance and strategic importance of the three questions posed to the research team to improve the model." + }, + { + "category": "Model Adaptation", + "description": "Evaluate how the model is modified or adapted in response to additional information about the disease's transmission, vulnerable populations, and new infection sites." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Grade the effectiveness of the one-page synopsis in communicating findings to a non-technical audience, ensuring clarity and accessibility." + } + ] + } + }, + "2015_Is_it_sustainable?": { + "year": "2015", + "title": "Is it sustainable?", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2015/ICM-D/index.html", + "question": "2015_ICM_Problem_D.pdf 2015_ICM_Problem_D.pdf Is it sustainable?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2015_ICM_Problem_D.pdf\n\n**2015 ICM Problem D: Is it Sustainable?**\n\n**Background:**\nThe challenge is to manage increasing population and consumption with finite resources while increasing equity and eradicating poverty. Sustainable development, defined by the 1987 Brundtland Report, aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations. The UN predicts a population of 9 billion by 2050, increasing strain on resources. Sustainable development focuses on reducing poverty, promoting sustainable consumption, and protecting natural resources.\n\n**Problem Statement:**\nThe International Conglomerate of Money (ICM) seeks to use its resources to create a sustainable world, focusing on developing countries.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Develop a Sustainability Model:**\n - Create a model to measure and distinguish sustainable countries and policies.\n - Factors may include human health, food security, clean water access, environmental quality, energy access, livelihoods, community vulnerability, and equitable development.\n - Define criteria for sustainability.\n\n2. **Select a Country:**\n - Choose a country from the UN's list of 48 Least Developed Countries (LDCs).\n - Develop a 20-year sustainable development plan for the selected country, considering demographic, natural resources, economic, social, and political conditions.\n\n3. **Evaluate the Plan:**\n - Assess the impact of the 20-year plan on the country's sustainability measure.\n - Predict changes over 20 years, considering factors like climate change, development aid, foreign investment, natural disasters, and government instability.\n - Identify the most effective strategies for sustainability.\n\n4. **Write a Report:**\n - Prepare a report detailing the model, sustainability measure, development plan, and its effects.\n - Discuss the model's strengths and weaknesses.\n - The report will guide ICM's investment in sustainability strategies for LDCs.\n\n**Resources:**\n- UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform\n- Ecological Footprint Network\n- World Bank Data\n- International Institute for Sustainable Development\n\n**References:**\n- WCED, \"Our Common Future,\" 1987.\n- UN, \"The Future We Want,\" 2012.\n- Bell & Morse, \"Sustainability Indicators,\" 2008.\n- Daly, \"Operational Principles of Sustainable Development,\" 1990.\n- Kates et al., \"What is Sustainable Development,\" 2005.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and robustness of the sustainability model, including the selection and justification of factors such as human health, food security, and environmental quality." + }, + { + "category": "Criteria Definition", + "description": "Assess the clarity and appropriateness of the criteria defined for measuring sustainability, ensuring they are specific, measurable, and relevant to the problem statement." + }, + { + "category": "Country Selection", + "description": "Examine the rationale behind the choice of the country from the UN's list of Least Developed Countries, considering demographic, natural resources, economic, social, and political conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Development Plan", + "description": "Grade the feasibility and comprehensiveness of the 20-year sustainable development plan, including strategies for addressing demographic, economic, social, and political challenges." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and depth of the assessment of the plan's impact on the country's sustainability measure, including predictions of changes over 20 years." + }, + { + "category": "Strategy Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of the most effective strategies for achieving sustainability in the selected country." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Grade the clarity, organization, and thoroughness of the report detailing the model, sustainability measure, development plan, and its effects, including discussion of strengths and weaknesses." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of a sustainability model, which involves formulating and solving complex mathematical equations to measure and distinguish sustainable countries and policies.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. Your role is crucial in developing the sustainability model by applying mathematical principles to define criteria for sustainability. You should focus on ensuring the model is robust, accurate, and capable of handling various factors such as human health, food security, and environmental quality. Pay attention to the assumptions and limitations of the model, and ensure that it can be adapted to different countries and scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to sustainability factors, such as demographic, economic, and environmental data, to inform the model and evaluate the development plan.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning. Your expertise is essential in processing and analyzing data from sources like the UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform and the World Bank. You should focus on extracting meaningful insights from the data to inform the sustainability model and development plan. Ensure that the data is clean, reliable, and relevant, and use advanced techniques to predict changes over 20 years, considering factors like climate change and government instability." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing environmental factors such as clean water access, environmental quality, and natural resource management, which are critical for sustainable development.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in ecology, environmental policy, and resource management. Your role is to provide insights into the environmental aspects of the sustainability model and development plan. You should evaluate the impact of proposed strategies on natural resources and environmental quality, ensuring that they promote sustainable consumption and protect ecosystems. Pay attention to the potential effects of climate change and natural disasters, and recommend strategies to mitigate these risks." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires understanding economic factors such as livelihoods, equitable development, and foreign investment, which are vital for creating a sustainable development plan.", + "details": "You are an economist with expertise in development economics and policy analysis. Your role is to assess the economic viability of the sustainability model and development plan. You should analyze the economic conditions of the selected country, considering factors like poverty reduction, economic growth, and investment opportunities. Focus on identifying strategies that promote equitable development and improve livelihoods while ensuring long-term economic sustainability. Evaluate the potential impact of development aid and foreign investment on the country's economy." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and robustness of the sustainability model, including the selection and justification of factors such as human health, food security, and environmental quality." + }, + { + "category": "Criteria Definition", + "description": "Assess the clarity and appropriateness of the criteria defined for measuring sustainability, ensuring they are specific, measurable, and relevant to the problem statement." + }, + { + "category": "Country Selection", + "description": "Examine the rationale behind the choice of the country from the UN's list of Least Developed Countries, considering demographic, natural resources, economic, social, and political conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Development Plan", + "description": "Grade the feasibility and comprehensiveness of the 20-year sustainable development plan, including strategies for addressing demographic, economic, social, and political challenges." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and depth of the assessment of the plan's impact on the country's sustainability measure, including predictions of changes over 20 years." + }, + { + "category": "Strategy Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of the most effective strategies for achieving sustainability in the selected country." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Grade the clarity, organization, and thoroughness of the report detailing the model, sustainability measure, development plan, and its effects, including discussion of strengths and weaknesses." + } + ] + } + }, + "2016_Are_we_heading": { + "year": "2016", + "title": "Are we heading towards a thirsty planet?", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2016/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2016_ICM_Problem_E.pdf 2016_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Are we heading towards a thirsty planet?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2016_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**2016 ICM Problem E: Are we heading towards a thirsty planet?**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe United Nations reports that 1.6 billion people face water scarcity, with water use growing at twice the rate of population increase. Water scarcity arises from physical scarcity (inadequate water supply) and economic scarcity (poor management and infrastructure). Climate change and population growth may worsen this issue. The challenge is to determine if increasing personal or industrial consumption, or pollution, is contributing to scarcity.\n\n**Key Questions:**\n- Can clean water be provided to all?\n- How do environmental and social factors affect water availability?\n- What historical actions have impacted water scarcity?\n- What are the geological and ecological reasons for scarcity?\n- What potential exists for new water sources?\n- What demographic and health issues are linked to water scarcity?\n\n**Problem Statement:**\nThe International Clean Water Movement (ICM) seeks solutions to global water problems. Your task is to improve access to clean, fresh water.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Model Development:**\n - Create a model to measure a region's ability to provide clean water, considering dynamic supply and demand factors.\n\n2. **Region Analysis:**\n - Select a country or region from the UN water scarcity map where water is heavily or moderately overloaded.\n - Explain the causes of water scarcity, addressing both social and environmental factors.\n\n3. **Future Projection:**\n - Use your model to predict the water situation in the chosen region in 15 years.\n - Assess the impact on citizens' lives, incorporating environmental drivers.\n\n4. **Intervention Plan:**\n - Design a plan addressing all drivers of water scarcity.\n - Discuss the plan's impact on the region and surrounding areas, highlighting strengths and weaknesses.\n\n5. **Future Water Availability:**\n - Project future water availability using your intervention plan and model.\n - Determine if the region can become less susceptible to scarcity and predict when scarcity might become critical.\n\n6. **Report Writing:**\n - Write a 20-page report detailing your model, the region's water scarcity without intervention, your intervention plan, and its effects.\n - Include strengths and weaknesses of your model.\n\n**Resources:**\n- An Overview of the State of the World\u2019s Fresh and Marine Waters (2008)\n- The World\u2019s Water: Information on the World\u2019s Freshwater Resources\n- AQUASTAT by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\n- The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for food and agriculture (2011)\n- GrowingBlue: Water. Economics. Life.\n- World Resources Institute", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the model in measuring a region's ability to provide clean water, considering dynamic supply and demand factors." + }, + { + "category": "Region Analysis", + "description": "Assess the selection of the region and the depth of analysis regarding the causes of water scarcity, including social and environmental factors." + }, + { + "category": "Future Projection", + "description": "Grade the model's ability to predict the water situation in the chosen region in 15 years, including the impact on citizens' lives and environmental drivers." + }, + { + "category": "Intervention Plan", + "description": "Evaluate the design and feasibility of the intervention plan addressing all drivers of water scarcity, and its potential impact on the region and surrounding areas." + }, + { + "category": "Future Water Availability", + "description": "Assess the projection of future water availability using the intervention plan and model, including the region's susceptibility to scarcity and critical timelines." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity, organization, and thoroughness of the 20-page report detailing the model, region analysis, intervention plan, and its effects, including strengths and weaknesses." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to quantify water scarcity, predict future scenarios, and evaluate intervention plans. Mathematical expertise is crucial for developing robust models that can handle dynamic supply and demand factors.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models related to water scarcity. You should focus on ensuring the model accurately represents the complex interactions between environmental, social, and economic factors. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and their implications on the predictions. Your skills in differential equations, optimization, and statistical analysis will be vital in evaluating the model's effectiveness and reliability." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling large datasets related to water usage, population growth, climate change, and other factors. Data scientists are essential for processing, analyzing, and extracting meaningful insights from these datasets to inform the model.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to ensure that the data used in the model is accurate, relevant, and comprehensive. You should focus on data preprocessing, feature selection, and model validation. Your skills in statistical analysis, data visualization, and predictive modeling will be crucial in assessing the model's performance and making data-driven recommendations for intervention plans." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "Environmental scientists are crucial for understanding the ecological and geological factors contributing to water scarcity. Their expertise is needed to assess the environmental impact of water scarcity and the effectiveness of proposed interventions.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in ecological and geological factors affecting water availability. You should evaluate how environmental changes, such as climate change and land use, impact water resources. Your knowledge of hydrology, ecosystem dynamics, and environmental policy will be essential in reviewing the model's assumptions and predictions. Pay attention to the environmental sustainability of the intervention plans and their potential long-term effects on the region." + }, + { + "name": "Public Policy Expert", + "thoughts": "Public policy experts are vital for addressing the social and economic factors of water scarcity. Their expertise is needed to design and evaluate intervention plans that consider governance, infrastructure, and community engagement.", + "details": "You are a public policy expert with expertise in governance and infrastructure related to water management. Your role is to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of intervention plans from a policy perspective. Focus on the social and economic drivers of water scarcity, such as governance structures, resource allocation, and community involvement. Your skills in policy analysis, stakeholder engagement, and strategic planning will be crucial in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed solutions and their potential impact on the region and surrounding areas." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the model in measuring a region's ability to provide clean water, considering dynamic supply and demand factors." + }, + { + "category": "Region Analysis", + "description": "Assess the selection of the region and the depth of analysis regarding the causes of water scarcity, including social and environmental factors." + }, + { + "category": "Future Projection", + "description": "Grade the model's ability to predict the water situation in the chosen region in 15 years, including the impact on citizens' lives and environmental drivers." + }, + { + "category": "Intervention Plan", + "description": "Evaluate the design and feasibility of the intervention plan addressing all drivers of water scarcity, and its potential impact on the region and surrounding areas." + }, + { + "category": "Future Water Availability", + "description": "Assess the projection of future water availability using the intervention plan and model, including the region's susceptibility to scarcity and critical timelines." + }, + { + "category": "Report Writing", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity, organization, and thoroughness of the 20-page report detailing the model, region analysis, intervention plan, and its effects, including strengths and weaknesses." + } + ] + } + }, + "2016_Measuring_the_Evolution": { + "year": "2016", + "title": "Measuring the Evolution and Influence in Society's Information Networks", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2016/ICM-D/index.html", + "question": "2016_ICM_Problem_D.pdf 2016_ICM_Problem_D.pdf Measuring the Evolution and Influence in Society's Information Networks\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2016_ICM_Problem_D.pdf\n\n**2016 ICM Problem D: Measuring the Evolution and Influence in Society\u2019s Information Networks**\n\n**Objective:** \nAnalyze the relationship between the speed/flow of information and its inherent value across different historical periods to understand the evolution of society's information networks.\n\n**Historical Periods for Analysis:** \n1. **1870s:** Newspapers delivered by trains, stories passed by telegraph.\n2. **1920s:** Radios became common household items.\n3. **1970s:** Televisions were in most homes.\n4. **1990s:** Households began connecting to the early internet.\n5. **2010s:** Mobile phones provided global connectivity.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n(a) **Model Development:** \nCreate models to explore the flow of information and determine what qualifies as news.\n\n(b) **Model Validation:** \nUse historical data to validate the model's reliability and predict current information communication scenarios, comparing them with today's reality.\n\n(c) **Future Prediction:** \nUse the model to predict communication networks' relationships and capacities around 2050.\n\n(d) **Public Influence Modeling:** \nModel how public interest and opinion can be influenced through information networks in today's connected world.\n\n(e) **Information Spread Analysis:** \nDetermine how information value, initial opinions, message form, source, and network topology can be used to spread information and influence public opinion.\n\n**Data Sources:** \n- Circulation data and media availability reports.\n- Historical perspectives on news and media.\n- Consideration of significant world events and their hypothetical spread in different eras.\n\n**Useful Links for Data and Historical Context:**\n- Newspaper circulation trends: [Link](http://media-cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf)\n- Technology and media evolution: [Link](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8552410.stm)\n- Smartphone adoption: [Link](http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427787/are-smart-phones-spreading-faster-than-any-technology-in-human-history/)\n- Social media influence: [Link](http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=22)\n- Media consumption habits: [Link](http://www.people-press.org/2012/09/27/section-1-watching-reading-and-listening-to-the-news-3/)\n- Spread of false information online: [Link](http://theconversation.com/hard-evidence-how-does-false-information-spread-online-25567)\n\n**References for Historical Context:**\n- \"Media & Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication\" by Richard Campbell et al.\n- \"A History of Communications: Media and Society from the Evolution of Speech to the Internet\" by Marshall T. Poe.\n- \"Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media\" by Shirley Biagi.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of models created to explore the flow of information and determine what qualifies as news across different historical periods." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Assess the use of historical data to validate the model's reliability and its ability to predict current information communication scenarios, ensuring comparisons with today's reality are accurate." + }, + { + "category": "Future Prediction", + "description": "Grade the model's capability to predict communication networks' relationships and capacities around 2050, including assumptions made and the robustness of predictions." + }, + { + "category": "Public Influence Modeling", + "description": "Evaluate the model's effectiveness in simulating how public interest and opinion can be influenced through information networks in today's connected world." + }, + { + "category": "Information Spread Analysis", + "description": "Assess the analysis of how information value, initial opinions, message form, source, and network topology can be used to spread information and influence public opinion." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Evaluate the use of provided data sources and historical context references to support model development and validation." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of assumptions made in the models, as well as the acknowledgment of limitations." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the flow and value of information across different historical periods. This involves creating equations and models that can capture the dynamics of information networks and their evolution.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in developing and analyzing mathematical models that describe complex systems. You should focus on formulating equations that represent the flow of information and its value, considering factors such as speed, reach, and impact. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are valid across different historical contexts. Your expertise in differential equations, network theory, and statistical analysis will be crucial in evaluating the robustness and accuracy of the proposed models." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing historical data to validate models and predict future scenarios. A data scientist's expertise in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods is essential for processing and interpreting complex datasets related to information networks.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights from them. You should focus on validating the models using historical data, ensuring that the predictions align with known trends and events. Your skills in data mining, pattern recognition, and predictive analytics will be vital in assessing the model's reliability and its ability to forecast future communication networks. Pay attention to the quality and relevance of the data sources used in the modeling process." + }, + { + "name": "Historian", + "thoughts": "Understanding the historical context of information networks is crucial for accurately modeling their evolution and influence. A historian's expertise in analyzing historical events, media evolution, and societal changes is essential for providing context and validating assumptions in the models.", + "details": "As a historian, you are skilled in interpreting historical data and understanding the societal impact of media and communication technologies. You should focus on providing insights into how information networks have evolved over time and the factors that influenced their development. Your knowledge of historical events, media trends, and cultural shifts will be crucial in ensuring the models accurately reflect the historical context. Pay attention to the accuracy of historical data and the relevance of the chosen periods for analysis." + }, + { + "name": "Sociologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves modeling public influence and opinion through information networks, which requires an understanding of social behavior and communication dynamics. A sociologist's expertise in social theory, communication studies, and public opinion analysis is essential for evaluating the impact of information networks on society.", + "details": "As a sociologist, you are skilled in analyzing social behavior and communication patterns. You should focus on modeling how public interest and opinion are influenced by information networks, considering factors such as message form, source credibility, and network topology. Your expertise in social dynamics, media influence, and public opinion will be vital in assessing the models' ability to capture the societal impact of information networks. Pay attention to the assumptions made about social behavior and the validity of the models in different cultural contexts." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of models created to explore the flow of information and determine what qualifies as news across different historical periods." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Assess the use of historical data to validate the model's reliability and its ability to predict current information communication scenarios, ensuring comparisons with today's reality are accurate." + }, + { + "category": "Future Prediction", + "description": "Grade the model's capability to predict communication networks' relationships and capacities around 2050, including assumptions made and the robustness of predictions." + }, + { + "category": "Public Influence Modeling", + "description": "Evaluate the model's effectiveness in simulating how public interest and opinion can be influenced through information networks in today's connected world." + }, + { + "category": "Information Spread Analysis", + "description": "Assess the analysis of how information value, initial opinions, message form, source, and network topology can be used to spread information and influence public opinion." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Evaluate the use of provided data sources and historical context references to support model development and validation." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of assumptions made in the models, as well as the acknowledgment of limitations." + } + ] + } + }, + "2016_Modeling_Refugee_Immigration": { + "year": "2016", + "title": "Modeling Refugee Immigration Policies", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2016/ICM-F/index.html", + "question": "2016_ICM_Problem_F.pdf 2016_ICM_Problem_F.pdf Modeling Refugee Immigration Policies\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2016_ICM_Problem_F.pdf\n\n**2016 ICM Problem F: Modeling Refugee Immigration Policies**\n\n**Context:**\nThe refugee crisis in Europe, driven by political unrest and warfare in the Middle East, has led to a significant influx of refugees seeking asylum. By October 2015, over 715,000 asylum applications were filed in Europe, with Hungary receiving the highest number per capita. A quota system has been established, with France and Germany bearing the majority of the resettlement burden. Refugees travel through various routes, each with different safety and accessibility levels.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Metrics of Refugee Crises:**\n - Identify factors that enable or inhibit refugee movement, including individual attributes, routes, transportation types, and countries' capacities.\n - Develop measures and parameters for analysis.\n\n2. **Flow of Refugees:**\n - Model optimal refugee movement across six travel routes, considering transportation, safety, and resource capacities.\n - Justify new elements and explain model sensitivities.\n\n3. **Dynamics of the Crisis:**\n - Identify changing environmental factors and incorporate capacity into the model.\n - Determine resource allocation priorities and the role of NGOs.\n - Assess model applicability to other regions like Canada, China, and the US.\n\n4. **Policy to Support Refugee Model:**\n - Propose policies ensuring optimal migration patterns, prioritizing health and safety.\n - Consider laws, cultural constraints, and NGO roles.\n\n5. **Exogenous Events:**\n - Analyze model shifts due to major events, like terrorist attacks.\n - Assess cascading effects on refugee movement and design resilient policies.\n\n6. **Scalability:**\n - Expand the model to a larger scale by a factor of 10.\n - Identify non-scalable features and new parameters.\n - Address prolonged integration issues, such as disease control and education.\n\n**Helpful References:**\n- [BBC News on Refugee Routes](http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911)\n- [International Organization for Migration](http://www.iom.int/)\n- [UNHCR](http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html)\n- [New York Times on Migrants and Refugees](http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/world/migrants-refugees-europe-syria.html?_r=0)\n- [World Health Organization on Migration and Health](http://www.who.int/features/qa/88/en/)", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Metrics of Refugee Crises", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and justification of factors that enable or inhibit refugee movement, including individual attributes, routes, transportation types, and countries' capacities." + }, + { + "category": "Metrics of Refugee Crises", + "description": "Assess the development of measures and parameters for analyzing refugee movement and crisis metrics." + }, + { + "category": "Flow of Refugees", + "description": "Grade the modeling of optimal refugee movement across six travel routes, considering transportation, safety, and resource capacities." + }, + { + "category": "Flow of Refugees", + "description": "Evaluate the justification of new elements introduced in the model and the explanation of model sensitivities." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Assess the identification and incorporation of changing environmental factors and capacity into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Evaluate the determination of resource allocation priorities and the role of NGOs in the model." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Grade the assessment of model applicability to other regions like Canada, China, and the US." + }, + { + "category": "Policy to Support Refugee Model", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed policies ensuring optimal migration patterns, prioritizing health and safety." + }, + { + "category": "Policy to Support Refugee Model", + "description": "Assess the consideration of laws, cultural constraints, and NGO roles in policy proposals." + }, + { + "category": "Exogenous Events", + "description": "Grade the analysis of model shifts due to major events, such as terrorist attacks, and the assessment of cascading effects on refugee movement." + }, + { + "category": "Exogenous Events", + "description": "Evaluate the design of resilient policies in response to exogenous events." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Assess the expansion of the model to a larger scale by a factor of 10, identifying non-scalable features and new parameters." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Evaluate the addressing of prolonged integration issues, such as disease control and education, in the scalability context." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to analyze complex systems involving refugee movements, resource allocation, and policy impacts. A mathematician can develop and refine models to simulate these dynamics accurately.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models related to refugee immigration policies. You should focus on formulating equations that capture the dynamics of refugee flows, resource distribution, and policy impacts. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are mathematically sound and applicable to real-world scenarios. Your skills in optimization and sensitivity analysis will be crucial in evaluating the robustness of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling large datasets related to refugee movements, demographics, and resource capacities. A data scientist can analyze these datasets to extract meaningful insights and inform the modeling process.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in processing and analyzing complex datasets related to refugee immigration. You should focus on identifying key data points that influence refugee movements and resource allocation. Utilize statistical methods and machine learning techniques to uncover patterns and trends in the data. Your ability to handle big data and perform predictive analytics will be essential in assessing the model's accuracy and scalability." + }, + { + "name": "Political Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem is deeply rooted in political contexts, requiring an understanding of international relations, policy-making, and the socio-political factors influencing refugee movements. A political scientist can provide insights into the policy implications and geopolitical dynamics.", + "details": "You are a political scientist with expertise in analyzing the political aspects of refugee immigration policies. You should focus on understanding the impact of international laws, cultural constraints, and geopolitical factors on refugee movements. Evaluate the proposed policies for their feasibility and alignment with international standards. Your knowledge of political systems and diplomacy will be crucial in assessing the model's applicability to different regions and ensuring that the solutions are politically viable." + }, + { + "name": "Humanitarian Aid Expert", + "thoughts": "The problem involves the role of NGOs and resource allocation priorities, requiring expertise in humanitarian aid and crisis management. A humanitarian aid expert can provide insights into effective resource distribution and support mechanisms for refugees.", + "details": "You are a humanitarian aid expert with experience in managing refugee crises and resource allocation. You should focus on evaluating the model's approach to resource distribution and the role of NGOs in supporting refugees. Assess the proposed solutions for their effectiveness in ensuring health, safety, and integration of refugees. Your expertise in crisis management and humanitarian logistics will be essential in reviewing the model's capacity to address prolonged integration issues and respond to exogenous events." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Metrics of Refugee Crises", + "description": "Evaluate the identification and justification of factors that enable or inhibit refugee movement, including individual attributes, routes, transportation types, and countries' capacities." + }, + { + "category": "Metrics of Refugee Crises", + "description": "Assess the development of measures and parameters for analyzing refugee movement and crisis metrics." + }, + { + "category": "Flow of Refugees", + "description": "Grade the modeling of optimal refugee movement across six travel routes, considering transportation, safety, and resource capacities." + }, + { + "category": "Flow of Refugees", + "description": "Evaluate the justification of new elements introduced in the model and the explanation of model sensitivities." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Assess the identification and incorporation of changing environmental factors and capacity into the model." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Evaluate the determination of resource allocation priorities and the role of NGOs in the model." + }, + { + "category": "Dynamics of the Crisis", + "description": "Grade the assessment of model applicability to other regions like Canada, China, and the US." + }, + { + "category": "Policy to Support Refugee Model", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed policies ensuring optimal migration patterns, prioritizing health and safety." + }, + { + "category": "Policy to Support Refugee Model", + "description": "Assess the consideration of laws, cultural constraints, and NGO roles in policy proposals." + }, + { + "category": "Exogenous Events", + "description": "Grade the analysis of model shifts due to major events, such as terrorist attacks, and the assessment of cascading effects on refugee movement." + }, + { + "category": "Exogenous Events", + "description": "Evaluate the design of resilient policies in response to exogenous events." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Assess the expansion of the model to a larger scale by a factor of 10, identifying non-scalable features and new parameters." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability", + "description": "Evaluate the addressing of prolonged integration issues, such as disease control and education, in the scalability context." + } + ] + } + }, + "2016_Record_Insurance": { + "year": "2016", + "title": "Record Insurance", + "level": "High School", + "source": "IM2C", + "link": "Problems/2016/IM2C/index.html", + "question": "2016_IMMC_Problem.pdf 2016_IMMC_Problem.pdf Record Insurance\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2016_IMMC_Problem.pdf\n\n**2016 IM2C Problem: Record Insurance**\n\n**Context:**\nIn athletics, a 15,000-meter (15k) run is a common event, with world records set for such distances. Organizing committees often offer significant bonuses for setting new world records to attract top runners. For instance, a 15k race in the Netherlands offered a 25,000 euro bonus for breaking the world record. However, the committee faced financial risks as they did not purchase insurance.\n\n**Problem Overview:**\n1. **Average Cost of Bonus:**\n - Calculate the average cost of the bonus for a 15k run with a 25,000 euro bonus. This is defined as the bonus amount divided by the expected number of races before the record is broken. For example, if the record is expected to be broken every 25 races, the average cost is 1,000 euros per race.\n\n2. **Insurance Company Criteria:**\n - Determine the criteria for an insurance company to decide the additional amount to add to the average cost. Consider factors like operating costs, time value of money, and profit margins. For instance, an insurer might add 20% to cover these aspects.\n\n3. **Organizing Committee Decision:**\n - (a) Criteria for deciding whether to purchase insurance, considering long-term sponsorship plans and potential savings from self-insuring.\n - (b) Evaluate the risk of not purchasing insurance.\n\n4. **Multiple Event Insurance Decision:**\n - For a major track meet with 40 events (20 men's and 20 women's), decide which events to insure. Consider factors like the likelihood of records being broken and financial implications.\n\n5. **General Decision Scheme:**\n - Develop a decision-making framework for organizing committees to determine whether to purchase insurance or self-insure for each event. This should be clear and implementable.\n\n**Zevenheuvelenloop Race Overview:**\n- The Zevenheuvelenloop is an annual 15k road race in Nijmegen, Netherlands, first organized in 1984. It is one of the largest road races in the country, attracting over 30,000 runners in 2008. The race is known for its fast course, with world records set by Felix Limo in 2001 and Tirunesh Dibaba in 2009. Leonard Komon improved the men's world record in 2010.\n\n**Race Statistics:**\n- Notable winners include Haile Gebrselassie and Tegla Loroupe, each with multiple victories.\n- The race has been a test event for the ChampionChip timing system.\n\n**Winners by Country:**\n- Ethiopia: 10 men's and 10 women's wins\n- Netherlands: 7 men's and 6 women's wins\n- Kenya: 7 men's and 6 women's wins\n\nThis problem requires a strategic approach to managing financial risks associated with athletic events, particularly in offering bonuses for world records. The solution should consider both the financial implications and the attractiveness of the event to top athletes.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Average Cost Calculation", + "description": "Calculate the average cost of the bonus per race, considering the expected number of races before a record is broken." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Company Criteria", + "description": "Determine the criteria for an insurance company to decide the additional amount to add to the average cost, including factors like operating costs, time value of money, and profit margins." + }, + { + "category": "Organizing Committee Decision - Insurance Purchase", + "description": "Develop criteria for the organizing committee to decide whether to purchase insurance, considering long-term sponsorship plans and potential savings from self-insuring." + }, + { + "category": "Organizing Committee Decision - Risk Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the risk of not purchasing insurance, including potential financial implications and impact on event attractiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Multiple Event Insurance Decision", + "description": "Decide which events to insure in a major track meet with multiple events, considering the likelihood of records being broken and financial implications." + }, + { + "category": "General Decision Scheme", + "description": "Develop a clear and implementable decision-making framework for organizing committees to determine whether to purchase insurance or self-insure for each event." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves calculating probabilities and expected values, which are fundamental concepts in mathematics. A mathematician can help develop models to predict the likelihood of records being broken and calculate the average cost of bonuses.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in probability theory and statistical modeling. You should focus on ensuring that the mathematical models used to predict the frequency of record-breaking events are robust and accurate. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and verify that they are reasonable given the historical data and context of the races." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing historical race data to inform the models and decisions. A data scientist can process and interpret large datasets to provide insights into trends and probabilities.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to extract meaningful patterns from the race data, such as trends in record-breaking performances and factors influencing these outcomes. Ensure that the data is clean and that the models are trained on relevant features. Evaluate the predictive accuracy of the models and suggest improvements where necessary." + }, + { + "name": "Actuary", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing financial risks and determining insurance premiums, which are core responsibilities of an actuary. An actuary can evaluate the financial implications of offering bonuses and the cost-effectiveness of purchasing insurance.", + "details": "You are an actuary with expertise in risk assessment and insurance modeling. Your focus should be on calculating the expected costs and benefits of insuring against record-breaking performances. Consider factors such as the probability of records being broken, the financial stability of the organizing committee, and the potential savings from self-insuring. Ensure that the insurance models account for all relevant financial variables and provide a clear rationale for the recommended insurance premiums." + }, + { + "name": "Sports Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the economic impact of athletic events and the incentives for top athletes. A sports economist can analyze the broader economic implications of offering bonuses and purchasing insurance.", + "details": "You are a sports economist with expertise in the economic analysis of sports events. Your role is to evaluate the attractiveness of the event to top athletes and the potential economic benefits of offering bonuses. Consider the long-term sponsorship plans and the impact of record-breaking performances on the event's reputation and financial success. Provide insights into how the organizing committee can balance financial risks with the goal of attracting elite competitors." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Average Cost Calculation", + "description": "Calculate the average cost of the bonus per race, considering the expected number of races before a record is broken." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Company Criteria", + "description": "Determine the criteria for an insurance company to decide the additional amount to add to the average cost, including factors like operating costs, time value of money, and profit margins." + }, + { + "category": "Organizing Committee Decision - Insurance Purchase", + "description": "Develop criteria for the organizing committee to decide whether to purchase insurance, considering long-term sponsorship plans and potential savings from self-insuring." + }, + { + "category": "Organizing Committee Decision - Risk Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the risk of not purchasing insurance, including potential financial implications and impact on event attractiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Multiple Event Insurance Decision", + "description": "Decide which events to insure in a major track meet with multiple events, considering the likelihood of records being broken and financial implications." + }, + { + "category": "General Decision Scheme", + "description": "Develop a clear and implementable decision-making framework for organizing committees to determine whether to purchase insurance or self-insure for each event." + } + ] + } + }, + "2017_Jet_Lag": { + "year": "2017", + "title": "Jet Lag", + "level": "High School", + "source": "IM2C", + "link": "Problems/2017/IM2C/index.html", + "question": "Organizing international meetings is not easy in many ways, including the problem that some of the participants may experience the effects of jet lag after recent travel from their home country to the meeting location which may be in a different time-zone, or in a different climate and time of year, and so on. All these things may dramatically affect the productivity of the meeting.\n\nThe International Meeting Management Corporation (IMMC) has asked your expert group (your team) to help solve the problem by creating an algorithm that suggests the best place(s) to hold a meeting given the number of participants, their home cities, approximate dates of the meeting and other information that the meeting management company may request from its clients.\n\nThe participants are usually from all corners of the Earth, and the business or scientific meeting implies doing hard intellectual team work for three intensive days, with the participants contributing approximately equally to the end result. Assume that there are no visa problems or political limitations, and so any country or city can be a potential meeting location.\n\nThe output of the algorithm should be a list of recommended places (regions, zones, or specific cities) that maximize the overall productivity of the meeting. The questions of costs are not of primary importance, but the IMMC, just as any other company, has a limited budget. So the costs may be considered as a secondary criterion. And the IMMC definitely cannot afford bringing the participants in a week before the meeting to acclimatize or give them the time to rest after a long exhausting journey.\n\nTest your algorithm at least on the two following datasets:\n\nScenario 1) \u201cSmall Meeting\u201d:\n\nTime: mid-June Participants: 6 individuals from: Monterey CA, USA Zutphen, Netherlands Melbourne, Australia Shanghai, China Hong Kong (SAR), China Moscow, Russia\n\nScenario 2) \u201cBig meeting\u201d:\n\nTime: January Participants: 11 individuals from: Boston MA, USA (2 people) Singapore Beijing, China Hong Kong (SAR), China (2 people) Moscow, Russia Utrecht, Netherlands Warsaw, Poland Copenhagen, Denmark Melbourne, Australia", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Evaluate the algorithm's ability to incorporate factors such as time zones, climate differences, and jet lag into the decision-making process for selecting meeting locations." + }, + { + "category": "Productivity Optimization", + "description": "Assess how well the algorithm maximizes overall productivity of the meeting by balancing participant contributions and minimizing negative effects like jet lag." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Consideration", + "description": "Analyze how the algorithm incorporates cost as a secondary criterion, ensuring that the recommended locations are within a reasonable budget." + }, + { + "category": "Scenario Testing", + "description": "Check the algorithm's performance and adaptability by testing it on the provided datasets for 'Small Meeting' and 'Big Meeting' scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and validity of any assumptions made, such as ignoring visa and political limitations, and how these affect the algorithm's recommendations." + }, + { + "category": "Output Quality", + "description": "Examine the quality and relevance of the list of recommended places, ensuring they are practical and align with the problem's objectives." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to optimize the selection of meeting locations based on various factors such as time zones, climate, and participant distribution.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you will focus on developing and reviewing the mathematical models that underpin the algorithm. You should pay attention to the formulation of equations that represent the constraints and objectives of the problem, such as minimizing jet lag and maximizing productivity. Your expertise in optimization techniques and mathematical analysis will be crucial in ensuring the model is robust and effective." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves processing and analyzing data related to participant locations, time zones, and climate conditions to inform the algorithm's recommendations.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you will be responsible for handling the datasets that include participant information and potential meeting locations. You should focus on data preprocessing, feature extraction, and applying machine learning techniques to predict the impact of various factors on meeting productivity. Your skills in data visualization and statistical analysis will help in interpreting the results and refining the algorithm." + }, + { + "name": "Climatologist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires understanding the climate conditions of potential meeting locations, which can affect participant comfort and productivity.", + "details": "As a climatologist, you will evaluate the climate data for each potential meeting location. You should consider factors such as temperature, humidity, and seasonal variations that could impact the participants' ability to perform at their best. Your expertise in climate modeling and analysis will be essential in assessing how different climates might affect the meeting's success and in providing recommendations for optimal locations." + }, + { + "name": "Travel Logistics Expert", + "thoughts": "The problem involves logistical considerations related to travel, such as flight durations, time zone differences, and accessibility of meeting locations.", + "details": "As a travel logistics expert, you will assess the travel routes and schedules for participants from various locations. You should focus on minimizing travel time and jet lag by selecting meeting locations that are easily accessible and have favorable time zone alignments. Your knowledge of international travel logistics and experience in coordinating complex itineraries will be vital in ensuring the algorithm accounts for practical travel considerations and enhances overall meeting productivity." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Algorithm Design", + "description": "Evaluate the algorithm's ability to incorporate factors such as time zones, climate differences, and jet lag into the decision-making process for selecting meeting locations." + }, + { + "category": "Productivity Optimization", + "description": "Assess how well the algorithm maximizes overall productivity of the meeting by balancing participant contributions and minimizing negative effects like jet lag." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Consideration", + "description": "Analyze how the algorithm incorporates cost as a secondary criterion, ensuring that the recommended locations are within a reasonable budget." + }, + { + "category": "Scenario Testing", + "description": "Check the algorithm's performance and adaptability by testing it on the provided datasets for 'Small Meeting' and 'Big Meeting' scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Limitations", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and validity of any assumptions made, such as ignoring visa and political limitations, and how these affect the algorithm's recommendations." + }, + { + "category": "Output Quality", + "description": "Examine the quality and relevance of the list of recommended places, ensuring they are practical and align with the problem's objectives." + } + ] + } + }, + "2017_Sustainable_Cities_Needed!": { + "year": "2017", + "title": "Sustainable Cities Needed!", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2017/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2017_ICM_Problem_E.pdf 2017_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Sustainable Cities Needed!\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2017_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**2017 ICM Problem E: Sustainable Cities Needed!**\n\n**Background:**\nCommunities are adopting smart growth initiatives to achieve long-term, sustainable urban planning. Smart growth aims to make cities economically prosperous, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable. With rapid urbanization, it's projected that by 2050, 66% of the global population will live in urban areas, adding 2.5 billion people to urban populations. Urban planning is crucial to provide equitable and sustainable living conditions.\n\nSmart growth, originating in the 1990s, addresses urban sprawl and farmland loss. Its ten principles are:\n1. Mix land uses\n2. Utilize compact building design\n3. Offer diverse housing options\n4. Create walkable neighborhoods\n5. Foster distinctive communities with a strong sense of place\n6. Preserve open spaces and critical environmental areas\n7. Direct development towards existing communities\n8. Provide diverse transportation options\n9. Ensure predictable, fair, and cost-effective development decisions\n10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration\n\nThese principles must be adapted to each community's unique needs, considering demographics, growth needs, and geographical conditions.\n\n**Tasks:**\nThe International City Management Group (ICM) seeks assistance in applying smart growth theories to city design globally. Select two mid-sized cities (population 100,000-500,000) on different continents.\n\n1. Define a metric to measure smart growth success, considering the three E\u2019s of sustainability and/or the 10 smart growth principles.\n2. Research and evaluate the current growth plans of the selected cities against smart growth principles using your metric.\n3. Develop a smart growth plan for both cities for the coming decades, justifying your choices based on geography, growth rates, and economic opportunities. Evaluate the success of your plans using your metric.\n4. Rank the initiatives within your smart growth plan from most to least potential using your metric. Compare and contrast the initiatives and their rankings between the two cities.\n5. Explain how your plan supports a 50% population increase by 2050.\n\n**References:**\n1. Smart Growth America: https://smartgrowthamerica.org/\n2. EPA Smart Growth Publication: https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/smart-growth-publication\n3. UN World Urbanization Prospects: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf\n4. EPA Smart Growth Guide: http://www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org/Documents/SCI/Report_Guide/Guide_EPA_SmartGrowthGHGReduction_2011.pdf\n5. The Smart Growth Manual by Duany, Speck, and Lydon.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Metric Definition", + "description": "Define a comprehensive metric to measure smart growth success, incorporating the three E\u2019s of sustainability and/or the 10 smart growth principles." + }, + { + "category": "Current Plan Evaluation", + "description": "Research and evaluate the current growth plans of the selected cities against smart growth principles using the defined metric." + }, + { + "category": "Smart Growth Plan Development", + "description": "Develop a detailed smart growth plan for both cities for the coming decades, justifying choices based on geography, growth rates, and economic opportunities." + }, + { + "category": "Plan Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the success of the developed smart growth plans using the defined metric." + }, + { + "category": "Initiative Ranking", + "description": "Rank the initiatives within the smart growth plan from most to least potential using the metric, and compare and contrast the initiatives and their rankings between the two cities." + }, + { + "category": "Population Growth Accommodation", + "description": "Explain how the smart growth plan supports a 50% population increase by 2050, ensuring sustainable urban development." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of a metric to measure smart growth success, which involves mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in formulating and solving the equations and models that will underpin this metric.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your role involves developing a robust metric that can accurately measure the success of smart growth initiatives. You should focus on ensuring that the metric is comprehensive, taking into account the three E\u2019s of sustainability (economic, social equity, and environmental) and the ten smart growth principles. Your attention to detail and ability to work with complex mathematical concepts will be essential in evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed smart growth plans." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves researching and evaluating current growth plans, which requires analyzing large datasets and extracting meaningful insights. A data scientist's skills in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning are vital for this task.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in handling and analyzing complex datasets. Your role is to gather data on the selected cities, evaluate their current growth plans, and compare them against the smart growth principles using the developed metric. You should focus on using statistical methods and machine learning techniques to identify patterns and trends in the data. Your ability to interpret data and provide actionable insights will be crucial in developing and justifying the smart growth plans for the cities." + }, + { + "name": "Urban Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem centers around urban planning and the application of smart growth principles, which are directly within the domain of urban planners. Their expertise in city design and development is essential for creating effective and sustainable growth plans.", + "details": "You are an urban planner with a deep understanding of smart growth principles and urban design. Your role is to develop comprehensive smart growth plans for the selected cities, considering their unique geographical, demographic, and economic contexts. You should focus on creating plans that are not only sustainable but also adaptable to future growth and changes. Your expertise in stakeholder collaboration and community engagement will be vital in ensuring that the plans are well-received and effectively implemented." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves ensuring environmental sustainability, which is a key component of smart growth. An environmental scientist's expertise in assessing environmental impacts and promoting sustainable practices is crucial for this task.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in evaluating and mitigating environmental impacts. Your role is to ensure that the smart growth plans prioritize environmental sustainability, preserving open spaces, and protecting critical environmental areas. You should focus on assessing the environmental implications of the proposed initiatives and providing recommendations to minimize negative impacts. Your knowledge of sustainable practices and environmental regulations will be essential in creating plans that support long-term ecological health and resilience." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Metric Definition", + "description": "Define a comprehensive metric to measure smart growth success, incorporating the three E\u2019s of sustainability and/or the 10 smart growth principles." + }, + { + "category": "Current Plan Evaluation", + "description": "Research and evaluate the current growth plans of the selected cities against smart growth principles using the defined metric." + }, + { + "category": "Smart Growth Plan Development", + "description": "Develop a detailed smart growth plan for both cities for the coming decades, justifying choices based on geography, growth rates, and economic opportunities." + }, + { + "category": "Plan Evaluation", + "description": "Evaluate the success of the developed smart growth plans using the defined metric." + }, + { + "category": "Initiative Ranking", + "description": "Rank the initiatives within the smart growth plan from most to least potential using the metric, and compare and contrast the initiatives and their rankings between the two cities." + }, + { + "category": "Population Growth Accommodation", + "description": "Explain how the smart growth plan supports a 50% population increase by 2050, ensuring sustainable urban development." + } + ] + } + }, + "2019_Bottle_Battles": { + "year": "2019", + "title": "Bottle Battles", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2019/HIMCM-B/index.html", + "question": "A number of communities (campuses, towns, cities, etc.) around the world have proposed and enacted plastic water bottle bans in some form. \n\n2019_HiMCM_Problem_B_FAQ.pdf 2019_HiMCM_Problem_B_FAQ.pdf\n\nIn 2013, the small town of Concord, Massachusetts (population approximately 19,000) became the first town or city in the United States to ban the sale of single-serving Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles less than or equal to 1 liter (34 ounces) containing water which is non-sparkling and non-flavored (in other words, plain water)[1]. The sale of water in bottles of any size made of other types of plastic or other materials, as well as PET bottles of flavored or sparkling water, soda, tea, juices, and other non-plain water beverages, regardless of size, is allowed[2]. See attached FAQ document. Concord citizens supporting this action stated various reasons including: concerns of plastic garbage and litter, use of fossil fuels in the production of plastic, product transportation emissions, damage to water-providing aquifers, and beliefs that businesses shouldn\u2019t profit on the sale of a free resource. Since enactment of Concord's ban, a handful of other communities in the United States have enacted single-serving water bottle bans, the largest being the city of San Francisco (population approximately 885,000) who banned the sale of single-serving water bottles on city property in 2014[3]. Just recently, the San Francisco Airport decided to comply with its city\u2019s law and banned the sale of single-serving water bottles, making it the first airport to do so[4]. Not everyone is in favor of these bans, nor does everyone think that these bans will have any impact on the issues they are trying to address. Opponents include the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) who, after the San Francisco ban, stated that there are unintended consequences to these bans as they may lead to \"more packaging, more additives (e.g., sugar, caffeine), and greater environmental impacts than bottled water[5].\" Additionally, as we have seen in recent world news, in some areas (e.g. unavailability/inaccessibility of fresh water) and under some circumstances (e.g. natural disasters, compromises in water delivery) bottled water is a necessary and critical resource.\n\n1. Model the impacts of a ban on the sale of single-serving water bottles in a town or city. Use your model to discuss the impacts of the bans in the Town of Concord and the City of San Francisco.\n\n a. Identify the possible impacts (positive and negative) of a ban on the sale of single-serving water bottles within a town or city.\n\n b. What information and data do you need to model and measure these impacts? How would you collect this information and these data? (Note: You do not need to actually collect information and data, but need to identify what you need and how you might obtain it.)\n\n c. Develop a model or set of models to measure water bottle ban impacts.\n\n d. Discuss the application of your model to Concord and San Francisco.\n\n2. Address the impacts of a ban on the sale of single-serving water bottles within an airport. How are the impacts similar to and different from a ban in a town or city? How would your initial model for a town or city change, if at all, to model bottle ban impacts within an airport?\n\n3. Discuss and recommend possible changes to Concord\u2019s water bottle ban, or other related community measures, that would enhance beneficial impacts and reduce adverse impacts. Use your suggested changes to adjust your impact model. Address whether or not your new model is generalizable to larger communities (e.g. large cities, regions, states, countries).\n\n4. Write a one-page article for your local newspaper reporting your findings and recommendations.\n\n2019_HiMCM_Problem_B_FAQ.pdf 2019_HiMCM_Problem_B_FAQ.pdf\n\nNote: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear after your completed solution.\n\nAttachment: Town of Concord, Massachusetts. Town Bylaws. (Updated January 9, 2013). Frequently asked questions about interpretation and enforcement of the drinking water in single-serve PET bottles bylaw.\n\nReferences:\n\n[1] NBC News, US News. (2012, September 7). Concord, Mass., the first US city to ban sale of plastic water bottles.\n\n[2] Town of Concord, Massachusetts. Town Bylaws. Sale of drinking water in single-serve PET bottles bylaw.\n\n[3] Levin, Sam T. The Guardian, US Edition. (2017, June 28). How San Francisco is leading the way out of bottled water culture.\n\n[4] CBS News, CBS This Morning. (2019, August 20). San Francisco International Airport rolls out ban on water bottles.\n\n[5] International Bottled Water Association. (2013, December 18). Proposed bottled water ban not in the best interest of San Franciscans.\n\nGlossary:\n\n- Aquifers: geological formations containing or conducting ground water.\n- Flavored (water): having been given a taste by an additive (e.g. sweetener, fruit juice, etc.).\n- Sparkling (water): effervescent beverage consisting of water charged with carbon dioxide (also known as seltzer water, fizzy water, water with gas).\n- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: bottles made from PET, a plastic form of polyester and a type of thermoplastic polymer resin.\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2019_HiMCM_Problem_B_FAQ.pdf\n\n**Frequently Asked Questions about the Drinking Water in Single-Serve PET Bottles Bylaw**\n\n**Effective Date:**\n- The bylaw became effective on January 1, 2013.\n\n**Identifying PET Bottles:**\n- Most clear plastic beverage bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE). These bottles have the number 1 and/or PETE with the recycling symbol.\n\n**Prohibited Bottles:**\n- The bylaw prohibits the sale of non-sparkling, unflavored drinking water in PET bottles of 1 liter (34 ounces) or less.\n- Bottles made from other plastics are allowed.\n- The sale of juice beverages, flavored waters, and sparkling water in any size is permitted.\n\n**Electrolyte or Mineral-Added Water:**\n- Unflavored, non-sparkling water with added electrolytes or minerals in bottles of 34 ounces or less cannot be sold.\n- Flavored versions of such water can be sold regardless of size.\n\n**Cases of Bottled Water:**\n- Selling cases of small bottles (1 liter or less) of non-sparkling, unflavored water is prohibited.\n\n**Vending Machines and Civic Events:**\n- Bottled water in PET bottles of 1 liter or less cannot be sold in vending machines or at civic events if it is plain, non-sparkling, and unflavored.\n\n**Free Water:**\n- Bottled or cup water can be offered for free.\n\n**Voluntary Donations:**\n- Businesses cannot solicit donations for bottled water, as it is considered a sale.\n\n**Enforcement:**\n- The Health Division is responsible for ensuring compliance. Inspections began in January 2013.\n- First-time violators receive a written warning. A $25 fine is issued upon a second violation, and a $50 fine for subsequent violations.\n\n**Appeal Process:**\n- To contest a Non-Criminal Citation, a written request for a hearing must be filed at District Court within 21 days of receiving the citation.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Impact Identification", + "description": "Identify and categorize the possible positive and negative impacts of a ban on single-serving water bottles within a town or city." + }, + { + "category": "Data Requirements", + "description": "Specify the information and data needed to model and measure the impacts of the water bottle ban, and propose methods for collecting this data." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model or set of models to measure the impacts of the water bottle ban, ensuring the model is robust and can handle various scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Specific Cases", + "description": "Apply the developed model to analyze the impacts of the water bottle ban in Concord and San Francisco, and discuss the findings." + }, + { + "category": "Airport Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the impacts of a water bottle ban within an airport, comparing and contrasting these impacts with those in a town or city, and adjust the model accordingly." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Recommendations", + "description": "Discuss and recommend possible changes to Concord\u2019s water bottle ban or related measures to enhance beneficial impacts and reduce adverse impacts, and adjust the model based on these recommendations." + }, + { + "category": "Generalizability", + "description": "Evaluate whether the adjusted model is generalizable to larger communities, such as large cities, regions, states, or countries." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Write a concise one-page article for a local newspaper reporting the findings and recommendations, ensuring clarity and accessibility for a general audience." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to quantify the impacts of the water bottle ban, including environmental, economic, and social factors. A mathematician can develop equations and models to simulate these impacts and predict outcomes.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in creating and analyzing mathematical models that can simulate complex systems. You should focus on formulating equations that represent the various impacts of the water bottle ban, such as reductions in plastic waste, changes in consumer behavior, and economic effects on local businesses. Your expertise in differential equations, optimization, and statistical analysis will be crucial in ensuring the models are robust and accurate." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves collecting and analyzing data to measure the impacts of the water bottle ban. A data scientist can identify relevant datasets, perform statistical analyses, and interpret the results to inform the model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights from them. You should focus on identifying the types of data needed, such as sales figures, environmental impact metrics, and public opinion surveys. Your skills in data cleaning, machine learning, and visualization will be essential in processing the data and presenting the findings in a clear and actionable manner." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem has significant environmental implications, such as the reduction of plastic waste and the impact on local ecosystems. An environmental scientist can provide insights into these aspects and help assess the ecological benefits and drawbacks of the ban.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you are knowledgeable about the interactions between human activities and natural systems. You should focus on evaluating the environmental impacts of the water bottle ban, such as changes in plastic pollution levels and effects on local wildlife. Your expertise in environmental assessment, sustainability practices, and ecological modeling will be vital in ensuring the model accurately reflects the environmental consequences of the ban." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves economic considerations, such as the impact on local businesses and consumer spending. An economist can analyze these factors and help assess the economic viability and consequences of the ban.", + "details": "As an economist, you are skilled in analyzing market dynamics and economic policies. You should focus on evaluating the economic impacts of the water bottle ban, such as changes in sales revenue for local businesses and shifts in consumer spending patterns. Your expertise in economic modeling, cost-benefit analysis, and policy evaluation will be crucial in ensuring the model accurately reflects the economic implications of the ban." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Impact Identification", + "description": "Identify and categorize the possible positive and negative impacts of a ban on single-serving water bottles within a town or city." + }, + { + "category": "Data Requirements", + "description": "Specify the information and data needed to model and measure the impacts of the water bottle ban, and propose methods for collecting this data." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model or set of models to measure the impacts of the water bottle ban, ensuring the model is robust and can handle various scenarios." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Specific Cases", + "description": "Apply the developed model to analyze the impacts of the water bottle ban in Concord and San Francisco, and discuss the findings." + }, + { + "category": "Airport Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the impacts of a water bottle ban within an airport, comparing and contrasting these impacts with those in a town or city, and adjust the model accordingly." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Recommendations", + "description": "Discuss and recommend possible changes to Concord\u2019s water bottle ban or related measures to enhance beneficial impacts and reduce adverse impacts, and adjust the model based on these recommendations." + }, + { + "category": "Generalizability", + "description": "Evaluate whether the adjusted model is generalizable to larger communities, such as large cities, regions, states, or countries." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Write a concise one-page article for a local newspaper reporting the findings and recommendations, ensuring clarity and accessibility for a general audience." + } + ] + } + }, + "2019_Charge!": { + "year": "2019", + "title": "Charge!", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2019/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "In our school and social lives we exist in a mobile electronic world. Each day we \"plug in\" and charge our electronic devices and equipment. These electronics may range from small items (cell phones) to large items (electric vehicles). While in our own home, our family is most likely responsible for purchasing the charging equipment, and then paying an electric company/provider for the electricity we use.\n\nPublic places are continually expanding the availability of electrical outlets, charging stations, and even electric vehicle charging parking spots. For example, many airports have recently refurbished their parking lots, terminals, and aircraft to allow for electrical charging of everything from portable devices to vehicles. In some locations, these charging ports require a fee, but many public places worldwide offer charging for \"free.\" But, what is the impact of \"plugging in\" our electronics at these \"free\" charging sites in public places such as airports, railway terminals, schools, libraries, shopping malls, coffee shops, and offices? And, who pays for it?\n\n1. Discuss how this type of energy consumption has changed over recent years and how it will continue to change. Identify impacts on, and requirements of, public places with these increasing energy (electricity) and charging demands.\n\n2. Use your identified impacts and requirements to develop a model for the resulting costs of the increased demands and energy usage on public places. Discuss the extent of these costs and how they are paid.\n\n3. Discuss how your model changes, if at all, for different types of public places (e.g. a school vs. a cafe/coffee shop vs. an airport vs. a shopping mall, etc.)?\n\n4. What initiatives should be explored to reduce the cost of this increased energy usage in public places? How would implementation of these initiatives adjust your cost model?\n\n5. Write a one-page article for your school newspaper describing your findings and recommendations.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Energy Consumption Trends", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of how energy consumption for charging devices in public places has changed over recent years and predictions for future changes." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification of impacts and requirements on public places due to increased energy and charging demands." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Modeling", + "description": "Grade the development of a mathematical model that calculates the costs associated with increased energy usage in public places." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the discussion on the extent of these costs and the mechanisms by which they are paid." + }, + { + "category": "Model Adaptation", + "description": "Assess how the cost model is adapted for different types of public places, such as schools, cafes, airports, and shopping malls." + }, + { + "category": "Initiatives for Cost Reduction", + "description": "Evaluate the exploration of initiatives to reduce energy usage costs and how these initiatives would affect the cost model." + }, + { + "category": "Communication of Findings", + "description": "Grade the clarity and effectiveness of the one-page article written for the school newspaper, summarizing findings and recommendations." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves developing a mathematical model to quantify the costs and impacts of increased energy usage in public places. This requires expertise in formulating equations and understanding the relationships between various factors such as energy consumption, costs, and public infrastructure.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in creating and analyzing mathematical models that can predict and explain complex phenomena. In reviewing the modeling solutions to this problem, you should focus on the accuracy and validity of the equations used, ensuring they appropriately represent the real-world scenarios described. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and evaluate whether they are reasonable and justified. Your expertise in mathematical principles will be crucial in assessing the robustness and reliability of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing data related to energy consumption patterns, costs, and usage trends in public places. A data scientist can provide insights into how these factors have changed over time and predict future trends, which are essential for developing an accurate cost model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques. When reviewing the modeling solutions, focus on the data sources used, the methods of data collection, and the analytical techniques applied. Ensure that the data is representative and that the conclusions drawn are supported by empirical evidence. Your ability to interpret data trends and patterns will be vital in evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed models and their applicability to different public places." + }, + { + "name": "Electrical Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the technical aspects of energy consumption and charging infrastructure in public places. An electrical engineer can provide insights into the design, efficiency, and requirements of charging systems, which are crucial for assessing the impacts and costs associated with increased energy usage.", + "details": "As an electrical engineer, you have expertise in the design and operation of electrical systems, including charging stations and energy distribution networks. In reviewing the modeling solutions, focus on the technical feasibility and efficiency of the proposed charging infrastructure. Evaluate whether the models consider the capacity, scalability, and maintenance requirements of these systems. Your knowledge of electrical engineering principles will be essential in assessing the practicality and sustainability of the solutions, ensuring they align with current technological standards and innovations." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing the economic implications of increased energy usage in public places, including cost distribution and payment mechanisms. An economist can provide insights into the financial impacts and explore initiatives to reduce costs, which are crucial for developing a comprehensive cost model.", + "details": "As an economist, you are skilled in evaluating economic systems and understanding the financial dynamics of energy consumption. When reviewing the modeling solutions, focus on the cost analysis and economic assumptions made. Assess the proposed payment mechanisms and initiatives for cost reduction, ensuring they are economically viable and sustainable. Your expertise in economic theory and policy will be vital in evaluating the broader economic impacts of the solutions and their potential to influence public policy and infrastructure investment." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Energy Consumption Trends", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of how energy consumption for charging devices in public places has changed over recent years and predictions for future changes." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification of impacts and requirements on public places due to increased energy and charging demands." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Modeling", + "description": "Grade the development of a mathematical model that calculates the costs associated with increased energy usage in public places." + }, + { + "category": "Cost Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the discussion on the extent of these costs and the mechanisms by which they are paid." + }, + { + "category": "Model Adaptation", + "description": "Assess how the cost model is adapted for different types of public places, such as schools, cafes, airports, and shopping malls." + }, + { + "category": "Initiatives for Cost Reduction", + "description": "Evaluate the exploration of initiatives to reduce energy usage costs and how these initiatives would affect the cost model." + }, + { + "category": "Communication of Findings", + "description": "Grade the clarity and effectiveness of the one-page article written for the school newspaper, summarizing findings and recommendations." + } + ] + } + }, + "2020_Drowning_in_Plastic": { + "year": "2020", + "title": "Drowning in Plastic", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2020/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "Since the 1950s, the manufacturing of plastics has grown exponentially because of its variety of uses, such as food packaging, consumer products, medical devices, and construction. While there are significant benefits, the negative implications associated with increased production of plastics are concerning. Plastic products do not readily break down, are difficult to dispose of, and only about 9% of plastics are recycled[1]. Effects can be seen by the approximately 4-12 million tons of plastic waste that enter the oceans each year[1,2]. Plastic waste has severe environmental consequences and it is predicted that if our current trends continue, the oceans will be filled with more plastic than fish by 2050[2]. The effect on marine life has been studied[3], but the effects on human health are not yet completely understood[4]. The rise of single-use and disposable plastic products results in entire industries dedicated to creating plastic waste. It also suggests that the amount of time the product is useful is significantly shorter than the time it takes to properly mitigate the plastic waste. Consequently, to solve the plastic waste problem, we need to slow down the flow of plastic production and improve how we manage plastic waste.\n\nYour team has been hired by the International Council of Plastic Waste Management (ICM) to address this escalating environmental crisis. You must develop a plan to significantly reduce, if not eliminate, single-use and disposable plastic product waste.\n\nDevelop a model to estimate the maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic product waste that can safely be mitigated without further environmental damage. You may need to consider, among many factors, the source of this waste, the extent of the current waste problem, and the availability of resources to process the waste.\n\nDiscuss to what extent plastic waste can be reduced to reach an environmentally safe level. This may involve considering factors impacting the levels of plastic waste to include, but not limited to, sources and uses of single-use or disposable plastics, the availability of alternatives to plastics, the impact on the lives of citizens, or policies of cities, regions, countries, and continents to decrease single-use or disposable plastic and the effectiveness of such policies. These can vary between regions, so considering regional-specific constraints may make some policies more effective than others.\n\nUsing your model and discussion, set a target for the minimal achievable level of global waste of single-use or disposable plastic products and discuss the impacts for achieving such levels. You may consider ways in which human life is altered, the environmental impacts, or the effects on the multi-trillion-dollar plastic industry.\n\nWhile this is a global problem, the causes and effects are not equally distributed across nations or regions. Discuss the equity issues that arise from the global crisis and your intended solutions. How do you suggest ICM address these issues?\n\nWrite a two-page memo to the ICM describing a realistic global target minimum achievable level of global single-use or disposable plastic product waste, a timeline to reach this level, and any circumstances that may accelerate or hinder the achievement of your target and timeline.\n\nYour submission should consist of:\n\nOne-page Summary Sheet, Two-page Memo. Your solution of no more than 20 pages.\n\nGlossary\n\nDisposable Plastic Products: plastic materials or products that are not recyclable and become trash. Mitigate: To make less severe, to moderate, to alleviate. Plastic Waste: plastic objects that have not been recycled properly or cannot be recycled; debris made of plastic. Single-Use Plastic Products: products made of plastic intended for one time use before being discarded.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to estimate maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic waste that can be safely mitigated without further environmental damage." + }, + { + "category": "Factor Consideration", + "description": "Assess the extent to which the model considers various factors such as sources of waste, current waste levels, and resource availability for waste processing." + }, + { + "category": "Waste Reduction Discussion", + "description": "Examine the discussion on reducing plastic waste to environmentally safe levels, including the consideration of alternatives to plastics and the impact on citizens' lives." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the evaluation of policies aimed at reducing single-use plastics, including regional-specific constraints and effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Target Setting", + "description": "Evaluate the setting of a realistic global target for minimal achievable levels of plastic waste and the discussion of impacts on human life, the environment, and the plastic industry." + }, + { + "category": "Equity Issues", + "description": "Assess the discussion on equity issues arising from the global plastic waste crisis and the proposed solutions to address these issues." + }, + { + "category": "Timeline and Circumstances", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed timeline to reach the target waste levels and the identification of circumstances that may accelerate or hinder achieving the target." + }, + { + "category": "Memo and Summary", + "description": "Review the clarity and conciseness of the two-page memo and one-page summary sheet in communicating the model, findings, and recommendations to the ICM." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to estimate the maximum levels of plastic waste that can be safely mitigated. This involves formulating equations and models that can predict waste levels and their environmental impact.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at creating and analyzing mathematical models that can simulate complex systems. In this context, your expertise is crucial for developing models that estimate the safe levels of plastic waste mitigation. You should focus on ensuring that the models are robust, accurate, and take into account various factors such as waste sources, recycling rates, and environmental impact. Your attention to detail and ability to work with abstract concepts will be essential in reviewing the modeling solutions to ensure they are mathematically sound and applicable to real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to plastic production, waste, and recycling. A data scientist can process and interpret this data to inform the model and provide insights into trends and patterns.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to handle and analyze complex datasets that pertain to plastic waste and its management. You are skilled in using statistical methods and machine learning techniques to extract meaningful insights from data. When reviewing the modeling solutions, you should ensure that the data used is accurate, relevant, and comprehensive. Your expertise in data visualization and interpretation will be crucial in understanding the current state of plastic waste and predicting future trends. You should also evaluate the effectiveness of proposed solutions based on data-driven evidence." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem is deeply rooted in environmental science, as it involves understanding the ecological impact of plastic waste and developing sustainable waste management strategies.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you bring a deep understanding of the ecological consequences of plastic waste. Your expertise is vital in assessing the environmental impact of different levels of plastic waste and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. You should focus on evaluating the proposed models for their environmental sustainability and feasibility. Your knowledge of ecosystems, pollution, and conservation will help ensure that the solutions are environmentally sound and contribute to long-term ecological health. You should also consider the regional variations in environmental impact and the equity issues related to waste management." + }, + { + "name": "Policy Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves policy-making to reduce plastic waste, requiring an understanding of existing regulations, potential policy interventions, and their socio-economic impacts.", + "details": "As a policy analyst, your role is to evaluate the effectiveness of current policies and propose new regulations to manage plastic waste. You are skilled in analyzing the socio-economic implications of policy changes and understanding the political landscape. When reviewing the modeling solutions, you should assess the feasibility and potential impact of proposed policies on reducing plastic waste. Your expertise in policy analysis will help ensure that the solutions are not only effective but also equitable and considerate of different regional constraints. You should also consider how policies can be tailored to address the specific needs and challenges of various communities and industries." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to estimate maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic waste that can be safely mitigated without further environmental damage." + }, + { + "category": "Factor Consideration", + "description": "Assess the extent to which the model considers various factors such as sources of waste, current waste levels, and resource availability for waste processing." + }, + { + "category": "Waste Reduction Discussion", + "description": "Examine the discussion on reducing plastic waste to environmentally safe levels, including the consideration of alternatives to plastics and the impact on citizens' lives." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the evaluation of policies aimed at reducing single-use plastics, including regional-specific constraints and effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Target Setting", + "description": "Evaluate the setting of a realistic global target for minimal achievable levels of plastic waste and the discussion of impacts on human life, the environment, and the plastic industry." + }, + { + "category": "Equity Issues", + "description": "Assess the discussion on equity issues arising from the global plastic waste crisis and the proposed solutions to address these issues." + }, + { + "category": "Timeline and Circumstances", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed timeline to reach the target waste levels and the identification of circumstances that may accelerate or hinder achieving the target." + }, + { + "category": "Memo and Summary", + "description": "Review the clarity and conciseness of the two-page memo and one-page summary sheet in communicating the model, findings, and recommendations to the ICM." + } + ] + } + }, + "2020_Moving_North": { + "year": "2020", + "title": "Moving North", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2020/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Global ocean temperatures affect the quality of habitats for certain ocean-dwelling species. When temperature changes are too great for their continued thriving, these species move to seek other habitats better suited to their present and future living and reproductive success. One example of this is seen in the lobster population of Maine, USA, that is slowly migrating north to Canada where the lower ocean temperatures provide a more suitable habitat. This geographic population shift can significantly disrupt the livelihood of companies who depend on the stability of ocean-dwelling species.\n\nYour team has been hired as consultants by a Scottish North Atlantic fishery management consortium. The consortium wants to gain a better understanding of issues related to the potential migration of Scottish herring and mackerel from their current habitats near Scotland if and when global ocean temperatures increase. These two fish species represent a significant economic contribution to the Scottish fishing industry. Changes in population locations of herring and mackerel could make it economically impractical for smaller Scotland-based fishing companies, who use fishing vessels without on-board refrigeration, to harvest and deliver fresh fish to markets in Scotland fishing ports.\n\nRequirements\n\n1. Build a mathematical model to identify the most likely locations for these two fish species over the next 50 years, assuming that water temperatures are going to change enough to cause the populations to move.\n\n2. Based upon how rapidly the ocean water temperature change occurs, use your model to predict best case, worst case, and most likely elapsed time(s) until these populations will be too far away for small fishing companies to harvest if the small fishing companies continue to operate out of their current locations.\n\n3. In light of your predictive analysis, should these small fishing companies make changes to their operations?\n\n a. If yes, use your model to identify and assess practical and economically attractive strategies for small fishing companies. Your strategies should consider, but not be limited to, realistic options that include:\n - Relocating some or all of a fishing company\u2019s assets from a current location in a Scottish port to closer to where both fish populations are moving;\n - Using some proportion of small fishing vessels capable of operating without land-based support for a period of time while still ensuring the freshness and high quality of the catch.\n - Other options that your team may identify and model.\n\n b. If your team rejects the need for any changes, justify reasons for your rejection based on your modeling results as they relate to the assumptions your team has made.\n\n4. Use your model to address how your proposal is affected if some proportion of the fishery moves into the territorial waters (sea) of another country.\n\n5. In addition to your technical report, prepare a one- to two-page article for Hook Line and Sinker magazine to help fishermen understand the seriousness of the problem and how your proposed solution(s) will improve their future business prospects.\n\nYour submission should consist of:\n\n- One-page Summary Sheet\n- One- to Two-page Article\n- Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 24 pages with your summary and article.\n\nGlossary\n\nFishery: The collection of fish of a given species and the area that they inhabit.\n\nHabitat: The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs.\n\nSmall Fishing Company: A company engaged in commercial fishing with limited or very limited financial resources to invest in new equipment/vessels.\n\nTerritorial Waters (sea): \"as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it, or transit passage for straits; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.\"", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to predict the most likely future locations of herring and mackerel over the next 50 years based on projected ocean temperature changes." + }, + { + "category": "Temperature Change Scenarios", + "description": "Assess the model's capability to handle different rates of ocean temperature change and predict best case, worst case, and most likely scenarios for the time until fish populations move beyond the reach of small fishing companies." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Strategy Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the practicality and economic attractiveness of the proposed strategies for small fishing companies, including asset relocation, vessel upgrades, and other innovative solutions." + }, + { + "category": "Justification of No Change", + "description": "If no operational changes are recommended, assess the justification provided based on the model's results and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "International Waters Consideration", + "description": "Examine how the model addresses the impact of fish populations moving into the territorial waters of another country and the implications for the fishing companies." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Outreach", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the one- to two-page article intended for fishermen, ensuring it communicates the seriousness of the problem and the proposed solutions." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of a mathematical model to predict the migration patterns of fish species based on changing ocean temperatures. This involves complex calculations and the formulation of equations that can accurately represent environmental and biological factors.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are crucial in constructing the mathematical framework needed to predict fish migration patterns. You should focus on ensuring the model accurately represents the relationship between temperature changes and fish habitat preferences. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify the mathematical integrity of the equations used. Your expertise in differential equations, statistical modeling, and optimization will be essential in evaluating the robustness and reliability of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to ocean temperatures, fish populations, and economic factors. A data scientist is needed to process this data, identify trends, and validate the model predictions.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to handle the data-driven aspects of the problem. You should ensure that the data used in the model is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date. Your skills in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods will be vital in interpreting the results and providing insights into the migration patterns. You should also focus on the visualization of data to make the findings accessible and understandable to stakeholders." + }, + { + "name": "Marine Biologist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the biological and ecological aspects of fish migration is crucial. A marine biologist can provide insights into the behavior and habitat preferences of herring and mackerel, which are essential for accurate modeling.", + "details": "As a marine biologist, your expertise in fish ecology and behavior is critical. You should review the model to ensure it accurately reflects the biological factors influencing fish migration. Consider the impact of temperature changes on fish physiology and reproduction, and how these factors might drive migration. Your knowledge of marine ecosystems will help assess the feasibility of proposed strategies for fishing companies and ensure they align with ecological realities." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Economist", + "thoughts": "The economic implications of fish migration are significant for the Scottish fishing industry. An environmental economist can evaluate the economic impact and propose viable strategies for small fishing companies.", + "details": "As an environmental economist, your role is to assess the economic consequences of fish migration and the proposed solutions. You should focus on the cost-benefit analysis of different strategies, considering both short-term and long-term impacts on the fishing industry. Your expertise in economic modeling and resource management will be essential in evaluating the practicality and attractiveness of relocation or investment in new technologies. Ensure that the economic assumptions in the model are realistic and consider external factors such as international trade and policy changes." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to predict the most likely future locations of herring and mackerel over the next 50 years based on projected ocean temperature changes." + }, + { + "category": "Temperature Change Scenarios", + "description": "Assess the model's capability to handle different rates of ocean temperature change and predict best case, worst case, and most likely scenarios for the time until fish populations move beyond the reach of small fishing companies." + }, + { + "category": "Operational Strategy Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the practicality and economic attractiveness of the proposed strategies for small fishing companies, including asset relocation, vessel upgrades, and other innovative solutions." + }, + { + "category": "Justification of No Change", + "description": "If no operational changes are recommended, assess the justification provided based on the model's results and assumptions." + }, + { + "category": "International Waters Consideration", + "description": "Examine how the model addresses the impact of fish populations moving into the territorial waters of another country and the implications for the fishing companies." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Outreach", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the one- to two-page article intended for fishermen, ensuring it communicates the seriousness of the problem and the proposed solutions." + } + ] + } + }, + "2020_The_Best_Summer": { + "year": "2020", + "title": "The Best Summer Job", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2020/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "Although it's only November, you need to start planning for your 2021 summer job. You have a variety of choices this year and want to determine your \"best\" choice. You pose this problem for your team of math friends: We have many opportunities for a summer job. Some allow us to work from home virtually/electronically, some are a walk or bike ride away, and others require us to drive or take a train. Each job offers differing numbers of hours each week and the hourly rates also vary. Some involve physical activity, or at least not sitting at a desk (e.g. cashier at a store, lifeguarding, or wait staff at a restaurant), while others are mostly sedentary and perhaps use analytical and organizational skills (e.g. data analysis, office administration, or research). Let's develop a model that will evaluate the choices we have for our summer jobs and help us all find the \"best\" job. While we certainly want to earn and save some money, we also want to have time for recreation activities (e.g. exercise, outings, and social time with friends). Let's make our model one that will be helpful for all high school students to think about and analyze their summer job options.\n\n1. What factors should high school students who are looking for a summer job consider? List and describe the various factors your team identifies. Note that factors may be quantitative or qualitative, constant or variable, and deterministic or probabilistic. Be sure to include units as appropriate.\n\n2. Use your factors to develop a model or algorithm (or set of models/algorithms) for a high school student to use to evaluate their summer job options based on their own situation and preferences as inputs to your model.\n\n3. Test your model with at least ten fictional persons that you create with reasonable data. Explain your development of these fictional persons and the data you chose. Analyze the results of the application of your model on these persons.\n\nYour PDF solution of no more than 25 total pages should include:\n\n- One-page Summary Sheet.\n- Your complete solution.\n\nGlossary:\n\n- Deterministic: processes that have only one (predetermined) outcome.\n- Fictional: not real or true; made up.\n- Probabilistic: processes based on the theory of probability or that randomness plays a role in predicting future events.\n- Sedentary: characterized by much sitting and little physical activity.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Factor Identification", + "description": "Identify and describe relevant factors for evaluating summer job options, including both quantitative (e.g., hourly rate, distance) and qualitative (e.g., job satisfaction, physical activity) aspects. Ensure factors are clearly defined with appropriate units and classifications (constant, variable, deterministic, probabilistic)." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive model or algorithm that incorporates the identified factors. The model should allow for input of individual preferences and situations, and be applicable to a wide range of high school students. The model should be logically structured and mathematically sound." + }, + { + "category": "Model Testing", + "description": "Create at least ten fictional personas with reasonable and diverse data to test the model. Clearly explain the rationale behind the creation of these personas and the selection of their data. Ensure the personas cover a range of scenarios and preferences." + }, + { + "category": "Result Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the results obtained from applying the model to the fictional personas. Discuss the effectiveness of the model in evaluating job options and its ability to accommodate different preferences. Highlight any patterns or insights gained from the analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Model Applicability", + "description": "Evaluate the model's applicability and usefulness for high school students in general. Discuss any limitations or assumptions made in the model and suggest potential improvements or extensions." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves creating a mathematical model to evaluate various job options based on multiple factors. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in formulating the equations and algorithms that will underpin the model, ensuring it accurately reflects the relationships between different variables.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in developing and analyzing mathematical models. Your role is to ensure that the model accurately represents the problem's constraints and objectives. You should focus on the logical structure of the model, the assumptions made, and the mathematical techniques used to solve it. Pay attention to how the model incorporates both quantitative and qualitative factors and ensure that it can handle the variability and uncertainty inherent in the problem." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing various datasets related to job options, such as hourly rates, work hours, and job locations. A data scientist's skills in data analysis and machine learning are essential for processing this data and extracting meaningful insights that will inform the model.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to review how data is collected, processed, and integrated into the model. You should evaluate the methods used for data cleaning, feature selection, and the application of statistical techniques. Ensure that the model can adapt to different datasets and that it provides accurate and actionable insights for high school students evaluating their job options." + }, + { + "name": "Career Counselor", + "thoughts": "The problem involves evaluating job options based on personal preferences and career goals. A career counselor's expertise is valuable in understanding the qualitative aspects of job selection, such as personal interests, skill development, and long-term career impact.", + "details": "You are a career counselor with expertise in guiding individuals through career decisions. Your role is to assess how well the model incorporates personal preferences and career aspirations. Pay attention to how the model balances financial considerations with personal growth and satisfaction. Ensure that the model provides a holistic view of job options, helping students make informed decisions that align with their long-term goals." + }, + { + "name": "Human Resources Specialist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the nature of different job roles and their requirements. A human resources specialist's knowledge of job descriptions, work environments, and employment conditions is crucial for accurately evaluating job options.", + "details": "You are a human resources specialist with expertise in job analysis and employment conditions. Your role is to review how the model accounts for the various aspects of job roles, such as physical demands, work environment, and skill requirements. Ensure that the model accurately reflects the realities of different job types and provides realistic assessments of job suitability for high school students. Pay attention to how the model addresses work-life balance and the potential for skill development in each job option." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Factor Identification", + "description": "Identify and describe relevant factors for evaluating summer job options, including both quantitative (e.g., hourly rate, distance) and qualitative (e.g., job satisfaction, physical activity) aspects. Ensure factors are clearly defined with appropriate units and classifications (constant, variable, deterministic, probabilistic)." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive model or algorithm that incorporates the identified factors. The model should allow for input of individual preferences and situations, and be applicable to a wide range of high school students. The model should be logically structured and mathematically sound." + }, + { + "category": "Model Testing", + "description": "Create at least ten fictional personas with reasonable and diverse data to test the model. Clearly explain the rationale behind the creation of these personas and the selection of their data. Ensure the personas cover a range of scenarios and preferences." + }, + { + "category": "Result Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the results obtained from applying the model to the fictional personas. Discuss the effectiveness of the model in evaluating job options and its ability to accommodate different preferences. Highlight any patterns or insights gained from the analysis." + }, + { + "category": "Model Applicability", + "description": "Evaluate the model's applicability and usefulness for high school students in general. Discuss any limitations or assumptions made in the model and suggest potential improvements or extensions." + } + ] + } + }, + "2021_Hot_Dog_Concession": { + "year": "2021", + "title": "Hot Dog Concession Stand", + "level": "Middle School", + "source": "MidMCM", + "link": "Problems/2021/MidMCMsample/index.html", + "question": "2021_MidMCM_HotDogs.pdf Hot Dog Concession Stand\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2021_MidMCM_HotDogs.pdf\n\n**Hot Dog Concession Stand Problem Overview**\n\n**Objective:** \nManage a concession stand to maximize funds raised for student activities by selling hot dogs at 10 monthly school events. The challenge is to balance purchasing enough hot dogs to meet demand without overbuying, as unsold hot dogs must be discarded.\n\n**Data Provided:**\n- Historical sales data for hot dogs over the past 5 years (Table 1).\n- Hot dog package purchasing options (Table 2).\n\n**Table 1: Hot Dogs Sold Over the Past 5 Years**\n\n| Event # | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 |\n|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| 1 | 149 | 167 | 161 | 176 | 208 |\n| 2 | 183 | 193 | 166 | 174 | 164 |\n| 3 | 220 | 163 | 186 | 171 | 152 |\n| 4 | 172 | 146 | 156 | 152 | 186 |\n| 5 | 188 | 166 | 180 | 147 | 148 |\n| 6 | 164 | 198 | 155 | 189 | 177 |\n| 7 | 181 | 188 | 139 | 190 | 202 |\n| 8 | 181 | 218 | 213 | 201 | 202 |\n| 9 | 162 | 167 | 181 | 153 | 174 |\n| 10 | 160 | 142 | 198 | 175 | 178 |\n\n**Table 2: Cost of Hot Dog Packages**\n\n| Hot Dogs in a Package | Cost (US Dollars) |\n|-----------------------|-------------------|\n| 8 | $5.00 |\n| 16 | $8.00 |\n| 24 | $10.00 |\n\n**Initial Fund:** $75 for the first event.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Planning for Hot Dog Purchases:**\n - Analyze past sales data to predict future demand.\n - Develop a purchasing plan to maximize profits while minimizing waste.\n - Consider factors such as changing demand and budget constraints.\n\n2. **Financial Management:**\n - Track expected fund deposits and withdrawals.\n - Ensure sufficient funds are available for each event.\n - Estimate total funds raised by year-end and identify factors affecting this estimate.\n\n3. **Increasing Sales:**\n - Propose strategies to boost sales, such as price adjustments or promotions.\n - Use mathematical models to support your strategy.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A document with a one-page summary, and complete solution.\n- The document should not exceed 25 pages.\n\n**Additional Considerations:**\n- Explore the potential for selling other items or managing overhead costs.\n- Consider alternative uses for unsold hot dogs to reduce waste.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Demand Prediction", + "description": "Analyze historical sales data to accurately predict future demand for each event, considering trends and variability in past data." + }, + { + "category": "Purchasing Strategy", + "description": "Develop a purchasing plan that balances the need to meet demand with minimizing waste, taking into account package sizes and costs." + }, + { + "category": "Budget Management", + "description": "Ensure that the initial fund and subsequent revenues are managed effectively to cover costs for each event, with a clear plan for fund deposits and withdrawals." + }, + { + "category": "Profit Maximization", + "description": "Estimate the total funds raised by the end of the year, identifying key factors that influence this estimate and strategies to maximize profits." + }, + { + "category": "Sales Strategy", + "description": "Propose and justify strategies to increase sales, such as pricing adjustments or promotions, supported by mathematical models." + }, + { + "category": "Waste Reduction", + "description": "Consider alternative uses for unsold hot dogs to reduce waste and explore the potential for selling other items or managing overhead costs." + }, + { + "category": "Model Justification", + "description": "Provide a clear rationale for the chosen mathematical models and strategies, including assumptions and limitations." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct a sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in key parameters affect the outcomes of the model." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to predict future demand based on historical sales data and to optimize purchasing strategies to maximize profits while minimizing waste.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at creating and analyzing mathematical models that can predict future sales based on historical data. You should focus on ensuring that the models used are robust and account for variability in demand. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and verify that they are reasonable given the context of the problem. Your expertise in optimization techniques will be crucial in developing a purchasing plan that balances cost and demand effectively." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing historical sales data to identify patterns and trends that can inform future purchasing decisions and sales strategies.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are skilled in data analysis and statistical methods. You should focus on extracting meaningful insights from the historical sales data, identifying trends, and using these insights to inform predictive models. Your expertise in machine learning and data visualization will be valuable in developing accurate demand forecasts and in presenting data-driven recommendations for purchasing and sales strategies. Ensure that the data is clean and that any anomalies are addressed before analysis." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves optimizing the purchasing and inventory management process to maximize profits and minimize waste, which is a classic operations research problem.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in using mathematical and analytical methods to help make better decisions. You should focus on developing optimization models that can determine the best purchasing strategy given the constraints of budget and demand variability. Your expertise in linear programming and inventory management will be crucial in ensuring that the purchasing plan is both cost-effective and efficient. Pay attention to the constraints and objectives outlined in the problem and ensure that the proposed solutions are feasible and practical." + }, + { + "name": "Marketing Strategist", + "thoughts": "The problem includes increasing sales through strategies such as price adjustments or promotions, which requires expertise in marketing and consumer behavior.", + "details": "As a marketing strategist, you are skilled in developing and implementing strategies to boost sales and engage customers. You should focus on identifying opportunities to increase sales through targeted promotions, pricing strategies, and customer engagement initiatives. Your understanding of consumer behavior and market trends will be valuable in proposing strategies that are both innovative and effective. Ensure that the proposed strategies are supported by data and align with the overall objectives of maximizing funds raised for student activities." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Demand Prediction", + "description": "Analyze historical sales data to accurately predict future demand for each event, considering trends and variability in past data." + }, + { + "category": "Purchasing Strategy", + "description": "Develop a purchasing plan that balances the need to meet demand with minimizing waste, taking into account package sizes and costs." + }, + { + "category": "Budget Management", + "description": "Ensure that the initial fund and subsequent revenues are managed effectively to cover costs for each event, with a clear plan for fund deposits and withdrawals." + }, + { + "category": "Profit Maximization", + "description": "Estimate the total funds raised by the end of the year, identifying key factors that influence this estimate and strategies to maximize profits." + }, + { + "category": "Sales Strategy", + "description": "Propose and justify strategies to increase sales, such as pricing adjustments or promotions, supported by mathematical models." + }, + { + "category": "Waste Reduction", + "description": "Consider alternative uses for unsold hot dogs to reduce waste and explore the potential for selling other items or managing overhead costs." + }, + { + "category": "Model Justification", + "description": "Provide a clear rationale for the chosen mathematical models and strategies, including assumptions and limitations." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct a sensitivity analysis to understand how changes in key parameters affect the outcomes of the model." + } + ] + } + }, + "2021_Re-Optimizing_Food_Systems": { + "year": "2021", + "title": "Re-Optimizing Food Systems", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2021/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2021_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Re-Optimizing Food Systems\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2021_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**2021 ICM Problem E: Re-Optimizing Food Systems**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe global food system, while efficient and profitable, is unstable and contributes significantly to environmental issues. Despite sufficient food production, 821 million people suffer from hunger worldwide. The system is responsible for 29% of greenhouse gas emissions, 80% of biodiversity loss, 80% of deforestation, and 70% of freshwater use. As the global population grows, it is crucial to produce more food sustainably.\n\n**Challenge:**\nThe International Comestibles Management (ICM) Committee invites teams to develop a model to re-imagine and reprioritize food systems. The model should be adaptable to optimize for efficiency, profitability, sustainability, and equity.\n\n**Key Considerations:**\n- Impact of optimizing food systems for equity and sustainability.\n- Differences between the proposed system and the current one.\n- Timeframe for implementing a new system.\n- Benefits and costs of changing food system priorities, and their timing.\n- Differences in impact between developed and developing countries.\n- Scalability and adaptability of the model to various regions.\n\n**Task:**\nDevelop a food system model and apply it to at least one developed and one developing country. Discuss the model's scalability and adaptability.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A solution of no more than 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Food Insecure:** Lack of reliable access to sufficient affordable and nutritious food.\n- **Food Scarcity:** Insufficient quantities of food and nutrients to sustain the local population, due to production shortfalls or uneven resource distribution.\n\n**References:**\n1. World Hunger and Poverty Facts: [World Hunger News](https://www.worldhunger.org/world-hunger-and-poverty-facts-and-statistics/)", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should effectively integrate efficiency, profitability, sustainability, and equity in food systems." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the impact of the proposed model on equity and sustainability compared to the current system." + }, + { + "category": "Implementation Timeframe", + "description": "Provide a realistic and detailed timeframe for implementing the new food system model." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-Benefit Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the benefits and costs of changing food system priorities, including the timing of these changes." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Application", + "description": "Apply the model to at least one developed and one developing country, highlighting differences in impact." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability and Adaptability", + "description": "Discuss the model's scalability and adaptability to various regions and contexts." + }, + { + "category": "Comparison with Current System", + "description": "Identify and explain the differences between the proposed system and the current food system." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem of re-optimizing food systems involves complex mathematical modeling to balance efficiency, profitability, sustainability, and equity. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in formulating and solving the equations that represent these multifaceted relationships.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at developing and analyzing mathematical models that can simulate the dynamics of food systems. Your role involves ensuring that the models are mathematically sound and capable of accurately representing the various factors involved, such as resource allocation, environmental impact, and economic viability. You should pay close attention to the assumptions made in the models and verify that they are reasonable and justifiable. Your expertise in optimization techniques will be essential in finding the best solutions that meet the problem's objectives." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing large datasets related to food production, environmental impact, and socio-economic factors. A data scientist's skills in data processing, statistical analysis, and machine learning are vital for extracting insights and informing the model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are skilled in handling and analyzing complex datasets that are crucial for understanding the current state of global food systems. Your role involves cleaning and processing data, identifying patterns and trends, and using statistical methods to inform the model's parameters. You should focus on ensuring data accuracy and relevance, and apply machine learning techniques to predict outcomes and optimize the model. Your ability to visualize data effectively will also help communicate findings to stakeholders." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem emphasizes sustainability and environmental impact, making the expertise of an environmental scientist essential. They can provide insights into the ecological consequences of different food system models and suggest sustainable practices.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you bring a deep understanding of the environmental challenges associated with food systems, such as greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. Your role is to evaluate the ecological impact of proposed models and ensure that they align with sustainability goals. You should assess the potential environmental benefits and costs of different strategies and provide recommendations for minimizing negative impacts. Your knowledge of sustainable practices and technologies will be invaluable in guiding the development of environmentally friendly food systems." + }, + { + "name": "Agricultural Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves economic considerations such as profitability and equity, which are central to the role of an agricultural economist. They can analyze the economic implications of different food system models and ensure that they are financially viable and equitable.", + "details": "As an agricultural economist, you specialize in the economic aspects of food systems, including market dynamics, resource allocation, and policy implications. Your role is to assess the economic feasibility of proposed models and ensure that they promote equity and profitability. You should analyze the costs and benefits of different strategies, considering both short-term and long-term economic impacts. Your expertise in economic modeling and policy analysis will help ensure that the solutions are not only effective but also equitable and sustainable across different regions and populations." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should effectively integrate efficiency, profitability, sustainability, and equity in food systems." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the impact of the proposed model on equity and sustainability compared to the current system." + }, + { + "category": "Implementation Timeframe", + "description": "Provide a realistic and detailed timeframe for implementing the new food system model." + }, + { + "category": "Cost-Benefit Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the benefits and costs of changing food system priorities, including the timing of these changes." + }, + { + "category": "Geographical Application", + "description": "Apply the model to at least one developed and one developing country, highlighting differences in impact." + }, + { + "category": "Scalability and Adaptability", + "description": "Discuss the model's scalability and adaptability to various regions and contexts." + }, + { + "category": "Comparison with Current System", + "description": "Identify and explain the differences between the proposed system and the current food system." + } + ] + } + }, + "2021_Storing_the_Sun": { + "year": "2021", + "title": "Storing the Sun", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2021/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2021_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf Storing the Sun\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2021_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n**Problem A: Storing the Sun**\n\n**Objective:** Plan the use of solar power to provide electricity to a 1600 square-foot home in a remote area, focusing on energy storage to support the home at night and on cloudy days.\n\n**Background:**\n- Energy storage systems capture electricity, store it, and make it available when needed.\n- Most solar-powered homes use battery storage, either a single large battery or a bank of batteries.\n- Key battery specifications include continuous power rating, instantaneous power rating, usable capacity, and round-trip efficiency.\n\n**Battery Types:**\n- **Lead-acid batteries:** Known for low prices and reliability.\n- **Lithium-ion batteries:** More expensive, require no maintenance. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries offer long lifetimes and high safety ratings.\n\n**Requirements:**\n\n1. **Energy Needs Analysis:**\n - Determine energy requirements by asking questions such as:\n - How many people will use energy in the home?\n - What appliances will need energy and how much?\n - When will energy be used?\n\n2. **Model Development:**\n - Create a mathematical model or algorithm to choose the best battery storage system based on the analysis and criteria.\n\n3. **Battery Selection:**\n - Use the model to select the best battery option from available choices, considering factors like cost, power ratings, efficiency, and capacity.\n\n4. **Model Generalization:**\n - Adapt the model for different homes and preferences, evaluating its flexibility and effectiveness.\n\n5. **Cement Batteries:**\n - Explore the potential of using cement as a battery for energy storage.\n - Identify advantages and disadvantages, and discuss how cement batteries could be integrated into home energy systems.\n\n6. **Information for Cement Battery Comparison:**\n - Determine additional data needed to compare cement batteries with current options.\n\n7. **News Article:**\n - Write a non-technical article describing the decision model and future possibilities of cement batteries.\n\n**Battery Options:**\n\n| Battery | Cost (USD) | Type | Weight (lbs.) | Dimensions (L\u00d7W\u00d7D in inches) | Continuous Power (kW) | Instantaneous Power (kW) | Efficiency (%) | Capacity (kWh) |\n|---------|------------|------|---------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------|----------------|----------------|\n| Deka Solar 8GCC2 6V 198 | $368 | Sealed Gel Lead Acid | 68 | 10.25 \u00d7 7.1 \u00d7 10.9 | 0.049 (20 hrs) - 0.017 (100 hrs) | N/A | 80-85 | 1.18 |\n| Trojan L-16 -SPRE 6V 415 | $492 | Flooded Lead Acid | 118 | 11.7 \u00d7 6.9 \u00d7 17.6 | 0.19 (10 hrs) - 0.023 (100 hrs) | N/A | 80-85 | 2.5 |\n| Discover AES 7.4 kWh | $6,478 | Lithium Iron Phosphate | 192 | 18.5 \u00d7 13.3 \u00d7 14.7 | 6.65 | 14.4 (3 sec) | >95 | 7.4 |\n| Electriq PowerPod 2 | $13,000 | Lithium Iron Phosphate | 346 | 27.5 \u00d7 50 \u00d7 9 | 7.6 | 9 (60 sec) | 96.60 | 10 |\n| Tesla Powerwall+ | $8,500 | Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide | 343.9 | 62.8 \u00d7 29.7 \u00d7 6.3 | 7 | 10 (10 sec) | 90.00 | 13.5 |", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Energy Needs Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the thoroughness and accuracy of the energy requirements analysis, including the consideration of household size, appliance energy consumption, and usage patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the mathematical model or algorithm developed to choose the best battery storage system, focusing on its ability to incorporate various criteria such as cost, power ratings, efficiency, and capacity." + }, + { + "category": "Battery Selection", + "description": "Grade the application of the model in selecting the best battery option, ensuring that the choice is justified based on the analysis and criteria provided." + }, + { + "category": "Model Generalization", + "description": "Evaluate the model's adaptability and effectiveness when applied to different homes and user preferences, including its flexibility to accommodate varying energy needs." + }, + { + "category": "Cement Batteries Exploration", + "description": "Assess the exploration of cement batteries, including the identification of their advantages and disadvantages, and the discussion on their integration into home energy systems." + }, + { + "category": "Information for Cement Battery Comparison", + "description": "Evaluate the identification of additional data needed to effectively compare cement batteries with current battery options." + }, + { + "category": "News Article", + "description": "Grade the clarity and accessibility of the non-technical article describing the decision model and the potential future of cement batteries, ensuring it is understandable to a general audience." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires developing a mathematical model to analyze energy needs and select the optimal battery storage system. This involves formulating equations and algorithms to handle various parameters such as power ratings, efficiency, and capacity.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in creating and analyzing mathematical models. You should focus on ensuring the model accurately represents the energy requirements and battery specifications. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and verify the mathematical rigor and validity of the solutions proposed. Your expertise in optimization and problem-solving will be crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of the model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to energy consumption patterns, battery specifications, and costs. A data scientist can leverage statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to process this data and inform the model development.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights. You should focus on the data analysis aspect of the problem, ensuring that the data used in the model is accurate and comprehensive. Your skills in predictive modeling and data visualization will be essential in evaluating how well the model can adapt to different scenarios and preferences." + }, + { + "name": "Electrical Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves technical aspects of battery storage systems, including power ratings, efficiency, and capacity. An electrical engineer can provide insights into the practical implementation and integration of these systems into home energy setups.", + "details": "As an electrical engineer, you have expertise in the design and operation of electrical systems. You should evaluate the technical feasibility of the proposed battery solutions, considering factors like installation requirements and safety standards. Your knowledge of electrical circuits and energy systems will be vital in assessing the practicality and reliability of the model's recommendations." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves the use of solar power and energy storage, which have environmental implications. An environmental scientist can assess the sustainability and ecological impact of different battery options and energy solutions.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you are skilled in evaluating the environmental impact of energy systems. You should focus on the sustainability aspect of the problem, considering the lifecycle and ecological footprint of the battery options. Your expertise in renewable energy and environmental policy will be crucial in assessing the long-term viability and environmental benefits of the proposed solutions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Energy Needs Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the thoroughness and accuracy of the energy requirements analysis, including the consideration of household size, appliance energy consumption, and usage patterns." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the mathematical model or algorithm developed to choose the best battery storage system, focusing on its ability to incorporate various criteria such as cost, power ratings, efficiency, and capacity." + }, + { + "category": "Battery Selection", + "description": "Grade the application of the model in selecting the best battery option, ensuring that the choice is justified based on the analysis and criteria provided." + }, + { + "category": "Model Generalization", + "description": "Evaluate the model's adaptability and effectiveness when applied to different homes and user preferences, including its flexibility to accommodate varying energy needs." + }, + { + "category": "Cement Batteries Exploration", + "description": "Assess the exploration of cement batteries, including the identification of their advantages and disadvantages, and the discussion on their integration into home energy systems." + }, + { + "category": "Information for Cement Battery Comparison", + "description": "Evaluate the identification of additional data needed to effectively compare cement batteries with current battery options." + }, + { + "category": "News Article", + "description": "Grade the clarity and accessibility of the non-technical article describing the decision model and the potential future of cement batteries, ensuring it is understandable to a general audience." + } + ] + } + }, + "2022_Forestry_for_Carbon": { + "year": "2022", + "title": "Forestry for Carbon Sequestration", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2022/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2022_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Forestry for Carbon Sequestration\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2022_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**2022 ICM Problem E: Forestry for Carbon Sequestration**\n\n**Background**\n\nClimate change is a significant threat, necessitating actions to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases. Carbon sequestration, the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide, is crucial. Forests play a vital role in this process by sequestering carbon in living plants and forest products like furniture and paper. Effective forest management, including appropriate harvesting, can enhance carbon sequestration. However, overharvesting can reduce these benefits. Forest managers must balance the value of forest products with the benefits of allowing forests to grow and sequester carbon.\n\n**Requirements**\n\nThe International Carbon Management (ICM) Collaboration aims to guide forest managers worldwide. A universal approach is not feasible due to diverse forest characteristics and values. The task involves:\n\n- Developing a carbon sequestration model to estimate how much carbon dioxide a forest and its products can sequester over time. The model should identify the most effective forest management plan for carbon sequestration.\n- Creating a decision model to balance carbon sequestration with other forest values, such as conservation, recreation, and cultural considerations.\n\n**Key Questions for Model Development:**\n\n- What management plans might your decision model suggest?\n- Under what conditions should a forest remain uncut?\n- Are there universal transition points between management plans?\n- How do specific forest characteristics and location influence these transition points?\n\n**Application of Models:**\n\n- Apply models to various forests and identify one where harvesting should be included in the management plan.\n - Estimate carbon sequestration over 100 years.\n - Recommend a forest management plan and justify it.\n - If the best plan extends the time between harvests by 10 years, propose a transition strategy that considers the needs of forest managers and users.\n\n**Public Communication:**\n\n- Write a one- to two-page newspaper article explaining why harvesting is included in the management plan for a specific forest, addressing community concerns.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n\n- A solution of no more than 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n - Newspaper article\n\n**Glossary**\n\n- **Biosphere:** Parts of Earth where life exists.\n- **Carbon Sequestration:** Capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.\n- **Forest Manager:** Entity managing a forest, making decisions on its use.\n- **Forest Products:** Items made from harvested wood, like furniture and paper.\n- **Greenhouse Gases:** Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, e.g., carbon dioxide.\n- **Harvesting (trees):** Cutting down trees for forest products.\n- **Forest Management:** Managing a forest, including decisions on tree harvesting and regeneration.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Carbon Sequestration Model", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the carbon sequestration model in estimating carbon dioxide sequestration over time for different forest types." + }, + { + "category": "Decision Model", + "description": "Assess the decision model's ability to balance carbon sequestration with other forest values such as conservation, recreation, and cultural considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Management Plan Suggestions", + "description": "Examine the range and feasibility of management plans suggested by the decision model, including conditions under which a forest should remain uncut." + }, + { + "category": "Transition Points", + "description": "Determine the clarity and universality of transition points between management plans, and how they are influenced by specific forest characteristics and location." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Various Forests", + "description": "Evaluate the application of models to different forests, including the justification for including harvesting in the management plan for a specific forest." + }, + { + "category": "Carbon Sequestration Estimation", + "description": "Assess the accuracy of the estimated carbon sequestration over a 100-year period for a forest where harvesting is included." + }, + { + "category": "Management Plan Recommendation", + "description": "Evaluate the rationale and justification provided for the recommended forest management plan, including any proposed transition strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Public Communication", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of the newspaper article in explaining the inclusion of harvesting in the management plan and addressing community concerns." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires developing mathematical models to estimate carbon sequestration and balance various forest values, which involves complex equations and optimization techniques.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving mathematical models related to carbon sequestration. You should focus on ensuring the models accurately represent the dynamics of carbon capture and storage in forests. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and verify the mathematical consistency and validity of the solutions. Your skills in differential equations, optimization, and statistical analysis are crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed models." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing diverse datasets related to forest characteristics, carbon sequestration rates, and management plans, requiring data processing and statistical analysis.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in handling and analyzing complex datasets. You should focus on the data-driven aspects of the models, ensuring that the data used is accurate, relevant, and properly integrated into the modeling process. Your skills in data mining, machine learning, and statistical analysis are essential for evaluating the robustness and predictive power of the models. Pay attention to the data sources, preprocessing techniques, and validation methods used in the modeling solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the ecological impact of forest management on carbon sequestration, requiring expertise in environmental science and ecology.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in the ecological aspects of carbon sequestration. You should focus on evaluating how the proposed models account for ecological factors such as biodiversity, soil health, and ecosystem services. Your knowledge of forest ecology, conservation biology, and environmental impact assessment is crucial for assessing the sustainability and environmental implications of the management plans. Pay attention to how the models incorporate ecological data and the potential trade-offs between carbon sequestration and other forest values." + }, + { + "name": "Forestry Expert", + "thoughts": "The problem involves practical forest management strategies for carbon sequestration, requiring expertise in forestry practices and management.", + "details": "You are a forestry expert with practical knowledge of forest management techniques. You should focus on evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed management plans in real-world scenarios. Your expertise in silviculture, forest economics, and sustainable forestry practices is essential for assessing the practicality and economic viability of the solutions. Pay attention to the management strategies suggested by the models and how they align with current forestry practices and policies." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Carbon Sequestration Model", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the carbon sequestration model in estimating carbon dioxide sequestration over time for different forest types." + }, + { + "category": "Decision Model", + "description": "Assess the decision model's ability to balance carbon sequestration with other forest values such as conservation, recreation, and cultural considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Management Plan Suggestions", + "description": "Examine the range and feasibility of management plans suggested by the decision model, including conditions under which a forest should remain uncut." + }, + { + "category": "Transition Points", + "description": "Determine the clarity and universality of transition points between management plans, and how they are influenced by specific forest characteristics and location." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Various Forests", + "description": "Evaluate the application of models to different forests, including the justification for including harvesting in the management plan for a specific forest." + }, + { + "category": "Carbon Sequestration Estimation", + "description": "Assess the accuracy of the estimated carbon sequestration over a 100-year period for a forest where harvesting is included." + }, + { + "category": "Management Plan Recommendation", + "description": "Evaluate the rationale and justification provided for the recommended forest management plan, including any proposed transition strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Public Communication", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of the newspaper article in explaining the inclusion of harvesting in the management plan and addressing community concerns." + } + ] + } + }, + "2022_Power_Profile_of": { + "year": "2022", + "title": "Power Profile of a Cyclist", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2022/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2022_MCM_Problem_A.pdf 2022_MCM_Problem_A.pdf Power Profile of a Cyclist\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2022_MCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n**2022 MCM Problem A: Power Profile of a Cyclist**\n\n**Background**\nIn bicycle road races, such as individual time trials, cyclists aim to complete a course in the shortest time. A rider's power curve shows the maximum power they can sustain over different durations. More power typically means less time before needing recovery. Riders must manage their power to minimize race time, considering fatigue and energy limits.\n\n**Objective**\nDevelop a model to determine the relationship between a cyclist's position on a course and the power they apply, considering energy limits and past exertion.\n\n**Model Requirements**\n1. Define power profiles for two rider types: a time trial specialist and another type (consider gender differences).\n2. Apply the model to:\n - 2021 Olympic Time Trial course in Tokyo, Japan\n - A custom-designed course with at least four sharp turns and a nontrivial road grade, ending near its start.\n3. Assess the impact of weather conditions, such as wind direction and strength.\n4. Evaluate sensitivity to deviations from target power distribution.\n5. Extend the model for a team time trial with six riders, focusing on the fourth rider's finish time.\n\n**Deliverables**\n- A two-page race guidance for a Directeur Sportif, focusing on one rider and one course, with an overview and model summary.\n- A complete solution of no more than 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n - Two-page rider\u2019s race guidance\n\n**Glossary**\n- **Criterium**: A race on a closed course, defined by laps or time.\n- **Directeur Sportif**: Team director managing riders and race strategy.\n- **Individual Time Trial**: Riders race alone on a set course; fastest time wins.\n- **Power Curve**: Graph of maximum power a rider can sustain over time.\n\n**Rider Types**\n- **Climber**: Excels in long climbs.\n- **Puncheur**: Specializes in short, steep climbs and accelerations.\n- **Rouleur**: Versatile across various terrains.\n- **Sprinter**: High power for short bursts, focuses on race finishes.\n- **Time Trial Specialist**: Excels in individual time trials.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should accurately determine the relationship between a cyclist's position on a course and the power they apply, considering energy limits and past exertion." + }, + { + "category": "Rider Type Profiles", + "description": "Define and differentiate power profiles for at least two rider types, including a time trial specialist and another type, considering potential gender differences." + }, + { + "category": "Course Application", + "description": "Apply the model to the 2021 Olympic Time Trial course in Tokyo and a custom-designed course with specific features like sharp turns and road grades." + }, + { + "category": "Weather Conditions", + "description": "Assess the impact of weather conditions, such as wind direction and strength, on the cyclist's power application and race time." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the model's sensitivity to deviations from the target power distribution and how these deviations affect race outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Team Time Trial Extension", + "description": "Extend the model to a team time trial scenario with six riders, focusing on the finish time of the fourth rider." + }, + { + "category": "Race Guidance Deliverable", + "description": "Provide a two-page race guidance document for a Directeur Sportif, focusing on one rider and one course, summarizing the model and offering strategic insights." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to accurately represent the relationship between a cyclist's power output and their position on a course. This involves formulating equations that account for variables such as energy limits, fatigue, and course characteristics.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at developing and analyzing mathematical models. Your expertise in differential equations, optimization, and calculus will be crucial in formulating the power profiles and understanding the dynamics of power application over time. When reviewing the modeling solutions, pay attention to the mathematical rigor and the assumptions made in the model. Ensure that the equations accurately capture the complexities of the cyclist's power dynamics and that the solutions are both mathematically sound and practically applicable." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing complex datasets related to cyclist performance, course characteristics, and environmental conditions. A data scientist's skills in data analysis and machine learning are essential for processing this data and informing the model.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you bring expertise in handling large datasets, statistical analysis, and predictive modeling. Your role involves extracting meaningful insights from data on cyclist performance, weather conditions, and course profiles. When reviewing the modeling solutions, focus on the data-driven aspects of the model. Evaluate the quality and relevance of the data used, the statistical methods applied, and the robustness of any machine learning models. Ensure that the data analysis supports the model's conclusions and that any predictions are based on sound statistical principles." + }, + { + "name": "Exercise Physiologist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the physiological aspects of a cyclist's performance is crucial for modeling power output and fatigue. An exercise physiologist can provide insights into how different rider types manage energy and recover during a race.", + "details": "As an exercise physiologist, you specialize in the study of human performance and endurance. Your knowledge of how the body responds to prolonged exertion, energy expenditure, and recovery processes is vital for accurately modeling a cyclist's power profile. When reviewing the modeling solutions, assess how well the model incorporates physiological principles, such as energy systems, fatigue thresholds, and recovery rates. Ensure that the model realistically represents the physical capabilities and limitations of the cyclists, and that it accounts for variations between different rider types and genders." + }, + { + "name": "Sports Engineer", + "thoughts": "The design and characteristics of the course, as well as the impact of environmental factors like wind, require expertise in sports engineering. A sports engineer can evaluate how these elements affect a cyclist's performance and power application.", + "details": "As a sports engineer, you have expertise in the technical aspects of sports performance, including biomechanics, aerodynamics, and equipment design. Your role involves analyzing how course design, road grade, and environmental conditions influence a cyclist's power output and speed. When reviewing the modeling solutions, focus on the integration of engineering principles. Evaluate how well the model accounts for factors such as wind resistance, road surface, and course layout. Ensure that the model accurately reflects the physical challenges posed by the course and that it provides realistic guidance for optimizing performance under varying conditions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should accurately determine the relationship between a cyclist's position on a course and the power they apply, considering energy limits and past exertion." + }, + { + "category": "Rider Type Profiles", + "description": "Define and differentiate power profiles for at least two rider types, including a time trial specialist and another type, considering potential gender differences." + }, + { + "category": "Course Application", + "description": "Apply the model to the 2021 Olympic Time Trial course in Tokyo and a custom-designed course with specific features like sharp turns and road grades." + }, + { + "category": "Weather Conditions", + "description": "Assess the impact of weather conditions, such as wind direction and strength, on the cyclist's power application and race time." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the model's sensitivity to deviations from the target power distribution and how these deviations affect race outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Team Time Trial Extension", + "description": "Extend the model to a team time trial scenario with six riders, focusing on the finish time of the fourth rider." + }, + { + "category": "Race Guidance Deliverable", + "description": "Provide a two-page race guidance document for a Directeur Sportif, focusing on one rider and one course, summarizing the model and offering strategic insights." + } + ] + } + }, + "2022_The_Need_for": { + "year": "2022", + "title": "The Need for Bees (and not just for honey)", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2022/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2022_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf 2022_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf The Need for Bees (and not just for honey)\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2022_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n# Problem A: The Need for Bees (and not just for honey)\n\nHoneybees are essential for human survival due to their role in pollination and honey production. The decline in honeybee populations, known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), is attributed to factors like viruses, pesticides, predators, habitat destruction, and environmental conditions.\n\n### Key Information:\n- **Travel Range**: Honeybees can travel up to 20 km, typically staying within 6 km of their hive.\n- **Hive Population**: A typical hive contains 20,000 to 80,000 honeybees.\n- **Flower Visits**: A single honeybee can visit approximately 2,000 flowers or more in a day.\n- **Lifespan**: Honeybees have a shorter lifespan in summer due to high workload, but may live 4-6 months in autumn and winter.\n- **Factors Affecting Lifespan**: Activity level, pollen consumption, and protein abundance.\n\n### Tasks:\n1. **Model Development**: Create a model to determine the population of a honeybee colony over time.\n2. **Sensitivity Analysis**: Identify which factors (e.g., lifespans, egg laying rates) most impact colony size.\n3. **Pollination Prediction**: Estimate the number of hives needed to support pollination of a 20-acre (81,000 square meters) land with crops.\n4. **Communication**: Develop a non-technical, one-page blog or infographic summarizing your findings.\n\n### Submission Requirements:\n- A solution of no more than 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete Solution\n - One-page Blog or Infographic", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to accurately simulate the population dynamics of a honeybee colony over time, considering factors like lifespan, egg laying rates, and environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Model Assumptions", + "description": "Assess the clarity and justification of assumptions made in the model, such as the impact of environmental factors and the typical behavior of honeybees." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the thoroughness of the sensitivity analysis in identifying which factors most significantly impact the colony size and how these factors are quantified." + }, + { + "category": "Pollination Prediction", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and practicality of the estimation of the number of hives needed to support pollination of a 20-acre land area, considering the travel range and flower visit capacity of honeybees." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of the non-technical blog or infographic in summarizing the findings in a clear and engaging manner for a general audience." + }, + { + "category": "Integration and Coherence", + "description": "Evaluate how well the different components of the solution (model development, sensitivity analysis, and pollination prediction) are integrated into a coherent and logical overall solution." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of a mathematical model to predict the population dynamics of a honeybee colony over time. This involves understanding and applying mathematical principles to create equations that can simulate real-world scenarios.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating and solving complex equations that describe the behavior of honeybee populations. You should focus on ensuring the mathematical rigor of the model, checking for logical consistency, and verifying that the assumptions made are reasonable and well-justified. Your expertise in differential equations, probability, and statistics will be crucial in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing various datasets related to honeybee populations, environmental factors, and pollination needs. A data scientist's role is crucial in processing and interpreting these datasets to inform the model and perform sensitivity analysis.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning techniques. You should pay attention to the quality and relevance of the data used in the model, ensuring that it is comprehensive and accurately represents the factors affecting honeybee populations. Your ability to perform sensitivity analysis will help identify the most critical factors impacting colony size, which is essential for refining the model and making accurate predictions." + }, + { + "name": "Ecologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the ecological factors affecting honeybee populations, such as habitat destruction and environmental conditions. An ecologist's expertise is vital in assessing these factors and their impact on honeybee behavior and survival.", + "details": "As an ecologist, you have a deep understanding of the interactions between honeybees and their environment. You should evaluate how well the model incorporates ecological principles and whether it accurately reflects the impact of environmental changes on honeybee populations. Your insights into habitat requirements, predator-prey dynamics, and ecosystem services will be invaluable in ensuring the model's ecological validity." + }, + { + "name": "Agricultural Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem includes estimating the number of hives needed for effective pollination of crops, which requires knowledge of agricultural practices and crop pollination requirements. An agricultural scientist's expertise is crucial in aligning the model with real-world agricultural needs.", + "details": "As an agricultural scientist, you are knowledgeable about crop pollination, agricultural ecosystems, and the role of honeybees in enhancing crop yields. You should assess whether the model accurately estimates the pollination needs of a 20-acre land and if it considers factors such as crop type, flowering periods, and pollination efficiency. Your expertise will help ensure that the model's predictions are practical and applicable to agricultural settings." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the mathematical model's ability to accurately simulate the population dynamics of a honeybee colony over time, considering factors like lifespan, egg laying rates, and environmental conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Model Assumptions", + "description": "Assess the clarity and justification of assumptions made in the model, such as the impact of environmental factors and the typical behavior of honeybees." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Analyze the thoroughness of the sensitivity analysis in identifying which factors most significantly impact the colony size and how these factors are quantified." + }, + { + "category": "Pollination Prediction", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and practicality of the estimation of the number of hives needed to support pollination of a 20-acre land area, considering the travel range and flower visit capacity of honeybees." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Assess the effectiveness of the non-technical blog or infographic in summarizing the findings in a clear and engaging manner for a general audience." + }, + { + "category": "Integration and Coherence", + "description": "Evaluate how well the different components of the solution (model development, sensitivity analysis, and pollination prediction) are integrated into a coherent and logical overall solution." + } + ] + } + }, + "2022_Water_and_Hydroelectric": { + "year": "2022", + "title": "Water and Hydroelectric Power Sharing", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2022/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "2022_MCM_Problem_B.pdf 2022_MCM_Problem_B.pdf Water and Hydroelectric Power Sharing\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2022_MCM_Problem_B.pdf\n\n**2022 MCM Problem B: Water and Hydroelectric Power Sharing**\n\n**Background**\n\nDams have been used for centuries to manage water supplies, create reservoirs, and generate hydroelectric power. However, climate change is reducing water volumes, impacting both water supply and electricity generation. In the U.S., states like Arizona, California, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado are negotiating water and electricity management at the Glen Canyon and Hoover dams. Current agreements allocate more water than is available, and continued drought could lead to shortages.\n\n**Task**\n\nDevelop a water allocation plan for the five states, considering:\n\n- Coordination between Glen Canyon (Lake Powell) and Hoover (Lake Mead) dams.\n- Allocation of water and electricity to agriculture, industry, and residences.\n- Mexico's rights to residual water.\n- Potential water flow into the Gulf of California.\n\n**Model Requirements**\n\n1. Create a mathematical model to manage fixed water supply and demand conditions.\n2. Determine water draw from Lake Mead and Lake Powell to meet demands.\n3. Assess how long demands can be met without additional water supply.\n4. Recommend solutions for competing interests between water usage and electricity production.\n5. Address scenarios where water is insufficient to meet all demands.\n\n**Considerations**\n\n- Changes in water and electricity demands due to population and industrial growth or decline.\n- Increased use of renewable energy technologies.\n- Implementation of water and electricity conservation measures.\n\n**Submission Requirements**\n\n- A mathematical solution for water allocation, independent of historical agreements or political influences.\n- A one- to two-page article for \"Drought and Thirst\" magazine.\n- A complete solution within 25 pages, including a summary and main solution content.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Mathematical Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the creation of a mathematical model that effectively manages fixed water supply and demand conditions, ensuring it is robust and adaptable to changes in variables." + }, + { + "category": "Water Allocation Strategy", + "description": "Assess the strategy for determining water draw from Lake Mead and Lake Powell, ensuring it meets the demands of agriculture, industry, and residences while considering Mexico's rights." + }, + { + "category": "Sustainability Assessment", + "description": "Analyze the model's ability to assess how long current demands can be met without additional water supply, including the impact of prolonged drought conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Conflict Resolution", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed solutions for competing interests between water usage and electricity production, ensuring they are practical and equitable." + }, + { + "category": "Insufficient Water Scenarios", + "description": "Examine how the model addresses scenarios where water is insufficient to meet all demands, including prioritization and mitigation strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Demand Variation Consideration", + "description": "Check the model's consideration of changes in water and electricity demands due to population and industrial growth or decline." + }, + { + "category": "Renewable Energy Integration", + "description": "Evaluate the incorporation of increased use of renewable energy technologies in the model to reduce dependency on hydroelectric power." + }, + { + "category": "Conservation Measures", + "description": "Assess the implementation of water and electricity conservation measures within the model to enhance sustainability." + }, + { + "category": "Independence from Historical Agreements", + "description": "Ensure the solution is independent of historical agreements or political influences, focusing solely on mathematical and practical considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Presentation", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the one- to two-page article for 'Drought and Thirst' magazine, ensuring it communicates the solution succinctly and effectively." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a robust mathematical model to allocate water resources effectively while considering various constraints and demands. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in formulating equations and optimizing solutions to balance water and electricity needs.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your role involves developing equations that represent the water allocation problem, considering constraints such as fixed water supply, demand conditions, and competing interests. You should focus on ensuring the model's accuracy and feasibility, using techniques like optimization and systems of equations to find the best solutions. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and validate them against real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to water levels, electricity generation, and consumption patterns. A data scientist's skills are essential for processing this data to inform the model and make data-driven decisions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning. Your role is to gather and analyze data on water levels, electricity usage, and demand trends. You should focus on identifying patterns and insights that can inform the mathematical model, such as changes in demand due to population growth or industrial shifts. Ensure that the data used is accurate and up-to-date, and consider using predictive analytics to forecast future scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the environmental impact of water allocation and electricity generation. An environmental scientist's expertise is crucial in assessing the ecological consequences and ensuring sustainable practices.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in water resource management and ecological impact assessment. Your role is to evaluate the environmental implications of different water allocation strategies, considering factors like ecosystem health, biodiversity, and water quality. You should focus on ensuring that the proposed solutions are sustainable and minimize negative environmental impacts. Pay attention to the potential effects on the Gulf of California and Mexico's water rights, and recommend conservation measures to mitigate adverse outcomes." + }, + { + "name": "Policy Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem requires understanding the legal and policy frameworks governing water and electricity allocation. A policy analyst's expertise is essential in navigating these frameworks and proposing feasible solutions.", + "details": "You are a policy analyst with expertise in water and energy policy. Your role is to review the legal and regulatory aspects of water allocation and electricity generation, ensuring that the proposed solutions comply with existing agreements and laws. You should focus on identifying potential policy barriers and opportunities for negotiation between states and stakeholders. Pay attention to the implications of the model on interstate agreements and international treaties, and recommend policy changes that could facilitate better resource management." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Mathematical Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the creation of a mathematical model that effectively manages fixed water supply and demand conditions, ensuring it is robust and adaptable to changes in variables." + }, + { + "category": "Water Allocation Strategy", + "description": "Assess the strategy for determining water draw from Lake Mead and Lake Powell, ensuring it meets the demands of agriculture, industry, and residences while considering Mexico's rights." + }, + { + "category": "Sustainability Assessment", + "description": "Analyze the model's ability to assess how long current demands can be met without additional water supply, including the impact of prolonged drought conditions." + }, + { + "category": "Conflict Resolution", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed solutions for competing interests between water usage and electricity production, ensuring they are practical and equitable." + }, + { + "category": "Insufficient Water Scenarios", + "description": "Examine how the model addresses scenarios where water is insufficient to meet all demands, including prioritization and mitigation strategies." + }, + { + "category": "Demand Variation Consideration", + "description": "Check the model's consideration of changes in water and electricity demands due to population and industrial growth or decline." + }, + { + "category": "Renewable Energy Integration", + "description": "Evaluate the incorporation of increased use of renewable energy technologies in the model to reduce dependency on hydroelectric power." + }, + { + "category": "Conservation Measures", + "description": "Assess the implementation of water and electricity conservation measures within the model to enhance sustainability." + }, + { + "category": "Independence from Historical Agreements", + "description": "Ensure the solution is independent of historical agreements or political influences, focusing solely on mathematical and practical considerations." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Presentation", + "description": "Evaluate the clarity and effectiveness of the one- to two-page article for 'Drought and Thirst' magazine, ensuring it communicates the solution succinctly and effectively." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_Dandelions:_Friend?_Foe?": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "Dandelions: Friend? Foe? Both? Neither?", + "level": "High School", + "source": "HiMCM", + "link": "Problems/2023/HIMCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2023_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf 2023_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf Dandelions: Friend? Foe? Both? Neither?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_HiMCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n**2023 HiMCM Problem A: Dandelions: Friend? Foe? Both? Neither?**\n\n**Overview:**\n- **Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale):** A plant native to Eurasia, now found worldwide. Recognizable by its yellow flowers and puffball seed head, which aids in wind dispersal.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Spread Prediction Model:**\n - Develop a mathematical model to predict dandelion spread over 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months.\n - Consider climatic conditions: temperate, arid, and tropical climates.\n\n2. **Impact Factor Model for Invasive Species:**\n - Create a model to determine an 'impact factor' for invasive species, considering plant characteristics and environmental harm.\n - Test the model with dandelions.\n - Apply the model to two other invasive plant species, specifying the region where they are invasive.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- max 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Invasive Species:** Non-native species causing or likely to cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health.\n\n**References:**\n1. [Dandelion Information](https://anpc.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/dandelion.pdf)\n2. [Dandelion Article](https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/dandelion-taraxacum-officinale/)\n3. [Invasive Species Information](https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/what-are-invasive-species)", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model to predict the spread of dandelions over specified time frames (1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months)." + }, + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Incorporate climatic conditions (temperate, arid, and tropical) into the spread prediction model." + }, + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Evaluate the model's accuracy and reliability in predicting dandelion spread across different climates and time frames." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Create a model to determine an 'impact factor' for invasive species, considering plant characteristics and environmental harm." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Test the impact factor model specifically with dandelions to ensure its applicability and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Apply the impact factor model to two other invasive plant species, specifying the region where they are invasive, and evaluate the model's adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the development of both models, ensuring they are reasonable and well-supported." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Provide validation for both models, using data or logical reasoning to support the models' effectiveness and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Clarity and Completeness", + "description": "Ensure the solution is clearly presented and complete, with all necessary components and explanations included within the page limit." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires the development of mathematical models to predict the spread of dandelions and to calculate an impact factor for invasive species. This involves formulating equations and systems that can accurately represent biological and environmental processes.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your expertise in differential equations, probability, and statistical analysis will be crucial in developing models that predict the spread of dandelions under various climatic conditions. You should focus on ensuring the mathematical rigor and validity of the models, checking for assumptions, and verifying the solutions' accuracy." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling and analyzing data related to climatic conditions and plant characteristics, which is essential for building predictive models and calculating impact factors.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your skills in data collection, cleaning, and analysis are vital. You will need to work with datasets that include climatic variables and plant characteristics to inform the models. Your expertise in machine learning and statistical methods will help in refining the models and ensuring they are data-driven. Pay attention to the quality and relevance of the data used, and ensure that the models are robust and generalizable." + }, + { + "name": "Ecologist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the ecological impact of dandelions and other invasive species is crucial for developing accurate models. An ecologist can provide insights into plant behavior, interactions with the environment, and ecological consequences.", + "details": "As an ecologist, your knowledge of plant ecology and invasive species dynamics is essential. You should evaluate the models for their ecological validity, ensuring they accurately reflect biological processes and interactions. Consider the ecological roles of dandelions and other species, and assess the potential environmental impacts predicted by the models." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires assessing the environmental impact of invasive species, which involves understanding environmental systems and the potential harm caused by these species.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, your expertise in environmental systems and impact assessment is crucial. You should review the models for their ability to predict environmental harm and assess the broader implications of dandelion spread and other invasive species. Focus on the environmental factors included in the models and ensure they are comprehensive and realistic in representing potential impacts." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Develop a mathematical model to predict the spread of dandelions over specified time frames (1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months)." + }, + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Incorporate climatic conditions (temperate, arid, and tropical) into the spread prediction model." + }, + { + "category": "Spread Prediction Model", + "description": "Evaluate the model's accuracy and reliability in predicting dandelion spread across different climates and time frames." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Create a model to determine an 'impact factor' for invasive species, considering plant characteristics and environmental harm." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Test the impact factor model specifically with dandelions to ensure its applicability and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Factor Model", + "description": "Apply the impact factor model to two other invasive plant species, specifying the region where they are invasive, and evaluate the model's adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the development of both models, ensuring they are reasonable and well-supported." + }, + { + "category": "Model Validation", + "description": "Provide validation for both models, using data or logical reasoning to support the models' effectiveness and accuracy." + }, + { + "category": "Clarity and Completeness", + "description": "Ensure the solution is clearly presented and complete, with all necessary components and explanations included within the page limit." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_Drought-Stricken_Plant_Communities": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "Drought-Stricken Plant Communities", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2023/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2023_MCM_Problem_A.pdf Drought-Stricken Plant Communities\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_MCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n**2023 MCM Problem A: Drought-Stricken Plant Communities**\n\n**Background**\n\nPlant species respond differently to environmental stresses like droughts, which vary in frequency and severity. Observations suggest that plant communities with more species adapt better to drought conditions over generations. This raises questions about the minimal number of species needed for effective adaptation, how this scales with more species, and implications for long-term community survival.\n\n**Task Overview**\n\nYour task is to explore the relationship between drought adaptability and species diversity in plant communities. Specifically, you should:\n\n1. **Develop a Mathematical Model**: \n - Predict changes in a plant community over time under irregular weather cycles, including droughts.\n - Account for species interactions during drought cycles.\n\n2. **Explore Conclusions**:\n - Determine the minimum number of species required for community benefit and the effects of increasing species numbers.\n - Assess how species types affect outcomes.\n - Evaluate the impact of increased drought frequency and variation on community dynamics.\n - Consider the effects of less frequent droughts on species impact.\n - Analyze the influence of pollution and habitat reduction on your conclusions.\n - Recommend actions for ensuring long-term plant community viability and environmental impacts.\n\n**Submission Requirements**\n\nYour solution should be no more than 25 pages, including:\n\n- One-page Summary Sheet\n- Complete Solution", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a robust mathematical model that predicts changes in plant communities over time under irregular weather cycles, including droughts, and accounts for species interactions." + }, + { + "category": "Species Diversity Analysis", + "description": "Determine the minimum number of species required for community benefit and analyze the effects of increasing species numbers on community adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Species Type Impact", + "description": "Assess how different types of species affect the outcomes of the model and community adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Drought Frequency and Variation", + "description": "Evaluate the impact of increased drought frequency and variation on community dynamics and species interactions." + }, + { + "category": "Less Frequent Droughts", + "description": "Consider and analyze the effects of less frequent droughts on the impact of species within the community." + }, + { + "category": "Environmental Factors", + "description": "Analyze the influence of pollution and habitat reduction on the conclusions drawn from the model." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Provide actionable recommendations for ensuring long-term plant community viability and mitigating environmental impacts." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires developing a mathematical model to predict changes in plant communities under varying drought conditions, which involves complex equations and interactions between species.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving mathematical models related to ecological systems. You should focus on ensuring the model accurately represents species interactions and environmental variables. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the model and their implications on the results. Your skills in differential equations, probability, and optimization will be crucial in evaluating the robustness and validity of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to plant species diversity, drought frequency, and environmental impacts, which requires advanced data processing and statistical analysis.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in handling large datasets and extracting meaningful insights from them. You should evaluate the data sources used in the model, the methods of data analysis, and the statistical techniques applied. Your expertise in machine learning and data visualization will be essential in assessing how well the model predicts real-world scenarios and in identifying patterns or trends in the data that support the conclusions." + }, + { + "name": "Ecologist", + "thoughts": "The problem is deeply rooted in ecological principles, requiring an understanding of plant species interactions, community dynamics, and environmental stress responses.", + "details": "You are an ecologist with a deep understanding of plant communities and their responses to environmental changes. You should review the biological assumptions and ecological theories applied in the model. Your knowledge of species adaptation, biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience will be vital in assessing the ecological validity of the model and its conclusions. Pay attention to how well the model incorporates ecological concepts and the potential real-world implications of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing the impact of environmental factors such as pollution and habitat reduction on plant communities, requiring expertise in environmental science.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in evaluating the effects of environmental changes on ecosystems. You should focus on the environmental variables included in the model and their representation. Your skills in environmental impact assessment and sustainability will be crucial in evaluating the long-term viability of the plant communities and the recommended actions for environmental conservation. Pay attention to how the model addresses pollution, habitat loss, and other environmental stressors, and ensure the solutions are feasible and sustainable." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Develop a robust mathematical model that predicts changes in plant communities over time under irregular weather cycles, including droughts, and accounts for species interactions." + }, + { + "category": "Species Diversity Analysis", + "description": "Determine the minimum number of species required for community benefit and analyze the effects of increasing species numbers on community adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Species Type Impact", + "description": "Assess how different types of species affect the outcomes of the model and community adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Drought Frequency and Variation", + "description": "Evaluate the impact of increased drought frequency and variation on community dynamics and species interactions." + }, + { + "category": "Less Frequent Droughts", + "description": "Consider and analyze the effects of less frequent droughts on the impact of species within the community." + }, + { + "category": "Environmental Factors", + "description": "Analyze the influence of pollution and habitat reduction on the conclusions drawn from the model." + }, + { + "category": "Recommendations", + "description": "Provide actionable recommendations for ensuring long-term plant community viability and mitigating environmental impacts." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_Light_Pollution": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "Light Pollution", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2023/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2023_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Light Pollution\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**Problem E: Light Pollution**\n\n**Background**\nLight pollution refers to the excessive or poor use of artificial light, manifesting as light trespass, over-illumination, and light clutter. It is often visible as a glow in the sky after sunset, especially in large cities, but can also occur in remote areas. Light pollution affects our view of the night sky, has environmental impacts, and influences health and safety. It can disrupt plant growth, wildlife migration, and human circadian rhythms, potentially leading to health issues and contributing to motor vehicle accidents. \n\nIntervention strategies to mitigate light pollution must consider both positive and negative effects, which vary by location. Factors such as development level, population, biodiversity, geography, and climate influence the impacts of light pollution and the effectiveness of interventions.\n\n**Task**\nThe task is to support COMAP\u2019s Illumination Control Mission (ICM) by addressing the measurement and mitigation of light pollution effects, considering both human and non-human concerns. Specifically, you should:\n\n- Develop a metric to identify the light pollution risk level of a location.\n- Apply and interpret this metric for four types of locations:\n - Protected land\n - Rural community\n - Suburban community\n - Urban community\n\n- Choose two locations and determine the most effective intervention strategy for each using your metric. Discuss the impact of the strategy on the location's risk level.\n- Create a 1-page flyer promoting the most effective strategy for one location.\n\n**Submission Requirements**\nYour solution should be no more than 25 pages, including:\n- One-page Summary Sheet\n- Complete solution\n- One-page promotion flyer\n\n**Glossary**\n- **Artificial Light:** Non-natural light sources.\n- **Circadian Rhythms:** The natural 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.\n- **Glare:** Excessive brightness reducing visibility.\n- **Intervention Strategies:** Actions to mitigate light pollution.\n- **Light Clutter:** Excessive grouping of lights.\n- **Light Trespass:** Light entering unintended areas.\n- **Over-Illumination:** Excessive lighting intensity.\n- **Protected Land:** Areas protected for ecological, cultural, or natural importance.\n- **Rural Community:** Least densely populated areas, not easily accessible from urban areas.\n- **Suburban Community:** Moderately densely populated areas, accessible from urban areas.\n- **Urban Community:** Most densely populated areas.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Metric Development", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive and scientifically sound metric to assess light pollution risk, considering factors such as light intensity, duration, and impact on human and non-human entities." + }, + { + "category": "Metric Application", + "description": "Accurately apply the developed metric to assess light pollution risk in four types of locations: protected land, rural community, suburban community, and urban community, providing clear interpretations for each." + }, + { + "category": "Intervention Strategy Selection", + "description": "Select and justify the most effective intervention strategies for two chosen locations based on the metric results, considering local factors such as population density, biodiversity, and existing infrastructure." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze and discuss the potential impact of the chosen intervention strategies on the light pollution risk level of the selected locations, including both positive and negative effects." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Promotion", + "description": "Create a clear and persuasive 1-page flyer promoting the most effective intervention strategy for one location, effectively communicating the benefits and importance of the strategy to a general audience." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem of light pollution involves developing a metric to quantify risk levels, which requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling and analysis. A mathematician can help in formulating the equations and models needed to accurately assess and interpret light pollution data.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your expertise in differential equations, statistical analysis, and optimization techniques will be crucial in developing a robust metric for light pollution risk. You should focus on ensuring the mathematical soundness of the models and verify that the assumptions and simplifications made are valid and reasonable for the context of light pollution." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The task involves analyzing complex datasets related to light pollution, such as geographical, demographic, and environmental data. A data scientist is essential for processing this data, applying machine learning techniques, and deriving insights that inform the development of the light pollution metric.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to handle large datasets, perform data cleaning, and apply statistical and machine learning methods to extract meaningful patterns. You should ensure that the data used in the models is accurate and representative of the different locations. Your skills in data visualization will also be important for interpreting and presenting the results clearly." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "Light pollution has significant environmental impacts, affecting ecosystems and wildlife. An environmental scientist can provide insights into how light pollution affects biodiversity and ecological processes, which is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies.", + "details": "As an environmental scientist, you bring expertise in understanding the ecological consequences of light pollution. You should evaluate how different levels of light pollution impact various species and ecosystems, and assess the effectiveness of proposed intervention strategies in mitigating these impacts. Your knowledge will be vital in ensuring that the solutions are environmentally sustainable and consider the broader ecological context." + }, + { + "name": "Urban Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves assessing light pollution in various community settings, including urban, suburban, and rural areas. An urban planner can provide insights into how urban design and infrastructure contribute to light pollution and help develop location-specific intervention strategies.", + "details": "As an urban planner, your expertise in land use planning and community design is crucial for understanding how different urban layouts and lighting infrastructures contribute to light pollution. You should focus on evaluating how proposed interventions can be integrated into existing urban plans and policies, and ensure that they are feasible and effective in reducing light pollution while considering the needs of the community." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Metric Development", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive and scientifically sound metric to assess light pollution risk, considering factors such as light intensity, duration, and impact on human and non-human entities." + }, + { + "category": "Metric Application", + "description": "Accurately apply the developed metric to assess light pollution risk in four types of locations: protected land, rural community, suburban community, and urban community, providing clear interpretations for each." + }, + { + "category": "Intervention Strategy Selection", + "description": "Select and justify the most effective intervention strategies for two chosen locations based on the metric results, considering local factors such as population density, biodiversity, and existing infrastructure." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze and discuss the potential impact of the chosen intervention strategies on the light pollution risk level of the selected locations, including both positive and negative effects." + }, + { + "category": "Communication and Promotion", + "description": "Create a clear and persuasive 1-page flyer promoting the most effective intervention strategy for one location, effectively communicating the benefits and importance of the strategy to a general audience." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_Preparing_for_Olympic": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "Preparing for Olympic Medal Ceremonies", + "level": "Middle School", + "source": "MidMCM", + "link": "Problems/2023/MidMCM-C/index.html", + "question": "2023_MidMCM_Problem_C.pdf Preparing for Olympic Medal Ceremonies\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_MidMCM_Problem_C.pdf\n\n**2023 MidMCM Problem C: Preparing for Olympic Medal Ceremonies**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) is preparing for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, scheduled from July 26 to August 11, 2024. They need to order an appropriate number of medals and flags for the medal ceremonies to avoid shortages or excesses. Your task is to develop models to determine the necessary quantities.\n\n**Key Information:**\n- **Participating Countries:** Invitations have been sent to 203 National Olympic Committees (NOCs).\n- **Olympic Sports:** The 2024 Summer Olympics will feature 40 sports with 329 medal events.\n- **Medal Ceremonies:** Each event awards Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals. Flags of the winning countries are displayed.\n- **Venues:** The events will be held across 37 venues, primarily in and around Paris, with some overseas locations like Tahiti.\n\n**Task Requirements:**\n1. **Venue Selection and Analysis:**\n - Choose one venue: La D\u00e9fense Arena, Bercy Arena, or Stade de France.\n - Develop a schedule for medal ceremonies at the chosen venue.\n - Create a model to determine the number of medals (Gold, Silver, Bronze) needed.\n - Create a model to determine the number and types of flags needed.\n\n2. **Model Application:**\n - Apply your models to the other two venues.\n - Develop comprehensive models for medals and flags needed across all three venues.\n\n3. **Communication:**\n - Write a one- to two-page letter to the IOC explaining your model and its effectiveness in ensuring adequate medal and flag supplies.\n\n4. **Reflection:**\n - Consider the applicability of your model to all 37 venues and future Olympic Games, including Winter Olympics.\n\n**Submission Guidelines:**\n- Include a one-page summary, complete solution, and letter to the IOC\n- The solution document should not exceed 25 pages.\n\n**References:**\n- [1] Olympic Games Paris 2024 Information: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/one-year-to-go-ioc-invites-nocs-and-their-best-athletes-to-the-olympic-games-paris-2024\n- [2] Olympic Sports Overview: https://olympics.com/en/sports/summer-olympics#paris-2024\n- [3] Paris 2024 Schedule: https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-games-paris-2024-full-schedule-and-day-by-day-competitions\n- [4] Paris Olympics Venues: https://www.parisdigest.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024.htm\n- [5] Venue Concept: https://www.paris2024.org/en/competition-venue-concept/", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Venue Selection and Analysis", + "description": "Selection of one venue and development of a detailed schedule for medal ceremonies at that venue." + }, + { + "category": "Medal Quantity Model", + "description": "Creation of a model to accurately determine the number of Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals needed for the selected venue." + }, + { + "category": "Flag Quantity Model", + "description": "Creation of a model to determine the number and types of flags needed for the selected venue, considering the diversity of participating countries." + }, + { + "category": "Model Application to Other Venues", + "description": "Application of the developed models to the other two specified venues and evaluation of their effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Comprehensive Model Development", + "description": "Development of comprehensive models for medals and flags needed across all three venues, ensuring scalability and adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Effectiveness of the one- to two-page letter to the IOC, explaining the model and its effectiveness in ensuring adequate medal and flag supplies." + }, + { + "category": "Model Scalability and Reflection", + "description": "Consideration of the model's applicability to all 37 venues and future Olympic Games, including Winter Olympics, demonstrating scalability and adaptability." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to accurately predict the number of medals and flags needed for the Olympic ceremonies. This involves understanding probability, statistics, and optimization techniques to ensure the models are robust and reliable.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in developing and analyzing mathematical models. You should focus on ensuring the models are mathematically sound, using appropriate statistical methods to predict medal counts and flag requirements. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and verify their validity. Your expertise in optimization can help refine the models to minimize costs and avoid shortages or excesses." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling large datasets related to Olympic events, participating countries, and historical data. A data scientist can leverage data analysis and machine learning techniques to enhance the accuracy of the models.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at processing and analyzing complex datasets. You should focus on extracting relevant data from historical Olympic events to inform the models. Use machine learning algorithms to predict outcomes and trends, ensuring the models are data-driven. Your expertise in data visualization can help communicate the model's predictions effectively to the IOC." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves logistical planning and resource allocation, which are key areas of operations research. An operations research analyst can optimize the scheduling and distribution of medals and flags across venues.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in optimizing processes and resource allocation. You should focus on developing models that efficiently schedule medal ceremonies and distribute medals and flags across venues. Pay attention to constraints such as venue capacity and timing. Your expertise in linear programming and simulation can help ensure the models are practical and implementable." + }, + { + "name": "Event Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves planning and executing medal ceremonies, which requires expertise in event management. An event planner can provide insights into the logistical and practical aspects of organizing ceremonies.", + "details": "As an event planner, you have experience in organizing large-scale events. You should focus on the practical aspects of the models, ensuring they align with the realities of event management. Consider factors such as venue layout, timing, and coordination with other events. Your expertise in contingency planning can help address potential issues such as delays or unexpected changes in the schedule." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Venue Selection and Analysis", + "description": "Selection of one venue and development of a detailed schedule for medal ceremonies at that venue." + }, + { + "category": "Medal Quantity Model", + "description": "Creation of a model to accurately determine the number of Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals needed for the selected venue." + }, + { + "category": "Flag Quantity Model", + "description": "Creation of a model to determine the number and types of flags needed for the selected venue, considering the diversity of participating countries." + }, + { + "category": "Model Application to Other Venues", + "description": "Application of the developed models to the other two specified venues and evaluation of their effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Comprehensive Model Development", + "description": "Development of comprehensive models for medals and flags needed across all three venues, ensuring scalability and adaptability." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Effectiveness of the one- to two-page letter to the IOC, explaining the model and its effectiveness in ensuring adequate medal and flag supplies." + }, + { + "category": "Model Scalability and Reflection", + "description": "Consideration of the model's applicability to all 37 venues and future Olympic Games, including Winter Olympics, demonstrating scalability and adaptability." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_Prioritizing_the_UN": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "Prioritizing the UN Sustainability Goals", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2023/ICM-D/index.html", + "question": "2023_ICM_Problem_D.pdf Prioritizing the UN Sustainability Goals\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_ICM_Problem_D.pdf\n\n**2023 ICM Problem D: Prioritizing the UN Sustainability Goals**\n\n**Background**\nThe United Nations (UN) has established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at improving global living conditions. These goals are interconnected, meaning progress in one can affect others positively or negatively. Achieving these goals is complex due to funding limitations, technological advances, global pandemics, climate change, regional conflicts, and refugee movements.\n\n**Task Overview**\n1. **Network Creation**: Develop a network illustrating the relationships between the 17 SDGs.\n2. **Priority Setting**: Use the network to prioritize goals that can most effectively advance the UN's mission. Evaluate the effectiveness of each priority and project achievable outcomes over the next decade.\n3. **Impact of Achievements**: Analyze how achieving one SDG (e.g., no poverty or zero hunger) would alter the network and affect priorities. Consider proposing additional goals to the UN.\n4. **Influence of Global Factors**: Discuss how technological advances, pandemics, climate change, wars, and refugee movements impact the network and priorities.\n5. **Application to Other Organizations**: Explain how this network approach can assist other entities in setting their goals.\n\n**UN Sustainable Development Goals**\n1. No Poverty\n2. Zero Hunger\n3. Good Health and Well-being\n4. Quality Education\n5. Gender Equality\n6. Clean Water and Sanitation\n7. Affordable and Clean Energy\n8. Decent Work and Economic Growth\n9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure\n10. Reduced Inequality\n11. Sustainable Cities and Communities\n12. Responsible Consumption and Production\n13. Climate Action\n14. Life Below Water\n15. Life on Land\n16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions\n17. Partnerships to achieve the Goal\n\n**Submission Requirements**\n- A solution document of up to 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n\n**Glossary**\n- **United Nations (UN)**: An intergovernmental organization focused on maintaining peace, fostering friendly relations, and promoting international cooperation.\n- **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)**: A set of 17 interconnected objectives serving as a blueprint for global peace and prosperity.\n\n**References**\n- Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. UN General Assembly, A/RES/70/1, 2015.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Network Creation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the network illustrating the relationships between the 17 SDGs, ensuring all goals and their interconnections are represented." + }, + { + "category": "Priority Setting", + "description": "Assess the method used to prioritize the SDGs based on the network, including the rationale and criteria for determining which goals can most effectively advance the UN's mission." + }, + { + "category": "Effectiveness Evaluation", + "description": "Examine the evaluation of the effectiveness of each prioritized goal and the projected achievable outcomes over the next decade." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how achieving one specific SDG alters the network and affects the priorities, including any proposed additional goals to the UN." + }, + { + "category": "Global Factors Influence", + "description": "Discuss how global factors such as technological advances, pandemics, climate change, wars, and refugee movements impact the network and the prioritization of goals." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Other Organizations", + "description": "Evaluate the explanation of how the network approach can assist other entities in setting their goals, including adaptability and potential benefits." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves creating a network to illustrate the relationships between the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which requires a strong foundation in graph theory and mathematical modeling. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in developing and analyzing the network structure to ensure it accurately represents the complex interconnections between the goals.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at constructing and analyzing complex networks. Your skills in graph theory will be essential in developing a robust model that captures the intricate relationships between the SDGs. When reviewing the modeling solutions, pay close attention to the mathematical rigor and validity of the network structure. Ensure that the relationships are logically sound and that the model can effectively prioritize the goals based on their interdependencies." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The task requires analyzing large datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of prioritizing certain SDGs and projecting outcomes. A data scientist's expertise in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning is vital for processing and interpreting the data to inform decision-making.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your role is to analyze the data related to the SDGs and their interconnections. You should focus on using statistical methods and machine learning techniques to derive insights from the data, which will help in setting priorities and projecting outcomes. When reviewing the solutions, ensure that the data analysis is thorough and that the conclusions drawn are supported by the data. Look for the use of appropriate models and algorithms that can handle the complexity and scale of the data involved." + }, + { + "name": "Systems Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding and modeling complex systems, which is the core expertise of a systems analyst. Their ability to see the big picture and understand how different components interact within a system is crucial for developing a comprehensive model of the SDGs network.", + "details": "As a systems analyst, you are skilled in examining and modeling complex systems. Your expertise will be invaluable in understanding how the SDGs interact and influence each other. When reviewing the solutions, focus on the system's dynamics and ensure that the model accurately reflects the real-world complexities of the SDGs. Pay attention to how well the model can adapt to changes in global factors such as technological advances and climate change." + }, + { + "name": "Policy Analyst", + "thoughts": "The task involves evaluating the impact of achieving certain SDGs and proposing additional goals, which requires a deep understanding of policy implications and global development strategies. A policy analyst's expertise is crucial in assessing the feasibility and impact of different priorities and strategies.", + "details": "As a policy analyst, your role is to evaluate the policy implications of prioritizing certain SDGs and achieving specific outcomes. You should focus on understanding the broader context of global development and how different goals align with international policies and agendas. When reviewing the solutions, ensure that the proposed priorities and strategies are realistic and consider the potential impact on global and regional policies. Look for solutions that are not only theoretically sound but also practically feasible in the context of current and future global challenges." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Network Creation", + "description": "Evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the network illustrating the relationships between the 17 SDGs, ensuring all goals and their interconnections are represented." + }, + { + "category": "Priority Setting", + "description": "Assess the method used to prioritize the SDGs based on the network, including the rationale and criteria for determining which goals can most effectively advance the UN's mission." + }, + { + "category": "Effectiveness Evaluation", + "description": "Examine the evaluation of the effectiveness of each prioritized goal and the projected achievable outcomes over the next decade." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Analysis", + "description": "Analyze how achieving one specific SDG alters the network and affects the priorities, including any proposed additional goals to the UN." + }, + { + "category": "Global Factors Influence", + "description": "Discuss how global factors such as technological advances, pandemics, climate change, wars, and refugee movements impact the network and the prioritization of goals." + }, + { + "category": "Application to Other Organizations", + "description": "Evaluate the explanation of how the network approach can assist other entities in setting their goals, including adaptability and potential benefits." + } + ] + } + }, + "2023_The_Future_of": { + "year": "2023", + "title": "The Future of the Olympics", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2023/ICM-Z/index.html", + "question": "2023_ICM_Problem_Z.pdf The Future of the Olympics\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2023_ICM_Problem_Z.pdf\n\n**The Future of the Olympics**\n\n**Background:**\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) is experiencing a decline in bids to host the Olympics, both Summer and Winter Games. Historically, hosting the Olympics was seen as prestigious, but recent host cities/nations have faced various negative impacts. To address these challenges, innovative solutions are being considered, such as establishing permanent locations for the Games or dividing the sports into four smaller seasonal events (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall) to reduce the hosting burden.\n\n**Task:**\nThe Interdisciplinary Committee on Modern Games (ICMG) seeks creative strategies to ensure the Olympics remain successful and continue to unite the world through sport. Recommendations should include metrics for evaluating the impacts of hosting the Games from perspectives such as economic, land use, human satisfaction (athletes and spectators), travel, future opportunities, and host city/nation prestige. Consider the feasibility, implementation timeline, and impact of potential strategies on these metrics. A one-page memorandum to the IOC should outline your strategy and policy recommendations.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A one-page Summary Sheet detailing your approach and key conclusions.\n- Complete solution.\n- One-page memorandum.\n\n**Reference:**\nMatheson, V. and Zimbalist, A. (2021, April 19). \"Why Cities No Longer Clamor to Host the Olympic Games.\" Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Available at: [Georgetown Journal](https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/04/19/why-cities-no-longer-clamor-to-host-the-olympic-games/).", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Strategy Development", + "description": "Evaluate the creativity and innovation of the proposed strategies to ensure the Olympics remain successful and appealing to host cities." + }, + { + "category": "Metric Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of metrics used to evaluate the impacts of hosting the Olympics, including economic, land use, human satisfaction, travel, future opportunities, and prestige." + }, + { + "category": "Feasibility Analysis", + "description": "Examine the feasibility of the proposed strategies, including the practicality of implementation and the timeline for execution." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of potential impacts of the strategies on the identified metrics, considering both short-term and long-term effects." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Recommendations", + "description": "Review the clarity and persuasiveness of the policy recommendations provided in the one-page memorandum to the IOC." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Check the identification and justification of any assumptions made in the modeling process." + }, + { + "category": "Integration of Reference Material", + "description": "Assess the integration and application of insights from the referenced article by Matheson and Zimbalist in the development of the solution." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to develop and analyze metrics for evaluating the impacts of hosting the Olympics. This includes creating models to assess economic impacts, land use, and other quantifiable factors.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at formulating mathematical models that can simulate various scenarios related to hosting the Olympics. Your expertise in optimization, statistical analysis, and predictive modeling will be crucial in evaluating the feasibility and impact of proposed strategies. When reviewing the solutions, pay attention to the mathematical rigor and validity of the models used, ensuring they are robust and applicable to real-world scenarios." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets to derive insights into the impacts of hosting the Olympics. This includes processing data related to economic factors, human satisfaction, and travel logistics.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your skills in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods are essential for interpreting complex datasets. You will need to evaluate the data-driven aspects of the proposed solutions, ensuring that the data is accurately processed and that the conclusions drawn are supported by the data. Your role involves verifying the integrity of the data sources and the appropriateness of the analytical techniques used." + }, + { + "name": "Urban Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves significant considerations of land use and urban development, which are critical when planning for large-scale events like the Olympics. An urban planner's perspective is vital in assessing the long-term impacts on host cities.", + "details": "As an urban planner, you bring expertise in sustainable development, infrastructure planning, and community impact assessment. Your role is to evaluate how the proposed strategies align with urban development goals and the potential long-term benefits or drawbacks for host cities. Pay attention to the integration of land use planning with the proposed solutions and ensure that they promote sustainable and efficient urban growth." + }, + { + "name": "Economist", + "thoughts": "The economic implications of hosting the Olympics are a central concern, requiring an economist's expertise to evaluate the financial viability and potential economic benefits or risks associated with different strategies.", + "details": "As an economist, your focus is on analyzing the economic models and assumptions used in the proposed solutions. You will assess the cost-benefit analyses, economic impact studies, and financial projections to ensure they are realistic and comprehensive. Your role involves scrutinizing the economic feasibility of the strategies and their potential to enhance or detract from the host city's or nation's economic health." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Strategy Development", + "description": "Evaluate the creativity and innovation of the proposed strategies to ensure the Olympics remain successful and appealing to host cities." + }, + { + "category": "Metric Identification", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of metrics used to evaluate the impacts of hosting the Olympics, including economic, land use, human satisfaction, travel, future opportunities, and prestige." + }, + { + "category": "Feasibility Analysis", + "description": "Examine the feasibility of the proposed strategies, including the practicality of implementation and the timeline for execution." + }, + { + "category": "Impact Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate the analysis of potential impacts of the strategies on the identified metrics, considering both short-term and long-term effects." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Recommendations", + "description": "Review the clarity and persuasiveness of the policy recommendations provided in the one-page memorandum to the IOC." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Check the identification and justification of any assumptions made in the modeling process." + }, + { + "category": "Integration of Reference Material", + "description": "Assess the integration and application of insights from the referenced article by Matheson and Zimbalist in the development of the solution." + } + ] + } + }, + "2024_Reducing_Illegal_Wildlife": { + "year": "2024", + "title": "Reducing Illegal Wildlife Trade", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2024/ICM-F/index.html", + "question": "2024_ICM_Problem_F.pdf Reducing Illegal Wildlife Trade\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2024_ICM_Problem_F.pdf\n\n**2024 ICM Problem F: Reducing Illegal Wildlife Trade**\n\n**Overview:**\nIllegal wildlife trade is a significant global issue, estimated to involve up to $26.5 billion annually, making it the fourth largest illegal trade worldwide. The task is to develop a data-driven 5-year project aimed at significantly reducing this trade. The project should be tailored to a specific client capable of implementing it.\n\n**Key Sub-Questions:**\n1. **Client Selection:**\n - Identify a client with the necessary powers, resources, and interest to execute the project.\n - Justify why this client is suitable for the proposed project.\n\n2. **Project Suitability:**\n - Use research and data analysis to support the project choice.\n - Convince the client of the project's viability and importance.\n\n3. **Resource Requirements:**\n - Determine additional powers and resources needed for project execution.\n\n4. **Impact and Analysis:**\n - Predict the measurable impact on illegal wildlife trade if the project is implemented.\n - Conduct analysis to support these predictions.\n\n5. **Project Feasibility:**\n - Assess the likelihood of achieving the project's goals.\n - Perform a sensitivity analysis to identify conditions that may affect the project's success.\n\n**Complex Systems Approach:**\n- Consider illegal wildlife trade as part of a larger system, potentially integrating efforts from other domains like climate change or other forms of trafficking.\n- Justify the use of a complexity framework, discussing its benefits and drawbacks.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A 1-page memo for the client, summarizing the project proposal and its alignment with the client's mission.\n- A solution of up to 25 pages, including:\n - One-page summary sheet.\n - Complete solution.\n - One-page client memo.\n\n**Judging Criteria:**\n- Creativity in client and project selection.\n- Strong connections between the client and the project.\n- Clear ties between data analysis and project design.\n\n**Reference:**\n- Wildlife Conservancy Society. (2021). Why Should we Care about Wildlife Trafficking? Retrieved from WCS Wildlife Trade", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Client Selection", + "description": "Identify a suitable client with the necessary powers, resources, and interest to execute the project, and provide a strong justification for this choice." + }, + { + "category": "Project Suitability", + "description": "Use research and data analysis to support the choice of the project, ensuring it aligns with the client's mission and objectives." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Requirements", + "description": "Determine and justify the additional powers and resources needed for the successful execution of the project." + }, + { + "category": "Impact and Analysis", + "description": "Predict the measurable impact on illegal wildlife trade if the project is implemented, supported by thorough analysis and data." + }, + { + "category": "Project Feasibility", + "description": "Assess the likelihood of achieving the project's goals, including a sensitivity analysis to identify conditions that may affect success." + }, + { + "category": "Complex Systems Approach", + "description": "Justify the use of a complexity framework, discussing its benefits and drawbacks in the context of the illegal wildlife trade." + }, + { + "category": "Creativity and Innovation", + "description": "Demonstrate creativity in the selection of the client and the design of the project, ensuring strong connections between the client and the project." + }, + { + "category": "Data Analysis and Project Design", + "description": "Ensure clear ties between data analysis and project design, demonstrating how data informs and supports the project proposal." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the dynamics of illegal wildlife trade and predict the impact of interventions. Mathematical models can help simulate scenarios and assess the effectiveness of different strategies.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in developing models that can simulate complex systems like illegal wildlife trade. You should focus on creating models that incorporate various factors influencing the trade, such as economic incentives, enforcement levels, and social dynamics. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they are realistic and grounded in empirical data. Your expertise in differential equations, optimization, and statistical analysis will be crucial in evaluating the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets to identify patterns and trends in illegal wildlife trade. Data scientists can leverage machine learning and statistical techniques to extract insights and inform the project's design.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling and analyzing complex datasets. You should focus on identifying key data sources related to wildlife trade, such as trade records, enforcement actions, and market prices. Use your skills in data cleaning, feature engineering, and predictive modeling to uncover insights that can guide the project's strategy. Pay attention to the quality and reliability of the data, and ensure that the analysis is robust and reproducible. Your expertise in data visualization will also be important in communicating findings to stakeholders." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires understanding the economic drivers of illegal wildlife trade and evaluating the cost-effectiveness of proposed interventions. Environmental economists can assess the economic impact of the trade and the potential benefits of reducing it.", + "details": "As an environmental economist, you are skilled in analyzing the economic aspects of environmental issues. You should focus on evaluating the economic incentives that drive illegal wildlife trade and the potential economic benefits of reducing it. Consider the costs and benefits of different interventions, and assess their feasibility from an economic perspective. Pay attention to the trade-offs between economic growth and conservation efforts, and ensure that the proposed solutions are economically viable. Your expertise in cost-benefit analysis and economic modeling will be crucial in evaluating the project's impact." + }, + { + "name": "Conservation Biologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the ecological impact of illegal wildlife trade and designing interventions that protect biodiversity. Conservation biologists can provide insights into the species affected and the ecological consequences of the trade.", + "details": "As a conservation biologist, you are knowledgeable about the ecological aspects of wildlife trade. You should focus on identifying the species most affected by the trade and assessing the ecological impact of their exploitation. Consider the role of biodiversity in ecosystem services and the potential consequences of species loss. Pay attention to the ecological interactions and dependencies that may be disrupted by the trade, and ensure that the proposed solutions are ecologically sound. Your expertise in species conservation and habitat management will be important in evaluating the project's ecological impact." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Client Selection", + "description": "Identify a suitable client with the necessary powers, resources, and interest to execute the project, and provide a strong justification for this choice." + }, + { + "category": "Project Suitability", + "description": "Use research and data analysis to support the choice of the project, ensuring it aligns with the client's mission and objectives." + }, + { + "category": "Resource Requirements", + "description": "Determine and justify the additional powers and resources needed for the successful execution of the project." + }, + { + "category": "Impact and Analysis", + "description": "Predict the measurable impact on illegal wildlife trade if the project is implemented, supported by thorough analysis and data." + }, + { + "category": "Project Feasibility", + "description": "Assess the likelihood of achieving the project's goals, including a sensitivity analysis to identify conditions that may affect success." + }, + { + "category": "Complex Systems Approach", + "description": "Justify the use of a complexity framework, discussing its benefits and drawbacks in the context of the illegal wildlife trade." + }, + { + "category": "Creativity and Innovation", + "description": "Demonstrate creativity in the selection of the client and the design of the project, ensuring strong connections between the client and the project." + }, + { + "category": "Data Analysis and Project Design", + "description": "Ensure clear ties between data analysis and project design, demonstrating how data informs and supports the project proposal." + } + ] + } + }, + "2024_Resource_Availability_and": { + "year": "2024", + "title": "Resource Availability and Sex Ratios", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2024/MCM-A/index.html", + "question": "2024_MCM_Problem_A.pdf Resource Availability and Sex Ratios\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2024_MCM_Problem_A.pdf\n\n**2024 MCM Problem A: Resource Availability and Sex Ratios**\n\n**Overview:**\nThe problem focuses on the adaptive sex ratio variation in animal species, particularly sea lampreys, and how these ratios are influenced by environmental factors such as food availability. The task is to develop a model to understand the ecological impacts of these variations.\n\n**Key Points:**\n\n- **Adaptive Sex Ratio Variation:** Some species, like the American alligator, have sex ratios influenced by environmental factors (e.g., nest temperature). Sea lampreys' sex ratios are influenced by larval growth rates, which depend on food availability.\n\n- **Sea Lampreys:** These are jawless fish found in coastal and freshwater habitats. They are both parasites and a food source in various regions.\n\n- **Sex Ratio Influence:** \n - Low food availability leads to slower growth rates, resulting in approximately 78% males.\n - High food availability results in about 56% males.\n\n**Questions to Explore:**\n\n1. **Ecological Impact:** How does the ability of lampreys to alter their sex ratio affect the larger ecosystem?\n2. **Population Dynamics:** What are the advantages and disadvantages for lampreys in altering their sex ratio?\n3. **Ecosystem Stability:** How do changes in lamprey sex ratios impact ecosystem stability?\n4. **Ecosystem Benefits:** Can variable sex ratios in lampreys offer advantages to other ecosystem members, such as parasites?\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n\n- A complete solution with a one-page summary.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should accurately represent the relationship between food availability and sex ratio variations in sea lampreys." + }, + { + "category": "Ecological Impact Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate how changes in sex ratios affect the larger ecosystem, including predator-prey relationships and resource competition." + }, + { + "category": "Population Dynamics", + "description": "Analyze the advantages and disadvantages for sea lampreys in altering their sex ratio, considering factors like survival, reproduction, and competition." + }, + { + "category": "Ecosystem Stability", + "description": "Assess how variations in lamprey sex ratios influence the stability and resilience of the ecosystem." + }, + { + "category": "Ecosystem Benefits", + "description": "Investigate potential advantages that variable sex ratios in lampreys might offer to other ecosystem members, such as parasites or other species." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, particularly those related to environmental factors and biological processes." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct a sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters affect the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Testing", + "description": "Provide evidence of model validation and testing against real-world data or established ecological theories." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the relationship between environmental factors and sex ratio variations in sea lampreys. This involves formulating equations and models that can predict changes in sex ratios based on resource availability.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in ecological modeling and differential equations. Your role is to develop and analyze mathematical models that describe the sex ratio dynamics in sea lampreys. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and ensure they accurately reflect biological processes. Your skills in mathematical analysis will be crucial in evaluating the stability and sensitivity of the models to changes in environmental parameters." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to sea lamprey populations, environmental conditions, and sex ratios. A data scientist can help in processing and interpreting this data to inform the model and validate its predictions.", + "details": "You are a data scientist with expertise in data analysis and machine learning. Your role is to gather and analyze data on sea lamprey populations and environmental factors such as food availability. Use statistical methods to identify patterns and correlations that can be incorporated into the model. Pay attention to data quality and ensure that the data used in the model is reliable and representative of real-world conditions." + }, + { + "name": "Ecologist", + "thoughts": "Understanding the ecological impact of sex ratio variations requires expertise in ecology. An ecologist can provide insights into how changes in sex ratios affect population dynamics and ecosystem stability.", + "details": "You are an ecologist with expertise in population dynamics and ecosystem interactions. Your role is to evaluate the ecological implications of sex ratio variations in sea lampreys. Consider how these changes affect predator-prey relationships, competition, and overall ecosystem health. Pay attention to the broader ecological context and ensure that the model captures the complexity of interactions within the ecosystem." + }, + { + "name": "Marine Biologist", + "thoughts": "A marine biologist can provide specific insights into the biology and behavior of sea lampreys, which are crucial for understanding how environmental factors influence their sex ratios.", + "details": "You are a marine biologist with expertise in the biology and life cycle of sea lampreys. Your role is to provide biological insights that inform the model, such as the impact of larval growth rates on sex determination. Pay attention to the biological accuracy of the model and ensure that it reflects the physiological and behavioral characteristics of sea lampreys. Your understanding of marine ecosystems will be valuable in assessing the model's predictions and implications for ecosystem stability." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "The model should accurately represent the relationship between food availability and sex ratio variations in sea lampreys." + }, + { + "category": "Ecological Impact Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate how changes in sex ratios affect the larger ecosystem, including predator-prey relationships and resource competition." + }, + { + "category": "Population Dynamics", + "description": "Analyze the advantages and disadvantages for sea lampreys in altering their sex ratio, considering factors like survival, reproduction, and competition." + }, + { + "category": "Ecosystem Stability", + "description": "Assess how variations in lamprey sex ratios influence the stability and resilience of the ecosystem." + }, + { + "category": "Ecosystem Benefits", + "description": "Investigate potential advantages that variable sex ratios in lampreys might offer to other ecosystem members, such as parasites or other species." + }, + { + "category": "Assumptions and Justifications", + "description": "Identify and justify any assumptions made in the model, particularly those related to environmental factors and biological processes." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Conduct a sensitivity analysis to determine how changes in key parameters affect the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Validation and Testing", + "description": "Provide evidence of model validation and testing against real-world data or established ecological theories." + } + ] + } + }, + "2024_Searching_for_Submersibles": { + "year": "2024", + "title": "Searching for Submersibles", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2024/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "2024_MCM_Problem_B.pdf Searching for Submersibles\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2024_MCM_Problem_B.pdf\n\n**2024 MCM Problem B: Searching for Submersibles**\n\n**Overview:**\nMaritime Cruises Mini-Submarines (MCMS), based in Greece, builds submersibles for deep-sea exploration. They plan to offer tourist adventures in the Ionian Sea to explore shipwrecks. To gain regulatory approval, they need to develop safety procedures for scenarios like loss of communication or mechanical failures, including propulsion loss.\n\n**Tasks:**\n\n1. **Locate:**\n - Develop a model to predict the submersible's location over time.\n - Identify uncertainties in predictions.\n - Determine what information the submersible can send to the host ship to reduce uncertainties and the equipment needed.\n\n2. **Prepare:**\n - Recommend additional search equipment for the host ship, considering costs, maintenance, and readiness.\n - Suggest equipment a rescue vessel might need.\n\n3. **Search:**\n - Create a model to recommend initial deployment points and search patterns to minimize the time to locate a lost submersible.\n - Calculate the probability of finding the submersible over time and with accumulated search results.\n\n4. **Extrapolate:**\n - Expand the model for other tourist destinations like the Caribbean Sea.\n - Adapt the model for multiple submersibles in the same area.\n\n**Report Requirements:**\n- Maximum of 25 pages.\n- Include a one-page summary, complete solution, and one- to two-page memo to the Greek government.\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Submersible:** An underwater vehicle supported by a larger watercraft, unlike self-supporting submarines.\n- **Neutral Buoyancy:** When an object's density equals the fluid's density, causing it to neither sink nor rise.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Location Prediction Model", + "description": "Evaluate the model's ability to accurately predict the submersible's location over time, including the mathematical approach and assumptions made." + }, + { + "category": "Uncertainty Analysis", + "description": "Assess how well the solution identifies and quantifies uncertainties in the location predictions and the strategies proposed to mitigate these uncertainties." + }, + { + "category": "Communication Strategy", + "description": "Examine the proposed information and equipment needed for the submersible to communicate with the host ship to reduce uncertainties." + }, + { + "category": "Search Equipment Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the recommendations for additional search equipment for the host ship, considering cost, maintenance, and readiness." + }, + { + "category": "Rescue Vessel Equipment", + "description": "Assess the suggested equipment for a rescue vessel, ensuring it is practical and effective for the intended purpose." + }, + { + "category": "Search Strategy Model", + "description": "Analyze the model for recommending initial deployment points and search patterns, focusing on its effectiveness in minimizing search time." + }, + { + "category": "Probability Calculation", + "description": "Evaluate the method used to calculate the probability of finding the submersible over time and with accumulated search results." + }, + { + "category": "Model Extrapolation", + "description": "Assess the adaptability of the model for other tourist destinations and for scenarios involving multiple submersibles." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires developing mathematical models to predict the submersible's location, calculate probabilities, and adapt models for different scenarios. This involves complex equations and understanding of mathematical principles.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in formulating and solving mathematical models. Your role is crucial in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the models used to predict the submersible's location and search patterns. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models, the mathematical techniques used, and the robustness of the solutions. Your expertise in differential equations, probability theory, and optimization will be essential in evaluating the modeling solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data to reduce uncertainties in predictions and to inform search strategies. This requires expertise in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in processing and analyzing complex datasets. Your role is to evaluate how data is used to improve the accuracy of the models and reduce uncertainties. Focus on the data sources, data quality, and the methods used to analyze and interpret the data. Your knowledge in data visualization, statistical analysis, and predictive modeling will be key in assessing the effectiveness of the solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Marine Engineer", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the mechanical and operational aspects of submersibles, including potential failures and the equipment needed for search and rescue operations.", + "details": "You are a marine engineer with expertise in the design and operation of submersibles. Your role is to assess the technical feasibility of the proposed solutions, particularly in terms of the equipment and procedures recommended for search and rescue. Pay attention to the mechanical reliability, safety protocols, and the practicality of the equipment suggested. Your understanding of marine technology and engineering principles will be vital in evaluating the solutions' effectiveness and safety." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "The problem requires optimizing search patterns and deployment strategies to minimize the time to locate a lost submersible, which involves operations research techniques.", + "details": "You are an operations research analyst with expertise in optimization and decision-making processes. Your role is to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the search strategies proposed. Focus on the optimization models used, the assumptions made, and the decision-making criteria. Your skills in linear programming, simulation, and resource allocation will be crucial in assessing the solutions' ability to minimize search time and maximize the probability of success." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Location Prediction Model", + "description": "Evaluate the model's ability to accurately predict the submersible's location over time, including the mathematical approach and assumptions made." + }, + { + "category": "Uncertainty Analysis", + "description": "Assess how well the solution identifies and quantifies uncertainties in the location predictions and the strategies proposed to mitigate these uncertainties." + }, + { + "category": "Communication Strategy", + "description": "Examine the proposed information and equipment needed for the submersible to communicate with the host ship to reduce uncertainties." + }, + { + "category": "Search Equipment Recommendations", + "description": "Evaluate the recommendations for additional search equipment for the host ship, considering cost, maintenance, and readiness." + }, + { + "category": "Rescue Vessel Equipment", + "description": "Assess the suggested equipment for a rescue vessel, ensuring it is practical and effective for the intended purpose." + }, + { + "category": "Search Strategy Model", + "description": "Analyze the model for recommending initial deployment points and search patterns, focusing on its effectiveness in minimizing search time." + }, + { + "category": "Probability Calculation", + "description": "Evaluate the method used to calculate the probability of finding the submersible over time and with accumulated search results." + }, + { + "category": "Model Extrapolation", + "description": "Assess the adaptability of the model for other tourist destinations and for scenarios involving multiple submersibles." + } + ] + } + }, + "2024_Sustainability_of_Property": { + "year": "2024", + "title": "Sustainability of Property Insurance", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2024/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2024_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Sustainability of Property Insurance\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2024_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**Sustainability of Property Insurance**\n\n**Overview:**\nExtreme weather events are increasingly impacting property owners and insurers, with over $1 trillion in damages from more than 1,000 events recently. In 2022, insurance claims for natural disasters rose by 115% compared to the 30-year average. Climate change is expected to further increase these losses, with insurance premiums projected to rise by 30-60% by 2040. The insurance protection gap, the difference between economic losses and covered losses, averages 57% worldwide and is growing.\n\n**Challenges:**\n- Rising insurance costs and reduced availability as insurers adjust underwriting policies.\n- The dilemma of profitability for insurers versus affordability for property owners.\n- The need for a resilient insurance system to cover future claims while ensuring the long-term health of insurance companies.\n\n**Objectives:**\n1. Develop a model for insurance companies to determine underwriting policies in areas with increasing extreme weather events.\n2. Adapt the model to assess real-estate decisions, ensuring properties are resilient and services viable for growing communities.\n3. Create a preservation model for community leaders to protect culturally or historically significant buildings.\n\n**Tasks:**\n1. **Insurance Model Development:**\n - Determine conditions under which insurance companies should underwrite policies.\n - Identify actions property owners can take to influence underwriting decisions.\n - Demonstrate the model using two areas on different continents experiencing extreme weather.\n\n2. **Real-Estate Assessment:**\n - Adapt the insurance model to guide decisions on where and how to build resilient properties.\n\n3. **Preservation Model:**\n - Develop a model to help community leaders decide on preserving significant buildings.\n - Apply the model to a historic landmark (not Cape Hatteras Lighthouse) in an area prone to extreme weather.\n\n4. **Community Engagement:**\n - Compose a one-page letter to a community recommending a plan, timeline, and cost proposal for preserving a landmark based on the models.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A solution of up to 25 pages, including a summary sheet, complete solution, and community letter\n\n**References:**\n1. Boston Consulting Group. (2023, December 4). An Insurance Risk Framework for Climate Adaptation. Retrieved at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/an-insurance-risk-framework-for-climate-adaptation\n2. Munich RE. (2022, January 10). Hurricanes, cold waves, tornadoes: Weather disasters in USA dominate natural disaster losses in 2021. Retrieved at: https://www.munichre.com/en/company/media-relations/media-information-and-corporate-news/media-information/2022/natural-disaster-losses-2021.html\n3. Union of Concerned Scientists. (2016, July 19). Saving an Icon: Moving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Away from the Shifting Shoreline. Retrieved at: https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/moving-cape-hatteras-lighthouse-away-shifting-shoreline \n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Insurance Protection Gap:** Difference between economic losses from natural disasters and covered losses.\n- **Underwrite:** Accept liability for guaranteeing payment in case of loss or damage.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the model's ability to determine conditions for underwriting policies in areas with increasing extreme weather events, including the identification of key factors influencing these decisions." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Assess the model's capability to identify actions property owners can take to influence underwriting decisions, ensuring these actions are practical and evidence-based." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Examine the demonstration of the model using two areas on different continents, focusing on the model's adaptability and accuracy in different geographic and climatic contexts." + }, + { + "category": "Real-Estate Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate how well the insurance model is adapted to guide real-estate decisions, particularly in terms of building resilience and ensuring service viability for growing communities." + }, + { + "category": "Preservation Model", + "description": "Assess the development of a preservation model for community leaders, focusing on its ability to prioritize culturally or historically significant buildings in areas prone to extreme weather." + }, + { + "category": "Preservation Model", + "description": "Evaluate the application of the preservation model to a historic landmark, ensuring the model's recommendations are feasible and contextually appropriate." + }, + { + "category": "Community Engagement", + "description": "Review the one-page letter to a community, focusing on the clarity, persuasiveness, and practicality of the proposed plan, timeline, and cost proposal for preserving a landmark." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to develop robust insurance models that can predict and manage risks associated with extreme weather events. Mathematical expertise is crucial for formulating equations and algorithms that can simulate various scenarios and optimize underwriting policies.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are skilled in creating and analyzing complex mathematical models. You should focus on ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the models used to predict insurance risks and assess real-estate decisions. Pay attention to the assumptions made in the models and the mathematical techniques used to solve them, such as differential equations, probability theory, and optimization methods. Your expertise will be vital in evaluating the mathematical soundness of the proposed solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing large datasets related to weather patterns, insurance claims, and real-estate values. Data scientists are essential for processing this data, identifying trends, and using machine learning techniques to improve model predictions and decision-making processes.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are adept at handling and interpreting complex datasets. You should focus on the data quality, the methods used for data analysis, and the application of machine learning algorithms to enhance model predictions. Your role involves ensuring that the data-driven insights are accurately integrated into the models and that the statistical methods used are appropriate for the problem at hand. Your expertise will be crucial in validating the data analysis components of the solutions." + }, + { + "name": "Climate Scientist", + "thoughts": "Climate scientists are crucial for understanding the impact of climate change on extreme weather events and their subsequent effects on property insurance. Their expertise can provide insights into future climate scenarios and help refine models to account for these changes.", + "details": "As a climate scientist, you bring valuable knowledge about climate patterns and their implications for insurance and real-estate decisions. You should evaluate how well the models incorporate climate data and projections, ensuring that they accurately reflect the risks posed by climate change. Your expertise will be essential in assessing the environmental assumptions and predictions used in the models, ensuring they are grounded in scientific evidence." + }, + { + "name": "Insurance Analyst", + "thoughts": "Insurance analysts have specialized knowledge in evaluating insurance policies, risk management, and financial implications. Their expertise is vital for assessing the feasibility and sustainability of the proposed insurance models.", + "details": "As an insurance analyst, you are skilled in analyzing insurance policies and financial risks. You should focus on the practicality and economic viability of the underwriting policies proposed in the models. Pay attention to the balance between profitability for insurers and affordability for property owners, ensuring that the models provide realistic solutions for the insurance industry. Your expertise will be crucial in evaluating the financial aspects and risk management strategies of the solutions." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the model's ability to determine conditions for underwriting policies in areas with increasing extreme weather events, including the identification of key factors influencing these decisions." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Assess the model's capability to identify actions property owners can take to influence underwriting decisions, ensuring these actions are practical and evidence-based." + }, + { + "category": "Insurance Model Development", + "description": "Examine the demonstration of the model using two areas on different continents, focusing on the model's adaptability and accuracy in different geographic and climatic contexts." + }, + { + "category": "Real-Estate Assessment", + "description": "Evaluate how well the insurance model is adapted to guide real-estate decisions, particularly in terms of building resilience and ensuring service viability for growing communities." + }, + { + "category": "Preservation Model", + "description": "Assess the development of a preservation model for community leaders, focusing on its ability to prioritize culturally or historically significant buildings in areas prone to extreme weather." + }, + { + "category": "Preservation Model", + "description": "Evaluate the application of the preservation model to a historic landmark, ensuring the model's recommendations are feasible and contextually appropriate." + }, + { + "category": "Community Engagement", + "description": "Review the one-page letter to a community, focusing on the clarity, persuasiveness, and practicality of the proposed plan, timeline, and cost proposal for preserving a landmark." + } + ] + } + }, + "2024_The_Modeling_Musical": { + "year": "2024", + "title": "The Modeling Musical Tour", + "level": "Middle School", + "source": "MidMCM", + "link": "Problems/2024/MidMCM-C/index.html", + "question": "2024_MidMCM_Problem_C.pdf The Modeling Musical Tour\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2024_MidMCM_Problem_C.pdf\n\n**2024 MidMCM Problem C: The Modeling Musical Tour**\n\n**Overview:**\nTaylor Swift's Eras Tour, concluding in December, included 152 shows, each lasting about 3.5 hours. In the US, each concert attracted approximately 72,000 fans, generating $13 million per show, making it the first tour to earn over $1 billion. Despite the success, ticket acquisition was challenging due to high demand and prices. Swift is known for her generosity towards her team, offering significant bonuses to crew members.\n\n**Task:**\nAs a tour manager at MidMCM Music Agency, you are tasked with planning a tour for a musical performer of your choice. Analyze the performer's past tours to develop a model for their next tour.\n\n**Steps to Follow:**\n\n1. **Familiarize with a Performer:**\n - Choose a performer with a past concert tour.\n - Investigate the reasons for their tour, its duration, number of shows, and locations.\n - Identify factors for planning a tour, such as single show logistics, multiple show coordination, and elements of a successful tour.\n\n2. **Develop a Model:**\n - Consider aspects like the number of concerts, venues, and ticket prices.\n - Determine the best plan to achieve goals such as maximizing attendance, venues, profits, or other objectives.\n\n3. **Apply the Model:**\n - Analyze a past tour using your model to identify strengths and weaknesses.\n - Plan a future tour, suggesting improvements and strategies based on your model.\n\n4. **Share Your Model:**\n - Write a one- to two-page letter to the performer, detailing a new tour plan and explaining how it meets their goals.\n\n5. **Reflect:**\n - Consider the model's applicability to other performers and its limitations.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A solution of up to 25 pages, including:\n - One-page Summary Sheet\n - Complete solution\n - One- to two-page letter", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Performer Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the depth of research and understanding of the chosen performer's past tours, including reasons for the tour, duration, number of shows, and locations." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the comprehensiveness of the model developed for planning the tour, including factors like number of concerts, venue selection, ticket pricing, and logistical coordination." + }, + { + "category": "Objective Alignment", + "description": "Examine how well the model aligns with the performer's goals, such as maximizing attendance, profits, or other specified objectives." + }, + { + "category": "Model Application", + "description": "Analyze the application of the model to a past tour, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and how these insights are used to inform future tour planning." + }, + { + "category": "Future Tour Planning", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed future tour plan, including suggested improvements and strategies based on the model, and how well these meet the performer's goals." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Assess the clarity and persuasiveness of the one- to two-page letter to the performer, explaining the new tour plan and its benefits." + }, + { + "category": "Model Generalization", + "description": "Consideration of the model's applicability to other performers and its limitations, demonstrating an understanding of the model's broader utility." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem involves creating a mathematical model to optimize various aspects of a musical tour, such as the number of concerts, venues, and ticket pricing. A mathematician's expertise is crucial in formulating and solving the equations and algorithms that will underpin the model.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at developing and analyzing mathematical models. Your role involves ensuring that the model is mathematically sound, identifying any assumptions or simplifications made, and verifying the accuracy of the calculations. You should pay attention to the logical structure of the model and its ability to predict outcomes based on different variables. Your expertise will be invaluable in refining the model to ensure it is robust and reliable." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The task requires analyzing past tour data to inform the model, making the role of a data scientist essential. You will need to handle large datasets, extract meaningful insights, and apply statistical methods to predict future trends.", + "details": "As a data scientist, you are skilled in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical modeling. Your role is to process and analyze historical tour data to identify patterns and trends that can inform the model. You should focus on the quality and relevance of the data used, ensuring that it is comprehensive and accurately reflects past performances. Your ability to apply predictive analytics will help in forecasting future tour success and optimizing the model accordingly." + }, + { + "name": "Operations Research Analyst", + "thoughts": "Planning a tour involves logistical challenges, such as scheduling, routing, and resource allocation. An operations research analyst can apply optimization techniques to streamline these processes and improve efficiency.", + "details": "As an operations research analyst, you specialize in optimizing complex systems and processes. Your expertise in linear programming, simulation, and decision analysis will be crucial in developing a model that efficiently allocates resources and schedules concerts. You should evaluate the model's ability to handle logistical constraints and its effectiveness in minimizing costs while maximizing tour success. Your insights will help ensure that the tour plan is both practical and economically viable." + }, + { + "name": "Marketing Strategist", + "thoughts": "The success of a musical tour is heavily influenced by marketing strategies, which affect ticket sales and audience engagement. A marketing strategist can provide insights into consumer behavior and promotional tactics.", + "details": "As a marketing strategist, you are experienced in developing and executing marketing campaigns. Your role involves analyzing market trends, audience demographics, and promotional channels to enhance the tour's visibility and appeal. You should assess the model's consideration of marketing factors, such as pricing strategies and advertising effectiveness. Your expertise will help ensure that the tour plan aligns with the performer's brand and maximizes audience reach and engagement." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Performer Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the depth of research and understanding of the chosen performer's past tours, including reasons for the tour, duration, number of shows, and locations." + }, + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Assess the comprehensiveness of the model developed for planning the tour, including factors like number of concerts, venue selection, ticket pricing, and logistical coordination." + }, + { + "category": "Objective Alignment", + "description": "Examine how well the model aligns with the performer's goals, such as maximizing attendance, profits, or other specified objectives." + }, + { + "category": "Model Application", + "description": "Analyze the application of the model to a past tour, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and how these insights are used to inform future tour planning." + }, + { + "category": "Future Tour Planning", + "description": "Evaluate the proposed future tour plan, including suggested improvements and strategies based on the model, and how well these meet the performer's goals." + }, + { + "category": "Communication", + "description": "Assess the clarity and persuasiveness of the one- to two-page letter to the performer, explaining the new tour plan and its benefits." + }, + { + "category": "Model Generalization", + "description": "Consideration of the model's applicability to other performers and its limitations, demonstrating an understanding of the model's broader utility." + } + ] + } + }, + "2025_Cyber_Strong?": { + "year": "2025", + "title": "Cyber Strong?", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2025/ICM-F/index.html", + "question": "2025_ICM_Problem_F.pdf Cyber Strong?\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2025_ICM_Problem_F.pdf\n\n**2025 ICM Problem F: Cyber Strong?**\n\n**Background:**\nThe increasing global connectivity through technology has enhanced productivity but also heightened vulnerability to cybercrime. Cybercrime is challenging to combat due to jurisdictional issues across borders and the reluctance of institutions to report breaches. Many countries have developed national cybersecurity policies, and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) plays a key role in setting international standards and assessing cybersecurity status.\n\n**Objective:**\nIdentify patterns to inform the development and refinement of national cybersecurity policies based on effective existing policies. Develop a theory for strong national cybersecurity policy and support it with data-driven analysis.\n\n**Considerations:**\n- Analyze global cybercrime distribution: Identify countries with high cybercrime rates, successful defenses, reporting, and prosecution patterns.\n- Compare national security policies with cybercrime distribution to identify effective policy elements.\n- Consider national demographics (internet access, wealth, education) that correlate with cybercrime distribution and support your theory.\n\n**Data and Analysis:**\n- Use existing measures like ITU's Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) and resources like the VERIS framework and Community Database (VCDB) for data collection.\n- Highlight limitations and concerns for policymakers when using your analysis to refine cybersecurity policies.\n\n**Deliverables:**\n- A 1-page memo for nontechnical policy experts at an ITU Summit, summarizing your work, theory, and key findings.\n- A solution of up to 25 pages, including a summary sheet, complete solution, and your memo.\n\n**References:**\n1. [ITU Global Cybersecurity Index 2024](https://www.itu.int/epublications/publication/global-cybersecurity-index-2024)\n2. [VERIS Framework](https://verisframework.org/index.html)\n3. [VERIS Community Database](https://verisframework.org/vcdb.html)\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Cybercrime:** Criminal activities using digital devices/networks.\n- **Cybersecurity Incident:** Events compromising business operations and cybersecurity.\n- **Cybersecurity:** Tools, policies, and practices to protect the cyber environment and assets.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Effectiveness in analyzing global cybercrime distribution, identifying countries with high cybercrime rates, successful defenses, and patterns in reporting and prosecution." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Comparison", + "description": "Ability to compare national cybersecurity policies with cybercrime distribution to identify effective policy elements." + }, + { + "category": "Demographic Correlation", + "description": "Consideration of national demographics such as internet access, wealth, and education in relation to cybercrime distribution and their integration into the theory." + }, + { + "category": "Theory Development", + "description": "Development of a coherent and data-supported theory for strong national cybersecurity policy." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Appropriate use of existing measures like the ITU's Global Cybersecurity Index and resources like the VERIS framework and Community Database for data collection." + }, + { + "category": "Limitations and Concerns", + "description": "Identification and discussion of limitations and concerns for policymakers when using the analysis to refine cybersecurity policies." + }, + { + "category": "Memo for Policy Experts", + "description": "Clarity and conciseness of the 1-page memo for nontechnical policy experts, summarizing the work, theory, and key findings." + }, + { + "category": "Overall Solution Presentation", + "description": "Completeness and coherence of the solution, including the summary sheet, complete solution, and the memo, within the 25-page limit." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires a strong foundation in mathematical modeling to identify patterns and correlations between cybersecurity policies and cybercrime rates. A mathematician can develop and refine theoretical models that underpin the analysis of national cybersecurity policies.", + "details": "As a mathematician, you are adept at constructing and analyzing complex mathematical models. Your expertise in statistical analysis and pattern recognition is crucial for identifying effective elements of national cybersecurity policies. When reviewing the modeling solutions, pay attention to the mathematical rigor and validity of the models used, ensuring they are robust and accurately represent the data." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling and analyzing large datasets from various sources, such as the ITU's Global Cybersecurity Index and the VERIS Community Database. A data scientist is essential for processing this data and extracting meaningful insights to inform cybersecurity policy development.", + "details": "As a data scientist, your skills in data mining, machine learning, and statistical analysis are vital for uncovering patterns in cybercrime distribution and policy effectiveness. When reviewing the solutions, focus on the data preprocessing steps, the choice of analytical methods, and the interpretation of results. Ensure that the data-driven analysis is comprehensive and supports the proposed theory for strong national cybersecurity policies." + }, + { + "name": "Cybersecurity Analyst", + "thoughts": "A cybersecurity analyst is crucial for understanding the practical aspects of cybersecurity policies and their implementation. They can provide insights into the effectiveness of different policy elements and how they translate into real-world defenses against cybercrime.", + "details": "As a cybersecurity analyst, you have a deep understanding of cybersecurity threats, defenses, and policy frameworks. Your role is to evaluate the practical applicability of the proposed models and theories, ensuring they align with current cybersecurity practices and challenges. Pay attention to how well the solutions address the nuances of cybersecurity incidents and the feasibility of policy recommendations." + }, + { + "name": "Policy Advisor", + "thoughts": "A policy advisor is essential for bridging the gap between technical analysis and policy formulation. They can assess the implications of the proposed models and theories for national and international cybersecurity policy development.", + "details": "As a policy advisor, your expertise lies in understanding the policy landscape and the socio-political factors influencing cybersecurity strategies. When reviewing the solutions, consider the policy recommendations' alignment with existing frameworks and their potential impact on international cooperation and compliance. Ensure that the solutions are presented in a way that is accessible to nontechnical policy experts and can effectively inform decision-making at the ITU Summit." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Data Analysis", + "description": "Effectiveness in analyzing global cybercrime distribution, identifying countries with high cybercrime rates, successful defenses, and patterns in reporting and prosecution." + }, + { + "category": "Policy Comparison", + "description": "Ability to compare national cybersecurity policies with cybercrime distribution to identify effective policy elements." + }, + { + "category": "Demographic Correlation", + "description": "Consideration of national demographics such as internet access, wealth, and education in relation to cybercrime distribution and their integration into the theory." + }, + { + "category": "Theory Development", + "description": "Development of a coherent and data-supported theory for strong national cybersecurity policy." + }, + { + "category": "Data Utilization", + "description": "Appropriate use of existing measures like the ITU's Global Cybersecurity Index and resources like the VERIS framework and Community Database for data collection." + }, + { + "category": "Limitations and Concerns", + "description": "Identification and discussion of limitations and concerns for policymakers when using the analysis to refine cybersecurity policies." + }, + { + "category": "Memo for Policy Experts", + "description": "Clarity and conciseness of the 1-page memo for nontechnical policy experts, summarizing the work, theory, and key findings." + }, + { + "category": "Overall Solution Presentation", + "description": "Completeness and coherence of the solution, including the summary sheet, complete solution, and the memo, within the 25-page limit." + } + ] + } + }, + "2025_Making_Room_for": { + "year": "2025", + "title": "Making Room for Agriculture", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "ICM", + "link": "Problems/2025/ICM-E/index.html", + "question": "2025_ICM_Problem_E.pdf Making Room for Agriculture\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2025_ICM_Problem_E.pdf\n\n**Problem E: Making Room for Agriculture**\n\n**Situation:**\nA forest was cleared for agriculture, replacing a thriving ecosystem with crops. This led to soil depletion and pest invasions, prompting farmers to use chemicals, disrupting the natural balance. Over time, a new agricultural ecosystem emerged, including species like bats and birds.\n\n**Model and Analyze:**\nAs part of the Consideration of Mature Agricultural Practices (COMAP) group, you are tasked with modeling the transition from forest to farm. Your model should track ecosystem changes over time, considering both natural processes and human decisions.\n\n**Key Considerations:**\n\n- **Natural Processes:**\n - Develop a food web model for the new agricultural ecosystem, including producers, consumers, and the effects of agricultural cycles and chemical use.\n - Consider the reemergence of native species and their impact on the ecosystem.\n\n- **Human Decisions:**\n - Explore the effects of removing herbicides on ecosystem stability, incorporating bats as insectivores and pollinators.\n - Analyze the implications of organic farming methods, considering pest control, crop health, biodiversity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.\n\n**Share Your Insights:**\n- Write a one-page letter to a farmer exploring organic farming, advising on methods, economic trade-offs, and sustainability strategies.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- A solution of up to 25 pages, including a summary sheet, complete solution, and one-page letter.\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Converted Forest Area:** Land cleared from forest to agriculture.\n- **Food Web:** Network of feeding relationships in an ecosystem.\n- **Agricultural Ecosystem:** Complex interactions in food webs supporting ecological balance and crop production.\n- **Agriculture Cycle:** Stages from planting to consumption, including soil preparation, planting, growth, pest control, harvesting, and decomposition.\n- **Bats:** Beneficial species for pest control and pollination.\n- **Edge Habitats:** Buffer zones between agricultural fields and surrounding ecosystems.", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Natural Processes", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive food web model for the new agricultural ecosystem, including producers, consumers, and the effects of agricultural cycles and chemical use." + }, + { + "category": "Natural Processes", + "description": "Consider and model the reemergence of native species and their impact on the agricultural ecosystem." + }, + { + "category": "Human Decisions", + "description": "Analyze the effects of removing herbicides on ecosystem stability, particularly focusing on the role of bats as insectivores and pollinators." + }, + { + "category": "Human Decisions", + "description": "Evaluate the implications of adopting organic farming methods, considering aspects such as pest control, crop health, biodiversity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Insights and Recommendations", + "description": "Provide a well-reasoned one-page letter to a farmer exploring organic farming, advising on methods, economic trade-offs, and sustainability strategies." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem requires mathematical modeling to understand the complex interactions within the agricultural ecosystem, including food webs and the impact of human interventions.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in ecological modeling and systems analysis. Your role involves developing mathematical models to simulate the transition from forest to farm, focusing on the dynamics of food webs and the effects of agricultural practices. You should pay attention to the accuracy of equations representing natural processes and human decisions, ensuring they reflect real-world scenarios. Your evaluation should consider the robustness of the model in predicting ecosystem changes over time." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves analyzing data related to ecosystem changes, agricultural practices, and the impact of human decisions, requiring data-driven insights to inform the model.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, machine learning, and statistical methods. Your role is to process and analyze datasets related to soil health, pest populations, crop yields, and biodiversity. You should focus on identifying patterns and trends that can inform the model's assumptions and parameters. Your evaluation should ensure that the data used in the model is reliable and that the insights derived are actionable for improving agricultural practices." + }, + { + "name": "Ecologist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves understanding the ecological impacts of converting forest to farmland, including species interactions and ecosystem stability.", + "details": "You are an ecologist with expertise in ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity. Your role is to assess the ecological implications of the transition from forest to agriculture, focusing on species interactions and the reemergence of native species. You should evaluate the model's representation of ecological processes, such as food webs and edge habitats, ensuring they accurately reflect the complexity of the agricultural ecosystem. Your insights should guide sustainable practices that enhance biodiversity and ecosystem resilience." + }, + { + "name": "Agricultural Economist", + "thoughts": "The problem requires analyzing the economic trade-offs and sustainability of different farming methods, including organic practices and chemical use.", + "details": "You are an agricultural economist with expertise in evaluating the economic aspects of farming practices. Your role is to analyze the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of organic farming methods compared to conventional practices. You should assess the model's consideration of economic factors, such as pest control costs, crop health, and market dynamics. Your evaluation should provide insights into the economic viability of sustainable farming strategies, helping farmers make informed decisions that balance profitability and ecological health." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Natural Processes", + "description": "Develop a comprehensive food web model for the new agricultural ecosystem, including producers, consumers, and the effects of agricultural cycles and chemical use." + }, + { + "category": "Natural Processes", + "description": "Consider and model the reemergence of native species and their impact on the agricultural ecosystem." + }, + { + "category": "Human Decisions", + "description": "Analyze the effects of removing herbicides on ecosystem stability, particularly focusing on the role of bats as insectivores and pollinators." + }, + { + "category": "Human Decisions", + "description": "Evaluate the implications of adopting organic farming methods, considering aspects such as pest control, crop health, biodiversity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness." + }, + { + "category": "Insights and Recommendations", + "description": "Provide a well-reasoned one-page letter to a farmer exploring organic farming, advising on methods, economic trade-offs, and sustainability strategies." + } + ] + } + }, + "2025_Managing_Sustainable_Tourism": { + "year": "2025", + "title": "Managing Sustainable Tourism", + "level": "Undergraduate", + "source": "MCM", + "link": "Problems/2025/MCM-B/index.html", + "question": "2025_MCM_Problem_B.pdf Managing Sustainable Tourism\n\n### Text in the PDF File: 2025_MCM_Problem_B.pdf\n\n**Managing Sustainable Tourism in Juneau, Alaska**\n\n**Background:**\n- Juneau, Alaska, with a population of about 30,000, hosted 1.6 million cruise passengers in 2023, with up to 20,000 visitors on peak days.\n- Tourism revenue is approximately $375 million, but issues like overcrowding and environmental impact, such as the receding Mendenhall Glacier, are concerns.\n- Other attractions include whale watching and rainforests.\n\n**Challenges:**\n- Hidden costs of tourism include pressure on infrastructure, increased carbon footprint, and local population stress due to housing and overcrowding.\n- Measures like increased hotel taxes, visitor fees, and caps on daily visitors have been implemented to manage these issues.\n\n**Task:**\n1. **Model Development:**\n - Create a model for sustainable tourism in Juneau, considering visitor numbers, revenue, and stabilization measures.\n - Identify factors to optimize and constraints.\n - Plan expenditures from additional revenue to support sustainable tourism.\n - Conduct a sensitivity analysis to determine key factors.\n\n2. **Adaptation to Other Destinations:**\n - Demonstrate how the model can be adapted to other locations affected by overtourism.\n - Discuss the impact of location choice on the effectiveness of measures.\n - Use the model to promote less-visited attractions for better balance.\n\n3. **Memo to Tourist Council:**\n - Write a one-page memo outlining predictions, effects of measures, and advice for optimizing outcomes.\n\n**Submission Requirements:**\n- Include a one-page summary, complete solution, and one-page memo.\n\n**Glossary:**\n- **Sustainable Tourism:** Focuses on economic, social, and environmental issues, improving tourist experiences, and addressing host community needs.\n- **Carbon Footprint:** Measures greenhouse gas emissions, reported in CO2-equivalent tonnes.\n- **Infrastructure:** Physical and organizational structures needed for societal operation.\n\n**References:**\n- [1] Juneau's cruise ship limits: https://abc7.com/post/juneau-alaska-cruise-ship-limits-overtourism/15048713/\n- [2] Cruise impacts report: https://juneau.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CBJ-Cruise-Impacts-2023-Report-1.22.24.pdf\n- [3] Mendenhall Glacier concerns: https://alaskapublic.org/2023/08/07/crammed-with-tourists-juneau-wonders-what-will-happen-as-mendenhall-glacier-recedes/\n- [4] Invisible burden of tourism: https://www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk/invisible-burden/", + "requirements": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the model developed for sustainable tourism in Juneau, including the consideration of visitor numbers, revenue, and stabilization measures." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization and Constraints", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of factors to optimize and constraints within the model, ensuring they align with sustainable tourism goals." + }, + { + "category": "Expenditure Planning", + "description": "Grade the plan for allocating additional revenue towards supporting sustainable tourism, including the rationale and expected impact of proposed expenditures." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the execution and findings of the sensitivity analysis, focusing on the identification of key factors that influence the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptation to Other Destinations", + "description": "Assess the demonstration of how the model can be adapted to other locations, including the discussion on the impact of location choice on the effectiveness of measures." + }, + { + "category": "Promotion of Less-Visited Attractions", + "description": "Evaluate the use of the model to promote less-visited attractions, ensuring it contributes to a better balance in tourist distribution." + }, + { + "category": "Memo to Tourist Council", + "description": "Grade the clarity, conciseness, and effectiveness of the one-page memo in outlining predictions, effects of measures, and advice for optimizing outcomes." + } + ], + "eval_roles": [ + { + "name": "Mathematician", + "thoughts": "The problem of managing sustainable tourism in Juneau requires mathematical modeling to balance visitor numbers, revenue, and environmental impact. A mathematician can develop and analyze models to optimize these factors and constraints effectively.", + "details": "You are a mathematician with expertise in creating and analyzing mathematical models. Your skills in optimization, sensitivity analysis, and constraint management are crucial for developing a sustainable tourism model. Pay attention to the mathematical formulation of the problem, ensuring that all relevant factors are included and accurately represented. Your evaluation should focus on the robustness and adaptability of the model to different scenarios and locations." + }, + { + "name": "Data Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves handling large datasets related to visitor numbers, revenue, and environmental impact. A data scientist can analyze these datasets to inform the model and conduct sensitivity analyses to identify key factors affecting sustainable tourism.", + "details": "You are a data scientist skilled in data analysis, statistical methods, and machine learning. Your role is to process and analyze complex datasets to extract meaningful insights that inform the model. Pay attention to the quality and relevance of the data used in the model, ensuring that it accurately reflects the current situation in Juneau. Your evaluation should focus on the data-driven aspects of the model, including the accuracy of predictions and the effectiveness of measures based on data analysis." + }, + { + "name": "Environmental Scientist", + "thoughts": "The problem involves significant environmental concerns, such as the impact of tourism on the Mendenhall Glacier and local ecosystems. An environmental scientist can provide insights into the ecological aspects of the model and suggest measures to mitigate negative impacts.", + "details": "You are an environmental scientist with expertise in assessing and mitigating environmental impacts. Your role is to ensure that the model incorporates ecological considerations and promotes sustainable practices. Pay attention to the environmental constraints and impacts included in the model, ensuring they are realistic and comprehensive. Your evaluation should focus on the ecological sustainability of the proposed solutions and their potential to preserve local ecosystems." + }, + { + "name": "Urban Planner", + "thoughts": "The problem involves managing the infrastructure and societal impacts of tourism in Juneau. An urban planner can provide insights into the infrastructure needs and societal challenges, helping to develop a model that addresses these issues effectively.", + "details": "You are an urban planner with expertise in infrastructure development and societal impact assessment. Your role is to ensure that the model addresses the physical and organizational structures needed to support sustainable tourism. Pay attention to the infrastructure constraints and societal impacts included in the model, ensuring they are realistic and comprehensive. Your evaluation should focus on the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solutions in managing infrastructure and societal challenges." + } + ], + "decomposition": { + "grading_points": [ + { + "category": "Model Development", + "description": "Evaluate the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the model developed for sustainable tourism in Juneau, including the consideration of visitor numbers, revenue, and stabilization measures." + }, + { + "category": "Optimization and Constraints", + "description": "Assess the identification and justification of factors to optimize and constraints within the model, ensuring they align with sustainable tourism goals." + }, + { + "category": "Expenditure Planning", + "description": "Grade the plan for allocating additional revenue towards supporting sustainable tourism, including the rationale and expected impact of proposed expenditures." + }, + { + "category": "Sensitivity Analysis", + "description": "Evaluate the execution and findings of the sensitivity analysis, focusing on the identification of key factors that influence the model's outcomes." + }, + { + "category": "Adaptation to Other Destinations", + "description": "Assess the demonstration of how the model can be adapted to other locations, including the discussion on the impact of location choice on the effectiveness of measures." + }, + { + "category": "Promotion of Less-Visited Attractions", + "description": "Evaluate the use of the model to promote less-visited attractions, ensuring it contributes to a better balance in tourist distribution." + }, + { + "category": "Memo to Tourist Council", + "description": "Grade the clarity, conciseness, and effectiveness of the one-page memo in outlining predictions, effects of measures, and advice for optimizing outcomes." + } + ] + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/benchmark/qanta/qanta.dev.2021.12.20.json b/benchmark/qanta/qanta.dev.2021.12.20.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbe7629d4139767559429cc5073aff0a7628a3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/qanta/qanta.dev.2021.12.20.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"questions": [{"text": "Robert Walker argued that failing to take this action would lead to an overflow of Northern insane asylums and British intervention. Juan Almonte resigned his diplomatic post in indignation over this event. Isaac Van Zandt began discussing this plan with Abel Upshur before Upshur died. Anson Jones proposed this plan, which reduced his own power but reserved the weaker side the right to split into five parts in the future. Five years after it, a payment of 10 million dollars helped the area at issue repay debts. The Regulator-Moderator war was calmed just before this deal was struck. The question of whether the Nueces River became a southern border in this transaction led to war later in James K. Polk's presidency. For 10 points, name this deal that ended the independent Lone Star Republic.", "answer": "annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States [or Annexation Treaty of 1845; accept any answer indicating that Texas is joining the United States of America as a state; do not accept any answer indicating the independence of Texas from Mexico]", "page": "Texas_annexation", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba80", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93135, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 206], [207, 286], [287, 425], [426, 516], [517, 589], [590, 723], [724, 800]], "first_sentence": "Robert Walker argued that failing to take this action would lead to an overflow of Northern insane asylums and British intervention.", "answer_prompt": "or Annexation Treaty of 1845; accept any answer indicating that Texas is joining the United States of America as a state; do not accept any answer indicating the independence of Texas from Mexico", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Before he first met his lover, this character sat \"alone,\" \"enthroned in the market place.\" A soldier laments that this man, when not himself, \"comes too short of that great property / which still should go with\" him. This man hands a pack of belongings to a deserter who later laments \"I am alone the villain of the earth.\" This man says \"Let's mock the midnight bell\" in the hopes of having one last drunken party. This man is spared after a rival argues, \"let us be sacrificers, but not butchers.\" In a monologue, this friend of Enobarbus repeatedly calls that rival \"an honorable man\" while standing by a coffin after asking \"Friends, Romans, countrymen: Lend me your ears.\" For 10 points, which rival of Brutus and lover of Cleopatra delivers the Funeral Oration in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar?", "answer": "Mark Antony [or Marcus Antonius; prompt on \"Mark\" or \"Marcus\"]", "page": "Mark_Antony", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba81", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93136, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 217], [218, 323], [323, 324], [325, 416], [417, 500], [501, 677], [677, 799]], "first_sentence": "Before he first met his lover, this character sat \"alone,\" \"enthroned in the market place.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Marcus Antonius; prompt on \"Mark\" or \"Marcus\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one of this director's films, the opening credits are preceded by a triple axial cut towards the protagonist's face as his head hits his pillow. This director's self-identified \"best film\" is a documentary set at an Elizabeth Street apartment featuring conversations with his parents Charles and Catherine. The protagonist of one of his films has a secret affair with his epileptic cousin and holds his hand over open flames in a restaurant kitchen and in church. This director used what he calls a \"priest's-eye view\" shot to show the aftermath of a massacre in a brothel run by the pimp Sport. In that film of his, the child prostitute Iris fascinates the disturbed title character, Travis Bickle. For 10 points, name this Italian-American director of Mean Streets and Taxi Driver.", "answer": "Martin Scorsese", "page": "Martin_Scorsese", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba82", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93137, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 309], [310, 466], [467, 598], [599, 702], [703, 786]], "first_sentence": "In one of this director's films, the opening credits are preceded by a triple axial cut towards the protagonist's face as his head hits his pillow.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Along with orbitons and holons, quasiparticles carrying this property are formed from electrons in Luttinger liquids, which carry density waves in charge and this property. Similar wave-like disturbances in the collective structure of this property for a crystal lattice are quantized into magnons. This property separates orthohydrogen from parahydrogen, and its total value is 0 for singlet states and 1 for triplet states. This property causes a beam of silver atoms sent through an inhomogeneous magnetic field to split into two beams instead of forming a continuous band. This property, described by a set of Hermitian unitary matrices named for Wolfgang Pauli, was discovered in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. For 10 points, name this intrinsic form of angular momentum, whose quantum number can be plus or minus one-half for electrons.", "answer": "spin angular momentum [prompt on \"angular momentum\" before mention]", "page": "Spin_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba83", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93138, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 298], [299, 425], [426, 576], [577, 714], [715, 841]], "first_sentence": "Along with orbitons and holons, quasiparticles carrying this property are formed from electrons in Luttinger liquids, which carry density waves in charge and this property.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"angular momentum\" before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Journalist John Dinges survived this initiative, which he claimed \"brought terrorism to three continents\" in a 2003 book. The murder of Hugo Banzer set back this initiative, which began two years after the Villa Grimaldi complex opened for use in interrogations. A disclosed diplomatic cable from Robert E. White revealed that this plan made use of a tele-communications channel built by the United States. In Washington, DC, a far-flung part of its \"Phase III\" targeted Orlando Letelier, a particular nuisance to the DINA agency led by School of the Americas alum Manuel Contreras. This campaign expanded into the \"Dirty War\" in Jorge Videla's Argentina. For 10 points, name this covert operation in which dictators ring-led by Agusto Pinochet suppressed and killed South American leftists.", "answer": "Operation Condor [or Plan Condor; prompt on \"Cold War;\" prompt on descriptive answers such as \"Pinochet suppressing dissidents\"; do not accept or prompt on \"Pinochet coup\" at any point; do not accept or prompt on \"Dirty War\" at any point]", "page": "Operation_Condor", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba84", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93139, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 262], [263, 406], [407, 582], [583, 655], [656, 791]], "first_sentence": "Journalist John Dinges survived this initiative, which he claimed \"brought terrorism to three continents\" in a 2003 book.", "answer_prompt": "or Plan Condor; prompt on \"Cold War;\" prompt on descriptive answers such as \"Pinochet suppressing dissidents\"; do not accept or prompt on \"Pinochet coup\" at any point; do not accept or prompt on \"Dirty War\" at any point", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This singer instructs \"put me onto your black motorcycle\" and asks to \"let me put on a show for you, daddy\" in \"Yayo,\" and repeats \"go, go, go, go, go, this is my show\" in a song on her latest album. This singer opens a song with \"I've been out on that open road\" before describing how she \"hears the birds on the summer breeze.\" In another song, she invites you to \"come on take a walk on the wild side\" and sings \"the road is long, we carry on, try to have fun in the meantime.\" This singer of \"Ride\" asks \"will you still love me when I got nothing but my aching soul?\" in another song. Cedric Gervais remixed her most successful song, in which she sings \"kiss me hard before you go.\" For 10 points, name this American singer of \"Born to Die,\" \"Young and Beautiful,\" and \"Summertime Sadness.\"", "answer": "Lana Del Rey [or Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" Grant; prompt on \"Lana\"]", "page": "Lana_Del_Rey", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba85", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93140, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 329], [330, 479], [479, 480], [481, 571], [572, 588], [589, 685], [685, 794]], "first_sentence": "This singer instructs \"put me onto your black motorcycle\" and asks to \"let me put on a show for you, daddy\" in \"Yayo,\" and repeats \"go, go, go, go, go, this is my show\" in a song on her latest album.", "answer_prompt": "or Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" Grant; prompt on \"Lana\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Some Vajrayana Buddhists consider these real-world creatures to be Dakini, a type of angelic psychopomp. They are propitiated at buildings made of three concentric stone circles of varying height. In a ritual meant to satisfy these creatures, a master known as a rogyapa uses a slicing knife during readings from the Tibetan Book of the Dead. On a peak named for these creatures near Ramnagar, the Heart Sutra and Lotus Sutra were delivered by the Buddha. When not shown as an eagle, Garuda's brother Jatayu is one of these creatures, whose recent chemical-caused extinction around Mumbai has threatened the use of dakhmas there by Parsis. For 10 points, name these birds which come to Tibetan \"sky-burials\" and Zoroastrian Towers of Silence to eat decomposing corpses.", "answer": "vultures [prompt on \"birds\"]", "page": "Vultures", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba86", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93141, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 196], [197, 342], [343, 455], [456, 639], [640, 769]], "first_sentence": "Some Vajrayana Buddhists consider these real-world creatures to be Dakini, a type of angelic psychopomp.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"birds\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of this novel becomes fascinated by the story of Margaret and Dolcino after a lecture on love by Ubertino. To prove his skill, a character in this novel discerns the location, appearance, and name of the horse Brunellus without having ever seen it. A man in this work has a vision of the plot of the Cena Cypriani before discovering how to open a mirror and enter the finis Africae. After a trial in this novel, Remigio is burned alongside a village girl and the hunchback Salvatore by the inquisitor Bernard Gui. At the end of this novel, the blind Jorge of Burgos eats the poisoned pages of Aristotle's Second Book of Poetics and burns down the monastery library. For 10 points, name this historical novel following William of Baskerville and Adso of Melk, by Umberto Eco.", "answer": "The Name of the Rose [or Il nome della rosa]", "page": "The_Name_of_the_Rose", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba87", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93142, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 261], [262, 395], [396, 526], [527, 678], [679, 787]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of this novel becomes fascinated by the story of Margaret and Dolcino after a lecture on love by Ubertino.", "answer_prompt": "or Il nome della rosa", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "By processing one etching through four stages, this artist created a curtain of light that illuminates the good thief but casts the bad thief in shadow, as part of one of his best known drypoints. This artist included a hazily rendered flute player in the background of a work whose title figure wears a twelve-pointed black broach on his golden cloak, has a crown above his turban, and knocks over a chalice in shock. That painting by this artist of The Three Crosses shows a hand emerging out of a smoke to show golden Hebrew letters illuminated on the wall. A large textbook is propped open in the corner of a painting by this man in which the corpse of Aris Kindt is being studied by Nicolaes Tulp. For 10 points, name this Dutch Baroque painter of Belshazzar's Feast, The Anatomy Lesson, and the massive Night Watch.", "answer": "Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn", "page": "Rembrandt", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba88", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93143, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 418], [419, 560], [561, 702], [703, 821]], "first_sentence": "By processing one etching through four stages, this artist created a curtain of light that illuminates the good thief but casts the bad thief in shadow, as part of one of his best known drypoints.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "For any natural number n, there exists only one of these numbers that can be expressed in the form \"n-cubed plus 1\". Kanold was the first to show that the amount of these numbers below a given integer n had an asymptotic form of little-O of the square root of n. With the exception of the smallest of these, all known so far can be written as the sum of the cubes of consecutive positive odd integers. For a Mersenne prime with exponent p, a number of this type can be found by multiplying the Mersenne prime by 2 to the power p minus 1, according to the Euler-Euclid conjecture. These numbers are a subset of the triangular numbers, and all numbers of this type found so far are even. For 10 points, name these numbers, such as 496 and 6, that are equal to the sum of their proper divisors.", "answer": "perfect numbers", "page": "Perfect_Numbers", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414836ea23cc9417e9ba89", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93144, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 262], [263, 401], [402, 579], [580, 685], [686, 739], [740, 791]], "first_sentence": "For any natural number n, there exists only one of these numbers that can be expressed in the form \"n-cubed plus 1\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, two advisors enlarge their eyes and ears to better see and hear dissidents. In that novel, American doctors wish to patent a mysterious illness contracted by the Ruler, who wishes to build the monumental skyscraper Marching to Heaven. During a drought in a novel by this author, Abdullah uses a catapult to obtain food while villagers walk to the city. In that novel by this man, Munira incidentally kills three brewery directors by burning down Wanja's brothel. In a third novel by this man, Mumbi becomes pregnant while her husband is in prison, Karanja allies with the British forces, and Mugo confesses to betraying the revolutionary Kihika. For 10 points, name this author of Wizard of the Crow, who set Petals of Blood and A Grain of Wheat in his native Kenya.", "answer": "Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong'o [or James Ngugi]", "page": "Ng\u0169g\u0129_wa_Thiong'o", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93145, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 261], [262, 379], [380, 489], [490, 672], [673, 793]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, two advisors enlarge their eyes and ears to better see and hear dissidents.", "answer_prompt": "or James Ngugi", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Cristobal de Morales composed a work in this genre known as the \"Mille Regretz.\" A composition of this type named for the city of Tournai was probably used as a model by a developer of \"ars nova\" who wrote an influential example for four parts. Many compositions of this type incorporated the song \"L'homme arm\u00c3\u00a9.\" Truncated examples of these compositions are referred to as \"brevis,\" whereas full ones are called \"solemnis.\" A popular legend holds that one of these compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was responsible for preventing a ban on polyphonic music. These compositions always include a Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei. For 10 points, name this genre of composition that sets to music the five main parts of the liturgy of the Eucharist.", "answer": "masses [or missae]", "page": "Mass_(music)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93146, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 244], [245, 313], [314, 423], [423, 572], [573, 654], [655, 772]], "first_sentence": "Cristobal de Morales composed a work in this genre known as the \"Mille Regretz.\"", "answer_prompt": "or missae", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this king's reign, his general Henri II de Montmorency beat the Spanish at the Battle of Veillane and helped Charles Gonzaga, the Duke of Nevers [nuh-VAIR], secure rule over Mantua. The Counts of Montr\u00c3\u00a9sor and Soissons plotted with this king's brother Gaston in a plot to overthrow him. Jean Guiton was mayor of a city that resisted this man's rule, holding out for 14 months until the signing of the Peace of Alais. Concino Concini advised the mother of this king, who acted as his regent until Charles de Luynes helped bring this king to power. This son of Marie de' Medici and husband of Anne of Austria was advised by a man who besieged the Huguenot city of La Rochelle. For 10 points, name this French king who succeeded Henry IV and employed Cardinal Richelieu.", "answer": "Louis XIII of France", "page": "Louis_XIII_of_France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93147, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 293], [294, 423], [424, 553], [554, 681], [682, 774]], "first_sentence": "During this king's reign, his general Henri II de Montmorency beat the Spanish at the Battle of Veillane and helped Charles Gonzaga, the Duke of Nevers [nuh-VAIR], secure rule over Mantua.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Metabolism of this molecule is disturbed by defects in WRN protein. This molecule is the subject of a signal amplification technique using its \"branched\" form. Bloom syndrome protein is an ATP-dependent enzyme that acts primarily on this molecule. A phenomenon exhibited by this molecule is described by quantities called \"writhe\" and \"twist.\" This molecule's structures include its Z form and A form, but its standard structure is its B form. The amount of this molecule in a cell determines the C-value. This molecule exhibits supercoiling, and it is wound around octamers of proteins called histones. For 10 points, name this molecule packaged in the nucleus whose double helix structure was discovered by Watson and Crick.", "answer": "DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid]", "page": "DNA", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93148, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 159], [160, 247], [248, 343], [344, 443], [444, 505], [506, 603], [604, 726]], "first_sentence": "Metabolism of this molecule is disturbed by defects in WRN protein.", "answer_prompt": "or deoxyribonucleic acid", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character marries a \"minor movingpicture magnate\" in Hollywood and divorces him in Mexico five years later. This character washes her mouth out with soap after kissing Charlie; earlier, she wrestles with a brother for kissing \"a dirty girl like Natalie.\" At her father's funeral, this character pays her brother a hundred dollars to see her daughter, whom she later attempts to send two hundred dollars a month. That brother notices her muddy drawers as she climbs a tree, and repeatedly remarks that this character \"smells of trees.\" This character's favorite brother, for whom she names her daughter, thinks of her before committing suicide at Harvard. For 10 points, name this sister of Jason, Quentin, and Benjy Compson in William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury.", "answer": "Caddy Compson [or Candace Compson; prompt on \"Compson\"]", "page": "Caddy_Compson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93149, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 258], [258, 259], [260, 416], [417, 538], [538, 539], [540, 659], [660, 774]], "first_sentence": "This character marries a \"minor movingpicture magnate\" in Hollywood and divorces him in Mexico five years later.", "answer_prompt": "or Candace Compson; prompt on \"Compson\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these objects is owned by a giant whose wife births a fully armed son every six weeks. That owner of one of these objects, who escapes a plot to roast him alive in an iron house, is named Llasar Llaes Gyfnewid. Along with a staff and a platter, Bran gives one to Matholwch as reparations, which Efnisien sacrifices himself to destroy and stop it from resurrecting the Irish dead. A non-Odin father of Tyr owns one of these objects, which was retrieved in a quest including the fishing trip in which Thor hooks Jormungand. Hymir owns a massive one of these that the gods bring to Aegir's feast for brewing beer. In one named Odrerir, Kvasir's blood is mixed with honey to make the mead of poetry. For 10 points, name these metal objects in which Ceridwen and other legendary witches brew potions.", "answer": "cauldrons [or kettles; or pots; accept any descriptive answer indicating a large open container for mixing or storing liquid]", "page": "Cauldrons", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba8f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93150, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 217], [218, 386], [387, 528], [529, 617], [618, 702], [703, 802]], "first_sentence": "One of these objects is owned by a giant whose wife births a fully armed son every six weeks.", "answer_prompt": "or kettles; or pots; accept any descriptive answer indicating a large open container for mixing or storing liquid", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler's dream of his son's death by an iron spear was fulfilled by an errant throw from the Phrygian exile Adrastus during a boar hunt. This man's father fought the Medes at a battle that coincided with a solar eclipse predicted by Thales of Miletus. This son of Alyattes is prominent in Book I of Herodotus' Histories, which relates how he allied with Amasis of Egypt and Nabonidus of Babylon for his best-known campaign. This man skirmished with his enemy at Pteria along the Halys River, which was followed by a crushing defeat at Thymbra and the siege of this man's capital at Sardis. This ruler misinterpreted the Oracle of Delphi's warning that a mighty empire would fall if he attacked Persia. For 10 points, name this wealthy king of Lydia who was defeated by Cyrus the Great.", "answer": "Croesus [KREE-sus]", "page": "Croesus", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba90", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93151, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 255], [256, 427], [428, 593], [594, 705], [706, 789]], "first_sentence": "This ruler's dream of his son's death by an iron spear was fulfilled by an errant throw from the Phrygian exile Adrastus during a boar hunt.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This thinker wrote that \"framework theories\" cannot make sense of radio host Goodman Ace's malapropisms. This philosopher argued that an actor's \"pro-attitude\" must be part of the \"primary reason\" that causes an action. This author of \"A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs\" proposed using Tarski's semantic theory of truth as the core for a \"theory of meaning,\" though he later claimed \"there is no such thing as a language.\" He included the \"principle of charity,\" which assumes that another speaker has true beliefs, in a method for understanding unfamiliar speech \"from scratch.\" His alternative to mind-body dualism held that no natural laws connect physical events with mental events. For 10 points, name this American philosopher who devised \"radical interpretation\" and anomalous monism.", "answer": "Donald Herbert Davidson", "page": "Donald_Herbert_Davidson", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba91", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93152, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 219], [220, 419], [420, 576], [577, 683], [684, 788]], "first_sentence": "This thinker wrote that \"framework theories\" cannot make sense of radio host Goodman Ace's malapropisms.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Proto-Indo-European studies, this kind of ablaut contrasts with both the \"e-grade\" and \"o-grade\" varieties. In English syntax, this form of complementizer is inherent to the sentence \"I think they like me.\" This type of \"derivation\" is exemplified by using a noun such as \"pen\" as a verb, as in \"I penned it.\" In the Chomsky hierarchy, unrestricted grammars are also called \"Type-[this]\". Arabic and Hebrew use this type of copula in sentences lacking a word for \"to be.\" In linguistics, this term also denotes an inferred word or part of speech that isn't outwardly expressed. For 10 points, identify this number word which the Mayans wrote as a shell glyph before medieval Europeans started using it in calculations.", "answer": "zero [or null; or 0; or zero-grade ablaut; or zero conjunction; or zero complementizer; or zero derivation; or Type-0 grammars; or zero copula; accept any of the above answers with null in place of \"zero\"]", "page": "0", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba92", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93153, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 209], [210, 312], [313, 391], [392, 474], [475, 580], [581, 721]], "first_sentence": "In Proto-Indo-European studies, this kind of ablaut contrasts with both the \"e-grade\" and \"o-grade\" varieties.", "answer_prompt": "or null; or 0; or zero-grade ablaut; or zero conjunction; or zero complementizer; or zero derivation; or Type-0 grammars; or zero copula; accept any of the above answers with null in place of \"zero\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One reaction of this type reacts alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls with Hantzsch esters under amine catalysis. Discoverers of an asymmetric version of this reaction used in the industrial synthesis of L-DOPA from an achiral arene won part of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. That asymmetric form of this reaction can be catalyzed by ruthenium-BINAP complexes developed by Noyori. A square-planar tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium(I) complex was developed in 1966 to homogeneously catalyze this reaction; that is Wilkinson's catalyst. When this reaction is incomplete, it can result in cis-trans isomerization, and thus its \"partial\" form is responsible for the production of trans fats. For 10 points, name this reduction that involves reacting a substrate with the namesake light gas.", "answer": "hydrogenation [accept transfer hydrogenation before \"incomplete\" is read, and prompt on it afterwards; prompt on \"reduction\"]", "page": "Hydrogenation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba93", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93154, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 276], [277, 381], [382, 534], [535, 687], [688, 786]], "first_sentence": "One reaction of this type reacts alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls with Hantzsch esters under amine catalysis.", "answer_prompt": "accept transfer hydrogenation before \"incomplete\" is read, and prompt on it afterwards; prompt on \"reduction\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author describes the title event of one poem as a \"heart's clarion\" and \"world's wildfire\" and states that \"this... poor potsherd, patch, matchwood\u00c2\u2026 is Immortal Diamond.\" This author wrote a poem whose various interpretations center on the word \"Buckle\" and describes how \"blue-bleak embers\u00c2\u2026 Fall, gall themselves, and gash gold-vermillion.\" This author of \"That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection\" remembered \"the Happy Memory of five Franciscan Nuns exiled by the Falk Laws,\" in a poem that plays on the name of a sunken ship to describe both the vessel and the country from which it departed. For 10 points, name this English Jesuit poet of \"The Wreck of the Deutschland,\" who used sprung rhythm in \"The Windhover.\"", "answer": "Gerard Manley Hopkins", "page": "Gerard_Manley_Hopkins", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba94", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93155, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 346], [347, 633], [634, 756]], "first_sentence": "This author describes the title event of one poem as a \"heart's clarion\" and \"world's wildfire\" and states that \"this... poor potsherd, patch, matchwood\u2026 is Immortal Diamond.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer's first symphony begins with a G minor movement marked Andante orgoglioso and has a finale concluding in C major. Only the winds and percussion play in the second movement \"Humoreske\" of this composer's sixth symphony. The Andante pastorale second movement in his third symphony features wordless solos for soprano and baritone. Another of his symphonies opens with an Allegro collerico and closes with an Allegro sanguineo. He instructed that two sets of timpani be placed as far as possible from each other on either side of the stage for a symphony in which they \"duel\" in the final movement. For 10 points, name this composer of symphonies nicknamed \"The Four Temperaments\" and \"Inextinguishable,\" a native of Denmark.", "answer": "Carl Nielsen", "page": "Carl_Nielsen", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba95", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93156, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 232], [233, 342], [343, 438], [439, 609], [610, 736]], "first_sentence": "This composer's first symphony begins with a G minor movement marked Andante orgoglioso and has a finale concluding in C major.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 9th-century letter denying this event, opening with the words \"Cogitis me,\" was written to Paula and Eustochium by a Pseudo-Jerome. St. John Damascene is sometimes called the \"Doctor of\" this event due to his three sermons on it. The 4th Glorious Mystery of the Rosary contemplates this event, which is traditionally held to have left lilies behind. The latest ex cathedra infallible declaration, Munificentissimus Deus, established this as dogma in 1950 under Pope Pius XII. A feast on August 15 honors this event, which in Eastern Orthodox tradition was preceded by a sleep called the Dormition. Like Jesus's resurrection, it left behind an empty tomb. For 10 points, name this unique event at the end of the Virgin Mary's life, in which she arose \"body and soul\" into Heaven.", "answer": "Assumption of the Virgin Mary [accept Dormition of the Virgin before \"Dormition\" is read; accept answers containing \"Theotokos\" in place of \"Virgin Mary\"; prompt on descriptive answers such as \"Mary rising to heaven;\" prompt on \"death of the Virgin Mary\" even though that answer violates the Catholic doctrine]", "page": "Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba96", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93157, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 231], [232, 351], [352, 477], [478, 599], [600, 656], [657, 780]], "first_sentence": "A 9th-century letter denying this event, opening with the words \"Cogitis me,\" was written to Paula and Eustochium by a Pseudo-Jerome.", "answer_prompt": "accept Dormition of the Virgin before \"Dormition\" is read; accept answers containing \"Theotokos\" in place of \"Virgin Mary\"; prompt on descriptive answers such as \"Mary rising to heaven;\" prompt on \"death of the Virgin Mary\" even though that answer violates the Catholic doctrine", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this television show, a character smells corn on a body, which leads him to a farm where he adds a \"reflection of God\" to a \"mural\" depicting an eye. A character in this show forces a hysterectomy on his sister so that she can't bear an heir to the family business. The protagonist has recurring hallucinations of a feathered stag while suffering from undiagnosed encephalitis, and he fakes the murder of TattleCrime blogger Freddie Lounds. Eddie Izzard appeared on this series as mental patient Dr. Abel Gideon, who was suspected of being the Chesapeake Ripper. Hugh Dancy stars on this show as an FBI profiler who investigates serial murders while seeing a psychiatrist played by Mads Mikkelson. For 10 points, name this NBC series based on Red Dragon, titled for a cannibalistic killer.", "answer": "Hannibal", "page": "Hannibal", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba97", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93158, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 268], [269, 443], [444, 565], [566, 700], [701, 792]], "first_sentence": "In this television show, a character smells corn on a body, which leads him to a farm where he adds a \"reflection of God\" to a \"mural\" depicting an eye.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A historian from this polity wrote of how a man escaped Antioch undetected by laying inside a coffin with a dead chicken inside. Through her marriage to Giovanni Orseolo, a woman from this place introduced the fork to Venice. Visitors to this realm's royal palace were required to put their foreheads to the floor as the emperor's throne rose up into the air by means of hydraulics. \"Dung-named\" and \"the Khazar\" were epithets of two of this realm's rulers. A princess from this place was married off to Vladimir the Great and later helped Christianize Kiev. Another princess from this empire recorded her father's role letting the First Crusade go through it in the Alexiad. For 10 points, name this Mediterranean empire whose powerful women included historian Anna Komnena and the empress Theodora.", "answer": "Byzantine Empire [or Eastern Roman Empire]", "page": "Byzantine_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba98", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93159, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 225], [226, 384], [384, 457], [458, 558], [559, 675], [676, 800]], "first_sentence": "A historian from this polity wrote of how a man escaped Antioch undetected by laying inside a coffin with a dead chicken inside.", "answer_prompt": "or Eastern Roman Empire", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character faintheartedly commits herself to improving her studies after a night of reading Emerson alone in her house, and hushes Victor when he begins singing \"Ah! Si tu savais!\" While talking to a friend, she declares that she would give up the \"unessential things\" for her children, but she wouldn't give herself up. Doctor Mandelet advises this character's husband to permit her whims, which include moving into a \"pigeon house\" outside of her house on Esplanade Street. This mother of Raoul and Etienne watches Adele Ratignolle give birth on her last night alive, and romances Alcee Arobin and Robert Lebrun while living in New Orleans. For 10 points, name this woman who swims as far as she can into the Gulf of Mexico at the end of Kate Chopin's novel The Awakening.", "answer": "Edna Pontellier [or Edna Pontellier]", "page": "Edna_Pontellier", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba99", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93160, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 183], [183, 184], [185, 324], [325, 479], [480, 646], [647, 778]], "first_sentence": "This character faintheartedly commits herself to improving her studies after a night of reading Emerson alone in her house, and hushes Victor when he begins singing \"Ah!", "answer_prompt": "or Edna Pontellier", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A painter from this country showed his daughter sitting on a fence with her feet dangling above the wild grass in the painting Dragonfly. Another artist from here showed gulls flying over dark blue waters in front of two Viking ships in Guests from Overseas. The works of one painter from this country appeals to the peasant because he paints effect while Picasso paints cause, according to Clement Greenberg's \"Avant-Garde and Kitsch.\" An artist from this country depicted a group of semi-nomadic warriors who are gathered around a table, laughing at the insulting letter they are drafting for Mehmed IV, and also painted eleven disheveled and exhausted men who drag a barge along the banks of the Volga. For 10 points, name this country home to Nicholas Roerich and Ilya Repin.", "answer": "Russian empire [or Rossiya; accept any of the following due to the time-span in which Roerich was alive: Soviet Union; or USSR; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; or Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; anti-prompt on \"Ukraine\" since Repin was raised there under Russian rule]", "page": "Russian_Empire", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93161, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 258], [259, 436], [437, 705], [706, 779]], "first_sentence": "A painter from this country showed his daughter sitting on a fence with her feet dangling above the wild grass in the painting Dragonfly.", "answer_prompt": "or Rossiya; accept any of the following due to the time-span in which Roerich was alive: Soviet Union; or USSR; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; or Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; anti-prompt on \"Ukraine\" since Repin was raised there under Russian rule", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 1999, the Zeilinger group reproduced this experiment with buckyballs by heating them up to 1000 Kelvin. The sum of the squares of two properties for objects produced in this experiment is less than or equal to one, according to the Englert-Greenberger relation. A variant of this experiment which shows entanglement by deleting information is called a quantum eraser. This experiment's resulting intensity is proportional to sinc [\"sink\"] squared of the width times pi times sine theta divided by the wavelength; that function predicts light and dark bands on a screen. This experiment disproved Isaac Newton's corpuscular theory of light. For 10 points, name this experiment first performed by Thomas Young, in which a coherent beam of light is diffracted through two openings.", "answer": "Young's double-slit experiment", "page": "Young's_double-slit_experiment", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93162, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 264], [265, 370], [371, 515], [516, 572], [573, 642], [643, 781]], "first_sentence": "In 1999, the Zeilinger group reproduced this experiment with buckyballs by heating them up to 1000 Kelvin.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this man, one title character counts the bruises caused by the other title character, who accuses her of looking behind her to find a dog on the road. This author also wrote a play in which two men stage an impromptu performance of Sophocles' Antigone after getting off their shifts as prison workers. This man created a teenager who debates the idea of a \"Man of Magnitude\" to aid his composition for an English class, as well two campers who take in an old man who does not speak English. A third play by this author of Boesman and Lena and The Island takes place just as the title antagonist's father is coming home from the hospital, which prompts him to be cruel to Sam and Willie, his black servants. For 10 points, name this South African playwright of \"Master Harold\"...and the Boys.", "answer": "Harold Athol Lanigan Fugard", "page": "Athol_Fugard", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93163, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 314], [315, 503], [504, 719], [720, 804]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this man, one title character counts the bruises caused by the other title character, who accuses her of looking behind her to find a dog on the road.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The spectral index n-sub-s is one parameter in this theory that quantifies its departure from scale invariance. Early versions of this theory involved false vacuum states that failed to account for the radiation needed for reheating. Newer models use a scalar field with a namesake parameter involving the ratio of the second time derivative of the Hubble parameter to the product of the Hubble parameter and its first time derivative: the \"slow roll\" parameter. This theory answers the question of why the universe is isotropic if different areas are not in causal contact, known as the horizon problem. The main process this theory predicts was finished by 10 to the negative 32 seconds after the Big Bang. Alan Guth developed, for 10 points, what theory which posits a rapid expansion of the early universe?", "answer": "cosmic inflation theory", "page": "Inflation_(cosmology)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93164, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 233], [234, 462], [463, 604], [605, 708], [709, 810]], "first_sentence": "The spectral index n-sub-s is one parameter in this theory that quantifies its departure from scale invariance.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The dominant edition of this philosopher's works was revised in the 70s by P.H. Nidditch and first edited by Baronet L. A. Selby-Bigge. This man inspired \"quasi-realism,\" a meta-ethical view formulated by Simon Blackburn. Elizabeth Anscombe's Intention rejected this thinker's two-component theory of motivation, in which a desire and a belief are the only things needed to produce action. This man's longest book claims that personal identity is a mere \"bundle\" of perceptions, and downplays the strength of reason in its second part, \"Of Passions.\" This billiards enthusiast and secret atheist wrote that all ideas come from prior \"impressions,\" except perhaps a spectrum's missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this author of A Treatise of Human Nature, an 18th-century empiricist Scotsman.", "answer": "David Hume", "page": "David_Hume", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93165, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 221], [222, 389], [390, 550], [551, 698], [699, 798]], "first_sentence": "The dominant edition of this philosopher's works was revised in the 70s by P.H. Nidditch and first edited by Baronet L. A. Selby-Bigge.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this story, a woman suggests in a letter that the protagonist's worries are a product of \"the phantom of our own selves.\" The final sentence of this story describes that woman's fate as a \"quiet domestic happiness\" unlike that which the protagonist would have given her. This story begins with a letter to Lothar that is intercepted by Clara. The protagonist of this story, which was later analyzed in Sigmund Freud's essay \"The Uncanny,\" constantly sees a girl across the street whom he believes is Spalanzini's daughter Olympia, but who is actually an automaton. This story's protagonist associates the salesman Coppola with the fearsome Coppelius. For 10 points, name this E.T.A Hoffmann story whose fabled title character supposedly plucks out the eyes of children who will not sleep.", "answer": "\"The Sandman\" [or \"Der Sandmann\"]", "page": "Sandman", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9ba9f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93166, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 273], [274, 345], [346, 567], [568, 603], [604, 653], [654, 791]], "first_sentence": "In this story, a woman suggests in a letter that the protagonist's worries are a product of \"the phantom of our own selves.\"", "answer_prompt": "or \"Der Sandmann\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This geographic feature was closed to Christians by traders called Karimi after Reynaud of Chatillon irked them. Purported cave dwellers on this body of water's western side were the first people called \"Troglodytes.\" A port called \"Mussel Harbor\" abutted this body near Berenice according to an anonymous 1st-century text about its peoples. The city of Adulis traded with the Himyarite kingdom across this body of water, allowing Axum access to frankincense and myrrh traders who plied this sea. Ships sailed down from this sea toward the land of Punt during Queen Hatshepsut's reign. For 10 points, name this sea finally joined to the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal.", "answer": "Red Sea [or Erythrean Sea; or Sea of Reeds; or Yam Suf; accept Indian Ocean during the first sentence ONLY and do not accept it thereafter]", "page": "Red_Sea", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93167, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 217], [218, 341], [342, 496], [497, 585], [586, 669]], "first_sentence": "This geographic feature was closed to Christians by traders called Karimi after Reynaud of Chatillon irked them.", "answer_prompt": "or Erythrean Sea; or Sea of Reeds; or Yam Suf; accept Indian Ocean during the first sentence ONLY and do not accept it thereafter", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The nature of this condition was debated by Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg. In an essay on this condition, a University of Rochester historian describes how \"the happy hooker\" replaced Horatio Alger as the image of success. Robert Raskin and Calvin Hall designed a test for it where subjects choose between statements like \"Compliments embarrass me\" and \"I like to be complimented.\" In a book subtitled American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations, Christopher Lasch argued that postwar America is defined by a \"culture of\" this condition. Sigmund Freud's 1914 paper On this conditon popularized its name, and DSM-5 includes \"largely superficial\" relationships and a \"pervasive pattern of grandiosity\" among its indicators. For 10 points, name this disorder of excessive vanity, named for a man from Greek myth.", "answer": "narcissism [or narcissistic personality disorder; or pathological narcissism; or cultural narcissism; prompt on reasonable synonyms such as \"egocentrism\" or \"megalomania\" until \"Diminishing\" is read", "page": "Narcissism", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93168, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 222], [223, 380], [380, 545], [546, 572], [573, 729], [730, 817]], "first_sentence": "The nature of this condition was debated by Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The fondness of a leader of this party for a certain flower inspired the creation of the Primrose League, which is dedicated to spreading its influence. A document summarizing this party's principles warned that future legislation had potential to cause \"a perpetual vortex of agitation.\" After the elevation of another man to a Lordship, Stafford Northcote led this party in the Commons. This party ran a short-lived government called the \"Who? Who?\" Ministry under the Earl of Derby, and the Tamworth Manifesto, distinguished it from a predecessor led by the Duke of Wellington. This party was also led by a man who organized Britain's purchase of the Suez Canal and had a rivalry with William Gladstone. For 10 points, name this British political party of Robert Peel and Benjamin Disraeli.", "answer": "Conservative Party [or Conservative and Unionist Party; or Tory Party; or Tories]", "page": "Conservative_party", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93169, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 288], [289, 388], [389, 445], [446, 451], [452, 580], [581, 706], [707, 793]], "first_sentence": "The fondness of a leader of this party for a certain flower inspired the creation of the Primrose League, which is dedicated to spreading its influence.", "answer_prompt": "or Conservative and Unionist Party; or Tory Party; or Tories", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Along with five ammonia ligands, this molecule is bonded to a ruthenium(II) [two] metal center in a new complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965. As a ligand, this molecule exhibits weak sigma-donation and strong pi backbonding. When silver(I) [one] oxide is added, this gas is evolved in the Arndt-Eistert homologation of carboxylic acids. When ketones are used as the starting product for the Schmidt reaction, this gas is evolved. This gas is also released as a byproduct of the Sandmeyer reactions. In plants, it binds to a molybdenum-containing enzyme. This gas can be produced by just heating diazonium salts or azides. This gas is often used as an alternative to argon for the creation of inert atmospheres. For 10 points, name this most common gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "answer": "dinitrogen gas [or N2]", "page": "Nitrogen", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93170, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 149], [150, 232], [233, 344], [345, 437], [438, 506], [507, 561], [562, 629], [630, 718], [719, 782]], "first_sentence": "Along with five ammonia ligands, this molecule is bonded to a ruthenium(II)", "answer_prompt": "or N2", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Most scholars identify this deity with a figure named Saga who dwells in Sokkvabekk. Along with a servant, this deity helped to heal the horse of Phol. Hlin and Syn serve this figure, who told the women of Winnili to cover their faces with hair, thus helping to found the Lombards. Two other servants of this deity, who ride the horse Hofvarpnir and carry shoes respectively, are Gna and Fulla. At the hall Fensalir, this goddess spins the clouds on a loom. Loki accused this goddess of having affairs with Vili and Ve. After this goddess sent Hermod on a mission to Hel, the giantess Thokk refused to weep for her dead son because this goddess failed to get an oath from mistletoe to remain harmless. For 10 points, name this Norse goddess, the mother of Baldur and wife of Odin.", "answer": ": Frigga [or Fricka; accept Frija with the standard English \"j\" sound; do not accept \"Freya\"]", "page": "Frigg", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93171, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 151], [152, 281], [282, 394], [395, 457], [458, 519], [520, 701], [702, 780]], "first_sentence": "Most scholars identify this deity with a figure named Saga who dwells in Sokkvabekk.", "answer_prompt": "or Fricka; accept Frija with the standard English \"j\" sound; do not accept \"Freya\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Horatio Parker won a prize commissioned by this city for his opera Fairyland. With Artie Mason Carter, Philadelphia's Christine Stevenson founded a musical venue in this city with the goal of performing \"Symphonies Under the Stars.\" Mark Swed criticized the \"tyranny of technology\" in the form of large LED screens installed in one venue in this city. Bassist Charles Mingus was raised largely in this city, where the Finnish-born Esa-Pekka Salonen began conducting at age 27. The mirror-like walls of the Founders Room of a concert hall in this city originally produced dangerous blinding glare. Inexpensive classical music performances are given at a natural amphitheater in this city known as the Bowl. For 10 points, name this city home to the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall.", "answer": "Los Angeles, California", "page": "Los_Angeles,_California", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93172, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 232], [233, 351], [352, 476], [477, 596], [597, 705], [706, 794]], "first_sentence": "Horatio Parker won a prize commissioned by this city for his opera Fairyland.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One poem by this author describes an island \"long unknown and yet far kinder than our own\" that produces figs, melons, and pomegranates. This poet laments the practice of men carving their beloveds' names into trees in a poem that states \"no white nor red was ever seen / so am'rous as this lovely green.\" Still another poem by this author of \"Bermudas\" praises a man who \"ruin[ed] the great work of time\" and \"cast the kingdom old / into another mould.\" The speaker of a fourth poem by this author of \"The Garden\" declares, \"I would / Love you ten years before the Flood / And you should, if you please, refuse / Till the conversion of the Jews.\" For 10 points, name this 17th-century British poet of \"An Horatian Ode Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland\" and \"To His Coy Mistress.\"", "answer": "Andrew Marvell", "page": "Andrew_Marvell", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93173, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 271], [272, 305], [306, 454], [455, 573], [574, 613], [614, 646], [646, 647], [648, 782]], "first_sentence": "One poem by this author describes an island \"long unknown and yet far kinder than our own\" that produces figs, melons, and pomegranates.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This eventual state's first territorial governor, Isaac Stevens, presided over settlers led by half-black pioneer George Washington Bush. An aviator coincidentally named Harry Truman refused to evacuate this home state of the Yakama tribe. A Supreme Court case originating in this state overturned Adkins v. Children's Hospital via Owen Roberts's \"switch in time\" saving a minimum-wage law. Plutonium for the Fat Man bomb was produced at this state's Hanford site. Police in this state attacked splinter groups such as DAN, who formed an anarchist \"black bloc\" at 1999 protests against the World Trade Organization. Elsie Parrish sued the West Coast Hotel in this state, where Spirit Lake was destroyed in a 1980 disaster. For 10 points, name this state where Mount St. Helens erupted.", "answer": "State of Washington", "page": "State_of_Washington", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93174, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 239], [240, 390], [391, 464], [465, 615], [616, 722], [723, 785]], "first_sentence": "This eventual state's first territorial governor, Isaac Stevens, presided over settlers led by half-black pioneer George Washington Bush.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Drugs treating some forms of this condition include Mircera and Aranesp. This condition can be caused by deficiencies of triosephosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The presence of Heinz bodies accompanies several potential causes of this condition. Although it's not gastritis, autoimmune destruction of parietal cells causes one type of this condition, and another type of this condition is characterized by the production of spherocytes. Some forms of this condition are treated with ESAs, or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Some causes of this condition confer resistance to malaria, and it is commonly caused by iron deficiency. For 10 points, name this condition affecting red blood cells that comes in \"pernicious\" and \"sickle-cell\" varieties.", "answer": "anemia [or more specific types like pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, and sickle-cell anemia]", "page": "Anemia", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93175, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 203], [204, 288], [289, 479], [480, 569], [570, 675], [676, 792]], "first_sentence": "Drugs treating some forms of this condition include Mircera and Aranesp.", "answer_prompt": "or more specific types like pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, and sickle-cell anemia", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this language, a first book on rightness, a second book on expediency, and a third book on the conflict between rightness and expediency make up a treatise On Moral Duties. At the end of a political theory text in this language, a general dreams of his grandfather's spirit showing him nine spheres full of stars. A six-book philosophical poem in this language concluded that the mind and soul dissolve quickly after their conjoined body dies, and popularized an older idea that free will derives from the unpredictable \"swerve\" of atoms falling in an infinite void. That poem, On the Nature of Things, was rediscovered by Poggio in 1417. For 10 points, name this language used by Lucretius, in which the \"Dream of Scipio\" was written to conclude De Re Publica by Cicero.", "answer": "Latin [or lingua latina]", "page": "Latin", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414837ea23cc9417e9baa9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93176, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 316], [317, 569], [570, 641], [642, 774]], "first_sentence": "In this language, a first book on rightness, a second book on expediency, and a third book on the conflict between rightness and expediency make up a treatise On Moral Duties.", "answer_prompt": "or lingua latina", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A G minor piece by this composer begins with an ascending arpeggiated A-flat major chord beginning on C and played by both hands an octave apart, then transitions into 6/4 time to introduce the first theme. Towards the end of another of his pieces, the right hand rapidly and repeatedly plays C-flat, B-flat, C-natural, A before resolving into E-flat major chords, first broken, then blocked. This composer's posthumous Op. 72 includes a set of three brief \u00c3\u00a9cossaises. He proceeded via the circle of fifths through all the major and minor keys with his Op. 28 set of 24 standalone preludes. The third movement of his Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor is a well-known funeral march. For 10 points, name this Romantic pianist whose many mazurkas and polonaises built on traditional forms from his homeland, Poland.", "answer": "Frederic Chopin", "page": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Chopin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baaa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93177, "tokenizations": [[0, 206], [207, 392], [393, 423], [424, 468], [469, 556], [557, 590], [591, 682], [683, 813]], "first_sentence": "A G minor piece by this composer begins with an ascending arpeggiated A-flat major chord beginning on C and played by both hands an octave apart, then transitions into 6/4 time to introduce the first theme.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Shinto myth, a god's arm turns into an icicle during an instance of this activity when it is used to decide the ruler of Japan by Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata. In the Mahabharata, Krishna uses a blade of grass to demonstrate to Bhima how he can defeat Jarasandha in this activity. A Libyan giant uses the skulls of his victims in this activity to build a temple to his father Poseidon. In the Prose Edda, Elli is an old hag who is able to defeat Thor in this because she is a personification of old age. Atalanta defeats Peleus in this, and Heracles kills a practitioner of it in midair because he draws his strength from the earth. The giant Antaeus kills travelers after challenging them to this athletic competition. For 10 points, name this activity invented by the Shinto gods in its \"sumo\" form.", "answer": "wrestling [accept sumo wrestling; prompt on \"combat,\" \"fighting,\" etc.]", "page": "Wrestling", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baab", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93178, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 285], [286, 390], [391, 508], [509, 637], [638, 724], [725, 806]], "first_sentence": "In Shinto myth, a god's arm turns into an icicle during an instance of this activity when it is used to decide the ruler of Japan by Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata.", "answer_prompt": "accept sumo wrestling; prompt on \"combat,\" \"fighting,\" etc.", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, the young boy Joas is hidden in a temple to escape the murder of his siblings by the title queen so that he may survive to become king of the Jews. This author included the nobly-born servants Cleone and Cephisa in another play. This author of Athalie used a meter with a caesura in the middle of each line to write a monologue relating how a prince's horses were frightened by a bull-dragon which arose from the sea off-stage. He used that alexandrine verse to adapt a plot in which Helen's daughter Hermione loves Pyrrhus, and another plot also derived from Euripides in which Aricie is treated like a daughter after Hippolytus is accused of raping his stepmother. For 10 points, name this 17th-century French playwright of Andromache and Ph\u00c3\u00a8dre.", "answer": "Jean Racine", "page": "Jean_Racine", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baac", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93179, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 254], [255, 453], [454, 692], [693, 774]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, the young boy Joas is hidden in a temple to escape the murder of his siblings by the title queen so that he may survive to become king of the Jews.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book rejects Spinozist pantheism in its chapter on \"Epiphilosophy\" at the very end of its last volume. This work posits that people have a unique \"twofold knowledge\" of their own bodies, which they see both as \"object among objects\" and as an \"inside self.\" Nietzsche drew on this book's idea that people become self-aware via a \"principle of individuation\" which also explains space and time. This book says that we can only transcend blind striving through art or ascetic self-denial. Inspired by the recently-translated Hindu Upanishads, it revised Kant's view of the noumenon by claiming that that only one Ding an sich, or thing-in-itself, pervades the universe. For 10 points, name this book about two aspects of the cosmos, the pessimistic magnum opus of Arthur Schopenhauer.", "answer": "The World as Will and Representation [or The World as Will and Idea; or Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung]", "page": "The_World_as_Will_and_Representation", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baae", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93181, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 262], [263, 398], [399, 491], [492, 672], [673, 787]], "first_sentence": "This book rejects Spinozist pantheism in its chapter on \"Epiphilosophy\" at the very end of its last volume.", "answer_prompt": "or The World as Will and Idea; or Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During an attempt to end one of these events, a small village was mistakenly raided after a s\u00c3\u00a9ance used a Ouija board to spell out the name \"Gradoli.\" As part of Operation Panzerfaust, Otto Skorzeny orchestrated one of these events inspired by the carpet scene from Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra, which targeted the son of Miklos Horthy. 86 letters were written to various politicians and Pope Paul VI during one of these events which caused the end of the Historic Compromise. A third one was orchestrated by the Ch\u00c3\u00a9nier Cell, prompting Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act. One of these events led to the execution of the leader of the Christian Democrats by Red Brigades. For 10 points, name these events in which people like Pierre Laporte and Aldo Moro are taken and held for ransom.", "answer": "kidnappings [or abductions; or hostage takings; or hostage crises; prompt on \"killings,\" \"murders,\" \"executions,\" etc.]", "page": "Kidnappings", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baaf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93182, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 335], [336, 475], [476, 575], [576, 674], [675, 788]], "first_sentence": "During an attempt to end one of these events, a small village was mistakenly raided after a s\u00e9ance used a Ouija board to spell out the name \"Gradoli.\"", "answer_prompt": "or abductions; or hostage takings; or hostage crises; prompt on \"killings,\" \"murders,\" \"executions,\" etc.", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One modification of a reaction developed by this scientist reacts an allylic ether or thioether with a ketene to form an unsaturated ester or thioester. Another modification of the same reaction developed by this man forms gamma, delta-unsaturated carboxylic acids from the rearrangement of deprotonated allylic acetates, and is named for Ireland and this scientist. This man also names a reaction used in the first step in the mevalonate pathway, which forms the molecule acetoacetyl-CoA. Unsaturated ketones are formed from allyl vinyl ethers in this man's rearrangement, a variant of the Cope rearrangement. Dieckmann names an intramolecular version of this man's most famous reaction. For 10 points, name this German chemist whose namesake condensation of two esters forms beta-keto-esters.", "answer": "Rainer Ludwig Claisen", "page": "Rainer_Ludwig_Claisen", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93183, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 366], [367, 472], [473, 489], [490, 610], [611, 688], [689, 794]], "first_sentence": "One modification of a reaction developed by this scientist reacts an allylic ether or thioether with a ketene to form an unsaturated ester or thioester.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "He's not Maxentius, but a supporter of this man was captured at the Milvian Bridge by Caius Pomtinus, and was named Titus Volturcius. Some allies of this man were strangled by cords in the Tullian dungeon; another ally of his had Publius Umbrenus try to gain the support of the Allobroges, who revealed his plans instead. This man may have bribed Quintus Lutatius Catulus to testify for him during his trial for adultery with a Vestal Virgin. In one speech this man was asked, \"How long...will you abuse our patience?\" before he died fighting at the Battle of Pistoria. This subject of a history by Sallust inspired the exclamation \"O tempora! O mores!\" in the first of four speeches against him by Cicero. For 10 points, name this leader of a 63 BC conspiracy to overthrow the Roman Republic.", "answer": "Catiline [or Lucius Sergius Catilina]", "page": "Catiline", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93184, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 321], [322, 442], [443, 518], [519, 569], [570, 643], [644, 652], [652, 653], [654, 706], [707, 793]], "first_sentence": "He's not Maxentius, but a supporter of this man was captured at the Milvian Bridge by Caius Pomtinus, and was named Titus Volturcius.", "answer_prompt": "or Lucius Sergius Catilina", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "When a character in one of this author's novels insists that her mother is with God, her sister pushes her off a wall. That character created by this author is routinely raped by Richard, who keeps her silence by threatening to turn in the radical author Alex. Another of this author's protagonists is abandoned by his mother, who takes away Killer, his pet rakunk; that character created by this author later takes a lover later in life who had been forced into child pornography after the murder of Uncle En. This author also wrote a novel in which increasing female sterility forces men such as the Commander to hire concubines like Offred [\"of Fred\"] in the Republic of Gilead. For 10 points, name this Canadian feminist author of The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, and The Handmaid's Tale.", "answer": "Margaret Eleanor Atwood", "page": "Margaret_Atwood", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93185, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 260], [261, 510], [511, 681], [682, 795]], "first_sentence": "When a character in one of this author's novels insists that her mother is with God, her sister pushes her off a wall.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The de Jager model for this phenomenon overpredicts it in OB-type stars. That \"weak\" problem with this phenomenon cannot be explained by its namesake clumping or by the broadening of P Cygni profiles, which is indicative of line-driving processes causing this phenomenon. Some luminous blue variables, like Eta Carinae, exhibit bubbles named after this phenomenon. Other stars that exhibit this phenomenon lose their nitrogen lines as it occurs, resulting in a transition from WN to WC classification; those are Wolf-Rayet stars. Near us, it manifests as Parker spirals and its interaction with the magnetosphere allows aurorae to be visible on the Earth's surface. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which charged particles are ejected from a star's surface.", "answer": "stellar wind [or solar wind]", "page": "Stellar_wind", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93186, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 271], [272, 364], [365, 529], [530, 665], [666, 763]], "first_sentence": "The de Jager model for this phenomenon overpredicts it in OB-type stars.", "answer_prompt": "or solar wind", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Reactions to unresponsive examples of these figures were studied in Edward Tronick's still-face experiments. One of these figures is moved into and out of a room in Mary Ainsworth's \"strange situation\" procedure. An experiment found that a drumming toy bear elicited a higher emotionality score in animals in the absence of one of these figures. One scientist discovered that mallards will treat farmyard ducks, but not muscovy ducks, as one of these. Due to \"contact comfort,\" cloth is more effective than wire mesh for creating replacements of them for rhesus macaques. Konrad Lorenz found that, in the critical period, greylag goslings can become attached to a substitute for one via imprinting. For 10 points, name these relatives, which Harry Harlow's experiments replaced with milk-dispensing surrogates.", "answer": "mothers [or parents; accept surrogate mothers or surrogate parents before \"surrogates\" is read]", "page": "Mothers", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93187, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 212], [213, 345], [346, 451], [452, 571], [572, 698], [699, 810]], "first_sentence": "Reactions to unresponsive examples of these figures were studied in Edward Tronick's still-face experiments.", "answer_prompt": "or parents; accept surrogate mothers or surrogate parents before \"surrogates\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a poetic passage named for this person, a cowardly tribe is asked \"Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of the flocks?\" and a mother cries through a window lattice, \"Why is his chariot so long in coming?\" This spouse of Lappidoth foresaw the need for ten thousand men to march to Mount Tabor for a battle whose loser was killed by a Kenite woman hammering a tent peg through the temple. That murder by Jael validated this person, who accompanied Barak upon suggesting a campaign against Sisera's iron chariots. This namesake of a poetic Hebrew \"Song\" sat under a palm tree between Ramah and Bethel to settle disputes before Gideon rose to prominence in a set of twelve pre-monarchical leaders. For 10 points, name this only female judge of the Israelites.", "answer": "Deborah [or D'vorah]", "page": "Deborah", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93188, "tokenizations": [[0, 231], [232, 413], [414, 537], [538, 720], [721, 782]], "first_sentence": "In a poetic passage named for this person, a cowardly tribe is asked \"Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of the flocks?\" and a mother cries through a window lattice, \"Why is his chariot so long in coming?\"", "answer_prompt": "or D'vorah", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A variant of this experiment used atoms of rubidium-57 and rubidium-87 with a standing wave tuned resonantly to the rubidium D1-line. Another variant of this experiment fired a Scout D rocket from Wallops Island, with an atomic hydrogen maser on board. Modified in the Vissot-Levine experiment, this study used the cone of a loudspeaker to vary the frequency of photons with initial energies of 14.4 kilo-electron volts, and was based on the principle that atoms cannot absorb photons emitted by the same species if they have been Doppler-shifted. Relying on the Mossbauer effect, this experiment used a helium-filled Mylar bag placed between two iron-57 samples and measured gravitational redshift. For 10 points, name this study conducted in the tower of Harvard's Jefferson Laboratory to verify general relativity.", "answer": "Pound-Rebka experiment", "page": "Pound-Rebka_experiment", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93189, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 252], [253, 547], [548, 699], [700, 817]], "first_sentence": "A variant of this experiment used atoms of rubidium-57 and rubidium-87 with a standing wave tuned resonantly to the rubidium D1-line.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The A-flat major tonality of this character's Act II duet recurs in her last aria, which resolves the earlier scene with a B major tonic chord bringing the opera to a close. Wilhelm Furtw\u00c3\u00a4ngler conducted a famous 1952 recording of this role sung by Kirsten Flagstad, who sang the role seventy-three times at the Metropolitan Opera between 1935 and 1941. The composer paired an orchestral version of this character's final aria with the opera's prelude as a promotional concert piece, which is still popular today. She sings the aria \"Mild und leise wie er l\u00c3\u00a4chelt\" after the arrival of her fianc\u00c3\u00a9, King Marke, in a scene commonly referred to as the \"Liebestod,\" meaning her \"Love-Death.\" For 10 points, name this heroine of an Arthurian Wagner opera who falls in love with Tristan.", "answer": "Isolde", "page": "Isolde", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93190, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 353], [354, 513], [514, 687], [688, 781]], "first_sentence": "The A-flat major tonality of this character's Act II duet recurs in her last aria, which resolves the earlier scene with a B major tonic chord bringing the opera to a close.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a poem by this man, a group appears at first \"like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green\" but then \"when Autumn hath blown.\" That poem by this man describes a rider lying \"distorted and pale / With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail.\" This poet also described a woman with \"a mind at peace with all below.\" This man wrote a poem in anapestic tetrameter to evoke the galloping of horses, in which attackers' spears are likened to \"stars on the sea\" but become useless after \"the Angel of Death spread his wings\u00c2\u2026and breathed in the face of the foe.\" For 10 points, name this poet who wrote about an Assyrian king who \"came down like the wolf on the fold\" in \"The Destruction of Sennacherib\" and about a woman who moves \"like the night\" in \"She Walks in Beauty.\"", "answer": "Lord Byron [or George Gordon, Lord Byron]", "page": "Lord_Byron", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93191, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 203], [204, 255], [255, 256], [257, 328], [329, 570], [571, 782]], "first_sentence": "In a poem by this man, a group appears at first \"like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green\" but then \"when Autumn hath blown.\"", "answer_prompt": "or George Gordon, Lord Byron", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a ceiling painting by this artist, four saints occupy four sections that are divided by red lines decorated with fruit, around a centerpiece showing a head with three faces. A portrait by this artist shows Cerberus lurking behind the nude Orpheus, who holds a violin and turns to face the viewer. The Miracle of the Brazen Serpent is one of the Biblical scenes this artist painted in the Palazzo Vecchio's chapel dedicated to Eleanor of Toledo, the wife of his patron Cosimo de' Medici. This man used a deep blue cloth for the background of a work in which an hourglass appears on the back of an old man, the serpent-tailed and woman-headed Deceit holds a honeycomb, Jealousy clutches her head in agony, and two nude deities embrace. For 10 points, name this Mannerist painter of Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time.", "answer": "Il Bronzino [or Agnolo Bronzino; or Agnolo di Cosimo]", "page": "Bronzino", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bab9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93192, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 299], [300, 489], [490, 736], [737, 813]], "first_sentence": "In a ceiling painting by this artist, four saints occupy four sections that are divided by red lines decorated with fruit, around a centerpiece showing a head with three faces.", "answer_prompt": "or Agnolo Bronzino; or Agnolo di Cosimo", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A letter written after this event by one-time Alaskan Independence Party leader Wally Hickel led to Hickel's firing as Secretary of the Interior. A 2010 forensic study into the Strubbe tape implied that Terry Norman provoked this event, which helped inspire the unrest of New York's Hard Hat Riot four days later. The Scranton Commission investigated this event. Governor Jim Rhodes threatened martial law in the run-up to this event, whose aftermath was shown in John Filo's photograph of a kneeling woman screaming. This event happened near Blanket Hill in the Prentice Hall parking lot, as its victims protested Nixon's decision to expand the Vietnam War into Cambodia. For ten points, name this 1970 massacre in which members of the Ohio National Guard killed four college students.", "answer": "Kent State University shootings [or Kent State massacre]", "page": "Kent_State_University_shootings", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baba", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93193, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 313], [314, 362], [363, 517], [518, 672], [673, 786]], "first_sentence": "A letter written after this event by one-time Alaskan Independence Party leader Wally Hickel led to Hickel's firing as Secretary of the Interior.", "answer_prompt": "or Kent State massacre", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country's Titov Veles district is known for its high quality opium. A campaign to build nationalist monuments in this country is known as antiquisation. The Golem Grad, home to ruined churches and thousands of snakes, can be found in this country's majority portion of Lake Prespa. Using Motorola's Canopy technology, this country was the first to achieve nationwide wireless broadband. In 1995, this country was forced to remove a 16-rayed sun from its flag, as part of a dispute that still keeps it out of the EU. This country was forced to use a name abbreviated FYROM when it joined the UN. Lake Ohrid lies on this country's border with Albania. For 10 points, name this country that disputes a national identity with Greece, a former Yugoslav republic with capital at Skopje.", "answer": "Macedonia [or Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; accept FYROM [\"fie\"-rahm] before it is mentioned]", "page": "Republic_of_Macedonia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9babb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93194, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 157], [158, 286], [287, 391], [392, 520], [521, 599], [600, 654], [655, 785]], "first_sentence": "This country's Titov Veles district is known for its high quality opium.", "answer_prompt": "or Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; accept FYROM [\"fie\"-rahm] before it is mentioned", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this story, an old professor who has had too much to drink says that the title character \"is already qualified to fill a professor's chair,\" though he declines to share \"other absurd rumors.\" The title character of this story has a voice as \"rich as a tropical sunset,\" which causes the protagonist to \"think of deep hues of purple or crimson, and of perfumes heavily delectable.\" This story's narrator watches a drop of dew that falls and kills a lizard near a shrub bearing a \"profusion of purple blossoms.\" Eventually, Professor Baglioni convinces Giovanni to give the title Padua resident a cup of medicine to counteract her father's experimentation, but it kills her. For 10 points, name this short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne about Beatrice, who becomes as poisonous as the plants she tends.", "answer": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\"", "page": "Rappaccini's_Daughter", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9babc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93195, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [193, 382], [382, 383], [384, 512], [513, 675], [676, 801]], "first_sentence": "In this story, an old professor who has had too much to drink says that the title character \"is already qualified to fill a professor's chair,\" though he declines to share \"other absurd rumors.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This leader welcomed war as a \"nice electrical shock\" to his nationality after a neighbor country impounded a merchant steamer with one of his territorial governors aboard. This man's governess Mariana de Verna dominated as part of the Courtier Faction. Peasants who feared higher taxes from this man's enforcement of the metric system broke scales and weights in public. This husband of Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies put down the Praieira Revolt in Pernambuco. This man abdicated due to Deodoro da Fonseca's republican coup. He sent armies under the Duke of Caxias to help fight Francisco Solano Lopez in the War of the Triple Alliance. For 10 points, name this man whose daughter Isabel signed the Golden Law to end slavery, the second and final emperor of Brazil.", "answer": "Dom Pedro II", "page": "Pedro_II_of_Brazil", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9babd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93196, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 253], [254, 371], [372, 478], [479, 542], [543, 654], [655, 783]], "first_sentence": "This leader welcomed war as a \"nice electrical shock\" to his nationality after a neighbor country impounded a merchant steamer with one of his territorial governors aboard.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 1997, this city's Otherside Lounge lesbian bar was the target of a bombing. A park in this city houses a statue of a woman holding aloft a phoenix, titled for [This city] from the Ashes. In addition to Woodruff Park, this city is home to Piedmont Park, which hosts the annual Music Midtown festival. After Chicago and New York, this city has the 3rd tallest building in America, the Bank of America Plaza. Security guard Richard Jewell was wrongly accused of a series of bombings in this city, which Eric Robert Rudolph actually committed in its Centennial Olympic Park. The central Five Points stop connects four lines of its MARTA subway system. This city's Hartsfield-Jackson airport is the busiest in the world, and its outskirts house the CDC headquarters. For 10 points, name this capital of Georgia.", "answer": "Atlanta, Georgia", "page": "Atlanta", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9babe", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93197, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 189], [190, 302], [303, 408], [409, 573], [574, 650], [651, 764], [765, 809]], "first_sentence": "In 1997, this city's Otherside Lounge lesbian bar was the target of a bombing.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process can be induced in cells by sodium deoxycholate or NP-40. In another context, the Rz and Rz1 proteins help induce this process. Gram-positive bacteria undergo this process when acted upon by an enzyme present in hen egg white also known as muramidase. In protists, this process is continually averted by the action of acidocalcisomes in tandem with contractile vacuoles. This process occurs when a cell is placed in an excessively hypotonic solution. A viral reproduction cycle named for the fact that it causes the host cell to undergo this process is contrasted with the lysogenic cycle. For 10 points, name this general process in which a cell is destroyed via the rupturing of its membrane.", "answer": "lysis [or cytolysis; or osmotic lysis; or lytic cycle; prompt on \"bursting\" or \"cell disruption\"]", "page": "Lysis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9babf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93198, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 139], [140, 263], [264, 382], [383, 462], [463, 601], [602, 706]], "first_sentence": "This process can be induced in cells by sodium deoxycholate or NP-40.", "answer_prompt": "or cytolysis; or osmotic lysis; or lytic cycle; prompt on \"bursting\" or \"cell disruption\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A great-grandson of this man fought with Goffarius of Aquitane and was accompanied to Albion by Corineus, namesake of Cornwall. This man wins a fight after a shrieking bird flies around his enemy, terrifying that enemy. This man is given ships by Tarchon, and Cymodocea leads some sea nymphs which had formerly been his ships. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, a great-grandson of this man named Brutus was the first king of the Britons. This man stabs an enemy upon seeing a belt taken from this man's dead companion, Pallas. Hector appears to this figure in a dream, telling him to flee, but his wife Creusa dies in the attempt. This killer of Turnus was the father of Ascanius. For 10 points, name this Trojan hero who fled to Italy and became ancestor to the Romans.", "answer": "Aeneas", "page": "Aeneas", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93199, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 219], [220, 326], [327, 438], [439, 527], [528, 631], [632, 681], [682, 771]], "first_sentence": "A great-grandson of this man fought with Goffarius of Aquitane and was accompanied to Albion by Corineus, namesake of Cornwall.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "people died when this country's Ojhri ammunition depot exploded, in what may have been a cover-up of its westward sale of Stinger missiles. Another country's Operation Brasstacks military drill antagonized this country. U.S. ambassador Arnold Raphel died with a leader of this country in a C-130 Hercules crash after the \"Doctrine of Necessity\" defended a coup called Operation Fair Play here. This country lost most of the \"world's highest battlefield,\" the Siachen glacier, in a 2003 ceasefire. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq supported scientist A.Q. Khan while leading this country, which aided the anti-Soviet Operation Cyclone by sending in its intelligence agency, the ISI. For 10 points, name this nation with nuclear weapons, once led by Zulfikar Ali and Benazir of the Bhutto family.", "answer": "Islamic Republic of Pakistan [or Islamiya Jumhuriya-yi Pakistan]", "page": "Pakistan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93200, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 219], [220, 393], [394, 496], [497, 668], [669, 781]], "first_sentence": "people died when this country's Ojhri ammunition depot exploded, in what may have been a cover-up of its westward sale of Stinger missiles.", "answer_prompt": "or Islamiya Jumhuriya-yi Pakistan", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The seventh book of this text claims that the phrase \"pale man\" is not a unified definition of anything, even though we can use a single word such as \"cloak\" to refer only to pale men. Its opening paragraph claims that we delight in senses like vision since \"All men by nature desire to know.\" Its twelfth book posits a thought which is a thinking on thinking. This text claims that a potential principle of matter and an actual principle of form combine to make up each \"primary substance.\" Aquinas's Summa Theologica equates God with the \"unmoved mover\" in this text, which was originally presented after notes on the nature of change and movement towards a telos. For 10 points, name this study of \"being qua being\" by Aristotle, whose name now graces a subfield of \"first philosophy.\"", "answer": "Metaphysics [or ta meta ta physika; or Metaphysica; accept any answer indicating the writings on, or notes from lectures about, metaphysics attributed to Aristotle]", "page": "Metaphysics", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93201, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 292], [292, 293], [294, 360], [361, 491], [492, 666], [667, 788]], "first_sentence": "The seventh book of this text claims that the phrase \"pale man\" is not a unified definition of anything, even though we can use a single word such as \"cloak\" to refer only to pale men.", "answer_prompt": "or ta meta ta physika; or Metaphysica; accept any answer indicating the writings on, or notes from lectures about, metaphysics attributed to Aristotle", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For aqueous solutions with a solute mole fraction less than 1%, the Szyskowski equation can be used to compute this value. In the Gibbs isotherm, the value capital gamma-sub-i for each solute is equal to minus one over RT times the partial derivative of this value with respect to the natural-log concentration of that solute, keeping P and T constant. For two adjacent bubbles of unequal radii, the pressure difference between the bubbles is equal to twice this value times the difference in reciprocal radii of the bubbles. Under conditions of constant temperature and pressure, this value is given by the partial derivative of Gibbs free energy with respect to area. This quantity varies inversely with volume to the two-thirds power in Eotvos's rule. For 10 points, name this elastic tendency of liquids to contract in surface area.", "answer": "surface tension", "page": "Surface_tension", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93202, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 352], [353, 525], [526, 669], [670, 754], [755, 836]], "first_sentence": "For aqueous solutions with a solute mole fraction less than 1%, the Szyskowski equation can be used to compute this value.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This novel's protagonist wonders whether a new acquaintance is French due to her pronunciation of \"du bout des doigts,\" after that other character plays Schubert on the piano at a dying man's house. A character in this novel is sent to a nunnery by her father as punishment because she wished to marry Edward Rosier instead of a wealthier suitor. In this novel, a character who is dying of a lung disease convinces his father to leave half of his own inheritance to the protagonist, in order to grant her independence. Lord Warburton and Caspar Goodwood both propose to this novel's protagonist, who finds that her supposed confidante Madame Merle once had an affair with her husband, Gilbert Osmond. For 10 points, Isabel Archer is the title woman of what novel by Henry James?", "answer": "The Portrait of a Lady", "page": "The_Portrait_of_a_Lady", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93203, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 198], [199, 346], [347, 518], [519, 700], [701, 778]], "first_sentence": "This novel's protagonist wonders whether a new acquaintance is French due to her pronunciation of \"du bout des doigts,\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A G major piece in this genre begins with a short trill on B, followed by the notes E-D-B. Brahms's first piece in this genre incorporates a dotted figure from his songs \"Regenlied\" and \"Nachklang,\" and his three compositions in this genre are in G Major, A Major, and D Minor. A lengthy F major Andante con variazioni is the second movement of an A major piece of this type originally dedicated to the mulatto George Bridgetower. Robert Schumann wrote the second and fourth movements of a piece in this genre on the letters \"F-A-E.\" An A major work in this genre, whose final movement is in the style of a tarantella, was written by Beethoven. For 10 points, name this genre of ten Beethoven pieces, including ones nicknamed \"Spring\" and \"Kreutzer,\" featuring a high-pitched string instrument.", "answer": "violin sonatas [or equivalents like sonatas for violin and piano; prompt on sonatas]", "page": "Violin_sonata", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93204, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 277], [278, 430], [431, 644], [645, 794]], "first_sentence": "A G major piece in this genre begins with a short trill on B, followed by the notes", "answer_prompt": "or equivalents like sonatas for violin and piano; prompt on sonatas", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This opera begins with the cellos playing the half notes D-A-G-A. A 1946 recording of this opera, often considered to be definitive, features Jacques Jansen and Ir\u00c3\u00a8ne Joachim conducted by Roger D\u00c3\u00a9sormi\u00c3\u00a8re. The third act of this opera begins with the female protagonist singing \"Mes longs cheveux descendent,\" after which the male protagonist ties her hair to a willow tree. The opening line of this opera's female protagonist is the repeated \"Ne me touchez pas!\" That character in this opera claims to have lost her wedding ring while gathering shells with a child who later tries to lift a boulder to get his golden ball. This opera ends with the second title character dying after being wounded by Arkel's grandson, Golaud. For 10 points, name this opera based on a Maurice Maeterlinck play, by Claude Debussy.", "answer": "Pell\u00c3\u00a9as and M\u00c3\u00a9lisande [or P\u00c3\u00a9ll\u00c3\u00a9as et M\u00c3\u00a9lisande]", "page": "Pell\u00e9as_and_M\u00e9lisande", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93206, "tokenizations": [[0, 65], [66, 205], [206, 278], [278, 373], [374, 462], [463, 622], [623, 725], [726, 812]], "first_sentence": "This opera begins with the cellos playing the half notes D-A-G-A.", "answer_prompt": "or P\u00c3\u00a9ll\u00c3\u00a9as et M\u00c3\u00a9lisande", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Niklas Luhmann extended this thinker's analysis of a problem in which communication cannot occur between two people when they will both base their behavior on the other. That problem of \"double contingency\" leads to the necessity of stability in this man's theory of interaction between ego and alter. Social choices are made using five axes, including the range between affective neutrality and affectivity, in this man's theory of \"pattern variables.\" Systems must fulfill integration, latency, goal attainment, and adaption according to this man, whose The Social System introduced the AGIL paradigm and pioneered structural-functionalism in sociology. For 10 points, name this American sociologist who formulated the \"unit act\" as part of the action theory presented in his The Structure of Social Action.", "answer": "Talcott Parsons", "page": "Talcott_Parsons", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93207, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 301], [302, 452], [452, 655], [656, 809]], "first_sentence": "Niklas Luhmann extended this thinker's analysis of a problem in which communication cannot occur between two people when they will both base their behavior on the other.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A song written in response to this event repeats the line, \"Don't make them have to take it away,\" and was banned from domestic airplay. After Home Secretary Reginald Mauling spoke about this event at the House of Commons, Bernadette Devlin was suspended for slapping him in the face. In 2007, Mike Jackson admitted some complicity in this event, at which he was second-in-command to Derek Wilford. The Saville Report accused Martin McGuinness of supplying nail bombs found at this event, whose perpetrators were exonerated by the Widgery Tribunal. Starting as a march to the Guildhall at Derry, this event occurred after the First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment went into Bogside. For 10 points, name this 1972 incident in Northern Ireland during which British troops fired on civilians.", "answer": "Bloody Sunday of 1972 [accept Bogside Massacre before mention]", "page": "Bloody_Sunday_(1972)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bac9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93208, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 284], [285, 398], [399, 548], [549, 686], [687, 793]], "first_sentence": "A song written in response to this event repeats the line, \"Don't make them have to take it away,\" and was banned from domestic airplay.", "answer_prompt": "accept Bogside Massacre before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One poem by this author declares that while Luna \"had never proved / How vain a thing is mortal love,\" the addressee has proven the truth: \"Thou hast been, shalt be, art, alone.\" Another poem by this author declares that \"with echoing straits between us thrown / \u00c2\u2026 We mortal millions live alone.\" The speaker of a poem by this man describes his \"foot less prompt to meet the morning dew / The heart less bounding at emotion new.\" This author of the Marguerite poems used the line \"Are ye too changed, ye hills?\" to open an elegy mourning Arthur Hugh Clough. He described \"the long, withdrawing roar\" of the \"Sea of Faith\" in a poem that claims that \"Sophocles long ago\" heard the same sound \"on the Aegean.\" For 10 points, name this Victorian poet of \"Thyrsis\" and \"Dover Beach.\"", "answer": "Matthew Arnold", "page": "Matthew_Arnold", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9baca", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93209, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [179, 297], [298, 389], [390, 430], [431, 558], [559, 708], [709, 780]], "first_sentence": "One poem by this author declares that while Luna \"had never proved / How vain a thing is mortal love,\" the addressee has proven the truth: \"Thou hast been, shalt be, art, alone.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An interlude about mining which interrupts this man's story states that wisdom \"cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir.\" A 1952 book, which claims the Sophia archetype helped God attain self-consciousness by incarnating as Jesus, is Carl Jung's Answer to this man. This man asks if he has stone strength or brass flesh shortly before saying his \"brethren have dealt deceitfully as a brook.\" A voice tells this man to \"gird [his] loins\" from within a whirlwind, asking him \"where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the Earth?\" This man gets rotating advice from Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar after his estate in Uz is destroyed and he is struck with boils due to a bet between God and Satan. For 10 points, name this pious namesake of an Old Testament book who nearly loses his faith in agony.", "answer": "Job [or 'Iyyov; accept Answer to Job]", "page": "Book_of_Job", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bacb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93210, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [120, 121], [122, 265], [266, 391], [392, 532], [533, 695], [696, 797]], "first_sentence": "An interlude about mining which interrupts this man's story states that wisdom \"cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir.", "answer_prompt": "or 'Iyyov; accept Answer to Job", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This group claims that they are \"unstable like Chernobyl\" in a song whose hook is hummed while a female backing vocalist says things like \"Earth, Jupiter, Mars\" and \"It's who you are.\" In another song, this group declares that they're \"forever hollerin' 'Hootie hoo'\" when they see cops. Besides \"Millenium\" and \"Slump,\" this group warns \"don't pull the thang out, unless you plan to bang\" in one song, and claims in another that \"mighty fine only got you somewhere half the time.\" They addressed a song to a girl who \"like to thank [her] shit don't stank\" and begins with the cry \"Caroline!\" This group behind \"B.O.B.\" and \"Roses\" sang \"I never meant to make your daughter cry\" in a song addressed to \"baby mamas' mamas.\" For 10 points, name this Atlanta hip hop duo which recorded \"Ms. Jackson\" and \"Hey Ya.\"", "answer": "Outkast", "page": "Outkast", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bacc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93211, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 184], [185, 255], [255, 267], [268, 287], [288, 480], [480, 592], [593, 721], [721, 810]], "first_sentence": "This group claims that they are \"unstable like Chernobyl\" in a song whose hook is hummed while a female backing vocalist says things like \"Earth, Jupiter, Mars\" and", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The \"March of\" this object titled a rabidly imperialist campaign speech by Indiana senator Albert Beveridge after the Spanish-American War. A photograph of a white anti-busing protestor in Boston using one of these objects to attack a black lawyer earned Stanley Forman a Pulitzer Prize. The phrase \"Does the Constitution follow [this object]?\" is a common summary of the Insular Cases which arose from the occupied Philippines and Puerto Rico. \"Expressive conduct\" with one of these objects outside the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas was protected in the case Texas v. Johnson. This object appears on Mount Suribachi with five soldiers in Joe Rosenthal's photo of Iwo Jima. For 10 points, name this symbolic object to which American school children pledge allegiance.", "answer": "American flag [or the stars and stripes; or Old Glory; prompt on \"flagpole\"]", "page": "Flag_of_the_United_States", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bacd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93212, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 287], [288, 444], [445, 593], [594, 689], [690, 783]], "first_sentence": "The \"March of\" this object titled a rabidly imperialist campaign speech by Indiana senator Albert Beveridge after the Spanish-American War.", "answer_prompt": "or the stars and stripes; or Old Glory; prompt on \"flagpole\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem written in this language is addressed to those who inspired a \"face that bends / over the altar of white paper.\" A second poem in this language is set in an \"inert town\" and opens many stanzas with \"At the end of daybreak.\" In a novel in this language, set during forty days of seclusion after the narrator's husband dies of a heart attack, Mrs. Fall writes So Long a Letter. Another author used this language for \"Prayer to the Masks,\" a poem in his Shadow Songs. Mariama Ba wrote in this language, in which a Shakespeare adaptation includes the demand \"Call me X!\" from the slave Caliban. For 10 points, identify this language in which Notebook of a Return to the Native Land exemplifies the anti-colonial N\u00c3\u00a9gritude movement of Leopold Senghor and the Martinique-born Aim\u00c3\u00a9 C\u00c3\u00a9saire.", "answer": "French [or fran\u00c3\u00a7ais]", "page": "French_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bace", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93213, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 229], [229, 364], [365, 367], [368, 382], [383, 471], [472, 597], [598, 790]], "first_sentence": "A poem written in this language is addressed to those who inspired a \"face that bends / over the altar of white paper.\"", "answer_prompt": "or fran\u00c3\u00a7ais", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An Italian merchant named Giannino Baglioni claimed to be a member of this dynasty, but was captured on the march and died in prison in Naples. Princesses from this dynasty accused their sisters-in-law of infidelity in the Tour de Nesle Affair, which took place during the reign of a king who won the Battle of Mons en P\u00c3\u00a9v\u00c3\u00a8le to avenge a previous loss. Kings of this dynasty sent Andrew of Longjumeau and Rabban ben Sauma to set up an alliance with the Mongols, and it lost the Battle of the Golden Spurs. This dynasty also included a son of Blanche of Castile who was captured at the Battle of Fariskur during the Seventh Crusade, and who built the Sainte Chapelle. For 10 points, name this French dynasty that included Philip IV and Louis IX, which was founded in 987 by Hugh.", "answer": "House of Capet [or Capetians]", "page": "House_of_Capet", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414838ea23cc9417e9bacf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93214, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 352], [353, 505], [506, 666], [667, 778]], "first_sentence": "An Italian merchant named Giannino Baglioni claimed to be a member of this dynasty, but was captured on the march and died in prison in Naples.", "answer_prompt": "or Capetians", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These entities are a solution to a three-dimensional wave equation which itself is defined on the curl of the vector field of strain displacement. Because of this, their propagation obeys the continuity equation for incompressible media, and they cause no changes in volume. According to the Adams-Williamson equations, these waves have velocity equal to the square root of the shear modulus over the mass density. These waves can give rise to Love waves through interaction with a low-velocity surface zone. These waves cannot cross the Gutenburg core-mantle discontinuity; hence, their shadow zones after earthquakes provided evidence for a liquid outer core. For 10 points, name these transverse body waves generated during an earthquake that arrive after P-waves.", "answer": "S-waves [or secondary waves or shear waves; prompt on \"transverse waves\"]", "page": "S-waves", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93215, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 274], [275, 414], [415, 508], [509, 661], [662, 767]], "first_sentence": "These entities are a solution to a three-dimensional wave equation which itself is defined on the curl of the vector field of strain displacement.", "answer_prompt": "or secondary waves or shear waves; prompt on \"transverse waves\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2012 interactive installation by Ann Hamilton featured 42 of these objects moving a large white curtain at the Park Avenue Armory. In a painting by Renoir, a man in a suit stands left of one of these objects opposite from a woman whose white dress has a string of blue bows running down its front. A painting titled for one, set in a lush garden decorated with lion fountains, shows a woman in a pink dress on its lower right using a telescope. The Wallace Collection houses a work alternately titled for the \"Happy Accidents\" of these objects, which features a statue of a cupid holding a finger to its lips on the left. That painting shows a slipper flying off the foot of a lady dressed in pink as a man in the bushes peeks up her skirt. For 10 points, name this conveyance used in the most famous painting of Jean-Honor\u00c3\u00a9 Fragonard.", "answer": "swings [or escarpolette; or balan\u00c3\u00a7oire]", "page": "Swing_(seat)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93216, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 299], [300, 446], [447, 623], [624, 742], [743, 837]], "first_sentence": "A 2012 interactive installation by Ann Hamilton featured 42 of these objects moving a large white curtain at the Park Avenue Armory.", "answer_prompt": "or escarpolette; or balan\u00c3\u00a7oire", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Schiehallion experiment attempted to calculate the mean value of one example of this quantity by measuring a nearby mountain's effect on a pendulum. The time derivative of an operator named for this quantity is proportional to the commutator of the operator with the Hamiltonian, according to von Neumann. The expectation value of any observable of a system is equal to the trace of the product of the observable's operator with a matrix named for this quantity. For an electric field's energy, this quantity is given as vacuum permeability times electric field squared over two; for an ideal gas, it equals molar mass times pressure divided by the gas constant and temperature. For 10 points, name this value that can be measured using Archimedes' principle, which equals mass divided by volume.", "answer": "mass density [or density of the Earth; or density matrix; or density operator; or energy density]", "page": "Density", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93217, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 309], [310, 466], [467, 682], [683, 800]], "first_sentence": "The Schiehallion experiment attempted to calculate the mean value of one example of this quantity by measuring a nearby mountain's effect on a pendulum.", "answer_prompt": "or density of the Earth; or density matrix; or density operator; or energy density", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character recalls, \"I fumbled to the window to experience the world\" and states, \"I have heard my Madness chatter before day,\" towards the end of a mostly excised passage called his \"Pervigilium.\" This character describes \"voices dying with a dying fall\" and has a brief vision of \"lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows\" before describing a frightening vision of the \"eternal Footman\" holding his coat. This character compares himself to John the Baptist, Lazarus, and Prince Hamlet in succession after announcing, \"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas.\" This character opens with the line, \"Let us go then, you and I.\" For 10 points, name this aging title character of a dramatic monologue by T. S. Eliot called his \"Love Song.\"", "answer": "J. Alfred Prufrock [or J. Alfred Prufrock]", "page": "The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93218, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 421], [422, 620], [620, 621], [622, 796]], "first_sentence": "This character recalls, \"I fumbled to the window to experience the world\" and states, \"I have heard my Madness chatter before day,\" towards the end of a mostly excised passage called his \"Pervigilium.\"", "answer_prompt": "or J. Alfred Prufrock", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The ancient name of a river in this modern-day country is the origin of the word \"pheasant.\" A person called a tamada pronounces toasts at this country's supra dinners, during which you can eat lobiani bean bread and sulguni cheese. Men in this country traditionally wear the Chokha. The alluvial deposits of this country's Inguri and Rioni rivers form the Kolkhida Lowland, known to classical geographers as Colchis. This country's biggest port is Batumi, located in the autonomous region of Adjara. This country claims a region to the northwest governed from Sukhumi, and it is known as Sakartvelo in its native language. This country still claims possession of two breakaway regions lost in 2008: South Ossetia and Abkhazia. For 10 points, name this Caucasian country with capital Tbilisi.", "answer": "Republic of Georgia [accept Sakartvelo before mention]", "page": "Georgia_(country)", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93219, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 232], [233, 283], [284, 417], [418, 500], [501, 623], [624, 727], [728, 792]], "first_sentence": "The ancient name of a river in this modern-day country is the origin of the word \"pheasant.\"", "answer_prompt": "accept Sakartvelo before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This thinker's distinction between \"the possible\" and \"the real\" was given a new third term, the \"virtual,\" in a 1996 book about his \u00c2\u2013ism by Gilles Deleuze, who also built on this thinker's ideas in essays about cinema. This thinker distinguished between qualitative and quantitative types of multiplicity. This man linked emotional detachment to the \"meaning of the comic\" in three articles on laughter. This man used the image of a tape running between two spools to represent the flow of aging and the growth of memory. This author of Matter and Memory described the succession of conscious states as dur\u00c3\u00a9e, or \"duration.\" For 10 points, name this author of Time and Free Will, a French philosopher who discussed a non-mechanistic life force called \u00c3\u00a9lan vital in Creative Evolution.", "answer": "Henri[-Louis] Bergson", "page": "Henri_Bergson", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93220, "tokenizations": [[0, 219], [220, 306], [307, 404], [405, 522], [523, 625], [626, 785]], "first_sentence": "This thinker's distinction between \"the possible\" and \"the real\" was given a new third term, the \"virtual,\" in a 1996 book about his \u2013ism by Gilles Deleuze, who also built on this thinker's ideas in essays about cinema.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer was instrumental in the relocation from Paris of the Mabou Mines theater company, for whom he wrote Music for Voices as well as a string quartet accompanying a performance of Samuel Beckett's Company. This composer attempted to popularize his work with a six-movement chamber composition including movements titled \"Floe,\" \"Island,\" and \"Rubric.\" He wrote for a characteristic ensemble of four saxophones, two flutes, three electric organs, and female voice with his Music in Twelve Parts. This composer scored Martin Scorsese's Kundun as well as a film directed by Godfrey Reggio whose title is a Hopi word meaning \"life out of balance.\" For 10 points, name this minimalist composer of Koyaanisqatsi also known for such operas as Einstein on the Beach.", "answer": "Philip Glass", "page": "Philip_Glass", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93221, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 360], [361, 503], [504, 651], [651, 767]], "first_sentence": "This composer was instrumental in the relocation from Paris of the Mabou Mines theater company, for whom he wrote Music for Voices as well as a string quartet accompanying a performance of Samuel Beckett's Company.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Moby-Dick, this animal is the namesake of a ship whose captain can't answer Ahab's question about the White Whale because he drops his trumpet into the sea. In one poem, one of these creatures \"ate the food it ne'er had ate\" after several men \"hailed it in God's name\" \"as if it had been a Christian soul.\" In another poem, a man limps to mimic one of these \"weak and gauche\" animals as his companion teases it with a \"stubby clay pipe\" for having become \"comic and ugly.\" When one of these animals outside that Charles Baudelaire poem comes \"through the fog\" following \"a good south wind,\" it is shot with a crossbow and hung around a narrator's neck. For 10 points, name this unlucky bird killed in Samuel Coleridge's \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.\"", "answer": "albatrosses [prompt on \"birds,\" \"Aves,\" \"tubenoses,\" or \"Procellariiformes\"]", "page": "Albatrosses", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93222, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 308], [308, 309], [310, 475], [476, 655], [656, 757]], "first_sentence": "In Moby-Dick, this animal is the namesake of a ship whose captain can't answer Ahab's question about the White Whale because he drops his trumpet into the sea.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"birds,\" \"Aves,\" \"tubenoses,\" or \"Procellariiformes\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man collaborated with the urban ecologist Robert E. Park on a study of European poverty called The Man Farthest Down. His advisory role on a German colonial expedition to Togo is recounted in Louis Harlan's two-volume, Bancroft prize-winning biography, and he recalled his journey to see Samuel C. Armstrong after leaving Kanawha valley's coal mines in his own memoirs. This Hampton alumnus imagined \"nearly sixteen millions of hands\" lifting a load six years before he dined at the White House with Theodore Roosevelt. He advised \"Cast down your bucket where you are\" in his \"Atlanta Compromise\" speech. For 10 points, name this black leader criticized for his focus on vocational skills by W.E.B. DuBois, the author of Up from Slavery and leader of the Tuskegee Institute.", "answer": "Booker Taliaferro Washington", "page": "Booker_T._Washington", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93223, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 374], [375, 524], [525, 609], [610, 779]], "first_sentence": "This man collaborated with the urban ecologist Robert E. Park on a study of European poverty called The Man Farthest Down.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a parody of this work, Walter Barnes photographed Edgar Degas perched on the stoop of a house with three women standing above him. The structure in the background of this work features a marble relief of an eagle with a woman on its back, while its foreground includes a pointing figure in black that was copied from a 1650 self- portrait by Poussin. Commissioned by Charles X for a ceiling in the Louvre, this painting shows Raphael led by the hand toward the title figure, whose own output is symbolized by two women sitting at his feet, one with a sword and the other with an oar. Nike prepares to crown the enthroned title man of this painting with a laurel crown as a crowd of great artists and poets look on. For 10 points, name this Ingres painting of a Greek bard's moment of immortality.", "answer": "The Apotheosis of Homer [or L'Apoth\u00c3\u00a9ose d'Hom\u00c3\u00a8re or Homer Deified]", "page": "The_Apotheosis_of_Homer", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bad9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93224, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 353], [354, 586], [587, 708], [709, 717], [718, 799]], "first_sentence": "In a parody of this work, Walter Barnes photographed Edgar Degas perched on the stoop of a house with three women standing above him.", "answer_prompt": "or L'Apoth\u00c3\u00a9ose d'Hom\u00c3\u00a8re or Homer Deified", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "For an object at high redshift, a K-correction must be applied to this quantity to convert it to an equivalent measurement in the rest frame of the object. Dividing a body's kinetic energy by this quantity gives its Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale. An empirical law sets this quantity for a main-sequence star proportional to its mass to the 3.5th power. The fifth root of one hundred is known as Pogson's ratio because N. R. Pogson developed the Hipparchus scale for measuring a logarithmic variety of this quantity, which is called \"apparent\" if measured from the perspective from the earth. For 10 points, name this quantity which is proportional to the fourth power of temperature in the Stefan-Boltzmann equation, the energy per unit time emitted by a stellar object.", "answer": "luminosity [or apparent magnitude; or absolute magnitude; prompt on \"brightness\"]", "page": "Luminosity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bada", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93225, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 244], [245, 350], [351, 589], [590, 768]], "first_sentence": "For an object at high redshift, a K-correction must be applied to this quantity to convert it to an equivalent measurement in the rest frame of the object.", "answer_prompt": "or apparent magnitude; or absolute magnitude; prompt on \"brightness\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This institution was notably lacking from a \"New Palace\" toured by Evliya \u00c3\u2021elebi [CHEL-uh-bee] before he left his home city to travel. The selamlik was kept completely separate from this institution. Select members of this institution became gedik, who could be promoted to g\u00c3\u00b6dze or \"favored\" status. Talking to members of this institution demystifies it per the letters of Mary Wortley Montagu, which also discussed inoculation. One official supervisor of this thing, the Kizlar Agha, was always both black and a eunuch. The Valide helped lead this institution, which held effective power for much of the 16th century, after Roxelana used her role in it to gain the title of Haseki Sultan. For 10 points, name this set, greatly expanded by Murad III, of secluded Ottoman imperial concubines.", "answer": "Ottoman imperial harem [or seraglio; or serail; or saray-i-duhteran; prompt on \"Topkapi palace\" or \"Ottoman palace\" or similar answers; prompt on \"women\" or \"women's quarters\"]", "page": "Ottoman_imperial_harem", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9badb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93226, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 199], [200, 300], [301, 429], [430, 521], [522, 690], [691, 792]], "first_sentence": "This institution was notably lacking from a \"New Palace\" toured by Evliya \u00c7elebi [CHEL-uh-bee] before he left his home city to travel.", "answer_prompt": "or seraglio; or serail; or saray-i-duhteran; prompt on \"Topkapi palace\" or \"Ottoman palace\" or similar answers; prompt on \"women\" or \"women's quarters\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Strain 121 was discovered in one of these ecosystems. An organism that lives in these ecosystems uses multiple forms of hemoglobin to shuttle gas to symbiotic bacteria colonizing the trophosome that takes up its coelom instead of a gut. Martin et al. proposed that acetate production during serpentinization in these ecosystems is driven by a natural form of chemiosmosis facilitated by the alkalinity of peridotites. The \"iron-sulfur world\" theory is based on studies of these ecosystems, which are inhabited by scavenging \"dandelions\" and Riftia tube worms. The Lost City field and Loki's Castle black smokers are examples of these ecosystems, which are more volatile than cold seeps. For 10 points, name these chemosynthetically-driven geothermal ecosystems on the ocean floor.", "answer": "hydrothermal vents [or hydrothermal chimneys; accept black smokers until it is read; prompt on \"vents\"; prompt on \"deep sea,\" \"ocean,\" \"deep sea communities,\" or \"ocean communities\"]", "page": "Hydrothermal_vents", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9badc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93227, "tokenizations": [[0, 236], [237, 417], [418, 559], [560, 686], [687, 780]], "first_sentence": "Strain 121 was discovered in one of these ecosystems. An organism that lives in these ecosystems uses multiple forms of hemoglobin to shuttle gas to symbiotic bacteria colonizing the trophosome that takes up its coelom instead of a gut.", "answer_prompt": "or hydrothermal chimneys; accept black smokers until it is read; prompt on \"vents\"; prompt on \"deep sea,\" \"ocean,\" \"deep sea communities,\" or \"ocean communities\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poem was adapted from a ballad written by Clemens Brentano, and was first set to music by Friedrich Silcher in a song so popular that it created a misconception about the origin of this poem's title character. This poem is set near \"the crest of [a] mountain\" \"gleaming / in fading rays of sunshine.\" The speaker of this poem \"cannot determine the meaning / of sorrow that fills [his] breast\" but does know that a story he has heard \"allows [his] mind no rest.\" The title character of this poem is introduced wearing glistening jewelry and using a gilded comb. This poem features the death of a man who \"has no eye for the jagged cliff\" and \"by and by\" will be devoured by the waves. For 10 points, name this German poem about a golden-haired siren by the Rhine river, by Heinrich Heine.", "answer": "\"The Lorelei\" [or \"Die Lorelei\"]", "page": "The_Lorelei", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9badd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93228, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 305], [306, 466], [467, 565], [566, 688], [689, 792]], "first_sentence": "This poem was adapted from a ballad written by Clemens Brentano, and was first set to music by Friedrich Silcher in a song so popular that it created a misconception about the origin of this poem's title character.", "answer_prompt": "or \"Die Lorelei\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to Eustathius, this god killed a king of Cyprus who sent earth-made ships and fake men instead of the fifty manned ships which he promised Agamemnon. This killer of Cinyras also killed a being who picked up the aulos that Athena cast away upon being horrified at her reflection. This god transformed the nymph Castalia into a spring, and he fathered the beekeeper Aristaeus. At the beginning of the Iliad, this god spreads a plague among the Greeks. This god gave a pair of asses' ears to Midas, and he flayed the satyr Marsyas after beating him in a music contest. With his sister, this archer god killed the children of Niobe. For 10 points, name this Greek god who killed the python and established the Oracle at Delphi, the brother of Artemis.", "answer": "Apollo [or Apollon; or Phoebus]", "page": "Apollo", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bade", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93229, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 288], [289, 384], [385, 459], [460, 575], [576, 638], [639, 757]], "first_sentence": "According to Eustathius, this god killed a king of Cyprus who sent earth-made ships and fake men instead of the fifty manned ships which he promised Agamemnon.", "answer_prompt": "or Apollon; or Phoebus", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "George Steer's reporting for The Times helped foster international outrage for an incident during this conflict. A key siege during this war saw a woman called \"Passionflower\" give the non-French \"They shall not pass!\" speech. One side in this war sent 510 tons of gold to Moscow soon after its outbreak, saw one of its cities destroyed in Operation R\u00c3\u00bcgen, and lost the bloody Battle of Teruel. A clandestine faction working against that side within its cities was given the name \"fifth column\" by a general in this war who soon died in a plane crash, Emilio Mola. This war, in which Republican forces were crushed at the Battle of the Ebro, also included the Condor Legion's bombing of the Basque city of Guernica. For 10 points, name this 1930s conflict won by Francisco Franco's fascists.", "answer": "Spanish Civil War", "page": "Spanish_Civil_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9badf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93230, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 226], [227, 394], [395, 564], [565, 715], [716, 791]], "first_sentence": "George Steer's reporting for The Times helped foster international outrage for an incident during this conflict.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This interaction changes the refractive index of a thin gold film on which a molecule is immobilized with a Biacore sensor chip. Programs like Autodock simulate this interaction, which is screened by fragment-based lead discovery. Protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry is a method used to optimize the strength of this interaction for molecules. The major uses of isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance are to test potential drugs for this non-enzymatic interaction, which is modeled by the MWC and Hill equations if it's cooperative. Affinity constants quantify the strength of this interaction, which is measured in saturation experiments that can be visualized on a Scatchard plot. For 10 points, name this physical interaction between a ligand and its receptor.", "answer": "ligand binding [or binding to a receptor; prompt on protein-protein interaction or PPI or similar answers; anti-prompt on protein activation or inhibition or specific cases of binding; prompt on drug activity or related answers; do not accept \"forming a bond\", \"bonding\", or any answer about covalent bonding]", "page": "Ligand_binding", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93231, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 230], [231, 356], [357, 569], [570, 719], [720, 800]], "first_sentence": "This interaction changes the refractive index of a thin gold film on which a molecule is immobilized with a Biacore sensor chip.", "answer_prompt": "or binding to a receptor; prompt on protein-protein interaction or PPI or similar answers; anti-prompt on protein activation or inhibition or specific cases of binding; prompt on drug activity or related answers; do not accept \"forming a bond\", \"bonding\", or any answer about covalent bonding", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During a rulership controversy in this polity, Isabella of Anjou's marriage to Humphrey of Toron was annulled in favor of a man who was assassinated a few days after taking the crown. This state denounced illegal confiscation of fiefs in the Assise sur la ligence, issued by its Haute Cour during the rule of Amalric I. At age sixteen, a ruler of this kingdom overcame overwhelming odds at the Battle of Montgisard, and lifted the Siege of Kerak shortly before his death. This kingdom's coat of arms had five golden crosses on a white field. It was ruled by the leprous Baldwin IV, whose successor Guy of Lusignan lost the disastrous Battle of Hattin, after which Saladin captured its main city and provoked the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this crusader kingdom named for its extremely holy city.", "answer": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "page": "Kingdom_of_Jerusalem", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93232, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 319], [320, 471], [472, 541], [542, 726], [727, 803]], "first_sentence": "During a rulership controversy in this polity, Isabella of Anjou's marriage to Humphrey of Toron was annulled in favor of a man who was assassinated a few days after taking the crown.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 2011 trial for religious extremism in this country prosecuted a translation of The Bhagavad-Gita As It Is. In this non-Turkey country, the reformer Abdurrauf Fitrat promoted the teaching of usul ul-jadid in maktabs, initiating the Jadidism movement. Members of an exiled sect from this country established a large community in Woodburn, Oregon. This country was the birthplace of a pacifist movement whose name means \"Warriors of the Spirit,\" which conducted naked protests and eventually resettled in Canada. In this home of the doukhobors, the introduction of a three-fingered sign of the cross and other reforms by Nikon led to a schism with the Old Believers. For 10 points, name this country where Patriarch Kirill leads the most populous Orthodox church.", "answer": "Russia [or Russian Empire; or Russian Federation; or Rossiya; or Rossiyskaya Imperiya; or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; do not accept \"Soviet Union\" or \"USSR\"]", "page": "Russia", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93233, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 108], [109, 251], [252, 346], [347, 511], [512, 665], [666, 762]], "first_sentence": "A 2011 trial for religious extremism in this country prosecuted a translation of The Bhagavad-Gita", "answer_prompt": "or Russian Empire; or Russian Federation; or Rossiya; or Rossiyskaya Imperiya; or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; do not accept \"Soviet Union\" or \"USSR\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The title character of a story by this author is run over and killed by Mr. Shortley's tractor while Mrs. McIntyre is on her way to fire him. This author who wrote about an unfortunate Pole named Mr. Guizac in \"The Displaced Person\" also wrote a story in which an old man moves to New York and mistakenly calls his new neighbor \"preacher,\" leading to a fight that causes him to have a stroke. This author of \"Judgment Day\" wrote a story in which a typewriter salesman denigrates the decayed mansion of his Godhigh ancestors. In that story, a woman in a purple hat has a stroke after she condescendingly gives a penny to a young black boy while riding the bus to the Y with her son Julian. For 10 points, name this extremely Catholic American author of \"Everything that Rises Must Converge.\"", "answer": "Mary Flannery O'Connor", "page": "Flannery_O'Connor", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93234, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 392], [393, 524], [525, 688], [689, 790]], "first_sentence": "The title character of a story by this author is run over and killed by Mr. Shortley's tractor while Mrs. McIntyre is on her way to fire him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Internal massless components of these objects are associated with a factor proportional to i divided by the momentum q squared, while coupling constants equal to the square root of 4 pi times the fine structure constant are introduced for each of these objects' vertices. Processes are called OZI suppressed and have much shorter lifetimes if these objects can be \"cut\" by touching only gluons. Antisymmetrization results in subtraction between matrix elements when two of these objects differ by the exchange of identical fermions. Arrows moving opposite the direction of time in these objects represent antiparticles, while helices denote gluons and waves indicate photons. For 10 points, name these diagrams used to model particle interactions, named for a Caltech physicist.", "answer": "Feynman diagrams", "page": "Feynman_diagram", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93235, "tokenizations": [[0, 271], [272, 394], [395, 532], [533, 675], [676, 778]], "first_sentence": "Internal massless components of these objects are associated with a factor proportional to i divided by the momentum q squared, while coupling constants equal to the square root of 4 pi times the fine structure constant are introduced for each of these objects' vertices.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A treatise in this language discusses the rise of science in the section \"The Discovery of the World and of Man\" and argues that a certain period involved the beginning of self-conscious, calculated government in \"The State as a Work of Art.\" Another book in this language examines the \"fear of being touched,\" uses the memoirs of a judge with dementia to connect ruling and paranoia, and seeks to explain why \"packs\" of people follow despots. This language was used to write The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy as well as Crowds and Power. A treatise in this language explains how a \"reserve army of labor\" counters the tendency of profits to fall over time, and argues that \"commodity fetishism\" characterizes modern society. For 10 points, name this original language of Das Kapital.", "answer": "German [or Deutsch]", "page": "German_language", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93236, "tokenizations": [[0, 242], [243, 443], [444, 549], [550, 736], [737, 795]], "first_sentence": "A treatise in this language discusses the rise of science in the section \"The Discovery of the World and of Man\" and argues that a certain period involved the beginning of self-conscious, calculated government in \"The State as a Work of Art.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Deutsch", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Twice, this character mysteriously alludes to having \"failed him, once at Constantinople.\" This character's sister Sylvia was killed, somewhat ironically, by a falling tree at their childhood home. The Cymbeline line \"fear no more the heat o' the sun\" is repeatedly quoted by this character, who is distracted from her mending of a green dress by the appearance of an old boyfriend. This character thinks that the most exquisite moment of her life was kissing Sally Seton at Bourton. In her youth, this character rejects Peter Walsh to marry the wealthier politician Richard. Before guests arrive at this woman's house, Septimus Smith kills himself. For 10 points, name this character who throws a party in 1923 London in a novel by Virginia Woolf.", "answer": "Mrs. Dalloway [or Clarissa Dalloway]", "page": "Mrs_Dalloway", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93237, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 197], [198, 239], [240, 382], [383, 483], [484, 575], [576, 649], [650, 748]], "first_sentence": "Twice, this character mysteriously alludes to having \"failed him, once at Constantinople.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Clarissa Dalloway", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 1901 contest to construct one of these buildings in Liverpool was won by Giles Gilbert Scott, who then completed that building with George Frederick Bodley. Bodley himself designed one of these buildings featuring Frederick Hart's The Creation. One of these buildings in Christchurch was constructed out of cardboard by Shigeru Ban. Ronald Reagan's state funeral was held in one of these buildings, which were designed with vast windows in the Rayonnant style. \"Emmanuel\" is the largest of ten huge bells at one of these buildings famous for its chimera statues and located on the \u00c3\u017dle de la Cit\u00c3\u00a9. For 10 points, identify these buildings exemplified by Notre Dame de Paris.", "answer": "cathedrals [prompt on churches]", "page": "Cathedrals", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93238, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 246], [247, 334], [335, 464], [464, 598], [599, 674]], "first_sentence": "A 1901 contest to construct one of these buildings in Liverpool was won by Giles Gilbert Scott, who then completed that building with George Frederick Bodley.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on churches", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This publication adds the word \"SIR--\" in all caps to preface all published letters to the editor. This publication uses Officina Sans Bold for its headlines, such as a 2012 headline asking \"Which One?\" on an image of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney walking over the American flag. A special \"no boundaries\" award is included in this publication's yearly \"innovation awards\". An early editor of this publication also wrote a book on The English Constitution. Walter Bagehot [\"BADGE\"-it] edited this publication, which reviews books in its Prospero section. James Wilson started this publication to oppose the Corn Laws. For 10 points, name this periodical with anonymous editorials, a weekly British magazine whose coverage of world affairs often has a financial bent.", "answer": "The Economist", "page": "The_Economist", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93239, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 278], [279, 372], [373, 455], [456, 553], [554, 616], [617, 765]], "first_sentence": "This publication adds the word \"SIR--\" in all caps to preface all published letters to the editor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The stick-breaking process is a constructive algorithm used to generate samples from a stochastic process named after this mathematician. This mathematician also names a multivariate continuous probability distribution defined on a n-dimensional simplex, which is the conjugate prior of the multinomial distribution. In analytic number theory, the Riemann zeta function is a simple non-trivial example of his type of series, which are sums over n of a-sub-n over n to a complex power s. This mathematician also names the eta function, a simple example of one of his L-functions. In contrast to Neumann boundary conditions, boundary conditions named after this man specify a function's value on the boundary of its domain. For 10 points, name this man who codified, and sometimes names, the pigeonhole principle.", "answer": "Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet", "page": "Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9bae9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93240, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 316], [317, 486], [487, 578], [579, 721], [722, 811]], "first_sentence": "The stick-breaking process is a constructive algorithm used to generate samples from a stochastic process named after this mathematician.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Jacob Thomasius blasted this man's views in Adversus Anonymum. This thinker argued that people make contracts only so long as they bring about a \"greater good\" or impede a \"greater evil.\" This philosopher argued, contra Hobbes, that the \"right to nature\" is the same as what one has the power to do. This man called faith the \"knowledge of God,\" without which obedience to God is impossible. Before Hume, he wrote that natural law disallows miracles in a book that supported a tolerant state with free speech, opposed clerical rule, and claimed that Ezra, not Moses, wrote the Torah. Elsewhere, he wrote on the passions in his chapter \"Of Human Bondage.\" For 10 points, what man attacked the Bible in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus after Amsterdam's Jewry expelled him for writing the Ethics?", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza [or Benedict Spinoza; or Benedictus de Spinoza]", "page": "Baruch_Spinoza", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baea", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93241, "tokenizations": [[0, 62], [63, 187], [188, 299], [300, 391], [392, 583], [584, 653], [653, 654], [655, 792]], "first_sentence": "Jacob Thomasius blasted this man's views in Adversus Anonymum.", "answer_prompt": "or Benedict Spinoza; or Benedictus de Spinoza", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Haydn's final numbered composition of this type opens with rolled chords in a dotted rhythm followed by descending passages in double thirds. That piece of this type features a second movement surprisingly in E major after a first movement in E-flat major. Pieces of this type comprise the bulk of the output of Muzio Clementi, who wrote over a hundred and established the genre in the Classical era. Mozart's compositions of this type include his K.545, which is his sixteenth in C major, labeled \"semplice\" or \"for beginners,\" and his eleventh in A major, which concludes with the famous rondo \"Alla Turca.\" For 10 points, name this genre of usually three-movement pieces for a solo keyboard instrument.", "answer": "piano sonatas [prompt on sonatas]", "page": "Piano_sonata", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baeb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93242, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 256], [257, 400], [401, 608], [608, 705]], "first_sentence": "Haydn's final numbered composition of this type opens with rolled chords in a dotted rhythm followed by descending passages in double thirds.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on sonatas", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Many leftist women in this country joined Black Sash societies to organize protests. One leader of this country authorized a letter bomb killing Ruth First, who wrote against this country's injustices from abroad. A Women's League in this country successfully argued for a quota in its majority party ensuring one-third female representation in its legislature. This country's journalist Helen Zille, who now leads its minority-party Democratic Alliance, broke a 1977 story detailing the beating and in-prison death of a prominent dissident. Women were exempted from its \"pass laws.\" For 10 points, name this nation whose leading women included Mamphela Ramphele, the lover of Steve Biko, and anti-racist activist Winnie Mandela, the wife of long-imprisoned Nelson.", "answer": "Republic of South Africa", "page": "South_Africa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baec", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93243, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 213], [214, 361], [362, 541], [542, 582], [582, 765]], "first_sentence": "Many leftist women in this country joined Black Sash societies to organize protests.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After a character in this play escapes from a temple thanks to a sleeping spell, he claims to have been purified by the sacrifice of a pig. According to legend, the premiere of this play was so disturbing that a pregnant woman collapsed and died. A male criminal's footsteps are said to be filled with blood in this play, in which a judge is impressed by a defendant's unusual willingness to take responsibility for his actions. After placing a character under the protection of Hermes, another god in this play argues that mothers are merely vessels and not truly parents. In this play, Apollo argues in a trial decided by the vote of Athena, who promotes an ethic of justice to the Furies and gives them the title new name, meaning \"kindly ones.\" For 10 points, name this final play of Aeschylus's Oresteia.", "answer": "The Eumenides", "page": "Oresteia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baed", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93244, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 246], [247, 428], [429, 573], [574, 747], [747, 809]], "first_sentence": "After a character in this play escapes from a temple thanks to a sleeping spell, he claims to have been purified by the sacrifice of a pig.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Power lost due to a variation in this quantity is proportional to its peak value squared times frequency squared, all over resistivity, density, and a constant that is 1 for sheets and 2 for wires. This quantity causes a combination of circular motion and guiding center drift, and can be measured at low values via a device with parallel Josephson junctions, known as SQUIDs. Type I and II superconductors differ in the number of critical values for this quantity, which is crossed with the velocity in the Lorentz force and is given by a line integral in the Biot-Savart Law. This quantity, which has zero divergence and is the curl of the vector potential, is expelled from superconductors in the Meissner effect. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in teslas, whose lines run from north to south poles.", "answer": "magnetic field [accept B field or H field]", "page": "Magnetic_field", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baee", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93245, "tokenizations": [[0, 197], [198, 376], [377, 577], [578, 716], [717, 813]], "first_sentence": "Power lost due to a variation in this quantity is proportional to its peak value squared times frequency squared, all over resistivity, density, and a constant that is 1 for sheets and 2 for wires.", "answer_prompt": "accept B field or H field", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first chapter of this novel is epistolary and recounts a love affair that devolves into \"telegrams and anger.\" This novel analogizes the lower classes as goblins pounding in the abyss while its protagonist and her sister listen to Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. A character in this novel exiles herself to Germany after a bad tip forces her impoverished friend to quit his clerking job. The protagonist of this novel refuses to break off an engagement to Henry after learning that he had an affair with Jacky and insists that he \"connect\" the incidents in his life. A man in this novel pushes over a bookcase with a sword, giving Leonard Bast a heart attack. In her dying hour, Ruth Wilcox signs over the deed to this novel's title estate to Margaret Schlegel. For 10 points, name this novel by E.M. Forster.", "answer": "Howards End", "page": "Howards_End", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baef", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93246, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 262], [263, 387], [388, 566], [567, 659], [660, 761], [762, 809]], "first_sentence": "The first chapter of this novel is epistolary and recounts a love affair that devolves into \"telegrams and anger.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Xuan Wu's stomach turned into one of these animals. Nuwa cut the legs off of one of these named Ao and used those legs to prop up the sky. Apollo transformed into first this animal, and then a snake, in order to rape Dryope. A nymph who did not attend Zeus and Hera's wedding, Chelone, was turned into this animal. An object derived from one was used by Heracles to kill Linus. One of these animals ensured that Mount Mandara did not fall into the milk ocean, and another killed travelers who stooped to wash the feet of Sciron and got pushed off of a cliff. Vishnu's second avatar, Kurma, is one of these animals. Hermes killed an ox and one of these on the day he was born, so as to fashion a lyre. For 10 points, name this animal, which in many Native American myths holds the earth on its back.", "answer": "turtles [or tortoises]", "page": "Turtles", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93247, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 224], [225, 314], [315, 377], [378, 558], [559, 614], [615, 700], [701, 798]], "first_sentence": "Xuan Wu's stomach turned into one of these animals. Nuwa cut the legs off of one of these named Ao and used those legs to prop up the sky.", "answer_prompt": "or tortoises", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Final Fantasy VI, one of these objects can be found after setting a clock in Zozo, and that item is Edgar's most damaging Tool. A crossbow that fires these objects is one of the prosthetic hand transformations used by Hoss Delgado in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. Patrick Bateman drops one of these down a stairwell in order to kill a fleeing prostitute in American Psycho. Angel is killed with one of these things by the Colombian cocaine dealer Hector the Toad in a controversial scene from Scarface. One of them is attached to Ash Williams's arm in Evil Dead II to replace his demon-possessed hand, and a serial killer who uses one wears a mask made from human skin. For 10 points, name these popular zombie-slaying tools used by Leatherface to carry out a massacre in Texas.", "answer": "chainsaws", "page": "Chainsaws", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93248, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 276], [277, 386], [387, 515], [516, 682], [683, 791]], "first_sentence": "In Final Fantasy VI, one of these objects can be found after setting a clock in Zozo, and that item is Edgar's most damaging Tool.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Flory-Huggins theory, the enthalpy change associated with this phenomenon is proportional to the interaction parameter chi times kT times the lattice volume fraction phi-sub-2. This phenomenon will occur as concentration increases beyond the Plait point, and does not occur inside the dome on a ternary phase diagram. A paradox named for this process is related to the Gibbs paradox. The increase in entropy due to this process is equal to negative the number of moles times R, times the sum over components of mole fraction times log of mole fraction. A magnetized bar does this process within lab glassware. In an ideal solution, this process evolves no heat. For 10 points, name this process which is used to make a liquid's concentration more homogeneous, by adding an impeller or stirrer.", "answer": "mixing [accept stirring until \"stirrer\" is read; anti-prompt on \"dissolving\" or \"solvation\"]", "page": "Mixing_(process_engineering)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93249, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 320], [321, 386], [387, 555], [556, 612], [613, 664], [665, 796]], "first_sentence": "In Flory-Huggins theory, the enthalpy change associated with this phenomenon is proportional to the interaction parameter chi times kT times the lattice volume fraction phi-sub-2.", "answer_prompt": "accept stirring until \"stirrer\" is read; anti-prompt on \"dissolving\" or \"solvation\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A member of this family forced magistrates of a captured city to draw a fig from a donkey's anus with their teeth. Another ruler from this family issued a legal code for an island in the Constitutions of Melfi, and signed a peace with Al-Kamil for control of Jerusalem. The founder of this dynasty, which succeeded the House of Supplinb\u00c3\u00bcrg, faced a sacred war wagon called the Carroccio in one battle. That founder suppressed the Commune of Rome and its leader Arnold of Brescia, beat the Seljuks at the battle of Iconium, and held the Diet of Roncaglia after losing at Legnano to the Lombard League. This dynasty's founder went with Richard I and Philip II on the Third Crusade, but drowned in the Saleph River. For 10 points, name this German dynasty begun by Frederick Barbarossa.", "answer": "House of Hohenstaufen [or Swabian dynasty; or Staufer]", "page": "House_of_Hohenstaufen", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93250, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 269], [270, 401], [402, 600], [601, 712], [713, 783]], "first_sentence": "A member of this family forced magistrates of a captured city to draw a fig from a donkey's anus with their teeth.", "answer_prompt": "or Swabian dynasty; or Staufer", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A replica of this sculpture stands in front of William Tecumseh Sherman in the last monument made by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. This sculpture was originally placed above a reflecting pool in a sanctuary to the gods. The base of this sculpture was originally slotted into a counterbalance to prevent this sculpture from collapsing. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti claimed that a speeding car was more beautiful than this sculpture in the Futurist Manifesto. Its base is the blue marble prow of a ship, and the Louvre added a wing and a breast that were lost in transit before displaying it atop the Daru Staircase. For 10 points, name this headless sculpture discovered in Samothrace depicting the goddess Nike.", "answer": "Winged Victory of Samothrace [or Nike of Samothrace until \"Nike\" is read]", "page": "Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93251, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 213], [214, 328], [329, 448], [449, 605], [606, 702]], "first_sentence": "A replica of this sculpture stands in front of William Tecumseh Sherman in the last monument made by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.", "answer_prompt": "or Nike of Samothrace until \"Nike\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During an insurrection, members of this industry tied a sheriff named Nuto to the gallows by his foot and ripped him apart. That occurred shortly after a worker in this industry was appointed gonfaloniere of justice. This industry employed the canuts of Lyon. Elsewhere, members of this industry staged a revolt that brought Michele di Lando to power. This industry was controlled by the Lana and Calimala guilds in one city. A device with punched cards was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard to aid it. One form of this industry began in the Byzantine Empire after two monks smuggled eggs out of China in bamboo, and relied on mulberry trees. In 1378, workers in this industry called ciompi revolted against Florentine elites. For 10 points, name this industry that makes goods out of wool and silk.", "answer": "textiles [or clothing; or wool; or silk; prompt on \"weaving\" or \"loom\"]", "page": "Textiles", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93252, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 216], [217, 259], [260, 351], [352, 425], [426, 502], [503, 642], [643, 726], [727, 799]], "first_sentence": "During an insurrection, members of this industry tied a sheriff named Nuto to the gallows by his foot and ripped him apart.", "answer_prompt": "or clothing; or wool; or silk; prompt on \"weaving\" or \"loom\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of a poem by this author pledges, \"I will keep you there forever\" in the \"round-tower of my heart\" \"till the walls should crumble to ruin, and molder in dust away.\" A poem by this author begins by describing the farmer of Grand-Pre, who dies of a heart attack after a mini-riot is quelled by Father Felician. Another of this author's characters fasts for seven days, during which he wrestles Mondamin. This poet of \"The Children's Hour\" wrote a poem in dactylic hexameter beginning \"This is the forest primeval,\" and used a Kalevala-esque trochaic tetrameter for a poem in which the grandson of Nokomis weds Minnehaha \"By the shores of Gitche Gumee.\" For 10 points, name this American poet of \"Evangeline\" who tried to draw on Ojibwe lore in \"The Song of Hiawatha.\"", "answer": "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "page": "Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93253, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 320], [321, 413], [414, 495], [495, 661], [661, 777]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of a poem by this author pledges, \"I will keep you there forever\" in the \"round-tower of my heart\" \"till the walls should crumble to ruin, and molder in dust away.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It's not Habakkuk, but the story of this man is read as Haftarah on Shavuot. This man, who relates that he spent time along the Chebar river, uses human excrement as the fuel to cook his food while lying on his side for 430 days. Merkabah mysticism is based on an image from this man's accounts, which include a war launched against the land of Magog by the eponymous prince of Gog. This Biblical character sees the faces of men, lions, eagles, and oxen surrounding the throne of God on God's chariot, and has a vision of \"wheels turning inside of wheels\" before he is told to breathe life into a group of reanimated bodies in the \"valley of dry bones\". For 10 points, name this Old Testament prophet whose namesake book comes before Hosea and after the Lamentations attributed to Jeremiah.", "answer": "Ezekiel [or the Book of Ezekiel]", "page": "Ezekiel", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414839ea23cc9417e9baf7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93254, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 229], [230, 382], [383, 653], [654, 790]], "first_sentence": "It's not Habakkuk, but the story of this man is read as Haftarah on Shavuot.", "answer_prompt": "or the Book of Ezekiel", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An artist from this country painted over human femur bones with the colors of his country's flag, and opened a fake \"Museum of Modern Art, Department of Eagles\" in his own home. A group of critics in this nation rejected a work in which the artist's sister Mitche sits at a cluttered dining table eating oysters. Along with Georges Lemmen and Fernand Khnopff, the painter of that work was a member of a group in this nation founded by Octave Maus. An artist from this country showed a monkey's crucifixion in The Vile Vivisectors, and evoked a Mardi Gras parade in a painting showing a crowd of mask-like faces marching under a banner reading \"Vive La Sociale.\" For 10 points, name this nation home to Marcel Broodthaers, Les XX [lay vant], and James Ensor, the artist of Christ's Entry Into Brussels.", "answer": "Belgium", "page": "Belgium", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483aea23cc9417e9baf8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93255, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 312], [313, 447], [448, 660], [660, 801]], "first_sentence": "An artist from this country painted over human femur bones with the colors of his country's flag, and opened a fake \"Museum of Modern Art, Department of Eagles\" in his own home.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this man owns a cat named Hamilcar and is ultimately rewarded with a rare manuscript for his kindness in giving some firewood to his freezing neighbors. In a satirical novel by this author, a fake dragon designed in part by Orberosia is killed by Kraken, after which those two become king and queen of a civilization which progresses through all the stages of history. Marcel Proust's literary mentor, Bergotte, was modeled on this author, who created a man who removes Jeanne from a cruel school and pays her dowry by selling his library. In another novel by this man, the Devil tricks a monk named Mael into going to the North Pole to baptize birds. For 10 points, name this European author of The Crime of Sylvester Bonnard and Penguin Island.", "answer": "Anatole France [or Anatole Thibault]", "page": "Anatole_France", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483aea23cc9417e9baf9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93256, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 391], [392, 562], [563, 674], [675, 769]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this man owns a cat named Hamilcar and is ultimately rewarded with a rare manuscript for his kindness in giving some firewood to his freezing neighbors.", "answer_prompt": "or Anatole Thibault", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The MEPE-ASARM peptides inhibit this process, which is upregulated by the five SIBLING proteins. Expression of CBF-alpha-1, also known as RUNX2, is crucial for this process to occur. A namesake sialoprotein may function as a guide for the accumulation of phosphate compounds during this process. This process can proceed in either an intramembranous or an endochondral manner. Collagen deficiencies can lead to a disease known as this process \"imperfecta.\" This process requires the formation of a cartilage layer, followed by mineralization. When the rate of resorption is faster than the rate of this process, osteoporosis occurs. For 10 points, name this process by which structures such as the fibula and femur are formed.", "answer": "bone formation [or ossification; or osteogenesis; or bone morphogenesis; or dentinogenesis; or odontogenesis; or tooth development]", "page": "Bone_formation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bafa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93257, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 182], [183, 295], [296, 376], [377, 455], [455, 542], [543, 632], [633, 726]], "first_sentence": "The MEPE-ASARM peptides inhibit this process, which is upregulated by the five SIBLING proteins.", "answer_prompt": "or ossification; or osteogenesis; or bone morphogenesis; or dentinogenesis; or odontogenesis; or tooth development", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The activity of these things is divided into eight types over four quadrants in Joseph McGrath's circumplex model, and their development is described by the \"Forming Norming Storming Performing\" model of Bruce Tuckman. These things dysfunction when they meet one of three \"basic assumptions\" proposed by Wilfred Bion. Action in these things can be ensured using the by-product theory of Mancur Olsen. Henri Tajfel developed a \"minimal\" paradigm for these things to explain their segregation into \"in\" and \"out\" types. Kurt Lewin founded the study of the \"dynamics\" of these things, in which conformity due to a desire for unanimity leads to bad decision making, their namesake \"think.\" For 10 points, name these hopefully-cohesive collections of people who interact.", "answer": "social groups [accept teams; prompt on other similar answers]", "page": "Social_groups", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bafb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93258, "tokenizations": [[0, 218], [219, 317], [318, 400], [401, 517], [518, 684], [684, 766]], "first_sentence": "The activity of these things is divided into eight types over four quadrants in Joseph McGrath's circumplex model, and their development is described by the \"Forming Norming Storming Performing\" model of Bruce Tuckman.", "answer_prompt": "accept teams; prompt on other similar answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This politician's son lost an election for governor after founding the Solidarity Party to ditch two candidates backed by Lyndon LaRouche. This politician aimed to prove his frugality by being photographed with a hole in his shoe. Alabama Senator John Sparkman ran on a ticket with this politician, whose own grandfather of the same name was Vice President under Grover Cleveland. This divorc\u00c3\u00a9e reclaimed a frequent smear by proclaiming, \"Eggheads of the world, unite!\" This man, who served as Ambassador to the UN during the Cuban Missile Crisis, lost one election after an opposing VP candidate agreed to return all ill-gotten donations except his dog Checkers. For 10 points, name this Democratic governor of Illinois who lost two presidential elections to Dwight Eisenhower.", "answer": "Adlai Ewing Stevenson II [do not accept \"Adlai Stevenson Jr.\"]", "page": "Adlai_Stevenson_II", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bafc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93259, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 230], [231, 380], [381, 469], [470, 663], [664, 778]], "first_sentence": "This politician's son lost an election for governor after founding the Solidarity Party to ditch two candidates backed by Lyndon LaRouche.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"Adlai Stevenson Jr.\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one essay, this thinker described an unscrupulous but powerful class of men full of \"coarse energy\" he called the \"bruisers.\" At the end of another essay, he imagined an ideal artist who could \"walk the world over\" and be unable \"to find a condition inopportune or ignoble.\" This thinker described the gift of \"a wicked dollar which by and by I shall have the manhood to withhold\" in an essay instructing the reader to \"speak what you think now in hard words, and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again.\" That essay by this thinker proposes that \"to be great is to be misunderstood\" and argues, \"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.\" For 10 points, name this American author of \"The Poet\" and \"Self-Reliance.\"", "answer": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", "page": "Ralph_Waldo_Emerson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bafd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93260, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 277], [278, 524], [525, 671], [671, 748]], "first_sentence": "In one essay, this thinker described an unscrupulous but powerful class of men full of \"coarse energy\" he called the \"bruisers.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A prophet of this name retells Zenos's [ZEE-nuss-iz] allegory, comparing Gentiles and Jews to cultivated and wild olive trees, in a namesake book which comes third in the Book of Mormon. This name graces the last man named in the opening of the Jewish Amidah prayer, a Biblical character who made peace with the leader of the Edomites after using peeled, spotted sticks in the process of breeding spotted sheep. That man of this name kept the rival concubines Bilhah and Zilpah, and worked two seven-year indentures for Laban after using the offer of a bowl of stew to trick his brother into handing over his birthright. For 10 points, give this name of the Hebrew patriarch who was born holding his twin brother Esau, and who was renamed Israel after wrestling an angel and seeing a namesake ladder to heaven.", "answer": "Jacob [or Ya'akov; do not accept \"Israel\" or \"Yisrael\"]", "page": "Jacob", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bafe", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93261, "tokenizations": [[0, 186], [187, 411], [412, 620], [621, 810]], "first_sentence": "A prophet of this name retells Zenos's [ZEE-nuss-iz] allegory, comparing Gentiles and Jews to cultivated and wild olive trees, in a namesake book which comes third in the Book of Mormon.", "answer_prompt": "or Ya'akov; do not accept \"Israel\" or \"Yisrael\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a short story by this author, a clerk whose office has run out of cash is instead paid in defective matches. In a satirical play by this man, a zoologist discovers a method of massive reproduction which is accidentally used to produce vast amounts of snakes, ostriches, and crocodiles, instead of much-needed chickens. This author of \"Diaboliad\" and The Fatal Eggs also described the transplant of a human pituitary gland and testicles that transform Sharik into Polygraph Polygraphovich. This author created a character who predicts the death of Berlioz, a member of MASSOLIT, by decapitation. The title lovers of that novel by this author are reunited and granted peace with the help of Woland. For 10 points, name this author of The Heart of a Dog and The Master and Margarita.", "answer": "Mikhail Bulgakov", "page": "Mikhail_Bulgakov", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9baff", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93262, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 321], [322, 491], [492, 597], [598, 699], [700, 783]], "first_sentence": "In a short story by this author, a clerk whose office has run out of cash is instead paid in defective matches.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An enzyme that binds to this protein forms a heterodimer with APPBP1 to modify another protein very similar to this one called NEDD8. Another enzyme that binds to this protein is encoded in humans by CDC34. This protein forms thioester linkages with three different classes of enzymes with which it interacts in sequence. This protein forms an isopeptide bond between its C-terminal glycine residue and a lysine side chain on its substrate. This protein binds to namesake \"activating\" and \"conjugating\" enzymes, labeled E1 and E2, and its attachment to targets by E3 ligases directs those targets to the proteasome. For 10 points, name this small protein that gets attached to proteins targeted for degradation, which is named for the fact that it is found in almost all cells.", "answer": "ubiquitin", "page": "Ubiquitin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb00", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93263, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 206], [207, 321], [322, 440], [441, 574], [575, 615], [616, 777]], "first_sentence": "An enzyme that binds to this protein forms a heterodimer with APPBP1 to modify another protein very similar to this one called NEDD8.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In an amusing interview, a player for this NBA team recounted that a teammate elbowed him in practice and yelled \"I'm the only Silverback!\" This team owns the rights to FC Barcelona center Tibor Pleiss, and their starting center is the brother of Olympic shot put gold medalist Valerie. Their recent draft picks include Josh Huestis and Mitch McGary. This team's best player was labeled \"Mr. Unreliable\" during a 2014 playoff series against Memphis, missed the start of the 2014 season with a broken foot, and gave a speech calling his mom \"the real MVP.\" Nick Collison and Steven Adams play for this team, whose GM Sam Presti failed to re-sign former star James Harden. For 10 points, name this team whose players include Serge Ibaka, Russell Westbrook, and Kevin Durant.", "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder [accept either underlined portion; or OKC]", "page": "Oklahoma_City_Thunder", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb01", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93264, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 286], [287, 350], [351, 555], [556, 670], [671, 772]], "first_sentence": "In an amusing interview, a player for this NBA team recounted that a teammate elbowed him in practice and yelled \"I'm the only Silverback!\"", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion; or OKC", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2010 paper reported that a new calculation of one of these quantities differs by 5.0 standard deviations from CODATA's value. That quantity is the \"charge\" type of this property for the proton. The Stokes-Einstein equation for the diffusion constant has this value and viscosity in the denominator. Another of these quantities is equal to h-bar divided by electron mass, speed of light, and fine structure constant and is named for Bohr. This value is inversely proportional to centripetal acceleration, and is crossed with force to give torque. A type of this property is defined as the distance at which line cannot escape a black hole and is named for Schwarzschild. For 10 points, name this property that is multiplied by 2 pi to give the circumference of a circle.", "answer": "radius [or charge radius; or Bohr radius; or Schwarzschild radius]", "page": "Radius", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb02", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93265, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 195], [196, 300], [301, 439], [440, 547], [548, 671], [672, 771]], "first_sentence": "A 2010 paper reported that a new calculation of one of these quantities differs by 5.0 standard deviations from CODATA's value.", "answer_prompt": "or charge radius; or Bohr radius; or Schwarzschild radius", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One character in this book is serenaded with \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" after defusing the offense he caused by refusing a strong drink. Another character in this book owns a knife covered in Indian symbols with precious gems on its sheath. Early in this novel, the title character falls into disrepute after claiming that he'd kill half of a howling dog. In this novella, Patsy Cooper takes in two Italian boarders who get accused of the murder of a judge. The title character of this novel, set in Dawson's Landing, exonerates Luigi and Angelo Capello and reveals Judge Driscoll's true murderer by demonstrating fingerprinting. For 10 points, name this Mark Twain novella in which the slave Roxana switches her child with her master's, a scheme foiled by the title lawyer with a pejorative nickname.", "answer": "The Tragedy of Puddn'head Wilson", "page": "Pudd'nhead_Wilson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb03", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93266, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 244], [245, 359], [360, 461], [462, 633], [634, 805]], "first_sentence": "One character in this book is serenaded with \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" after defusing the offense he caused by refusing a strong drink.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher drew key ideas from the work of Roger Schank's lab at Yale. This man revised his social ontology in Making the Social World, updating his view that \"status indicators\" make institutional facts out of what G.E.M. Anscombe previously called \"brute facts.\" This man insisted on the type-token distinction during a feud in which he attacked the obscurantism of Jacques Derrida. This author of The Construction of Social Reality said that it is impossible to derive intentionality from a set of symbols, prompting the \"systems reply\" and \"many mansions\" reply. He posited an isolated man who uses a list of instructions to reply to writings in a language he doesn't know. For 10 points, name this American thinker who attacked Strong AI with his Chinese Room thought experiment.", "answer": "John Rogers Searle", "page": "John_Rogers_Searle", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb04", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93267, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 270], [271, 390], [391, 572], [573, 683], [684, 790]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher drew key ideas from the work of Roger Schank's lab at Yale.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sylvia Plath described a figure painted by this non-Italian as coming out of \"Eden's navel\" in a poem describing another figure's \"moony eye.\" This man put a row of red flowers along the bottom of a double portrait of Marie Laurencin and Guillaume Apollinaire called The Muse Inspiring the Poet. In another painting, he depicted his mistress Yadwiga with lotus flowers and a dark camouflaged man in the shadows. This painter placed a mandolin and vase on the sand under a clear night sky in a painting in which a lion \"picks up [the] scent\" of the title person but \"does not devour her.\" He also painted a dark woman standing between a river and a forest while playing a flute. For 10 points, name this French Primitivist painter of The Dream, The Snake Charmer, and The Sleeping Gypsy.", "answer": "Henri Julien F\u00c3\u00a9lix Rousseau", "page": "Henri_Rousseau", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb05", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93268, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 295], [296, 411], [412, 587], [588, 677], [678, 786]], "first_sentence": "Sylvia Plath described a figure painted by this non-Italian as coming out of \"Eden's navel\" in a poem describing another figure's \"moony eye.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A composition with this title is the first piece of Karol Szymanowski's Op. 34, a set of three Masques for piano. Three poems by Tristan Klingsor formed the basis for a song cycle for soprano and orchestra of this title written by Maurice Ravel, who also wrote a \"fairy overture\" of this name. In another composition of this name, a solo violin playing over harp arpeggios represents the title character, and a pesante unison theme represents her husband. That composition named for this character includes such movements as \"The Young Prince and the Young Princess,\" \"The Kalendar Prince,\" and \"The Sea and Sinbad's Ship.\" For 10 points, name this woman who titles a suite by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov based on the One Thousand and One Nights", "answer": "Scheherezade", "page": "Scheherezade", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb06", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93269, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 113], [114, 293], [294, 455], [456, 622], [622, 623], [624, 741]], "first_sentence": "A composition with this title is the first piece of Karol Szymanowski's Op.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of a poem by this man bemoans the idea of \"someone else drowned in that lash-wide stare\" and blames his problems on \"something to do with violence, / a long way back, and wrong rewards, / and arrogant eternity.\" The speaker of another poem by this man experiences a \"sharp tender shock\" upon seeing a stone earl's hand still clasping his wife's, as \"such faithfulness in effigy / was just a detail friends would see.\" This author of \"Love Again\" and \"An Arundel Tomb\" described death as \"nothing to think with / nothing to love or link with / the anesthetic from which none come round.\" For 10 points, name this 20th-century British poet of \"Aubade,\" who acknowledged that \"your mum and dad\" \"were fucked up in their turn\" in \"This Be the Verse.\"", "answer": "Philip Larkin", "page": "Philip_Larkin", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb07", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93270, "tokenizations": [[0, 223], [224, 391], [392, 428], [428, 429], [430, 597], [597, 598], [599, 739], [739, 758]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of a poem by this man bemoans the idea of \"someone else drowned in that lash-wide stare\" and blames his problems on \"something to do with violence, / a long way back, and wrong rewards, / and arrogant eternity.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Borel hierarchy, sets with this property correspond to the class denoted by a pi with superscript zero and subscript 1. The diagonal set, defined as a subset of the product space of X with itself, has this property if and only if X is Hausdorff. A sequence of real valued continuous functions defined on a finite bounded interval with this property has a uniformly convergent subsequence, according to the Arzela-Ascoli theorem. Cantor's intersection theorem begins by considering a decreasing sequence of nonempty, bounded sets with this property. A subspace is compact if and only if it is bounded and has this property according to the Heine-Borel theorem. The Cantor set has this property because it contains only boundary points. For 10 points, name this property of sets that have an open complement.", "answer": "closure [or closed]", "page": "Closure_(mathematics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb08", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93271, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 252], [253, 435], [436, 555], [556, 666], [667, 741], [742, 813]], "first_sentence": "In the Borel hierarchy, sets with this property correspond to the class denoted by a pi with superscript zero and subscript 1.", "answer_prompt": "or closed", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one oration, this man argued that alleging \"fanaticism\" as a negative trait discredits brave historical figures such as Martin Luther and John Milton. This man was honored by the words \"My countrymen! Know one another, and you will love one another,\" from a eulogy delivered by former \"fire-eater\" Lucius Lamar of Mississippi. This opponent of the Santo Domingo annexation scheme warned of \"the black flag of the land pirates from Missouri\" in a speech which likened Andrew Butler of South Carolina to Don Quixote and Stephen Douglas to Sancho Panza, and which denounced \"the harlot, Slavery.\" For 10 points, name this Radical Republican, a Massachusetts senator whose speech \"The Crime Against Kansas\" prompted Preston Brooks to beat him with a cane.", "answer": "Charles Sumner", "page": "Charles_Sumner", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb09", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93272, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 203], [204, 329], [330, 596], [597, 754]], "first_sentence": "In one oration, this man argued that alleging \"fanaticism\" as a negative trait discredits brave historical figures such as Martin Luther and John Milton.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One common application of the Thorpe-Ingold effect is in the acceleration of these reactions by the addition of a geminal-dimethyl group to the reactant molecule. Concerted examples of these reactions that also have negative entropies of activation can have conrotatory or disrotatory transition states. A radical-rearrangement of an enediyne is one type of this reaction named for Bergmann. All exo-tet and exo-trig varieties of these reactions are favored, according to Baldwin's rules. When intramolecular, these reactions are fastest when reacting groups are five carbons away. One example of this type of reaction is a condensation named for Dieckmann which forms beta-ketoesters. For 10 points, name these reactions that form rings from carbon chains.", "answer": "cyclizations [accept ring-forming reaction before mention; accept Bergmann cyclization; anti-prompt on \"lactonization\", \"electrocyclization\", \"cycloaddition\", or \"pericyclic reaction", "page": "Pericyclic_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb0a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93273, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 303], [304, 391], [392, 488], [489, 581], [582, 685], [686, 757]], "first_sentence": "One common application of the Thorpe-Ingold effect is in the acceleration of these reactions by the addition of a geminal-dimethyl group to the reactant molecule.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Chapter 5 of Erich Auerbach's Mimesis analyzes a council at which this man asks to be handed a bow, and compares him to Saint Alexis. In one work in which he appears, this character unsuccessfully tries to break his sword against some rocks. After learning of his death, this character's betrothed Aude falls dead at the feet of her king. In another poem, he realizes that his beloved has left him for Medoro and is then struck with a \"horrendous madness.\" This character is betrayed by his stepfather Ganelon, and his death results from his initial refusal to blow a horn in order to alert the retreating Frankish army. For 10 points, name this wielder of the sword Durendal who appears in a Renaissance epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto and an eleventh-century French epic called his \"song.\"", "answer": "Roland [or Orlando]", "page": "Roland", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb0b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93274, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 241], [242, 338], [339, 456], [457, 620], [621, 789]], "first_sentence": "Chapter 5 of Erich Auerbach's Mimesis analyzes a council at which this man asks to be handed a bow, and compares him to Saint Alexis.", "answer_prompt": "or Orlando", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An aria in this opera strikes its lowest note, a C-natural, on the first syllable of the heavily accented phrase \"l'ombre mostrarsi.\" Another aria in this opera is usually transposed down a whole step from F to E-flat, and was written explicitly for Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani. In this opera, the protagonist sings the aria \"Regnava nel silenzio,\" in which she informs her maid Alisa that she has seen the ghost of a girl killed by her ancestor. The title woman of this opera sings \"Il dolce suono\" in a famous \"mad scene\" in which she fantasizes about her beloved Edgardo after murdering her husband Arturo. For 10 points, name this opera which was adapted from a Walter Scott novel, by Gaetano Donizetti.", "answer": "Lucia di Lammermoor", "page": "Lucia_di_Lammermoor", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483dea23cc9417e9bb0c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93275, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [132, 133], [134, 277], [278, 445], [446, 608], [609, 706]], "first_sentence": "An aria in this opera strikes its lowest note, a C-natural, on the first syllable of the heavily accented phrase \"l'ombre mostrarsi.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two books about exploring this ruler's domain were written by Russian Red Cross volunteer Alexander Bulatovich as the also-Russian officer Nikolay Leontiev was giving this ruler military advice and artillery supplies. This man's queen Taitu became effective regent after a series of strokes paralyzed him. This ruler came to power after Yohannes IV died at the battle of Gallabat. This man ruled during a conflict sparked by a mistranslation found in Article 17 of the Treaty of Wuchale, which he signed, and he took his regnal name from a fabled son of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon. This king's forces defeated Oreste Baratieri at Adowa. For 10 points, name this man who repelled an Italian invasion and founded Addis Ababa as emperor of Ethiopia at the turn of the 20th century.", "answer": "Menelik II [or Sahle Maryam]", "page": "Menelik_II", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb0d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93276, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 305], [306, 380], [381, 590], [591, 645], [646, 787]], "first_sentence": "Two books about exploring this ruler's domain were written by Russian Red Cross volunteer Alexander Bulatovich as the also-Russian officer Nikolay Leontiev was giving this ruler military advice and artillery supplies.", "answer_prompt": "or Sahle Maryam", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This psychologist extended the capacity model of attention to allow for a flexible capacity, which can be divided to an extent determined by effort. This living man showed that individuals underestimate the amount of time they need to do any task, which is the \"planning fallacy.\" This author of Attention and Effort wrote that people are more likely to identify Linda as a \"bank teller and feminist\" than just a \"bank teller.\" This man formulated the concept of \"anchoring,\" and he identified availability and representativeness as examples of heuristics that lead to biases. This Nobel laureate proposed that utility be modeled as a function of change in wealth instead of absolute wealth, which helps explain why people avoid risk. For 10 points, name this co-developer of prospect theory with Amos Tversky.", "answer": "Daniel Kahneman", "page": "Daniel_Kahneman", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb0e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93277, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 280], [281, 426], [426, 427], [428, 576], [577, 734], [735, 810]], "first_sentence": "This psychologist extended the capacity model of attention to allow for a flexible capacity, which can be divided to an extent determined by effort.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This figure eats all but one of Fish's eggs, but escapes blame by continually wiping a mark off of the remaining egg as it is counted. This character claims that he had to bury his father in his head, which proves that he is older than the rabbit or the porcupine, and he is able to turn an ear of corn into a following of one hundred soldiers. He pretended to measure the length of a branch against the length of a snake, allowing him to capture that python. While climbing a tree, he dropped a pot full of wisdom, allowing wisdom to spread across the world. He traded the python Onini, the hornets Mmoboro, and the leopard Osebo in exchange for all of the world's stories from his sky god father Nyame. For 10 points, name this wily character from West African folklore who is depicted as a spider", "answer": "Anansi [or Kwaku Ananse]", "page": "Anansi", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb0f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93278, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 344], [345, 459], [460, 559], [560, 704], [705, 799]], "first_sentence": "This figure eats all but one of Fish's eggs, but escapes blame by continually wiping a mark off of the remaining egg as it is counted.", "answer_prompt": "or Kwaku Ananse", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A pope with this name led an Italian league that fought off Saracen pirates at the Battle of Ostia, and ordered the construction of a wall around a namesake \"City\" that included the Borgo and the Vatican. Another pope of this name tried to organize a crusade against Selim I, but was better known for his high spending and ownership of a white elephant named Hanno. The most recent pope with this name issued an encyclical calling for capitalism to address the concerns of the working class, titled Rerum Novarum. The successor of Julius II had this name, and his construction of St. Peter's Basilica led to the sale of indulgences, criticism of which led him to issue the papal bull Exsurge Domine. For 10 points, name this papal name whose tenth holder was an opponent of Martin Luther.", "answer": "Leo [or Leo IV; or Leo XIII; or Leo X]", "page": "L\u00e9o", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb10", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93279, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 365], [366, 513], [514, 699], [700, 788]], "first_sentence": "A pope with this name led an Italian league that fought off Saracen pirates at the Battle of Ostia, and ordered the construction of a wall around a namesake \"City\" that included the Borgo and the Vatican.", "answer_prompt": "or Leo IV; or Leo XIII; or Leo X", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these events was partly caused by Alexander Rigby's diversion of resources to his siege of Lathom House and took place at Bolton during the English Civil War. Another of these events occurred under the pretense that the MacDonald clan was too slow in pledging allegiance to William and Mary, but was motivated by its rivalry with the Campbells. The sister of Sweyn Forkbeard may have died during one of these events that was motivated by tributes and Danish raids against the English. In addition to ones named for Glencoe and St. Brice's Day, an event of this type occurred after a speech by Henry Hunt at a Manchester gathering in protest of poor economic conditions caused by the Corn Laws. For 10 points, name these violent events that include one called Peterloo.", "answer": "massacres of civilians [accept stormings of cities before \"MacDonald\"; accept any answer indicating that many civilians are being killed in a short period of time]", "page": "Massacre", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb11", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93280, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 351], [352, 491], [492, 700], [701, 775]], "first_sentence": "One of these events was partly caused by Alexander Rigby's diversion of resources to his siege of Lathom House and took place at Bolton during the English Civil War.", "answer_prompt": "accept stormings of cities before \"MacDonald\"; accept any answer indicating that many civilians are being killed in a short period of time", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The proteins CDC42 and Rac1 stimulate the formation of structures composed of this protein. Staining of structures containing this protein is typically done with phalloidin derivatives. Lengthening of structures made of this protein is promoted by formin, while its branching is caused by the Arp2/3 complex. This protein's \"barbed end,\" where polymerization typically occurs, can bind to the protein CapZ, which prevents assembly. This protein's binding sites are blocked by tropomyosin bound to the troponin complex within the sarcomere. For 10 points name this protein which is bound to by myosin during muscle contraction, and which makes up the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.", "answer": "actin", "page": "Actin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb12", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93281, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 185], [186, 308], [309, 431], [432, 539], [540, 685]], "first_sentence": "The proteins CDC42 and Rac1 stimulate the formation of structures composed of this protein.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Because a dog saved this ethnic group's founding father, it upholds a taboo on using dog fur or eating dog meat to this day. It's not the French, but famille rose and famille verte enamel pottery emerged under this ethnic group's rule, for which Giuseppe Castiglione helped build a palace. These winners of the Battle of Sarhu included Bordered Yellow and Plain White among the divisions of their armies in the Eight Banners system. This group used Latin to write a treaty with Russia signed at Nerchinsk, rose to prominence under Nurhachi, and won at Shanhai Pass against Li Zicheng. This Tungusic ethnicity descended from the group which deposed the Northern Song dynasty, the Jurchens. For 10 points, name this queue-wearing ethnic group which ruled China during the Qing dynasty.", "answer": ": Manchus [or Manju; or Manzu; accept Jurchens until mentioned]", "page": "Manj\u016b", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb13", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93282, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 289], [290, 432], [433, 584], [585, 688], [689, 783]], "first_sentence": "Because a dog saved this ethnic group's founding father, it upholds a taboo on using dog fur or eating dog meat to this day.", "answer_prompt": "or Manju; or Manzu; accept Jurchens until mentioned", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This idea constitutes a \"formal determining ground\" unlike the \"material determining grounds\" of the will. Judge Raveh examines a defendant in a glass box on his \"household use\" of this idea in Chapter 8 of Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem. Philippa Foot rejected this concept in favor of a \"System\" of weaker, \"hypothetical\" replacements. Adherence to this idea allows a person to escape heteronomy. One formulation of this idea envisions all men as legislators in the \"kingdom of ends.\" Its discoverer applied it to condemn masturbation as use of one's self as a means rather than an end. For 10 points, name this principle that one should act only by maxims that can be willed as universal law, devised in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant.", "answer": "categorical imperative [or kategorischer Imperativ; prompt on \"imperative;\" prompt on \"duty\"; prompt on \"autonomy\"; prompt on \"practical reason\" or \"pure practical reason\" or \"reason\" or \"moral law\"]", "page": "Categorical_imperative", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb14", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93283, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 245], [246, 344], [345, 405], [406, 492], [492, 493], [494, 595], [596, 775]], "first_sentence": "This idea constitutes a \"formal determining ground\" unlike the \"material determining grounds\" of the will.", "answer_prompt": "or kategorischer Imperativ; prompt on \"imperative;\" prompt on \"duty\"; prompt on \"autonomy\"; prompt on \"practical reason\" or \"pure practical reason\" or \"reason\" or \"moral law\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When alpha to a sulfoxide group, groups containing this element migrate in a common variation of the Pummerer rearrangement. Transmetalation of groups from this element to palladium is a key step in the Hiyama cross-coupling. When groups containing this element are geminal or vicinal to hydroxyl groups, they rearrange to ethers of this element in the Brook rearrangement. Enol derivatives of those ethers of this element are reacted with aldehydes or formates in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction, and ethers of this element are generally useful protecting groups for alcohols. The tetramethyl derivative of this element is defined to have a chemical shift of 0 ppm in proton NMR, and its dioxide is the main component of glass. For 10 points, name this tetravalent element used in microchips.", "answer": "silicon", "page": "Silicon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb15", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93284, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 225], [226, 373], [374, 574], [575, 725], [726, 790]], "first_sentence": "When alpha to a sulfoxide group, groups containing this element migrate in a common variation of the Pummerer rearrangement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Malvina Hoffman helped restore some of the works of this sculptor, who persuaded her to study anatomy in Manhattan. Many of his works are housed in a museum at his former workshop, the Hotel Biron, to which he was introduced by his secretary Rainer Maria Rilke. He also taught and sculpted his lover Camille Claudel. This sculptor made his Saint John the Baptist Preaching larger than life-size due to critics accusing him of casting an earlier sculpture from a living model. He used that John the Baptist sculpture, minus the arms and head, as the basis for his The Walking Man. This creator of The Age of Bronze also executed a sculpture of Dante derived from his The Gates of Hell. For 10 points, name this French sculptor of The Thinker.", "answer": "Auguste Rodin", "page": "Auguste_Rodin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb16", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93285, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 261], [262, 316], [317, 475], [476, 579], [580, 684], [685, 741]], "first_sentence": "Malvina Hoffman helped restore some of the works of this sculptor, who persuaded her to study anatomy in Manhattan.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Cherokee myth, evil little people are named for these objects, in contrast with the laurel people and dogwood people. The Norse gods placed one deep in the earth under Lyngvi and attached it to another one named Thviti. On the advice of Phineus, a dove was used to overcome two of these, and in book 14 of the Iliad, Ajax almost kills Hector with one. They 're not rivers, but one named Gjoll was used in the binding of Fenrir. Deucalion and Pyrrha threw these objects over their shoulders to create humans. After telling his wife Merope not to bury him, and chaining Hades or Thanatos, a king of Corinth got a punishment involving one. A pair of them, the Symplegades, threatened to wreck the Argo. For 10 points, name these objects, one of which Sisyphus must eternally roll up a hill.", "answer": "rocks [or boulders; or stones; accept other reasonable equivalents]", "page": "Rocks", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb17", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93286, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 222], [223, 354], [355, 430], [431, 510], [511, 639], [640, 702], [703, 790]], "first_sentence": "In Cherokee myth, evil little people are named for these objects, in contrast with the laurel people and dogwood people.", "answer_prompt": "or boulders; or stones; accept other reasonable equivalents", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Cancer of this organ can be treated with vismodegib, which is sold as Erivedge. Most patients with Gorlin syndrome develop cancer of this organ, which can be removed in surgeries described by the acronym CCPDMA. The progress of cancer in this organ can be measured by the Clark level and Breslow's depth. This organ is the target of the surgical procedure EDC, which stands for \"electrodessication and curettage.\" Lentigo maligna is a variety of one of this organ's cancers. This organ can develop the usually non-lethal basal cell carcinoma, and the deadliest cancer of this organ occurs in cells that produce a namesake dark pigment. For 10 points, name this primary organ affected by melanoma", "answer": "skin", "page": "Skin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb18", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93287, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 211], [212, 304], [305, 413], [414, 474], [475, 635], [636, 695]], "first_sentence": "Cancer of this organ can be treated with vismodegib, which is sold as Erivedge.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This novel's narrator finds benzene to wipe off a message written in purple lipstick across a woman's stomach before she wakes up and calls him \"boo'ful\" over and over. Emma asks for a dance at a fancy club called the Chthonian in this novel, in which a man known as Supercargo eggs on a fight between veterans in the Golden Day bar. This novel's title character lets a room from Mary Rambo and becomes friends with Brother Clifton. This book's narrator attends a rally at which \"No more dispossessing of the dispossessed!\" is chanted. At a eulogy in this novel, Ras the Destroyer incites massive race riots, during which the narrator falls underground via a manhole and concludes that his personal identity is unnoticed by white people. For 10 points, name this novel by Ralph Ellison.", "answer": "Invisible Man", "page": "Invisible_Man", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb19", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93288, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 333], [334, 432], [433, 535], [536, 737], [738, 786]], "first_sentence": "This novel's narrator finds benzene to wipe off a message written in purple lipstick across a woman's stomach before she wakes up and calls him \"boo'ful\" over and over.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A certain \"Mestre Jacome\" who served this man is identified with a Majorcan Jew named Jehud\u00c3\u00a0 Cresques. After his failed attack on the Marinid sultanate, this man's brother Ferdinand the Holy Prince was taken prisoner and died in captivity at Fez. This member of the Illustrious Generation funded his activities through his mastery of the Order of Christ, and like his brother Edward the Philosopher, he was a son of Philippa of Lancaster. This man sent Gil Eanes on an expedition to pass Cape Bojador, and many of his feats were made possible by the development of caravels. This man convinced his father John I to conquer the Moroccan port of Ceuta. For 10 points, name this member of the House of Aviz, a Portuguese patron of exploration who helped launch the Age of Discovery.", "answer": "Henry the Navigator [or Prince Henry of Aviz; or Infante Dom Henrique de Avis, Duke of Viseu", "page": "Henry_the_Navigator", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93289, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 246], [247, 438], [439, 574], [575, 650], [651, 779]], "first_sentence": "A certain \"Mestre Jacome\" who served this man is identified with a Majorcan Jew named Jehud\u00e0 Cresques.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of one poem in this collection describes himself as \"the word without echoes, he who lost everything and he who had everything\" after addressing \"you who are silent,\" a white bee \"drunk with honey\" that buzzes in the speaker's soul. This collection contains a poem that includes the lines \"The night is starry and the stars are blue and shiver in the distance\" and \"Love is so short, forgetting is so long.\" The speaker declares, \"You look like a world lying in surrender\" after noting the \"white hills, white thighs\" of the title thing in \"Body of a Woman.\" The speaker of the last poem in this collection repeatedly exclaims \"In you everything sank!\" right after a poem beginning \"Tonight I can write the saddest lines.\" For 10 points, name this early poetry collection by Pablo Neruda.", "answer": "Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair [or Veinte poemas de amor y una canci\u00c3\u00b3n desesperada]", "page": "Twenty_Love_Poems_and_a_Song_of_Despair", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93290, "tokenizations": [[0, 244], [245, 300], [301, 419], [420, 570], [571, 664], [665, 733], [733, 800]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of one poem in this collection describes himself as \"the word without echoes, he who lost everything and he who had everything\" after addressing \"you who are silent,\" a white bee \"drunk with honey\" that buzzes in the speaker's soul.", "answer_prompt": "or Veinte poemas de amor y una canci\u00c3\u00b3n desesperada", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A sedimentary basin named for this period in western Texas has the world's thickest deposits dating from here. Its latter part involved the upward rifting of the Cimmerian subcontinent, an event that formed the Neo-Tethys sea. Swamp-loving lycopod trees were gradually replaced in continental interiors by advanced species of seed ferns and conifers in this period. Olson's extinction is a small event that occurred is in the middle of this period. By the end of this period, dicynodonts and gorgonopsians dominated terrestrial fauna. The supercontinent Pangea existed throughout this period, which the Siberian traps may have ended. The Carboniferous period preceded, for 10 points, what last geologic period of the Paleozoic, which ended with a massive extinction event that ushered in the Triassic?", "answer": "Permian period", "page": "Permian", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93291, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 226], [227, 365], [366, 448], [449, 534], [535, 633], [634, 801]], "first_sentence": "A sedimentary basin named for this period in western Texas has the world's thickest deposits dating from here.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poem's speaker questions the \"joy we ever should come near\" if \"we were things born / Not to shed a tear\" and asks, \"What objects are the fountains / Of thy happy strain?\" Images in this poem include a \"rose embowered / In its own green leaves\" and a \"glow-worm golden / In a dell of dew.\" This poem's speaker states \"The world should listen then \u00c2\u2013 as I am listening now\" after declaring that if the title figure would teach him \"half the gladness / That thy brain must know, / Such harmonious madness / From my lips would flow.\" This poem begins with its speaker exclaiming, \"Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!\" For 10 points, name this poem addressing a bird, by Percy Shelley.", "answer": "\"To a Skylark\"", "page": "To_a_Skylark", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93292, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 175], [175, 176], [177, 224], [225, 275], [276, 293], [293, 294], [295, 323], [323, 534], [534, 535], [536, 612], [613, 679]], "first_sentence": "This poem's speaker questions the \"joy we ever should come near\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Previously unknown works by this composer were featured at the Concerti Tigulliani organized by Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound, who helped popularize his music. Fritz Kreisler wrote a C major concerto that he falsely attributed to this composer. Alfredo Casella organized a week in 1939 honoring him, reviving his now-popular Gloria. His works were most thoroughly catalogued by Peter Ryom, who gave them their RV numbers. Bach's Concerto for Four Harpsichords is an adaptation of the tenth piece in this composer's L'Estro Armonico. He imitated the barking of a dog in the first of the programmatic violin concerti that open his The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. For 10 points, name this Italian violinist of the Baroque era who composed The Four Seasons", "answer": "Antonio Vivaldi", "page": "Antonio_Vivaldi", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93293, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 240], [241, 328], [329, 417], [418, 528], [529, 667], [668, 759]], "first_sentence": "Previously unknown works by this composer were featured at the Concerti Tigulliani organized by Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound, who helped popularize his music.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A bored office worker in a poem by this man asks many questions of a shopkeeper so \"that their hands might touch\u00c2\u2026that their faces, their lips / might move close together as though by chance.\" The speaker of another poem by this author of \"He Asked About the Quality\" asks why his leaders have \"put on bracelets with so many amethysts, / and rings sparkling with magnificent emeralds.\" The speaker of a poem by this man advises the reader to \"hope your road is a long one\" and notes that you will not encounter obstacles \"unless you bring them along inside your soul.\" The title figure of a fourth poem by this man is told to \"say goodbye to her, to the Alexandria you are losing.\" For 10 points, name this Modern Greek poet of \"Waiting for the Barbarians,\" \"Ithaka,\" and \"The God Abandons Antony.\"", "answer": "Constantine Cavafy", "page": "Constantine_Cavafy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb1f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93294, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 240], [240, 384], [384, 385], [386, 567], [567, 568], [569, 680], [680, 798]], "first_sentence": "A bored office worker in a poem by this man asks many questions of a shopkeeper so \"that their hands might touch\u00c2\u2026that their faces, their lips / might move close together as though by chance.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This property, when combined with a set of behaviors including pseudogap phenomena, spectral weight transfer, and T-linear resistivity, produces Mott insulators. Spin-polarized STM uses tips made from materials with this property, which occurs in manganese-nickel and manganese-platinum alloys. Triangular lattices of interactions with this property results in geometrical frustration, according to a model where this property exists if all of the interaction terms Jij [J-sub-i-j] are negative. At room temperature, chromium is the only pure element with this property, but it becomes paramagnetic above its 308K N\u00c3\u00a9el temperature. For 10 points, name this property among two described by the Ising model, a magnetic state that exists when neighboring spins point in opposite directions", "answer": "antiferromagnetism [do not accept or prompt on \"ferromagnetism\"]", "page": "Antiferromagnetism", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb20", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93295, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 294], [295, 495], [496, 631], [632, 786]], "first_sentence": "This property, when combined with a set of behaviors including pseudogap phenomena, spectral weight transfer, and T-linear resistivity, produces Mott insulators.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept or prompt on \"ferromagnetism\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Barbara Kruger work superimposes the caption \"You invest in the divinity of the masterpiece\" on the center of this painting. In his essay entitled \"Who's Who [in this work],\" Leo Steinberg argued that the way one figure uses only his thumb and index finger to grip the shoulder of another reflects Eucharistic practice. In an adjacent painting, this work's title figure sleeps with his back to a tree stump, while in this work, he rests on a green hill and faces a mass of bodies surrounded by a large red cloth, resembling a brain. This entry in a larger series is between depictions of the prophets Rehoboam and Asa, and follows the separation of land from sea. For 10 points, name this Michelangelo work in the Sistine Chapel that shows the title figure and his Maker touching index fingers.", "answer": "The Creation of Adam [prompt on \"Sistine Chapel\" or \"Sistine Chapel ceiling\" before \"sleeps\"]", "page": "The_Creation_of_Adam", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb21", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93296, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 321], [322, 534], [535, 665], [666, 796]], "first_sentence": "A Barbara Kruger work superimposes the caption \"You invest in the divinity of the masterpiece\" on the center of this painting.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Sistine Chapel\" or \"Sistine Chapel ceiling\" before \"sleeps\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This sect reveres a type of honesty called \"guarding one's tongue.\" This sect rose to prominence in the Chouf mountains. The phrase \"covenant of blood\" refers to this faith's willingness to serve in an army led by another faith. A \"universal mind\" or aql figures into this sect, which reveres the tomb of Sabalan. Adherents believe in exoteric, esoteric, and \"double hidden\" meanings within their Epistles of Wisdom, which are accessible by its majority-female uqqal subgroup but forbidden to juhhal. This faith, which bans intermarriage and conversion, draws on Platonist and Ismaili Shi'a tradition and venerates the caliph al-Hakim. For 10 points, name this secretive monotheistic faith symbolized by a five-colored star, which has historically fought for Israel and against its homeland of Lebanon.", "answer": "Druze [or Muwahiddun; or Ahl-al-Tawhid; or Jabal; do not accept or prompt on \"Muslim,\" \"Ismaili,\" or \"Shi'a\"; be careful not to accept \"Jews\" and ask teams to spell if there is confusion about pronunciation]", "page": "Druze", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb22", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93297, "tokenizations": [[0, 66], [66, 67], [68, 120], [121, 228], [229, 313], [314, 500], [501, 635], [636, 802]], "first_sentence": "This sect reveres a type of honesty called \"guarding one's tongue.", "answer_prompt": "or Muwahiddun; or Ahl-al-Tawhid; or Jabal; do not accept or prompt on \"Muslim,\" \"Ismaili,\" or \"Shi'a\"; be careful not to accept \"Jews\" and ask teams to spell if there is confusion about pronunciation", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A painting of this battle by William Henry Powell in the US Capitol shows its winning commander standing in a rowboat with his brother as four other men row it through enemy gunfire, a feat which actually happened. In anticipation of this battle, the winning side moved its base away from Black Rock and started building ships behind a sandbar at Presque Isle. Robert Barclay lost this battle, during which Jesse Elliott failed to engage and the Lawrence surrendered despite a battle flag on its side reading \"Don't give up the ship.\" At its end, after the Queen Charlotte was sunk in Put-In Bay, the message \"We have met the enemy and they are ours\" was relayed by Oliver Hazard Perry. For 10 points, name this key naval engagement from the War of 1812, fought on a Great Lake", "answer": "Battle of Lake Erie [accept Battle of Put-in Bay before \"Put-In\" is read]", "page": "Battle_of_Lake_Erie", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb23", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93298, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 360], [361, 534], [535, 635], [636, 686], [687, 777]], "first_sentence": "A painting of this battle by William Henry Powell in the US Capitol shows its winning commander standing in a rowboat with his brother as four other men row it through enemy gunfire, a feat which actually happened.", "answer_prompt": "accept Battle of Put-in Bay before \"Put-In\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This thinker distinguished between \"inner\" and \"outer\" word associations, and used tension vs. relaxation as one of three dichotomies in his tridimensional theory of feeling. This psychologist created a theory where the objects of \"apprehension\" must be focalized using the process of \"apperception.\" Following the work of Donders, this man measured how long it takes to differentiate two stimuli, as part of his extensive experiments on reaction time. This man originated the method of \"introspection\" as part of his psychology of \"voluntarism,\" contrasted with the \"structuralism\" of his student Edward Titchener. This author of Principles of Physiological Psychology founded a lab in Leipzig after studying under Hermann von Helmholtz. For 10 points, name this German founder of experimental psychology.", "answer": "Wilhelm Wundt", "page": "Wilhelm_Wundt", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb24", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93299, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 299], [299, 300], [301, 452], [453, 615], [616, 738], [739, 806]], "first_sentence": "This thinker distinguished between \"inner\" and \"outer\" word associations, and used tension vs. relaxation as one of three dichotomies in his tridimensional theory of feeling.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man gave a speech in support of Ken Cuccinelli in which he used the movie Gattaca to talk about eugenics. After he wrote about an \"insidious drug-war weapon,\" The Washington Times cut his weekly column. This man proposed slashing taxes in places with high unemployment like Cincinnati and Detroit as part of his plan for Economic Freedom Zones. This Republican called the intelligence community \"drunk with power\" during a March 2014 speech at the Berkeley Forum. In 2013, this man led a thirteen hour filibuster against John Brennan's appointment as CIA director. This former ophthalmologist serves as his state's junior senator alongside Mitch McConnell. For 10 points, name this Kentucky senator and libertarian, the son of former Texas congressman Ron", "answer": "Rand Paul [or Randal Howard Paul; prompt on Paul]", "page": "Rand_Paul", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb25", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93300, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 207], [208, 349], [350, 468], [469, 569], [570, 661], [662, 760]], "first_sentence": "This man gave a speech in support of Ken Cuccinelli in which he used the movie Gattaca to talk about eugenics.", "answer_prompt": "or Randal Howard Paul; prompt on Paul", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This nation's analogue of Molly Pitcher gave her name to an auxiliary women's battalion in operation during World War II, called Lotta Sv\u00c3\u00a4rd. A bishop generally credited with establishing this country's written tradition wrote a primer called ABC-kiria. Frederick Charles of Hesse was the only king of this country, which produced a soldier nicknamed \"White Death\" for being the deadliest sniper in history. This home of Simo H\u00c3\u00a4yh\u00c3\u00a4, prime minister Risto Ryti, and Mikael Agrikola won the Battle of Suomussalmi during a war that led into the Continuation War, in which it built a defensive line running from Taipale to its namesake Gulf. For 10 points, name this country once led by Gustaf Mannerheim, a Baltic nation that fought the Winter War against the neighboring Soviets.", "answer": "Finland [or Suomi]", "page": "Finland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb26", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93301, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 253], [254, 407], [408, 636], [637, 776]], "first_sentence": "This nation's analogue of Molly Pitcher gave her name to an auxiliary women's battalion in operation during World War II, called Lotta Sv\u00e4rd.", "answer_prompt": "or Suomi", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character was sent to England to fight in the army of Oliver Cromwell in a novel in which he finally gets his revenge on a man who wronged him in his first appearance. This character wounds Jussac, a member of the Red Guards, and later has an affair with his landlord's wife Constance. This man has a tryst with one of the main villain's agents by disguising himself as her lover, the Comte de Wardes. This hero of the novel Twenty Years After eventually dies in battle after reading that he has been promoted to Marshal of France. This Gascon helps a title group tromp around in opposition to Milady de Winter. For 10 points, name this youngster who assists Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers.", "answer": "d'Artagnan [or Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan]", "page": "Charles_de_Batz_de_Castelmore_d'Artagnan", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb27", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93302, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 290], [291, 406], [407, 536], [537, 616], [617, 733]], "first_sentence": "This character was sent to England to fight in the army of Oliver Cromwell in a novel in which he finally gets his revenge on a man who wronged him in his first appearance.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of this story points out that the initials on a silver teaspoon are regretfully not the giver's; that teaspoon, along with other donations like a 5 pound banknote and a silver tobacco box, is placed in a hat next to a candle-box. The arrival of this story's title character results in \"Tuttle's grocery\" importing a carpet and mirrors in order to look nicer. A satirist called \"Boston\" plans a facetious christening in this story that is interrupted by a short speech by Stumpy. Another character in this story has his finger \"rastled\" by a baby, leading him to repeat the phrase \"The damned little cuss!\" At the end of this story, the North Fork floods the title location and Kentuck is found dying with the body of the title child of Cherokee Sal. For 10 points, name this short story by Bret Harte.", "answer": "\"The Luck of Roaring Camp\"", "page": "The_Luck_of_Roaring_Camp", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb28", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93303, "tokenizations": [[0, 242], [243, 371], [372, 491], [492, 617], [617, 618], [619, 666], [667, 762], [763, 814]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of this story points out that the initials on a silver teaspoon are regretfully not the giver's; that teaspoon, along with other donations like a 5 pound banknote and a silver tobacco box, is placed in a hat next to a candle-box.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Enzymes that degrade this molecule can be inhibited by cilomilast and piclamilast. This molecule activates the Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors, which fall under the Epac family of proteins. Levels of this compound are increased by forskolin. This molecule binds to an enzyme that phosphorylates CREB, which then binds to this molecule's namesake \"response element.\" This compound is degraded by phosphodiesterase 4. In E. coli, this molecule binds to its namesake receptor protein to regulate the lac operon. In signal transduction pathways, this molecule activates protein kinase A after the production of this molecule is catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase. For 10 points, name this \"second messenger\" derived from ATP.", "answer": "cyclic AMP [or cyclic adenosine monophosphate; or cAMP]", "page": "Cyclic_AMP", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb29", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93304, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 197], [198, 249], [250, 372], [372, 373], [374, 423], [424, 516], [517, 662], [663, 724]], "first_sentence": "Enzymes that degrade this molecule can be inhibited by cilomilast and piclamilast.", "answer_prompt": "or cyclic adenosine monophosphate; or cAMP", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these people was made to sit on hot iron plates as burning-hot sand was poured over his body before his execution the next day by drowning in a river. A boy who got this title at age five identified a real queen in a test by sitting on her lap as she was dressed as maidservant, then died at nine from smallpox. The ritual for transferring this title involves five copper coins and a coconut. The most recent one has promulgated the Mul Mantar verse. The last in a set of these leaders called five volunteers to undergo mock-beheading in his tent. The dead body of the first one vanished amid flowers. This title is now and forever held by the Granth Sahib, a holy book. For 10 points, name this religious title whose tenth human holder was Gobind Singh, which was ascribed to Nanak as he began the Sikh faith.", "answer": "Sikh gurus", "page": "Sikh_gurus", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb2a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93305, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 318], [319, 399], [400, 457], [458, 554], [555, 608], [609, 677], [678, 817]], "first_sentence": "One of these people was made to sit on hot iron plates as burning-hot sand was poured over his body before his execution the next day by drowning in a river.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Anarchist Em\u00c3\u00addio Santana organized an assassination attempt on this man that failed when a bomb hidden in an iron case exploded near his Buick. An anti-communist counter-insurgency group formed under this man was called the Aginter Press. This man had one of his generals court-martialed for disobeying an order to fight to the death in defense of colonies like Daman and Diu. The \"Camp of the Slow Death\" was a nickname for a prison this man built at Tarrafal. This employer of the PIDE police force lost some colonies during Operation Vijay, in which India annexed Goa. Originally a professor of economics, this dictator was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano, who was in turn brought down by the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this founder of the Estado Novo of Portugal.", "answer": "Ant\u00c3\u00b3nio de Oliveira Salazar", "page": "Ant\u00f3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb2b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93306, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 238], [239, 376], [377, 461], [462, 571], [572, 714], [715, 779]], "first_sentence": "Anarchist Em\u00eddio Santana organized an assassination attempt on this man that failed when a bomb hidden in an iron case exploded near his Buick.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A \"beveled\" style of decorative carving emerged from this dynasty, as did a code of literary etiquette called adab. This dynasty oversaw the failure of its irrigation system in the \"black land,\" or Sawab, south of its capital. Three brothers serving this dynasty sketched many hydraulic automata in a Book of Ingenious Devices. This dynasty briefly persecuted heretics at its mihna court. This dynasty's capital had four gates spaced 90 degrees apart around perfectly round walls. The Barmakid family advised this dynasty early on. A book on solving linear equations, the Al-Jabr, was written by al-Khwarizmi under this dynasty among translators of Greek at its House of Wisdom. For 10 points, name this dynasty of Harun al-Rashid, a caliphate centered at Baghdad which overthrew the Umayyads.", "answer": "Abbasid caliphate [or 'Abbasid dynasty]", "page": "Abbasid_Caliphate", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb2c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93307, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 226], [227, 327], [328, 388], [389, 480], [481, 531], [532, 678], [679, 793]], "first_sentence": "A \"beveled\" style of decorative carving emerged from this dynasty, as did a code of literary etiquette called adab.", "answer_prompt": "or 'Abbasid dynasty", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This thinker decried the \"social\" realm as that in which the \"life process\" of the private realm is made public. This thinker, who used the phrase \"the rule of nobody\" to describe the regime of bureaucracy, edited posthumous papers of Walter Benjamin into the book Illuminations after his suicide, and proposed a trichotomy between labor, work, and action, three components of the vita activa. This thinker described how the mistreatment of stateless persons fed into a period of \"radical evil\" in \"Ideology and Terror,\" the last chapter of a book which analyzed camps as paradigmatic of a new type of regime. For 10 points, name this German-Jewish author of The Human Condition, a sometime lover of Martin Heidegger who wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism after she fled the Nazis.", "answer": "Hannah Arendt [or Johanna Arendt]", "page": "Hannah_Arendt", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483eea23cc9417e9bb2d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93308, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 393], [394, 609], [610, 783]], "first_sentence": "This thinker decried the \"social\" realm as that in which the \"life process\" of the private realm is made public.", "answer_prompt": "or Johanna Arendt", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In her response to a question about \"falling in space,\" Laura claims that these individuals have \"all gone away\" in a scene from Fire Walk With Me. The choreographer Joe Gideon flirts with a veil-wearing character of this type in Bob Fosse's All That Jazz. A shift from monochrome to color occurs when a character of this type decides to act on his love for a lonely trapeze artist in a film by Wim Wenders. Marlene Dietrich had her breakout role in a Josef von Sternberg film titled for a \"blue\" one. Characters of this type are protected by Methuselah and help the title character build the Ark in Darren Aronofsky's Noah. For 10 points, name these beings exemplified by Clarence, who intervenes in George Bailey's Christmas near the end of It's a Wonderful Life in order to earn his wings.", "answer": "angels [or angels of death; or fallen angels; or guardian angels; accept Nephilim or Watchers after \"Methuselah\" is read]", "page": "Angel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb2e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93309, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 256], [257, 407], [408, 501], [502, 624], [625, 742], [743, 792]], "first_sentence": "In her response to a question about \"falling in space,\" Laura claims that these individuals have \"all gone away\" in a scene from Fire Walk With Me.", "answer_prompt": "or angels of death; or fallen angels; or guardian angels; accept Nephilim or Watchers after \"Methuselah\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this man claims that \"Untended, will the she-goats then bring home / Their udders swollen with milk, while flocks afield / Shall of the monstrous lion have no fear\" thanks to a boy who is exhorted \"Assume thy greatness, for the time draws nigh.\" A medieval mode of fortune-telling consisted of picking a random line from this man's longest work. A \"child of gods,\" interpreted by early Christians as Jesus, appears in a work by this man often referred to as \"Messianic.\" This poet writes in a pastoral poem that bees \"undergo labour, storing their gains for all,\" and in another work uses apiary similes to describe the construction of a city \"whose walls already rise.\" For 10 points, name this poet of the Eclogues and the Georgics, the author of Rome's national epic, the Aeneid.", "answer": "Virgil [or Publius Vergilius Maro]", "page": "Virgil", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb2f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93310, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 132], [133, 255], [256, 355], [356, 480], [481, 680], [681, 792]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this man claims that \"Untended, will the she-goats then bring home /", "answer_prompt": "or Publius Vergilius Maro", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Using electrostatic interactions known as Circe effects, systems modeled by this equation that exhibit \"kinetic perfection\" can overcome diffusion-based limitations. When this equation is applied empirically to microbial growth, it is known as the Monod equation. It can be derived either by assuming that the reactants immediately equilibrate to form the intermediate complex which decays irreversibly into product, or equivalently by applying a steady-state approximation to that intermediate's concentration. The reactant concentration at which the reaction rate is half of V-max is given by this equation's constant, K-sub-m; both V-max and K-sub-m can be read off of a Lineweaver-Burke plot. For 10 points, name this equation named for two scientists, that describes the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.", "answer": "Michaelis-Menten equation", "page": "Michaelis\u2013Menten_kinetics", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb30", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93311, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 263], [264, 511], [512, 696], [697, 813]], "first_sentence": "Using electrostatic interactions known as Circe effects, systems modeled by this equation that exhibit \"kinetic perfection\" can overcome diffusion-based limitations.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As of 2002, this country is the largest user of a sodium fluoroacetate-derived pesticide called 1080. The timber industry in this country was historically driven by logging of its kauri tree. This country is home to the only living sphenodont, whose survival is threatened by the kiore rat and which has an unusually well-developed photoreceptive third eye, complete with lens and retina. That lizard-like \"living fossil\" is named for the crested spine on its back. This country, whose only native land mammals are bats, is home to the reptilian tuatara and an enormous insect called a weta. The extinct Haast's eagle hunted the equally extinct moa in this country, whose human residents are outnumbered by sheep ten to one. For 10 points, name this island nation, the home of the kiwi bird.", "answer": "New Zealand [or Aotearoa]", "page": "New_Zealand", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb31", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93312, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 191], [192, 388], [389, 465], [466, 591], [592, 724], [725, 791]], "first_sentence": "As of 2002, this country is the largest user of a sodium fluoroacetate-derived pesticide called 1080.", "answer_prompt": "or Aotearoa", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The House and Senate versions of this legislation were proposed by Martha Griffiths of Michigan and Birch Bayh of Indiana, respectively. Idaho v. Freeman concerned this legislation, which inspired the opposing catchphrase \"specific bills for specific ills\" from former Labor Secretary Esther Peterson. The Eagle Forum was first founded to oppose this legislation. Its original proponent, who lived to see claims that it would greatly expand the Selective Service, was Ph.D sociologist Alice Paul. Due largely to opposition led by Phyllis Schlafly, five of this measure's 35 ratifications were rescinded, and it never reached the required 38 to become law. For 10 points, name this stalled Constitutional amendment intended to prohibit sex discrimination.", "answer": "Equal Rights Amendment [or ERA]", "page": "Equal_Rights_Amendment", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb32", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93313, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 301], [302, 363], [364, 471], [471, 496], [497, 655], [656, 754]], "first_sentence": "The House and Senate versions of this legislation were proposed by Martha Griffiths of Michigan and Birch Bayh of Indiana, respectively.", "answer_prompt": "or ERA", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this painter's portrait of his wife, she wears a cobalt blue gown and is brightly illuminated, contrasting with the dark instrument at which she sits as her right hand rests on the keys. This artist of Emma at the Piano created another work that served as the frontispiece for a 1913 issue of the socialist journal The Masses. That work depicts a crowd of poor children and their tired mothers on the street, below various clotheslines hanging between tenement buildings. In a more famous work by this artist of The Cliff Dwellers, a referee is pushed aside as an athlete charges into his opponent, blurring their heads and arms together. Like William Glackens and Robert Henri, this painter was part of the Ashcan School. For 10 points, name this American famous for boxing scenes like Stag at Sharkey's.", "answer": "George Wesley Bellows", "page": "George_Bellows", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb33", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93314, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 329], [330, 474], [475, 641], [642, 725], [726, 808]], "first_sentence": "In this painter's portrait of his wife, she wears a cobalt blue gown and is brightly illuminated, contrasting with the dark instrument at which she sits as her right hand rests on the keys.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One novel by this author begins as Neville Chamberlain and other politicians wait to meet with Hitler in the eight days leading up to the Munich Agreement. In another novel by this man, Brunet is a communist friend of Mathieu, who resolves to steal 5000 francs to pay for Marcelle's abortion. This author included The Reprieve and The Age of Reason in an unfinished tetralogy. One of this man's protagonists meets the Autodidact in a local library as he researches the Marquis de Rollebon. That novel by this author of The Roads to Freedom consists of diary entries by Antoine Roquentin, whose contemplation of everyday objects makes him feel sick about the absurdity of life. For 10 points, name this author of Nausea, who included the line \"Hell is -- other people!\" in his play No Exit.", "answer": "Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre", "page": "Jean-Paul_Sartre", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb34", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93315, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 292], [293, 376], [377, 489], [490, 676], [677, 768], [769, 789]], "first_sentence": "One novel by this author begins as Neville Chamberlain and other politicians wait to meet with Hitler in the eight days leading up to the Munich Agreement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Due to this rock's metastability, no specimens older than the Cretaceous era have been observed. Once the past temperature of this rock is known, the SIMS-SS profile can be used to determine its age because this rock absorbs water at a constant rate. The appearance of the \"fire\" variety of this rock is due to nanoparticles of magnetite, while the appearance of its \"snowflake\" variety is due to gray spherulites centered on locations where crystallization has begun. This rock is commonly formed by the cooling of relatively viscous, silica-rich granitic magmas; because of the rapidity of cooling, it exhibits few to no crystals. This rock's conchoidal fracture made it ideal for use in surgical blades and stone tools. For 10 points, name this usually-black extrusive igneous rock, a volcanic glass.", "answer": "obsidian", "page": "Obsidian", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb35", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93316, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 250], [251, 468], [469, 632], [633, 722], [723, 803]], "first_sentence": "Due to this rock's metastability, no specimens older than the Cretaceous era have been observed.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A book on the \"art\" of the playing this instrument was written by Philip Farkas. The third section of Telemann's Tafelmusik includes a concerto in E-flat for two violins and two of these instruments. A solo for this instrument opens the second \"Promenade\" of Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Pictures at an Exhibition. Shostakovich included a solo for this instrument over the strings in the fourth movement of his Fifth Symphony. A pair of these instruments is featured in Brandenburg Concerto No. 1. This instrument was played by Joseph Leutgeb, for whom Mozart wrote three concerti. In marching bands, the mellophone typically replaces this related instrument. For 10 points, name this coiled brass instrument, into whose bell a player places one hand to change its pitch.", "answer": "French horn [or natural horn]", "page": "French_horn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb36", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93317, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 199], [200, 318], [319, 430], [431, 501], [502, 585], [586, 663], [664, 775]], "first_sentence": "A book on the \"art\" of the playing this instrument was written by Philip Farkas.", "answer_prompt": "or natural horn", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A stanza in this poem compares \"horsemen's scimitars\" to \"sphereless stars / thirsting to eclipse their burning.\" One figure in this poem is \"arrayed in mail/brighter than the viper's scale\" and appears after a \"maniac maid\" named Hope lays in the street \"right before the horses' feet.\" This poem's title personification has a mark on his brow stating \"I AM GOD, AND KING, AND LAW!\" and is a deathly pale figure riding a white horse. A refrain in this poem commands \"Rise like Lions after slumber / In unvanquishable number\" and notes that \"Ye are many - they are few.\" In this poem, the personified Hypocrisy, Fraud, and Murder represent Sidmouth, Eldon, and Lord Castlereagh. For 10 points, name this allegorical response to shootings by police at Peterloo, a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley.", "answer": "\"The Masque of Anarchy\"", "page": "The_Masque_of_Anarchy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb37", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93318, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [112, 434], [435, 466], [467, 499], [500, 569], [569, 570], [571, 678], [679, 792]], "first_sentence": "A stanza in this poem compares \"horsemen's scimitars\" to \"sphereless stars / thirsting to eclipse their burning.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Commoners in this country protested the restoration of the aristocracy by burning tax archives in the Bourla-Papey uprising. Under the command of Karl Josef von Bachmann, a last stand of soldiers from this country occurred on the 10th of August, 1792, an event commemorated by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. David Frankfurter killed the founder of this nation's branch of the Nazi party, Wilhelm Gustloff. Earlier, Fr\u00c3\u00a9d\u00c3\u00a9ric-C\u00c3\u00a9sar de La Harpe worked with the French Directory in establishing a republic here. A federal state was established in this country after Henri Dufour won the Sonderbund War; earlier wars fought in this country included the Kappel Wars, in which Huldrych Zwingli died. For 10 points, name this country whose cantons supply the Vatican's soldiers and guards.", "answer": "Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation]", "page": "Switzerland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb38", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93319, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 316], [317, 414], [415, 516], [517, 701], [702, 790]], "first_sentence": "Commoners in this country protested the restoration of the aristocracy by burning tax archives in the Bourla-Papey uprising.", "answer_prompt": "or Swiss Confederation", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This quantity's eigenfunctions are complex exponentials with a constant factor of one divided by quantity \"2 pi times h-bar\" all raised to the three-halves power. In Planck units, this quantity is given by the square root of h-bar times speed of light cubed divided by the universal gravitational constant. The time derivative of its expected value appears on one side of Ehrenfest's theorem. This quantity is squared in the quantum operator for kinetic energy; its own operator is equal to h-bar divided by i times the gradient. For massless particles, special relativity gives this quantity as energy divided by the speed of light. If position is precisely known, this quantity cannot be according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. For 10 points, name this conserved quantity equal to mass times velocity.", "answer": "linear momentum [do not accept or prompt on \"angular momentum\"]", "page": "Momentum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb39", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93320, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 306], [307, 392], [393, 529], [530, 633], [634, 738], [739, 812]], "first_sentence": "This quantity's eigenfunctions are complex exponentials with a constant factor of one divided by quantity \"2 pi times h-bar\" all raised to the three-halves power.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept or prompt on \"angular momentum\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The dual form of this concept was introduced by David Luenberger. In incomplete markets, a constrained version of this concept is used instead. The Scitovsky paradox results when this concept is extended using a compensation principle. In an Edgeworth Box, this condition occurs when the marginal rates of substitution are identical, which happens along a contract curve. This condition is equivalent to Walrasian equilibrium according to the fundamental theorems of welfare economics. Kaldor and Hicks extended this concept to situations where a redistribution of wealth could result in greater total utility. For 10 points, name this term for an allocation in which no person can be made better off without making another worse off, named for an Italian economist.", "answer": "Pareto optimality [or Pareto efficiency; accept word forms]", "page": "Pareto_optimality", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93321, "tokenizations": [[0, 65], [66, 143], [144, 235], [236, 371], [372, 485], [486, 610], [611, 766]], "first_sentence": "The dual form of this concept was introduced by David Luenberger.", "answer_prompt": "or Pareto efficiency; accept word forms", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to the 10th-century reference book Suda, this person killed himself after being taken to Crete by Minos. Nonnus records that this person judged a game of cottabus between Hymen and Eros; in the Argonautica, he plays dice with Eros. Artistic depictions of this figure often show him holding a rooster or pushing a hoop. After the disappearance of this brother of Assaracus and Ilus, a golden vine and two horses that could run on water were given to his father, Tros. Unlike Endymion and Tithonus, this person was granted eternal youth without complications. Later turned into the constellation Aquarius, this youth replaced Hebe after he was taken from Mount Ida by a god taking the form of an eagle. For 10 points, name this youth loved by Zeus who became cupbearer to the Greek gods.", "answer": "Ganymede [or Ganymedes; or Catamitus]", "page": "Ganymede_(mythology)", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93322, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 241], [242, 328], [329, 476], [477, 567], [568, 710], [711, 795]], "first_sentence": "According to the 10th-century reference book Suda, this person killed himself after being taken to Crete by Minos.", "answer_prompt": "or Ganymedes; or Catamitus", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Terms with indices that are powers of two are used in this mathematician's namesake condensation test to check for convergence of a series. With Hadamard, this mathematician names a formula that calculates the radius of convergence of a power series. He's not Lagrange, but he names a theorem stating that if a prime p divides the order of a group, then the group contains an element with order p. Partial differential equations that give a necessary and sufficient condition for a complex function to be holomorphic are named for him and Riemann. Sequences named for this man, by definition, converge inside complete metric spaces. For 10 points, name this French mathematician who names an inequality relating the dot product of two vectors and their magnitudes along with Hermann Schwarz.", "answer": "Augustin-Louis Cauchy", "page": "Augustin-Louis_Cauchy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93323, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 250], [251, 547], [548, 632], [633, 791]], "first_sentence": "Terms with indices that are powers of two are used in this mathematician's namesake condensation test to check for convergence of a series.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher proposed that each virtue has five grades of perfection. Before Jerry Fodor was even born, this man wrote that spoken \"connotative terms\" and \"absolute terms\" are subordinated under a wordless mental language. This man's view that no property rights existed in the Garden of Eden led to reciprocal accusations of heresy with the Pope. He wrote that eight of Aristotle's ten categories can be defined in terms of just two: substance and quality. This man's Summa of Logic argued that universals are only in the mind. In his commentaries on Lombard's Sentences, this nominalist stated \"Entities should not be multiplied without necessity.\" For 10 points, name this English friar and Scholastic who names a principle favoring simpler explanations, his namesake \"razor.\"", "answer": "William of Ockham [or William of Occam]", "page": "William_of_Ockham", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93324, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 226], [227, 351], [352, 461], [462, 532], [533, 654], [655, 783]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher proposed that each virtue has five grades of perfection.", "answer_prompt": "or William of Occam", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Peter Westergaard challenged the traditional view of the primacy of this concept in a 1975 \"introduction\" to his alternative theory. Edward Aldwell and Carl Schachter wrote an influential textbook on this concept \"and voice leading.\" The most popular textbook on this subject has been through four editions beginning in 1941 and was written by Walter Piston. Novel ideas about inversions and progressions were laid out in a seminal 1722 treatise on this subject written by Jean-Philippe Rameau. This concept is sometimes called \"vertical music,\" in contrast to the \"horizontal music\" of the melody. For 10 points, give this term for the simultaneous sounding of multiple notes.", "answer": "harmony [prompt on music theory until \"music\" is read; do not accept \"counterpoint\"]", "page": "Harmony", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93325, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 232], [232, 358], [359, 494], [495, 598], [599, 677]], "first_sentence": "Peter Westergaard challenged the traditional view of the primacy of this concept in a 1975 \"introduction\" to his alternative theory.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on music theory until \"music\" is read; do not accept \"counterpoint\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A ruler of this city tortured prisoners in a cave known as his \"ear\" and drank himself to death after his play Ransom of Hector won a prize. Citizens of this non-Athens city could be banished by a system of votes written on leaves, called petalism. This city's celebration of a festival for Artemis allowed Romans under Marcus Claudius Marcellus to infiltrate and capture it. This city defeated Asdrubal at the Crimissus under the command of Timoleon, decades after beating Carthage at the battle of Himera. Tyrants of this city included Agathocles, Dionysius the Elder, and Hiero II, who legendarily commissioned a resident of this city to build a death ray and a mechanical claw to resist the Romans. For 10 points, name this Sicilian city that was home to Archimedes.", "answer": "Syracuse [or Syrakousai; or Syracusae]", "page": "SYRACUSE", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb3f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93326, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 248], [249, 375], [376, 507], [508, 702], [703, 770]], "first_sentence": "A ruler of this city tortured prisoners in a cave known as his \"ear\" and drank himself to death after his play Ransom of Hector won a prize.", "answer_prompt": "or Syrakousai; or Syracusae", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Using Lindemann's criterion to calculate this quantity gives a value proportional to the atomic spacing squared times the Debye frequency squared. For nanoparticles or small crystals, this property is dependent on size, per the Gibbs-Thomson equation. This property is higher for neopentane than for n-pentane or isopentane. When measuring this value, which can be done with a Thiele tube or a Fisher-Johns apparatus, more impure compounds will exhibit a larger range. A mixture with the lowest possible value for this measure is eutectic. For a solution, the depression of this value upon increase in concentration is a colligative property. For gallium, it's slightly above room temperature and for water it is 0 degrees Celsius. For 10 points, name this temperature at which solids become liquid.", "answer": "melting point [accept freezing point]", "page": "Melting_point", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb40", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93327, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 251], [252, 324], [325, 468], [469, 539], [540, 642], [643, 706], [707, 731], [732, 799]], "first_sentence": "Using Lindemann's criterion to calculate this quantity gives a value proportional to the atomic spacing squared times the Debye frequency squared.", "answer_prompt": "accept freezing point", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In January of this calendar year, Democrats who stayed silent in the House chamber were first counted as present against their will to thwart the \"disappearing quorum\" tactic. The Supreme Court upheld the Edmunds-Tucker Act in this year, in which delegates went home from the first International Conference of American States in DC. In this year, Herman Hollerith lent punch card readers to the first automatically tabulated U.S. Census, which announced the closure of the frontier. Midterm elections in this year voted out Speaker Thomas Reed's Billion-Dollar Congress, which passed the Sherman Silver Purchase and Anti-Trust Acts in this year. For 10 points, what year of Benjamin Harrison's presidency, in which the Wounded Knee massacre took place, began a so-called \"Gay\" decade?", "answer": "1890 CE", "page": "1890_CE", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb41", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93328, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 332], [333, 482], [483, 645], [646, 784]], "first_sentence": "In January of this calendar year, Democrats who stayed silent in the House chamber were first counted as present against their will to thwart the \"disappearing quorum\" tactic.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This act was performed on Rusticus and Eleutherius at the end of their lives, alongside a member of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. This act gives a descriptive name for a deity sometimes called Ai Apaec, who is usually shown with four fangs, a human head, and a spider or jaguar body on Moche artifacts from Peru. During 3rd century CE persecutions, a victim of this act in Gaul then walked for six miles making a speech about repentance; that legendary survivor of it was Saint Denis, the patron saint of France. In the New Testament, a byproduct of this act was displayed on a silver plate by Herod the Tetrarch in return for the \"dance of the seven veils\" by his stepdaughter Salome. For 10 points, name this method of execution used to kill John the Baptist.", "answer": "decapitation [or beheading; or cutting off a person's head; accept word forms; accept Decapitator God; prompt on \"killing;\" prompt on \"execution\" until mention]", "page": "Decapitation", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb42", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93329, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 309], [310, 509], [510, 682], [683, 758]], "first_sentence": "This act was performed on Rusticus and Eleutherius at the end of their lives, alongside a member of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.", "answer_prompt": "or beheading; or cutting off a person's head; accept word forms; accept Decapitator God; prompt on \"killing;\" prompt on \"execution\" until mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this poem, a river is personified as a \"reverend Sire\" wearing a \"Mantle hairy\" and a \"Bonnet sedge.\" The speaker of this poem mentions animals who are \"swoll'n with wind,\" \"rot inwardly,\" and spread \"foul contagion.\" Part of this poem describes a character who carries \"two massy Keyes...of metals twain,\" the Pilot of the Galilean lake. This poem opens with the speaker telling laurels and myrtles that \"I come to pluck your Berries harsh and crude.\" Scholars of this poem argue over what its \"two-handed engine at the door\" actually is. Most of this poem is spoken by an \"uncouth swain,\" who instructs \"Look homeward Angel\" and tells shepherds to \"weep no more.\" This poem is dedicated to Edward King, who died in a shipwreck. For 10 points, name this pastoral elegy by John Milton.", "answer": "\"Lycidas\"", "page": "Lycidas", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb43", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93330, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [103, 219], [219, 341], [342, 455], [456, 542], [543, 667], [667, 668], [669, 732], [733, 788]], "first_sentence": "In this poem, a river is personified as a \"reverend Sire\" wearing a \"Mantle hairy\" and a \"Bonnet sedge.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 2014 experiment conducted by Gabriela Barreto Lemos used this phenomenon to create images of cats. It occurs when one of the eigenvalues of the joint density matrix's partial transpose is negative, a criterion named for Peres and Horodecki. The entropy of this phenomenon is given by the Von Neumann entropy for one of its reduced density matrices. The CHSH inequality can be used to prove a theorem holding that the effects of this phenomenon cannot be explained by local hidden variable theories, because it violates Bell's inequality. A thought experiment using this phenomenon led to the conclusion that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory, according to the EPR paradox. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which the states of two spatially separated particles are intrinsically related.", "answer": "quantum entanglement [prompt on \"spooky action at a distance\"]", "page": "Quantum_entanglement", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb44", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93331, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 242], [243, 350], [351, 539], [540, 682], [683, 802]], "first_sentence": "A 2014 experiment conducted by Gabriela Barreto Lemos used this phenomenon to create images of cats.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"spooky action at a distance\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this man becomes involved with a countess named Agnes, who stops helping him when he becomes older and loses his beauty. After seeing a beautiful wooden Madonna, one of this man's title characters decides to learn woodcarving from Master Nicklaus and goes on to carve his mother before he dies. That young monk created by this man is able to wander for many years because of his apparent immunity to the Black Death. The protagonist of another novel by this man reads a treatise subtitled \"Not for Everybody\" and attends a ball in a chamber \"For Madmen Only!\" This author created the musician Pablo and the enticing Hermine, who enter the Magic Theater with Harry Haller. For 10 points, name this author of Narcissus and Goldmund and Steppenwolf.", "answer": "Herman Hesse", "page": "Hermann_Hesse", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb45", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93332, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 317], [318, 439], [440, 582], [583, 694], [695, 769]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this man becomes involved with a countess named Agnes, who stops helping him when he becomes older and loses his beauty.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A figure in one of this man's paintings, who may have been modeled on Leonardo's St. John, is about to stumble into a brook as another man hangs from a tree in the middle ground. In another work by this artist of The Peasant and the Birdnester, a child with a paper crown sits next to a waffle-eating man as others prepare for the cold. That canvas, Gloomy Day, is part of a series by this man that includes a painting showing blackbirds perched in the branches of a linear row of four trees leading down a hill. That work of his, which shows villagers playing hockey and ice skating on frozen water in its background, is in his series on the Labours of the Months. For 10 points, name this Flemish artist who showed three men and their dogs trudging home empty-handed in The Hunters in the Snow.", "answer": "Pieter Brueghel the Elder", "page": "Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb46", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93333, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [179, 336], [337, 512], [513, 665], [666, 796]], "first_sentence": "A figure in one of this man's paintings, who may have been modeled on Leonardo's St. John, is about to stumble into a brook as another man hangs from a tree in the middle ground.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Architect Morris Lapidus designed several hotels in this city in the 1950s, including the Eden Roc and the Fontainebleau. This city was founded on the land of Julia Tuttle, making it the only major American city founded by a woman. The Casa Casuarina and the Delano Hotel are part of this city's Art Deco district. In 2012, artist Red Grooms received criticism for a $2.5 million animatronic sculpture built in this city, which hosts the annual Calle Ocho Festival. Hialeah is northwest of this city, the world's busiest cruise ship port. This city is home to the Little Haiti neighborhood, and its Venetian Causeway connects it to a namesake beach built on barrier islands in Biscayne Bay. For 10 points, name this home of Little Havana and seat of Dade County, a large city in southeastern Florida.", "answer": "Miami, Florida [or Miami Beach]", "page": "Miami", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb47", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93334, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 231], [232, 314], [315, 465], [466, 538], [539, 690], [691, 800]], "first_sentence": "Architect Morris Lapidus designed several hotels in this city in the 1950s, including the Eden Roc and the Fontainebleau.", "answer_prompt": "or Miami Beach", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man who becomes famous playing this role tries to flee from blinding spotlights and thinks to himself, \"What do they want from me? I'm just an actor!\" at the end of a film by Istvan Szabo. This character asks, \"Who will feed you?\" as he is crushed under rocks in a 2011 film that depicts him as a moneylender with a penis on his rear, and which was directed by Alexander Sokurov. This character shatters a mirror, causing the protagonist to become an old man again, in a film in which he is played by Emil Jannings. Andreas Teuber played this role opposite Richard Burton in a film in which Elizabeth Taylor makes a cameo as the shade of Helen of Troy. For 10 points, name this devil who bargains for the soul of the title doctor in F. W. Murnau's Faust.", "answer": "Mephistopheles [or Mephisto]", "page": "Mephistopheles", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb48", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93335, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 152], [153, 190], [191, 381], [382, 517], [518, 654], [655, 756]], "first_sentence": "A man who becomes famous playing this role tries to flee from blinding spotlights and thinks to himself, \"What do they want from me?", "answer_prompt": "or Mephisto", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's plays starts in a post office which blames delays on the rain, though in reality an employee is embezzling their money shipments. He wrote a scene in which a man under a porch communicates with a woman sitting above it by pressing her foot to his throat, in a work that features a pine tree and a palm growing from the same shoot. This author of The Courier for Hell also wrote a work whose title is a metaphor for buying out a courtesan's contract and which focuses heavily on New Years' traditions. This author of The Uprooted Pine wrote of Tokubei and Ohatsu, who go to the Wood of Tenjin to die after finding out they cannot be together. For 10 points, name this prominent creator of bunraku puppet theater, the Japanese playwright of The Love Suicides at Sonezaki.", "answer": "Chikamatsu Monzaemon [or Sugimori Nobumori]", "page": "Chikamatsu_Monzaemon", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb49", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93336, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 351], [352, 521], [522, 662], [663, 790]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's plays starts in a post office which blames delays on the rain, though in reality an employee is embezzling their money shipments.", "answer_prompt": "or Sugimori Nobumori", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One ruler of this type only gave a traveler bread, fried meat, and sour milk, and made his court poets wear bird masks. The Chronicle of the Seeker follows another of these rulers who killed his mother by accident. One of these men vanished in a \"great whirlpool\" at sea before the husband of Inare Kunati took this title. The leftmost enthroned man along the bottom of Abraham Cresques's Catalan Atlas held this position. Ibn Battuta saw these leaders' chief interpreter, or jeli, a precursor of later oral poets called griots [gree-oh]. Niani was an early capital for these people. al-Sahili designed the mud-brick Sankore university for a ruler of this title who brought dozens of camels loaded with gold through Egypt on his hajj. For 10 points, what leaders, such as Musa, controlled trade through 14th-century Timbuktu?", "answer": "mansas of the Mali Empire [or emperors of Mali; or emperors of the Mandinka]", "page": "Mali_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93337, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 214], [215, 322], [323, 422], [423, 534], [534, 538], [539, 583], [584, 734], [735, 825]], "first_sentence": "One ruler of this type only gave a traveler bread, fried meat, and sour milk, and made his court poets wear bird masks.", "answer_prompt": "or emperors of Mali; or emperors of the Mandinka", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Mielikki fashioned one of these animals from wool. One of these animals fathered two giants who were later turned into an eagle owl and a vulture; those twins, Agrius and Oreius, were born after Polyphonte had sex with one. Young girls in saffron robes imitated these animals in a ritual practiced at Brauron. A hero who kills these animals dies fighting the Dark Knight and loves Laimdota in the Latvian epic Lacplesis. Twenty cloves of garlic and 100 days in a cave turn one into a human woman in Korean mythology. Arcas was born to a huntress of Artemis who became one of these animals after Zeus seduced her. Japan's Ainu people revere these animals as sacred kamui. For 10 points, name this animal which Callisto was turned into before she became the constellation Ursa Major.", "answer": "bears", "page": "Bear", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93338, "tokenizations": [[0, 223], [224, 309], [310, 420], [421, 516], [517, 612], [613, 670], [671, 781]], "first_sentence": "Mielikki fashioned one of these animals from wool. One of these animals fathered two giants who were later turned into an eagle owl and a vulture; those twins, Agrius and Oreius, were born after Polyphonte had sex with one.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, the newspaper Atlas spread rumors about a new weapon called the Boulet Asphyxiant, raising fears that were dispelled by further rumors of MacIntosh's Portable Buoyant Wave Repressor. Pioneering celebrity chef Alexis Soyer designed a \"magic stove\" for soldiers in this war, which was documented by journalist William Howard Russell and photographer Roger Fenton. In this war, the 93rd Highlanders under Colin Campbell stood in a row two-deep to resist a cavalry charge, earning the nickname \"Thin Red Line.\" Miscommunicated orders to Lord Cardigan from Lord Raglan led to a disastrous assault at this war's Battle of Balaclava. For 10 points, name this 19th century war that featured the nursing efforts of Florence Nightingale and the Charge of the Light Brigade.", "answer": "Crimean War [or Easter War of 1853-1856]", "page": "Crimean_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93339, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 383], [384, 528], [529, 648], [649, 785]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, the newspaper Atlas spread rumors about a new weapon called the Boulet Asphyxiant, raising fears that were dispelled by further rumors of MacIntosh's Portable Buoyant Wave Repressor.", "answer_prompt": "or Easter War of 1853-1856", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This economist is the second namesake of social welfare functions in which an individual's utility is based solely on the goods allocated to that individual, and which are contrasted with Arrow social welfare functions. This man argued that one method of producing champagne could be most profitable at both high and low interest rates, but not in between, as part of his reswitching argument during the Cambridge Capital Controversy. He introduced the theory of using what a consumer purchases to infer their utility function; that is revealed preference theory. This economist pioneered using constrained optimization problems to model economic situations in his book Foundations of Economic Analysis. For 10 points, name this first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics, the author of the 1948 textbook Economics.", "answer": "Paul Samuelson", "page": "Paul_Samuelson", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93340, "tokenizations": [[0, 219], [220, 434], [435, 563], [564, 703], [704, 823]], "first_sentence": "This economist is the second namesake of social welfare functions in which an individual's utility is based solely on the goods allocated to that individual, and which are contrasted with Arrow social welfare functions.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process occurs in the tunica albuginea around the corpora cavernosa in Peyronie's disease. Myofibroblasts contribute to this process when they fail to disappear from granulation tissue via apoptosis. In this process, proteins are oriented parallel to each other rather than being oriented perpendicular to each other in the proper \"basket-weave\" manner. This process can produce both \"hypertrophic\" products and keloids. It's not inflammation, but the muscle of the heart undergoes this process after a myocardial infarction, and the tissues of the liver undergo this process in patients with cirrhosis. For 10 points, name this process in which excess connective tissue accumulates in response to events like injuries to the skin.", "answer": "scarring [or fibrosis; prompt on \"wound healing\"]", "page": "Scarring", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93341, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 204], [205, 358], [359, 425], [426, 608], [609, 736]], "first_sentence": "This process occurs in the tunica albuginea around the corpora cavernosa in Peyronie's disease.", "answer_prompt": "or fibrosis; prompt on \"wound healing\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This plays opens with the funeral of a woman who is referred to as \"the last of the Mohicans.\" In this play, a character enters dragging a pine tree, which she claims to have cut down with her teeth. One of this play's settings is the Diorama Room, which features a tableau of mechanical mannequins and covered wagons. In this play, a speech criticizing change is given by the world's oldest living Bolshevik, Aleksii Antedilluvianovich Prelapsarianov. In this play, the Valium addict Harper daydreams about beings living in the ozone layer and finally leaves Joe Pitt, her Mormon husband. In this play's latter section, Perestroika, the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg sings to the lawyer Roy Cohn as he dies of AIDS. For 10 points, name this \"Gay Fantasia on National Themes,\" a play by Tony Kushner.", "answer": "Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes [accept Angels in America, Part I: Millennium Approaches until \"pine\" but do not accept thereafter]", "page": "Angels_in_America", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb4f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93342, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 199], [200, 318], [319, 452], [453, 589], [590, 711], [712, 795]], "first_sentence": "This plays opens with the funeral of a woman who is referred to as \"the last of the Mohicans.\"", "answer_prompt": "accept Angels in America, Part I: Millennium Approaches until \"pine\" but do not accept thereafter", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In machine learning, this term describes a set of methods that allow operation in high-dimensional implicit feature spaces by replacing inner products with other functions that satisfy Mercer's inequality. One example of a set of such functions is the \"radial basis function\" one of these, which is used in SVM. In mathematics, for an integral transform of a function f, this is a 2D-function that multiplies f inside the integral. For a group homomorphism, the first isomorphism theorem guarantees that an object described by this term is a subgroup of the domain group G. For linear maps, the set described by this term is equivalent to the null space, and is a subspace of the domain whose elements all map to zero in the image. For 10 points, name this term also describing the central program of an operating system.", "answer": "kernel", "page": "The_Kernel", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb50", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93343, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 311], [312, 431], [432, 573], [574, 731], [732, 821]], "first_sentence": "In machine learning, this term describes a set of methods that allow operation in high-dimensional implicit feature spaces by replacing inner products with other functions that satisfy Mercer's inequality.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Because it likes to set itself on fire, one of these objects named Luin is kept in a container of water; that object is stolen after the sons of Tuireann kill King Pisear with an apple to the head. Shortly after killing the invisible knight Garlon, a knight of King Arthur finds one of these objects that perpetually drips blood. Pieces from one of these objects were used to heal Telephus after Achilles injured him with it; that example of these objects was made by Chiron from an ash tree. Balin used one of these to deliver the Dolorous Stroke, which maimed the Fisher King and brought a curse upon the Waste Land. Izanagi dripped salt off of one of these objects to create the islands of Japan. A mythical Norse one that never misses is Gungnir. For 10 points, name these long weapons used by Lancelot for jousting.", "answer": "spears [or lances; or javelins; or polearms; accept other similar weapons; accept L\u00c3\u00bain before \"Garlon\"]", "page": "Spear", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb51", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93344, "tokenizations": [[0, 197], [198, 329], [330, 492], [493, 618], [619, 699], [700, 750], [751, 820]], "first_sentence": "Because it likes to set itself on fire, one of these objects named Luin is kept in a container of water; that object is stolen after the sons of Tuireann kill King Pisear with an apple to the head.", "answer_prompt": "or lances; or javelins; or polearms; accept other similar weapons; accept L\u00c3\u00bain before \"Garlon\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The fa\u00c3\u00a7ade of a building in this country is a large glass box that displays famous television images. That Institute for Sound and Vision was recently constructed in this country, whose Gothic buildings include the \"whopper monument,\" St. John's Cathedral. An architect from this country collaborated with Bruce Mau on a massive book of fables, essays, photographs, diary excerpts, and designs titled S,M,L,XL. That architect from this country designed the glass and steel exterior of a public library in Seattle. The Royal Concertgebouw is located in the Museum Square of a city in this country. Kisho Kurokawa designed a new wing for a museum in this country that contains The Potato Eaters. For 10 points, name this home country of Rem Koolhaas that contains the Rijksmuseum [\"rikes\"-museum] and the Van Gogh Museum.", "answer": "The Netherlands [or Nederland]", "page": "Netherlands", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb52", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93345, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 256], [257, 410], [411, 513], [514, 596], [597, 693], [694, 819]], "first_sentence": "The fa\u00e7ade of a building in this country is a large glass box that displays famous television images.", "answer_prompt": "or Nederland", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "On some thangka wall-hangings, Yama holds one of these objects with a pig, a snake, and a rooster representing \"three poisons\" of bad attitude within it. Marpa and Milarepa began the practice of using horizontally-oriented examples of these objects, engraved with the mantra \"Om mani padme hum,\" in Tibetan Buddhist prayer. As Vishnu's other hands hold a conch, a lotus, and a mace, his upper-right hand holds a weaponized one of these objects. A Jain symbol shows a hand surrounding one. In Alexandria, one of these implements was intended to break St. Catherine, but she broke it with a touch. One of these with eight sectors is a common representation of dharma in South Asian faiths. For 10 points, name these objects which allow chariots representing Jagganath to roll.", "answer": "wheels [or discus; or dharmachakra; prompt on \"circle\"]", "page": "Wheels", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb53", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93346, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 323], [324, 444], [445, 488], [489, 595], [596, 687], [688, 774]], "first_sentence": "On some thangka wall-hangings, Yama holds one of these objects with a pig, a snake, and a rooster representing \"three poisons\" of bad attitude within it.", "answer_prompt": "or discus; or dharmachakra; prompt on \"circle\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Members of this movement adopted the symbol of the House of York for White Rose Day, and flew a flag with the inscription \"Tandem triumphans\" during one conflict. The Act of Grace and Free Pardon freed many members of this movement from prison, though a few years later it again caused trouble during the Atterbury Plot. The song \"Hey, Johnnie Cope, are Ye Waking Yet?\" made fun of a general who lost to this group at Prestonpans during a war in which their figurehead escaped to the Isle of Skye dressed as a woman. That event came after a victory for the Duke of Cumberland over this movement at the Battle of Culloden Moor. For 10 points, name this mostly-Scottish movement that aimed to place the heirs of James II, like Bonnie Prince Charlie, on the throne.", "answer": "Jacobitism [or Jacobites; accept Jacobite Risings]", "page": "Jacobitism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb54", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93347, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 320], [321, 516], [517, 626], [627, 762]], "first_sentence": "Members of this movement adopted the symbol of the House of York for White Rose Day, and flew a flag with the inscription \"Tandem triumphans\" during one conflict.", "answer_prompt": "or Jacobites; accept Jacobite Risings", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "To get married in this culture, a man and woman sit in front of his house in the morning until the bride's mother acknowledges them. During funerals, women in this culture hand out bundles of banana leaves and skirts. This culture has melded chanting and erotic dancing into its ritualized form of the sport cricket. Children and adolescents play at kayta by dry-humping each other in this culture, which measures a man's wealth by the contents of his yam house. This culture was cited as a counterexample to the Oedipus complex by an anthropologist who found that red necklaces and white armbands move clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively, among their islands. For 10 points, name this Pacific culture that practices the Kula ring, which was researched by Bronislaw Malinowski.", "answer": "Trobriand Islanders [accept Kiriwinans]", "page": "Trobriand_Islanders", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb55", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93348, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 217], [218, 316], [317, 462], [463, 669], [670, 786]], "first_sentence": "To get married in this culture, a man and woman sit in front of his house in the morning until the bride's mother acknowledges them.", "answer_prompt": "accept Kiriwinans", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One character in this play introduces an ongoing joke when he states the adage, \"In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke.\" At a wedding in this play, all of the women wear masks. At the beginning of Act IV, a ceremony presided over by Friar Francis is halted after a woman hears herself compared to a \"rotten orange\" for her infidelity and then faints. A constable in this play retorts \"Forget not that I am an ass.\" In this play, a daughter of Leonato loves a soldier who recently returned to Messina with Don Pedro. Its minor characters include the drunken Borachio and Dogberry. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare comedy, which ends with a double wedding for Hero and Claudio as well as Beatrice and Benedick.", "answer": "Much Ado About Nothing", "page": "Much_Ado_About_Nothing", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb56", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93349, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 181], [182, 355], [356, 388], [389, 419], [420, 520], [521, 584], [585, 717]], "first_sentence": "One character in this play introduces an ongoing joke when he states the adage, \"In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Latin American document written in this Gregorian decade posited that the \"bad faith of one man in shedding blood in a scandalous manner\" in the last of 15 points. During this decade, the German merchant ship Ypiranga was seized as it tried to ship arms to rebels. The northernmost country with haciendas expropriated them during this decade, in which the Tampico affair threatened U.S. sailors. In the middle of this decade, ambassador Henry Lane Wilson telegraphed the US about the Ten Tragic Days as they unfolded. The Plan of Ayala was issued during this decade by the Liberation Army of the South. For 10 points, name this decade in which Emiliano Zapata gathered rebels, Francisco Madero ousted Porfirio Diaz, and the Zimmermann Telegram invited Mexico to World War I.", "answer": "1910s CE", "page": "1910s", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "5541483fea23cc9417e9bb57", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93350, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 266], [267, 397], [398, 519], [520, 604], [605, 776]], "first_sentence": "A Latin American document written in this Gregorian decade posited that the \"bad faith of one man in shedding blood in a scandalous manner\" in the last of 15 points.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A paradox named for this man uses the anthropic principle in considering the existence of self-aware beings as part of rare fluctuations from states of chaos. A relation named for this man gives the ratio of number density between two locations in a plasma as the exponential of a value proportional to the difference in the potentials at each location. This man derived a theorem that provoked the argument that an irreversible process cannot be deduced from time-symmetric dynamics, an argument called Loschmidt's paradox. This deviser of the H-theorem defined the entropy of a system as the logarithm of the number of microstates multiplied by a constant equal to the gas constant divided by Avogadro's number. For 10 points, name this suicidal physicist whose namesake constant is symbolized k-sub-B.", "answer": "Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann", "page": "Ludwig_Boltzmann", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb58", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93351, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 353], [354, 524], [525, 713], [714, 804]], "first_sentence": "A paradox named for this man uses the anthropic principle in considering the existence of self-aware beings as part of rare fluctuations from states of chaos.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of one poem by this author asks, \"Does my haughtiness offend you?\" after opening that poem with the concession \"you may write me down in history / with your bitter, twisted lies.\" This author insisted in another poem that \"you, created only a little lower / than the angels, have crouched too long in / the bruising darkness.\" This author of \"Still I Rise\" opened a third poem with the phrase \"A Rock, A River, A Tree\" and recorded that she stopped speaking for years after her mother's boyfriend raped her when she was eight. For 10 points, name this poet who read \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at Bill Clinton's inauguration and also wrote the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.", "answer": "Maya Angelou [or Marguerite Annie Johnson]", "page": "Maya_Angelou", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb59", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93352, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 191], [192, 338], [339, 538], [539, 667], [668, 674], [675, 700]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of one poem by this author asks, \"Does my haughtiness offend you?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Marguerite Annie Johnson", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer was inspired to write a piece upon hearing an E minor piece in the same genre by his colleague at the National Conservatory, Victor Herbert. The instruction attacca subito connects the first three tonally related sections of a piano trio by this composer whose last three sections are tonally disparate. He wrote a trilogy of overtures on \"nature, life, and love\" comprising In Nature's Realm, Carnival, and Othello. He never orchestrated an early A major cello concerto, but in 1895 he completed his perennially popular Cello Concerto in B Minor. The D-flat Largo second movement of his last symphony was inspired by The Song of Hiawatha. This composer of the \"Dumky\" Trio was also influenced by African-American spirituals. For 10 points, name this Czech composer of a symphony \"From the New World.\"", "answer": "Antonin Dvorak", "page": "Anton\u00edn_Dvo\u0159\u00e1k", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93353, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 317], [318, 430], [431, 561], [562, 653], [654, 739], [740, 815]], "first_sentence": "This composer was inspired to write a piece upon hearing an E minor piece in the same genre by his colleague at the National Conservatory, Victor Herbert.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The idea of decreasing surface area via \"enforced hydrophobic interactions\" was originally posited to explain the acceleration of this reaction in water by Breslow. In cases where one of the reactants in this reaction is also a cyclic ketone, it may be followed by the often-aromatizing cheletropic extrusion of carbon monoxide. Pyridine and pyran derivatives are accessible through variants of this reaction which use imines and ketones respectively. The HOMO-LUMO overlap of its two reactants usually explains why this reaction has a strong preference for the electron-withdrawing groups of one reactant pointing down and inward in the transition state; that is called the \"endo\" rule. For 10 points, name this [4+2] cycloaddition that forms cyclohexene derivatives from dienes and dienophiles.", "answer": "Diels-Alder reaction", "page": "Diels\u2013Alder_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93354, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 328], [329, 451], [452, 687], [688, 796]], "first_sentence": "The idea of decreasing surface area via \"enforced hydrophobic interactions\" was originally posited to explain the acceleration of this reaction in water by Breslow.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In October 2014, a spokesperson for this party amusingly replied \"hell yeah\" when asked if there was corruption in this party. Politicians from this party were implicated in buying flats intended for war widows at below-market prices in a housing society. This party pushed through the 2005 Right to Information Act using a coalition that the Left Front withdrew from in 2008. Since 2004, this party has led the United Progressive Alliance. This party lost a 2014 election where they handed out free milk to counter an opponent's strategy of handing out tea in paper cups with his face on them; they frequently criticized that opponent's response to 2002 anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat. For 10 points, name this party that lost an election to the BJP and Narendra Modi while represented by Rahul Gandhi", "answer": "Indian National Congress party [or INC; prompt on \"United Progressive Alliance\" or \"UDP\"]", "page": "Indian_National_Congress_party", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93355, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 126], [127, 255], [256, 376], [377, 440], [441, 684], [685, 800]], "first_sentence": "In October 2014, a spokesperson for this party amusingly replied \"hell", "answer_prompt": "or INC; prompt on \"United Progressive Alliance\" or \"UDP\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After surviving a ship collision aboard the SS Stonington, this man believed he was marked for a divine purpose. Leigh Robinson and George Scoville tried to defend this man in court as he insisted on representing himself, pleading not guilty on account of others' medical malpractice. He unsuccessfully tried to sue John Humphrey Noyes's millenarian Oneida Community for kicking him out. This author of the hymn \"I Am Going to the Lordy\" wrote a speech opposing Winfield Scott Hancock, in return for which he expected an ambassadorship in Europe. He identified with a faction led by Roscoe Conkling by shouting \"I am a stalwart of the Stalwarts\" prior to his arrest near Long Branch, New Jersey in 1881. For 10 points, name this lunatic who assassinated President James Garfield.", "answer": "Charles Julius Guiteau", "page": "Charles_Julius_Guiteau", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93356, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 284], [285, 387], [388, 413], [413, 546], [547, 703], [704, 779]], "first_sentence": "After surviving a ship collision aboard the SS Stonington, this man believed he was marked for a divine purpose.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Erwin Panofsky interpreted this painting using a Neoplatonic concept of duality discussed by Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, and also suggested that two rabbits on the left represent fertility. Two men on horseback can be seen hunting a third rabbit with their dogs in the right background of this work. The bottom of this painting shows a water spigot next to a coat of arms, which forms a part of a frieze showing a horse and a flagellation scene. Both of this work's title figures wear red and white clothes, though the one with a burning jar of incense has most of her body bared. Commissioned by Niccolo Aurelio for his marriage to Laura Bagarotto, this painting shows a child dipping his hand into a sarcophagus full of water. For 10 points, name this Titian painting of two aspects of Venus.", "answer": "Sacred and Profane Love [or Amor Sacro e Amor Profano; or Venus and the Bride]", "page": "Sacred_and_Profane_Love", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93357, "tokenizations": [[0, 203], [204, 313], [314, 459], [460, 594], [595, 742], [743, 808]], "first_sentence": "Erwin Panofsky interpreted this painting using a Neoplatonic concept of duality discussed by Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, and also suggested that two rabbits on the left represent fertility.", "answer_prompt": "or Amor Sacro e Amor Profano; or Venus and the Bride", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A literary character of this name is given the motto \"Maggiore fretta, minore atto\" on a childish coat of arms in a novel illustrated by E.W. Kemble. Another character of this name gets a job from a man who spends his spare time collecting butterflies. The former man of this name boxed his young daughter about the ears for ignoring him, only to realize she had gone deaf from a fever. The latter character with this name allows an Australian pirate and would-be invader to leave his island unharmed, inadvertently causing the murder of Dain Waris. A man of this name is disguised as the \"Sick Arab\" by the Duke and the Dauphin aboard a raft. For 10 points, give this shared first name of a \"Lord\" of Patusan created by Joseph Conrad and a slave of Mrs. Watson who travels with Huckleberry Finn.", "answer": "Jim [or Lord Jim]", "page": "Jim_(given_name)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb5f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93358, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 252], [253, 386], [387, 549], [550, 643], [644, 796]], "first_sentence": "A literary character of this name is given the motto \"Maggiore fretta, minore atto\" on a childish coat of arms in a novel illustrated by E.W. Kemble.", "answer_prompt": "or Lord Jim", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one story, these figures send some ants to cut down flowers and bring them back. Scholars debate why a member of this group is male but has a name beginning with a feminine prefix. Two of their enemies attack them with thistles and climb a tree which these figures cause to steadily grow. These figures are brought a message by a louse, inside of a toad, inside of a snake, inside of a hawk. They are born after a skull hanging from a fruit tree spits in their mother's hand. To recover a lost arm, these people pose as dentists and replace their enemy's teeth with corn. They ascend to become the sun and moon after they defeat Seven Macaw and travel through the House of Bats in order to beat the Lords of Xibalba. For 10 points, identify these brothers, the protagonists of the Mayan Popol Vuh.", "answer": "Mayan Hero Twins [accept Xbalanque and Hunahpu in either order]", "page": "Mayan_Hero_Twins", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb60", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93359, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 183], [184, 291], [292, 394], [395, 478], [479, 574], [575, 719], [720, 800]], "first_sentence": "In one story, these figures send some ants to cut down flowers and bring them back.", "answer_prompt": "accept Xbalanque and Hunahpu in either order", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Jabri et al. discovered that mice with this disease can be treated by blocking IL-15 signaling. Poorly managed cases of this disease can lead to a form of T-cell lymphoma called EATL, and this disease also has a connection to the single itchiest condition known to man, dermatitis herpetiformis. Pathologic findings in this disease include crypt hyperplasia and lymphocyte invasion of the lamina propria. Like type 1 diabetes, this disease is associated with the 0201 allele of HLA-DQB1. This disease, which is diagnosed by finding antibodies to tissue transglutaminase, is triggered by antibodies to gliadin peptides and causes villous blunting. For 10 points, name this disease that manifests as gluten intolerance.", "answer": "celiac disease [prompt on \"gluten intolerance\" until it is read]", "page": "Celiac_Disease", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb61", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93360, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 295], [296, 404], [405, 487], [488, 646], [647, 717]], "first_sentence": "Jabri et al. discovered that mice with this disease can be treated by blocking IL-15 signaling.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"gluten intolerance\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Friedrich Nietzsche, in Ecce Homo, wrote that he feels \"warmest\" in proximity to this philosopher, because this philosopher affirms the need for destruction. Hegel, in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, claims that his own logic adapts all the thought of this man, who proposed a cosmic \"downward path\" and \"upward path.\" A finger-wagging follower of this man discusses the nature of words in Plato's dialogue Cratylus. This man's term aletheia was glossed as \"disclosure\" of truth by Martin Heidegger. This native of Ephesus discussed the attunement of the bow and lyre, and posited a unity of opposites. His belief in nature as \"flux\" might explain his adage that you can't step in the same river twice. For 10 points, name this pre-Socratic who said all things come from and return to fire.", "answer": "Heraclitus of Ephesus [or Her\u00c3\u00a1kleitos]", "page": "Heraclitus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb62", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93361, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 329], [330, 427], [428, 510], [511, 613], [614, 713], [714, 801]], "first_sentence": "Friedrich Nietzsche, in Ecce Homo, wrote that he feels \"warmest\" in proximity to this philosopher, because this philosopher affirms the need for destruction.", "answer_prompt": "or Her\u00c3\u00a1kleitos", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Hamiltonian path in the polyhedron representing these entities can be found using the Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter algorithm. The Fisher-Yates method is used for sampling a random one of these. The pure Braid group is the kernel of the homomorphism of the Braid group to the group of these things. Calculating a determinant involves summing products of matrix elements over all possible ones of these. Cayley's theorem states that a group G is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group acting on G, which is itself a set of these. The sign of the Levi-Civita symbol determines whether these things are odd or even, and they can be decomposed into transpositions. For a set of size n, there exist n factorial of, for 10 points, what rearrangements of a set for which order matters?", "answer": "permutations [prompt on \"orderings\"]", "page": "Permutation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb63", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93362, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 192], [193, 296], [297, 400], [401, 535], [536, 667], [668, 785]], "first_sentence": "A Hamiltonian path in the polyhedron representing these entities can be found using the Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter algorithm.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"orderings\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A very half-hearted siege was conducted during this war by John Hope, who was captured in this war's final battle. One commander in this war mistook the dust raised by departing baggage trains as a sign of retreat, resulting in a foolish attack that Bertrand Clausel unsuccessfully tried to salvage. After a crushing defeat, an army in this war was allowed a full retreat with all spoils by Hew Dalrymple in the Convention of Cintra. During the outbreak of this war, John IV escaped with his court to Brazil and the Bayonne Statute replaced Ferdinand VII with a foreign ruler. The Lines of Torres Vedras were built to defend Lisbon from Andre Massena in this war, which included the Duke of Wellington's victory at Salamanca. For 10 points, name this Napoleonic war fought in Spain and Portugal.", "answer": "Peninsular War [prompt on \"Napoleonic Wars\"]", "page": "Peninsular_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb64", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93363, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 299], [300, 433], [434, 576], [577, 725], [726, 795]], "first_sentence": "A very half-hearted siege was conducted during this war by John Hope, who was captured in this war's final battle.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Napoleonic Wars\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author discarded a chapter describing a confession of rape to Bishop Tikhon from a novel that includes the inadvertent hiring of a convict to kill a man's handicapped wife, whom he had married on a dare. In that novel by this man, a rebel group fears that the member with access to a printing press will betray them, so another man agrees to sign a note taking responsibility for his murder before killing himself. This author wrote of the suicides of Verkhovensky's men Kirilov and Stavrogin in his novel The Possessed. The servant Grigory tutors an epileptic lackey in his novel about the drunken murder victim Fyodor Pavlovich, his bastard son Smerdyakov, and his legitimate sons Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha. For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Brothers Karamazov.", "answer": "Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky", "page": "Fyodor_Dostoevsky", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb65", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93364, "tokenizations": [[0, 208], [209, 419], [420, 525], [526, 714], [715, 781]], "first_sentence": "This author discarded a chapter describing a confession of rape to Bishop Tikhon from a novel that includes the inadvertent hiring of a convict to kill a man's handicapped wife, whom he had married on a dare.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this poem, a \"tear more rare than pearl\" and a \"precious golden lock\" of hair from one character's head are used as payment. Another character in this poem is described as \"full of wise upbraidings\" and later assaulted during this poem's climax. When this poem appeared in its author's first volume of poetry, the author's brother provided the illustrations. In this poem, a character is reminded of the tragic tale of Jeanie, who \"pined and pined away,\" \"dwindled and grew grey, then fell with the first snow;\" that character in this poem is warned to \"not loiter so,\" lest she obey the refrain \"Come buy, come buy.\" For 10 points, name this poem about the sisters Laura and Lizzie, who are tormented each evening by the calls of the title creatures, a work by Christina Rossetti.", "answer": "\"Goblin Market\"", "page": "Goblin_Market", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb66", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93365, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 248], [249, 361], [362, 620], [621, 784]], "first_sentence": "In this poem, a \"tear more rare than pearl\" and a \"precious golden lock\" of hair from one character's head are used as payment.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Chapter 8 of this text notes that all creation is \"groaning\" as in the pains of childbirth; later, it compares its addressees to a branch grafted into an olive root, who must offer their bodies as \"living sacrifices.\" Augustine opened to this Biblical book after hearing the command \"Tolle, lege,\" which turned him Christian. A commentary on this text, stressing the \"wholly otherness of God,\" was written during World War I by Karl Barth. This text's third chapter states that all Jews and Gentiles alike have fallen short of the grace of God, and its sixth chapter says that \"the wages of sin is death.\" Martin Luther used this epistle to support justification by faith alone. For 10 points, name this first and longest New Testament epistle, addressed by Paul to the Jews of an imperial capital.", "answer": "Epistle to the Romans", "page": "Epistle_to_the_Romans", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb67", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93366, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 325], [326, 439], [440, 605], [606, 678], [679, 798]], "first_sentence": "Chapter 8 of this text notes that all creation is \"groaning\" as in the pains of childbirth; later, it compares its addressees to a branch grafted into an olive root, who must offer their bodies as \"living sacrifices.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A New York building of this type includes an installation of eighteen massive boulders with trees growing out of them called the \"Garden of Stones.\" Kevin Roche designed that building of this type, and expanded another New York building of this type that hosted the 1966 Primary Structures exhibition of minimalist art. Another building of this type includes a large staircase that unexpectedly leads up to a blank wall, and includes the \"Fallen Leaves\" artwork, in which cutout steel faces cover the floor of a \"Memory Void.\" That zigzagging building of this type in Berlin was designed by Daniel Libeskind. For 10 points, name this type of building displaying the history and art of a people whose own architecture includes the Western Wall at the Temple Mount and many synagogues.", "answer": "Jewish Museum [or Museum of Jewish Heritage; prompt on museums]", "page": "Jewish_Museum", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb69", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93368, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 319], [320, 526], [527, 608], [609, 783]], "first_sentence": "A New York building of this type includes an installation of eighteen massive boulders with trees growing out of them called the \"Garden of Stones.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Museum of Jewish Heritage; prompt on museums", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author classified women as housewives, guardian angels, dancers, or witches in the essay \"Daguerreotypes.\" This author wrote a marionette play in which Abraham plans to murder Jan Bravida until a witch puts a curse on his inn so that every lie told there will be revealed as truth the next morning. This author of \"The Revenge of Truth\" also wrote about Miss Nat-og-Dag, Countess Calypso, and Jonathan Maersk telling stories in a granary while taking shelter from a flood in \"The Deluge at Norderney.\" In another book, this author described such people as Berkeley Cole, who drinks a bottle of champagne every morning, and Kinanjui, the leader of the laborers on her eventually-failed estate in the Ngong Hills of Kenya. For 10 points, name this author of Seven Gothic Tales and Out of Africa.", "answer": "Isak Dinesen [or Karen Blixen]", "page": "Karen_Blixen", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93369, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 303], [304, 506], [507, 725], [726, 798]], "first_sentence": "This author classified women as housewives, guardian angels, dancers, or witches in the essay \"Daguerreotypes.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Karen Blixen", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A journey down this river is the subject of Between the Woods and the Water by Patrick Leigh Fermor. Before flooding due to a hydroelectric project, this river's small island of Ada Kaleh was home to a large Turkish population. In 2000, tributaries of this river were affected by a huge cyanide spill from a gold mine near Baia Mare. This river is home to Europe's largest binational hydroelectric dam at the Iron Gate. A major canal links this river to the Main. The Regen flows into this river at Regensburg, and its other tributaries include the Sava and the Tisza. Before the construction of the Szechenyi Chain Bridge, this river divided the twin cities of Buda and Pest. For 10 points, name this river that flows past Belgrade and Vienna and empties into the Black Sea.", "answer": "Danube River [or Donau]", "page": "Danube", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93370, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 227], [228, 333], [334, 419], [420, 463], [464, 568], [569, 676], [677, 775]], "first_sentence": "A journey down this river is the subject of Between the Woods and the Water by Patrick Leigh Fermor.", "answer_prompt": "or Donau", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A model of this phenomenon developed in Lund and Grenoble built on an earlier one that analogized its relation with position to a stress-strain curve and accounted for hysteresis in the case of permanent displacement. Described by the Dahl model, this behavior was shown by IBM in 2008 at a molecular level using an atomic force microscope on cobalt atoms cooled to 5K. This phenomenon causes head loss proportional to the flow velocity squared divided by the hydraulic diameter and multiplied by the pipe length as well as a value describing this phenomenon named for Darcy. The strength of this force is independent of contact area and sliding velocity according to laws named for Amontons and Coulomb. For 10 points, name this force whose maximum value is proportional to the normal force and which opposes motion.", "answer": "friction", "page": "Friction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93371, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 575], [576, 704], [705, 817]], "first_sentence": "A model of this phenomenon developed in Lund and Grenoble built on an earlier one that analogized its relation with position to a stress-strain curve and accounted for hysteresis in the case of permanent displacement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this country, Nitistas supported a coup by a movement calling itself Fractionism. The CIA helped build a rebel headquarters at Jamba in this country, whose independence was fought for by Holden Roberto. A US legal proviso attempting to ban arms exports to this non-Nicaragua country was named for Iowa senator Dick Clark. After an electoral dispute in this country, Jeremias Chitunda was killed in the Halloween Massacre along with other politicians of the Ovimbundu ethnicity. The Benguela railway was damaged by a war in this country where, until the 2002 death of Jonas Savimbi, UNITA fought the MPLA with Cuban military backing. For 10 points, name this country where separatists hold the oil-rich Cabinda exclave, a former Portuguese colony on Africa's Atlantic coast.", "answer": "Republic of Angola", "page": "Angola", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93372, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 205], [206, 324], [325, 480], [481, 635], [636, 776]], "first_sentence": "In this country, Nitistas supported a coup by a movement calling itself Fractionism.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man of this surname got wealthy working with David Sarnoff to merge many film studios into Radio Keith-Orpheum, or RKO Pictures. While assistant to a government official of this surname, John Seigenthaler was hit with a pipe in Alabama. The St. Coletta School in Wisconsin hid a member of this family whose father had her lobotomized, then told her siblings to say she was always disabled. A man of this family quoted Aeschylus on \"the awful grace of God\" atop a flatbed truck after MLK's assassination. Sargent Shriver married into this family, whose patriarch Joseph married boss \"Honey Fitz\"'s daughter. For 10 points, what family's highest-ranking politician worked with Ted Sorenson on Profiles in Courage and made his brother Robert Attorney General in 1961?", "answer": "Kennedy family [or Joseph Kennedy; or Rosemary Kennedy; or Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy; or John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy]", "page": "Kennedy_family", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93373, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 238], [239, 391], [392, 505], [506, 608], [609, 766]], "first_sentence": "A man of this surname got wealthy working with David Sarnoff to merge many film studios into Radio Keith-Orpheum, or RKO Pictures.", "answer_prompt": "or Joseph Kennedy; or Rosemary Kennedy; or Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy; or John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This text suggests that five ways for a soul to do \"violence to itself\" include by becoming a \"tumor on the universe.\" This text claims that a man must act as if he were a member of the \"cosmopolis\" to act justly. This book's author often tells himself \"Erase impressions!\" This book claims that a man should be upright, rather than be kept upright. This book opens with a list of lessons learned from family members and teachers, including Rusticus's gift of Epictetus's Discourses, which inspired this book's view of man as a \"soul attached to a corpse\". This work was written along the river Gran and at Carnuntum as the author led military campaigns along his border. For 10 points, name this set of 12 books of personal Stoic philosophical writing by Marcus Aurelius.", "answer": "Meditations of Marcus Aurelius [or To Himself; or Ton eis heauton]", "page": "Meditations_of_Marcus_Aurelius", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb6f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93374, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 213], [214, 273], [274, 349], [350, 556], [557, 671], [672, 772]], "first_sentence": "This text suggests that five ways for a soul to do \"violence to itself\" include by becoming a \"tumor on the universe.\"", "answer_prompt": "or To Himself; or Ton eis heauton", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Agnes Martin's paintings are almost exclusively canvases of these objects scaled to 6' and filled with varying grids. In one work, a red one of these objects is stretched slightly to represent a peasant woman in two dimensions. Much of Ellsworth Kelly's work consists of random arrangements of these objects made from colored paper, such as in his Spectrum of Colors Arranged by Chance. While at Yale, one artist made hundreds of color-interaction studies by nesting these objects within each other; that series is Homage to [these] by Josef Albers. Holding these shapes to be the \"first step of pure creation,\" Kazimir Malevich created a painting consisting entirely of a black one and showed a different one tilted slightly in White on White. For 10 points, name these four-sided regular polygons.", "answer": "squares [prompt on \"quadrilaterals\"]", "page": "Squares", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb70", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93375, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 227], [228, 386], [387, 549], [550, 744], [745, 799]], "first_sentence": "Agnes Martin's paintings are almost exclusively canvases of these objects scaled to 6' and filled with varying grids.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"quadrilaterals\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Operation Flipper was a disastrous attempt to raid the headquarters of this man, who personally directed the use of 80-millimeter anti-aircraft guns against tanks during the Battle of Arras. In this man's final military post, he set up a large array of wooden posts to prevent glider landings, known as his \"asparagus.\" Operation Crusader lifted this man's siege of Tobruk. This man was forced to evade a line of land mines and barbed wire stretching to the Qattara Depression, which he called \"devil's gardens,\" resulting in his defeat by Bernard Montgomery. After his implication in the July Plot to assassinate Hitler, this man committed suicide to remain a hero for his service at Kasserine Pass and El Alamein. For 10 points, name this Nazi commander of the Afrika Korps, nicknamed \"Desert Fox.\"", "answer": "Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel [prompt on \"Desert Fox\"]", "page": "Erwin_Rommel", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb71", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93376, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 319], [320, 373], [374, 559], [560, 715], [716, 800]], "first_sentence": "Operation Flipper was a disastrous attempt to raid the headquarters of this man, who personally directed the use of 80-millimeter anti-aircraft guns against tanks during the Battle of Arras.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Desert Fox\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Schubert's composition of this type and number concludes with a Presto vivace finale that begins pianissimo, and like his first entry in the genre, it is in D major. Another piece of this type and number was composed during a single summer at Wiesbaden in 1883 and was premiered that year by Hans Richter. That piece of this type and number employs a rising F-A-flat-F motif that represents the composer's motto, \"frei aber froh,\" and was written in F major by Johannes Brahms. Another piece of this type and number begins with two loud E-flat major chords played by the entire orchestra, features a C minor funeral march as its second movement, and is often used to mark the birth of musical Romanticism. For 10 points, name this type of work and number, of which Beethoven's is known as the \"Eroica.\"", "answer": "Symphony No. 3 [or Third Symphony]", "page": "Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb72", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93377, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 305], [306, 477], [478, 705], [706, 802]], "first_sentence": "Schubert's composition of this type and number concludes with a Presto vivace finale that begins pianissimo, and like his first entry in the genre, it is in D major.", "answer_prompt": "or Third Symphony", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to Nonnus, twelve sons of this god fought with Dionysus in India. In various sources, a version of this god was made into a constellation after helping Zeus fight Typhon. Herodotus groups him with Heracles and Dionysus as young Greek gods adapted from old Egyptian gods. This god's children include Iynx and Acis, and in some myths, he is born to Penelope after she sleeps with one or all of the suitors. In several stories this son of Hermes pursues the nymph Echo. In the Metamorphoses, Mercury lulls Argus to sleep with a story of this god chasing a nymph to the river Ladon, where she is turned into reeds. After pursuing Syrinx, he fashioned a pair of pipes. For 10 points, name this Greek counterpart of the Roman Faunus, a goat-legged god of the wild.", "answer": "Pan [accept Faunus before mention; accept Aegipan]", "page": "\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb73", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93378, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 180], [181, 280], [281, 414], [415, 476], [477, 620], [621, 673], [674, 768]], "first_sentence": "According to Nonnus, twelve sons of this god fought with Dionysus in India.", "answer_prompt": "accept Faunus before mention; accept Aegipan", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Part of this structure is absent in a syndrome that can cause mega cisterna magna, and which is named for Dandy and Walker. This structure contains the fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei, which are collectively called its namesake \"deep nuclei\" and are located in the arbor vitae. Marr and Albus proposed theories of this structure's function. This structure includes a narrow medial tissue called its namesake vermis. Inputs in this structure diverge to stimulate a huge number of namesake granule cells, then converge to stimulate a much smaller number of Purkinje cells, which are among the largest neurons. For 10 points, name this portion of the brain involved in balance and motor skills, which is located under the cerebrum.", "answer": "cerebellum [prompt on brain until \"namesake\" is read]", "page": "Cerebellum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb74", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93379, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 296], [297, 359], [360, 434], [435, 626], [627, 747]], "first_sentence": "Part of this structure is absent in a syndrome that can cause mega cisterna magna, and which is named for Dandy and Walker.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on brain until \"namesake\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man wrote a parody of boy-meets-girl stories in which a writer comes up with a variety of ways Justin Horgenschlag and Shirley Lester could fall in love. This author of \"The Heart of a Broken Story\" also wrote about Ginnie Mannox's awkward conversation with the Graff family. This man described a preternaturally intelligent young boy who foretells his death at the hands of his violent sister Booper, and who believes he is the reincarnation of a Hindu holy man. In another story by this author of \"Teddy\" and \"Just Before the War with the Eskimos,\" a man at the beach helps Sibyl Carpenter look for the title animals before shooting himself in his hotel room. For 10 points, name this creator of the Glass family, the author of \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish.\"", "answer": "Jerome David Salinger", "page": "J._D._Salinger", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb75", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93380, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 280], [281, 468], [469, 666], [667, 766]], "first_sentence": "This man wrote a parody of boy-meets-girl stories in which a writer comes up with a variety of ways Justin Horgenschlag and Shirley Lester could fall in love.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Complexes of bisoxazolines and these species can be used to induce enantioselectivity into aldol and Mannich-type reactions. One method to test the \"strength\" of these species adds a triethylphosphine oxide probe followed by phosphorus-31 NMR analysis; that is the Gutmann-Beckett method. The addition of these substances to acetals can influence whether acetal substitution occurs by an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. These substances are needed to activate the carbonyl group in the Sakurai reaction. These compounds typically catalyze an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction which alkylates or acylates an aromatic ring. Friedel-Crafts reactions can be catalyzed by aluminum chloride or boron trifluoride, both examples of these species. For 10 points, name these acids which accept pairs of electrons.", "answer": "Lewis acid [prompt on \"acid\" before mention]", "page": "Lewis_acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb76", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93381, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 288], [289, 409], [410, 493], [494, 622], [623, 739], [740, 804]], "first_sentence": "Complexes of bisoxazolines and these species can be used to induce enantioselectivity into aldol and Mannich-type reactions.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"acid\" before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A follow-up to this work includes interviews with people like \"Henry Friend\" and Harlem resident \"Mrs. Sarah Cartwright.\" This work argues that competing \"veto groups\" prevent the existence of a ruling class. This book's final section analyzes obstacles to autonomy in work and in play, and it claims that the \"inside-dopester\" has replaced the moralizer in American politics. This book opens with a discredited argument connecting rates of population growth to the differing types of social character. This study uses the metaphor of people who use radar instead of a \"psychic gyroscope\" to explain the transition from \"inner-directed\" to \"outer-directed.\" For 10 points, name this book written with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, a study of character in postwar America by David Riesman.", "answer": "The Lonely Crowd", "page": "The_Lonely_Crowd", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb77", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93382, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [120, 208], [209, 376], [377, 502], [503, 656], [656, 790]], "first_sentence": "A follow-up to this work includes interviews with people like \"Henry Friend\" and Harlem resident \"Mrs. Sarah Cartwright.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These people created a linen-based book named for its current location in Zagreb, which was discovered with a mummy in Egypt. Elongated sculptural figures made by these creators of the Liber Linteus were a primary influence on Giacometti's Walking Man, and these people also created a bronze model of a sheep's liver found at Piacenza. These victors at Alalia lost a major city when Camillus breached its sewers. One of their kings survived an assassination attempt by Gaius Mucius Scaevola, who thrust his hand into a flame to show his resolve; that king was Lars Porsenna of Clusium. Veii was part of this civilization, which produced the Roman Tarquin dynasty. For 10 points, name these ancient Italian people based in Tuscany who served as an early rival to the Romans.", "answer": "Etruscans", "page": "Etruscan_civilization", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb78", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93383, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 335], [336, 412], [413, 585], [586, 663], [664, 773]], "first_sentence": "These people created a linen-based book named for its current location in Zagreb, which was discovered with a mummy in Egypt.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The final poem of this collection begins: \"to a child who is fond of maps and engravings / the universe is the size of his immense hunger.\" Another poem in this collection, from which six \"condemned poems\" were excised after its first edition, compares the decline of his home city to the fall of Andromache and includes an image of the title bird \"reproaching God.\" In addition to \"The Voyage\" and \"The Swan,\" this collection's opening poem mentions a personification who \"dreams of scaffolds as he smokes his hookah pipe,\" and addresses you as the \"Hypocrite reader!\" For 10 points, name this collection which popularized the term ennui, whose sections \"Wine,\" \"Death,\" \"Revolt,\" and \"Spleen and Ideal\" were penned by French Symbolist poet Charles Baudelaire.", "answer": "The Flowers of Evil [or Les Fleurs du Mal]", "page": "Les_Fleurs_du_mal", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb79", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93384, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 366], [367, 569], [570, 761]], "first_sentence": "The final poem of this collection begins: \"to a child who is fond of maps and engravings / the universe is the size of his immense hunger.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Les Fleurs du Mal", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "High-resolution UV images of this body in 1995 by the Hubble space telescope showed a dark-spot on its surface that was named after its discoverer. The surface composition of this body consists of a significant amount of hydrated minerals, as well as iron-rich phyllosilicate clays and carbonates. It's not Uranus, but this object's existence was predicted by the Titius-Bode law, though that law was disproven by the discovery of Neptune in 1846. In Spring 2015, Dawn is expected to enter an orbit around this object after a year surveying Vesta. First thought to have been a comet by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801, this celestial body is now classified as the smallest member of a group with constituents Haumea, Eris and Pluto. For 10 points, identify this dwarf planet of the asteroid belt.", "answer": "1 Ceres", "page": "Ceres_(dwarf_planet)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93385, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 297], [298, 447], [448, 547], [548, 724], [725, 788]], "first_sentence": "High-resolution UV images of this body in 1995 by the Hubble space telescope showed a dark-spot on its surface that was named after its discoverer.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one essay, this thinker derided people who have \"strong moral convictions,\" but no political principles that allow for accommodating those with different morals. This thinker proposed replacing the traditional political line with a triangle, because socialists and conservatives often agree on matters such as imperialism. This author called himself an \"unrepentant Old Whig\" because his idea of \"liberalism\" didn't match current parties in an essay that attacked the title ideology for wanting to \"stand still.\" This author of \"Why I am Not a Conservative\" wrote in a prominent book that the examples of Soviet Russia and the Nazis show that central planning of the economy will inevitably lead to tyranny. For 10 points, name this Austrian economist who wrote The Road to Serfdom.", "answer": "Friedrich August von Hayek", "page": "Friedrich_Hayek", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93386, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 325], [326, 515], [516, 710], [711, 785]], "first_sentence": "In one essay, this thinker derided people who have \"strong moral convictions,\" but no political principles that allow for accommodating those with different morals.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, two brothers learn that a great-great-uncle, who they thought had fled after a rebellion, actually hid in a cellar for ten years; those men also disagree about whether or not their older brother volunteered to be executed as compensation for a dead Korean. This novel begins as its narrator and his dog climb into a septic tank while recalling a conversation with his alcoholic wife Natsumi. The narrator's brother confesses to sleeping with their mentally disabled sister before committing suicide. John Bester titled his translation of this novel after the suicide of the narrator's friend, who painted himself red and stuck a cucumber up his anus. For 10 points, name this novel in which Mitsu and his brother Takashi return to their home village, written by Kenzaburo Oe.", "answer": "The Silent Cry [or Man'en Gannen no Futtoboru; or Football in the First Year of Man'en]", "page": "The_Silent_Cry", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93387, "tokenizations": [[0, 271], [272, 406], [407, 514], [515, 665], [666, 790]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, two brothers learn that a great-great-uncle, who they thought had fled after a rebellion, actually hid in a cellar for ten years; those men also disagree about whether or not their older brother volunteered to be executed as compensation for a dead Korean.", "answer_prompt": "or Man'en Gannen no Futtoboru; or Football in the First Year of Man'en", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This work was intended to hang in a parliament building designed by Legrand and Molinos. In the upper left of this work, a man stops his hat from flying away as an umbrella is flipped open behind him. This work shows a dissenter sitting on a chair with his head down and arms crossed, while at bottom center a clergyman dressed in his traditional white Carthusian robe, Christophe-Antoine Gerle, shakes hands with a layman. A strong wind makes long curtains billow in from the windows in the upper left of this work. Its vanishing point is between the eyes of Jean-Sylvain Bailly, who stands on a table with the title document and lifts his right hand as the crowd imitates him. For 10 points, name this never-completed Jacques-Louis David painting in which the Third Estate pledges to write a constitution.", "answer": "The Tennis Court Oath [or Le Serment du Jeu de Paume]", "page": "Tennis_Court_Oath", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93388, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 200], [201, 423], [424, 516], [517, 678], [679, 807]], "first_sentence": "This work was intended to hang in a parliament building designed by Legrand and Molinos.", "answer_prompt": "or Le Serment du Jeu de Paume", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A campaign ad in support of this politician asked, \"How can you believe that you can kickstart a modern economy by fixing some roads?\" and closes with the message \"Think Twice.\" As Minister of Justice, this person helped reverse the effects of the Seaboyer decision through a new rape shield law, but was criticized for the Airborne Regiment's killing of a teen in the Somalia Affair, which occurred during this politician's time as Minister of National Defense. This person's staff was accused of insensitivity for releasing an attack ad drawing attention to a rival's Bell's palsy. This leader of the Progressive Conservatives never lived at 24 Sussex Drive because Brian Mulroney declined to move out. For 10 points, name this woman succeeded by Jean Chr\u00c3\u00a9tien, the only female Canadian Prime Minister.", "answer": "Kim Campbell [or Avril Phaedra Douglas Campbell]", "page": "Kim_Campbell", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93389, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 462], [463, 583], [584, 704], [705, 804]], "first_sentence": "A campaign ad in support of this politician asked, \"How can you believe that you can kickstart a modern economy by fixing some roads?\" and closes with the message \"Think Twice.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Avril Phaedra Douglas Campbell", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This musician played the opening solo on Gil Evans's arrangement of \"St. Louis Blues\" for New Bottle Old Wine. One of his albums features the first recording of the Miles Davis composition \"Nardis.\" On the first side of one of his albums, he paired his popular version of Cole Porter's \"Love for Sale\" with \"Autumn Leaves,\" which also titles a 1963 live album of his that emerged from the same Japanese tour as Nippon Soul. This musician referred to Bobby Timmons's \"This Here\" as \"Dis Here,\" and performed it along with \"Dat Dere.\" He recorded the album Somethin' Else. His namesake quintet recorded a popular version of \"Work Song,\" by his cornetist brother Nat. For 10 points, name this nickname-sporting jazz saxophonist who had a hit with \"Mercy, Mercy, Mercy.\"", "answer": "Cannonball Adderley [or Julian Edwin Adderley]", "page": "Cannonball_Adderley", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414840ea23cc9417e9bb7f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93390, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 198], [199, 423], [424, 532], [533, 554], [555, 570], [571, 664], [665, 766]], "first_sentence": "This musician played the opening solo on Gil Evans's arrangement of \"St. Louis Blues\" for New Bottle Old Wine.", "answer_prompt": "or Julian Edwin Adderley", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to Lycophron, this god married a nymph in Pallene, but fled via underground river to leave behind his murderous sons. In the Georgics, this god tells the story of Orpheus to Aristaeus. Euripides and Herodotus identify this god with a king who sheltered Helen during the Trojan War. This god shares his most notable superhuman ability with both Erysichthon's daughter Mestra and Nestor's son Periclymenus. Per Book IV of the Odyssey, this god reveals the fates of Ajax the Lesser and Agamemnon, and his daughter Eidothea hides a man in a sealskin so that he may ambush this god and learn how to return home to Sparta from Pharos. For 10 points, name this husband of Psamathe, a prophetic son of Poseidon and sea god whom Menelaus captures despite his ability to take any shape.", "answer": "Proteus", "page": "Proteus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb80", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93391, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 194], [195, 291], [292, 414], [415, 638], [639, 786]], "first_sentence": "According to Lycophron, this god married a nymph in Pallene, but fled via underground river to leave behind his murderous sons.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After refusing an order of Maximian, a Roman legion composed of 6,600 members of this group was decimated at Agaunum and later utterly massacred. Officially, thurificati, libellatici, and traditores were classes of lapsi, a collective term for people who broke from this group, which made up the Theban Legion. While governor of Bithynia-Pontus, Pliny the Younger wrote a letter to Trajan asking for advice on dealing with these people, who Decius targeted in a law requiring public sacrifice. This group, which populated much of Rome's Aventine and Trastevere areas, made heavy use of catacombs. These people were officially tolerated after the Edict of Milan. For 10 points, name this religious group that Constantine I joined after he saw a cross in the sky.", "answer": "Christians [accept anything indicating followers of Christ in the Roman Empire]", "page": "Christians", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb82", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93393, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 310], [311, 493], [494, 596], [597, 661], [662, 761]], "first_sentence": "After refusing an order of Maximian, a Roman legion composed of 6,600 members of this group was decimated at Agaunum and later utterly massacred.", "answer_prompt": "accept anything indicating followers of Christ in the Roman Empire", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The time evolution of the radius of one of these objects can be approximated with less than one percent error by the expression \"one minus t squared raised to the two-fifths power\". The Keller-Miksis equation models these objects, which have a natural frequency proportional to the square root of the adiabatic index times pressure divided by density, a value called the Minnaert resonance. Bjerknes forces contribute to the emission of light from these objects when they are forced to oscillate by standing acoustic waves in a phenomenon known as sonoluminescence. These objects are described by the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, which is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations under spherical symmetry. For 10 points, name these objects that form and implode via cavitation and can form from soap films.", "answer": "bubbles [or liquid bubbles; or soap bubbles]", "page": "Bubble_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb83", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93394, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 390], [391, 565], [566, 703], [704, 804]], "first_sentence": "The time evolution of the radius of one of these objects can be approximated with less than one percent error by the expression \"one minus t squared raised to the two-fifths power\".", "answer_prompt": "or liquid bubbles; or soap bubbles", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one scene, this character lies on his back and pedals his feet while saying \"I'm losing weight, you notice, Pop?\" In his last appearance, this character vows to stay \"right in this city\" and \"beat this racket.\" This character pretends to be a champagne salesman while attempting to seduce a woman at a restaurant, to whom he introduces another character as the quarterback of the New York Giants. This man plans to create a sporting goods line with his older brother and repeatedly tells their mother that he's planning on getting married. After abandoning his father at Stanley's restaurant, this serial liar is berated by his mother Linda. For 10 points, name this character from Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, a son of Willy Loman and the younger brother of Biff.", "answer": "Happy Loman [or Harold Loman; prompt on \"Loman\"]", "page": "Happy_Loman", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb84", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93395, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 212], [212, 213], [214, 399], [400, 542], [543, 644], [645, 775]], "first_sentence": "In one scene, this character lies on his back and pedals his feet while saying \"I'm losing weight, you notice, Pop?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Harold Loman; prompt on \"Loman\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A businessman of this surname sponsored an early namesake Air Race in 1927, in which all but two planes crashed or went missing, after a machine invented by Henry Ginaca boosted his profits. A politician of this surname pardoned Robert Wilcox after Wilcox's rebellion against him. That man of this surname gained additional powers after the Newlands Resolution was passed, and conspired with John Stevens and Lorrin Thurston to provoke the landing of the USS Boston. The \"Bayonet Constitution\" benefitted a bearded governor of this name by weakening Queen Liliuokalani. For 10 points, give this common surname of Hawaii's first territorial governor Sanford, as well as his cousin James, who founded a fruit company there known for its pineapples.", "answer": "Dole [or James Dole; accept Sanford Dole after \"Robert\" is read]", "page": "D\u00f4le", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb85", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93396, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 280], [281, 466], [467, 569], [570, 746]], "first_sentence": "A businessman of this surname sponsored an early namesake Air Race in 1927, in which all but two planes crashed or went missing, after a machine invented by Henry Ginaca boosted his profits.", "answer_prompt": "or James Dole; accept Sanford Dole after \"Robert\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two objects sacred to this holiday, which resemble mouths and eyes respectively, are the aravah and the hadass. On its religion's calendar, this holiday is the first of the Shalosh Regalim each year. A prayer said on this holiday addressed to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Joseph, and David, seven Biblical shepherds, honors guests called ushpizin. The Hoshanah Rabbah is observed at the end of this holiday; right after that, Shemini Atzeret follows after this third holiday in the month of Tishrei. Four species of plants, including the lulav branch and etrog citrus fruit, are waved around on this holiday, which remembers the Israelites' wandering in the desert. For 10 points, name this week-long Jewish autumn holiday, whose observers build and live in outdoor wooden booths.", "answer": "Sukkot [or Sukkos; prompt on \"Feast of Booths\" or \"Feast of Tabernacles\"]", "page": "Sukkot", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb86", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93397, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 199], [200, 355], [356, 507], [508, 673], [674, 788]], "first_sentence": "Two objects sacred to this holiday, which resemble mouths and eyes respectively, are the aravah and the hadass.", "answer_prompt": "or Sukkos; prompt on \"Feast of Booths\" or \"Feast of Tabernacles\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Fieldwork in this country resulted in a book that draws on Charles Henry and Morley Cromwell's experiences to explain how places can \"speak the past into being\"; that book is Wisdom Sits in Places by Keith Basso. An anthropologist working in this country created the theory that culture is \"superorganic,\" and divided this country into \"culture areas.\" Two cultures found in this country were compared to New Guinea's Dobu in a study contrasting \"Apollonian\" and \"Dionysian\" cultures. Mules and Men collects folklore from this country. Examples of \"salvage ethnography\" practiced in this country include Alfred Kroeber's work with a native named Ishi. For 10 points, name this nation studied in Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture, which looked at the Zuni, one of its Pueblo peoples.", "answer": "United States of America [or USA; or America]", "page": "United_States", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb87", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93398, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 212], [213, 351], [351, 484], [485, 535], [536, 651], [652, 784]], "first_sentence": "Fieldwork in this country resulted in a book that draws on Charles Henry and Morley Cromwell's experiences to explain how places can \"speak the past into being\"; that book is", "answer_prompt": "or USA; or America", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a poem by this author, the speaker \"loved [the] whole manner\" of a man \"sure-footed but too sly\" who was \"blown to bits / out drinking in a curfew.\" This author of \"Casualty\" also wrote about creatures \"poised like mud grenades, their blunt heads farting,\" called \"great slime kings\" who \"were gathered there for vengeance.\" In that work, he recounts filling \"jampotfuls of the jellied / Specks to range on window sills at home\" and watching \"until / The fattening dots burst, into nimble / Swimming tadpoles.\" In another poem by this man, he remembers seeing his brother \"for the first time in six weeks\" in a \"four foot box, one for every year.\" For 10 points, name this Irish poet of \"Death of a Naturalist\" and \"Mid-Term Break\" who produced a 1999 verse translation of Beowulf.", "answer": "Seamus Heaney", "page": "Seamus_Heaney", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb88", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93399, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [150, 151], [152, 326], [326, 327], [328, 513], [514, 649], [649, 784]], "first_sentence": "In a poem by this author, the speaker \"loved [the] whole manner\" of a man \"sure-footed but too sly\" who was \"blown to bits / out drinking in a curfew.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The leader of this group is later seen listing frankincense and myrrh as aftershave lotions. This group arrives too late to a courtroom after a judge displays a giant model ant during a game of charades and announces that he is moving to South Africa to \"get some decent sentencing done.\" This group is shown in 1912 in Jarrow after a man reports that \"One of the cross beams has gone out askew on the treadle.\" In another scene, this group pokes an old lady with soft cushions and makes her sit in the comfy chair. Their leader counts \"ruthless efficiency\" among their chief weapons, along with \"fear,\" \"surprise,\" and \"an almost fanatical devotion to the pope.\" For 10 points, name this group of inept torturers from a series of Monty Python sketches, in which nobody expects them.", "answer": "The Spanish Inquisition [or things like \"the Spanish Inquisition cardinals from the Monty Python sketches\"]", "page": "Spanish_Inquisition", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb89", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93400, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 287], [287, 288], [289, 411], [412, 515], [516, 662], [662, 783]], "first_sentence": "The leader of this group is later seen listing frankincense and myrrh as aftershave lotions.", "answer_prompt": "or things like \"the Spanish Inquisition cardinals from the Monty Python sketches\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Ruins built in this empire's first capital are called the Roluos Group. An expedition by Henri Mouhot spurred Western interest in this empire, which one man ascended to rule by jumping on the head of a rival's war elephant and killing him. Legendarily, this empire's founder declared independence from Sailendra before he absorbed the pre-existing Chenla people. Leaders called chakravartin led this empire, which built massive water reservoirs called baray. Many complexes built by this empire, such as Bayon, represented the mythical Mount Meru. This empire, whose boats fought against Champa on the Tonle Sap, was founded by Jayavarman II. For 10 points, name this Hindu-turned-Buddhist medieval empire which built Angkor in what's now Cambodia.", "answer": "Khmer Empire [do not accept \"Khmer Rouge\"]", "page": "Khmer_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93401, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 239], [240, 362], [363, 458], [459, 547], [548, 642], [643, 748]], "first_sentence": "Ruins built in this empire's first capital are called the Roluos Group.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"Khmer Rouge\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this piece, a dominant seventh chord on A is used to modulate unexpectedly from D major to D-flat, then back from D-flat to the final D major. This piece begins with a cello and viola playing tenuto half note D's an octave apart, which continues as another cello and viola introduce a dotted theme descending from B-flat to D, the first of three passages representing the protagonists walking. The Ros\u00c3\u00a9 Quartet participated in the premiere of this piece only after being encouraged by Gustav Mahler. This composition was rejected by a Vienna music society over its uncategorized inverted ninth chord. This piece depicts a woman confessing to her lover that she bears another man's child, deriving its program from a Richard Dehmel poem. For 10 points, name this string sextet, the first major work by Arnold Schoenberg.", "answer": "Transfigured Night [or Verkl\u00c3\u00a4rte Nacht]", "page": "Transfigured_Night", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93402, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 224], [225, 409], [410, 515], [516, 616], [617, 752], [753, 835]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this piece, a dominant seventh chord on A is used to modulate unexpectedly from D major to D-flat, then back from D-flat to the final D major.", "answer_prompt": "or Verkl\u00c3\u00a4rte Nacht", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this man, Lisardo is killed fighting a duel to prevent his sister from marrying a man who turns out to be her twin brother. That sister, Julia, has a scar on her chest that matches Eusebio's. This author of Devotion to the Cross wrote a play in which Rebolledo and Don Alvaro stage a mock fight so that the latter may meet Isabel, after which her father Pedro Crespo is elected to the title office. This author wrote a third play in which Rosaura marries a man she had meant to kill, Astolfo, who has a claim to the throne of Poland. In that play by this man, Segismundo overthrows but does not kill his father after he is released from his lifelong imprisonment. For 10 points, name this Spanish Golden Age playwright of The Mayor of Zalamea and Life is a Dream.", "answer": "Pedro Calder\u00c3\u00b3n de la Barca", "page": "Pedro_Calder\u00f3n_de_la_Barca", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93403, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 204], [205, 411], [412, 546], [547, 676], [677, 776]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this man, Lisardo is killed fighting a duel to prevent his sister from marrying a man who turns out to be her twin brother.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Fontaine-Mazur conjectures ask whether l-adic representations of these mathematical objects have convenient geometric properties. Infinite groups of this type can be endowed with the Krull topology. The \"absolute\" one for a field F is defined in terms of the separable closure of F. For field L and subfield K, all automorphisms of L fixing K are trivial if and only if the corresponding one of these groups is trivial, since the order of one of these groups equals the degree of the corresponding field. A polynomial equation is solvable by radicals if and only if the one of these groups corresponding to its splitting field is solvable. For 10 points, name these groups of automorphisms of field extensions, whose subgroups correspond to intermediate fields according to the namesake \"theory\" of a French mathematician.", "answer": "Galois groups [prompt on \"groups\" or \"automorphism groups\"]", "page": "Galois_groups", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93404, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 202], [203, 286], [287, 290], [291, 508], [509, 643], [644, 826]], "first_sentence": "The Fontaine-Mazur conjectures ask whether l-adic representations of these mathematical objects have convenient geometric properties.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"groups\" or \"automorphism groups\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This phenomenon is the subject of a dispositional \"higher-order theory\" by philosopher Peter Carruthers. Owen Flanagan called people who deny any possible account of this thing \"New Mysterians.\" Adding a \"causal role\" for this thing to quantum theory was George Wigner's motive for the \"Wigner's friend\" variant of Schr\u00c3\u00b6dinger's cat. Ned Block distinguished \"A-\" and \"P-\" types of this phenomenon; understanding the \"A-\" or \"access\" type is among its \"easy problems\" according to David Chalmers. This thing \"makes the mind-body problem really intractable,\" according to Thomas Nagel's \"What is it like to be a bat?\" Some thinkers claim this thing is divided into units called qualia, which philosophical zombies lack. For 10 points, name this term for awareness of one's own mind.", "answer": "consciousness [or conscious experience; prompt on \"experience\" or \"perception\" throughout; anti-prompt on \"qualia\" until mention; prompt on \"the mind\" until \"mind-body\" is read]", "page": "Consciousness", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93405, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 194], [195, 333], [334, 495], [496, 614], [614, 615], [616, 717], [718, 780]], "first_sentence": "This phenomenon is the subject of a dispositional \"higher-order theory\" by philosopher Peter Carruthers.", "answer_prompt": "or conscious experience; prompt on \"experience\" or \"perception\" throughout; anti-prompt on \"qualia\" until mention; prompt on \"the mind\" until \"mind-body\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One reaction to prepare these compounds adds diazomethylphosphonate esters to aldehydes under basic catalysis and generates vinyl-diazo intermediates. Along with aldehydes, these compounds are the degradation products of alpha, beta-epoxy tosylhydrazones in the Eschenmoser fragmentation. A coupling involving both palladium and copper catalysis, in which these compounds react with aryl halides, is the Sonogashira reaction. These compounds react with azides to form triazole rings in a well-known click-chemistry reaction, and terminal ones can be deprotonated by sodium amide. They are reduced to cis-alkenes by the poisoned Lindlar catalyst. This functional group is composed of two sp-hybridized carbons. For 10 points, name this functional group consisting of a carbon-carbon triple bond.", "answer": "alkynes [do not accept \"alkenes\" or \"alkanes\"; if necessary, ask teams to spell their answer]", "page": "Alkyne", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb8f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93406, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 288], [289, 425], [426, 579], [580, 645], [646, 709], [710, 794]], "first_sentence": "One reaction to prepare these compounds adds diazomethylphosphonate esters to aldehydes under basic catalysis and generates vinyl-diazo intermediates.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"alkenes\" or \"alkanes\"; if necessary, ask teams to spell their answer", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one work by this artist, a radiant sun appears at the top of a ribbon-like spiral staircase suspended in a starlit sky. In another work, this man was inspired by lines from Macbeth to show a small child leaping up from a dead body into the arms of a woman on a white flying horse. This artist of Jacob's Ladder and Pity created a series of watercolors about a beast with white stars on its wings who stands oppressively over a lady in bright yellow, described as \"the woman clothed with the Sun.\" This artist of a series about the Great Red Dragon showed one of his own creations, the bearded Urizen, crouching down from the Sun to measure the void with a compass in Ancient of Days. For 10 points, name this English painter who also illustrated his own Songs of Innocence and of Experience.", "answer": "William Blake", "page": "William_Blake", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb90", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93407, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 283], [284, 499], [500, 686], [687, 794]], "first_sentence": "In one work by this artist, a radiant sun appears at the top of a ribbon-like spiral staircase suspended in a starlit sky.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Quranic sura of this number, whose retelling of the Cain and Abel story notes that killing one person is like destroying all humanity, is called Al-Ma'ida, or \"The Table.\" Zaydi Muslims of Yemen include their namesake Zayd ibn Ali in a set totaling this number of imams, unlike either the Twelvers or the Seveners in mainstream Shi'a Islam. This is the lowest positive number of wives forbidden to a Muslim man at any given time. On the Middle Eastern hamsa charm, there are this many protrusions extending out from a central eye symbol. A set of this number of observances includes sawm, mandating fasting during Ramadan. For 10 points, give this number of times observant Muslims must pray per day, a requirement stated within this number of \"pillars\" of the Islamic faith.", "answer": "five [or 5]", "page": "5", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb91", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93408, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 344], [345, 433], [434, 541], [542, 626], [627, 779]], "first_sentence": "The Quranic sura of this number, whose retelling of the Cain and Abel story notes that killing one person is like destroying all humanity, is called Al-Ma'ida, or \"The Table.\"", "answer_prompt": "or 5", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel recovers from the trauma of running over a little girl when a psychiatrist convinces him that he hates children. Another character in this novel declares that he will steal a typewriter, but then asks its owners for help when he cannot lift it. A doctor in this novel tries to resolve a crisis when he learns that his nephew and niece are in love with each other; those two relatives later have lunch in a boarding house in Lima before an earthquake kills them in one of this novel's ten sub-narratives. This novel begins with the epigraph \"I write. I write that I am writing.\" Its protagonist starts a love affair with a matronly relative as insanity grips Pedro Camacho, an overworked creator of radio shows. For 10 points, name this semi-autobiographical novel by Mario Vargas Llosa.", "answer": "Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter [or La t\u00c3\u00ada Julia y el escribidor]", "page": "Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb92", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93409, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 270], [271, 529], [530, 575], [576, 602], [602, 603], [604, 736], [737, 812]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel recovers from the trauma of running over a little girl when a psychiatrist convinces him that he hates children.", "answer_prompt": "or La t\u00c3\u00ada Julia y el escribidor", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An enzyme dependent on this metallic element as a cofactor is inhibited by hydroxyurea. An ion of this element is found in the +4 oxidation state bound to an oxo ligand in the key mechanistic step of an enzyme that also uses the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin; that enzyme is phenylalanine hydroxylase. This element is used in the Bechamp reduction. The first known ligands of hapticity 5 were bonded to a central atom of this metal. It's not aluminum, but this element's trichloride is often used as a catalyst in the chlorination of arenes. This element is present both as the counter-ion and in the central complex ion of the dye Prussian blue. An alloy of this element and carbon can undergo martensite or pearlite phase transitions. For 10 points, name this transition metal found in ferrocene.", "answer": "iron [or Fe]", "page": "Iron", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb93", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93410, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 300], [301, 347], [348, 431], [432, 540], [541, 645], [646, 735], [736, 797]], "first_sentence": "An enzyme dependent on this metallic element as a cofactor is inhibited by hydroxyurea.", "answer_prompt": "or Fe", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Julius Pollux recorded that this hero's dog ate some snails, thus discovering a purple dye. This hero killed Syleus, who forced passersby to hoe his vineyard. This man killed Theiodamas in a dispute over a bull, and adopted a son as a companion who was later abducted by nymphs while fetching water. After Eurytus reneged on a promise to give a daughter to the winner of an archery contest, this man killed him and abducted Iole. This companion of Hylas killed Iphitus, for which he was punished by having to wear women's clothing and serve Omphale. This hero was killed by a shirt soaked in the blood of the centaur Nessus, which was given to him by his jealous wife Deianira. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who retrieved the cattle of Geryon while performing his twelve labors.", "answer": "Heracles [or Hercules]", "page": "Heracles", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb94", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93411, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 158], [159, 299], [300, 429], [430, 549], [550, 677], [678, 784]], "first_sentence": "Julius Pollux recorded that this hero's dog ate some snails, thus discovering a purple dye.", "answer_prompt": "or Hercules", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man in this novel marries the widow of a fellow matchbox cover collector. In this novel's epilogue, the narrator visits a chapel and remarks on a \"small red flame\" burning, which \"could not have been lit but for the builders and the tragedians.\" This novel's author's note reads \"I am not I: thou art not he or she: they are not they.\" This novel's first section is titled for a phrase written on a skull in the narrator's dorm room, \"Et in Arcadia Ego.\" This novel's narrator befriends a man who carries a teddy bear to Oxford, then gets divorced so he can marry Julia, who changes her mind after her father's deathbed reconciliation with the Catholic Church. For 10 points, name this novel in which Charles Ryder visits Sebastian Flyte at the title estate, written by Evelyn Waugh.", "answer": "Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred and Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder", "page": "Brideshead_Revisited", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb95", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93412, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 246], [246, 247], [248, 306], [307, 316], [316, 337], [338, 456], [457, 662], [663, 785]], "first_sentence": "A man in this novel marries the widow of a fellow matchbox cover collector.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The six-item Fagerstrom Test assesses the severity of this disorder. The second most common use of the antidepressant bupropion is treatment of this disorder. The drugs cytisine and varenicline treat this disorder by being partially agonistic to a type of receptor that appears on both sides of the neuromuscular junction. The non-alpha 7 types of that receptor contribute to this disease by directly exciting dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons. The compound most directly responsible for this condition mimics the action of acetylcholine in namesake acetylcholine receptors. The most common way to treat this disorder is through replacement therapy in the form of gum or patches. For 10 points, name this disorder in which one becomes dependent on the active drug found in tobacco.", "answer": "nicotine addiction [or nicotine dependence; prompt on \"smoking\" or any other answer indicating tobacco ingestion]", "page": "Nicotine_Addiction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb96", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93413, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 158], [159, 322], [323, 445], [446, 575], [576, 680], [681, 782]], "first_sentence": "The six-item Fagerstrom Test assesses the severity of this disorder.", "answer_prompt": "or nicotine dependence; prompt on \"smoking\" or any other answer indicating tobacco ingestion", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A photograph of a work in this medium shows the Cross of Lorraine painted in white over a wash of black paint that drips down in long streaks. That photo is part of a series by Brassa\u00c3\u00af on this medium, which heavily influenced Jean Dubuffet. A group of artists in this medium used the symbol of a three-pointed crown and was called SAMO [\"same\"-o]. A work in this medium shows a man pressure-washing cave paintings, while another shows two members of the London police kissing each other. The film Exit Through the Gift Shop is about this medium, which includes a work in which a rioter with a backwards cap and a scarf around his mouth prepares to throw a bouquet of flowers. For 10 points, name this medium emulated by Jean-Michel Basquiat and practiced by the anonymous English artist Banksy.", "answer": "graffiti [prompt on \"street art\"; prompt on \"painting\"]", "page": "Graffiti", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb99", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93416, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 240], [241, 347], [348, 487], [488, 675], [676, 794]], "first_sentence": "A photograph of a work in this medium shows the Cross of Lorraine painted in white over a wash of black paint that drips down in long streaks.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"street art\"; prompt on \"painting\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After becoming the first High King of Ireland since Brian O'Neill, a man with this first name died fighting John de Bermingham at the Battle of Faughart. At the Feast of the Swans, another man with this name was knighted by his father before going on a campaign to avenge the death of John Comyn. A third man of this name was supported by the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill, which was not enough to overcome his rival David II's claim to the throne. In addition to a brother of Robert the Bruce and the son of John Balliol, people with this name include a king who was probably the lover of Piers Gaveston and who lost the Battle of Bannockburn. For 10 points, give this name held by the English kings during the Scottish wars of independence, including one nicknamed Longshanks.", "answer": "Edward [or Edward Bruce; or Edward Balliol; or Edward I; or Edward II]", "page": "Edward", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93417, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 296], [297, 464], [465, 660], [661, 794]], "first_sentence": "After becoming the first High King of Ireland since Brian O'Neill, a man with this first name died fighting John de Bermingham at the Battle of Faughart.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Bruce; or Edward Balliol; or Edward I; or Edward II", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In \"Reflections on\" this city, Hannah Arendt controversially imagined what she'd do as a poor black mother here. A woman from this city wrote about being attacked by acid in her memoir Warriors Don't Cry; another memoir about this city, named for its Long Shadow, retells a plan developed by Virgil Blossom. Melba Pattillo Beals and Daisy Bates were people opposed by this city's Capital Citizens' Council. The so-called \"Lost Year\" in this city led to a Supreme Court ruling in Cooper v. Aaron that states must follow Supreme Court decisions even if they disagree with them. The 101st Airborne division was sent to this city by the President. For 10 points, name this city where governor Orval Faubus opposed the 1957 enrollment of nine black students to desegregate Central High School.", "answer": "Little Rock, Arkansas [accept \"Reflections on Little Rock\"; accept The Long Shadow of Little Rock]", "page": "Little_Rock,_Arkansas", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93418, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 307], [308, 406], [407, 575], [576, 643], [644, 788]], "first_sentence": "In \"Reflections on\" this city, Hannah Arendt controversially imagined what she'd do as a poor black mother here.", "answer_prompt": "accept \"Reflections on Little Rock\"; accept The Long Shadow of Little Rock", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An international collaboration based in this country has produced evidence for bottom-to-down quark transitions and proof of non-kaon CP-violation. This country, which is home to the Belle experiment, also produced a physicist who discovered the temperature-dependence of resistivity due to electron scattering by magnetic impurities. Another physicist from here theorized that mesons carried the nuclear force, predicting the existence of pions. This country, which contains the KEK laboratory, also houses an underground facility where photomultiplier tubes detect rings of Cherenkov radiation in ultra-pure water. That facility found the first evidence of atmospheric neutrino oscillations and is named the Super-Kamiokande. For 10 points, name this birthplace of Jun Kondo and Hideki Yukawa.", "answer": "Japan [or Nippon; or Nihon]", "page": "Japan", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93419, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 334], [335, 446], [447, 616], [617, 727], [728, 795]], "first_sentence": "An international collaboration based in this country has produced evidence for bottom-to-down quark transitions and proof of non-kaon CP-violation.", "answer_prompt": "or Nippon; or Nihon", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Laura Bohannan identified thirteen types of this practice among the Dahomey. John McLennan linked the origin of this practice in primitive society to infanticide. The Mosuo people of China practice its rare \"walking\" type. Rodney Needham began a debate over whether there is a meaningful difference between the \"prescriptive\" and \"preferential\" forms of this practice. This practice is analyzed as an exchange governed by a rule of reciprocity in the alliance theory of Claude L\u00c3\u00a9vi-Strauss. The Nuer practice the \"ghost\" form of it, which, like the \"levirate\" form practiced by communities such as Orthodox Jews, involves the brother of a dead man. For 10 points, name this practice which is exogamous when it occurs between tribes, and which often involves the giving of a dowry.", "answer": "marriage", "page": "Marriage", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93420, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 162], [163, 222], [223, 368], [369, 490], [491, 648], [649, 780]], "first_sentence": "Laura Bohannan identified thirteen types of this practice among the Dahomey.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's characters curses \"novels, verses, songs,\" and \"sonnets\" as \"pernicious amusements of idle minds\" at the end of the play in which he appears. That character, Gorgibus, vows to marry off his daughter and niece or send the two to a nunnery. In another play by this author, a maid voices her opinion of a forced marriage but stops talking every time her master is about to slap her. In that play, two lovers repeatedly walk away from each other as Dorine tries to mend their relationship, which was ruined by Mariane's arranged marriage. One of this man's title characters has his licentiousness revealed to Orgon as Orgon hides under a table. For 10 points, name this playwright who satirized French society in his comedies of manners The Affected Young Ladies and Tartuffe.", "answer": "Moliere [or Jean-Baptiste Poquelin]", "page": "Moli\u00e8re", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93421, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 259], [260, 400], [401, 555], [556, 661], [662, 753], [754, 793]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's characters curses \"novels, verses, songs,\" and \"sonnets\" as \"pernicious amusements of idle minds\" at the end of the play in which he appears.", "answer_prompt": "or Jean-Baptiste Poquelin", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This work claims that a philosopher must \"fire his volley of new vocables out of his conceptual shotgun.\" It cites testimony from a woman who practices automatic writing to support the claim that \"mental machinery\" shows us a different reality than our senses. An installment in this work describes events which are transient, passive, \"noetic,\" and \"ineffable\". Its first installment criticizes a \"medical materialism\" that would explain away George Fox by pointing to his colon disorder. This book, which includes \"The Divided Self,\" discusses the \"healthy-minded\" temperament as opposite to the twice-born \"sick soul.\" For 10 points, name this compilation of the 1901 to '02 Gifford lectures, in which topics such as mystic visions and conversion are discussed by William James.", "answer": "The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature", "page": "1", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bb9f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93422, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 260], [261, 362], [363, 489], [490, 620], [620, 621], [622, 781]], "first_sentence": "This work claims that a philosopher must \"fire his volley of new vocables out of his conceptual shotgun.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer borrowed a theme from his \"Homage March\" scored for four cellos in the Andante second movement of his Cello Sonata in A Minor. He worked his own name into the opening motif of a piano sonata in E minor, the only one he composed. His shorter piano pieces include ones given programmatic titles like \"She Dances,\" \"Gratitude,\" and \"Homesickness.\" This composer wrote a five-movement work \"in the olden style\" concluding with a rigaudon. \"The Abduction of the Bride\" and \"Arabian Dance\" open the second four-movement suite he derived from music he wrote for an 1867 satirical verse drama. For 10 points, name this composer of the Holberg Suite who included \"Morning Mood\" and \"In the Hall of the Mountain King\" in his incidental music for Peer Gynt.", "answer": "Edvard Grieg", "page": "Edvard_Grieg", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93423, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 242], [243, 358], [359, 450], [450, 599], [600, 760]], "first_sentence": "This composer borrowed a theme from his \"Homage March\" scored for four cellos in the Andante second movement of his Cello Sonata in A Minor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While a mayor, this man replied to posters quoting \"All men are created equal\" by reciting the whole Gettysburg Address in English to student protesters. On a tour of his country's south, this leader formed an ideology based on \"productive forces,\" \"advanced culture,\" and the interest of the majority, the Three Represents. The \"Shanghai clique\" got power via connections to this man, who retained his predecessor's Premier, Li Peng. This key person in the Third Generation of CCP leaders came to power after Zhao Ziyang was purged as General Secretary. He began construction on the Three Gorges Dam, started the Falun Gong crackdown, and oversaw the transfers of Macau and Hong Kong. For 10 points, name this man who succeeded Deng Xiaoping to lead China during the 1990s.", "answer": "Jiang Zemin", "page": "Jiang_Zemin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93424, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 324], [325, 434], [435, 554], [555, 685], [686, 774]], "first_sentence": "While a mayor, this man replied to posters quoting \"All men are created equal\" by reciting the whole Gettysburg Address in English to student protesters.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This architect incorporated elements of Kanak hut architecture in his design for a convention center located in Noumea, New Caledonia. He converted a gigantic automobile manufacturing plant into a convention center and trade fair district. He used ferroconcrete leaves to serve as both a heat source and protection against UV light in the roof of a museum which houses his Cy Twombly Pavilion. This architect of the Menil Collection designed an airport terminal on an artificial island in Japan and a glass-covered pyramidal skyscraper that eclipses everything else in London. With an American, he designed a color-coded building complex named for a former President of France. For 10 points, name this architect of the Kansai International Terminal, The Shard, and the Centre Pompidou.", "answer": "Renzo Piano", "page": "Renzo_Piano", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93425, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 239], [240, 393], [394, 576], [577, 677], [678, 786]], "first_sentence": "This architect incorporated elements of Kanak hut architecture in his design for a convention center located in Noumea, New Caledonia.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Nivasch probabilistic algorithm for cycle detection, pairs of function output and iteration number are stored in strictly increasing sequences in these data structures. x87 floating point architectures organize registers into a type of these structures that allow for individual access to its constituents. An algorithm that stores intermediate vertices in this data structure is used for topological sorting and for finding connected components; that algorithm is the depth-first search. The \"call\" one of these structures stores information about the return addresses to which each subroutine in a computer program should return control once it finishes executing. Infinite recursion of these entities may lead to their \"overflow.\" Push and pop are operations on, for 10 points, what last-in first-out data structures?", "answer": "stacks", "page": "Stack_(abstract_data_type)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93426, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 313], [314, 495], [496, 673], [674, 739], [739, 827]], "first_sentence": "In the Nivasch probabilistic algorithm for cycle detection, pairs of function output and iteration number are stored in strictly increasing sequences in these data structures.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a woman breaks off relations with her valet after he catches her covering her smallpox-disfigured face with powder. Its last chapter includes a chart assessing, on a scale from -10 to 10, the goodness, piety, and usefulness of several people. A man in this novel dies of an infection after cutting his knee on a piece of metal, which leads him to deliriously confess his love for the actress La Perichole. This novel's protagonist condenses his investigation of the main event into a book that is deemed heretical and burned along with him in a town square. In this novel, Brother Juniper watches as Jaime, Uncle Pio, Esteban, Pepita, and the Marquesa de Montemayor fall to their deaths. For 10 points, name this novel in which a rickety Peruvian structure collapses, by Thornton Wilder.", "answer": "The Bridge of San Luis Rey", "page": "The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93427, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 257], [258, 420], [421, 572], [573, 702], [703, 802]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a woman breaks off relations with her valet after he catches her covering her smallpox-disfigured face with powder.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the debate about the origins of this event, Timothy Mason introduced a dichotomy between functionalism and intentionalism. Peter Novick's book about responses to it in American life coined the phrase \"victimization Olympics.\" Raul Hilberg wrote a seminal book on this event, which is lumped in with events further east in Timothy Snyder's 2011 book Bloodlands and the \"red equals brown\" theory currently popular in Lithuania. A book on the Industry of people exploiting this event factored into the 2007 denial of tenure to Norman Finkelstein. Historian David Cornwell criticized Pope Pius XII for letting this event happen. People like Ernst Z\u00c3\u00bcndel and David Duke have denied the historicity of, for 10 points, what genocide for which Treblinka and Auschwitz were built?", "answer": "the Holocaust [or haShoah; prompt on more general answers referring to Nazi German atrocities against Jews or other minority peoples]", "page": "The_Holocaust", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93428, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 228], [229, 428], [429, 546], [547, 627], [628, 774]], "first_sentence": "In the debate about the origins of this event, Timothy Mason introduced a dichotomy between functionalism and intentionalism.", "answer_prompt": "or haShoah; prompt on more general answers referring to Nazi German atrocities against Jews or other minority peoples", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composition unusually contains both a three-voice movement in two-stave keyboard notation and a six-voice movement written out in open score. This composition includes a canon with the inscription \"Quaerendo invenietis\" and five \"Canones Diversi\" followed by a \"Fuga Canonica in Epidiapente.\" It concludes with a four-movement \"Sonata sopr'il Soggetto Reale\" for transverse flute, violin, and basso continuo. This composition resulted from a visit to Potsdam, where its composer was asked to improvise a three-voice fugue on a given theme, dubbed the \"Thema Regium.\" For 10 points, name this collection of pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach based on a theme composed by Frederick the Great.", "answer": "The Musical Offering [or Das Musikalische Opfer]", "page": "The_Musical_Offering", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414841ea23cc9417e9bba6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93429, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 296], [296, 413], [414, 571], [572, 692]], "first_sentence": "This composition unusually contains both a three-voice movement in two-stave keyboard notation and a six-voice movement written out in open score.", "answer_prompt": "or Das Musikalische Opfer", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The title character of a story by this author is known only as \"Honig\" until he is several months old. In another story by this man, a narrator trying to reach the shore laments, \"I have seen the best swimmers of my generation go under.\" In another story, he mixed notes such as \"description of physical appearance and mannerisms is one of several standard methods of characterization\" into the narrative. This author of \"Ambrose His Mark\" wrote \"Night-Sea Journey\" about sperm cells, and showed Magda on a trip to an Ocean City attraction in Lost in the Funhouse. In a novel by this author, Henry Burlingame looks for the truth about his birth and Ebenezer Cooke writes a satirical poem about colonial Maryland. For 10 points, name this postmodern American author of The Sot-Weed Factor.", "answer": "John Simmons Barth Jr.", "page": "John_Barth", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bba7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93430, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 177], [177, 237], [238, 405], [406, 564], [565, 712], [713, 788]], "first_sentence": "The title character of a story by this author is known only as \"Honig\" until he is several months old.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book's 29th chapter discusses \"moods\" which come \"neither from outside nor from inside\" those they affect. This book notes that individuals' \"answerability\" is weakened by the \"idle talk\" of a generic crowd called \"the They.\" This book, which opens with a vexed quote in Greek from Plato's Sophist, denotes the inherent tendency to have \"care\" for outside things as Sorge [ZOHR-guh]. This book claims that we see objects in terms of their use to us, such as a hammer which we see as \"ready-to-hand.\" Scholars often ask if this book's ideas such as \"thrownness,\" \"existentiell Angst,\" and \"authentic Being-towards-death,\" led its author into far-right politics. For 10 points, name this 1927 book which calls finite individual existence Dasein, the magnum opus of noted Nazi Martin Heidegger.", "answer": "Being and Time [or Sein und Zeit]", "page": "Being_and_Time", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bba8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93431, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 230], [231, 388], [389, 504], [505, 665], [666, 796]], "first_sentence": "This book's 29th chapter discusses \"moods\" which come \"neither from outside nor from inside\" those they affect.", "answer_prompt": "or Sein und Zeit", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A Damien Hirst sculpture with this name consists of a unicorn encased in formaldehyde. A crowd of marble-like warriors from the tale of Fingal appear in the air above a mythological bard leaning on his harp in a Jean-Dominique Ingres artwork titled for one of these events involving Ossian. A sculpture of Jupiter's head sits beside two pineapples and bunches of bananas in Giorgio de Chirico's depiction of a \"transformed\" one of these. Another of these events names a painting in which Gala lies naked on a slab of rock next to a piece of fruit that casts a heart-shaped shadow, as an orange fish, two tigers, and a bayonet fly through the air, and a bee flies around a pomegranate. For 10 points, name these mental events which inspired much of Salvador Dal\u00c3\u00ad's surrealist work.", "answer": "dreams [or r\u00c3\u00aave]", "page": "Dream", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bba9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93432, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 290], [291, 437], [438, 684], [685, 780]], "first_sentence": "A Damien Hirst sculpture with this name consists of a unicorn encased in formaldehyde.", "answer_prompt": "or r\u00c3\u00aave", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a dream in this work, a character lying at the bottom of a tree unsuccessfully attempts to climb to the lowest branch or steal the golden eggs at the top. That character tells a story of sneaking inside a \"Turkish pavilion,\" which turned out to be an outhouse. In this play, the cook blames another character's erratic behavior on her period and concocts a substance intended to terminate Diana the dog's pregnancy. When Kristine leaves for church in this play, she tells the stable hands not to release any horses. Plans to open a hotel on the shores of Lake Como are repeatedly discussed by the protagonist until a bird is decapitated by the valet, Jean. For 10 points, name this Swedish play which ends with the title daughter of the Count planning her suicide via razor, by August Strindberg.", "answer": "Miss Julie [or Froken Julie]", "page": "Miss_Julie", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbaa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93433, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 263], [264, 418], [419, 518], [519, 659], [660, 799]], "first_sentence": "In a dream in this work, a character lying at the bottom of a tree unsuccessfully attempts to climb to the lowest branch or steal the golden eggs at the top.", "answer_prompt": "or Froken Julie", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a common biological protocol, lipids are subjected to the high-performance version of this technique and are subsequently transferred onto a PVDF membrane; that is the Far-Eastern blot. In the reversed phase version of this technique, one of its phases can be modified by the addition of octadecyldimethyl groups. Virtually all amines and carbamates can be detected by the use of ninhydrin in this technique. Iodine and UV light are commonly used for imaging the results of this technique. Dividing the solute propagation by the solvent front propagation gives the retardation factor in this analytical method. Like a similar technique with paper, the stationary phase in this technique is generally silica on a glass or plastic plate. For 10 points, name this simple type of chromatography.", "answer": "thin-layer chromatography [or TLC; prompt on \"chromatography\" before mention]", "page": "Thin-layer_chromatography", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbab", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93434, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 316], [317, 411], [412, 492], [493, 613], [614, 738], [739, 794]], "first_sentence": "In a common biological protocol, lipids are subjected to the high-performance version of this technique and are subsequently transferred onto a PVDF membrane; that is the Far-Eastern blot.", "answer_prompt": "or TLC; prompt on \"chromatography\" before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A critique of this theory likens its post-hoc nature to a dog being led by its \"rational tail\"; that critique, which proposes the competing Social Intuitionist Model, is by Jonathan Haidt. James Rest used this theory to develop the Defining Issues Test. This theory's basis in an all-male sample was criticized in In a Different Voice by Carol Gilligan. The survey which inspired it used a scenario in which a boy has saved money to go to camp, as well as the Heinz Dilemma, which asks if a man should steal a cancer drug for his wife. This theory, which defines three levels culminating in post-conventional, describes the transition from self-interest to social order to universal principles. For 10 points, name this theory inspired by Piaget, which describes six successive stages of ethical reasoning.", "answer": "Lawrence Kohlberg's six-stage theory of moral development [accept either underlined part alone]", "page": "Lawrence_Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbac", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93435, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 253], [254, 353], [354, 535], [536, 694], [695, 806]], "first_sentence": "A critique of this theory likens its post-hoc nature to a dog being led by its \"rational tail\"; that critique, which proposes the competing Social Intuitionist Model, is by Jonathan Haidt.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined part alone", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one literary work, this character gets a letter from Daniel and ventures into the forest to find him, only to frighten a child who mistakes him for a zombie from obeah. This character refuses to call his spouse by her real name and sleeps with Amelie during a honeymoon in Granbois. In another novel, he is first introduced falling off his horse and slipping on ice. This character also dresses up like a gypsy and tells fortunes to solicit the true feelings of the title character of that novel. This guardian of Adele Varens hires Grace Poole to take care of his insane wife, Bertha Mason, who he keeps locked in the attic of Thornfield Hall before she sets fire to it. For 10 points, name this character who appears in Jean Rhys' Wide Sargasso Sea and eventually marries Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre.", "answer": "Edward Fairfax Rochester [or Edward Rochester]", "page": "Edward_Fairfax_Rochester", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbad", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93436, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 285], [286, 369], [370, 499], [500, 674], [675, 806]], "first_sentence": "In one literary work, this character gets a letter from Daniel and ventures into the forest to find him, only to frighten a child who mistakes him for a zombie from obeah.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Rochester", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After this event, a college president named Thomas R. Dew wrote an influential review of a legislative debate over how to react. The leader of this event claimed that the \"Serpent was loosened\" and he had to fight against it. Lerone Bennett wrote that this event was the \"word made flesh\" of David Walker's Appeal, a pamphlet published two years prior. Benjamin Phipps found this event's instigator, who began it after a bluish-green tinge over the sun closely followed a solar eclipse, and tried to take a small town called Jerusalem. Thomas Gray wrote up Confessions of its fervently religious leader, who was captured in the Great Dismal Swamp and hanged. For 10 points, name this 1831 rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which led many states to tighten restrictions on slaves.", "answer": "Nat Turner's Rebellion [accept Southampton Insurrection before \"Southampton\" is read]", "page": "Nat_Turner's_Rebellion", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbae", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93437, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 225], [226, 352], [353, 535], [536, 658], [659, 788]], "first_sentence": "After this event, a college president named Thomas R. Dew wrote an influential review of a legislative debate over how to react.", "answer_prompt": "accept Southampton Insurrection before \"Southampton\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "To explain one variety of this phenomenon, Bertrand Halperin proposed the existence of quasiparticles that live only in two dimensional systems. This effect is accompanied by quasi-periodic intervals of zero resistivity and oscillating magnetic moment, two effects named for de Haas. Recent work on graphene has shown this effect at room temperatures, though it was discovered in 2D electron gases created in MOSFETs. It shows that resistance is quantized at units of h over e squared, a constant named for its discoverer Klaus von Klitzing. This effect occurs as the Fermi energy passes discrete Landau levels, and exists in both fractional and integer forms. For 10 points, name this quantum mechanical version of a classical effect in which voltage is produced by a current and magnetic field.", "answer": "quantum Hall effect [prompt on \"Hall effect\"]", "page": "Quantum_Hall_effect", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbaf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93438, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 283], [284, 417], [418, 541], [542, 660], [661, 796]], "first_sentence": "To explain one variety of this phenomenon, Bertrand Halperin proposed the existence of quasiparticles that live only in two dimensional systems.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Hall effect\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Early in this event, one of its leaders crossed the city, wearing a handkerchief to feign a toothache and acting drunk to avoid inspections. Two days before this event, Jaan Anvelt led a similar one in Talinn. The main action of this event saw a nearly bloodless assault on a building held by junker cadets and a Women's Battalion, and was signaled by a blank shot fired from the cruiser Aurora. Recorded in Ten Days That Shook the World, this event was motivated in part by a general's attempted coup in the Kornilov Affair and resulted in a precursor to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The participants in this event used the slogan \"Peace, Land, Bread,\" and toppled the provisional government of Alexander Kerensky. For 10 points, name this Russian coup led by Trotsky and Lenin late in 1917.", "answer": "October Revolution [or Bolshevik Revolution; or Red October; prompt on \"Russian Revolution\"]", "page": "October_Revolution", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbb0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93439, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 209], [210, 395], [396, 416], [417, 584], [585, 715], [716, 792]], "first_sentence": "Early in this event, one of its leaders crossed the city, wearing a handkerchief to feign a toothache and acting drunk to avoid inspections.", "answer_prompt": "or Bolshevik Revolution; or Red October; prompt on \"Russian Revolution\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A linear-time simplification of an algorithm of this type was developed by Emo Welzl for finding the smallest enclosing circle for a set of points on a two-dimensional plane. Although the set-cover problem is NP-complete, by defining indicator variables for each set one can obtain a fast 2-approximation algorithm that utilizes a technique of this type. Leonid Khachiyan was the first to show that this method admits a polynomial-time algorithm by the application of the ellipsoid method. A commonly-used algorithm in this class of methods constructs a polytope of solutions and walks along strictly-decreasing edges until it obtains a solution; that is Dantzig's simplex algorithm. For 10 points, name these techniques which optimize objective functions of the namesame form.", "answer": "linear programming [or LP; or linear optimization; prompt on \"optimization\"]", "page": "Linear_programming", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbb1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93440, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 354], [355, 489], [490, 683], [684, 777]], "first_sentence": "A linear-time simplification of an algorithm of this type was developed by Emo Welzl for finding the smallest enclosing circle for a set of points on a two-dimensional plane.", "answer_prompt": "or LP; or linear optimization; prompt on \"optimization\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A speech given in this location stated that one of the maxims of a learned lawyer is \"the King can do no wrong.\" That speech was given before Judge Bradshaw and attempted to prevent a death warrant with 59 wax seals. John Bellingham's most notable action took place in this location. Lord Grey of Groby helped prevent enemies of the Grandees from entering this place by standing on the steps of its St. Stephen's Chapel alongside Colonel Thomas Pride. Spencer Perceval died while working in this complex, which suffered a massive fire in 1834. A letter sent to Lord Monteagle helped foil a conspiracy led by Robert Catesby to destroy this building complex with explosives on the fifth of November. For 10 points, name this target of the Gunpowder Plot and home to the British legislature.", "answer": "Houses of Parliament [or Palace of Westminster; accept Westminster Hall before \"most notable\"; prompt on \"Westminster\" before \"building\" is read]", "page": "Houses_of_Parliament", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbb2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93441, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 216], [217, 283], [284, 451], [452, 543], [544, 697], [698, 788]], "first_sentence": "A speech given in this location stated that one of the maxims of a learned lawyer is \"the King can do no wrong.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Palace of Westminster; accept Westminster Hall before \"most notable\"; prompt on \"Westminster\" before \"building\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A structure possessed by these animals consists of an os calcaris and a cornu calcaris. In some of these animals, defensin-like proteins are produced in the crural glands, which are largest during the mating period and produce a potent venom. In the epididymises of some of these non-insect animals, their sperm agglomerate into cooperative bundles containing around a hundred sperm to increase swimming speed. The evolutionary divergence of these animals is the subject of the \"Theria hypothesis.\" These animals possess extratarsal spurs, and they are the only land mammals that exhibit electroreception. For 10 points, name this order of egg-laying mammals that includes echidnas and duck-billed platypuses.", "answer": "monotremes [or Monotremata; accept platypuses until \"order\" is read; accept echidnas until \"order\" is read; accept spiny anteaters until \"order\" is read]", "page": "Monotreme", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414842ea23cc9417e9bbb3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93442, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 242], [243, 410], [411, 497], [497, 605], [606, 709]], "first_sentence": "A structure possessed by these animals consists of an os calcaris and a cornu calcaris.", "answer_prompt": "or Monotremata; accept platypuses until \"order\" is read; accept echidnas until \"order\" is read; accept spiny anteaters until \"order\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of a poem by this man describes a rose that \"grows and smells\" \"not of itself\" but of his lover, whose kiss he considers a fine substitute for wine. Another poem by this man mourns a child \"lent to [him]\" for \"seven years\" whom he regards as \"his best piece of poetry,\" and is entitled \"On My First Son.\" At the end of one of this author's plays, a villainous servant is forced to become a galley slave, and the forced retirement of an old gentleman results in property inheritance for Bonario, the son of Corbaccio. This author of \"Song to Celia\" and creator of Mosca also wrote a play in Epicure Mammon is convinced that Jeremy and Subtle have the philosopher's stone. For 10 points, name this British poet and playwright of Volpone and The Alchemist.", "answer": "Ben Jonson", "page": "Ben_Jonson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93443, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 316], [317, 528], [529, 682], [683, 765]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of a poem by this man describes a rose that \"grows and smells\" \"not of itself\" but of his lover, whose kiss he considers a fine substitute for wine.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a shot from this film, the protagonist crawls pleading across a leopard print blanket towards the viewer, from whose position a light shines on his face. A woman in this film has a collection of potatoes wearing costumes displayed on her shelf, and she places an open book on top of her head in another scene after it begins to rain indoors, causing her boyfriend to hide under a table like a child. In an iconic shot from this film, the protagonists lay in a red-and-blue upholstered bed in the middle of a snow-covered beach with the ocean in the background. This film opens with an impulsive trip to Montauk on Valentine's Day. For 10 points, name this collaboration between Charlie Kaufmann and Michel Gondry, starring Kate Winslet and Jim Carrey as a couple who have their memories of each other erased.", "answer": "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", "page": "Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93444, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 402], [403, 563], [564, 633], [634, 811]], "first_sentence": "In a shot from this film, the protagonist crawls pleading across a leopard print blanket towards the viewer, from whose position a light shines on his face.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This text discusses a benevolent personage who treats people as \"dogs of grass,\" sometimes translated \"straw dogs,\" ought to be treated. This text's eleventh section notes that a thirty-spoke wheel is only useful because there's a space in the middle for the axle. This text compares the space between heaven and earth to a bellows and lauds a life-giving \"Great Mother\" or \"Mysterious Female.\" It notes in its second sentence that \"The name that can be named is not the eternal Name.\" The author of this 81-section text claimed that the journey of a thousand li, a mile-like unit, begins with a single step. For 10 points, name this text which espouses actionless wu wei, a book ascribed to Laozi which discourses on the namesake ineffable \"Way\" of a Chinese religion.", "answer": "Dao De Jing [or Tao Te Ching; accept The Laozi or The Lao Tsu until \"Laozi\" is read]", "page": "Dao_De_Jing", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93445, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 264], [265, 393], [393, 485], [486, 608], [609, 769]], "first_sentence": "This text discusses a benevolent personage who treats people as \"dogs of grass,\" sometimes translated \"straw dogs,\" ought to be treated.", "answer_prompt": "or Tao Te Ching; accept The Laozi or The Lao Tsu until \"Laozi\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This civilization's lower classes, the naboria, fished and cultivated small raised gardens called conucos. These people's settlements were built around a central batey plaza in circular houses with pointed roofs. Under rebel leaders such as Hatuey, they resisted a system which forced them to dig for gold. A letter addressed to two monarchs said that \"as few as fifty men\" could subjugate these people. Howard Zinn vows to write from this ethnic group's perspective in the first chapter of A People's History of the United States, which calls them \"naked, tawny, and full of wonder.\" Chiefs called caciques ruled these people, from whose language we get the names Jamaica and Haiti. For 10 points, name these indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, the first to meet Christopher Columbus.", "answer": "Ta\u00c3\u00adnos [or Arawaks; prompt on answers such as \"indigenous Hispaniolans\" or \"indigenous Cubans;\" prompt on \"indigenous Jamaicans\" before \"Jamaica\" is read; do not accept \"Carib\"]", "page": "Arawak", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93446, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 212], [213, 306], [307, 403], [404, 583], [583, 584], [585, 683], [684, 786]], "first_sentence": "This civilization's lower classes, the naboria, fished and cultivated small raised gardens called conucos.", "answer_prompt": "or Arawaks; prompt on answers such as \"indigenous Hispaniolans\" or \"indigenous Cubans;\" prompt on \"indigenous Jamaicans\" before \"Jamaica\" is read; do not accept \"Carib\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This god breaks the wings of some eagles at the behest of Danel, who prays to this god for seven days to allow the birth of Aqhat. This god originally didn't want windows in his palace, which was built by Kothar-wa-Hasis. The messengers Gapn and Ugar serve this god, whose sister sacrifices six sets of seventy animals to him after his death. This god fathers a child on a heifer, and a drought is caused by his death, which occurs at the hands of the death god Mot and is avenged by his sister Anat. This god, whose namesake myth cycle is inscribed on six clay tablets in the Ugaritic language, uses two clubs to kill the sea god Yamm. For 10 points, name this Caananite storm and fertility god whose name means \"master\" in Semitic languages, and whose priests are humiliated by Elijah in the Bible.", "answer": "Baal [or Hadad]", "page": "Baal", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93447, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 221], [222, 236], [237, 342], [343, 500], [501, 636], [637, 800]], "first_sentence": "This god breaks the wings of some eagles at the behest of Danel, who prays to this god for seven days to allow the birth of Aqhat.", "answer_prompt": "or Hadad", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This group was targeted by militias in Operation Flush. This group is seen as an ideological successor to Maitatsine, and it gave rise to the splinter group Ansaru. This group's founder was extrajudicially executed after unrest sparked by a motorbike helmet law. Mainly composed of the Kanuri ethnic group, it was founded by Mohammed Yusuf. In 2011 it carried out a suicide bombing on a UN building. This group is now nominally led by Abubakar Shekau. A state of emergency was declared in Adamawa, Yobe, and Borno to combat this group, whose name means \"Western education is forbidden.\" This group opposes President Goodluck Jonathan, and kidnapped 276 schoolgirls in April 2014. For 10 points, name this Nigerian Islamist terrorist group.", "answer": "Boko Haram [or Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad]", "page": "Boko_Haram", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbb9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93448, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 262], [263, 340], [341, 399], [400, 451], [452, 586], [587, 679], [680, 739]], "first_sentence": "This group was targeted by militias in Operation Flush. This group is seen as an ideological successor to Maitatsine, and it gave rise to the splinter group Ansaru.", "answer_prompt": "or Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author made \"Eureka\" the last word uttered by a character who works with Lemulquinier to discover the philosopher's stone but neglects his wife Josephine in the process. This creator of Balthasar Claes wrote about a criminal who is exposed after an old woman drugs his coffee, revealing him to be the famous \"Trompe-la-Mort.\" This author of The Quest for the Absolute created a woman who gives her dowry to her cousin Charles so he can go to the Indies, as well as a man who discovers a talisman that shrinks each time it grants him a wish. This author also wrote about Delphine and Anastasie, the ungrateful daughters of a retired pasta maker befriended by Eugene de Rastignac. For 10 points, name this French author of Eugenie Grandet, The Wild Ass' Skin, and Le Pere Goriot.", "answer": "Honor\u00c3\u00a9 de Balzac", "page": "Honor\u00e9_de_Balzac", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbba", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93449, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 330], [331, 430], [431, 545], [546, 683], [684, 782]], "first_sentence": "This author made \"Eureka\" the last word uttered by a character who works with Lemulquinier to discover the philosopher's stone but neglects his wife Josephine in the process.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character is distracted by the sale of a belt buckle and later rejects a marriage offer from a chaplain. One son of this character works as an army paymaster and is captured on his way to hide a cash box, and another child of this character is executed for murdering peasants. In scenes that Margarethe Steffin may have co-written, this character hears Yvette singing \"The Fraternization Song\" before her mute daughter beats a drum to warn the town of Halle of an approaching enemy. In the first scene of her namesake play, this character foretells the fate of that daughter, Kattrin, as well as the deaths of Eilif and Swiss Cheese. For 10 points, name this matriarch who hauls a bread cart during the Thirty Years War in Bertolt Brecht's play about her and Her Children.", "answer": "Mother Courage [or Canteen Anna Fierling; or Anna Fierling]", "page": "Mother_Courage", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbbb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93450, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 281], [282, 487], [488, 638], [639, 777]], "first_sentence": "This character is distracted by the sale of a belt buckle and later rejects a marriage offer from a chaplain.", "answer_prompt": "or Canteen Anna Fierling; or Anna Fierling", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An underground aqueduct was built for a city in this region by the engineer Eupalinos. An architect from this area invented the grid plan for city layouts, which was later adapted by many Roman cities. This home region of Hippodamus, which was originally settled by Luwians, lost its autonomy after the Peace of Antalcidas. Rulers from this region included Polycrates, and its namesake league gathered regularly for a festival on Mt. Mycale. The fleet of a military coalition here lost the Battle of Lade, which took place during a rebellion led by Aristagoras of Miletus. That rebellion against Darius the Great also involved this region's Aegean islands of Chios, Samos, and Naxos. For 10 points, name this coastal region of Anatolia whose Hellenic cities rose up against Persia in a 499 BC revolt.", "answer": "Ionia [or Ionian League; accept Ionian Revolt; prompt on \"Anatolia\" or \"Asia Minor\"; generously prompt on \"Aegean Sea\" until \"Luwians\" is read]", "page": "Ionia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbbc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93451, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 201], [202, 323], [324, 441], [442, 572], [573, 683], [684, 800]], "first_sentence": "An underground aqueduct was built for a city in this region by the engineer Eupalinos.", "answer_prompt": "or Ionian League; accept Ionian Revolt; prompt on \"Anatolia\" or \"Asia Minor\"; generously prompt on \"Aegean Sea\" until \"Luwians\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In his most famous book, this philosopher wrote that the \"primary ineluctable facts of birth and death\" hang on every social group which seeks to reproduce itself. This man's ideas and Frederick Taylor's scientific management inspired the \"platoons\" of the Gary Plan. This man disputed Descartes' claim that all experience is subjective, positing instead that the experiencing mind is part of nature. This man led an academic committee which sought to exonerate Leon Trotsky in the 30s, and called his philosophy \"instrumentalism.\" He updated Plato's theories on childhood and Rousseau's Emile while founding the Laboratory School of Chicago, where he stressed socialization and learning by doing. For 10 points, name this American liberal philosopher who wrote Democracy and Education.", "answer": "John Dewey", "page": "John_Dewey", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbbd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93452, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 267], [268, 400], [401, 531], [532, 697], [698, 786]], "first_sentence": "In his most famous book, this philosopher wrote that the \"primary ineluctable facts of birth and death\" hang on every social group which seeks to reproduce itself.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ion is bonded to mevalonate in a late step of the mevalonate pathway, after which that molecule is converted into one consisting of this ion bonded to an isopentenyl group. This ion is covalently bonded to a thiazole, which is bonded to a pyrimidine, in a molecule required as a cofactor for 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and transketolase. This ion is released when DNA polymerase adds a nucleotide to a growing chain. This ion is bonded to thiamine in the most common derivative of vitamin B1. This ion with a 4-minus charge is produced when ATP is hydrolyzed to AMP. For 10 points, name this anion formed from the condensation of two phosphates.", "answer": "pyrophosphate [or P2O74-; or HP2O73-; or PPi; or diphosphate; or dipolyphosphate; or pyrophosphoric acid; or diphosphoric acid; or dipolyphosphoric acid; accept phosphate before \"isopentenyl\" is read]", "page": "Pyrophosphate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbbe", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93453, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 369], [370, 448], [449, 524], [525, 598], [599, 677]], "first_sentence": "This ion is bonded to mevalonate in a late step of the mevalonate pathway, after which that molecule is converted into one consisting of this ion bonded to an isopentenyl group.", "answer_prompt": "or P2O74-; or HP2O73-; or PPi; or diphosphate; or dipolyphosphate; or pyrophosphoric acid; or diphosphoric acid; or dipolyphosphoric acid; accept phosphate before \"isopentenyl\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem about this character says of him, \"easy as the narrow snake he forked his way along,\" and concludes, \"Than sea and continent there is a larger: it is woe.\" He is compared favorably with a character who \"supplants the balm\" from a \"consummate cluster\" in another poem. The speaker observes, \"Now, when I read, I read not,\" in a poem claiming this character \"sets a thing significant.\" The speaker recalls, \"He knew no haste and I had put away my labor and my leisure too\" in another poem about him, in which \"we passed the school, where children strove at recess in the ring.\" That poem about this character concludes with the image of horses' heads pointed toward eternity as they pull a carriage. For 10 points, name this personification for whom Emily Dickinson \"could not stop.\"", "answer": "Death [or Mortality; or the Frost of Death]", "page": "Death", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbbf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93454, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 274], [275, 390], [391, 582], [583, 704], [705, 788]], "first_sentence": "A poem about this character says of him, \"easy as the narrow snake he forked his way along,\" and concludes, \"Than sea and continent there is a larger: it is woe.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Mortality; or the Frost of Death", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A historian of this surname chaired the board of President Bill Clinton's Initiative on Race after spending decades updating his pioneering black history survey, titled From Slavery to Freedom. Another author of this surname adapted a fictional speech by Father Abraham into his The Way to Wealth several years after founding the Leather Apron club, also called the Junto. That man of this surname, who wrote public letters under the persona of the middle-aged woman Silence Dogood, secured a 1777 allegiance with France after news of the victory at Saratoga came to him. For 10 points, give this surname of black historian John Hope as well as the author of the Albany Plan of Union and Poor Richard's Almanack, a Pennsylvanian Founding Father who studied electric charge.", "answer": "Franklin [or John Hope Franklin; or Benjamin Franklin]", "page": "John_Hope_Franklin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93455, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [194, 372], [373, 571], [572, 773]], "first_sentence": "A historian of this surname chaired the board of President Bill Clinton's Initiative on Race after spending decades updating his pioneering black history survey, titled From Slavery to Freedom.", "answer_prompt": "or John Hope Franklin; or Benjamin Franklin", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one of these poems by this author, the speaker tells three ghostly figures \"in placid sandals, and in white robes\" on the third time they pass by that they \"cannot raise / [his] head cool-bedded in the flowery grass.\" Those three figures in that poem of this type are Love, Ambition, and Poesy. In another of these poems by this author, the speaker wishes to \"leave the world unseen,\" realizes that \"Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,\" and wonders if the title creature's music was \"a vision, or a waking dream.\" In another of these poems by this man, the speaker observes an \"Attic shape\" depicting a procession and opines that \"beauty is truth, truth beauty.\" For 10 points, name these poems written by a British Romantic about such subjects as indolence, a nightingale, and a Grecian urn.", "answer": "odes by John Keats [prompt on \"odes\"]", "page": "John_Keats's_1819_odes", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93456, "tokenizations": [[0, 219], [219, 220], [221, 297], [298, 517], [517, 518], [519, 666], [666, 667], [668, 797]], "first_sentence": "In one of these poems by this author, the speaker tells three ghostly figures \"in placid sandals, and in white robes\" on the third time they pass by that they \"cannot raise / [his] head cool-bedded in the flowery grass.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"odes\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man known primarily for this profession, other than painting, painted a yellow-faced alcoholic with a bottle in his glove, influenced by his alcoholism and Hans Fallada's The Drinker. In an inverted-triangle painting, Giacomo Balla depicted the moving hand of a member of this career. The poet-painter Billy Childish also had a career as one. Death, as a skeleton, fills in for this profession in a self-portrait by Arnold B\u00c3\u00b6cklin. Another one of these people floats above some houses while wearing a purple coat in a painting by Marc Chagall, who depicted both \"blue\" and \"green\" types of them. A 1921 painting showing three members of this profession dressed as a friar, Pierrot, and Harlequin was done by Pablo Picasso. For 10 points, name this profession that includes guitarists and violinists.", "answer": "musicians [or singers; or guitarists; or violinists; or fiddlers; accept poets before \"hand,\" if someone tries to argue that Billy Childish is primarily a poet; prompt on \"artists\"]", "page": "Musicians", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93457, "tokenizations": [[0, 185], [186, 286], [287, 344], [345, 433], [434, 597], [598, 724], [725, 801]], "first_sentence": "A man known primarily for this profession, other than painting, painted a yellow-faced alcoholic with a bottle in his glove, influenced by his alcoholism and Hans Fallada's The Drinker.", "answer_prompt": "or singers; or guitarists; or violinists; or fiddlers; accept poets before \"hand,\" if someone tries to argue that Billy Childish is primarily a poet; prompt on \"artists\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Prior to Stan Getz's adoption of the song, this musician played Antonio Carlos Jobim's \"Desafinado\" in a \"musical safari\" program at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1961. One of this man's compositions was first recorded under the title \"Interlude\" by Sarah Vaughan, and he claimed that it was only in exchange for transcribing some of his solos that co-credit for that song was given to Frank Paparelli. He borrowed the chord structure from Paul Whiteman's \"Whispering\" for a track that has been used to title over a dozen of his compilation albums, \"Groovin' High.\" In the Earl Hines band, he developed bebop with Charlie Parker. For 10 points, name this jazz musician behind \"Salt Peanuts\" and \"A Night in Tunisia\" who played with puffed cheeks and a characteristic bent trumpet.", "answer": "\"Dizzy\" Gillespie [or John Birks Gillespie]", "page": "Dizzy_Gillespie", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93458, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 402], [403, 565], [566, 629], [630, 780]], "first_sentence": "Prior to Stan Getz's adoption of the song, this musician played Antonio Carlos Jobim's \"Desafinado\" in a \"musical safari\" program at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1961.", "answer_prompt": "or John Birks Gillespie", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the oxymercuration-demercuration reaction, this phenomenon accelerates the reaction by stabilizing the mercurinium intermediate which is reduced in subsequent steps. This phenomenon is the most widely-accepted explanation for a higher-than-expected prevalence of the alpha epimeric form of glucose in solution which exemplifies the anomeric effect. The \"negative\" type of this effect causes an elongation of the C-F bond in the beta-fluoroethyl anion. This interaction is the reason why the addition of alkyl substituents to carbocations [carbo-\"cat\" \"ions\"] is accompanied by an increase in stability. For 10 points, name this effect which usually involves the delocalization of bonding carbon-hydrogen sigma-electrons to neighboring nonbonding p-orbitals.", "answer": "hyperconjugation", "page": "Hyperconjugation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93459, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 351], [352, 454], [455, 605], [606, 760]], "first_sentence": "In the oxymercuration-demercuration reaction, this phenomenon accelerates the reaction by stabilizing the mercurinium intermediate which is reduced in subsequent steps.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An initially low value for this quantity can cause a J-curve effect when a currency depreciates. Balance of trade improves with currency depreciation if the sum of this value for imports and exports is greater than one, according to the Marshall-Lerner condition. According to Ramsey's formula, an excise tax should be inversely proportional to this quantity in order to reduce deadweight loss. Its reciprocal is equal to the Lerner Index, which measures market power for monopolies. Marginal revenue is equal to \"price times one plus the reciprocal of this quantity\". This quantity is only positive for Veblen and Giffen goods, and when it equals zero, buyers will pay any amount for a good. For 10 points, name this quantity which measures change in demand with respect to change in price.", "answer": "price elasticity of demand [or PED; prompt on \"elasticity\"]", "page": "Price_elasticity_of_demand", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93460, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 263], [264, 394], [395, 483], [484, 568], [569, 692], [693, 791]], "first_sentence": "An initially low value for this quantity can cause a J-curve effect when a currency depreciates.", "answer_prompt": "or PED; prompt on \"elasticity\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Medieval stories from this faith were collected in The Forest of Thieves and the Magic Garden by Yale scholar Phyllis Granoff. According to this non-Abrahamic faith, the distant past included \"wishing trees,\" which fulfilled needs when asked. Adherents of this faith believe that as a person behaves badly, particles accumulate on their soul, unless they become a kevalin. A minority sect of this religion believes that a great famine broke the transmission of all authentic Agama scriptures, and that Mallinath was a man, like all twenty-three of the other figures it reveres as \"ford-builders,\" or tirthankaras. For 10 points, name this faith divided into Svetambara and Digambara sects, a monastic Indian religion founded by Mahavira whose five vows include ahimsa, or non-violence.", "answer": "Jainism [or Jain Dharma; accept Svetambara Jainism until \"minority\" is read; accept Digambara Jainism until \"divided\" is read]", "page": "Jainism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93461, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 242], [243, 372], [373, 613], [614, 785]], "first_sentence": "Medieval stories from this faith were collected in The Forest of Thieves and the Magic Garden by Yale scholar Phyllis Granoff.", "answer_prompt": "or Jain Dharma; accept Svetambara Jainism until \"minority\" is read; accept Digambara Jainism until \"divided\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one play by this author, Risa purposely scars her legs to deflect attention from men, and Memphis Lee tries to negotiate a fair price for a restaurant that is about to be demolished. In another play by this man, a series of mysterious deaths are blamed on the \"Ghosts of the Yellow Dog,\" and a more visible ghost wrestles with a man until they both hear music and the sound of a train whistle. A third play by this author of Two Trains Running ends with Gabriel sounding a trumpet to open the gates of Heaven for an adulterous ex-baseball player. That character, Troy Maxson, becomes the first black garbage truck driver in this author's common setting of the Hill district. For 10 points, name this playwright whose ten-play Pittsburgh Cycle includes The Piano Lesson and Fences.", "answer": "August Wilson", "page": "August_Wilson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93462, "tokenizations": [[0, 185], [186, 396], [397, 549], [550, 677], [678, 713], [714, 783]], "first_sentence": "In one play by this author, Risa purposely scars her legs to deflect attention from men, and Memphis Lee tries to negotiate a fair price for a restaurant that is about to be demolished.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Ernest Bloch's Suite Hebraique is for this solo instrument and orchestra, and Max Bruch wrote a double concerto for clarinet and this instrument. A rhapsody for this instrument and orchestra was written by Tibor Serly, who assembled the unfinished sketches of his teacher, Bela Bartok, into one of the most famous concertos for this instrument. Many compositions featuring it were commissioned by Lionel Tertis. Paul Hindemith's Der Schwanendreher is a concerto for this instrument. Another composition featuring it concludes with an \"Orgy of Brigands.\" The acquisition of one of these instruments led Paganini to request from Berlioz what became Harold in Italy. For 10 points, name this string instrument that plays in the alto clef, and whose size is between that of the cello and violin.", "answer": "viola", "page": "Viola", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414845ea23cc9417e9bbc9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93464, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 344], [345, 411], [412, 482], [483, 552], [552, 663], [664, 791]], "first_sentence": "Ernest Bloch's Suite Hebraique is for this solo instrument and orchestra, and Max Bruch wrote a double concerto for clarinet and this instrument.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Pius II wrote how one commander in this conflict ordered women to spread their veils on the ground so that they would catch the enemies' spurs. The banner of one faction in this war featured a red chalice over black, while another group in this war called themselves \"Orphans\" after their general's death. Polish troops in this war were led by the nephew of Jagiello, Sigismund Korybut. Raids called \"beautiful rides\" were conducted by Prokop the Great in this conflict, which ended at the Battle of Lipany where the Utraquists defeated the Taborites. At this war's Battle of Vitkov Hill, Jan Zizka used circles of wagons to defend Prague against Emperor Sigismund. For 10 points, name this conflict named for the followers of a Czech reformer who was executed at the Council of Constance.", "answer": "Hussite Wars [or anti-Hussite Crusades; prompt on \"Bohemian Wars\"]", "page": "Hussite_Wars", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbca", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93465, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 305], [306, 386], [387, 551], [552, 665], [666, 789]], "first_sentence": "Pius II wrote how one commander in this conflict ordered women to spread their veils on the ground so that they would catch the enemies' spurs.", "answer_prompt": "or anti-Hussite Crusades; prompt on \"Bohemian Wars\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The cycle rank, or loop complexity, of a directed graph is related to a quantity for these things according to a theorem devised by Eggan. These things can be converted to an NFA by constructing partial NFAs and putting them together with an epsilon transition, as is done by Thompson's construction algorithm. Like a namesake type of language, these things were developed and formalized by Stephen Kleene, who defined concatenation, union, and his namesake star for them. A backreference in these things can be created using parentheses. The asterisk quantifier is used to match the previous group or character zero or more times in Perl's system for them. For 10 points, identify these notations used for pattern matching that describe a set of strings, so-called \"expressions\".", "answer": "regular expressions [or regexp; or regular sets; or rational expressions; or regular languages; accept just regular after \"expressions\" is read; prompt on \"patterns\"]", "page": "Regular_expressions", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbcb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93466, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 310], [311, 472], [473, 538], [539, 657], [658, 780]], "first_sentence": "The cycle rank, or loop complexity, of a directed graph is related to a quantity for these things according to a theorem devised by Eggan.", "answer_prompt": "or regexp; or regular sets; or rational expressions; or regular languages; accept just regular after \"expressions\" is read; prompt on \"patterns\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Some residents of this country celebrate the new year with a day of silence called Nyepi. Following a similar venture in Brazil, Norway offered this nation up to 1 billion dollars to reduce its rate of deforestation, which is the largest in the world despite a 2011 moratorium, and is largely caused by the massive expansion of this country's non-native palm oil industry. Raja Ampat is one of this country's marine biodiversity hotspots formed from extensive coral reefs, and it is home to the pilgrimage sites of Prambanan and Borobudur. This nation's region of Kalimantan is a natural habitat of the orangutan. Sulawesi is part of this nation, which is home to the world's largest Muslim population. For 10 points, name this archipelagic nation with capital at Jakarta on the island of Java.", "answer": "Indonesia", "page": "Indonesia", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbcc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93467, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 372], [373, 539], [540, 613], [614, 702], [703, 794]], "first_sentence": "Some residents of this country celebrate the new year with a day of silence called Nyepi.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Nico van Kampen showed that a linearized set of equations describing these substances exhibits a continuous spectrum of normal modes. These materials can be compressed by the \"Z\" or \"theta\" versions of the Bennett pinch, and when mobility in these substances is low, a characteristic distance measure is proportional to the square root of the electron temperature divided by the electron density. Stellarators provide alternatives to devices that use both toroidal and poloidal magnetic field lines in order to confine these substances into torus shapes. These substances, carry very fast oscillations called Langmuir waves, are used in tokamaks, and form atmospheric phenomena like St. Elmo's Fire. For 10 points, name these substances made of ions and electrons, the fourth phase of matter.", "answer": "plasmas", "page": "Plasma_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbcd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93468, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 396], [397, 554], [555, 699], [700, 792]], "first_sentence": "Nico van Kampen showed that a linearized set of equations describing these substances exhibits a continuous spectrum of normal modes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This empire's eighteen principal ministers included the sannidhatri treasurer and samahartri tax collector, who dealt in a silver coin called the pana. One ruler of this empire declared that \"All men are my children\" in a message decoded by James Prinsep. During this empire's tenure, the four Barabar caves were cut out of rock and were likely inhabited by the then-active Ajivika sect. After its last leader was assassinated near Taxila, the Shunga empire succeeded this one, which was visited by the Greek ethnographer Megasthenes. After conquering Kalinga, this empire's most powerful ruler issued the Rock Edicts and became a pacifist. For 10 points, name this ancient empire which defeated Seleucus Nicator, which was founded by Chandragupta and led by the Buddhist convert Ashoka.", "answer": "Mauryan empire [or Mauryan dynasty]", "page": "Maurya_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbce", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93469, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 255], [256, 387], [388, 534], [535, 640], [641, 787]], "first_sentence": "This empire's eighteen principal ministers included the sannidhatri treasurer and samahartri tax collector, who dealt in a silver coin called the pana.", "answer_prompt": "or Mauryan dynasty", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a collection of stories by this man, an elderly Englishman destroys a Spanish magazine, drawing the ire of a Lebanese businessman, and the \"compound wife\" Linda and the homosexual administrator Bobby embark on a road trip across an African country. This author wrote a novel in which the schoolteacher Father Huisams is brutally murdered and the foreigner Yvette has an affair with Salim, who worries about a dictator called the Big Man. In another novel by this man, the title character develops permanent stomach problems after eating seven overripe bananas at one of his many jobs, none of which earn him enough money to keep his own dwelling. For 10 points, name this author of In A Free State, A Bend in the River, and A House for Mr. Biswas, a Trinidadian.", "answer": "Vidiadhar Surajprasad [V.S.] Naipaul", "page": "V._S._Naipaul", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbcf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93470, "tokenizations": [[0, 251], [252, 440], [441, 649], [650, 765]], "first_sentence": "In a collection of stories by this man, an elderly Englishman destroys a Spanish magazine, drawing the ire of a Lebanese businessman, and the \"compound wife\" Linda and the homosexual administrator Bobby embark on a road trip across an African country.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A print by Frederic Sandys parodies one of this man's paintings by showing him with two fellow artists on a donkey, in place of two children ferried across a ford by the golden-armored Sir Isumbras. In another of his works, two girls play with toy animals as their father holds a newspaper announcing the end of the Crimean War. This artist of Peace Concluded represented the Holy Spirit as a dove sitting on a ladder in the background of a canvas in which the central boy kisses his mother and holds up a bleeding hand in a carpenter's shop. This artist had Elizabeth Siddal lie in a cold bathtub in order to paint a girl singing while floating down the river before she drowns. For 10 points, name this Pre-Raphaelite painter of Christ in the House of His Parents and Ophelia.", "answer": "John Everett Millais", "page": "John_Everett_Millais", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93471, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 328], [329, 542], [543, 679], [680, 778]], "first_sentence": "A print by Frederic Sandys parodies one of this man's paintings by showing him with two fellow artists on a donkey, in place of two children ferried across a ford by the golden-armored Sir Isumbras.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A recently opened urban park in this city contains objects like a Thai boxing ring and a sign for Pennsylvania's Deangelis donuts. That park in this city is divided into a red square, a black market, and a green park, and is named Superkilen. After WWII, this city's metropolitan area was expanded via the \"Finger Plan,\" which spread its \"S-Train\" system and developed the Medicon Valley. This city is home to a rococo building called the \"Marble Church\" as well as the Tivoli Gardens and the historic district of Indre By. This city in the Oresund Region forms a metropolitan area with Malm\u00c3\u00b6. Located mainly on the island of Zealand, this city's harbor houses Edvard Eriksen's bronze statue of the Little Mermaid. For 10 points, name this capital of Denmark.", "answer": "Copenhagen [or Kobenhavn]", "page": "Copenhagen", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93472, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 242], [243, 388], [389, 523], [524, 593], [594, 714], [715, 759]], "first_sentence": "A recently opened urban park in this city contains objects like a Thai boxing ring and a sign for Pennsylvania's Deangelis donuts.", "answer_prompt": "or Kobenhavn", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This play's protagonist ironically claims to hold a woman \"as dear / As Agamemnon did his Iphigen,\" and later promises to curse her to death \"like Cain by Adam.\" In this play, when a man is asked what brought him to the play's setting, he replies \"The wind that bloweth all the world besides, / Desire of gold.\" This play's protagonist tricks Mathias and Lodowick into killing each other. This play is introduced by a character who \"[counts] religion but a childish toy,\" Machiavel, and features Ferneze seizing property to pay off the Turkish prince Calymath. This play ends after a trapdoor drops the father of the repentant Abigail into a boiling cauldron. For 10 points, name this play about Barabas, a merchant on the title Mediterranean island, by Christopher Marlowe.", "answer": "The Jew of Malta", "page": "The_Jew_of_Malta", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93473, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 160], [160, 310], [310, 311], [312, 388], [389, 560], [561, 659], [660, 774]], "first_sentence": "This play's protagonist ironically claims to hold a woman \"as dear /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2005 book by John Soluri linked this good's Cultures to environmental damage. This is the first title good of a book on feminist geopolitics that Cynthia Enloe also named for beaches and military bases. Minor Keith and Samuel Zemurray got wealthy mainly from producing this good for a company which launched a non-federal Great White Fleet. In the 1950s, Panama disease wiped out much of this good, which has been sold using Carmen Miranda's image. Protesting producers of them were massacred in Ci\u00c3\u00a9naga, Colombia, by a company known as \"The Octopus.\" The dominant strain of this cultivar was raised by and named for Lord Cavendish. For 10 points, name this main product of United Fruit Company's Latin American holdings, which names a type of corrupt, unstable \"republic\".", "answer": "bananas [accept Banana Cultures; accept Bananas, Beaches, and Bases]", "page": "Banana", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93474, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 204], [205, 342], [343, 450], [451, 553], [554, 634], [635, 775]], "first_sentence": "A 2005 book by John Soluri linked this good's Cultures to environmental damage.", "answer_prompt": "accept Banana Cultures; accept Bananas, Beaches, and Bases", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ballet's final act sometimes includes an orchestration of the composer's piano piece \"Un poco di Chopin.\" This ballet's antagonist was reimagined as a \"Private Secretary\" in a modern adaptation featuring non-classical dancing in a scene set at the Swank Bar, and which was produced by Matthew Bourne. Performances of this ballet are usually based on Riccardo Drigo's revision of the score, which he prepared for an 1895 revival choreographed by Lev Ivanov and Marius Petipa. Since that revival of this ballet, the female protagonist and female antagonist have traditionally been danced by the same ballerina. At a ball in this ballet, the prince tragically pledges his love to the disguised daughter of the sorcerer Von Rothbart. For 10 points, name this Tchaikovsky ballet about Odette, who is transformed into the title bird.", "answer": "Swan Lake [or Lebedinoye ozero]", "page": "Swan_Lake", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93475, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [109, 110], [111, 305], [306, 479], [480, 613], [614, 734], [735, 832]], "first_sentence": "This ballet's final act sometimes includes an orchestration of the composer's piano piece \"Un poco di Chopin.", "answer_prompt": "or Lebedinoye ozero", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the three-component Biginelli reaction, ethyl acetoacetate reacts with aryl aldehydes and urea to form compounds of pharmaceutical interest containing two of this functional group. In another reaction, primary examples of these compounds are reacted with bromine and then with base to form isocyanates. Substituted derivatives of these compounds are first reacted with phosphorus oxychloride and then with an electron-rich arene to form iminium ions in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. DMF is an example of one of these compounds. They can also be formed by the hydrolysis of nitriles, although they are more commonly formed by the reaction of amines with acyl chlorides. For 10 points, name these compounds which consist of a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen.", "answer": "amides [do not accept or prompt on \"amines\"]", "page": "Amide", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93476, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 305], [306, 485], [486, 530], [531, 671], [672, 763]], "first_sentence": "In the three-component Biginelli reaction, ethyl acetoacetate reacts with aryl aldehydes and urea to form compounds of pharmaceutical interest containing two of this functional group.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept or prompt on \"amines\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man oversaw the International Basic Economy Corporation, which built model farms in Venezuela to teach capitalism. This man sighed \"that's life\" on the phone to the President after refusing to fire Vincent Mancusi for his abusive behavior as a warden. This man secretly financed a critical biography of opponent Arthur Goldberg during a contested race. This man signed a namesake law mandating at least 15 years' jail time for selling over two ounces of narcotics in his state. He sent helicopters to drop tear gas and National Guardsmen on the ground to suppress the Attica prison revolt in 1971. For 10 points, identify this namesake of a type of liberal Northern Republican, VP under Gerald Ford, and governor of New York in the early 70s, whose grandfather was a Standard Oil magnate.", "answer": "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller", "page": "Nelson_Aldrich_Rockefeller", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93477, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 256], [257, 357], [358, 482], [483, 602], [603, 793]], "first_sentence": "This man oversaw the International Basic Economy Corporation, which built model farms in Venezuela to teach capitalism.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A story by this author ends with the archaeologist Morand licking blood off a stone hatchet which he used to kill a colleague. A character created by this author annotates the Dylan Thomas poem \"The Mask\" and dies after declaring that he wants to give up jazz and move to Mexico. This author of \"The Idol of the Cyclades\" included the saxophonist Johnny in his story \"The Pursuer,\" and also created the photographer Roberto Michel, who unwittingly captures a crime on camera. 99 \"expendable chapters\" appear in a novel by this author, in which a search through Paris for La Maga is undertaken by Horacio Oliveira, and a \"Table of Instructions\" encourages reading in many non-linear orders. For 10 points, name this Argentine author of \"Blow Up\" and Hopscotch.", "answer": "Julio Cort\u00c3\u00a1zar", "page": "Julio_Cort\u00e1zar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93478, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 279], [280, 475], [476, 689], [690, 759]], "first_sentence": "A story by this author ends with the archaeologist Morand licking blood off a stone hatchet which he used to kill a colleague.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The finale of Anton Bruckner's Fifth Symphony combines sonata form with this musical form, beginning when the strings pick up a theme introduced by a clarinet. \"Accende lumen sensibus\" introduces one of these marking the climax of the first part of Mahler's Eighth Symphony. Mozart combined all five of his previously used themes into a partial one of these pieces concluding the \"Jupiter\" Symphony. Beethoven's Opus 133 is a piece of this type originally intended as the concluding movement of his B-flat major String Quartet No. 13. In a posthumously published collection, an unfinished piece of this type follows four canons and thirteen others identified as \"Contrapuncti.\" For 10 points, name this type of composition with two or more voices, the Art of which titles a late masterpiece by Bach.", "answer": "fugues [or fugato; or fugal compositions]", "page": "Fugue", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93479, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [161, 274], [275, 399], [400, 534], [535, 677], [678, 799]], "first_sentence": "The finale of Anton Bruckner's Fifth Symphony combines sonata form with this musical form, beginning when the strings pick up a theme introduced by a clarinet. \"", "answer_prompt": "or fugato; or fugal compositions", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This myth system includes an \"Isle of Flames\" located in the \"Sea of the Two Knives.\" The underworld of this myth system contains a serpent with four bearded human heads on its back, known as the \"devourer of spirits.\" In some tales, its first god created a child from his spit and another from his vomit, after creating himself on a primeval hill that rose from the cosmic ocean. In this system, the gods ruled on earth as kings during the \"First Time,\" and five deities were born on five intercalary days that were won in a gamble with the moon. Each night, a god in this system takes the form Afu to travel through twelve provinces of the underworld, Duat, after a daily ride through the sky on a barque and a battle with the serpent Apep. For 10 points, name this myth system which includes the gods Atum, Thoth, and Ra.", "answer": "Egyptian mythology [or Heliopolis; or Hermopolis; or Ennead; or Ogdoad]", "page": "Egyptian_mythology", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbd9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93480, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 217], [217, 380], [381, 547], [548, 742], [743, 824]], "first_sentence": "This myth system includes an \"Isle of Flames\" located in the \"Sea of the Two Knives.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Heliopolis; or Hermopolis; or Ennead; or Ogdoad", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "To prevent a coup against a ruler of this region, Esperanza de Sar\u00c3\u00a1chaga attacked the conspirators with an umbrella. This region's first constitution was introduced by the Count of Montgelas, and the last king of this area released his subjects from their oath of loyalty in the Anif Declaration. At the end of a war for control of this area, one side won control of the Innviertel through the Treaty of Teschen. The Treaty of Ilbersheim took this region out of the War of the Spanish Succession following the Battle of Blenheim. One patron of Wagner was a king of this region who ordered the building of Neuschwanstein, an inspiration for Sleeping Beauty Castle. For 10 points, name this German region once ruled by the Wittelsbachs, including the Mad King Ludwig, from their capital at Munich.", "answer": "Bavaria [or Bayern; accept Electorate of Bavaria or Kingdom of Bavaria]", "page": "Bavaria", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbda", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93481, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 296], [297, 412], [413, 529], [530, 663], [664, 795]], "first_sentence": "To prevent a coup against a ruler of this region, Esperanza de Sar\u00e1chaga attacked the conspirators with an umbrella.", "answer_prompt": "or Bayern; accept Electorate of Bavaria or Kingdom of Bavaria", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Hill of Vaws was a legendary meeting place for these people, who are celebrated in Spanish winter parades called cabalgatas. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the Great Blessing of Water is said on a feast remembering them. St. Eustorgius moved their relics to Milan, though Frederick Barbarossa had them moved again. In Germany, their initials are marked above doors in chalk by boys called Sternsinger, and their bones are allegedly in a gilded shrine in Cologne Cathedral. Legendarily, St. Thomas blessed them while en route to India. In the Gospel of Matthew, their words lead to the Massacre of the Innocents perpetrated by Herod. The names Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior are often given to, for 10 points, what men celebrated on Epiphany, who bring gifts to baby Jesus after following a star?", "answer": "Magi [or Three Wise Men; or Three Kings]", "page": "Magi", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbdb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93482, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 215], [216, 309], [310, 467], [468, 529], [530, 627], [628, 791]], "first_sentence": "The Hill of Vaws was a legendary meeting place for these people, who are celebrated in Spanish winter parades called cabalgatas.", "answer_prompt": "or Three Wise Men; or Three Kings", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character frequently complains about the sudden lack of enjoyment he gets out of smoking his Maria Mancini cigars. This character suffers a nosebleed and lies on a bench before remembering an older classmate with \"Kirghiz eyes\" who loaned him a pencil. This character falls in love with a woman with eyes like that classmate's who nonetheless irritates him by slamming the door at every mealtime. While lost in a snowstorm, this man dreams of a tropical paradise. This character eventually seduces Clavdia Chauchat during Walpurgisnacht, and he frequently converses with the humanist Settembrini. For 10 points, name this engineer whose three week visit to his cousin Joachim at Berghof Sanatorium ends up lasting seven years in Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain.", "answer": "Hans Castorp [or Hans Castorp]", "page": "Hans_Castorp", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbdc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93483, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 257], [258, 401], [402, 468], [469, 601], [602, 767]], "first_sentence": "This character frequently complains about the sudden lack of enjoyment he gets out of smoking his Maria Mancini cigars.", "answer_prompt": "or Hans Castorp", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Dirac derived the relativistic formula for a force named for this man and an alphabetically-earlier physicist using the Lienard-Wiechert potentials in place of the Larmor formula; that force is proportional to the charge squared times the jerk. With a Danish mathematician, this man names an equation relating refractive index to polarizability and inverse density, a special case of the Clausius-Mossotti relation. The classical recoil on an accelerating particle from its own radiation, often called the self-force, is named for this man and Abraham. This man names the set of all rotations and boosts in Minkowski spacetime, as well as a quantity symbolized gamma that is used to calculate the amount of time dilation. For 10 points, name this Dutch namesake of a set of transformations and factors central to special relativity.", "answer": "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz [accept Abraham-Lorentz force]", "page": "Hendrik_Lorentz", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbdd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93484, "tokenizations": [[0, 244], [245, 415], [416, 552], [553, 638], [639, 721], [722, 832]], "first_sentence": "Dirac derived the relativistic formula for a force named for this man and an alphabetically-earlier physicist using the Lienard-Wiechert potentials in place of the Larmor formula; that force is proportional to the charge squared times the jerk.", "answer_prompt": "accept Abraham-Lorentz force", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An enzyme active in this process is coded by the TARS gene. A mutation in a gene for a molecule active in this process is the usual cause of MELAS syndrome. RRF performs its function at the end of this process. A complex central to this process exhibits relative rotation of its two subunits referred to as \"ratcheting.\" The initiation of this process can be cap-dependent or cap-independent. In prokaryotes, steps in this process are catalyzed by EF-P and EF-Tu. In this process facilitated by elongation factors, a molecule with a cloverleaf structure binds to its target codon at the A site of the ribosome. For 10 points, name this process in which tRNA synthesizes polypeptides via its interaction with the mRNA produced by transcription.", "answer": "translation [or protein synthesis]", "page": "Translation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbde", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93485, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 210], [211, 319], [319, 392], [393, 463], [464, 610], [611, 743]], "first_sentence": "An enzyme active in this process is coded by the TARS gene. A mutation in a gene for a molecule active in this process is the usual cause of MELAS syndrome.", "answer_prompt": "or protein synthesis", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Heckman extended a model that this economist proposed for deriving a linear relationship between an observed independent variable and an unobserved dependent variable; that censored regression model is derived from the probit model. This Nobel laureate created a transactions model that relates \"the square root of spending over interest rate\" to the demand for money; that model is co-named for Baumol. This man theorized that a firm's market value divided by its replacement cost gives a ratio indicating whether the firm should be invested in. This developer of the \"Q\" ratio argued that floating exchange rates are not sufficient for preventing harmful currency speculation. For 10 points, name this Yale economist and 1981 Nobel laureate, who proposed a namesake tax on currency exchanges.", "answer": "James Tobin", "page": "James_Tobin", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbdf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93486, "tokenizations": [[0, 232], [233, 403], [404, 546], [547, 678], [679, 794]], "first_sentence": "Heckman extended a model that this economist proposed for deriving a linear relationship between an observed independent variable and an unobserved dependent variable; that censored regression model is derived from the probit model.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After stopping a woman with this name on Blackheath, Wat Tyler supposedly kissed her hand and attached an escort to her company. This was the name of the mother of Richard II, who was called the \"Fair Maid of Kent\" and married Edward the Black Prince. While Adam of Usk referred to her as Agnes, a mythical woman with this name was named by Jean de Mailly as the female successor of Pope Leo IV. John II of Alen\u00c3\u00a7on was a comrade of another person with this name, who lived during the reign of Charles VII and joined the Loire Campaign after having visions of St. Michael and St. Catherine. That woman helped lift a siege at Orl\u00c3\u00a9ans before being burned at the stake. For 10 points, give this name held by a 19-year-old French girl who fought during the Hundred Years' War.", "answer": "Joan [or Jeanne d'Arc; or or Joan of Kent; or Pope Joan; or Joan of Arc]", "page": "J\u014dan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93487, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 251], [252, 395], [396, 589], [590, 665], [666, 771]], "first_sentence": "After stopping a woman with this name on Blackheath, Wat Tyler supposedly kissed her hand and attached an escort to her company.", "answer_prompt": "or Jeanne d'Arc; or or Joan of Kent; or Pope Joan; or Joan of Arc", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A useful application of algorithms that solve this problem is in finding which sport teams in a league are still in the running to make the playoffs. In the solution to that baseball elimination problem, a maximum cardinality bipartite matching is conducted between teams and games. One algorithm solves it by building a layered graph at each iteration using breadth-first search on a residual graph; that approach was developed by Dinic. Another method used to solve this problem only works for integer edge weights; in that algorithm, augmenting paths are constructed until no paths exist from source to sink with residual capacity. That method was developed by Ford and Fulkerson. For 10 points, name this problem equivalent to finding the min cut, which involves calculating the maximum capacity of a network.", "answer": "maximum-flow problem [prompt on \"min cut\" before mention]", "page": "Maximum-flow_problem", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93488, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 282], [283, 438], [439, 634], [635, 683], [684, 813]], "first_sentence": "A useful application of algorithms that solve this problem is in finding which sport teams in a league are still in the running to make the playoffs.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"min cut\" before mention", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, the protagonist's life is saved when Magdalena warns him that her husband, Buck Scales, has killed four previous travelers. The title character of this novel convinces a widow to reveal her true age so that she will not be denied her inheritance. In this novel, the owner of a wooden parrot relates a story in which a friar kills a boy with a goblet for spilling some gravy, which results in that friar being thrown off a plateau. That storyteller, Father Jesus de Baca, also tells a story about a portrait of St. Joseph that can produce rain. Near the end of this work, the title character's body is placed in front of the altar of the cathedral he built. For 10 points, name this novel about Father Jean Marie Latour's attempts to revive Catholicism in New Mexico, written by Willa Cather.", "answer": "Death Comes for the Archbishop", "page": "Death_Comes_for_the_Archbishop", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93489, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 261], [262, 445], [446, 558], [559, 671], [672, 806]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, the protagonist's life is saved when Magdalena warns him that her husband, Buck Scales, has killed four previous travelers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An ethicist at this university described a man who'd save a stranger from a fire over his own wife as having \"one thought too many\" in \"Persons, Character, and Morality.\" An Antidote Against Atheism was written by Henry More here. Prior to UC-Berkeley, the author of Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy and \"Moral Luck,\" Bernard Williams, taught at this university, which names a group that melded Christian theology with Platonism. Its university press publishes Texts in the History of Philosophy in green paperback covers. Frank Ramsey invited Ludwig Wittgenstein to teach at this university as analytic philosophy was first developed at it by G.E. Moore and Bertrand Russell. For 10 points, name this British university which resisted the \"ordinary language\" philosophy of its older rival, Oxford.", "answer": "Cambridge University [generously accept either underlined part of University of California - Berkeley before \"Antidote\" is read, even though Williams started there 7 years after he wrote the essay in the 1st sentence; accept Cambridge Platonists after \"Antidote\" is read]", "page": "Cambridge_University", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93490, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 230], [231, 432], [433, 525], [526, 679], [680, 801]], "first_sentence": "An ethicist at this university described a man who'd save a stranger from a fire over his own wife as having \"one thought too many\" in \"Persons, Character, and Morality.\"", "answer_prompt": "generously accept either underlined part of University of California - Berkeley before \"Antidote\" is read, even though Williams started there 7 years after he wrote the essay in the 1st sentence; accept Cambridge Platonists after \"Antidote\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a literary appearance, this character sees Harry Kendall Thaw's penis in jail. In another work, a title character falls asleep on a bench at this man's grave in Machpelah Cemetery, and studies under Bernard Kornblum in an effort to imitate this man. This man is congratulated by Franz Ferdinand for inventing the airplane years after his car breaks down New Rochelle, forcing him to visit the central family of E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime. This man's exploits inspire the title characters of The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Klay. In real life, this man alienated Arthur Conan Doyle by debunking spiritualists. This Budapest native, born Erik Weisz, died after being punched in the stomach. For 10 points, name this inventor of the Chinese Water Torture Cell, a popular magician and escape artist.", "answer": "Harry Houdini [accept Erik Weisz before mentioned]", "page": "Harry_Houdini", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93491, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 252], [253, 439], [440, 536], [537, 616], [617, 696], [697, 803]], "first_sentence": "In a literary appearance, this character sees Harry Kendall Thaw's penis in jail.", "answer_prompt": "accept Erik Weisz before mentioned", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One essay claims that, like the Mona Lisa, more people consider this work \"a work of art because they have found it interesting, than interesting because it is a work of art.\" J.M. Robertson and Minnesota professor Elmer Stoll studied it as a \"stratification\" with a series of authors. An essay on this literary work claims it doesn't contain any \"chain[s] of events\" or physical things representing \"particular emotion[s].\" Thomas Kyd may have written a proposed \"Ur-\" version of this play, which is an \"artistic failure\" because it lacks an \"objective correlative\" according to a T.S. Eliot essay on the title character \"and His Problems.\" This plays' backstory includes poison in a king's ear. For 10 points, name this tragedy in which poisoned wine kills Queen Gertrude after a ghost talks to her princely Danish son.", "answer": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark", "page": "Hamlet", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93492, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 285], [286, 424], [425, 640], [640, 696], [697, 821]], "first_sentence": "One essay claims that, like the Mona Lisa, more people consider this work \"a work of art because they have found it interesting, than interesting because it is a work of art.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this work, one character meets his ancestors in a dream sequence after following a sea-swift flying across the water; that character in this work also tries to find treasure by diving into a shipwreck to please a woman who often wears a yellow dress. A taxi van with leopard-print seats is driven about in this poem. The canoe In God we Troust is owned by a rival of the pig farmer Major Plunkett in this poem, whose encounter with Afolabe teaches him about his African roots. The blind man Seven Seas is a character in this poem, in which Helen is competed over by Hector and the fisherman Achille. For 10 points, name this epic poem which transplants many Homeric characters and concepts to the Caribbean island of St. Lucia, by Derek Walcott.", "answer": "Omeros", "page": "Omeros", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93493, "tokenizations": [[0, 253], [254, 319], [320, 329], [330, 479], [480, 602], [603, 748]], "first_sentence": "In this work, one character meets his ancestors in a dream sequence after following a sea-swift flying across the water; that character in this work also tries to find treasure by diving into a shipwreck to please a woman who often wears a yellow dress.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Langston's ant and turmites are two-dimensional analogues of these constructs. Recursively enumerable languages are equivalent to the class of languages recognized by these constructs. The universal variant of these constructs can simulate every possible one of these constructs. Attaching one of these to an \"oracle\" can make it stronger, and a busy beaver is a specific variant of these constructs that executes the maximum number of steps. Lambda calculus is equivalent in power to these constructs according to a hypothesis named after Alonzo Church and these devices' namesake. For 10 points, name these theoretical devices with a head that can read, write, and move upon an infinite length of tape.", "answer": "Turing machines", "page": "Turing_machine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93494, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 184], [185, 279], [280, 442], [443, 582], [583, 704]], "first_sentence": "Langston's ant and turmites are two-dimensional analogues of these constructs.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Recordings have gone missing of this man's address in which he advocated \"forgetting the past, burying the hatchet\" and a state policy of religious tolerance, his 11 August Speech. The Khaksars failed multiple times to assassinate this man, whose support for war led him to call for a \"Day of Deliverance\" as his political rivals folded at the onset of World War II. Like Woodrow Wilson, this leader issued a set of Fourteen Points, though his demanded future protections for his religious minority. This man arranged the Lucknow Pact while preceding Muhammad Iqbal as leader of the Muslim League. For 10 points, name this man whose support of the two-state idea and the Lahore Resolution led to a break with Jawaharlal Nehru, the founding father and first leader of modern Pakistan.", "answer": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "page": "Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbe8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93495, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 366], [367, 499], [500, 597], [598, 783]], "first_sentence": "Recordings have gone missing of this man's address in which he advocated \"forgetting the past, burying the hatchet\" and a state policy of religious tolerance, his 11 August Speech.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A medieval English one of these paintings shows the Virgin Mary on the right, flanked by a group of angels in blue; that one from the reign of Richard II is named for Wilton House. One of these works by Andy Warhol juxtaposes coloured and black-and-white versions of his Marilyn Monroes. Lucas Cranach the Elder painted several works of this type in which Adam scratches his head on the left. A depiction in profile of Federico da Montefeltro, the leader of Urbino, was made as part of one by Piero della Francesca. Another one, in which four men hold books, a scroll, keys, and a sword, is Albrecht Durer's The Four Apostles. Most classically, these art objects contain a single hinge. For 10 points, name this type of set of paintings with coordinated subject matter across their two panels.", "answer": "diptych [or double-panel paintings; prompt on \"polyptych\"]", "page": "Diptych", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbea", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93497, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 287], [288, 392], [393, 515], [516, 626], [627, 686], [687, 793]], "first_sentence": "A medieval English one of these paintings shows the Virgin Mary on the right, flanked by a group of angels in blue; that one from the reign of Richard II is named for Wilton House.", "answer_prompt": "or double-panel paintings; prompt on \"polyptych\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This faculty is modeled in McCleland and Elman's connectionist TRACE model. Studies of this faculty in the Pakistani-British KE family led to the discovery that the FoxP2 gene on chromosome 7 is involved in its development. Like extraversion and music, facility with this activity is greatly increased in sufferers of Williams syndrome. Children with disorders of this faculty in Iowa got positive and negative therapy in Mary Tudor and Wendell Johnson's Monster Study. Rewards for tacts and mands teach this activity in a discredited theory of B.F. Skinner. External stimuli from this activity are processed in Wernicke's area in the cerebral cortex, where Broca's area is involved in its production. For 10 points, name this faculty impaired by aphasia, which also requires a functioning larynx.", "answer": "human speech production [or vocalizations; accept speech disorders; prompt on \"language\"]", "page": "Speech_production", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Regionals", "difficulty": "College", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "55414846ea23cc9417e9bbeb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 93498, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 223], [224, 336], [337, 469], [470, 558], [559, 701], [702, 797]], "first_sentence": "This faculty is modeled in McCleland and Elman's connectionist TRACE model.", "answer_prompt": "or vocalizations; accept speech disorders; prompt on \"language\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this man's compositions takes its title from a novel by Robert Smythe Hichens, and ends with a movement in which a solo flute introduces the first of 163 repetitions of an eight-note theme. That work by this man ends with the movement \"In the Street of the Ouled Nai\u0308ls\" (\"nah-eels\") and was inspired by a recuperative bicycle trip across the Sahara. Another of his compositions contains a section that opens in 6/4 time with the four-dotted- whole-note figure G, E-flat, A, B; that section ends with an unexpected F9 chord. Parallel fourths in the flutes play over a held D in the violins in an odd moment from a work by this man subtitled \"An Homage to Thomas Hardy\". This composer of Beni Mora used a series of doors and multiple wordless choruses of women to achieve its fade-out effect in the final section of a suite whose first section opens with a 5/4 ostinato and is nicknamed \"Bringer of War\". For 10 points, name this English composer of Egdon Heath and The Planets.", "answer": "Gustav Holst [or Gustav Theodore Holst; or Gustavus Theodor von Holst]", "page": "Gustav_Holst", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719428", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101926, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 243], [243, 356], [357, 530], [531, 675], [676, 909], [910, 983]], "first_sentence": "One of this man's compositions takes its title from a novel by Robert Smythe Hichens, and ends with a movement in which a solo flute introduces the first of 163 repetitions of an eight-note theme.", "answer_prompt": "or Gustav Theodore Holst; or Gustavus Theodor von Holst", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A myelodysplastic syndrome caused by a mutation of a transporter of this compound leads to megaloblastic anemia in Rogers syndrome. Red blood cell transketolase activity can be used as a marker to indicate this compound's depletion. The \"banana bag\" used to treat nutritionally deficient alcoholics contains magnesium sulfate, folic acid and this compound. The first component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex uses a derivative of this molecule as a cofactor. This compound is given either intravenously or intramuscularly to treat a condition characterized by the triad of ataxia, confusion, and either nystagmus or opthalmoplegia. That condition caused by a deficiency of this compound can progress to anterograde or retrograde amnesia, leading to a variant of that condition named for Korsakoff. For 10 points, name this vitamin whose deficiency can lead to Wernicke's encephalopathy and beriberi.", "answer": "thiamine [or vitamin B1]", "page": "Thiamine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719429", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101927, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 232], [233, 356], [357, 464], [465, 637], [638, 803], [804, 905]], "first_sentence": "A myelodysplastic syndrome caused by a mutation of a transporter of this compound leads to megaloblastic anemia in Rogers syndrome.", "answer_prompt": "or vitamin B1", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In an unexpectedly comic scene in this play, a character attaches a fan to a broom and waves it at a lantern; she succeeds in putting out the lantern, but immediately falls down the stairs A character in this play falsely reports having lost a wallet containing his personal seal on the tenth, thus invalidating a promissory note from the thirteenth. In its second scene, a character hides under a porch of the Temma House and communicates with a courtesan by touching her ankles and feet. One of its main characters is scammed out of two kamme of silver he owes his uncle by the fiendish oil dealer Kuheiji. This play's third scene is set at the title shrine in the \"Wood of Tenjin\", where the despondent Tokubei and Ohatsu commit the title act. For 10 points, name this very short bunraku play by Chikamatsu Monzaemon, not to be confused with a similar play set at Amijima.", "answer": "The Love Suicides at Sonezaki [or Sonezaki Shinju]", "page": "The_Love_Suicides_at_Sonezaki", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101928, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 350], [351, 489], [490, 608], [609, 746], [747, 875]], "first_sentence": "In an unexpectedly comic scene in this play, a character attaches a fan to a broom and waves it at a lantern; she succeeds in putting out the lantern, but immediately falls down the stairs", "answer_prompt": "or Sonezaki Shinju", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Concrete walls were erected in this city during the Peyton Road Affair, caused by fears of blockbusting in one of its affluent neighborhoods, but were torn down after being held unconstitutional. An accused criminal in this city claimed to be a music promoter working for a fictitious woman named Cheryl Johnson; that man, Wayne Williams, was blamed for roughly 30 child murders in this city. John Wesley Dobbs was an unofficial mayor in this city, once known as the \"City Too Busy to Hate.\" Axe handles called \"Pickrick Drumsticks\" were wielded by a group of employees in this city while its governor Ivan Allen, Jr., was opposed by the restaurant owner Lester Maddox, who refused to seat black people at his establishment. In a case arising in this city, the Supreme Court used the Commerce Clause to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964. For 10 points, name this city, home to a motel in its \"Heart\" that was the subject of a 1964 Supreme Court decision.", "answer": "Atlanta, Georgia", "page": "Atlanta", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101929, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 392], [393, 491], [492, 724], [725, 840], [841, 957]], "first_sentence": "Concrete walls were erected in this city during the Peyton Road Affair, caused by fears of blockbusting in one of its affluent neighborhoods, but were torn down after being held unconstitutional.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to the Theogony, a character of this name was kidnapped by Aphrodite not long after his birth to Eos and Cephalus. A more famous figure of this name causes a serpent who was \"before not frightening to anyone\" to become agitated and leads Bootes to flee. That account of this figure also describes the inscription on this figure's tomb near the Po river. In that tale of this figure, which follows a challenge by Epaphus to this figure, his grandmother Tethys thrusts back the gates of a stable, out of which he drives the horses Pyrois, Eous, Aethon, and Phlegon. The actions of this character resulted in the Ethiopians' skin to turn black, the cold Triones to heat up, the earth to split open, and the seas to evaporate. For 10 points, name this son of Clymene and Helios who tried to drive the chariot of the sun.", "answer": "Phaethon", "page": "Phaethon", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101930, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 263], [264, 363], [364, 538], [539, 573], [574, 732], [733, 826]], "first_sentence": "According to the Theogony, a character of this name was kidnapped by Aphrodite not long after his birth to Eos and Cephalus.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This quantity names a type of unstable \"wall mode\" in plasma confinement devices such as tokamaks. This quantity is proportional to the electron density divided by temperature raised to the three-halves power all times the Coulomb logarithm according to a formula derived by Lyman Spitzer. A diffusion equation for the magnetic field can be derived from an extension to ideal magnetohydrodynamics named for this quantity. The square root of four kT times bandwidth times this quantity gives the rms voltage of thermal noise. This quantity is the inverse of the slope of a curve which possesses a linear and a saturation region for a MOSFET. It is the inverse of a quantity equal to the ratio of current density to electric field. This quantity is added to reactance to give impedance. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to voltage divided by current according to Ohm's Law.", "answer": "resistivity [or resistance]", "page": "Resistivity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101931, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 289], [290, 421], [422, 524], [525, 640], [641, 729], [730, 784], [785, 878]], "first_sentence": "This quantity names a type of unstable \"wall mode\" in plasma confinement devices such as tokamaks.", "answer_prompt": "or resistance", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem quotes John Denham's \"Of Prudence\" in saying \"To live and die is all I have to do\". The speaker of this poem describes how people flatter him by saying he \"cough[s] like Horace\" or has \"Ovid's nose\", and jokes that when he dies, he'll be compared to Homer because he \"died three thousand years ago\". One stanza in this poem describes a figure \"blessed with each talent and each art to please\" but being \"too fond to rule alone, / Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne\". Another figure in this poem is called a \"mere white curd of ass's milk\". Joseph Addison and Lord Hervey are satirized in this poem as the characters Atticus and Sporus. Because \"All Bedlam, or Parnassus, is let out\", the speaker of this poem commands \"Shut, shut the door, good John!\" This poem is the source of the phrases \"damn with faint praise\" and \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\" For 10 points, name this Alexander Pope poem addressed to his physician.", "answer": "\"Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot\"", "page": "Epistle_To_Dr._Arbuthnot", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101932, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 309], [310, 489], [490, 562], [563, 658], [659, 773], [773, 774], [775, 881], [882, 954]], "first_sentence": "This poem quotes John Denham's \"Of Prudence\" in saying \"To live and die is all I have to do\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This theorist stated \"one must find the demon in every thing\" and \"one must find the eye in every thing\" in a treatise comparing discovery to many \"Zeuses\" sailing the globe to discover moles. Works by this artist include his portrait of Clarice Lispector and one in which a man rows a boat in frothy water within a house, The Return of Ulysses. The cover of Dino Buzzati's The Tartar Steppe features this artist's The Red Tower, which is thematically similar to this artist's depiction of an orange glove, a green ball and the head of a statue, Love Song. After disagreements over the authorship of ideas, Carlo Carra split from this artist's scuolametafisica. Two faceless, classically dressed mannequins with a staff and a mask appear in this artist's The Disquieting Muses. For 10 points, name this painter who included a girl with a hoop following a statue's shadow in Mystery and Melancholy of a Street.", "answer": "Giorgio de Chirico", "page": "Giorgio_de_Chirico", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571942f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101933, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 345], [346, 556], [557, 661], [662, 777], [778, 909]], "first_sentence": "This theorist stated \"one must find the demon in every thing\" and \"one must find the eye in every thing\" in a treatise comparing discovery to many \"Zeuses\" sailing the globe to discover moles.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Prior to this engagement, one force had unsuccessfully attempted to lay siege to Placentia, then proceeded south to Fanum Fortunae. When that army's commander heard the sounding of a trumpet, he correctly surmised that another general had arrived in the opposing camp, so he briefly withdrew during a night where his guards apparently deserted him. The prelude to this clash was the Battle of Grumentum, in which a nearby force camped at Canusium was repelled. The opposing army was commanded by a man whose later dispute about a tax on salt earned him the nickname Salinator; he was reinforced by the army of his co-consul Gaius Claudius Nero, who circled a ravine to execute a pincer attack. This battle, in which Marcus Livius Drusus defeated a man whose severed head was then thrown into his brother's camp, was the last major clash in Italy during the Second Punic War. For 10 points, name this 207 BC battle, where Hasdrubal was killed at the namesake river.", "answer": "Battle of the Metaurus River [or the Metauro River; or Metarus]", "page": "Battle_of_the_Metaurus_River", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719430", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101934, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 348], [349, 460], [461, 693], [694, 874], [875, 964]], "first_sentence": "Prior to this engagement, one force had unsuccessfully attempted to lay siege to Placentia, then proceeded south to Fanum Fortunae.", "answer_prompt": "or the Metauro River; or Metarus", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, Gershom Carmichael delivered lectures on ethics mod- eled on this man's writings. John Locke's Two Treatises adopts this thinker's notion that each man has two natural inclinations: a natural sociability and an inclination to self-love. This philosopher used a hypothetico-deductive method in a work consisting of twenty-one definitions, two axioms, and five observations of natural law, the Elementa. Many of this philosopher's theories were developed while he was serving as tutor to Charles Xof Sweden. Unlike his teacher's On the Laws of War and Peace, this thinker argued for a theory of just war based on the concept of a man's duty. For 10 points, name this German student of Hugo Grotius who authored On the Law of Nature and Nations and On the Duty of Man and Citizen.", "answer": "Samuel von Pufendorf", "page": "Samuel_von_Pufendorf", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719431", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101935, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 304], [305, 469], [470, 573], [574, 707], [708, 845]], "first_sentence": "While professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, Gershom Carmichael delivered lectures on ethics mod- eled on this man's writings.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Participants in this event were known as \"scorporati.\" As a result of this event, for a brief time, the punishment of debt by mutilation was curtailed, interest-paying forced loans were replaced with a direct property tax, and three priors were popularly elected, though those reforms were opposed by another alliance. One group involved in this event was led by Bartolo di Jacopo; that faction gathered under a group of eight lower-class leaders who were based at a Dominican monastery. Several hundred years after this event, a statue of one of its leaders was placed in the Loggia del Porcellino. The instigators of this event marched on the Palazzo della Signoria and placed Michele di Lando in power. This incident was sparked by dissatisfaction at the power of the guilds of the Arti maggiori. For 10 points, name this 1378 rebellion by a group of Florentine wool-carders.", "answer": "Ciompi rebellion [or tumult of the Ciompi; or obvious equivalents, such as revolt of the Ciompi]", "page": "Ciompi_rebellion", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719432", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101936, "tokenizations": [[0, 318], [319, 487], [488, 599], [600, 705], [706, 799], [800, 878]], "first_sentence": "Participants in this event were known as \"scorporati.\" As a result of this event, for a brief time, the punishment of debt by mutilation was curtailed, interest-paying forced loans were replaced with a direct property tax, and three priors were popularly elected, though those reforms were opposed by another alliance.", "answer_prompt": "or tumult of the Ciompi; or obvious equivalents, such as revolt of the Ciompi", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At one point in this opera, the music shifts from major to minor key after the title character is slapped by his wife. Its soprano starts doubling the wages of her new husband's household servants shortly after signing a marital agreement brought by the notary Carlino, causing her husband to angrily sing the aria \"Son tradito.\" The overture to this opera, which begins with a melody played by a solo cello that is later picked up by the winds, samples the themes from two later arias entitled \"So anch'io la virtu magica\" and \"Com'e gentil.\" In \"Bella siccome un angelo\" a character invents an imaginary sister who has recently finished at a convent school, named Sofronia. The title character, who disapproves of his nephew Ernesto's love for Norina, sings the duet \"Cheti, cheti, immantinente\" with his friend Dr. Malatesta. For 10 points, name this opera buffa by Gaetano Donizetti about an old Italian bachelor who seeks a young wife.", "answer": "Don Pasquale", "page": "Don_Pasquale", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719433", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101937, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 328], [328, 329], [330, 542], [542, 543], [544, 675], [676, 828], [829, 940]], "first_sentence": "At one point in this opera, the music shifts from major to minor key after the title character is slapped by his wife.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Historians who have written studies of this battle include Harold Hayden Nelson and Hans Goedicke. This battle's winning commander ignored his generals' advice to approach from either Zefti or Taanach, choosing instead to risk ambush by leading his army single file through a narrow pass. That ruler assumed the enemy would not expect him to make such an illogical decision and therefore took the direct route across the Ridge of Carmel from Aruna after holding a war council at Yehem. A primary source for this battle was written by Tjaneni, and the losing commander here escaped during a seven month siege that followed, leaving behind his allies of the Mitanni tribe, and almost 1000 chariots. This battle's events are inscribed on the walls of the temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak. For 10 points, name this victory for the pharaoh Thutmose III over the king of Kadesh, which is the earliest recorded battle in history.", "answer": "Battle of Megiddo", "page": "Battle_of_Megiddo_(15th_century_BC)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719434", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101938, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 288], [289, 485], [486, 696], [697, 780], [781, 917]], "first_sentence": "Historians who have written studies of this battle include Harold Hayden Nelson and Hans Goedicke.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It's not temperature, but this quantity has a linear relationship with the relative wavelength shift of a fiber Bragg grating. Tuning this quantity can greatly increase the spontaneous polarization and transition temperature of a ferroelectric thin film. This quantity's time derivative is the symmetric component of the gradient of the velocity field. This quantity's value is constrained by the Saint-Venant compatibility equations. This quantity is the independent variable of Hollomon's equation, in which it is raised to a namesake \"hardening\" exponent. A common device for measuring this quantity consists of a patterned strip of constantan alloy connected to a Wheatstone bridge, which gives this quantity as the relative change in resistance divided by the gauge factor. This quantity is localized when necking occurs, and it lies on the x-axis of a curve whose slope equals Young's modulus in the elastic region. For 10 points, name this tensor quantity that measures the local deformation of a body in response to stress.", "answer": "strain tensor [prompt on \"deformation\"]", "page": "Strain_Tensor", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719435", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101939, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 254], [255, 352], [353, 434], [435, 558], [559, 778], [779, 921], [922, 1031]], "first_sentence": "It's not temperature, but this quantity has a linear relationship with the relative wavelength shift of a fiber Bragg grating.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"deformation\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A terrible translation of this work, in which the word for \"social class\" was translated as \"whale,\" was written by Reverend Charles Swan. A particularly lyrical passage in this novel addresses figures \"springing from the waters and rising to the sky\"; that \"farewell to the mountains\" describes the thoughts of a character in this novel crossing the Adda. A riot at the Bakery of the Crutches is blamed on a character in this novel who hides from the authorities by pretending to be a silk weaver named Antonio at his cousin Bartolo's mill. After seeing pilgrims on the road seeking out Cardinal Borromeo, a character in this novel repents for his sins. Doctor Azzeccagarbugli and Don Abbondio both attempt to abduct a woman in this novel to satisfy a bet by a wealthy nobleman that he can take her virginity, but The Unnamed changes his mind and brings about downfall of that villain. For 10 points, name this novel in which the wealthy Don Rodrigo schemes to separate Lorenzo and Lucia, written by Alessandro Manzoni.", "answer": "The Betrothed [or I promessi sposi; or The Betrothed Lovers; or The Promise of Fidelity]", "page": "I_promessi_sposi", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719436", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101940, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 356], [357, 541], [542, 654], [655, 886], [887, 1020]], "first_sentence": "A terrible translation of this work, in which the word for \"social class\" was translated as \"whale,\" was written by Reverend Charles Swan.", "answer_prompt": "or I promessi sposi; or The Betrothed Lovers; or The Promise of Fidelity", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This text notes that a tree may be referred to as \"seven-leaved\" when it does not actually have seven leaves to explain the title of one of its sections. Another section of this text enumerates nine types of doubt that people may have concerning gains and losses. This text refutes the opinion of the Lokayatikas that religious ordinances should not be observed and argues that the title concept is worthy of scholarly discussion even though it is common to all creatures. This text recommends that Dharma be practiced mainly during old age, while Artha and the title concept should be practiced mainly during youth and middle age, and it classifies women as either \"deer,\" \"mares,\" or \"elephants.\" This text written by Vatsyayana includes chapters titled \"About Females Acting the Part of Males\" and \"Of the Embrace.\" For 10 points, identify this text named for the Hindu god of love, which notably contains a sex manual.", "answer": "the Kama Sutra", "page": "Kama_Sutra", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719437", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101941, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 263], [264, 472], [473, 698], [699, 817], [817, 818], [819, 922]], "first_sentence": "This text notes that a tree may be referred to as \"seven-leaved\" when it does not actually have seven leaves to explain the title of one of its sections.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Armor made by this character that was immune to steel and iron weapons was used successfully by her sons until an old man revealed that the armor had a weakness to stones. Those sons of this character were attempting to take revenge for the horse-trampling death of their sister, who was accused of having an affair with Randver. This character attempts to commit suicide by holding stones and jumping into the sea, but the waves carry her to the kingdom of Jonakr, who she marries. In one source, this mother of Hamdir, So\u0308rli, and Svanhild is hacked up by Hildebrand, the mentor of Dietrich of Bern, after she decapitates Hagen. In another source, she takes revenge for her murdered family by killing her sons Erp and Eitil and feeding them to the murderer, her second husband Atli. In the Nibelungenlied, this character is known as Kriemhild. For 10 points, name this sister of Gunnar who marries Sigurd in the Volsunga saga.", "answer": "Gudrun [or Kriemhild until it is read]", "page": "Gudrun", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719438", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101942, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 329], [330, 482], [483, 629], [630, 783], [784, 844], [845, 927]], "first_sentence": "Armor made by this character that was immune to steel and iron weapons was used successfully by her sons until an old man revealed that the armor had a weakness to stones.", "answer_prompt": "or Kriemhild until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to many scholars, this document's critique of common law was drawn from contemporary jurist Elisha Hurlbut, and it borrowed language from the minister Samuel May. Prior to approval of this document, the town supervisor Ansel Bascom read a speech he prepared with a student named Samuel Tillman, and Thomas M'Clintock read several passages from Blackstone's legal commentaries. Reportedly drafted on a table donated by Richard Hunt, the central portion of this document claims that \"the prerogative of Jehovah himself\" has been usurped, and lists several more injuries. Signed at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, this document claims that a certain group becomes \"civilly dead\" in the eyes of the law upon marriage. It was signed in 1848 by a group including Martha Wright, James Mott, Frederick Douglass and its primary author, Elizabeth Cady Stanton. For 10 points, identify this document presented at the Seneca Falls Convention.", "answer": "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions [or Declaration of Rights and Sentiments]", "page": "Declaration_of_Sentiments_and_Resolutions", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719439", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101943, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 386], [387, 578], [579, 722], [723, 859], [860, 939]], "first_sentence": "According to many scholars, this document's critique of common law was drawn from contemporary jurist Elisha Hurlbut, and it borrowed language from the minister", "answer_prompt": "or Declaration of Rights and Sentiments", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These compounds can be produced from alkynes and nitrones using a copper catalyst in the Kinugasa reaction. One of these compounds reacts with an alcohol in the tail addition step of the Nicolau total synthesis of Taxol. These compounds can be produced from ketenes in the Staudinger synthesis, and one example of them was first synthesized by John C. Sheehan. A class of enzymes which breaks down one type of these compounds can be inhibited by clavulanate and is exemplified by NDM-1, which is named after New Delhi. These compounds can be synthesized from oximes via an acid-catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement or from hydrazoic acid and a cyclic ketone via a Schmidt reaction. Drugs derived from these compounds include carbapenems and cephalosporins, which work by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. For 10 points, identify these cyclic amides whose \"beta\" variety names a class of antibiotics that includes penicillin.", "answer": "lactams [or beta-lactams; or gamma-lactams; prompt on \"cyclic amides\"]", "page": "Lactams", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101944, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 220], [221, 360], [361, 518], [519, 677], [678, 802], [803, 922]], "first_sentence": "These compounds can be produced from alkynes and nitrones using a copper catalyst in the Kinugasa reaction.", "answer_prompt": "or beta-lactams; or gamma-lactams; prompt on \"cyclic amides\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character was the \"first stranger to whom\" his friend's daughter \"held out her chubby arms,\" and that friend's son requests, \"Kiss [this character] for me!\" while dying. This character's superior is described as a \"fellow of delicacy\" in contrast to this \"fellow of no delicacy,\" who tells his love interest that she has \"been the last dream of my soul.\" In this man's first appearance, he spends most of a trial staring lazily up at the courtroom ceiling before he tosses a piece of paper to his boss, Mr. Stryker. In a conversation analogized to a game of cards, this character, who is often compared to a jackal, plays his \"Ace\" by threatening to denounce the spy John Barsad. People remark that this man's face was the peacefullest ever beheld after this man's death, which occurs shortly after he kisses a seamstress and thinks about how he has facilitated the happy life of Lucie Manette and Charles Darnay. For 10 points, name this man whose last thought is \"It is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known,\" before he is guillotined in A Tale of Two Cities.", "answer": "Sydney Carton [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Sydney_Carton", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101945, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 174], [175, 359], [360, 520], [521, 684], [685, 918], [919, 1087]], "first_sentence": "This character was the \"first stranger to whom\" his friend's daughter \"held out her chubby arms,\" and that friend's son requests, \"Kiss [this character] for me!\"", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a letter, this work's creator insisted that the landscape and the central action of this painting \"existed only in the imagi- nation,\" which is why both are depicted unnaturally and disproportionately. The artist's close friend, Emile Bernard, claimed that the idea for this painting was stolen from one of his own earlier works, which depicts women in a meadow. Inspired by Vincent van Gogh's copy of Hiroshige's Plum Trees, the artist chose to insert a large diagonal tree trunk that juts across much of this work's action. This painting, which was made while its artist was in Pont-Aven, represents agrarian life with a cow who is moving in the red landscape. It depicts a group of religious devotees wearing black clothing and white bonnets contemplating a story from Genesis. For 10 points, name this painting which depicts Breton women in the foreground and Jacob wrestling with the Angel in the background, and was created by Paul Gauguin.", "answer": "Vision after the Sermon [or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel until \"Jacob\" is read]", "page": "Vision_after_the_Sermon", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101946, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 365], [366, 528], [529, 665], [666, 783], [784, 949]], "first_sentence": "In a letter, this work's creator insisted that the landscape and the central action of this painting \"existed only in the imagi- nation,\" which is why both are depicted unnaturally and disproportionately.", "answer_prompt": "or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel until \"Jacob\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A book by this author has eight sections and chapters such as \"The Law of Indifference\" and \"Tendency of Profits to a Minimum.\" That book by him cites Airy's \"Theory of the Tides\" for the notion that just because accuracy in a field of study may be limited, it does not affect the fundamental character of the science as mathematical. That 1871 work by this thinker uses the \"lowest rank of feelings\" to make an argument refuting the \"labor theory of value.\" Another of his books argues that an increase in the efficiency of energy production actually causes an increase, and not a decrease, in consumption. An early work by this thinker suggests that business cycles were linked to sunspots. A work by him on diminishing marginal utility was written six years after his The Coal Question, which introduced his namesake paradox. For 10 points, name this author of The Theory of Political Economy, an English economist who spearheaded the marginal revolution.", "answer": "William Stanley Jevons", "page": "William_Stanley_Jevons", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101947, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 334], [335, 457], [457, 458], [459, 607], [608, 692], [693, 828], [829, 958]], "first_sentence": "A book by this author has eight sections and chapters such as \"The Law of Indifference\" and \"Tendency of Profits to a Minimum.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Fibrillin-1 contains a type of epidermal growth factor-like domain which binds to this element. Low levels of this element can be indicated by tightening a blood pressure cuff on the brachial artery, which leads to a carpal spasm called the \"hand of the obstetrician.\" Levels of this element in cells can be measured using aequorin. This element regulates the binding of phospholipids to annexins. This element can become deficient in the blood of patients with many blood transfusions since it complexes to citrate in serum. Along with diacylglycerol, this element activates protein kinase C. Parvalbumin contains three helix-loop-helix domains which bind to this element. Levels of this element in serum can be reduced by a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland or raised by parathyroid hormone. This element binds to troponin, which allows myosin to bind to actin, causing the sarcomere to contract. For 10 points, name this element which regulates muscle contraction and supports bone health.", "answer": "calcium [or Ca]", "page": "Calcium", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101948, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 267], [267, 332], [333, 397], [398, 525], [526, 673], [674, 825], [826, 930], [931, 1024]], "first_sentence": "Fibrillin-1 contains a type of epidermal growth factor-like domain which binds to this element.", "answer_prompt": "or Ca", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This event is the subject of 75 sculptures of nude women by Suse Lowenstein, as well as the documentary film The Maltese Double Cross. In 2007, Ulrich Lumpert admitted to lying at the trial that followed this event, where he and Edwin Bollier were asked to identify a Mebo MST-13 timer. Syracuse University gives Remembrance Scholarships to 35 students each year to commemorate this event. Prior to this event, the US embassy in Helsinki received an anonymous phone call warning. The trial that followed this event hinged on the testimony of Maltese clothes shop owner Tony Gauci and ended with the conviction of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, who was released from jail in 2009 to die of prostate cancer in his home country of Libya. For 10 points, identify this December 21, 1988 terrorist attack that killed all 259 people on board Pan Am Flight 103 and 11 residents of the namesake Scottish town where the plane crashed.", "answer": "Lockerbie bombing [or Lockerbie air disaster; or Pan Am Flight 103 until it is read]", "page": "Lockerbie_bombing", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b915409571943f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101949, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 286], [287, 389], [390, 479], [480, 726], [727, 916]], "first_sentence": "This event is the subject of 75 sculptures of nude women by Suse Lowenstein, as well as the documentary film The Maltese Double Cross.", "answer_prompt": "or Lockerbie air disaster; or Pan Am Flight 103 until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The voice of one of this poet's speakers \"falls dead a foot from [his] own lips\" as he cries out to a vessel. The speaker of that poem looks \"far out into the pregnant night,\" where he can \"hear a solemn booming gun,\" and the poem begins by noting how \"out in the sky the dark clouds are massing\" and ends each stanza with the repeated words, \"passing, passing.\" The line \"G'way an' quit dat noise, Miss Lucy\" from this poet's \"When Malindy Sings\" exemplifies his use of dialect in poems he classified as \"minors\" to contrast with the normal-language \"majors\" in one collection. Another poem by this man invites the world to \"dream otherwise\" while the speakers resort to an object that \"hides our cheeks and shades our eyes\" and \"grins and lies.\" For 10 points, name this African American poet of \"Ships That Pass in the Night,\" \"We Wear the Mask\" and \"Sympathy,\" which claims, \"I know why the caged bird sings.\"", "answer": "Paul Laurence Dunbar", "page": "Paul_Laurence_Dunbar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719440", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101950, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 361], [361, 362], [363, 426], [427, 578], [579, 746], [746, 804], [805, 831], [831, 913]], "first_sentence": "The voice of one of this poet's speakers \"falls dead a foot from [his] own lips\" as he cries out to a vessel.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This piece was premiered using soloist Felix Salmond, though the performance was met with scathing reviews after con- ductor Albert Coates wasted rehearsal time at the composer's expense. This work's adagio third movement concludes with a lyrical melody in B-flat major before transitioning into the more imposing B-flat minor opening of the finale without pause. This piece's adagio-moderato first movement opens with a recitative on the solo instrument followed immediately by a short cadenza. The six-bar main theme of this piece is then first carried by the violas in 9/8 time before it is echoed by the soloist. This piece was first recorded electronically with soloist Beatrice Harrison, though its most famous performance was conducted by John Barbirolli and recorded by a 20-year old female soloist. For 10 points, identify this piece popularized by Jacqueline du Pre, an E minor composition for orchestra and a string instrument written by the composer of the Enigma Variations.", "answer": "Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E Minor [or Cello Concerto in E minor until \"E minor\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Cello_Concerto_(Elgar)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719441", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101951, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 363], [364, 495], [496, 616], [617, 807], [808, 987]], "first_sentence": "This piece was premiered using soloist Felix Salmond, though the performance was met with scathing reviews after con- ductor Albert Coates wasted rehearsal time at the composer's expense.", "answer_prompt": "or Cello Concerto in E minor until \"E minor\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The academic study of these texts is the subject of an essay by Jean Jacques Waardenburg that seeks to determine whether there is a standard methodology for writing them. One of these texts states that distinct black and white threads represent the darkness of the night and the lightness of the day, while another notes that Jesus cannot be held accountable for being deified after his death and therefore is not part of the \"firewood of hell\" made from inanimate objects of worship. These texts are called diraya when they are based on ijtihad, or independent reasoning, and they are called riwaya when they're based on sources like the tabi'un and sahabah. Authors of these texts, exemplified by al-Zamakhshari and al-Tabari, are known as mufassirun. To be considered authoritative, those authors of these texts must have mastered fifteen fields of study, among which are fiqh and classical Arabic. These works include taw'il and tafsir. For 10 points, identify these texts that explain the meaning of passages from the holy book of Islam.", "answer": "commentaries on the Qur'an [or interpretations of the Qur'an; or Qur'anic exegeses; or word forms; or tafsir until it is read; prompt on partial answers]", "page": "The_English_Commentary_of_the_Holy_Quran", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719442", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101952, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 484], [485, 659], [660, 753], [754, 901], [902, 940], [941, 1042]], "first_sentence": "The academic study of these texts is the subject of an essay by Jean Jacques Waardenburg that seeks to determine whether there is a standard methodology for writing them.", "answer_prompt": "or interpretations of the Qur'an; or Qur'anic exegeses; or word forms; or tafsir until it is read; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A model of this process includes an ad hoc \"spike\" term that Drake and Calantoni added to the BBB formula. Another model of this process uses an equation with empirical constants determined by Meyer-Peter and Mu\u0308ller to calculate a dimen- sionless function defined by Hans Albert Einstein. The Rouse number determines the manner in which this process occurs. The Exner equation quantifies the conservation of mass during this process. The threshold at which this process begins can be found by plotting the explicit particle Reynolds number versus the boundary shear stress on a Shields diagram. Saltation is a form of this process in which particles are intermittently removed from the bed load. This process begins with entrainment, ends with settling, and is followed by deposition. For 10 points, name this process in which material that has been created through weathering or erosion travels to a new location.", "answer": "ediment transportation [or word forms; prompt on answers that suggest \"rocks are moving\" or \"rocks are travelling\"; do NOT accept or prompt on \"slope movement\", \"mass wasting\", or \"mass movement\"]", "page": "Sediment_transport", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719443", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101953, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 288], [289, 357], [358, 433], [434, 594], [595, 695], [696, 784], [785, 914]], "first_sentence": "A model of this process includes an ad hoc \"spike\" term that Drake and Calantoni added to the BBB formula.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; prompt on answers that suggest \"rocks are moving\" or \"rocks are travelling\"; do NOT accept or prompt on \"slope movement\", \"mass wasting\", or \"mass movement\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book includes an analysis of Robert Fludd's view that there is an evil component in God in a chapter about conflicts in medieval thought. Its chapter on sufficient reason argues that Leibniz's theory of monads illustrates his belief that God is not responsible for creation. This 1936 book is a collection of eleven of its author's William James lectures and draws on its author's earlier Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity. This study argues that Aristotle was the first to articulate the belief that intermediate things between two things will always exist, which it calls the \"Principle of Continuity.\" That principle, along with the idea that all things that are not self-contradictions will always exist, which is called the \"Principle of Plenitude,\" is used to examine the Alexander Pope inspired title concept. For 10 points, name this analysis of the hierarchical principle throughout intellectual history, authored by Arthur Lovejoy.", "answer": "The Great Chain of Being", "page": "The_Great_Chain_of_Being", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719444", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101954, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 279], [280, 437], [438, 618], [619, 830], [831, 955]], "first_sentence": "This book includes an analysis of Robert Fludd's view that there is an evil component in God in a chapter about conflicts in medieval thought.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Three brothers who ruled this polity had the awesome nicknames \"Achilles,\" \"Irontooth,\" and \"the Alchemist.\" The Treaty of Eltville ended a civil war in this polity that pitted the pretender \"False Waldemar\" against Louis I of the Wittelsbach dynasty. This polity's founder won a succession war after the death of the Hevelli prince Pribislav-Henry and made a red eagle its heraldic symbol. That member of the House of Ascania created this polity out of the Northern March and was named Albert the Bear. This polity gained control of Ravensberg and Cleves-Mark in the Treaty of Xanten under a ruler whose daughter Maria Eleonora married Gustavus Adolphus. That margrave of this polity, John Sigismund, was the grandfather of Frederick William the Great Elector. 10 points, name this polity in present-day northeastern Germany that formed a personal union with the Duchy of Prussia during the 17th century.", "answer": "Electorate of Brandenburg [or March of Brandenburg; or Margraviate of Brandenburg; or Brandenburg-Prussia; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Prussia\" or \"Province of Brandenburg\"]", "page": "Electorate_of_Brandenburg", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b84f70b9154095719445", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101955, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [107, 108], [109, 251], [252, 390], [391, 503], [504, 655], [656, 761], [762, 905]], "first_sentence": "Three brothers who ruled this polity had the awesome nicknames \"Achilles,\" \"Irontooth,\" and \"the Alchemist.", "answer_prompt": "or March of Brandenburg; or Margraviate of Brandenburg; or Brandenburg-Prussia; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Prussia\" or \"Province of Brandenburg\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One novel by this author abruptly ends with a colon as the philosophy teacher Ulisses is about to speak. In another novel by this author, a man shows off his strength to a woman by lifting her over his head with one hand, but then drops her into the mud. That novel by this author centers on a woman who lives on a diet of hot dogs and Coca-Cola and dies just after visiting the fortune teller Madame Carlota when she is hit by a yellow Mercedes. In a short story by this author, the explorer Marcel Pretre writes a newspaper article about a pregnant Likouala woman who is forty-five centimeters tall. This author of \"The Smallest Woman in the World\" wrote a novel whose title character has an existential crisis in the abandoned room of her maid Janair after slamming the wardrobe door on a cockroach, which she then eats. For 10 points, name this Brazilian author of The Hour of the Star and The Passion According to G.H.", "answer": "Clarice Lispector", "page": "Clarice_Lispector", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719446", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101956, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 254], [255, 446], [447, 601], [602, 823], [824, 905], [906, 923]], "first_sentence": "One novel by this author abruptly ends with a colon as the philosophy teacher Ulisses is about to speak.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Colorado Coalfield War and chaired the committee that produced the report Dietary Goals for the United States. He also chaired a commission that established the modern process by which his party selects delegates for national conventions, named for him and Donald Fraser. This man declared \"this chamber reeks of blood\" in a Senate speech supporting an amendment to end American military involvement in Vietnam that he co-sponsored with Mark Hatfield. He was attacked for supporting \"amnesty, abortion, and acid\" during a campaign in which he claimed to be \"1,000 percent behind\" former electroshock therapy recipient Thomas Eagleton, but quickly dropped Eagleton as running mate in favor of Sargent Shriver. For 10 points, name this Democrat from South Dakota who lost every state but Massachusetts in the presidential election of 1972.", "answer": "George Stanley McGovern", "page": "George_Stanley_McGovern", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719447", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101957, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 319], [320, 499], [500, 756], [757, 885]], "first_sentence": "This man wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Colorado Coalfield War and chaired the committee that produced the report Dietary Goals for the United States.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, a character bursts into tears after overhearing a joke about her getting abducted by a black tam- bourine player. In another novel by this author, a character drowns while fighting a schoolteacher, and earlier provides a false affidavit against a man who makes a living robbing drowned bodies. This author wrote a novel in which a character teams up with the hangman Ned Dennis to abduct two girls during an event in which both of his legs are crushed. Another of his characters marries Bella Wilfer after being fired by Mr. Boffin, and changes his last name from Harmon to Rokesmith after a body mistaken for his is found by Gaffer Hexam. One of this author's title characters has a raven that repeats the phrase \"Never say die!\" named Grip, and works at the Maypole Inn in a novel set largely during the Gordon Riots. For 10 points, name this author of Our Mutual Friend and Barnaby Rudge.", "answer": "Charles Dickens [or Charles John Huffam Dickens]", "page": "Charles_Dickens", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719448", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101958, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 320], [321, 479], [480, 666], [667, 757], [758, 846], [847, 918]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, a character bursts into tears after overhearing a joke about her getting abducted by a black tam- bourine player.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles John Huffam Dickens", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This technique can be applied to study membrane-bound ion channels by tagging parts of the channel with nitro groups and using this method to approximate the distance. This method was used to measure the effects of symmetry-enhanced or forbidden hyperconjugation in cyclic systems by David Whiffen. High-frequency and parallel-mode variants of this technique are used to probe intermediates in the catalytic cycles of ribonucleotide reductase and phenylalanine hydroxylase. Information on the coupling between the centers studied in this technique and their environment can be studied using pulsed ENDOR. Peak splitting in this technique is caused by hyperfine coupling. Absorbances in this technique occur in multiples of the Bohr magneton times the magnetic field strength times the Lande g-factor. This technique is analogous to NMR, but it studies the spins of electrons rather than nuclei. For 10 points, name this method used to probe unpaired electron systems such as free radicals.", "answer": "EPR spectroscopy [or electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; or electron spin resonance spectroscopy; or ESR spectroscopy]", "page": "EPR_spectroscopy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719449", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101959, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 298], [299, 473], [474, 604], [605, 670], [671, 800], [801, 894], [895, 989]], "first_sentence": "This technique can be applied to study membrane-bound ion channels by tagging parts of the channel with nitro groups and using this method to approximate the distance.", "answer_prompt": "or electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; or electron spin resonance spectroscopy; or ESR spectroscopy", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An expert on this language, Larry Trask, died while completing an etymological dictionary of it. Theo Vennemann pointed to this language's vigesimal counting system as evidence that it is the survivor of a far-reaching substratum. A classification of the dialects of this language was created by Louis Lucien Bonaparte, who argued that this language has a number of words for tools based on the root word for \"stone\" in the so-called aizkora controversy. A \"proto\" form of this language was reconstructed by Koldo Mitxelena. Intransitive verbs in this language are conjugated with the irregular verb izan. In the seventeenth century, a pidgin of this language was brought by sailors from its homeland to Iceland. Dialects of this language include Zuberoan and Gipuzkoan, while its standard form was developed in the 1960s and is named Batua. For 10 points, name this language isolate spoken by an autonomous region of the Pyrenees.", "answer": "Basque [or Euskara; or El Vasco; or Navarrese; or Biscayan; or Vascuence]", "page": "Basques", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101960, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 230], [231, 454], [455, 524], [525, 605], [606, 712], [713, 841], [842, 931]], "first_sentence": "An expert on this language, Larry Trask, died while completing an etymological dictionary of it.", "answer_prompt": "or Euskara; or El Vasco; or Navarrese; or Biscayan; or Vascuence", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A cleaning of this rectangular painting revealed that it was originally intended to be a ceiling painting with its corners cut so that its final shape is octagonal. This painting, which was originally painted for the Scuola Grande, depicts a marble temple in the background whose fac\u0327ade consists of four pilasters that have human forms as tops. A man in this painting is about to be blinded for travelling to Alexandria to venerate a certain saint. On its right side, a knight of Provence sits on a throne and gives orders to a white-turbaned man, whose two hands clutch a broken hammer. At the top of this painting, which depicts a man who is about to be tortured and executed, a red-robed, orange-caped saint intervenes from the skies. For 10 points, name this painting in which St. Mark descends and frees the title servant, the first mature masterpiece of Tintoretto.", "answer": "The Miracle of the Slave [or St. Mark Freeing a Christian Slave; or The Miracle of St. Mark]", "page": "Miracle_of_the_Slave_(Tintoretto)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101961, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 344], [345, 448], [449, 587], [588, 737], [738, 871]], "first_sentence": "A cleaning of this rectangular painting revealed that it was originally intended to be a ceiling painting with its corners cut so that its final shape is octagonal.", "answer_prompt": "or St. Mark Freeing a Christian Slave; or The Miracle of St. Mark", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A force in this conflict was supported by Walter Espec, but he changed his mind after his nephew Jordan de Bussey was abandoned at the fortress of Wark. Another man switched sides after his property, including Walden Castle, was seized and he was arrested. That man, Geoffrey de Mandeville, may be referenced in the eyewitness account of this conflict in the Peterbor- ough Chronicle. It saw the early victory of Archbishop Thurstan at the Battle of the Standard, while Robert of Gloucester was exchanged for a captive following the Rout of Winchester. To escape a siege on Oxford castle, a certain female walked across the frozen Thames during this conflict, which ended when the Battle of Lincoln led to signing of the Treaty of Wallingford. It was initiated by the sinking of a ship killing William Adelin, the only heir of Henry I. For 10 points, name this succession struggle between Stephen of Blois and Empress Matilda, a nineteen-year civil war in England.", "answer": "The Anarchy [or Nineteen-Year War or Nineteen-Year Winter until \"nineteen\" is read]", "page": "The_Anarchy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101962, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 256], [257, 384], [385, 552], [553, 743], [744, 964]], "first_sentence": "A force in this conflict was supported by Walter Espec, but he changed his mind after his nephew Jordan de Bussey was abandoned at the fortress of Wark.", "answer_prompt": "or Nineteen-Year War or Nineteen-Year Winter until \"nineteen\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A prostitute delivers a monologue to this play's protagonist in which she describes looking through a window at the drowned body of a past lover and concludes, \"the person who enjoys the most, prays the most.\" The title character of this play tells his wife that in order for them to know each other, they would need to crack open their skulls and manually draw out thoughts from their brains. That protagonist of this play refers to his body as a \"broken fiddle\" after being condemned to death for plotting to blow up the National Convention. In this play, Lucile Desmoulins yells out, \"Long live the King!\" during her husband's execution. In the first act of this play, a member of the Jacobin Club delivers a monologue advocating for the use of weapons of terror, and later uses the Revolutionary Tribunal to oversee the execution of this play's title character. For 10 points, name this historical play in which Robespierre is responsible for the title event, a work by Georg Bu\u0308chner.", "answer": "Danton's Death [or Dantons Tod]", "page": "Danton's_Death", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101963, "tokenizations": [[0, 209], [210, 393], [394, 543], [544, 608], [609, 640], [641, 865], [866, 988]], "first_sentence": "A prostitute delivers a monologue to this play's protagonist in which she describes looking through a window at the drowned body of a past lover and concludes, \"the person who enjoys the most, prays the most.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Dantons Tod", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a piano work by this composer, three fortississimo eighth-note chords and five descending dotted half-note pianissimo chords coming to rest on a third inversion of a C major chord precede a stormy coda. A book criticizing assertions that this man's works have no extra-musical significance is titled for this composer \"at the boundaries,\" and was written by Jeffrey Kallberg. When performing this man's music, Nikita Magaloff preferred to use this man's original manuscripts rather than the ones compiled by Julian Fontana after his death. Rachmaninoff wrote twenty-two variations on one of this composer's Opus 28 preludes. Another of this composer's works uses a recurring A-flat to evoke the effect of nasty weather experienced on a trip to Majorca with George Sand. For 10 points, name this composer of four ballades, the \"Raindrop Prelude\", and the \"Revolutionary E\u0301tude.\"", "answer": "Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Chopin [or Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Franc\u0327ois Chopin; or Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen]", "page": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Chopin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101964, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 378], [379, 542], [543, 627], [628, 772], [773, 879]], "first_sentence": "In a piano work by this composer, three fortississimo eighth-note chords and five descending dotted half-note pianissimo chords coming to rest on a third inversion of a C major chord precede a stormy coda.", "answer_prompt": "or Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Franc\u0327ois Chopin; or Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One disease of this organ causes cancer patients who take irinotecan to experience severe diarrhea. The Child-Pugh and MELD scores are used to assess damage to this organ. Pericellular connective tissue acquires a \"chicken-wire\" appearance in one condition affecting this organ; that condition is also characterized by a type of apoptosis of parenchymal cells called ballooning degeneration. The copper-carrying protein ceruloplasmin is produced in this organ. Growth hormone stimulates the production of IGF-1 in this organ. In addition to the lungs, this organ is damaged as a result of A1AT deficiency. Fatty acids are broken down in this organ to produce ketone bodies. The space of Disse separates this organ's namesake cells from its sinusoids, which receive blood from the portal vein. Gluconeogenesis takes place in, for 10 points, what organ whose failure can lead to jaundice and can be caused by hepatitis?", "answer": "liver", "page": "Liver", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571944f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101965, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 171], [172, 391], [392, 460], [461, 525], [526, 605], [606, 673], [674, 792], [793, 917]], "first_sentence": "One disease of this organ causes cancer patients who take irinotecan to experience severe diarrhea.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "All officers appointed by this ruler were required to make five promises, among them that they not eat sifted flour or ride Turkic horses. After his armies surrounded a city in Aelia, this ruler delivered a namesake \"assurance\" to Patriarch Sophronius. He set up an institution for administration of taxes called the Bayt al-mal, and negotiated a probably-apocryphal treaty listing the rights of dhimmis in Christian Syria, known as his namesake \"pact.\" He died after being stabbed in the navel by the slave Piruz Nahavandi, and introduced the practice of performing the adhan. One of his generals won the Battle of Yarmouk over emperor Heraclius; that general is Khalid ibn al-Walid. His army also defeated Yazdegerd III in the process of conquering Sassanid Persia at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. For 10 points, name this predecessor of Uthman and the successor of Abu Bakr, who was the second rightly guided caliph of the Rashidun.", "answer": "Umar ibn al-Khattab [or Omar]", "page": "Umar_ibn_al-Khattab", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719450", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101966, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 252], [253, 453], [454, 577], [578, 684], [685, 798], [799, 934]], "first_sentence": "All officers appointed by this ruler were required to make five promises, among them that they not eat sifted flour or ride Turkic horses.", "answer_prompt": "or Omar", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Charles Dacre Parsons, the son of Talcott Parsons, wrote an essay about Immanuel Kant's use of spatio-temporality as it relates to this discipline. In an essay found in Meaning and Method, Alexander Esenin-Volpin and Edward Nelson promote an extreme form of the philosophy of this field called ultrafinitism. In a work that discusses meta-theories of this field, Stephen Kleene considered whether the foundations of L.E.J. Brouwer's intuitionist program were valid. A realist argument that we must be ontologically committed to objects used in this discipline is known as the Quine-Putnam indispensability thesis. A philosophical treatise named for this discipline posits a paradox involving the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. For 10 points, a logical basis for what discipline is the subject of a collaboration by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North White- head?", "answer": "mathematics [or arithmetic; or the use of numbers; prompt on \"science\", \"logic\", and \"set theory\"]", "page": "Mathematics", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719451", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101967, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 308], [309, 465], [466, 613], [614, 747], [748, 882]], "first_sentence": "Charles Dacre Parsons, the son of Talcott Parsons, wrote an essay about Immanuel Kant's use of spatio-temporality as it relates to this discipline.", "answer_prompt": "or arithmetic; or the use of numbers; prompt on \"science\", \"logic\", and \"set theory\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This object is listed between \"Grani's fair burden\" and \"the down of Grafvitnir\" in a poem from the Bjarkamal. A dwarf with the same name as this entity is the first of the list of Dvalin's throng in the \"Dvergatal\" of the Voluspo, the only reference to this object's name in eddic poetry. In the Skirnismal, Skirnir offers eleven golden apples and this item to Gymir's daughter Gerd on behalf of Freyr. During the creation of this object, its creator was bitten on the neck by a fly. Hermod brings this artifact back to Asgard from Hel after it was thrown onto the funeral pyre of Baldr. It was created as part of a wager between Loki and Brokkr and Sindri, who forge this artifact along with Gullinbursti and Mjo\u0308lnir. Like Andvaranaut, this annular artifact also produces eight similar objects of the same weight every ninth night. For 10 points, name this magic golden ring initially possessed by Odin.", "answer": "Draupnir", "page": "Draupnir", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719452", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101968, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 289], [290, 403], [404, 484], [485, 588], [589, 719], [720, 833], [834, 905]], "first_sentence": "This object is listed between \"Grani's fair burden\" and \"the down of Grafvitnir\" in a poem from the Bjarkamal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author used the line \"The bottle crashed his skull and he was out\" to depict a man's death in a bar-room; that line was praised by Sartre in an essay calling this author \"the greatest writer of our time.\" Another novel by this author ends with the pages of the composition \"The Body and Soul of John Brown\" blowing off a desk as a character is arrested for desertion. One section of a novel by this author opens with the declaration, \"they have clubbed us off the streets\" and later states, \"all right we are two nations\" in response to the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti. Another novel by this author ends with a section about the dead body of the soldier John Doe at Chalons-sur-Marne. The public relations executive J. Ward Moorehouse appears in his best-known work, which includes journalistic \"Newsreels\" and impressionistic \"Camera Eye\" sections. For 10 points, name this author of Three Soldiers and the U.S.A. Trilogy.", "answer": "John Dos Passos [or John Roderigo Dos Passos; do not accept or prompt on \"( John) Passos\"]", "page": "John_Dos_Passos", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719453", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101969, "tokenizations": [[0, 209], [210, 372], [373, 579], [580, 694], [695, 859], [860, 933]], "first_sentence": "This author used the line \"The bottle crashed his skull and he was out\" to depict a man's death in a bar-room; that line was praised by Sartre in an essay calling this author \"the greatest writer of our time.\"", "answer_prompt": "or John Roderigo Dos Passos; do not accept or prompt on \"( John) Passos\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This equation is connected to the \"modified\" version of this equation via the Miura transform. While this equation possesses an infinite number of conservation laws, a related equation proposed by Benjamin, Bona, and Mahony only possesses three. This equation is integrable via the inverse scattering transform for the 1-dimensional Schrodinger equation. A 2+1 dimensional analogue of this equation is the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. For a function f of one spatial dimension and time, this equation sets f-sub-t plus alpha f times f-sub-x plus f-sub-x-x-x to zero. A hyperbolic-secant-squared solution to this equation is one of the first discovered examples of soliton behavior. For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous nonlinear PDE used to model shallow water waves.", "answer": "Korteweg-de Vries equation [or KdV equation]", "page": "Korteweg-de_Vries_equation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719454", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101970, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 245], [246, 354], [355, 438], [439, 509], [510, 559], [559, 570], [571, 685], [686, 776]], "first_sentence": "This equation is connected to the \"modified\" version of this equation via the Miura transform.", "answer_prompt": "or KdV equation", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During a meeting of the Executive of the International, this leader was repeatedly insulted by another leader for his \"stupid mistakes,\" such as his support of Nestor Makhno. This man's government was supported by a group of leather-jacket clad enforcers called the Lenin Boys. After being released from prison, he came to power after the issuance of the Vix Note, demanding that the eastern limits of his country be pushed inward. In collaboration with Zinoviev, he supported a failed KPD- led workers' uprising in Germany called the \"March Action.\" He controlled most of the power as Commissar of Foreign Affairs in a government nominally headed by Sa\u0301ndor Garbai. This man's coalition brought down the \"Democratic Republic\" led by Miha\u0301ly Ka\u0301rolyi, but he was exiled to Vienna after being overthrown in 1919 by forces led by Miklo\u0301s Horthy. For 10 points, name this communist leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.", "answer": "Be\u0301la Kun", "page": "B\u00e9la_Kun", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719455", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101971, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 277], [278, 431], [432, 550], [551, 665], [666, 839], [840, 927]], "first_sentence": "During a meeting of the Executive of the International, this leader was repeatedly insulted by another leader for his \"stupid mistakes,\" such as his support of Nestor Makhno.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Zoroastrians celebrate this event by performing the Haft-Sin, in which they set a table with seven items that are chosen because they all start with the latter \"S\" in Arabic. That tradition celebrating this event was initiated by King Jamshid on the day that he was raised up into the heavens on a throne of jewels. A Yoruban custom of celebrating this event is now called the Odunde Festival. Shinto practitioners have gatherings called shinenkai to celebrate this event on gantan-sai, and Tibetans refer to it as Losar. Other rituals performed on this day include the playing of a dice game called \"fish-prawn-crab,\" and the throwing of bread crumbs into a flowing body of water. Elders give red envelopes filled with money to their children in a Vietnamese custom on this day, which is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days. For 10 points, name this celebration which includes the Tet holiday and Rosh Hashanah.", "answer": "New Year's Day [or answers about festivals in honor of the New Year; or New Year's Eve]", "page": "New_Year's_Day", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719456", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101972, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 315], [316, 393], [394, 521], [522, 681], [682, 828], [829, 915]], "first_sentence": "Zoroastrians celebrate this event by performing the Haft-Sin, in which they set a table with seven items that are chosen because they all start with the latter \"S\" in Arabic.", "answer_prompt": "or answers about festivals in honor of the New Year; or New Year's Eve", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The \"Rotating Staircase Deadline\" one of these programs led Ingo Molnar to replace the \"big oh of 1\" version of this type of program with the Completely Fair type. Windows NT and Mac OS X both use a multilevel feedback queue to implement this type of program, of which the medium-term type is responsible for swapping in and out. The short-term form of one type of this program relies on a dispatcher for context-switching and CPU control. That type of this program relies on a programmable interval timer. The preemptive type of this program is distinguished from the cooperative type, because the former responds to interrupts. The priority type of this program can lead to starvation, while the round-robin method for this type of program allocates a quantum to each process. This type of program is used to achieve load balance in a multitasking system. For 10 points, name this type of program that allocates computing time to processes.", "answer": "process scheduler [or scheduling algorithms; or word forms]", "page": "Process_scheduler", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719457", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101973, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 329], [330, 439], [440, 506], [507, 629], [630, 778], [779, 857], [858, 942]], "first_sentence": "The \"Rotating Staircase Deadline\" one of these programs led Ingo Molnar to replace the \"big oh of 1\" version of this type of program with the Completely Fair type.", "answer_prompt": "or scheduling algorithms; or word forms", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This was the popular nickname of James Cole, a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan who attacked the Lumbee Indians in North Carolina in the late 1950s, only to get routed. One of these animals is the only member of the genus Satan, while another called the Candiru, or Vandellia Cirrhosa, is a parasite native to Brazil and Bolivia. One of them named Namazu causes earthquakes in Japanese legend, and Slue-Foot Sue rode one with just one hand while taking pot shots at the clouds with her six-shooter. This animal and a chisel represent the name of Menes on the Narmer Palette. This animal's maxilla exists only to support its barbels, which are the proper name for its most recognizable feature. The Great Mekong type is revered in Thailand. The setting of George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess is named after, for 10 points, what group of fish whose Channel type is a Southern delicacy, and which appear to have whiskers?", "answer": "catfish [prompt on \"fish\"]", "page": "Catfish", "category": "History", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719458", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101974, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 329], [330, 498], [499, 574], [575, 693], [694, 739], [740, 915]], "first_sentence": "This was the popular nickname of James Cole, a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan who attacked the Lumbee Indians in North Carolina in the late 1950s, only to get routed.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"fish\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One work by this poet grumpily declares, \"I hate the bard who strolls along / And sells in streets his borrowed song,\" while another describes how \"thrice the thrifty earth has drank the wine\" of a host with a \"secret wound deep- rankling in his breast.\" A poem originally by this author is about a woman who \"with curious and enlarged eye / surveyed the splendid glories of the sky\" and uses a braid of hair to narrate the wedding night of a new queen. A translation of that poem, \"Berenice's Lock,\" comprises Catullus 66. This poet used the phrase \"mega biblion, mega kakon,\" or \"big book, big evil,\" in a debate about the proper length of poems with his student Apollonius of Rhodes. The opening line of Ezra Pound's \"Homage to Sextus Propertius\" refers to the \"shades\" of this poet, who wrote the Pinakes, an extensive record of the holdings of the Library of Alexandria. For 10 points, name this Cyrenaic poet who wrote about the \"causes\" of things in his Aetia.", "answer": "Callimachus", "page": "Callimachus", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719459", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101975, "tokenizations": [[0, 254], [255, 453], [454, 523], [524, 686], [687, 875], [876, 967]], "first_sentence": "One work by this poet grumpily declares, \"I hate the bard who strolls along / And sells in streets his borrowed song,\" while another describes how \"thrice the thrifty earth has drank the wine\" of a host with a \"secret wound deep- rankling in his breast.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The colonial treasury of this U.S. state, housed at the mansion of Stephen Skinner, was robbed in 1768, resulting in a loss of 6,750 pounds. Its patriots have included Philemon Dickinson and Captain Joshua Huddy, whose lynching led to the Asgill Affair. A mayor in this state, Mark Fagan, led a Progressive offshoot of the Republican Party called the New Idea Movement. Its governor Peter D. Vroom was one of five men involved in this state's election controversy called the Broad Seal War. This state's first income tax was implemented by a much later governor, Brendan Byrne. It's the subject of the book \"The Traitor State\" by Lincoln Steffens, who denounced the family of its politician Theodore Frelinghuysen. A mansion in this state, Drumthwacket, is now the official residence of its governors, like James Florio and a woman who became the EPA director under George W. Bush. For 10 points, name this state governed by Christine Todd Whitman, Woodrow Wilson, and Chris Christie.", "answer": "New Jersey [or NJ]", "page": "New_Jersey", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101976, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 253], [254, 369], [370, 490], [491, 577], [578, 714], [715, 881], [882, 984]], "first_sentence": "The colonial treasury of this U.S. state, housed at the mansion of Stephen Skinner, was robbed in 1768, resulting in a loss of 6,750 pounds.", "answer_prompt": "or NJ", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one film by this director, four young people wearing stocking masks jump into a pool repeatedly then eventually disappear; later a man and a woman come to the title location and are turned into statues. A sculpture by this manwas inspired by a certain novel's line about the chance meeting of an umbrella on a dissecting table. With an alphabetically prior artist, this director of The Mysteries of the Chateau of Dice can be seen playing a game of chess, then suddenly disappearing in Rene Clair's Entr'acte. This artist's 1919 gouache called Seguidilla was the first of his \"aerographs,\" which he made using an airbrush. He wrapped a sewing machine in an army blanket and tied it with yellow string to create The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse. He painted f-holes onto the back of a photograph of Kiki Montparnasse to create The Violin of Ingres. Known for photographing Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Selavy, for 10 points, identify this surrealist and Dadaist who was born Emmanuel Radnitzky.", "answer": "Man Ray [or Emmanuel Radnitzky until it is read]", "page": "Man_Ray", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101977, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 330], [331, 512], [513, 625], [626, 744], [745, 846], [847, 987]], "first_sentence": "In one film by this director, four young people wearing stocking masks jump into a pool repeatedly then eventually disappear; later a man and a woman come to the title location and are turned into statues.", "answer_prompt": "or Emmanuel Radnitzky until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In exchange for donations, this politician helped the former Iron Guard member Nicolae Malaxa start an oil factory in his home state. While getting into a car with Anna Chennault, this man cracked his forehead open on the door and bled all over her dress. This man's presidency witnessed the Hard Hat Riot, where his support for construction workers led him to appoint Peter Brennan as his Secretary of Labor. He won an early political campaign by deriding his opponent, Helen Gahagan Douglas, as \"The Pink Lady.\" His aide Donald Segretti coined the name for the tactic of \"ratfucking,\" and was a member of a fundraising organization for this politician headed by his Attorney General John Mitchell. During a speech, he referred to drug use as \"public enemy number one.\" For 10 points, name this politician who also delivered the \"Checkers Speech\" and resigned after the Watergate scandal.", "answer": "Richard Milhous Nixon", "page": "Richard_Nixon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101978, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 255], [256, 409], [410, 513], [514, 699], [700, 770], [771, 889]], "first_sentence": "In exchange for donations, this politician helped the former Iron Guard member Nicolae Malaxa start an oil factory in his home state.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A work titled The Future of this book's author argues that its \"plastic\" thought easily allows for the theory of temporality to be applied to European philosophy - that dissertation on this book is by Catherine Malabou. In 1866, William Torrey Harris founded the Journal of Speculative Philosophy to explicate this text's ideas, such as the \"Notion of the Thing,\" as part of the St. Louis school. Jacques Lacan's theory of desire was inspired by a series of lectures about reading this work, which discusses how a certain figure's quest for self-mastery is caused by his need for recognition since that need is greater than the fear of death; those lectures on it were delivered by Alexandre Kojeve. This text uses the term \"sublation,\" or aufhebung, to describe the movement from opposition to unification, through a dialectical process. For 10 points, name this philosophical book authored by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.", "answer": "The Phenomenology of Spirit [or Phenomenology of Mind; or Pha\u0308nomenologie des Geistes]", "page": "The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101979, "tokenizations": [[0, 219], [220, 396], [397, 699], [700, 838], [839, 925]], "first_sentence": "A work titled The Future of this book's author argues that its \"plastic\" thought easily allows for the theory of temporality to be applied to European philosophy - that dissertation on this book is by Catherine Malabou.", "answer_prompt": "or Phenomenology of Mind; or Pha\u0308nomenologie des Geistes", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Michael Bader developed cache-oblivious algorithms feature matrices whose element order is based on this type of function. Exotic examples of these functions include Dekking's Church, an entity surrounded by \"fudgeflakes,\" the Harter-Heighway dragon, and Bill Gosper's \"flowsnake.\" E.H. Moore modified the procedure to make one of these functions to incorporate its looping step early, but that made its underlying L-system representation more complex. If a space is compact, connected, locally connected, and second countable, then one of these functions exists for that space by the Hahn-Mazurkiewicz theorem. Procedures for making these functions with Hausdorff dimension of two have been given by Waclaw Sierpinski and David Hilbert. A mapping from the unit interval to the unit square comprises, for 10 points, what shapes discovered by Giuseppe Peano that completely pervade a square?", "answer": "space filling curves [or space filling transformation; or a Peano space until it is read, prompt on \"fractals\"]", "page": "Space_filling_curves", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101980, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 281], [282, 452], [453, 611], [612, 737], [738, 890]], "first_sentence": "Michael Bader developed cache-oblivious algorithms feature matrices whose element order is based on this type of function.", "answer_prompt": "or space filling transformation; or a Peano space until it is read, prompt on \"fractals\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character with this job states that he had a vision of a child who died less than two weeks ago being borne up to heaven while talking to the child's mother. That man with this job uses the examples of Darius drunkenly shooting his knight's son, Cyrus destroying the river Gysen, and a judge condemning three knights to their death as examples of the negative effects of anger. In that story, a member of this profession puts his hand down Thomas's back in order to receive a gift that he can divide evenly. The prologue to that story depicts an angel asking Satan to lift his tail, after which 20,000 of these people fly out of his ass. A squire suggests that a man of this profession acquire a cartwheel to perform the aforementioned division when the gift turns out to be a fart. The Summoner tells a mocking tale about members of this profession after one of them tells a similar tale about a summoner. For 10 points, the Wife of Bath's tale is followed by a tale by a member of what mendicant religious occupation?", "answer": "friars [or frere; or limiter; or lymytour]", "page": "Friars", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571945f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101981, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 379], [380, 509], [510, 639], [640, 784], [785, 908], [909, 1021]], "first_sentence": "A character with this job states that he had a vision of a child who died less than two weeks ago being borne up to heaven while talking to the child's mother.", "answer_prompt": "or frere; or limiter; or lymytour", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This city is the setting of the psychedelic anti-war film Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets.A \"sonata\" named for this city follows a man who dresses up in a suit and leaves his home every morning to continue the charade that he is still employed. The Italian aircraft designer Caproni inspires Jiro to study at a university in this city in a film which takes its title from a Paul Valery poem,The Wind Rises. While leaving a cafe\u0301 in this city, a deaf-teenage girl flashes her crotch at the boy who hit on her in one of the storylines from Alejandro Gonza\u0301lez In\u0303a\u0301rritu's Babel. A couple takes a guided bus tour then climbs stairs to go to the roof of a department store to see a panorama of this city; in that film the couple's daughter-in-law, but not their son, shows them hospitality when they visit this city. The now defunct Studio Ghibli was based in, for 10 points, what city, the setting of many of Yasujiro Ozu's masterpieces?", "answer": "Tokyo", "page": "Tokyo", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719460", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101982, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [102, 256], [257, 418], [419, 585], [586, 821], [822, 943]], "first_sentence": "This city is the setting of the psychedelic anti-war film Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One letter addressed to this ruler discussed the problem of merchants who mingle among pilgrims, demanding that those false pilgrims pay road tolls, while another letter addressed to him discussed the expulsion of a priest for eating meat during Lent. This king expanded his territory by winning the Battle of Bensington, and founded an abbey at Winchcombe, which contains the Monk's Walk. He convinced Pope Adrian I to split the Archdiocese of Canterbury into two halves. His daughter was set to be married to Charles the Younger, until it was called off because this ruler offended Charlemagne. This king introduced the silver penny as currency during his reign, and depicted his allegedly-evil wife Cynethryth on the coin. He took power by defeating Beornred in a civil war after the murder of Aethelbald in 757 CE. This king is also known for marking the boundary between Wales and his territory by digging a 149-mile long series of ditches. For 10 points, name this great king of Mercia who built his namesake Dyke.", "answer": "Offa of Mercia", "page": "Offa_of_Mercia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719461", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101983, "tokenizations": [[0, 251], [252, 389], [390, 472], [473, 596], [597, 725], [726, 818], [819, 945], [946, 1020]], "first_sentence": "One letter addressed to this ruler discussed the problem of merchants who mingle among pilgrims, demanding that those false pilgrims pay road tolls, while another letter addressed to him discussed the expulsion of a priest for eating meat during Lent.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This deity is celebrated at a festival in which men place barley seeds on their caps or behind their ears. The Hindustani equivalent of the pentatonic ragam Shudhha Saveri is named for this deity. Guru Gobind Singh wrote a ballad about this deity titled Chandi di Var. While sipping from a wine cup, this goddess slew Mahishasura with a trident, when that demon attacked her as a buffalo. In Gujarat, her worship takes the form of the garba dance during the festival of Navratri. A temple dedicated to her is called the National Temple of Bangladesh. Her namesake puja involves immersing her idol in water, starting the same night as Navratri, which celebrates the nine forms of this goddess of Shakti. Commonly depicted riding a lion or a tiger, this goddess resides on Mount Kashi as a form of Parvati, along with her husband Shiva. For 10 points, name this invincible Hindu goddess who represents the victory of good over evil.", "answer": "Durga [or Narayani; or Padmanabha-Sahodari; or Parvati or Shakti until \"Mahishasura\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"Devi\"]", "page": "Durga", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719462", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101984, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 196], [197, 268], [269, 388], [389, 479], [480, 550], [551, 702], [703, 834], [835, 930]], "first_sentence": "This deity is celebrated at a festival in which men place barley seeds on their caps or behind their ears.", "answer_prompt": "or Narayani; or Padmanabha-Sahodari; or Parvati or Shakti until \"Mahishasura\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"Devi\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character and an assistant are told a story in which a man finds a jar of formaldehyde containing an adult's amputated vestigial sixth fingers. This character's roommate tells him a story in which the roommate's father encounters a jazz pianist who possesses a \"death token\" that allows him to see people's auras. This character has a bizarre erotic dream in which the two girls he's having sex with suddenly morph into that roommate, who later disappears and leaves this character a box set of Liszt piano suites. This character's girlfriend is a travel agent named Sara who helps him book tickets to Finland, where he meets the sculptor Edvard Haatainen. After much searching, this train station designer learns that a fabricated rape accusation was what led his college friends, who went by nicknames meaning \"red\", \"blue\", \"white\", and \"black\", to cut off all contact with him. For 10 points, name this \"colorless\" character whose \"years of pilgrimage\" are chronicled in a 2013 novel by Haruki Murakami.", "answer": "Tsukuru Tazaki [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Tsukuru_Tazaki", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719463", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101985, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 318], [319, 519], [520, 661], [662, 886], [887, 1012]], "first_sentence": "This character and an assistant are told a story in which a man finds a jar of formaldehyde containing an adult's amputated vestigial sixth fingers.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Antibodies to an enzyme in this family produce the P-ANCA staining pattern around the nucleus in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. That enzyme in this family is responsible for the green color of green sputum. One family of these enzymes is characterized by a catalytic triad of glutamine, tryptophan, and selenocysteine. Along with lysozyme and lactoferrin, an enzyme in this family kills bacteria in saliva and milk. One enzyme in this family is targeted by antibodies in Hashimoto's disease and \"organifies\" iodine in the thyroid. One of these enzymes produces hypochlorous acid during the respiratory burst of neutrophils. They're not phosphatases, but an enzyme in this class is a commonly-used reporter enzyme in ELISA and Western blots, and was isolated from the roots of horseradish. These enzymes act on the same substrate as catalase, and catalyze the production of two alcohols by breaking an oxygen-oxygen single bond. For 10 points, name these enzymes that facilitate the breakdown of H2O2.", "answer": "peroxidase [or haloperoxidase; or lactoperoxidase; or myeloperoxidase; or glutathione peroxidase; or horseradish peroxidase]", "page": "Peroxidase", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719464", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101986, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 215], [216, 327], [328, 424], [425, 539], [540, 632], [633, 797], [798, 936], [937, 1009]], "first_sentence": "Antibodies to an enzyme in this family produce the P-ANCA staining pattern around the nucleus in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "answer_prompt": "or haloperoxidase; or lactoperoxidase; or myeloperoxidase; or glutathione peroxidase; or horseradish peroxidase", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this circle discussed the sociology of creating art in Art Worlds and examined a semi-professional jazz group that gave rise to the \"culture of a deviant group\" in his book Outsiders. Another member of this group pioneered Grounded Theory with Barney Glaser. A third member examined \"pioneers of German social policy\" who sought to secure a welfare state in his book The Cameralists, while another member outlined the commuter zone, residential zone, and the working men zone as part of his Concentric Zone model. This group included Howard Becker, Anselm Strauss, Ernest Burgess and Albion Small, the last of whom established it. Another of its influential members laid the groundwork for symbolic interactionism with his book Mind, Self, and Society. For 10 points, George Herbert Mead was a member of what group of sociologists that all taught at a certain university in the Midwest?", "answer": "University of Chicago", "page": "University_of_Chicago", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719465", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101987, "tokenizations": [[0, 197], [198, 272], [273, 527], [528, 644], [645, 766], [767, 900]], "first_sentence": "One member of this circle discussed the sociology of creating art in Art Worlds and examined a semi-professional jazz group that gave rise to the \"culture of a deviant group\" in his book Outsiders.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one battle, this ruler sent his soldiers out wearing crowns of laurel to appear as holy avengers of Apollo against an enemy force that drowned en-masse trying to reach the ships of Chares. He received the news that his wife gave birth to a son at the same time as a report that his racehorse won the Olympic Games. The historian Theopompus lambasted him for getting drunk in the daytime, in a digression-filled 58-book history of his rule. This man lost his right eye besieging the city of Methone, and defeated Onemarchos at the bloodiest engagement in Greek history, the Battle of Crocus Field. At the celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's wedding to Alexander of Epirus, this man was assassinated by one of his seven bodyguards, Pausanias. This man established the League of Corinth after winning a battle where the companion cavalry that broke the Sacred Band was commanded by his eighteen-year old son. For 10 points, name this King of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great.", "answer": "Philip II of Macedon [prompt on \"Philip\"]", "page": "Philip_II_of_Macedon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719466", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101988, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 317], [318, 442], [443, 599], [600, 747], [748, 912], [913, 989]], "first_sentence": "In one battle, this ruler sent his soldiers out wearing crowns of laurel to appear as holy avengers of Apollo against an enemy force that drowned en-masse trying to reach the ships of Chares.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Philip\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Dominick Argento modeled From the Diary of Virginia Woolf on one of this composer's song cycles, which sets eight poems by Adalbert von Chamisso. This composer used the enigmatic marking \"Im Legenden Ton\" for the middle section of the first movement of his Opus 17 Fantasie. His F minor piano sonata was originally published under the title \"Concerto Without Orchestra.\" This composer wrote a cycle of nine short piano pieces about a forest which includes \"Vogel als Prophet,\" as well as the song cycle A Woman's Life and Love. He composed \"The Happy Farmer,\" a piece often taught to new piano players, for his Opus 68 Album for the Young. Another of his piano works includes a depiction of people playing Blind Man's Bluff, and begins with the movement \"Of Foreign Lands and Peoples.\" For 10 points, name this German composer whose Scenes From Childhood includes \"Tra\u0308umerei\" (\"TROY-mehr-eye\").", "answer": "Robert Schumann", "page": "Robert_Schumann", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719467", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101989, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 274], [275, 370], [371, 527], [528, 639], [640, 784], [784, 785], [786, 894]], "first_sentence": "Dominick Argento modeled From the Diary of Virginia Woolf on one of this composer's song cycles, which sets eight poems by Adalbert von Chamisso.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This is the first word in the name of a form of spectroscopy which uses Couette flow cells to orient samples. This kind of molecule must be in either the C-sub-infinity-v or D-sub-infinity-h point groups. The rotational partition function for this type of molecule equals temperature divided by the product of the rotational temperature and the symmetry number. In rotational spectroscopy, molecules are classified as this type, or as one of three different types of tops. This type of molecule with N atoms only possesses 2 rotational degrees of freedom, meaning it has a total of 3N-5 vibrational degrees of freedom. This is the first word in the name of a method from quantum chemistry which constructs molecular orbitals using a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals. For 10 points, a molecule which only possesses sp-hybridized orbitals adopts what VSEPR geometry, in which the bond angles are all 180 degrees?", "answer": "linear", "page": "Linearity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719468", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101990, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 204], [205, 361], [362, 472], [473, 618], [619, 774], [775, 918]], "first_sentence": "This is the first word in the name of a form of spectroscopy which uses Couette flow cells to orient samples.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A black employee of this company named Roscoe Conkling Simmons advised Warren Harding on matters of race. This company funded a 1929 trans-Arctic flight that ended in disaster when the plane was destroyed by ice and the crew was rescued by Canadians. This newspaper illegally obtained a copy of the Treaty of Versailles and gave it to William Borah to read on the Senate floor, and antagonized the government by announcing in 1942 that Japan's naval code had been broken. This paper took an isolationist turn under its editor Robert R. McCormick, who called it the \"American Paper for Americans.\" An incident in this newspaper's history was captured in a photograph taken at St. Louis Union Station, and depicts a jubilant incumbent telling the press \"That ain't the way I heard it\" and holding up a copy of this paper. For 10 points, name this newspaper that reported on the results of the 1948 presidential election with the incorrect headline \"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN.\"", "answer": "Chicago Tribune", "page": "Chicago_Tribune", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719469", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101991, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 250], [251, 471], [472, 596], [597, 819], [820, 969]], "first_sentence": "A black employee of this company named Roscoe Conkling Simmons advised Warren Harding on matters of race.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A section of this poem claims that \"morality is water on the brain\" and that \"everyone in the world was doomed to happiness\" after saying its author \"became a fabulous opera.\" This poem's speaker says that \"I learned the magic of Felicity,\" which \"enchants us all,\" asking \"O seasons, O chateaus! Where is the flawless soul?\" Its first section contains the declaration \"I will be brutal and indolent\" before it mentions \"ferocious invalids home from the tropics\". The speaker calls this work \"a few foul pages from a damned soul\" in its first section, which opens with a declaration that the speaker's life was once \"a banquet where very heart revealed itself.\" The speaker of a subsection of this larger work claims \"what was unutterable, I wrote down.\" The speaker of this extended poem says \"A black, E white, I red, O blue, U green\" and declares \"I invented colors for the vowels!\" For 10 points, name this extended prose poem with two sections titled \"Delirium,\" written by Arthur Rimbaud.", "answer": "\"A Season in Hell\" [or \"Une Saison en Enfer\"]", "page": "A_Season_in_Hell", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101992, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [174, 175], [176, 296], [297, 324], [324, 325], [326, 463], [464, 661], [662, 754], [755, 885], [886, 994]], "first_sentence": "A section of this poem claims that \"morality is water on the brain\" and that \"everyone in the world was doomed to happiness\" after saying its author \"became a fabulous opera.", "answer_prompt": "or \"Une Saison en Enfer\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Several sites at this national park, including its science and learning center, are named in honor of the biologist Adolph Murie, while the newly-built visitor center is dedicated to the pilot Ben Eielson. During a trip called the \"Voyage of Understanding,\" Warren G. Harding rode in a railroad car named for this national park, which was established through a bill introduced in Congress by James Wickersham at the urging of Charles Sheldon. This park is home to the mosquito-infested Wonder Lake, as well as the Foraker River and the Toklat River, which winds its way west of the Kantishna Hills. Sightings of Dall sheep are common at this park, which contains the Stampede Trail and a famous exhibit of interlocking moose antlers. The name of this park means \"the High One\" in the Athabaskan language, and its train links the cities of Fairbanks and Anchorage. For 10 points, name this national park which contains Mt. McKinley.", "answer": "Denali National Park and Preserve", "page": "Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101993, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 442], [443, 598], [599, 733], [734, 863], [864, 931]], "first_sentence": "Several sites at this national park, including its science and learning center, are named in honor of the biologist Adolph Murie, while the newly-built visitor center is dedicated to the pilot Ben Eielson.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Members of this movement produced paintings capturing their impressions as tourists in the \"Prague Project.\" The desert, sea waves and lunar craters are the subject of texture paintings by this movement's Latvian member, Vija Celmins. A female artist from this movement created vanitas paintings, such as one that juxtaposes an hourglass, a candle, and a calendar titled Wheel of Fortune. Another artist from this movement captured the activity of a city in a painting in which the title structures reflect the action, called Telephone Booths. An artist from this movement worked in a wheelchair with a paintbrush strapped to his wrist, after he became quadriplegic. This movement included Audrey Flack, Richard Estes, and an artist who painted grids of tiles filled with shapes which, viewed from afar, look like faces. For 10 points, name this movement to which Chuck Close belonged, which made paintings that resembled camera images.", "answer": "photorealism [or hyper-realism; or super-realism]", "page": "Photorealism", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101994, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 234], [235, 388], [389, 543], [544, 666], [667, 820], [821, 936]], "first_sentence": "Members of this movement produced paintings capturing their impressions as tourists in the \"Prague Project.\"", "answer_prompt": "or hyper-realism; or super-realism", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler annulled his daughter's marriage when her suitor could not pay an outrageous bride price consisting of 50,000 horses, 10,000 cows and camels, and 100,000 sheep. He erected six large stone panels across his empire to honor his six favorite horses. Whenever this ruler became sick, his wife would visit him carrying poison in her belt so she could commit suicide at a moment's notice. This husband of Empress Zhangsun was dissuaded from making sacrifices at a sacred mountain that shares his name by his minister Wei Zheng. This ruler launched an attack on the Xiyu States in the Tarim Basin after subjugating the Ashina dynasty in charge of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, and also invaded the Goguryeo Dynasty of Korea. He came to power after ordering his men to assassinate his brothers at the Xuanwu Gate. This ruler succeeded Li Yuan, aka Emperor Gaozu, and proceeded to conquer much of Central Asia as far as present-day Kazakhstan. For 10 points, name this second emperor of the Tang Dynasty.", "answer": "Tang Taizong [or Li Shimin; or T'ai-Tsung; prompt on \"Li\" or \"Shimin\"]", "page": "Tang_Taizong", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101995, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 257], [258, 393], [394, 532], [533, 728], [729, 816], [817, 945], [946, 1006]], "first_sentence": "This ruler annulled his daughter's marriage when her suitor could not pay an outrageous bride price consisting of 50,000 horses, 10,000 cows and camels, and 100,000 sheep.", "answer_prompt": "or Li Shimin; or T'ai-Tsung; prompt on \"Li\" or \"Shimin\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel writes the French words \"A bientot,\" meaning \"see you soon,\" on the guidebook of a woman she secretly follows to a rock overlooking a gulf. The protagonist of this novel jokes that her complexion is several shades greener than that of a woman in a Bronzino portrait. In this novel's last line, a woman breaks off a relationship by exclaiming \"We shall never be again as we were!\" after her lover pleads with her to refuse an inheritance bequest. The protagonist of this novel hires a valet named Eugenio and purchases the fancy Palazzo Leporelli upon relocating to Venice. The surgeon Sir Luke Strett diagnoses the terminal illness of this novel's protagonist, whom Merton Densher agrees to marry in exchange for sex from his real lover, Kate Croy, who is desperate to escape financial dependence on her aunt Maud Lowder. For 10 points, name this novel about an English couple's plan to swindle the American heiress Milly Theale, written by Henry James.", "answer": "The Wings of the Dove", "page": "The_Wings_of_the_Dove", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101996, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 292], [293, 405], [406, 471], [472, 598], [599, 847], [848, 979]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel writes the French words \"A bientot,\" meaning \"see you soon,\" on the guidebook of a woman she secretly follows to a rock overlooking a gulf.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The components of the non-resonant part of one form of this quantity are given by the Kleinman relations. The phase shift arising from cross-phase modulation is proportional to the third-order component of this tensor quantity, which is also responsible for the DC Kerr effect. In centrosymmetric media, the even-order components of this quantity are zero, meaning sum frequency generation and second harmonic generation cannot occur. This tensor quantity is generalized into a series of coefficients which appear in the Taylor series expansion which characterizes nonlinear crystals. Relative permeability equals one plus another form of this quantity, which is negative for a diamagnet and positive for a paramagnet. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized chi whose \"electric\" form gives the polarization of a material in response to an applied E-field, and whose \"magnetic\" form gives the magnetization of a material in response to an applied B-field.", "answer": "susceptibility [or electric susceptibility; or magnetic susceptibility; or n-th order answers, such as second-order electric susceptibility or third-order electric susceptibility]", "page": "Electric_susceptibility", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571946f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101997, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 277], [278, 434], [435, 584], [585, 718], [719, 960]], "first_sentence": "The components of the non-resonant part of one form of this quantity are given by the Kleinman relations.", "answer_prompt": "or electric susceptibility; or magnetic susceptibility; or n-th order answers, such as second-order electric susceptibility or third-order electric susceptibility", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man gave a cap to Amphidamas, who gave it to Molus, who gave it to his own son Meriones. This man was born when Hermes touched his mother's face to make her fall asleep, and then raped her. The Odyssey lists this man's wife as Amphithea, but better-known accounts have him marrying a woman whose father ran a scam in which he sold her to a series of suitors for the bride price, only to have her return by transforming into a different animal. Heracles learned the art of wrestling from this man and served three years of penance for killing this man's son Iphitus. A youth who went hunting with this husband of Mestra was scarred by a boar just above his knee, leaving a mark that was recognized by the youth's nurse Eurycleia. This man, like Hades, had a helmet of invisibility, and he once out-trickstered Sisyphus by stealing his herd. For 10 points, name this best thief in Greek mythology, who imparted his cunning to his grandson Odysseus.", "answer": "Autolycus", "page": "Autolycus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719470", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101998, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 194], [195, 448], [449, 570], [571, 733], [734, 844], [845, 951]], "first_sentence": "This man gave a cap to Amphidamas, who gave it to Molus, who gave it to his own son Meriones.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When this quantity becomes very large, the reflection coefficient becomes greater than one, according to the Klein paradox. The Fourier transform of this quantity gives the first-order scattering amplitude according to the Born approximation. When this quantity is proportional to a delta function, the system possesses a continuum of sinusoidal scattering states with positive energy and a single bound state with negative energy. This quantity is infinite inside of a critical radius and zero outside that radius according to the hard sphere model. This quantity is subtracted in the Lagrangian but added in the Hamiltonian. This quantity is infinite everywhere except for between 0 and L in the infinite square well or particle-in-a-box model. For 10 points, name this type of energy equal to \"m g h\" for an object near the earth, which is symbolized V or U.", "answer": "potential energy [or U or V until they are read; or gravitational potential energy; or electric potential energy]", "page": "Potential_energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719471", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 101999, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 242], [243, 431], [432, 550], [551, 626], [627, 746], [747, 861]], "first_sentence": "When this quantity becomes very large, the reflection coefficient becomes greater than one, according to the Klein paradox.", "answer_prompt": "or U or V until they are read; or gravitational potential energy; or electric potential energy", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first mayor of this city, Christopher Cato, names a manor which saw the Beer Hall Riots when this city tried to pass an ordinance on beer brewing. A legendary figure in this city's history, Dick King, made a 600-mile horse ride to save this city from starvation by asking Captain Charlton Smith to send reinforcements in the wake of the Battle of Congella. This city saw a violent outbreak in 2009 at its Kennedy Road settlement, in its suburb of Clare Estate. Located just to the east of Pinetown, this city on the Umgeni River is home to a mall called the Gateway Theatre of Shopping. The Suncoast Casino marks the beginning of this city's Golden Mile, a popular stretch of beachfront for tourists. Once known as Port Natal, this city has the most Indians of any city outside India. For 10 points, name this busiest port city in South Africa.", "answer": "Durban [or Port Natalia until \"Port Natal\" is read]", "page": "Durban", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719472", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102000, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 360], [361, 464], [465, 590], [591, 704], [705, 788], [789, 848]], "first_sentence": "The first mayor of this city, Christopher Cato, names a manor which saw the Beer Hall Riots when this city tried to pass an ordinance on beer brewing.", "answer_prompt": "or Port Natalia until \"Port Natal\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play recalls being unable forget his fifty-year-old mistress while she reminded him of lilies and jasmines, until he remembers that she actually resembled fruit baskets and old luggage. A servant in this play throws his hat at a candle to put it out so as to prevent anyone from seeing that his master was involved in a late-night affair. That servant later convinces Count Ludovico that this play's protagonist is his long-lost son. The protagonist of this play is asked to compose a sonnet in response to a love letter written to the \"friend\" of a woman who later slaps him, drawing blood. Anarda's desire for Fabio leads her to reveal an affair in this play, in which the Marquis Ricardo and the Count Federico both pursue Diana, the countess of Belflor, who marries Fabio off to the servant Marcela after finally deciding to act on her love for Marcela's suitor Teodoro. For 10 points, name this Lope de Vega play inspired by a fable about an animal who spitefully prevents a horse from eating grain.", "answer": "The Dog in the Manger [or El Perro del Hortelano; or The Gardener's Dog]", "page": "The_Dog_in_the_Manger", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719473", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102001, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 358], [359, 453], [454, 611], [612, 894], [895, 1024]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play recalls being unable forget his fifty-year-old mistress while she reminded him of lilies and jasmines, until he remembers that she actually resembled fruit baskets and old luggage.", "answer_prompt": "or El Perro del Hortelano; or The Gardener's Dog", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to a story, this man started to write a book assisted by Sulpicius Flavus, but when he gave an initial public reading of that work, he couldn't stop laughing at a fat man in the audience who broke the bench on which he sat. Because this man accused his wife of cheating on him with the freedman Boter, he reportedly left her daughter naked at her doorstep. That wife of his, Plautia Urgulanilla, was of Etruscan origin. When a killer whale became trapped in the harbor at Ostia, this man ordered it to be covered in nets so he could battle it. Lucius Scribonianus, the governor of Dalmatia, revolted against him at the instigation of Annius Vinicianus. This man supported the client king Verica against Caratacus by sending his general Aulus Plautius to seize Colchester, as part of the invasion of Britain that this ruler ordered. For 10 points, name this stuttering Roman emperor who may have ingested a poisoned mushroom, and who reigned between Caligula and Nero.", "answer": "Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus [or Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus]", "page": "Claudius", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719474", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102002, "tokenizations": [[0, 233], [234, 366], [367, 429], [430, 553], [554, 662], [663, 841], [842, 977]], "first_sentence": "According to a story, this man started to write a book assisted by Sulpicius Flavus, but when he gave an initial public reading of that work, he couldn't stop laughing at a fat man in the audience who broke the bench on which he sat.", "answer_prompt": "or Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An infection of this structure can be diagnosed either by using the BVBLUE sialidase test or by finding clue cells on a wet mount. HYAFF microspheres can be used to deliver salmon calcitonin and insulin through this structure. The life cycle of a parasite named for and often infecting this structure consists solely of a pear-shaped trophozoite stage. Adding 10% KOH in the \"whiff test\" allows one to detect a species of Gardnerella that infects this structure. Lactobacillus is the primary component of the normal flora of this structure, which is commonly infected by Candida albicans and Trichomonas. A duckbill-shaped speculum can be used to open this structure, which is coated by secretions from Bartholin's glands during arousal. For 10 points, name this canal-like structure whose opening is flanked by the labia.", "answer": "vagina [or vulva until \"trophozoite\" is read]", "page": "Vagina", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719475", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102003, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 226], [227, 352], [353, 462], [463, 604], [605, 737], [738, 822]], "first_sentence": "An infection of this structure can be diagnosed either by using the BVBLUE sialidase test or by finding clue cells on a wet mount.", "answer_prompt": "or vulva until \"trophozoite\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One opera by this composer ends with the cello accompanying a character's hallucination, in which she is visited by her lover in a swan drawn chariot. Another opera by him ends with Marcel having a vision of heaven accompanied by six harps on stage and a chorus of soldiers singing \"God wants blood!\" In that opera, a band of the title figures singing the rataplan interrupts the duel between Raoul and Saint-Bris. This composer's last opera ends with Se\u0301lika inhaling the blossoms of the manchineel tree and features a scene in which Nelusko sings the \"Ballad of Adamastor.\" This man, who often collaborated with librettist Euge\u0300ne Scribe, wrote an opera about Vasco da Gama, as well as an opera in which the marriage of Margaret of Valois presages the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. For 10 points, name this composer of grand operas, such as L'Africaine and The Huguenots.", "answer": "Giacomo Meyerbeer", "page": "Giacomo_Meyerbeer", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719476", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102004, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 300], [301, 414], [415, 574], [575, 783], [784, 873]], "first_sentence": "One opera by this composer ends with the cello accompanying a character's hallucination, in which she is visited by her lover in a swan drawn chariot.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one source, the domain of this god was protected by twenty-one pylons and seven arits, all of which were successfully surpassed by Ani. According to the inscription on a sarcophagus lid, a high steward named Peftuaneith built a temple to an aspect of this god. That form of this god is sometimes also given as a form of a son of Nephthys, and is called Khenti-Amentiu. Another source suggests that the appearance of this god was heralded by the shout of Pamyles. This wearer of the atef crown is thought to be descended from the earlier Andjety, and he rules over a field of reed-covered islands called Aaru. Ptolemy I attempted to please his Greek overlords by creating a cult centered on a combination of this god and the Apis bull. In a myth related by Plutarch, a chest containing this god is retrieved from a tree in Byblos by his wife. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of the afterlife who fathered Horus with his wife Isis.", "answer": "Osiris", "page": "Osiris", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719477", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102005, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 263], [264, 371], [372, 465], [466, 611], [612, 619], [620, 737], [738, 844], [845, 938]], "first_sentence": "In one source, the domain of this god was protected by twenty-one pylons and seven arits, all of which were successfully surpassed by Ani.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a mangled female body is found in the street after being eaten by dogs, and when a woman stops to investigate, a group of trick-or-treating kids steal her purse. That woman in this novel makes money by singing at Oscar Reo's bar, the Gilded Cage. This novel begins with the protagonist walking in a graveyard and seeing the ghosts of people like Aldo Campione and Katrina Daugherty, whom he failed to save earlier in life. The pivotal event in the protagonist's life occurred when he dropped and killed his infant son Gerald while trying to change his diapers, an accident for which he exiled himself from his family for 22 years. Rudy Kraut and Old Rosskam are the homeless friends of former baseball player Francis, the protagonist of this novel. For 10 points, name this novel that follows Billy Phelan's Greatest Game as the final part of the Albany Cycle and was written by William Kennedy.", "answer": "Ironweed [prompt on the \"Albany Cycle\"]", "page": "Ironweed_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719478", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102006, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 261], [262, 437], [438, 645], [646, 763], [764, 910]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a mangled female body is found in the street after being eaten by dogs, and when a woman stops to investigate, a group of trick-or-treating kids steal her purse.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on the \"Albany Cycle\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man hypothesized that new matter was poured into our universe from spiral galaxies from other dimensions in his book Astronomy and Cosmogony. Donald Lynden-Bell derived this astronomer's \"strong\" theorem, which states that the distribution function of a steady state system with regular orbits can be written exclusively as functions of the action integrals. He names a quantity that is equal to the square root of fifteen, times Boltzmann's constant, times temperature, all over four pi, times big G, times the mass per particle times mass density. That quantity named for him is derived by setting the free-fall time equal to the sound-crossing time and determines when his namesake instability will induce structure formation. For 10 points, name this scientist, who names the critical length under which a molecular cloud will undergo gravitational collapse, thus causing star formation to begin", "answer": "Sir James Hopwood Jeans [or Jeans length; or Jeans theorem]", "page": "Sir_James_Hopwood_Jeans", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719479", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102007, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 363], [364, 554], [555, 734], [735, 904]], "first_sentence": "This man hypothesized that new matter was poured into our universe from spiral galaxies from other dimensions in his book Astronomy and Cosmogony.", "answer_prompt": "or Jeans length; or Jeans theorem", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A member of this political party, John Barbee, had his mayoral term damaged by the Bloody Monday incident, which was fueled by the writings of George Prentice in the Louisville Daily Journal. This party was supported by groups called the Rip Raps, the Butt Enders, and the Wampanoags, who backed the candidacy of Thomas Swann in Baltimore. Mayor Charles Waterman ran a machine in support of this party in New Orleans. Its members often quoted the speeches of Lewis Levin, who was elected to Congress in Pennsylvania in the wake of riots in Philadelphia. During an election, this party selected Andrew Donelson as vice president, but their presidential nomination was refused by their partisan Nathaniel Banks, so they turned to former president Millard Fillmore. For 10 points, name this party that grew out of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner and supported an anti-immigration platform.", "answer": "Know-Nothing Party [or the American Party]", "page": "Know_Nothing", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102008, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 339], [340, 417], [418, 553], [554, 762], [763, 892]], "first_sentence": "A member of this political party, John Barbee, had his mayoral term damaged by the Bloody Monday incident, which was fueled by the writings of George Prentice in the Louisville Daily Journal.", "answer_prompt": "or the American Party", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This is the first title concept of a treatise that cites the Fisher King motif in The Wasteland as an illness that is the \"inability to wish.\" A 1956 work declares that this thing is \"the only sane and satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence.\" A triangular theory of this phenomenon, one of whose components is commitment, was developed by Robert Sternberg. Rollo May suggested that this concept be integrated with \"will\" to make a human complete. A series of experiments in which rhesus monkeys became attached to wire meshes instead of their mothers are discussed in a Harry Harlow book titled for the nature of this phenomenon. Sigmund Freud used the Greek word for this thing to describe the \"life instincts\" that opposes thanatos, or the death instincts. For 10 points, name this human emotion which is often unrequited.", "answer": "love [or eros; or word forms, such as loving; do NOT accept \"sex\"]", "page": "Love", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102009, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 256], [256, 257], [258, 371], [372, 461], [462, 644], [645, 773], [774, 839]], "first_sentence": "This is the first title concept of a treatise that cites the Fisher King motif in The Wasteland as an illness that is the \"inability to wish.\"", "answer_prompt": "or eros; or word forms, such as loving; do NOT accept \"sex\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poet wrote that \"the mind must sweat a poison / Keener than Thessaly's brew\" in a work whose speaker states \"Now I have come to reason / And cast my schoolboy clout.\" Another poem by this author claims that \"big guns\" will \"Grow nearer home - and out of the dream-house stumbling\" such that \"You'll know you slept too long.\" This poet described how \"for those / whom accident made great\", \"their seed is in us and over / our lives they are evergreen\" in the title poem of one of his collections. This author of \"Newsreel\" and Transitional Poem introduced the detective Nigel Strangeways in A Question of Proof, a novel written under the pseudonym \"Nicholas Blake\". Like Louis MacNeice and Stephen Spender, he was a member of the \"Auden Group\", and he gained fame for his translations of Virgil's three major works. His poetry collections include A Time to Dance and Overtures to Death. For 10 points, name this British Poet Laureate from 1968 to 1972 who rejected the use of the hyphen in his last name.", "answer": "Cecil Day-Lewis [prompt on \"Nicholas Blake\" until it is read]", "page": "Cecil_Day-Lewis", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102010, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [114, 141], [142, 171], [172, 329], [330, 435], [436, 500], [501, 669], [670, 819], [820, 890], [891, 1008]], "first_sentence": "This poet wrote that \"the mind must sweat a poison / Keener than Thessaly's brew\" in a work whose speaker states \"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Nicholas Blake\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "William Kinderman's book about this work traces its compositional history and identifies late sketches for it in the Engel- mann Sketchbook. An Allegro fugue in this composition abandons its usual key and is instead in E-flat, though it modulates back to the main key after a cadenza-like passage consisting of a rising and falling sixteenth-note arpeggiation of a diminished seventh chord. Another section of this work parodies an aria for Leporello in Don Giovanni. The composer put his Missa Solem- nis on hold to begin work on this composition, despite having originally insulted its thematic material as a \"cobbler's patch.\" This work appears in part I of the collaborative publication Vaterla\u0308ndischer Ku\u0308nstlerverein. For 10 points, name this piano composition, Beethoven's Opus 120, consisting of a set of variations on a waltz originally produced by an Austrian musician.", "answer": "the Diabelli Variations [or 33 Variations on a waltz by Anton Diabelli; or Ludwig van Beethoven's Opus 120 until it is read; prompt on \"Opus 120\"]", "page": "Diabelli_Variations", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102011, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 390], [391, 467], [468, 628], [628, 722], [723, 878]], "first_sentence": "William Kinderman's book about this work traces its compositional history and identifies late sketches for it in the Engel- mann Sketchbook.", "answer_prompt": "or 33 Variations on a waltz by Anton Diabelli; or Ludwig van Beethoven's Opus 120 until it is read; prompt on \"Opus 120\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "St. Augustine disagreed with St. Jerome's interpretation of one incident involving a rebuke of this man, claiming it was not staged. That incident involving this man took place at Antioch after this man and Barnabas were misled by a group of Jews, as recounted in Chapter 2 of Galatians. This man cites the time being nine o'clock in the morning to explain that he and his companions are not drunk before preaching a sermon that converts three thousand. This man sat with the servants during Jesus' trial and suggests building three tabernacles during the Transfiguration, though in Matthew he is rebuked with \"get thee behind me satan\" by Jesus. In John, this man smites the high priest's servant Malchus and this reviver of Tabitha is accosted while warming his hands by a woman during the first of three times he denies knowing Jesus. For 10 points, identify this apostle, the \"rock\" on which the Christian church was founded.", "answer": "Peter", "page": "The_Peter", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102012, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 287], [288, 453], [454, 646], [647, 812], [813, 837], [838, 929]], "first_sentence": "St. Augustine disagreed with St. Jerome's interpretation of one incident involving a rebuke of this man, claiming it was not staged.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Perturbative expansions over one variant of this theory can have coupling-constant related artifacts removed by the \"tadpole improvement\" method. This theory predicts that the propagator factor for spacelike branching exhibits both a soft and a collinear singularity. The one-loop beta function in this theory is negative. At low energies, the coupling constant in this theory is so large that perturbation theory is ineffective, and that coupling constant decreases as 1 over the natural log of energy with increasing energy. The symmetry group which underlies this theory has eight generators known as the Gell-Mann matrices. This theory describes a force whose underlying potential has a term proportional to distance, meaning separating two particles to infinity requires infinite energy. This gauge theory with SU(3) symmetry exhibits the properties of asymptotic freedom and confinement. For 10 points, name this theory that explains the strong force using the concept of color charge.", "answer": "quantum chromodynamics [or QCD; or lattice QCD]", "page": "Quantum_chromodynamics", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b915409571947f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102013, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 267], [268, 322], [323, 526], [527, 627], [628, 792], [793, 893], [894, 991]], "first_sentence": "Perturbative expansions over one variant of this theory can have coupling-constant related artifacts removed by the \"tadpole improvement\" method.", "answer_prompt": "or QCD; or lattice QCD", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The members of this group became locked in an arms race when one of them ordered the construction of two American- made Rivadavia-class battleships and two British-made Almirante Latorre-class battleships, leading another member to order a super-dreadnought. Dire financial straits after the loss of its rubber monopoly caused that member of this group to sell its dreadnought to the Ottomans, which led to an Ottoman-German alliance in the First World War after the British seized the ship. All members of this group entered the \"Consultation, Non-Aggression and Arbitration Pact\" in 1915, which remained in place until the 1923 Pan-American Conference. After the Tampico Affair and the seizure of Veracruz, the members of this group gathered in Niagara Falls at a namesake conference to prevent war between the United States and Mexico. For 10 points, give this term used for the alliance of three politically influential countries in South America during the early 20th century.", "answer": "ABC Powers [or Argentina, Brazil, and Chile; do NOT accept partial answers]", "page": "ABC_Powers", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719480", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102014, "tokenizations": [[0, 258], [259, 491], [492, 654], [655, 838], [839, 981]], "first_sentence": "The members of this group became locked in an arms race when one of them ordered the construction of two American- made Rivadavia-class battleships and two British-made Almirante Latorre-class battleships, leading another member to order a super-dreadnought.", "answer_prompt": "or Argentina, Brazil, and Chile; do NOT accept partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An essay by this man considers whether Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time is a \"Penelope work of remembering\" or a \"Penelope work of forgetting.\" This thinker recalls excitingly purchasing a copy of Balzac's The Wild Ass's Skin at an auction run by Emil Hirscher in an essay about his penchant for book collecting. This author of \"The Image of Proust\" and \"Unpacking My Library\" wrote about the moment when thinking stops and a large constellation of thoughts crystallizes into a monad. That moment is considered as a \"Stillstellung,\" or the \"zero hour,\" of \"messianic time\" and appears in an essay by this man that uses Paul Klee's Angelus Novus to critique historical materialism. He laments the advent of lithography in an essay about how photographic prints lack \"aura.\" For 10 points, name this author of \"Theses on the Philosophy of History\" and \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.\"", "answer": "Walter Benjamin", "page": "Walter_Benjamin", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719481", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102015, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [148, 149], [150, 318], [319, 490], [491, 686], [687, 778], [779, 912]], "first_sentence": "An essay by this man considers whether Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time is a \"Penelope work of remembering\" or a \"Penelope work of forgetting.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem written in this language begins in italics with the line, \"Ladies and Gentlemen, let me introduce you to... the thin man with the green sweater.\" That poem in this language, \"Menace of the Sick\", was included in the collection The Iron Cow Must Sweat. Though it was notated in Arabic script, Abu Bakr Effendi's \"Exposition of the Religion\" was written in this language. A novel written in this language is about a family whose patriarch has an affair with Ma Rose; one of that man's sons is killed in a revolt by the slave Galant. The murders of Jonathan and Gordon Ngubene by the Special Branch are investigated by Ben du Toit in a novel in this language. The author of The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist wrote a lot of poetry in this language, and before their translation into English, the novels A Chain of Voices and A Dry White Season were written in this language. For 10 points, name this non-English language used by members of \"The Sestigers,\" including Breyten Breytenbach and Andre Brink.", "answer": "Afrikaans", "page": "Afrikaans", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719482", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102016, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 151], [151, 152], [153, 233], [234, 258], [259, 376], [377, 537], [538, 663], [664, 887], [888, 1016]], "first_sentence": "A poem written in this language begins in italics with the line, \"Ladies and Gentlemen, let me introduce you to...", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this battle, William Gladsdale, also called Glacidas, led a surprise attack on a bridge, but he allegedly died when the iron bars of a window lacerated his face, after a small child fired a cannon at them. The fighting at this battle was initiated by Thomas de Montacute, the Earl of Salisbury, who also died from a cannon wound while storming the Tournelles and was replaced by William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk. John Fastolfe laid a trap during a part of this clash called the Battle of the Herrings, where the Count de Clermont tried and failed to capture a cache of salted fish. His army was led by the bastard son of a duke whose death prompted the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War. A council at Chinon approved the involvement of another commander, who entered the central locale by taking a ship down the Loire River, before rallying the people and storming English forts around that city. For 10 points, name this turning point of the Hundred Years' War, a siege that was relieved by Joan of Arc.", "answer": "Siege of Orle\u0301ans", "page": "Siege_of_Orleans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719483", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102017, "tokenizations": [[0, 212], [213, 422], [423, 591], [592, 693], [694, 902], [903, 1010]], "first_sentence": "During this battle, William Gladsdale, also called Glacidas, led a surprise attack on a bridge, but he allegedly died when the iron bars of a window lacerated his face, after a small child fired a cannon at them.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A vicious-looking naked man is manacled to a wall in this artist's ironically titled painting Cave Canem, and his historical works include one showing the magisterial aftermath of the Battle of Seneffe, The Reception of the Prince of Conde in Ver- sailles.Before being made professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, he depicted Diogenes in his earthenware tub surrounded by dogs. The background to one of this artist's paintings features a blue wall with verses from the Quran inscribed on it and depicts a nude boy with a python wrapped around his body entertaining a group of tribal warriors. In another of his paintings, a murmillo looks to six Vestal Virgins sitting in the front row of an amphitheater while using his foot to subdue a retiarius. This artist's painting The Snake Charmer was used for the cover of Edward Said's Orientalism. For 10 points, name this artist who depicted spectators at a gladiator march giving the thumbs down gesture in his Academic painting Pollice Verso.", "answer": "Jean-Le\u0301on Ge\u0301ro\u0302me", "page": "Jean-Leon_Gerome", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719484", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102018, "tokenizations": [[0, 256], [256, 376], [377, 591], [592, 747], [748, 770], [771, 841], [842, 989]], "first_sentence": "A vicious-looking naked man is manacled to a wall in this artist's ironically titled painting Cave Canem, and his historical works include one showing the magisterial aftermath of the Battle of Seneffe, The Reception of the Prince of Conde in Ver- sailles.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A phenomenon occurring in this substance can be described with the Nishiyama-Wasserman or the Kurdjumov-Sachs ori- entations. Two forms of this substance lend their names to two phases whose interconversion displays thermal hysteresis in the shape memory effect. Temperature transitions in this material are often displayed on CCT and TTT diagrams. The Bain model describes how rapid cooling of this substance causes a diffusionless phase transition in which this substance converts from a face-centered cubic to a tetragonal crystal structure. The HSLA form of this substance does not contain the eutectoid pearlite, thus lacking the alternate layering of the alpha phase of its primary constituent and cementite. The aforementioned phase transition in this substance converts austenite to martensite. Adding 10.5% chromium to this alloy mixture allows it to resist corrosion. For 10 points, name this alloy of iron and carbon that comes in a \"stainless\" variety.", "answer": "steel [or iron carbide; or cast iron]", "page": "Steel", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719485", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102019, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 262], [263, 348], [349, 544], [545, 714], [715, 802], [803, 877], [878, 964]], "first_sentence": "A phenomenon occurring in this substance can be described with the Nishiyama-Wasserman or the Kurdjumov-Sachs ori- entations.", "answer_prompt": "or iron carbide; or cast iron", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The central event of this novel takes place in a house cluttered with telephone books from different cities, railroad calendars, and berries hanging in sacks from the ceiling. After following a constellation to Mount Taylor, the protagonist cuts the barbed wire fence at the ranch of Floyd Lee. At the beginning of this novel, the protagonist finds himself unable to shoot Japanese soldiers because they all resemble his uncle. Its protagonist remembers his sexual encounter with the Night Swan when he meets the mysterious Ts'eh, who helps him find the spotted cattle that belonged to Josiah. A climactic event in this novel is Rocky's death during the Bataan death march, which is a major cause of the protagonist's PTSD. The protagonist of this novel refuses to kill the manipulative Emo, thanks to the \"stories\" given to him by the medicine man Betonie. For 10 points, name this novel about the Pueblo veteran Tayo, a work of Leslie Marmon Silko.", "answer": "Ceremony", "page": "Ceremony", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719486", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102020, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 294], [295, 427], [428, 593], [594, 723], [724, 857], [858, 950]], "first_sentence": "The central event of this novel takes place in a house cluttered with telephone books from different cities, railroad calendars, and berries hanging in sacks from the ceiling.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The first movement of Lutoslawski's symphony of this number consists of seven \"episodes\" each followed by \"refrains\" for the oboe, English horn, and bassoons; that symphony is divided into movements marked \"hesitant\" and \"direct.\" Charles Ives quoted \"Wake Nicodemus\" and \"Bringing in the Sheaves\" at the beginning of the second movement of his symphony of this number, which climaxes by quoting \"Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean\" in its fifth and final movement. Alexander Borodin's symphony of this number includes a scherzo in 1/1 time, and was his final completed symphony. A C minor symphony of this number quotes the song \"Urlicht\" in its fourth movement, and begins with a movement based on the symphonic poem Totenfeier. The final movement of that symphony of this number quotes an ode by Friedrich Klopstock. For 10 points, give this number of Mahler's symphony nicknamed \"Resurrection.\"", "answer": "second symphonies [or Symphony no. 2]", "page": "Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85070b9154095719487", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102021, "tokenizations": [[0, 230], [231, 461], [462, 575], [576, 726], [727, 815], [816, 894]], "first_sentence": "The first movement of Lutoslawski's symphony of this number consists of seven \"episodes\" each followed by \"refrains\" for the oboe, English horn, and bassoons; that symphony is divided into movements marked \"hesitant\" and \"direct.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Symphony no. 2", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the grand canonical ensemble, the derivative of the particle density with respect to the chemical potential equals pressure divided by the square of this quantity. The distance at which the Coulomb energy between two elementary charges equals this quantity is called the Bjerrum length. The ensemble average of the product of a generalized coordinate x and the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to x equals this quantity. In Flory-Huggins theory, the exchange energy is normalized by this quantity to give the interaction parameter. The phonon energy is divided by this quantity in the heat capacity integral found in the Debye model. The inverse of this quantity is the thermodynamic beta. The average energy per quadratic degree of freedom equals one-half times this quantity according to the equipartition theorem. For 10 points, name this quantity which represents a thermal energy scale, since it equals the product of the constant equal to 1.38 times 10 to the minus 23 Joules per Kelvin and a quantity measured in Kelvins.", "answer": "kT [or kBT; or the product of Boltzmann's constant and temperature; or obvious equivalents; or thermal energy until it is read, do NOT accept or prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Kt", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719488", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102022, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 289], [290, 433], [434, 544], [545, 646], [647, 702], [703, 829], [830, 1041]], "first_sentence": "In the grand canonical ensemble, the derivative of the particle density with respect to the chemical potential equals pressure divided by the square of this quantity.", "answer_prompt": "or kBT; or the product of Boltzmann's constant and temperature; or obvious equivalents; or thermal energy until it is read, do NOT accept or prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At one point in this novel, a group of characters find a bunch of graffiti, including the large circled words \"ALL FORGET\", on the plywood walls of a storage crate. The main character of this novel is obsessed with training himself in \"absolute dispassion\", while another of its characters mentally repeats the mantra \"the man sets out in search of the Grand Cause; the woman is left behind\". A character in this novel runs a luxury clothing boutique called Rex, Ltd, and is proposed to by another character who embarasses the protagonist by showering in a public drinking fountain. This novel's protagonist is disgusted when he isn't severely punished for using a hole in a chest of drawers to spy on his mother having sex, which prompts him to ask \"the chief\", the leader of his gang of teens, to help poison his former \"splendid hero\", the title character. For 10 points, name this novel whose title character Ryuji Tsukazaki is the second mate on the Rakuyo, a work of Yukio Mishima.", "answer": "The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With the Sea [or Gogo no Eiko; or The Afternoon Shiptowing]", "page": "The_Sailor_Who_Fell_from_Grace_with_the_Sea", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719489", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102023, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 392], [393, 582], [583, 859], [860, 890], [891, 987]], "first_sentence": "At one point in this novel, a group of characters find a bunch of graffiti, including the large circled words \"ALL FORGET\", on the plywood walls of a storage crate.", "answer_prompt": "or Gogo no Eiko; or The Afternoon Shiptowing", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A story claims that this man played a practical joke by dressing a baboon up in a cape and having it jump out of a chest at his rival, John Montagu, who thought he was being attacked by the devil and repented his sins. This man fought a duel at the Red Lion Inn with another rival, William Talbot, but both shots missed. He wasn't as lucky when he was shot in the stomach during his duel with Samuel Martin. Several of this man's supporters, such as William Allen, were killed in the \"Massacre of St. George's Fields\" after Justice Gillam read the Riot Act to a crowd. Over the next year, this man was expelled from the House of Commons three times, initially because Issue #45 of his paperThe North Briton allegedly contained \"seditious libel.\" This member of the Hellfire Club lost the support of many extremists after he helped quash the Gordon Riots. For 10 points, name this radical English journalist who frequently parodied George III and lends his name to an American assassin.", "answer": "John Wilkes", "page": "John_Wilkes", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102024, "tokenizations": [[0, 218], [219, 320], [321, 407], [408, 568], [569, 745], [746, 854], [855, 985]], "first_sentence": "A story claims that this man played a practical joke by dressing a baboon up in a cape and having it jump out of a chest at his rival, John Montagu, who thought he was being attacked by the devil and repented his sins.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poet who could summon necromantic kittens learned the entirety of this event's narrative when a ghost of one of its participants told him about it at his mist-shrouded gravestone. During this event, a character shoots a bird and a squirrel off the shoulders of people standing on opposite sides of a river. A character wounded during this event wanders across the countryside naming places before he dies. A character taking part in this event is interrupted by the interference of an eel and a she-wolf. A sword that makes rainbows when it is swung is used to slice the tops off of three hills by a participant in this event. Many warriors are unable to participate in this conflict due to a curse that plagued them with nine days of debilitating labor pains. Episodes in this conflict include the death of Ferdiad and combat with Fergus mac Roich, and it was sparked when a queen found herself less wealthy than her husband Ailill. For 10 points, Cuchulainn tried to prevent what event in which Queen Medb (\"mayv\") stole a brown bull from Ulster?", "answer": "Cattle Raid of Cooley [or Ta\u0301in Bo\u0301 Cu\u0301ailnge (\"tyne bo coo-ahl-nyeh\"); prompt on \"cattle raid\" or obvious equiva- lents]", "page": "Cattle_Raid_of_Cooley", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102025, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 308], [309, 407], [408, 506], [507, 628], [629, 762], [763, 935], [936, 1050]], "first_sentence": "A poet who could summon necromantic kittens learned the entirety of this event's narrative when a ghost of one of its participants told him about it at his mist-shrouded gravestone.", "answer_prompt": "or Ta\u0301in Bo\u0301 Cu\u0301ailnge (\"tyne bo coo-ahl-nyeh\"); prompt on \"cattle raid\" or obvious equiva- lents", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These devices are used to create MISERs, which are also called nonplanar ring oscillators. An injection signal can be used by a \"master\" one of these devices to control the frequency of a \"slave\" one. It's not a QWIP, but another type of these devices contains a semiconductor superlattice with a series of quantum wells and relies on inter-sub-band transitions occurring in each well. A type of these devices contains a noble gas halide which dimerizes when exposed to an electric current. These devices are used to supply energy to a deuterium- tritium pellet to produce a high density plasma in inertial confinement fusion. These devices come in quantum cascade and excimer types, and they contain a resonator cavity that surrounds a gain medium, such as titanium-sapphire or helium-neon. Pumping is used in these devices to put more atoms in the excited state than the ground state, thus producing a population inversion. For 10 points, name these devices that produce light via stimulated emission.", "answer": "lasers [or light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation until \"light\" is read]", "page": "Laser", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102026, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 200], [201, 385], [386, 490], [491, 626], [627, 791], [792, 925], [926, 1003]], "first_sentence": "These devices are used to create MISERs, which are also called nonplanar ring oscillators.", "answer_prompt": "or light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation until \"light\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At one point, the entity which puts out this publication sponsored a research effort called the \"1980s project\" led by Richard Ullmann and Bayless Manning. Edwin Gay and \"Colonel\" Edward House initially bankrolled this publication as part of a group known as \"The Inquiry.\" Archibald Coolidge first ran it, but in order to handle its daily operation, he appointed Hamilton Fish Armstrong, who had his sister Margaret design its logo, showing a naked man riding a bucking white horse above a scroll containing the Latin word for \"ubiquitous.\" Featuring a light blue cover, its first release described the need for an informed American public. It later contained five articles by W.E.B. DuBois including one on the problem of the \"Color Line\" in America, and its first contributor was Elihu Root. For 10 points, name this publication that published a version of the Long Telegram by George Kennan known as the \"X Article,\" and several other articles on international relations.", "answer": "Foreign Affairs", "page": "Foreign_Affairs", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102027, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 273], [274, 541], [542, 641], [642, 794], [795, 975]], "first_sentence": "At one point, the entity which puts out this publication sponsored a research effort called the \"1980s project\" led by Richard Ullmann and Bayless Manning.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the late 1930's, this musician recorded a number of solo pieces, including \"The Crave\" and \"Don't You Leave Me Here,\" for General Records, which was released on an album titled for \"Memories\" of his home city. During a recording session, this bandleader once brandished a pistol against the trombonist Zue Robertson, because he refused to play the melody correctly. This man often played in a duet with King Oliver, who played the cornet when performing this man's standard \"Froggie Moore.\" The banjoist John St. Cyr was a part of this man's group Red Hot Peppers, which would often perform the \"Black Bottom Stomp,\" a standard he composed. In an interview, this man claimed that his predecessor Buddy Bolden played ragtime, while he himself invented jazz. For 10 points, name this early New Orleans pianist who composed the \"King Porter Stomp,\" and who took his name from a slang term referring to female genitalia.", "answer": "\"Jelly Roll\" Morton [accept either; or Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe; or Ferdinand LaMenthe]", "page": "Ferdinand_Joseph_LaMothe", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102028, "tokenizations": [[0, 212], [213, 368], [369, 493], [494, 643], [644, 759], [760, 919]], "first_sentence": "In the late 1930's, this musician recorded a number of solo pieces, including \"The Crave\" and \"Don't You Leave Me Here,\" for General Records, which was released on an album titled for \"Memories\" of his home city.", "answer_prompt": "accept either; or Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe; or Ferdinand LaMenthe", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this author buys a copy of The Lives of the Saints with money earned making boots. That character refuses to reveal who he saw digging an escape tunnel, even though the digger was responsible for planting a bloody dagger in his bag and framing him for murder years earlier. A character created by this author cuts off his own finger in order to thwart the seductive efforts of Makovkina, who joins a convent in response. Another of this man's characters falls to his death while clearing snow from a roof, shortly after his father prevents him from marrying the cook Ustinya. This author of \"God Sees the Truth, But Waits\" and \"Father Sergius\" wrote a story in which a prophetic dream is confirmed when, despite barely making it back to the Bashkirs by sunset, Pahom collapses and dies, after which his servant buries him under six feet of earth. For 10 points, name this author of \"Alyosha the Pot\" and \"How Much Land Does a Man Need?\".", "answer": "Leo Tolstoy [or Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy]", "page": "Leo_Tolstoy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571948f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102029, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 296], [297, 443], [444, 598], [599, 869], [870, 960]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this author buys a copy of The Lives of the Saints with money earned making boots.", "answer_prompt": "or Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This thinker rebutted the arguments of Michael McCloskey and Howard Egeth in \"Silence is Not Golden,\" an article stating that psychologists had a duty to testify in courts as experts. Various participants evaluated colorful advertisements featuring Bugs Bunny at Disneyworld in an experiment conducted by this researcher. With John Palmer, this social scientist found that using the word \"smashed\" instead of similar words, such as \"collided,\" \"bumped,\" or \"contacted,\" led to people providing higher guesses about the speeds of colliding cars. In another study, this psychologist had interviewees fill out a booklet about four childhood events before informing them that one of them is false\u0096that false event involved the subject being \"lost in the mall.\" For 10 points, name this psychologist whose research discusses the impact of false memories.", "answer": "Elizabeth Loftus", "page": "Elizabeth_Loftus", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719490", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102030, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 321], [322, 544], [545, 755], [755, 849]], "first_sentence": "This thinker rebutted the arguments of Michael McCloskey and Howard Egeth in \"Silence is Not Golden,\" an article stating that psychologists had a duty to testify in courts as experts.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One religious leader in this modern nation was reportedly tossed into a furnace by his captors, but magically had a tea party in the furnace with the prophet Muhammad. Then, he jumped off his captors' ship, and a prayer mat appeared on the ocean surface to save him. Another religious leader from here, Malick Sy, became the leader of its Tijanist school, while the Layene sect originated in this nation's village of Yoff. The sighting of a Black Madonna at the Natural Reserve of Popenguine in this modern country led that town to be a pilgrimage site. Its Mouride movement is centered on its foremost religious building, the Great Mosque of Touba, built by its famed marabout Amadou Bamba. This nation, home to the Four Communes during colonial times, has its Christian population concentrated in the south in the Casamance region. The Door of No Return is a monument at its House of Slaves on Gore\u0301e Island. For 10 points, name this African nation whose Serer religious tradition was reflected in the name of its president Le\u0301opold Senghor.", "answer": "Republic of Senegal", "page": "Senegal", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719491", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102031, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 266], [267, 422], [423, 553], [554, 691], [692, 833], [834, 909], [910, 1041]], "first_sentence": "One religious leader in this modern nation was reportedly tossed into a furnace by his captors, but magically had a tea party in the furnace with the prophet Muhammad.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this play's last scene, the main character assumes the pose of Rodin's The Thinker and tells a companion that we are \"both members of de same club.\" The fifth scene of this play is set in a street where one can see a jeweler's shop featuring items whose prices are intermittently displayed in large electric characters. In its opening scene, Paddy sings \"Oh, whiskey is the life of man!\" repeatedly to encourage the main character to drink. The main character is imprisoned at Blackwell's Island after striking a gentleman on Fifth Avenue, though he later escapes and goes to an IWW office. However, he causes alarm when he expresses a desire to blow things up with dynamite. During a visit to the stokehold of a ship, a rich girl named Mildred Douglas calls the protagonist a \"dirty beast\". A scene in which a huge gorilla hugs Yank to death ends, for 10 points, what expressionist drama of Eugene O'Neill that is titled for a primate?", "answer": "The Hairy Ape", "page": "The_Hairy_Ape", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719492", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102032, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [150, 322], [323, 390], [391, 443], [444, 593], [594, 678], [679, 794], [795, 939]], "first_sentence": "In this play's last scene, the main character assumes the pose of Rodin's The Thinker and tells a companion that we are \"both members of de same club.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Further reactions on the products of this process are inhibited by indolizidine alkaloids such as australine, castanospermine, and swainsonine. A defect in this process is the cause of Walker-Warburg syndrome. A defect in the PMM2 gene causes another disorder of this process called CDG-Ia. The antibiotic tunicamycin is a direct inhibitor of this process. An enzyme complex involved in this process contains two ribophorin subunits and bonds to the TRAP complex and Sec61 in the translocon. In one mechanism for this process, the OST complex transfers a certain molecule from dolichol to an asparagine residue. This process is used to tag proteins that are bound for the lysosome with M6P. Whether this process involves the formation of a bond with oxygen or nitrogen determines whether it is \"O-linked\" or \"N-linked.\" For 10 points, name this post-translational modification in which molecules like mannose and glucose are bonded to proteins.", "answer": "glycosylation", "page": "Glycosylation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719493", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102033, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 209], [210, 290], [291, 356], [357, 491], [492, 611], [612, 690], [691, 818], [818, 944]], "first_sentence": "Further reactions on the products of this process are inhibited by indolizidine alkaloids such as australine, castanospermine, and swainsonine.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This dynasty consolidated power after its ascent by convincing the officer Liu Jinzhong (loo jin-zhong) to betray his master, leading to the death of a peasant leader called the Yellow Tiger. This dynasty further solidified its rule by defeating the army of Shi Kefa, a calligrapher who set up the Prince of Fu as a rival emperor and who insisted on being beheaded rather than joining this dynasty. An early leader of this dynasty protested the slaughter of his family in the Seven Grievances. After the previous dynasty's ruler hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden, this dynasty's rise was aided by the defection of the general Wu Sangui, leading to a victory at the Battle of Shanhai Pass. This dynasty, which thusly defeated the rebel general Li Zicheng, then installed its first emperor on orders of the regent Dorgon. For 10 points, name this dynasty that prospered under the Kangxi Emperor, after it supplanted the Ming.", "answer": "Ching Dynasty [or Qing; or Manchu]", "page": "Ching_Dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719494", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102034, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 398], [399, 493], [494, 702], [703, 833], [834, 937]], "first_sentence": "This dynasty consolidated power after its ascent by convincing the officer Liu Jinzhong (loo jin-zhong) to betray his master, leading to the death of a peasant leader called the Yellow Tiger.", "answer_prompt": "or Qing; or Manchu", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A portrait at the Met by this artist features the breeches of its subject folding into a menacing mask-like face, while a pair of grotesque heads are carved onto a chair and table. In another of his portraits, the wife of sculptor Bartolomeo Ammannti is depicted in profile, and she uses two of her slender fingers to touch a book of Petrarch's sonnets. This artist's portrait of Dante features him holding an open page of his masterpiece as he gazes at Mount Purgatory. This artist of Portrait of Laura Battiferri depicted Cosimo I in silver armor, as he was the court painter for the Medicis until his death. After the capture of Tunis, he made a portrait of a Genoese ruler as a Roman god. He included a greybeard on the upper right of a painting in which he holds a blue fabric, while a love goddess holds a gold apple and kisses her son. For 10 points, name this mannerist artist of Andrea Doria as Neptune and Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time.", "answer": "Il Bronzino [or Agnolo di Cosimo; or Agnolo Bronzino]", "page": "Bronzino", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719495", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102035, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 353], [354, 470], [471, 610], [611, 692], [693, 842], [843, 945]], "first_sentence": "A portrait at the Met by this artist features the breeches of its subject folding into a menacing mask-like face, while a pair of grotesque heads are carved onto a chair and table.", "answer_prompt": "or Agnolo di Cosimo; or Agnolo Bronzino", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The second ruler of this name had his palace expanded by court architect Raimondo D'Aronco and handled two uprisings at Sasun, as documented by Reverend Cyrus Hamlin. According to legend, the first ruler of this name took a girl named Aime\u0301e du Buc de Rive\u0301ry as his consort after she was captured by pirates - she then took the name Nakshidil and introduced French customs to his court. During the year that ruler of this name ascended to power, his army was decimated at the Battle of Kozluca and he had to consent to the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. The second ruler of this name moved his seat of government to Yildiz Palace. The Dashnak Association attempted to assassinate that ruler with a bomb-loaded carriage. That ruler of this name set up an absolute monarchy, bringing an end to the First Constitutional Era and the Tanzimat reforms. That ruler was bestowed a nickname by William Gladstone in reaction to his policies in Armenia. For 10 points, give this name of an Ottoman ruler called the \"Red Sultan,\" who was deposed in 1909 through the effort of the Young Turks.", "answer": "Abdul Hamid [or Abdu'l-Hamid; or Abdulhamit; or Abd Al-Hamid]", "page": "Abdul_Hamid", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719497", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102037, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 385], [386, 548], [549, 625], [626, 714], [715, 841], [842, 937], [938, 1075]], "first_sentence": "The second ruler of this name had his palace expanded by court architect Raimondo D'Aronco and handled two uprisings at Sasun, as documented by Reverend Cyrus Hamlin.", "answer_prompt": "or Abdu'l-Hamid; or Abdulhamit; or Abd Al-Hamid", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When knots are inserted into a curve or a tensor product surface, the Oslo algorithm modifies these functions to keep the model up-to-date. A method for evaluating these kinds of functions at a given point is given by De Boor's algorithm. The Kochanek-Bartels type of these expressions feature bias and continuity parameters so that tangents can be altered; by setting all of those parameters to zero, those expressions become the simpler Catmull-Rom type of these functions. A set of control points and a knot vector are used to define the non-uniform type of these basis functions\u0096that type of them is often called a NURBS and is used in computer assisted design. These objects are called \"natural\" if their curvature equals zero at their boundaries, and their third order, or \"cubic\" variant is used in constructing Be\u0301zier curves. A piece of metal used by drafters gives its name to, for 10 points, what piecewise-defined polynomials often used in interpolation?", "answer": "splines [or basis splines; or b-splines; prompt on \"NURBS\"]", "page": "Spline_(mathematics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719498", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102038, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 238], [239, 475], [476, 665], [666, 833], [834, 965]], "first_sentence": "When knots are inserted into a curve or a tensor product surface, the Oslo algorithm modifies these functions to keep the model up-to-date.", "answer_prompt": "or basis splines; or b-splines; prompt on \"NURBS\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Two of the ten ancient tropes of this concept are \"Sense organs have different constituents\" and \"Different animals manifest different modes of perception.\" In \"An Apology for Raymond Sebond\", Michel de Montaigne argues that this philosophical notion, which is characterized by the sentiment \"I do not move,\" provides the best possible means of attaining happiness. In his Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Sextus Empiricus argues that by adopting Aenesidemus's tropes of this concept, one can be lead to a state of ataraxia.In its original sense, this philosophical term refers to a state of unknowing posited by Stoic philosophers; it was later used by another philosopher as a method of phenomenological reduction sometimes called bracketing. For 10 points, give this Greek term that, in the philosophy of Edmund Husserl, refers to the suspension of belief when analyzing true phenomena.", "answer": "epoche\u0301 [or epokh \u0304e; prompt on \"skepticism\"]", "page": "Epoche", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b9154095719499", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102039, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 365], [366, 515], [515, 735], [736, 880]], "first_sentence": "Two of the ten ancient tropes of this concept are \"Sense organs have different constituents\" and \"Different animals manifest different modes of perception.\"", "answer_prompt": "or epokh \u0304e; prompt on \"skepticism\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This place served as a dungeon for the Anabaptist farmer Fritz Erbe, whose signature was found carved on its walls in 1925. While living here, St. Elizabeth of Hungary built a hospital on its grounds, though she was allegedly forced out by Henry Raspe. During a festival at this location, a group of students lit a bonfire to burn items like a corporal's cane, a pigtailed military wig, and a leather cavalry corset\u0096that festival led two years later to the adoption of the Carlsbad Decrees. This location was also home to a contest in which the sorcerer Klingsor summoned a demon, but was still bested in poetic skill by Wolfram von Eschenbach. That contest, the Sangerkrieg, became the basis for Wagner's opera Tannhauser. Another man was carried to this place in a burlap sack by Frederick the Wise, and thereafter translated the New Testament. For 10 points, name this Thuringian castle where Martin Luther was exiled after the Diet of Worms.", "answer": "Wartburg Castle", "page": "Wartburg_Castle", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102040, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 252], [253, 490], [491, 644], [645, 723], [724, 846], [847, 945]], "first_sentence": "This place served as a dungeon for the Anabaptist farmer Fritz Erbe, whose signature was found carved on its walls in 1925.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The addition of hexa-methyl-ene-tetramine and water to an aryl halide can produce these compounds, which can also be produced from the hydrolysis of an oxazine. The Sommelet reaction and the Meyers synthesis create these compounds, whose simplest version is used alongside sulfuric acid in ecstasy testing kits based on the Marquis reagent. Aryl versions of this functional group can be synthesized by adding carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, and aluminum trichloride to a benzene ring in a variant of the Friedel-Crafts reaction named for Gattermann and Koch. These compounds produce a peak at around 9-10 ppm in proton NMR. PCC will selectively oxidize primary alcohols to these compounds, which can be oxidized again to form carboxylic acids. For 10 points, name these compounds that contain a terminal carbonyl group, which are contrasted with ketones.", "answer": "aldehydes", "page": "Aldehyde", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102041, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 340], [341, 562], [563, 627], [628, 747], [748, 858]], "first_sentence": "The addition of hexa-methyl-ene-tetramine and water to an aryl halide can produce these compounds, which can also be produced from the hydrolysis of an oxazine.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A thinker with this surname proposed the units of \"act,\" \"scene,\" \"agent,\" \"agency,\" and \"purpose\" as five components of his dramatistic pentad in A Grammar of Motives. That philosopher with this surname proposed a construct called the \"terministic screen\" to describe the vocabulary of an individual as a result of their world-view in his book Language as Symbolic Action. Another philosopher with this surname stated that pleasure, pain, and delight are the three types of passions and identified succession and unity as two components of the \"artificial infinite.\" That philosopher with this surname stated that \"greatness of dimension,\" or \"vastness,\" is a cause of the second title concept of a treatise, and that concept arises from terror and not caused by the aesthetically pleasing. For 10 points, give this surname of literary theorist Kenneth and the British philosopher who wrote an inquiry into the origins of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful.", "answer": "Burke [or Kenneth Burke; or Edmund Burke]", "page": "Burke", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102042, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 373], [374, 567], [568, 791], [792, 962]], "first_sentence": "A thinker with this surname proposed the units of \"act,\" \"scene,\" \"agent,\" \"agency,\" and \"purpose\" as five components of his dramatistic pentad in A Grammar of Motives.", "answer_prompt": "or Kenneth Burke; or Edmund Burke", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Two characters in this novel are taken to a godown behind the Collector's house on Chamundi hill, only to find that the person they were looking for had left two years ago, abandoning his wife Ammu. People are surprised when the matchmaker Old Granny is able to find a husband for this novel's main character's daughter, who later gives birth to an albino baby named Sacrabani. A character in this novel is forced to reveal that he fathered two of Kunthi's sons out of wedlock, after which his son Raja is killed by watchmen at the new tannery. This novel takes its title from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"Work Without Hope.\" After giving birth to a daughter named Irrawaddy, this novel's protagonist has her infertility treated by Dr. Kennington, or \"Kenny,\" allowing her to have five consecutive sons with her husband Nathan. For 10 points, name this novel about the endless struggles of the peasant woman Rukmani, the best known work of Kamala Markandaya.", "answer": "Nectar in a Sieve", "page": "Nectar_in_a_Sieve", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102043, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 377], [378, 544], [545, 628], [629, 830], [831, 961]], "first_sentence": "Two characters in this novel are taken to a godown behind the Collector's house on Chamundi hill, only to find that the person they were looking for had left two years ago, abandoning his wife Ammu.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early in this man's political career, he was forced to flee when his cohort accused him of punishing a governor in Babylonia without authorization, and his supporter Bilitor was put to death after he fled. Several inscriptions attest to this man's loyalty to his wife, the Sogdian princess Apama, a daughter of Spitamenes. One of his greatest military victories came at the Battle of Corupedium, where his longtime rival was killed. He dispatched the ambassador Megasthenes on expeditions to the east, resulting in the production of theIndika. This man's assassin gained the epithet Keraunos, or \"thunderbolt,\" after slaying him. After he was turned away from invading the Mauryan empire, he defeated his rival Lysimachus, and then was succeeded by his son Antiochus I. For 10 points, name this member of the Diadochi who took the epithet Nicator and founded a namesake empire east of the Antigonid dynasty.", "answer": "Seleucus I Nicator [or Seleucus Nicator until \"Nicator\" is read; prompt on \"Seleucus\"]", "page": "Seleucus_I_Nicator", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102044, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 322], [323, 432], [433, 543], [544, 629], [630, 907]], "first_sentence": "Early in this man's political career, he was forced to flee when his cohort accused him of punishing a governor in Babylonia without authorization, and his supporter Bilitor was put to death after he fled.", "answer_prompt": "or Seleucus Nicator until \"Nicator\" is read; prompt on \"Seleucus\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist's use of bright dots of color that resemble shiny sequins led Alfred Barr to characterize that technique as the \"Rococo\" phase of his career; one such work from that time is a still-life of a cup and a bottle that is dominated by a green background. He glued a piece of oilcloth onto a canvas to create another artwork, which is framed by a piece of actual rope. In addition to making Still Life with Chair Caning, he used a piece of blue paper, sheet music, and a wood-grain pattern on another patch of paper to imitate the form of a guitar. To explain his art, this painter once wrote \"art is a lie that makes us realize truth.\" While in Fontainebleau, this artist depicted a harlequin, a Pierrot and a monk in Three Musicians. This artist's invention of the collage style led a fellow artist to produce the first papiers colles. Separate analytic and synthetic phases characterizes the cubist work of, for 10 points, what artist who often worked with George Braque?", "answer": "Pablo Picasso [or Pablo Ruiz y Picasso]", "page": "Pablo_Picasso", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b915409571949f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102045, "tokenizations": [[0, 261], [262, 374], [375, 554], [555, 642], [643, 741], [742, 843], [844, 980]], "first_sentence": "This artist's use of bright dots of color that resemble shiny sequins led Alfred Barr to characterize that technique as the \"Rococo\" phase of his career; one such work from that time is a still-life of a cup and a bottle that is dominated by a green background.", "answer_prompt": "or Pablo Ruiz y Picasso", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Jacob Bjerknes names a process of this type caused by the easterly surface winds in the Walker Circulation and the zonal sea- surface temperature gradient; that Bjerknes-named process of this type affects the ENSO. The non-linearity of the thermohaline circulation is driven by the following two processes of this type: the advection of salinity and the convective mixing of deep water. In many models, this type of physical process would move from a metastable state into activity by the firing of the \"clathrate gun.\" One classic example of this type of process is the accumulation of water vapor in the atmosphere, since water vapor is a greenhouse gas; another classic example is increasing ice cover, since ice boosts a body's albedo and may lead to creation of a \"Snowball Earth. For 10 points, name this type of process in which an initial change causes an additional change in the same direction, causing small perturbations to be amplified.", "answer": "positive feedback loops [or equivalents, such as positive feedback processes; or reinforcing feedback; or runaway process; or positive feedback after \"feedback\" is read; prompt on \"feedback\"until it is read]", "page": "Positive_feedback", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102046, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 386], [387, 519], [520, 785], [786, 949]], "first_sentence": "Jacob Bjerknes names a process of this type caused by the easterly surface winds in the Walker Circulation and the zonal sea- surface temperature gradient; that Bjerknes-named process of this type affects the ENSO.", "answer_prompt": "or equivalents, such as positive feedback processes; or reinforcing feedback; or runaway process; or positive feedback after \"feedback\" is read; prompt on \"feedback\"until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The 1991 case of Wilson v. Seiter established that a certain class of people alleging this constitutional violation must show a \"culpable state of mind\" or \"deliberate indifference,\" using the standard created in Estelle v. Gamble. The state was found not to have violated this constitutional protection in Penry v. Lynaugh, though that ruling was overturned by the 2002 case Atkins v. Virginia, which was recently qualified in Hall v. Florida. This protection was first applied to the states in the 1962 decision Robinson v. California, though the seminal 1910 case of Weems v. United States established the \"proportionality doctrine\" in evaluating whether this right had been violated. In Roper v. Simmons, Justice Kennedy used the idea of \"evolving standards of decency\" to hold that Missouri was violating this clause by seeking to execute a person who committed a crime as a minor. For 10 points, name this protection that, along with excessive fines and excessive bail, is extended by the Eighth Amendment.", "answer": "\"cruel and unusual punishment\" [or any descriptive answer that contains the phrase \"cruel and unusual punishment\"; prompt on \"Eighth Amendment violation\"]", "page": "Cruel_and_unusual_punishment", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102047, "tokenizations": [[0, 231], [232, 444], [445, 687], [688, 886], [887, 1012]], "first_sentence": "The 1991 case of Wilson v. Seiter established that a certain class of people alleging this constitutional violation must show a \"culpable state of mind\" or \"deliberate indifference,\" using the standard created in Estelle v. Gamble.", "answer_prompt": "or any descriptive answer that contains the phrase \"cruel and unusual punishment\"; prompt on \"Eighth Amendment violation\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A staining mixture of Alcian yellow and toluidine blue is used to test for the presence of this organism. This organism secretes a protein that is phosphorylated by Src kinases at its EPIYA sites. That protein secreted by this organism interacts with Crk adaptors of the host cells, causing the host cells to elongate, a morphological change called the hummingbird phenotype. This organism is present in over 90% of patients with MALT lymphomas. This organism produces vacuolating cytotoxin A, and its pathogenicity is based on the virulence factor CagA. This organism can be detected using a urea breath test and its infections are often treated using a \"triple therapy\" consisting of one proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics. This organism's role as the causative agent of a certain condition was studied by Barry Marshall, who drank a broth containing colonies of this organism. This organism burrows into the epithelium lining the stomach to avoid the low pH environment within. For 10 points, name this bacterium that causes peptic ulcers and gastritis.", "answer": "H. pylori [or Helicobacter pylori; or Camplyobacter pylori]", "page": "H._pylori", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102048, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 196], [197, 375], [376, 445], [446, 554], [555, 732], [733, 886], [887, 987], [988, 1063]], "first_sentence": "A staining mixture of Alcian yellow and toluidine blue is used to test for the presence of this organism.", "answer_prompt": "or Helicobacter pylori; or Camplyobacter pylori", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Shostakovich composed one of these dances as an interlude between the scenes in Kovalev's bedroom and Kazan Cathedral in Act I of his opera The Nose. These dances are the final movements of Bizet's Petite Suite and Khachaturian's Masquerade suite. Hans Christian Lumbye depicted the popping of a cork at the beginning of one he composed named for a bottle of champagne. Dmitry Kabalevsky composed a frequently excerpted example of these dances as the second movement of his suite The Comedians. Liszt often ended his concerts with a virtuosic \"grand chromatique\" piece of this type. Music hall chorus lines often perform a certain high-kicking dance to the \"infernal\" one of these pieces from the final scene of Orpheus in the Underworld. Rossini used its driving rhythm for the finale of the William Tell Overture. For 10 points, name this ballroom dance from which the can-can was derived, that imitates the fastest gait of a horse.", "answer": "galops [or galoppades]", "page": "Galop", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102049, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 247], [248, 369], [370, 494], [495, 582], [583, 738], [739, 815], [816, 934]], "first_sentence": "Shostakovich composed one of these dances as an interlude between the scenes in Kovalev's bedroom and Kazan Cathedral in Act I of his opera The Nose.", "answer_prompt": "or galoppades", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An author with this surname was an ardent nationalist who wrote a number of poems about the fictional hill-farmer Iago Prytherch and was praised in John Betjeman's preface to his first widely-published collection, Song at the Year's Turning. Another author with this surname attracted controversy for lifting passages wholesale from Anatoly Kuznetsov's novel Babi Yar for a novel in which recurring, intense pains in the left breast and ovary prompt the opera singer Lisa Erdman, also known as \"Frau Anna G.\", to seek treatment with Sigmund Freud. The author of The White Hotel shares this surname with a poet who described how \"the sabbath rang slowly / In the pebbles of the holy streams\" in a poem from his collection Deaths and Entrances. For 10 points, give the surname of the poet who wrote the lines \"Time held me green and dying / Though I sang in my chains like the sea\" at the end of his poem \"Fern Hill\".", "answer": "Thomas [or Ronald Stuart \"R.S.\" Thomas; or Donald Michael \"D.M.\" Thomas; or Dylan (Marlais) Thomas]", "page": "THOMAS", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102050, "tokenizations": [[0, 241], [242, 547], [548, 654], [655, 742], [743, 808], [808, 838], [839, 915]], "first_sentence": "An author with this surname was an ardent nationalist who wrote a number of poems about the fictional hill-farmer Iago Prytherch and was praised in John Betjeman's preface to his first widely-published collection, Song at the Year's Turning.", "answer_prompt": "or Ronald Stuart \"R.S.\" Thomas; or Donald Michael \"D.M.\" Thomas; or Dylan (Marlais) Thomas", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This polity created a government office called the Central Ministry of Culture and Guidance to distribute standard green- and-red textbooks to schools, and monitor newspapers according to the Press Organization Law. In response to formation of this entity, a rival power conducted an emergency drill in which three code words were broadcast over public radio in nine different languages, resulting in a period of panic called the \"Night of the Ducks.\" In order to combat the growing influence of this polity, Operation Blue Bat was authorized to support the opposing regime of president Camille Chamoun. The founder of this entity immediately forced Michel Aflaq to suspend operation of his party, and entered a confederation with the Mutawakkilite Kingdom, which joined this state under the name of North Yemen. For 10 points, name this failed political state created by Gamal Nasser, which lasted from 1958 to 1961, and attempted to unify Egypt with Syria.", "answer": "United Arab Republic [or UAR; or United Arab States; or UAS; or Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah]", "page": "United_Arab_Republic", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102051, "tokenizations": [[0, 215], [216, 451], [452, 603], [604, 812], [813, 958]], "first_sentence": "This polity created a government office called the Central Ministry of Culture and Guidance to distribute standard green- and-red textbooks to schools, and monitor newspapers according to the Press Organization Law.", "answer_prompt": "or UAR; or United Arab States; or UAS; or Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Antoninus Liberalis reports that Periphas, and not this man, was the first to have his unusual manner of birth. Polydore Vergil claims that this man raised the child who invented the quadriga. He introduced a new method of worshipping the gods in which cakes, rather than bloody animal sacrifices, were used as offerings. Some sources state he founded the towns of Tetrapolis, Epakria and Eleusis, and that he was a son of Pandion. In another story, this man's daughters Herse, Pandrosus, and Aglaurus opened a box, shrieked, and threw themselves off of a cliff, because they found this man's successor Erichthonius inside. This king judged a contest in which one of the participants planted an olive tree and the other used a trident to create a salty sea. For 10 points, name this autochthonous, half-serpent mythical founder of Athens.", "answer": "Cecrops", "page": "Cecrops_I", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102052, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 192], [193, 321], [322, 340], [341, 431], [432, 623], [624, 757], [758, 838]], "first_sentence": "Antoninus Liberalis reports that Periphas, and not this man, was the first to have his unusual manner of birth.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one play by this author, a Minister on an ocean liner listens to various stories from a Long-Winded Lady, an Old Woman, and Chairman Mao Tse-Tung. In another of his plays, a woman gives a monologue describing the muscle and sinews of a man with whom she was in love. In that play's first act a 26-year-old lawyer tries to ascertain the correct age of her nonagenarian client. In another play by this author, a man must explain what a \"brute beast\" is to a character who is told that \"flux\" is responsible for evolution. That play by this author is punctuated with noises made by an offstage jet and concerns Sarah and Leslie, a couple who do not understand love. This author wrote a play in which \"the boy\" is an object of contention in the bickering of A, B, and C. In another of his plays, Nancy and Charlie are visited by a pair of lizards. For 10 points, name this author of Three Tall Women and Seascape, who also wrote Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "answer": "Edward Albee [or Edward Franklin Albee III]", "page": "Edward_Albee", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102053, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 269], [270, 378], [379, 522], [523, 665], [666, 769], [770, 846], [847, 959]], "first_sentence": "In one play by this author, a Minister on an ocean liner listens to various stories from a Long-Winded Lady, an Old Woman, and Chairman Mao Tse-Tung.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Franklin Albee III", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The semileptonic decay of this particle was studied by the CPLEAR experiment and is currently being studied by the NA62 experiment at CERN. This particle is a member of both an octet of pseudoscalar particles and an octet of vector particles. The branching ratio for the FCNC-mediated decay of this particle was explained by the GIM mechanism, which predicted the existence of the charm quark. This particle can undergo particle-antiparticle oscillations with a frequency proportional to the difference between the masses of its \"short\" and \"long\" lifetime variants. This particle was originally thought to be two particles termed the tau and the theta due to this particle's ability to decay into either two or three pions. That decay was studied experimentally by Cronin and Fitch to confirm the existence of CP violation. This particle consists of a either an up or a down quark or antiquark and a strange quark or antiquark. For 10 points, name this meson which is lighter than the D and B mesons but heavier than the pion.", "answer": "kaons [or K mesons]", "page": "Kaons", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102054, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 242], [243, 393], [394, 566], [567, 724], [725, 824], [825, 928], [929, 1027]], "first_sentence": "The semileptonic decay of this particle was studied by the CPLEAR experiment and is currently being studied by the NA62 experiment at CERN.", "answer_prompt": "or K mesons", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An account of this battle claims that the last descendant of Skanderbeg had his Albanian horse thrown into a ravine at this clash, after that man, the Marquis of St. Angelo, breached the walls of the army camp and began plundering tents. As a result of success at this battle, the city of Ortona was gifted to the Princes of Sulmona. The winning army was aided by Max Sittich and Georg Frundsberg, who led companies of landsknecht soldiers, as well as arquebusiers under Fernando d'Avalos, the Marquis of Pescara. The losing commander was doomed by the defection of 8,000 Swiss soldiers and wrote to his mother that \"all is lost, except honor\" after this battle, which ended the Four Years War. The loser was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid, though he rebuked it a year later by forming the League of Cognac. For 10 points, name this battle during the Italian Wars which saw Francis I get captured by the army of Charles V in 1525.", "answer": "Battle of Pavia", "page": "Battle_of_Pavia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194a9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102055, "tokenizations": [[0, 237], [238, 333], [334, 513], [514, 694], [695, 812], [813, 935]], "first_sentence": "An account of this battle claims that the last descendant of Skanderbeg had his Albanian horse thrown into a ravine at this clash, after that man, the Marquis of St. Angelo, breached the walls of the army camp and began plundering tents.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A problem in this field of study, which is in the PPAD-complete complexity class, may be solved using the Lemke-Howson algorithm. A counterintuitive result in this field of study concerning the distribution of traffic flow is illustrated by Braess's paradox. That paradox in this field of study illustrates the concept of \"price of anarchy,\" a measure of a system's efficiency under the pressure of human behavior. The technique of backwards induction for solving problems was introduced in a pioneering work of this field. Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson won a Nobel Prize for creating a \"reverse\" form of this discipline, which is called mechanism design. Oskar Morgenstern and John von Neumann wrote an introduction to this field of study, the latter of whom proved the minimax theorem in it. The study of strategic decision making characterizes, for 10 points, what field of study which analyzes Kuhn Poker and the prisoner's dilemma?", "answer": "algorithmic game theory [prompt on \"algorithmic design\" until Braess is read]", "page": "Algorithmic_game_theory", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194aa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102056, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 258], [259, 414], [415, 523], [524, 658], [659, 796], [797, 939]], "first_sentence": "A problem in this field of study, which is in the PPAD-complete complexity class, may be solved using the Lemke-Howson algorithm.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"algorithmic design\" until Braess is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this family, whose collected writings were published by Charles Wallace, used the motto \"strength guided by kindness\" for teaching children, and had a practice of pulling her apron over her head for one hour each week to pray. Another member of this family wrote a physics manual The Desideratum, subtitled \"Electricity Made Plain and Useful\" based on his experiments, and founded the Kingswood School. Another man with this surname wrote the original words to \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\" and many other carols. He served as chaplain at St. Simon's Island in Georgia, where he was appointed Secretary of Indian Affairs by James Oglethorpe. The writings of a better-known member of this family, like A Plain Account of Christian Perfection, inspired people like Francis Asbury to lead the Holiness Movement. For 10 points, name this family which included Samuel, Susanna, Charles, and John, who was the founder of Methodism.", "answer": "Wesley family [or Susanna Wesley; or Charles Wesley; or John Wesley]", "page": "Susanna_Wesley", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194ab", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102057, "tokenizations": [[0, 240], [241, 293], [294, 416], [417, 481], [482, 528], [529, 656], [657, 823], [824, 940]], "first_sentence": "One member of this family, whose collected writings were published by Charles Wallace, used the motto \"strength guided by kindness\" for teaching children, and had a practice of pulling her apron over her head for one hour each week to pray.", "answer_prompt": "or Susanna Wesley; or Charles Wesley; or John Wesley", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One type of these compounds can be detected via the reduction of copper acetate to copper oxide in Barfoed's test, while two different types of these compounds can be distinguished using a solution of resorcinol and hydrochloric acid in Seliwanoff's test. These compounds isomerize through an enediol intermediate via the Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein reaction. These compounds can be shortened by one carbon by oxidizing them with bromine water, then adding ferric acetate and hydrogen peroxide. Conversely, these compounds can be elongated by one carbon via the formation of a cyanohydrin intermediate which is reduced by a palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation or a sodium amalgam. These compounds, which can be shortened or lengthened by the Ruff degradation and the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, have an asymmetric carbon in their hemiacetal group called the anomeric carbon. These compounds are typically visualized using Haworth or Fischer projections. For 10 points, name this type of compound exemplified by mannose and glucose.", "answer": "sugars [or carbohydrates; or mono-, poly-, di-, or oligo-saccharides; or aldoses; or ketoses; or pentoses; or hexoses]", "page": "Sugars", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194ac", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102058, "tokenizations": [[0, 255], [256, 360], [361, 495], [496, 679], [680, 872], [873, 951], [952, 1029]], "first_sentence": "One type of these compounds can be detected via the reduction of copper acetate to copper oxide in Barfoed's test, while two different types of these compounds can be distinguished using a solution of resorcinol and hydrochloric acid in Seliwanoff's test.", "answer_prompt": "or carbohydrates; or mono-, poly-, di-, or oligo-saccharides; or aldoses; or ketoses; or pentoses; or hexoses", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a film by this director, a man states that all beautiful music composed in the preceding centuries is \"false,\" since the title music theorist incorrectly split the \"octave of the gods\" into twelve parts. At the opening of that film by him, a man in a bar has its patrons mimic the chaotic orbit of the sun and the moon. At the conclusion of another of his films, a doctor boards up his home from the inside after he finds a man wildly ringing some bells. A young girl named Etsi commits suicide by poison in that film by this director, which focuses on Irimias's and Petrina's plot to defraud a village of the money obtained from the closing of a collective farm. A circus with an exhibit featuring a giant whale is at the center of this director's Werckmeister Harmonies. For 10 points, name this director, known for his use of long takes and black and white films, who created the seven-hour-long Satantango and hails from Hungary.", "answer": "Be\u0301la Tarr", "page": "Bela_Tarr", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194ad", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102059, "tokenizations": [[0, 206], [207, 322], [323, 457], [458, 666], [667, 775], [776, 936]], "first_sentence": "In a film by this director, a man states that all beautiful music composed in the preceding centuries is \"false,\" since the title music theorist incorrectly split the \"octave of the gods\" into twelve parts.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One man by this surname married Anne Lloyd, the widow of Thomas Yale, but allowed her to be excommunicated for her views like opposing infant baptism. That man wrote a legal code with John Davenport prohibiting such views. This was also the last name of the youngest Senator in U.S. history, whose secret meeting with the Indian chiefs Greenwood LeFlore and Mushulatubbee led to the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. This surname is shared by the founder and first governor of the New Haven colony in 1638, who had the first name Theophilus, and the lawyer who wrote the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 as a leader of the Mugwumps, with the first name Dorman. More notably, this surname was taken by the widow of John Timberlake, whose husband was replaced by Lewis Cass as Secretary of War in 1831, thanks to his role in the Petticoat Affair. For 10 points, give the married name of that woman Peggy, whose marriage caused scandal during the Andrew Jackson administration.", "answer": "Eaton [or Theophilus Eaton; or John Eaton; or Dorman Eaton; or Peggy Eaton]", "page": "Theophilus_Eaton", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194ae", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102060, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 222], [223, 414], [415, 661], [662, 845], [846, 975]], "first_sentence": "One man by this surname married Anne Lloyd, the widow of Thomas Yale, but allowed her to be excommunicated for her views like opposing infant baptism.", "answer_prompt": "or Theophilus Eaton; or John Eaton; or Dorman Eaton; or Peggy Eaton", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The main character of this story is distressed to learn that another character is related to Hinz and Kunz, the Cupbearer and Chamberlain to the sovereign. Near the end of this story, the protagonist takes a piece of paper out of a locket given to him by a gypsy woman and swallows it. A character in this story shows the protagonist a Bible verse immediately before dying; that character, Lisbeth, was injured while attempting to petition the elector of Saxony. Martin Luther writes a letter condemning the protagonist of this story, who is spurred to action by the vicious beating of the groom Herse and the unlawful detention and mistreatment of two \"blacks.\" Its protagonist leads a growing army to ransack a castle and then set fire to Wittenberg and Leipzig in his quest for revenge against the Junker Wenzel von Tronka. For 10 points, name this historically-inspired novella about a horse dealer from Brandenburg, written by Heinrich von Kleist.", "answer": "Michael Kohlhaas", "page": "Michael_Kohlhaas", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194af", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102061, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 285], [286, 462], [463, 662], [663, 826], [827, 952]], "first_sentence": "The main character of this story is distressed to learn that another character is related to Hinz and Kunz, the Cupbearer and Chamberlain to the sovereign.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This work opens with an \"Author's Notice\" that falsely attributes the quote \"ideas cannot be killed\" to Hippolyte Fortoul. It features a narrator who, at one point, recounts General Mansilla threatening the ostensible protagonist of this work with a candlestick, and in another section it posits a set of 15 questions about the decline of La Rioja. This work was conceived as the second installment in a trilogy, the subsequent volume of which concerned a leader in San Juan province and was called El Chacho. This work, which contains chapters named for the city of La Tablada and \"The Revolution of 1810,\" features a title character known as the \"Tiger of the Plains,\" and bears the subtitle \"Civilization and Barbarism.\" For 10 points, identify this book written as a critique of Juan Manuel de Rosas and named for a caudillo with the last name Quiroga, a work by Domingo Sarmiento.", "answer": "Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism", "page": "Facundo", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102062, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 348], [349, 509], [510, 722], [722, 723], [724, 885]], "first_sentence": "This work opens with an \"Author's Notice\" that falsely attributes the quote \"ideas cannot be killed\" to Hippolyte Fortoul.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This politician named Bernard Ayandho to be his prime minister, but placed him under house arrest a year later on charges of conspiracy. This person jockeyed for power with the doctor Abel Goumba in a campaign where he advertised his humble origins as a schoolteacher and his time serving as minister in the previous government of Barthelemy Boganda. One of his first acts in power was to disband the monopoly of the \"concessionary companies,\" which allowed for the free mining of diamonds in his nation. After he was restored to power by Operation Barracuda, he was quickly deposed again by the Military Committee of National Recovery under Andre\u0301 Kolingba. For 10 points, name this man who had his time in power interrupted by Jean-Bedel Bokassa, after he became the first president of an independent Central African Republic.", "answer": "David Dacko", "page": "David_Dacko", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102063, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 350], [351, 504], [505, 657], [658, 827]], "first_sentence": "This politician named Bernard Ayandho to be his prime minister, but placed him under house arrest a year later on charges of conspiracy.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Bloch, Wangsness, and Redfield developed a rigorous quantum mechanical model of this phenomenon. Two different mech- anisms causing this phenomenon cancel each other out in a TROSY experiment. This phenomenon causes intensity losses between pulses in an INEPT sequence. This process can be mathematically modeled by the Solomon equations. The constants that define this process can be measured using inversion-recovery or Hahn echo experiments. This process causes a reduction in intensity over time of an FID signal. This process leads to magnetization transfer between two nuclei in the nuclear Overhauser effect. Larmor precession and this process are modeled by the Bloch equations. It's not coupling, but this process comes in spin-lattice and spin-spin forms characterized by exponential decay times labelled T1 and T2. For 10 points, name this process in which spins return to their equilibrium values after undergoing NMR.", "answer": "spin relaxation", "page": "Spin\u2013spin_relaxation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102064, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 192], [193, 269], [270, 338], [339, 444], [445, 517], [518, 615], [616, 686], [687, 825], [826, 930]], "first_sentence": "Bloch, Wangsness, and Redfield developed a rigorous quantum mechanical model of this phenomenon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man argued that the death of the national landscape led the general public to under-appreciate the creative powers of Louis Sullivan in his book Genius and the Mobocracy.This architect used a sky-blue roof, scallop-shaped balconies, and a 172-foot triangular tower of gold in his posthumously-built Marin County Civic Center. Much controversy surrounds this architect's elopement to Florence with Mamah Borthwick Cheney, who later died when Juan Carlton set fire to their residence. A building by this architect features floors that are cantilevered to a \"taproot core.\" That building consists of six \"square levels\" sandwiched between circular mezzanine levels. Another of this architect's commissions from his late phase features a single, continuous, spiral ramp and was inspired by the design of a snail shell. For 10 points, name this architect who created the S.C. Johnson Research Tower, as well as the Guggenheim Museum in New York City.", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright [or Frank Lincoln Wright]", "page": "Frank_Lloyd_Wright", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102065, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [175, 330], [331, 487], [488, 574], [574, 575], [576, 667], [668, 819], [820, 950]], "first_sentence": "This man argued that the death of the national landscape led the general public to under-appreciate the creative powers of Louis Sullivan in his book Genius and the Mobocracy.", "answer_prompt": "or Frank Lincoln Wright", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book uses the line \"Riding three days and nights he came upon the place, but decided it could not be come upon\" in its odd poetic epilogue, which is titled \"Reflections upon the Path.\" Its \"interchapter\" asserts that William Empson and George Wilson Knight are the \"best critics of our time\" and claims that \"every deep reader is an Idiot Questioner.\" This book's first section discusses a figure that may disguise itself as the Sphinx in its efforts to \"block the way,\" called the Covering Cherub, and it suggests John Milton's Satan is an allegory for the modern poet at his strongest, while Adam represents the constricted \"ephebe.\" It discusses the Lucretius-derived idea of poetic misprision, or misreading, in the section titled \"Clinamen,\" which is one of its six \"revisionary ratios.\" For 10 points, name this work of literary criticism that discusses how poets struggle with their relationships to their precursors, written by Harold Bloom.", "answer": "The Anxiety of Influence", "page": "The_Anxiety_of_Influence", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102066, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 355], [355, 640], [641, 796], [796, 954]], "first_sentence": "This book uses the line \"Riding three days and nights he came upon the place, but decided it could not be come upon\" in its odd poetic epilogue, which is titled \"Reflections upon the Path.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 1963, John Stacey Adams put forth an \"equity theory\" of this phenomenon, which focuses on creating a balance between inputs and outputs. Philip Zimbardo's book on the \"cognitive control\" of this factor, discusses consequences of choice and dissonance. A formula that includes valence and instrumentality is known as Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of this trait. Another theory states that \"hygiene factors\" will not increase this value, but can decrease it if they are absent, unlike \"intrinsic factors\" - that is Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory of this trait. Clark Hull posited that it arises in humans as a result of tension or arousal caused by unfulfilled biological needs; that is known as the \"drive reduction theory\" of this quality. Its \"deficiency\" or \"D\" type is said to occur when one must satisfy a need, according to Abraham Maslow's book about it \"and personality.\" For 10 points, name this impetus that pushes a person toward completing a task.", "answer": "job motivation [or job satisfaction; or job performance until \"cognitive control\" is read; or \"workplace\" in place of \"job\"; prompt on \"behavior\"]", "page": "Job_satisfaction", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102067, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 254], [255, 366], [367, 572], [573, 753], [754, 891], [891, 972]], "first_sentence": "In 1963, John Stacey Adams put forth an \"equity theory\" of this phenomenon, which focuses on creating a balance between inputs and outputs.", "answer_prompt": "or job satisfaction; or job performance until \"cognitive control\" is read; or \"workplace\" in place of \"job\"; prompt on \"behavior\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This deity, who was worshipped in caves with a sunken floor for offerings, was the god who governed days with the day sign Cuauhtli, or Eagle. A number of skin and eye diseases required propitiating this patron of goldsmiths, who was the subject of a hymn that called him the \"Night Drinker.\" This god was worshipped at the temple of Yopico. Sculptural depictions of this god and his followers contain telltale crisscross lines across the chest and the back of the skull. A festival involving the so-called \"gladiator sacrifice\" was dedicated to this god, who was also known as Red Tezcatlipoca. This deity was the divine embodiment of life emerging from dead land, and during annual corn planting festivals, priests to this deity would sacrifice victims before donning their skin. For 10 points, name this Aztec fertility god whose name literally means \"Our lord the flayed one.\"", "answer": "Xipe Totec [or Tlatlauhca; or Youalahuan until \"Night Drinker\" is read; or Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca or Red Tezcatlipoca until \"Red\" is read; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Tezcatlipoca\"]", "page": "Xipe_Totec", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102068, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 292], [293, 341], [342, 471], [472, 595], [596, 781], [782, 880]], "first_sentence": "This deity, who was worshipped in caves with a sunken floor for offerings, was the god who governed days with the day sign Cuauhtli, or Eagle.", "answer_prompt": "or Tlatlauhca; or Youalahuan until \"Night Drinker\" is read; or Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca or Red Tezcatlipoca until \"Red\" is read; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Tezcatlipoca\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's attempt at securing restitution of the lost property of some hostages led another politician to compare him to Ulysses, who wanted to re-enter the cave of the Cyclops to fetch his belt and cap. He included a diatribe against Timaeus of Tauromenium in a treatise that relies on Timaeus for his account of Sicily. Late in life, he accompanied a general to Spain and witnessed the Numantine War, on which he wrote a now-lost monograph. In Book IV of his surviving work, he describes the structure of the Roman maniples, which is why the Roman army is sometimes named for him. In his early life, this Arcadian citizen of the Achaean League was taken hostage by Rome and made a tutor to Scipio Aemilianus, who he accompanied during the sack of Carthage. Only five out of forty volumes survive of his major work, which describes the Roman Republic as a superpower. For 10 points, name this second century B.C.E. Greek author of the Histories.", "answer": "Polybius", "page": "Polybius", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102069, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 322], [323, 443], [444, 583], [584, 759], [760, 869], [870, 909], [910, 947]], "first_sentence": "This man's attempt at securing restitution of the lost property of some hostages led another politician to compare him to Ulysses, who wanted to re-enter the cave of the Cyclops to fetch his belt and cap.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A value named for this scenario is defined as the sum over all inputs p of \"two raised to the negative of the absolute value of the length of p\" and is an example of a Martin-Lof random sequence. The proof of the principal theorem resulting from this scenario relies on constructing a model whose two inputs are another model of the same type as well a string, then having that first model output the opposite of the second model; afterwards it is shown that there is a contradiction if both models are the same. A reduction of this scenario is used to prove that computing a non-trivial partial function is impossible, a result known as Rice's theorem. Chaitin's constant gives the probability that a program successfully resolves this scenario. The insolvability of the Post correspondence problem relies on reducing it to this other problem. For 10 points, name this undecidable decision problem which asks if a Turing Machine will stop for a given input.", "answer": "halting problem", "page": "Halting_Problem", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102070, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 512], [513, 653], [654, 746], [747, 844], [845, 958]], "first_sentence": "A value named for this scenario is defined as the sum over all inputs p of \"two raised to the negative of the absolute value of the length of p\" and is an example of a Martin-Lof random sequence.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play vows to \"make my very house reel tonight\" in sheer excitement at the news that another character has a letter for him. In another scene, the description of a child running \"after a gilded butterfly,\" continually catching and releasing it and eventually tearing it apart, is provided by Valeria. Gunter Grass depicted a director called \"the Chief\" leading rehearsals of this play in a play of his own about Bertolt Brecht's version of it. A speech describing \"a time when all the body's members rebell'd against the belly\" is delivered to forestall a grain riot by Menenius Agrippa in this play. After the schemes of Brutus and Sicinius result in his exile, the protagonist of this play allies himself with the Volscian general Tullus Aufidius, though his devotion to his mother Volumnia eventually thwarts his plans for revenge. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play titled for the agnomen, or nickname, given to the Roman general Caius Marcius.", "answer": "The Tragedy of Coriolanus", "page": "The_Tragedy_of_Coriolanus", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194b9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102071, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 319], [320, 462], [463, 619], [620, 853], [854, 974]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play vows to \"make my very house reel tonight\" in sheer excitement at the news that another character has a letter for him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Just before the recapitulation of the first movement of a work in this form by this composer, the principal theme in C major gives way to an E major folk dance, then an E minor variation, before returning to the original C major theme. Another of these compositions features a third movement in which the trio is replaced by an \"alternativo\" consisting almost entirely of E-flat major scales. One of these works by this composer contains a D-minor third movement in the form of a two-part canon called the \"Witches' Minuet\" and gets its nickname from the opening A-D, E-A sequence in its first movement. The first movement of another of these pieces opens with a theme that comprises the notes G-E-F-D-C, a musical acronym for \"Gott Erhalte Franz Den Kaiser,\" a piece by its composer that it also quotes. Pieces in this genre nicknamed \"Fifths\" and \"Emperor\" appear in a collection of them named for their composer's patron Count von Erdo\u0308dy. The nicknames \"Sun\" and \"Russian\" are given to other collections of, for 10 points, what type of chamber piece composed by an Austrian known as their \"Father\"?", "answer": "string quartets by Franz Joseph Haydn [or the Erdo\u0308dy string quartets until \"Erdo\u0308dy\" is read and prompt there- after; prompt on \"Haydn quartets\"]", "page": "List_of_string_quartets_by_Joseph_Haydn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194ba", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102072, "tokenizations": [[0, 235], [236, 392], [393, 603], [604, 804], [805, 941], [942, 1101]], "first_sentence": "Just before the recapitulation of the first movement of a work in this form by this composer, the principal theme in C major gives way to an E major folk dance, then an E minor variation, before returning to the original C major theme.", "answer_prompt": "or the Erdo\u0308dy string quartets until \"Erdo\u0308dy\" is read and prompt there- after; prompt on \"Haydn quartets\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This operation appears nested within itself n times in the n-th term on the right side of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. The Wigner-Weyl transform of this operation into phase space gives an operation named for Jose\u0301 Moyal. A term containing a time derivative and a term containing this operation are found in the Lax equation. The expectation value of this operation is squared on the right hand side of the Robertson inequality. A Lie algebra can be defined from any associative algebra by using this operation as the Lie bracket. Computing the expectation value of this operation applied to momentum and the Hamiltonian is done when deriving Newton's second law from quantum mechanics. This operation applied to position and momentum canonically yields i times h-bar according to the uncertainty principle. This operation is analogous to a Poisson bracket on a Hilbert space. For 10 points, name this operation which for A and B is given by AB minus BA.", "answer": "commutator", "page": "Commutator", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194bb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102073, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 229], [230, 333], [334, 436], [437, 538], [539, 694], [695, 761], [762, 815], [816, 884], [885, 962]], "first_sentence": "This operation appears nested within itself n times in the n-th term on the right side of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man, who was originally a deacon in the German town of Wesel, met his death in a hurricane on a merchant ship called the Flying Stag off the coast of St. Christopher, while exchanging liquor for tobacco in the West Indies. His frequent quarrels with the clergyman Johan Michaelius, and other misdeeds, caused him to be dismissed from one post in favor of the drunkard Walter von Twiller, who was in turn quickly replaced by Willem Kieft. This man was then financed by Samuel Blommaert to sail aboard the Kalmar Nyckel, which he landed at a tributary called the Minquas Kill. At that spot, this former director-general of the New Netherlands set up Fort Christina, which was designed as a base for beaver trading with the Lenape. For 10 points, name this man who started the Swedish colony at Delaware, and allegedly used twenty-four bucks worth of glass beads to buy the island of Manhattan.", "answer": "Peter Minuit", "page": "Peter_Minuit", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194bc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102074, "tokenizations": [[0, 227], [228, 442], [443, 579], [580, 733], [734, 896]], "first_sentence": "This man, who was originally a deacon in the German town of Wesel, met his death in a hurricane on a merchant ship called the Flying Stag off the coast of St. Christopher, while exchanging liquor for tobacco in the West Indies.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this man's novels dubs the forces governing an authoritarian state \"the logic\" and is about a former secret policeman named Antonio Rojas Martens, who is on death row for his involvement in the \"Salinas affair.\" His recurring characters include the philosopher Dr. Oblath, who waits in a publication office with Kurti and Sarah at the beginning of a play discovered by the editor Kingbitter in another of his novels. The author of that play, B., first appeared in a novel by this man in which he constantly recalls the word \"no,\" indicating his refusal to subject a child to the suffering of the world. This author of Detective Story drew on his own life for a novel in which Gyuri Koves learns how to survive Zeitz from Bandi Citrom after earlier stops in Buchenwald and Auschwitz. For 10 points, name this author of Liquidation, Kaddish for a Child Not Born, and Fatelessness, a Nobel laureate from Hungary.", "answer": "Imre Kertesz (\"ker-tesh\") [accept names in either order]", "page": "Imre_Kert\u00e9sz", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194bd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102075, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [217, 218], [219, 423], [424, 609], [610, 789], [790, 916]], "first_sentence": "One of this man's novels dubs the forces governing an authoritarian state \"the logic\" and is about a former secret policeman named Antonio Rojas Martens, who is on death row for his involvement in the \"Salinas affair.", "answer_prompt": "accept names in either order", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book considers if Aristotle was wrong about motion being divided into natural and force parts in the section \"What Were Our Ancestors Talking About?\" which examines the impossibility of finding a deterministic answer to the general question \"What did they mean?\" Another section of this book examines the Copernicus-Bellarmine debates and suggests that Thomas Kuhn's incommensurability thesis makes them incomparable to the Lenin-Kerensky debates. Its second chapter opens with a thought experiment in which a group of bipeds on the other side of the galaxy developed breakthroughs in neurology and biochemistry, and thus conceived of human pain as the stimulation of C-fibers. That section on the Antipodeans appears in a portion of this text about \"persons without minds\" in an attempt to refute a certain Greek ocular metaphor. The correspondence theory of truth and the view that epistemology reflects reality are rejected in, for 10 points, what pragmatist book by Richard Rorty?", "answer": "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature", "page": "Philosophy_and_the_Mirror_of_Nature", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194be", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102076, "tokenizations": [[0, 247], [247, 267], [268, 452], [453, 682], [683, 835], [836, 989]], "first_sentence": "This book considers if Aristotle was wrong about motion being divided into natural and force parts in the section \"What Were Our Ancestors Talking About?\" which examines the impossibility of finding a deterministic answer to the general question \"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this family lost a fortune by investing in the Andros Fibre Company promoted by Ambrose Shea, which failed to cultivate the sisal plant. In a speech supporting that decision, he cited the \"undeveloped estates\" of the West Indies as a key to his policy of tariff reform. That man of this surname toured the country with fellow party member Charles Dilke supporting the \"Unauthorized Program,\" promising \"three acres and a cow\" to all farm workers, and co-founded the National Education League. Known for wearing a ribboned monocle, he engineered the \"Khaki Election\" in which he won re-election of the ill Lord Salisbury, who had appointed him Colonial Secretary in the run-up to the Boer War. That man's son, serving as Foreign Secretary, met with Gustav Stresemann and Aristide Briand to sign the Locarno treaties in 1925. For 10 points, name this family of British politicians including Joseph, his son Austen, and a prime minister who proclaimed \"peace in our time\" before being succeeded by Winston Churchill.", "answer": "Chamberlain [or Joseph Chamberlain; or Neville Chamberlain; or Austen Chamberlain]", "page": "Joseph_Chamberlain", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194bf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102077, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 283], [284, 506], [507, 706], [707, 837], [838, 1027]], "first_sentence": "One member of this family lost a fortune by investing in the Andros Fibre Company promoted by Ambrose Shea, which failed to cultivate the sisal plant.", "answer_prompt": "or Joseph Chamberlain; or Neville Chamberlain; or Austen Chamberlain", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Felsenstein group at UW and the Swofford group at FSU maintain popular software packages used to generate these constructs. Steel and Lake developed a method for creating these constructs which is not affected by unequal rate effects; that method is known as paralinear distances. The accuracy of these constructs can be determined using the permutation tail probability test. These constructs can be combined using methods such as strict consensus and Adams consensus, and they can be constructed using the Wagner and Fitch methods. The organization of points on these constructs is determined by the presence of autapomorphies and synapomorphies, which are determined by the sharing of derived characters. The principle of maximum parsimony is used to create these diagrams. Groups of nodes on these diagrams can be classified as monophyletic or polyphyletic, and they can also be grouped into clades. For 10 points, the evolutionary relationships between organisms are depicted on what type of branching diagram?", "answer": "phylogenetic trees [or evolutionary trees; or phylogeny; prompt on \"cladograms\", \"tree of life\", \"dendrograms\", \"phylograms\", or \"chronograms\"]", "page": "Phylogenetic_trees", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102078, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 284], [285, 380], [381, 537], [538, 711], [712, 780], [781, 907], [908, 1019]], "first_sentence": "The Felsenstein group at UW and the Swofford group at FSU maintain popular software packages used to generate these constructs.", "answer_prompt": "or evolutionary trees; or phylogeny; prompt on \"cladograms\", \"tree of life\", \"dendrograms\", \"phylograms\", or \"chronograms\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A leader of this religious sect became stuck in the ground at a certain spot while walking in a garden, and after a number of blindfolded followers also got stuck there, that spot became known as \"the jiba,\" or the symbolic location where all humans were created. After that incident, a wooden stand with the power to create magical food to allow humans to live 115 years was placed in the sanctuary of this faith. One of its primary scriptures is called the \"Tip of the Writing Brush,\" because it was supposedly created automatically. Its adherents attend the nine Besseki lectures in order to sweep away the eight \"Dusts\" that are said to plague the mind in this faith. This sect believed that a figure called Oyasama revealed the teachings of \"God the Parent,\" and taught people to live the Joyous Life. For 10 points, name this religion founded by Miki Nakayama, also known as the Foundress, while she was living in Japan around 1840.", "answer": "Tenrikyo [or Tenri-ism]", "page": "Tenrikyo", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102079, "tokenizations": [[0, 263], [264, 414], [415, 535], [536, 671], [672, 806], [807, 938]], "first_sentence": "A leader of this religious sect became stuck in the ground at a certain spot while walking in a garden, and after a number of blindfolded followers also got stuck there, that spot became known as \"the jiba,\" or the symbolic location where all humans were created.", "answer_prompt": "or Tenri-ism", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this painting, numerous ships with white masts and curved prows lie on one of its vanishing lines, whose vanishing point lies behind a spire that occludes the sun. In an odd juxtaposition, the illumination of stained-glass windows in the left foreground of this painting indicates that it is set at night, but the right background of this painting clearly features the daytime sun. This painting features an aqueduct above a pair of temples that lie on another of its vanishing lines. The sides of this canvas are bounded by an arch that is decorated with green drapery adorned with a star motif. This painting depicts a cathedral amidst a dark forest, as well as a wispy Egyptian pyramid in the background, and its title figure rests on a marble slab on top of a column as he imagines various styles that inspire him. For 10 points, name this painting which depicts a certain profession's fantasy, a work by Thomas Cole.", "answer": "The Architect's Dream", "page": "The_Architect's_Dream", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102080, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 384], [385, 487], [488, 599], [600, 821], [822, 924]], "first_sentence": "In this painting, numerous ships with white masts and curved prows lie on one of its vanishing lines, whose vanishing point lies behind a spire that occludes the sun.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book's translation by Thomas Underdowne was used as a source by William Shakespeare for his play Cymbeline. The main characters of this book meet a witch who wraps a piece of hardened dough in laurels and tosses it into a trench so that she can summon the shade of her dead son. Its ninth book recounts the impressive siege of Syene, in which Hydaspes redirects the waters of a river to nearly drown that city's inhabitants. One of this work's main characters is born with a pale complexion because her mother looked at a painting of Andromeda. That woman is sold into slavery by Thyamis, which sets in motion much of this book's plot on her attempts to reunite with her chaste lover. For 10 points, the travails of Theagenes and Chariclea are described in what third century novel by Heliodorus, which is named for an African country?", "answer": "Aethiopica [or An Ethiopian Romance; or The Ethiopian Story; or The Ethiopian History; or Theagenes and Chariclea until it is read]", "page": "Aethiopica", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102081, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 283], [284, 429], [430, 549], [550, 689], [690, 840]], "first_sentence": "This book's translation by Thomas Underdowne was used as a source by William Shakespeare for his play Cymbeline.", "answer_prompt": "or An Ethiopian Romance; or The Ethiopian Story; or The Ethiopian History; or Theagenes and Chariclea until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the introduction to one book, this thinker explained he was motivated to write it after being surprised to discover that TheSymposium was a defense of \"homosexual love.\" In that book, this thinker compares eating chocolate ice cream instead of vanilla if the \"price of vanilla skyrockets\" with the choice to \"engage in homosexual or heterosexual acts.\" He announced that he would range himself \"on the side of the Skeptics\" in a 1990 book that credited Jeremy Bentham for the \"pragmatic concept of law\" it advocated. This author of Sex and Reason proposed a model of \"risky sexual behavior\" in an analysis of the AIDS crisis, Private Choices and Public Health. This author of the books The Problems of Jurisprudence and Antitrust Law was appointed in 1981 to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals. For 10 points, name this leading figure in the law-and-economics movement, who runs a blog with Gary Becker.", "answer": "Richard Allen Posner", "page": "Richard_Allen_Posner", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102082, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 355], [356, 519], [520, 663], [664, 688], [689, 795], [796, 904]], "first_sentence": "In the introduction to one book, this thinker explained he was motivated to write it after being surprised to discover that TheSymposium was a defense of \"homosexual love.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the 1920's, this author took a hiatus and produced an incredibly researched 1000-page biography of John Keats. This poet, who used many \"unrhymed cadences,\" penned a series of poems inspired by the Far East termed \"Chinoiseries,\" which can be found in the collection Pictures from the Floating World. In a poem from the collection Men, Women and Ghosts, this poet observed \"I walk down the garden paths and all the daffodils are blowing.\" That poem includes a scene in which the speaker learns that Lord Hartwell died in action on Thursday and concludes by exclaiming \"Christ! What are [the title things] for?\" She repeats the lines \"false blue, / white, / purple/\" to describe the title flowers of her poem \"Lilacs.\" For 10 points, identify this author of What's O'Clock, \"Patterns\"and A Dome of Many Colored Glass, who wrote poetry in the Imagist style.", "answer": "Amy Lowell [prompt on \"Lowell\"]", "page": "Amy_Lowell", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102083, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 303], [304, 441], [442, 579], [580, 613], [614, 720], [721, 858]], "first_sentence": "In the 1920's, this author took a hiatus and produced an incredibly researched 1000-page biography of John Keats.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Lowell\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This figure asked his parents if they accepted the crimes he committed on their behalf, to which they replied that he was responsible for them as well as his own sins. This figure's veneration is the focus of a Punjab-centered, dalit-based sect that identifies the Yoga Vasistha as one of its scriptures. While stopping near a stream, this figure was distraught when the male of a pair of mating cranes was killed by an arrow, prompting him to utter a curse against a hunter that became the first shloka. After being convinced to renounce his former life as a highwayman by Narada, this figure meditated for so many years that anthills grew around him. After receiving the exiled wife of the killer of Vali in his ashram, or hermitage, this figure teaches the boys Kusha and Lava to recite a work by him that recounts Jatayu's attempt to rescue a woman imprisoned on Lanka after she is tricked by a golden deer. For 10 points, name this legendary Sanskrit poet traditionally credited with composing the Ramayana.", "answer": "Valmiki", "page": "Valmiki", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102084, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 304], [305, 504], [505, 652], [653, 911], [912, 1012]], "first_sentence": "This figure asked his parents if they accepted the crimes he committed on their behalf, to which they replied that he was responsible for them as well as his own sins.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One astronomical mission designed to explicitly study this regime, ROSAT, suggested that Geminga was responsible for the gas in the Local Cavity's activity in this regime. In 2003, a satellite provided strong evidence that magnetars are anomalous slow- rotation pulsars which are optically active in this regime. Paraboloid and hyperboloid surfaces coated with gold and iridium are used to account for the \"grazing incidence\" when studying this regime. A satellite that provides images of this regime produced the first image of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, and the first discovered binary that is luminous in this region of the spectrum was found in Scorpius. Observational telescopes that study this radiation include XMM-NEWTON and NASA's Chandra. For 10 points, name this portion of the EM spectrum that has a higher frequency than UV rays, and lower frequency than gamma rays.", "answer": "X-ray astronomy", "page": "X-ray_astronomy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102085, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 312], [313, 452], [453, 667], [668, 757], [758, 888]], "first_sentence": "One astronomical mission designed to explicitly study this regime, ROSAT, suggested that Geminga was responsible for the gas in the Local Cavity's activity in this regime.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this dynasty's rulers built a monastery after claiming divine favor for killing 38 heretics when he saw a heavenly light usually identified as Halley's Comet; that ruler's wife sent \"Matthew the Armenian\" as an envoy to Manuel I of Portugal. Male heirs of this dynasty were confined at a mountain prison until they succeeded to the throne or died, as described by the ambassador Francisco Alvares. According to legend, this dynasty was founded by a man who ate the head of a rooster after it was discarded by a royal cook. In a book describing this dynasty's origins, a woman is given a ring to allow her son to identify himself to the king of Jerusalem. The elder Gondarine branch of this dynasty traced descent from its first ruler Yekuno Amlak, and its symbol was a lion carrying a golden cross in hand. Its emperors, like Dawit and Zara Yaqob, claimed descent from the Queen of Sheba in accordance with the Kebra Nagast. For 10 points, name this royal dynasty of Ethiopia whose final ruler was Haile Selassie.", "answer": "Solomonic dynasty [or House of Solomon]", "page": "Solomonic_dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102086, "tokenizations": [[0, 248], [249, 404], [405, 529], [530, 661], [662, 813], [814, 931], [932, 1020]], "first_sentence": "One of this dynasty's rulers built a monastery after claiming divine favor for killing 38 heretics when he saw a heavenly light usually identified as Halley's Comet; that ruler's wife sent \"Matthew the Armenian\" as an envoy to Manuel I of Portugal.", "answer_prompt": "or House of Solomon", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character has \"a talent for seeing the essence of every situation\" according to an essay that challenges J. Dover Wilson's \"very dull and very shallow\" interpretation. This character is \"so negative and insignificant that she arouses\" \"disgust\" that \"envelops and exceeds her,\" according to a Carolyn Heilbrun essay. After being accused of \"honeying and making love / Over the nasty sty\" with \"A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,\" this character begs, \"O, speak to me no more; / These words, like daggers, enter into mine ears.\" She pronounces a man to be \"mad as the sea and wind\" for crying \"'A rat! A rat!\"' and urges another character to \"speak to me no more!\" during the \"closet scene\". An eavesdropper is stabbed behind a tapestry in the closet of this character, who is denounced with the phrase, \"Frailty, thy name is woman!\" For 10 points, name this character whom Freud cast as the object of Hamlet's Oedipal desire.", "answer": "Queen Gertrude [prompt on \"the Queen\"]", "page": "Gertrude_(Hamlet)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85170b91540957194c9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102087, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 321], [322, 372], [373, 536], [537, 609], [610, 618], [619, 672], [673, 699], [700, 841], [842, 934]], "first_sentence": "This character has \"a talent for seeing the essence of every situation\" according to an essay that challenges J. Dover Wilson's \"very dull and very shallow\" interpretation.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"the Queen\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Thomas Crow's Emulation discusses why the weeping woman on the far-right of this artwork is modeled on a description of Timanthes' painting of Iphigenia. Eight Doric columns partially covered by a white cloth form a right angle in this painting's center background. On this painting's far right is a nurse, who covers her face with a blue shawl. Many critics divide the dark, masculine left-hand side of this painting from the light, feminine, right-hand side. The inscription \"DEA ROMA\" appears below the statue of a goddess at the left of this painting's title figure, who sits on a klismos and holds a decree ordering an execution for attempting to restore the Tarquinian monarchy. Exhibited the week after the storming of the Bastille, this is, for 10 points, what Jacques-Louis David painting that depicts stretchers bearing the children of a Roman leader?", "answer": "The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons [or Brutus and His Sons; or The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons or similar translations involving Lictors + Brutus and his sons; or Les licteurs rapportent a\u0301 Brutus les corps de ses fils]", "page": "The_Lictors_Bring_to_Brutus_the_Bodies_of_His_Sons", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ca", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102088, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 265], [266, 345], [346, 460], [461, 684], [685, 861]], "first_sentence": "Thomas Crow's Emulation discusses why the weeping woman on the far-right of this artwork is modeled on a description of Timanthes' painting of Iphigenia.", "answer_prompt": "or Brutus and His Sons; or The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons or similar translations involving Lictors + Brutus and his sons; or Les licteurs rapportent a\u0301 Brutus les corps de ses fils", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Before major events, members of this culture would lubricate a lid with fruit juice and tree bark then attempt to stick it to a rubbing-board. This culture believed that the liver was a source of supernatural power and that it was transmitted in a patrilineal manner, except in cases of royalty. A monograph on this culture distinguishes between scientific notions, common sense notions, and mystical notions. Contra Lucien Levy-Bruhl, that text argues that this culture's adoption of mystical notions is not necessarily irrational. That book on this culture also uses the example of termites destroying a granary floor to explain this culture's adoption of superstition. Members of this culture engaged in benge, a procedure in which a chicken was poisoned to answer a question about the future. For 10 points, name these peoples whose use of witchcraft, oracles, and magic is the subject of a book by E.E. Evans-Pritchard.", "answer": "Azande [or Zande peoples]", "page": "Azande", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194cb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102089, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 295], [296, 409], [410, 532], [533, 671], [672, 796], [797, 924]], "first_sentence": "Before major events, members of this culture would lubricate a lid with fruit juice and tree bark then attempt to stick it to a rubbing-board.", "answer_prompt": "or Zande peoples", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In peptide bonds, one of these phenomena produces a well-characterized signal designated \"NV1.\" The intensity of these phenomena can be increased by d-p mixing or vibronic coupling. CT complexes can undergo LMCT or MLCT examples of these phenomena. In two types of diagrams depicting these phenomena, lines become curved due to the non-crossing rule. In one set of diagrams depicting the energies of these phenomena, both axes are normalized by the Racah parameter. Examples of this kind of process include intersystem crossing, where a difference in spin multiplicity allows this kind of process to occur in a non-radiative fashion. Sandwiching the electric dipole operator between the initial and final state wavefunctions for this process can be used to derive the fact that the azimuthal quantum number must change by plus or minus one, or this process is said to be \"forbidden\" according to a selection rule. For 10 points, name this process by which a molecule's electrons change energy levels.", "answer": "molecular electronic transitions [or electron excitation; or word forms; or light or energy absorption; or photon emission]", "page": "Electron_excitation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194cc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102090, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [94, 181], [182, 248], [249, 350], [351, 465], [466, 633], [634, 913], [914, 1000]], "first_sentence": "In peptide bonds, one of these phenomena produces a well-characterized signal designated \"NV1.", "answer_prompt": "or electron excitation; or word forms; or light or energy absorption; or photon emission", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An organization advocating this reform was founded by Pittsburgh Courier editor Robert L. Vann in 1939. This reform would have been impeded by proposed amendments to the Elston Act introduced by Richard B. Russell. Kenneth Claiborne Royall was forced to resign from his Cabinet post because he wouldn't enforce this reform, which a Clark Clifford memorandum presented as a key aspect of campaign strategy. This reform eliminated the unique status of the Montford Point, which had been created as a result of Executive Order 8802. Walter Francis White wrote a draft of the text which implemented this reform, Executive Order 9981, which was opposed by men like Omar Bradley. It was implemented in 1948 as a result of Asa Philip Randolph and others in the March on Washington Movement. For 10 points, name this reform pushed by Harry Truman, which allowed racial minorities to serve equally in the armed forces.", "answer": "desegregation of the United States military [or obvious equivalents for either \"desegregation\", such as \"ending racial discrimination\", or \"military\"; or Executive Order 9981 until it is read; or more specific answers, such as desegregation of the United States Marine Corps]", "page": "Military", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194cd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102091, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 214], [215, 405], [406, 529], [530, 673], [674, 783], [784, 909]], "first_sentence": "An organization advocating this reform was founded by Pittsburgh Courier editor Robert L. Vann in 1939.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents for either \"desegregation\", such as \"ending racial discrimination\", or \"military\"; or Executive Order 9981 until it is read; or more specific answers, such as desegregation of the United States Marine Corps", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After turning down the lead in a stage adaptation of this novel, a character in a different story knocks over a candle at an Italian restaurant because he is angry about being thrown out of his Jewish friend Jules's apartment. That story was written by an author who claimed that this novel creates a \"climate of anarchy and [an] unmotivated and un-apprehended disaster,\" noting the \"overwhelming limitation\" of the \"fearful image\" it \"[attempts] to redeem... in social terms.\" The novel-within-a-novel Fuck from Percival Everett's Erasure parodies both Sapphire's Push and this novel. The protagonist of this novel \"has accepted a theology that denies him life\" according to an essay that traces its lineage from Uncle Tom's Cabin. This novel was criticized in \"Many Thousands Gone\" and \"Everybody's Protest Novel,\" two essays in a James Baldwin collection of \"notes\" named for it. For 10 points, name this novel in which Mary Dalton is suffocated by Bigger Thomas, a work of Richard Wright.", "answer": "Native Son", "page": "Native_Son", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ce", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102092, "tokenizations": [[0, 226], [227, 476], [476, 477], [478, 585], [586, 732], [733, 882], [883, 992]], "first_sentence": "After turning down the lead in a stage adaptation of this novel, a character in a different story knocks over a candle at an Italian restaurant because he is angry about being thrown out of his Jewish friend Jules's apartment.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An illuminated manuscript of a text originally by this writer was produced in 1467 by the monk Donnus Nicolaus Ger- manus, and is now held in Poland's Zamoyski Library. The Harleian Collection's Miniscule 3686 is a recreation of a work by this man, which had its first modern Latin translation produced in 1406 by Jacobus Angelus based on a copy obtained by Manuel Chrysoloras. The Vietnamese site O\u0301c Eo is sometimes identified with the location \"Kattigara\" mentioned by this man, who created a five-book work consisting of a series of justifications and corrections for data on longitudes and latitudes. Earlier work by Marinus of Tyre provided the basis for the oikumene described by this man, which ran from the Canary Islands to the middle of China. For 10 points, name this author of the Tetrabiblos, as well as the Cosmographia or Geography, a Greco-Egyptian figure who also wrote about astronomy in his Almagest.", "answer": "Claudius Ptolemy", "page": "Claudius_Ptolemy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194cf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102093, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 377], [378, 604], [605, 753], [754, 919]], "first_sentence": "An illuminated manuscript of a text originally by this writer was produced in 1467 by the monk Donnus Nicolaus Ger- manus, and is now held in Poland's Zamoyski Library.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An increase in this quantity can improve the mobility of graphene devices to clean them through \"annealing.\" Free layers are aligned in a stationary state along their hard axis by the \"clocking\" value of this quantity, whose \"switching\" magnitude causes the NOT gate of a free layer to reverse from 0 to 1 in a magnetic tunnel junction. Spin-transfer torque is generated by the polarization of this quantity. This quantity is amplified via secondary emission in a photomultiplier tube. The sensitivity of a photodiode can be improved by minimizing the \"dark\" form of this quantity. This quantity increases exponentially when a reverse-biased diode is subjected to avalanche breakdown. A version of it is equal to epsilon-naught times the time derivative of the electric field and was developed because a certain equation fails when describing circuits with capacitors. For 10 points, name this quantity that is related to the magnetic field around a closed loop by Ampe\u0300re's Law.", "answer": "electric current [or I; or current density; or J; or displacement current]", "page": "Electric_Current", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102094, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 336], [337, 408], [409, 485], [486, 581], [582, 684], [685, 868], [869, 978]], "first_sentence": "An increase in this quantity can improve the mobility of graphene devices to clean them through \"annealing.\"", "answer_prompt": "or I; or current density; or J; or displacement current", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one work, this philosopher suggests that Adam's association with the demon and poet Abaddon is responsible for the origin of clothing. He argued against Christian Damm's proposed orthographic reforms in New Apology to the Letter H. He invoked a \"muse with a winnowing fan\" in a \"rhapsody in cabbalistic prose\" that defends the Orientalism of the Bible. Another of his works, which is partly titled for the order used to kill Jesus, accuses Moses Mendelssohn of using \"the serpent's deception of language\" to distinguish eternal and historical truths. In pieces collected in Crusades of the Philologist, such as Aesthetica in Nuce, this philosopher ridiculed his prote\u0301ge\u0301 for writing Treatise on the Origin of the Languages. For 10 points, name this author of Golgotha and Sheblimini!, and teacher of Johann Gottfried Herder, who Isaiah Berlin argued was the most reactionary member of the \"Counter-Enlightenment.\"", "answer": "Johann Georg Hamann", "page": "Johann_Georg_Hamann", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102095, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 234], [235, 355], [356, 553], [554, 725], [726, 915]], "first_sentence": "In one work, this philosopher suggests that Adam's association with the demon and poet Abaddon is responsible for the origin of clothing.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One poem in this language asks \"what will remain after us / will it be lovers' weeping / in a small dirty hotel / when wall-paper dawns\" and unfavorably compares \"generals of the most recent wars\" to Thucydides after the Battle of Amphipolis. The dying speaker of a poem in this language wishes that \"this sad heart of mine in leaves of aloe burn! / And give it then to her who's given it to me\" while imagining his friends drinking at his funeral. \"Those who expected thunder and lightning / Are disappointed\" by the end of the world in a poem in this language, which was used to write several poems that personify humanity as \"Mr. Cogito\". The author of the collections Three Winters and Facing the River used this language to write a book that discusses ketman and profiles Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, who all give into the Communist state. The Captive Mind is a work in, for 10 points, what language of Zbigniew Herbert, Juliusz S\u0142owacki (swo-VAHT-ski) and Czes\u0142aw Mi\u0142osz (tche-swaf mee-wosh)?", "answer": "Polish [or j \u0327ezyk polski; or polszczyzna]", "page": "Polish_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102096, "tokenizations": [[0, 242], [243, 349], [350, 448], [449, 450], [450, 641], [642, 846], [847, 1000]], "first_sentence": "One poem in this language asks \"what will remain after us / will it be lovers' weeping / in a small dirty hotel / when wall-paper dawns\" and unfavorably compares \"generals of the most recent wars\" to Thucydides after the Battle of Amphipolis.", "answer_prompt": "or j \u0327ezyk polski; or polszczyzna", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Paintings of the nativity traditionally include an ox and an ass because of this book's line \"the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib.\" The hymn \"Beulah Land\" comes from this book's declaration that Israel's name will one day be changed to Hephzibah and Beulah. Its fortieth chapter describes how \"every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill shall be made low\" in the process of building a straight highway to God. This book is the source of the idea that Israel should be a \"light unto the nations,\" and its fifty-third chapter inspired the depiction of Christ as the Man of Sorrows. Its narrator begins to prophesy after an angel uses a burning coal to purify his mouth, and predicts that in the \"last days,\" people will beat their swords into plowshares. For 10 points, name this book of the Old Testament whose prophecy of the virgin birth of Immanuel was used as proof of the divinity of Jesus.", "answer": "Book of Isaiah", "page": "Book_of_Isaiah", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102097, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 277], [278, 444], [445, 614], [615, 787], [788, 929]], "first_sentence": "Paintings of the nativity traditionally include an ox and an ass because of this book's line \"the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After a defeat, the leader of an uprising against this ruler supposedly watched a city burn from the Mari forest under his namesake oak tree; that leader was beheaded and cut into four pieces to be displayed on wheels before the pieces were burned. This non-French ruler set up two banks for paper currency, including one designed by Giacomo Quarenghi located at the old Sea Market building, and each bank created 500,000 notes of \"assignation\" currency to replace the glut of impractical copper money. One hundred wives and daughters of the Greek Infantry Battalion were enlisted to receive this ruler as the \"Amazon Company\" during a tour of the Tauric provinces. This ruler's threat to intervene forced the Treaty of Teschen in the War of Bavarian Succession. For 10 points, identify this ruler for whom fake settlements known as \"Potemkin Villages\" were erected during her 1787 visit to the Crimea that she annexed.", "answer": "Catherine the Great [or Catherine II of Russia; or Yekaterina Alexeevna; or Sophie von Anhalt-Zerbst]", "page": "Catherine_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102098, "tokenizations": [[0, 248], [249, 502], [503, 665], [666, 762], [763, 919]], "first_sentence": "After a defeat, the leader of an uprising against this ruler supposedly watched a city burn from the Mari forest under his namesake oak tree; that leader was beheaded and cut into four pieces to be displayed on wheels before the pieces were burned.", "answer_prompt": "or Catherine II of Russia; or Yekaterina Alexeevna; or Sophie von Anhalt-Zerbst", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Robert Schumann argued that this symphony had an ordered pattern despite its apparent \"formlessness\" and presented a diagram contrasting this symphony with the \"traditional model\" in his longest critical essay. This composition repeatedly quotes from the first movement of its composer's earlier cantata Herminie, while its fourth movement is a reworking of the \"March of the Guards\" from its composer's opera Les Francs Juges. The end of this symphony's third movement uses four timpani to depict sudden thunder; that movement earlier has an offstage oboe and a cor anglais play a \"ranz des vaches\" call exchanged between two shepherds. In this symphony's final movement, a col legno melody depicts rattling bones, while two bassoons and four tubas create a \"burlesque parody\" of the Dies Irae. Inspired by love for Harriet Smithson, this symphony depicts the opium-addled composer seeing himself at a wtiches' sabbath. For 10 points, name this orchestral work of Hector Berlioz.", "answer": "Symphonie Fantastique: E\u0301pisode de la vie d'un artiste... en cinq parties [or Fantastical Symphony: An Episode in the Life of an Artist, in Five Parts]", "page": "Symphonie_fantastique", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102099, "tokenizations": [[0, 210], [211, 427], [428, 637], [638, 795], [796, 920], [921, 980]], "first_sentence": "Robert Schumann argued that this symphony had an ordered pattern despite its apparent \"formlessness\" and presented a diagram contrasting this symphony with the \"traditional model\" in his longest critical essay.", "answer_prompt": "or Fantastical Symphony: An Episode in the Life of an Artist, in Five Parts", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one human microbiome, the onset of this process is characterized by high levels of Leuconostoc that are gradually replaced by Veillonella in later stages. The tumoricidal albumin-derived protein complex HAMLET promotes apoptosis during the involution that follows the cessation of this process. Cap cells in TEBs can differentiate into a group of cells which produces contractile force during this process called myoepithelial cells. This process canonically involves one paracellular and four transcellular pathways in alveolar cells. Bile salt-stimulated lipase is produced during this process, which initially generates a substance rich in transferrin and secretory IgA to provide passive immunity. This process occurs after parturition in an estrous cycle, and it causes the release of colostrum within the first few days. Micellar casein granules are synthesized during this process, which is stimulated via the \"letdown reflex\" by oxytocin and prolactin. For 10 points, name this process by which mothers produce nutrition for newborns", "answer": "lactation [or breast milk production; or breastfeeding; or suckling; or lactose synthesis; or galactopoiesis; or obvious equivalents of the previous; prompt on \"exocytosis\" or \"secretion\"]", "page": "Lactation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102100, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 297], [298, 436], [437, 538], [539, 704], [705, 829], [830, 963], [964, 1044]], "first_sentence": "In one human microbiome, the onset of this process is characterized by high levels of Leuconostoc that are gradually replaced by Veillonella in later stages.", "answer_prompt": "or breast milk production; or breastfeeding; or suckling; or lactose synthesis; or galactopoiesis; or obvious equivalents of the previous; prompt on \"exocytosis\" or \"secretion\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This leader, whose propaganda styled him as \"First Peasant\" and \"First Worker,\" strangely promoted the teaching of folk and highland dialects in elementary schools. This non-German leader's government used a golden double axe as the symbol of its official youth group and proclaimed the advent of the third version of his country's civilization. Unusually, his regime was tolerant of Jews, though they were banned from participating in its National Youth Organization, the EON. An October 28th holiday celebrates a rebuke by this man, in which he supposedly said \"Okhi,\" or \"No,\" to an order to station troops in his country. His namesake defensive line was breached during the Battle of the Forts, which allowed Wilhelm List to invade from the north. This man's sudden death in 1941 marked the end of the 4th of August Regime. For 10 points, name this fascist Greek general who governed after a self-coup in 1936.", "answer": "Ioannis Metaxas", "page": "Ioannis_Metaxas", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102101, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 345], [346, 477], [478, 625], [626, 751], [752, 827], [828, 914]], "first_sentence": "This leader, whose propaganda styled him as \"First Peasant\" and \"First Worker,\" strangely promoted the teaching of folk and highland dialects in elementary schools.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a story, a man who smuggled \"merchandise\" from this city is shot by his son-in-law, who is killed by bandits as he tries to rape the mistress his father-in-law picked up in one of this city's department stores. A character plans to return to this city after he is unable to eat a can of Spam while sitting next to the corpse of a pilot. After killing a man in this city, a character describes feeling pride at \"not being a woman\" to a drug-addicted retired sociology professor in a novel whose sections are prefaced by times like \"half past eleven at night.\" A boy watches the bombing of the H.M.S. Peterel while in this city, near which that boy helps distribute food with Mr. Maxted and is cared for by Dr. Ransome. The American soldiers Frank and Basie are marched to a camp with Jim after he is separated from his parents in this city, where Ch'en assassinates Tang Yen Ta at the beginning of a novel detailing a communist insurrection led by Kyo Gisors. For 10 points, name this setting of Man's Fate, a city that is occupied by Japan in Empire of the Sun.", "answer": "Shanghai [the leadin is from Mao Dun's \"Epitome\"]", "page": "Shanghai", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102102, "tokenizations": [[0, 213], [214, 339], [340, 560], [560, 561], [562, 720], [721, 961], [962, 1064]], "first_sentence": "In a story, a man who smuggled \"merchandise\" from this city is shot by his son-in-law, who is killed by bandits as he tries to rape the mistress his father-in-law picked up in one of this city's department stores.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This place was characterized as a \"vicious cabal of warring factions\" by the author of God with Revolver. In an unreleased film set here, Rene Ricard gives orchids to a bulimic socialite as they both imitate an Obetrol addict. Another film of this \"cold, frightening, forbidding place\" is dominated by DeVeren Bookwalter's changing facial expressions. A sex club called The Toilet inspired \"ghost pissers\" like Victor Hugo to come here and urinate to produce \"oxidation paintings.\" An assassination attempt at this place was perpetrated by an author who believed that all males should be exterminated in the S.C.U.M manifesto. Paul America, Ultra Violet and Edie Sedgwick worked at this place and were three of its owner's \"superstars.\" The films Couch and Blow Job were created in this place, where its owner made silkscreen prints of Mao Zedong and Marilyn Monroe. For 10 points, name this studio of Andy Warhol.", "answer": "The Factory [prompt on \"Andy Warhol's studio\" or obvious equivalents, such as \"Warhol's workshop\"]", "page": "The_Factory", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194d9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102103, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 226], [227, 351], [352, 481], [482, 626], [627, 736], [737, 866], [867, 914]], "first_sentence": "This place was characterized as a \"vicious cabal of warring factions\" by the author of God with Revolver.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Andy Warhol's studio\" or obvious equivalents, such as \"Warhol's workshop\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to studies of this language family's kinship terms by Jeff Marck, speakers of its ancestral language were matrilineal. \"Middle\" verbs of intermediate transitivity are a hallmark of this language family, which has been ascribed an \"accusative-to- ergative drift\" based on Kenneth Hale's study of its unusual use of suffix morphemes that convert verbs into a passive form. In many of these languages, the ancestral *k has weakened to a glottal stop represented by the 'okina. Mitochondrial DNA studies on the origin of this language family's speakers cast doubt on the \"Express Train\" model in favor of the \"Slow Boat.\" Similar terms for tapa cloth and the entheogen kava are common in this family, whose Nuclear languages diverged from the Tongic branch, the source of the English loanword \"taboo.\" For 10 points, name this relative of Fijian, a language family that includes M \u0304aori, Samoan, and Hawaiian.", "answer": "Polynesian languages [prompt on \"Austronesian\", \"Malayo-Pacific\", \"Oceanic\", or \"Central Pacific\"]", "page": "Polynesian_languages", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194da", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102104, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [130, 380], [381, 483], [484, 627], [628, 807], [808, 915]], "first_sentence": "According to studies of this language family's kinship terms by Jeff Marck, speakers of its ancestral language were matrilineal. \"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Austronesian\", \"Malayo-Pacific\", \"Oceanic\", or \"Central Pacific\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Since it is a dangerous process, smiths who forge traditional bronze instruments in this country often ritually assume the guise of the culture hero Panji. One ethnic group in this country produces a style of music called kebyar, which translates as \"the flowering of music.\" Women partake in an elegant dance in this country known as srimpi, often within a pendopo pavilion. Instruments from this country include the zither-like kacapi and the stringed non-Indian siter, which is unusually tuned to both the slendro pentatonic scale and the pelog heptatonic scale. A form of song in this country often begins with a buka, which may be played by a two-string fiddle called a rebab. A pesindhe\u0300n singer is part of an ensemble of music, which consists of the gambang - that is played with a mallet, as well as knotted gongs. For 10 points, name this country whose repertoire includes the gamelan, which people play on Sumatra and Java.", "answer": "Republic of Indonesia", "page": "Indonesia", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194dc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102105, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 274], [274, 375], [376, 565], [566, 681], [682, 821], [822, 932]], "first_sentence": "Since it is a dangerous process, smiths who forge traditional bronze instruments in this country often ritually assume the guise of the culture hero Panji.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As described in the book De Nugis Curialium, one of this man's most loyal followers was questioned by Walter Map, and ridiculed when he claimed that he believed in the mother of Christ, because it was not proper to profess belief in a non-member of the Trinity. An anonymous chronicle says this man repented his sins after hearing a sermon about how St. Alexius died a blessed death, though the account of his conversion by Stephen of Bourbon does not tell that story. He sent a delegation to Pope Alexander III, who refused to legitimize his teachings, which were shortly thereafter condemned at the Council of Verona by Pope Lucius III. This man's followers were often called Sabotiers or Insabbatati for their habit of wearing wooden shoes, though they called themselves the \"Poor Men of Lyon,\" and they preached as peddlers in the Provenca\u0301l dialect. For 10 points, name this wealthy merchant who became a beggar, and founded a namesake religious sect that co-existed with the Cathars in southern France.", "answer": "Peter Waldo [or Peter Valdo; or Peter Valdes; or Peter Valdesius; or Peter Waldes; or Pierre Vaude\u0301s; or Pierre de Vaux]", "page": "Peter_Waldo", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194dd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102106, "tokenizations": [[0, 261], [262, 468], [469, 638], [639, 853], [854, 1007]], "first_sentence": "As described in the book De Nugis Curialium, one of this man's most loyal followers was questioned by Walter Map, and ridiculed when he claimed that he believed in the mother of Christ, because it was not proper to profess belief in a non-member of the Trinity.", "answer_prompt": "or Peter Valdo; or Peter Valdes; or Peter Valdesius; or Peter Waldes; or Pierre Vaude\u0301s; or Pierre de Vaux", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Correlations using this quantity were extended by Halm and Stiel using a similarly-defined quantity which represents polarity. The first Mathias-Copeman constant and the kappa parameter in the PRSV equation are defined as polynomials in terms of this quantity. The saturation vapor pressure and several other parameters can be modeled as linear functions of this quantity using the Lee-Kesler method. This quantity is the third parameter in the 3-parameter theorem of corresponding states. The alpha functions which appear in the Soave modification and the Peng-Robinson equation are functions of temperature and this quantity. It is defined as negative 1 minus the log of the reduced pressure evaluated at a reduced temperature of 0.7. Developed by Pitzer, for 10 points, name this quantity which measures deviations from ideal-gas behavior due to the fact that molecules are not spherical.", "answer": "acentric factor [or acentricity; prompt on \"Pitzer factor\"]", "page": "Acentric_factor", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194de", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102107, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 260], [261, 400], [401, 489], [490, 627], [628, 736], [737, 891]], "first_sentence": "Correlations using this quantity were extended by Halm and Stiel using a similarly-defined quantity which represents polarity.", "answer_prompt": "or acentricity; prompt on \"Pitzer factor\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel folds his newspaper into a beak around his nose, then jumps out from behind a tree at his grandson, who he then calls a coward. Another of its characters finds a snake choking on a large toad and stomps them to death, while a third character imagines rhododendron forests while reading her Outline of History. One of this novel's main characters fantasizes about the farmer Rupert Haines and has an enjoyable conversation after going to the greenhouse with William Dodge. A group of people rush in carrying mirrors at the end of the central event of this novel, which consecutively depicts the Elizabethan era, the Age of Reason, and the Victorian Age, and is directed by Miss La Trobe. This novel is set at Pointz Hall, the home of the Oliver family, whose scion Giles cheats on his wife Isa with Mrs. Manresa. For 10 points, name this novel set during a pageant about the history of England, the final completed work of Virginia Woolf.", "answer": "Between the Acts", "page": "Between_the_Acts", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194df", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102108, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 335], [336, 497], [498, 712], [713, 837], [838, 963]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel folds his newspaper into a beak around his nose, then jumps out from behind a tree at his grandson, who he then calls a coward.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a late chapter of this book, the narrator recounts his struggle to realistically imagine Emperor Augustus's transition from manhood to divinity while writing a play about his apotheosis. This book recounts an incident in which the narrator watches a farce about a japim bird for four consecutive hours, which he compares to Igor Stravinsky's Les Noces. After entering a hotel in Goia\u0302nia, this book's narrator imagines being transported on a \"magic carpet\" to Karachi, where he contemplates his malaise on the poorness of India. While travelling on a ship from Marseilles to Brazil, the narrator of this book stylistically describes a sunset to demonstrate that a poetic spirit is a crucial element of ethnography.The line \"I hate travelling and explorers\" opens this travelogue analyzing the Bororo and Tupi peoples. For 10 points, name this work, which was translated into English as A World on the Wane and was written by Claude Le\u0301vi-Strauss.", "answer": "Tristes Tropiques [or Sad Tropics; or A World on the Wane until it is read]", "page": "Tristes_Tropiques", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102109, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 355], [356, 530], [531, 716], [716, 819], [820, 947]], "first_sentence": "In a late chapter of this book, the narrator recounts his struggle to realistically imagine Emperor Augustus's transition from manhood to divinity while writing a play about his apotheosis.", "answer_prompt": "or Sad Tropics; or A World on the Wane until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to one account, two soldiers from this city named Chromios and Alcenor emerged as the only men alive after 300 of its soldiers fought against 300 soldiers of another city - however, because Othryades stood his ground, this city lost that battle, and as a result, its residents all cut their hair short in mourning and prohibited any gold jewelry from being worn. This city's army was massacred in a grove after the Battle of Sepea, leading the poetess Telesilla to put on a helmet and gather up women and children to fight for this city. This city was victorious at the first Battle of Hysiae, during its rule by the tyrant Pheidon. The king of Epirus, Pyrrhus, was allegedly killed when an old woman from this city threw a tile off her rooftop. This city had its port at Nauplia, and was home to the Heraion temple. For 10 points, name this Peloponnesian city-state just to the northeast of its rival Sparta.", "answer": "Argos", "page": "\u0386\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102110, "tokenizations": [[0, 372], [373, 547], [548, 642], [643, 755], [756, 826], [827, 919]], "first_sentence": "According to one account, two soldiers from this city named Chromios and Alcenor emerged as the only men alive after 300 of its soldiers fought against 300 soldiers of another city - however, because Othryades stood his ground, this city lost that battle, and as a result, its residents all cut their hair short in mourning and prohibited any gold jewelry from being worn.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one paper, this philosopher examines the sentences \"There is a goldfinch in the garden\" and \"There's a bittern at the bottom of the garden\" to consider the possibility of distinguishing mental and physical states. In another paper, this philosopher compared the acts of feeding penguins poisonous peanuts and throwing glass shards on a sidewalk to maim a pedestrian to differentiate between purposely acting, deliberating acting and intentionally acting. A posthumous work by this author of \"Three Ways of Spilling Ink\" and \"Other Minds\" is a series of lecture notes titled \"Problems of Philosophy\" compiled by Geoffrey Warnock. Those notes distinguish between qualitatively delusive and existentially delusive perceptions and refute sense-data theories found in another author's Foundations of Empirical Knowledge. For 10 points, name this ordinary language philosopher who wrote Sense and Sensibilia, and proposed a theory of performative utterances in \"How to Do Things with Words.\"", "answer": "John Langshaw Austin", "page": "John_Langshaw_Austin", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102111, "tokenizations": [[0, 216], [217, 457], [458, 631], [632, 818], [819, 988]], "first_sentence": "In one paper, this philosopher examines the sentences \"There is a goldfinch in the garden\" and \"There's a bittern at the bottom of the garden\" to consider the possibility of distinguishing mental and physical states.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one scene, members of this family are assisted by a stranger who uses a hairpin to kill multiple spiders in a cage of fireflies. The final line of the novel comments on the prolonged diarrhea of one of these characters that lasts until the 26th. In an early chapter, this family dines with the Kyrilenkos and discusses Communist China with them. This family lives next to the Stoltzes, who return to their native Germany before World War Two starts. While at a sewing school, a member of this family is saved from a flood by a photographer who dies from surgical gangrene brought about by complications of an ear infection. One of these characters, who is affectionately called Koi-san, eloped with Okubata before becoming attracted to the photographer Itakura. That one, Taeko, patiently waits for another member of this family, Yukiko, to get married. For 10 points, name this family whose members include a quartet of siblings that title a novel by Junichiro Tanizaki.", "answer": "the Makioka family [or the Makioka sisters]", "page": "The_Makioka_Sisters", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102112, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 248], [249, 348], [349, 440], [441, 452], [453, 626], [627, 764], [765, 856], [857, 974]], "first_sentence": "In one scene, members of this family are assisted by a stranger who uses a hairpin to kill multiple spiders in a cage of fireflies.", "answer_prompt": "or the Makioka sisters", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "his battle occurred at a manor owned by Richard Hussey, after the local abbot Thomas Prestbury attempted to negotiate peace between the armies, and Hussey later applied for a license to build a chapel on the site in honor of the fallen soldiers. After one participant in this battle received an arrow to the skull, the physician John Bradmore is said to have poured honey into the wound and invented a pair of tongs to extract the arrow. The Earl of Stafford was killed and his right wing fled the field, under attack from archers recruited from Cheshire, while the royal standard bearer Sir Walter Blount was mistaken for the king and killed. The losing commander here had turned on the king for not ransoming his brother-in-law Edmund Mortimer, and was supported by his uncle, the Earl of Winchester, but sadly did not receive any troops from Owen Glendower. For 10 points, name this 1403 battle in which Henry Percy, also known as Hotspur, was defeated by the Lancastrians under Henry IV.", "answer": "Battle of Shrewsbury", "page": "Battle_of_Shrewsbury", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102113, "tokenizations": [[0, 245], [246, 437], [438, 643], [644, 860], [861, 991]], "first_sentence": "his battle occurred at a manor owned by Richard Hussey, after the local abbot Thomas Prestbury attempted to negotiate peace between the armies, and Hussey later applied for a license to build a chapel on the site in honor of the fallen soldiers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "It's not a quantum dot, but the Mollow triplet was first observed in the fluorescence spectrum of a system of this type driven by a laser. For a system of this type, the equations of motion for the density matrix are the optical Bloch equations. The interaction between this type of system and a single mode of an electromagnetic cavity is described by the Jaynes-Cummings model. Under certain conditions, the probability of a non-adiabatic transition in this type of system is given by the Landau- Zener formula. When a system of this kind is excited with a sinusoidal perturbation, such as laser light, it will undergo periodic transitions known as Rabi oscillations. In a system of this kind, the probability of absorption can never be higher than the probability of stimulated emission, so achieving population inversion is impossible. The spin states of a spin-1/2 atom are an example of, for 10 points, what type of quantum system consisting of a ground state and a single excited state?", "answer": "two-level system [or two-state system; or two-level atom; prompt on \"atom\"]", "page": "Two-level_system", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102114, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 245], [246, 379], [380, 513], [514, 669], [670, 839], [840, 993]], "first_sentence": "It's not a quantum dot, but the Mollow triplet was first observed in the fluorescence spectrum of a system of this type driven by a laser.", "answer_prompt": "or two-state system; or two-level atom; prompt on \"atom\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "H.W. Janson discovered a portrait of a woman on the back of one version of this painting, which he identified as the artist's cousin Anna Landolt. This painting was popularized in England when an engraving of it was included in the text of Erasmus Darwin's The Botanical Garden, which has a frontispiece made by this work's artist. The most notable version of this painting features yellow drapery with gray lines, which were painted without regard to illusionistic depth. The Basel version of this painting features a statuette of a naked man and woman engaged in erotic activity on a dresser, while the Frankfurt version repositions the vials on a nightstand to be in front of a mirror. This painting, which provided the model for its artist's illustration of Paradise Lost titled The Shepherd's Dream, features an ethereal horse poking its head through some curtains, as well as an incubus on top of an erotically posed woman. For 10 points, name this Romantic masterpiece of Henry Fuseli.", "answer": "The Nightmare", "page": "The_Nightmare", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102115, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 331], [332, 472], [473, 688], [689, 929], [930, 992]], "first_sentence": "H.W. Janson discovered a portrait of a woman on the back of one version of this painting, which he identified as the artist's cousin Anna Landolt.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author berated a \"vile crew\" for having left \"no altars, fanes undesecrate\" because \"no deed's too foul for you!\" in a poem inspired by a monument to one of his countrymen. A character who is disappointed to learn that \"the life of the universe is a perpetual circle of production and destruction\", and thus nothing in the world can be free from suffering, is eaten by lions at the end of this author's \"Dialogue Between Nature and an Icelander,\" one of his Small Moral Works. The Jonathan Galassi translation of one of this man's poems begins by describing a \"lonely hill\" that \"was always dear to me\" and imagines a \"depthless calm\" in which the poet's mind sinks, noting \"floundering is sweet in such a sea.\" He wrote \"When truth appeared, you fell, poor one\" in a poem which asks the title woman \"do you recall those days of mortal life when beauty sparkled in your quick and gleaming eyes[?]\" For 10 points, name this Italian Romantic poet of \"L'Infinito\", whose many Canti include \"To Silvia.\"", "answer": "Giacomo Leopardi [or Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi]", "page": "Giacomo_Leopardi", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102116, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 177], [178, 481], [482, 716], [717, 901], [901, 1004]], "first_sentence": "This author berated a \"vile crew\" for having left \"no altars, fanes undesecrate\" because \"no deed's too foul for you!\"", "answer_prompt": "or Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "With Theodore Walraven, this scientist proved that the light of the Crab Nebula was polarized by an incredibly strong magnetic field from within it. An estimate of the local mass density that is implied by the movement of stars is known as this man's namesake limit. In a 1927 paper, this scientist proved one of Bertil Lindblad's hypotheses when he used the differential motion of stars to propose a mathematical framework that assumes the existence of a globular cluster at the center of the Milky Way; in doing so he derived a quantity that scales with the azimuthal shear and another quantity that scales with vorticity, which are his namesake constants. Richard Mueller hypothesized the existence of Nemesis, a star that would cause mass extinctions when it perturbs a region named for this man. Ernst O\u0308pik theorized that long period comets originated in that region named for this scientist, which is comprised of icy planetesimals. For 10 points, long term comets originate from what Dutch astronomer's namesake \"cloud?\"", "answer": "Jan Hendrik Oort", "page": "Jan_Oort", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102117, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 266], [267, 658], [659, 800], [801, 938], [939, 1027]], "first_sentence": "With Theodore Walraven, this scientist proved that the light of the Crab Nebula was polarized by an incredibly strong magnetic field from within it.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During one incident in this state, three thousand men secretly marched to the capitol to read a declaration of war to governor William Glasscock, leading him to declare martial law - the causes of that event were investigated by the Kern Resolution. During another incident in this state, Mayor Cabell Testerman refused to accept a bribe to place machine guns on the roof of his jewelry shop, and Ed Chambers was shot dead while walking in a courtroom, leading a group to present a list of demands to governor Ephraim Morgan. After the death of Albert Felts in this state led to a trial where his killer was acquitted, a standoff occurred between Don Chafin and men led by Bill Blizzard. This state witnessed confrontations at Paint Creek and Cabin Creek in 1912, as well as the Battle of Blair Mountain and the Matewan Massacre. For 10 points, name this state whose Logan County was a hotbed for standoffs involving the United Mine Workers, who protested at its capital of Charleston.", "answer": "West Virginia", "page": "West_Virginia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194e9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102118, "tokenizations": [[0, 249], [250, 525], [526, 687], [688, 829], [830, 985]], "first_sentence": "During one incident in this state, three thousand men secretly marched to the capitol to read a declaration of war to governor William Glasscock, leading him to declare martial law - the causes of that event were investigated by the Kern Resolution.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The sight of one of these figures transforming into a parrot caused Vyasa to ejaculate onto a stick, leading to the birth of his parrot-headed son Shuka. In the Mahabharata,Vishwakarma created another of these figures that stopped the rampage of Sunda and Upasunda. Ghritachi and Tilottama are two of these figures, another of whom was given a jar filled with Mitra and Varuna's semen. Though the Manu Shastra state that the first thirteen of them were created to accompany the first seven Manus, other sources state that they were born from the union of Arishta and Kasyapa. Most accounts state that they were born as a result of the Churning of the Ocean. These inhabitants of Devaloka were married to the musically-skilled gandharvas, and their number includes the very beautiful Urvashi, who seduced King Puravanas. For 10 points, name these celestial dancing nymphs of Hindu mythology.", "answer": "apsaras [or apsarasas]", "page": "Apsaras", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ea", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102119, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 265], [266, 385], [386, 575], [576, 657], [658, 819], [820, 890]], "first_sentence": "The sight of one of these figures transforming into a parrot caused Vyasa to ejaculate onto a stick, leading to the birth of his parrot-headed son Shuka.", "answer_prompt": "or apsarasas", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this story, the \"Man in the Moon\" says \"Oho, the old Earth is frolicsome to-night!\" after hearing a \"far bellow\" of laughter. The main character of this story offends a man whose speech is constantly punctuated with a pair of \"sepulchral hems.\" Its protagonist is suspected of being the escaped bondservant Hezekiah Mudge when he poses a question to an innkeeper. This story opens by describing the misfortunes of six governors in the last forty years, and closes with its main character being told that he might be able to \"rise in the world\" without the title figure. Its action begins with the protagonist disembarking a ferry with his oak cudgel. The protagonist eventually meets a man with two protrusions on his forehead whose face is painted half-red and half-black, who predicts the arrival of a procession including the title character. For 10 points, name this Nathaniel Hawthorne story in which Robin eventually meets the titular tarred-and-feathered relative.", "answer": "\"My Kinsman, Major Molineux\"", "page": "My_Kinsman,_Major_Molineux", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194eb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102120, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 141], [142, 259], [259, 260], [261, 379], [380, 585], [586, 666], [667, 861], [862, 987]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this story, the \"Man in the Moon\" says \"Oho, the old Earth is frolicsome to-night!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A piano concerto by this composer features a middle Larghetto movement in G major and does not employ any strings. This composer's unusually scored works include a double concerto for piano and violin in G Major, as well as a mandolin concerto for Bartholomeo Bortolazzi. His B minor piano concerto is the best known of his eight piano concerti, and heavily influenced the piano concerti of Chopin. This composer re-arranged his own D minor piano septet for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, a lineup that inspired the instrumentation of Franz Schubert's Trout Quintet. A concerto by this composer is usually played today in the key of E flat instead of its original E, and, like Joseph Haydn's work of the same type, was composed for Anton Weidinger. For 10 points, name this Austrian pupil of Mozart who composed a still-performed trumpet concerto and wrote a \"Complete Theoretical and Practical\" manual for playing the piano.", "answer": "Johann Nepomuk Hummel", "page": "Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ec", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102121, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 271], [272, 398], [399, 581], [582, 763], [764, 940]], "first_sentence": "A piano concerto by this composer features a middle Larghetto movement in G major and does not employ any strings.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this essay, the author bemoans that \"old medieval theories of protection and personal dependence\" have been mixed with \"modern theories of independence and individual liberty,\" causing a double harm. It begins by pointing out that runaway horses cause more damage than floods, and consumption kills more people than yellow fever, but newspapers only care about public calamities. It first appeared in print as the last entry in a namesake book, after the essay \"The Cooperative Commonwealth\" - that book was edited by the author's student Albert Galloway Keller. The author writes that \"vice is its own curse\" and that nature left alone cures vice, because \"a drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to be.\" This essay repeatedly posits figures dubbed \"A\" and \"B\" who try to pass laws to help the suffering, but in doing so, they only burden the title figure, an honest laborer. For 10 points, name this essay by William Graham Sumner, which praises a figure that society never thinks about.", "answer": "\"The Forgotten Man\"", "page": "Forgotten_Man", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ed", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102122, "tokenizations": [[0, 215], [216, 395], [396, 578], [579, 729], [730, 900], [901, 1013]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this essay, the author bemoans that \"old medieval theories of protection and personal dependence\" have been mixed with \"modern theories of independence and individual liberty,\" causing a double harm.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Erik Jarvik reclassified these organisms as members of the less-complex holocephalians after examining the premaxillary bones of their skull roofs. The male members of the Lepidosiren genus of these animals develop vascularized filaments in their pelvic appendages so that they provide oxygen to their eggs. The Protopterus, but not the Neoceratodus, type of these sarcopterygians engages in estivation by creating a cocoon of mucus and burying itself in mud. The \"marbled\" African type of these animals has the largest known animal genome, while the South American type of these so-called \"living fossils\" possess two of the namesake structures, which it uses in place of gills during certain times of the year. For 10 points, name these most primitive living fish, which are able to sustain themselves by consuming oxygen from air.", "answer": "lungfish [or salamanderfish; or dipnoi; or barramunda]", "page": "Lungfish", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ee", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102123, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 307], [308, 459], [460, 712], [713, 833]], "first_sentence": "Erik Jarvik reclassified these organisms as members of the less-complex holocephalians after examining the premaxillary bones of their skull roofs.", "answer_prompt": "or salamanderfish; or dipnoi; or barramunda", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this clan was exiled from its domain but allowed to return after the rise of its daimyo Nariakira, whose stepmother Yura promoted her son Hisamitsu as lord of this territory, and allegedly cast black magic on Nariakira's heirs. That member of this clan, Okubo Toshimichi, was a great diplomat who forged a secret alliance with its longtime rival, led by Kido Koin. This clan was plunged into war by the Namamugi Incident, in which one of its retainers killed the merchant Charles Lennox Richardson. After forming a secret pact with Choshu, this domain opposed the shogun at Toba-Fushima. This clan's stronghold Kagoshima Castle was shelled by the British navy in a namesake war in 1863. This clan, which conquered the Ryukyu Islands and made them pay tribute, was also led by a figure defeated at the Battle of Shiroyama, the enormously fat samurai Saigo Takamori. For 10 points, identify this domain that was the namesake of an 1877 rebellion against the Meiji government.", "answer": "Satsuma domain or clan [or Shimazu; or the Kagoshima Domain until \"Kagoshima\" is read; the war referred to is the \"Anglo-Satsuma War of 1863\"]", "page": "Satsuma_domain", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ef", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102124, "tokenizations": [[0, 241], [242, 378], [379, 512], [513, 601], [602, 700], [701, 878], [879, 987]], "first_sentence": "One member of this clan was exiled from its domain but allowed to return after the rise of its daimyo Nariakira, whose stepmother Yura promoted her son Hisamitsu as lord of this territory, and allegedly cast black magic on Nariakira's heirs.", "answer_prompt": "or Shimazu; or the Kagoshima Domain until \"Kagoshima\" is read; the war referred to is the \"Anglo-Satsuma War of 1863\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a protein that regulates the transport of this element, it is bound by an aspartate, a histidine, and two tyrosine residues inside an N-lobe and a C-lobe. Along with two phosphorus atoms, this heteroatom is found in the center of a Josiphos ligand. A high binding affinity for this element is possessed by enterobactin, which is an example of a siderophore. Several proteins which regulate the metabolism of this element contain a specific stem-loop motif in their mRNA transcripts known as this element's namesake \"response element.\" This element is found in the center of cytochrome c, and it is surrounded by a tetrapyrrole group in a certain cofactor. This element is sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl ligands in a compound which is the prototypical example of a metallocene. For 10 points, name this element which forms namesake clusters with sulfur in several proteins and is found in the center of hemoglobin.", "answer": "iron [or Fe]", "page": "Iron", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102125, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 251], [252, 360], [361, 536], [536, 658], [659, 788], [789, 925]], "first_sentence": "In a protein that regulates the transport of this element, it is bound by an aspartate, a histidine, and two tyrosine residues inside an N-lobe and a C-lobe.", "answer_prompt": "or Fe", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At one point, this text asks whether the \"judging mind\" has a need for a theory of Ro\u0308ntgen's rays, a theory of \"mind-stuff\" and a conviction about the causality of conscious states. In its tenth and final numbered section, this essay cites Charles Secretan's belief that \"perfection is eternal\" to illustrate the author's sentiment that \"the best things are the more eternal things.\" This essay uses the example \"choos[ing] between going out with your umbrella or without it\" to distinguish between forced and avoidable options. This essay then defines a genuine option as one that is living, forced and momentous. This essay argues that it is our duty to know the truth and to avoid the error, and it takes issue with W.K. Clifford's suggestion that it is wrong to engage in the title activity without sufficient evidence. For 10 points, name this defense of religious faith, a lecture by William James.", "answer": "\"The Will to Believe\"", "page": "The_Will_to_Believe", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102126, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 382], [382, 383], [384, 528], [529, 614], [615, 823], [824, 904]], "first_sentence": "At one point, this text asks whether the \"judging mind\" has a need for a theory of R\u00f6ntgen's rays, a theory of \"mind-stuff\" and a conviction about the causality of conscious states.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Several members of this group were captured in a surprise attack by the rebel leader Nameisis, whose horses died crossing the icy river of Lielupe, and whose castle at Tervete was burned down by this group. At that time, this group was based at Dobele Castle. One of its earliest leaders was Volquin, who based its operation at Cesis, but was defeated at the Battle of Saule, forcing this group to reorganize after a joint attack by the Zamgallians and the Samogitians. The lands conquered by this organization were known as Terra Mariana. Its final leader Gotthard Kettler was defeated at Ergeme and became the \"Duke of Courland and Semigallia\" after this group was dissolved in 1561, in the midst of a war which shares its name with this group. Originally known as the Brothers of the Sword, this group was pushed back at the Battle of Lake Peipus by the Novgorod Republic. For 10 points, name this order which worked with the Teutonic Knights to crusade against pagans in Lithuania.", "answer": "Livonian Order [or Livonian Order after \"order\" is read; Livonian Knights; or Order of the Brothers of the Sword until it is read; or Fratres Militiae Christi; or Schwertbruderorden; or Livonian Militia of Christ; or obvious equiva- lents]", "page": "Livonian_Order", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102127, "tokenizations": [[0, 206], [207, 259], [260, 469], [470, 539], [540, 746], [747, 875], [876, 985]], "first_sentence": "Several members of this group were captured in a surprise attack by the rebel leader Nameisis, whose horses died crossing the icy river of Lielupe, and whose castle at Tervete was burned down by this group.", "answer_prompt": "or Livonian Order after \"order\" is read; Livonian Knights; or Order of the Brothers of the Sword until it is read; or Fratres Militiae Christi; or Schwertbruderorden; or Livonian Militia of Christ; or obvious equiva- lents", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Synthesis of thiophenols from phenols can be performed using one of these reactions named for Newman and Kwart. Silyl ethers can be synthesized using one of these reactions named for Brook. This type of reaction is responsible for the \"ring walk\" in certain bicyclic compounds. Another example of this type of reaction involves the O-acylation of a hydroxamic acid followed by hydrolysis to produce a primary amine. This type of reaction produces an imine from a protonated hydrazone in the second step of the Fischer indole synthesis. The Lossen reaction is one of these reactions, as is the thermal decomposition of an acyl azide into an isocyanate via release of nitrogen gas. This type of reaction is exemplified by hydride shifts as well as a pericyclic isomerization of a 1,5-diene in a sigmatropic fashion. For 10 points, name these reactions which alter the carbon skeleton of a molecule, which include examples named for Curtius and Cope.", "answer": "rearrangements", "page": "Rearrangement_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102128, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 189], [190, 277], [278, 415], [416, 535], [536, 679], [680, 813], [814, 947]], "first_sentence": "Synthesis of thiophenols from phenols can be performed using one of these reactions named for Newman and Kwart.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A tenor in this piece urges himself to remain patient while accompanied by contrasting calm legato notes and agitated dotted rhythms in the aria \"Geduld, Geduld.\" This piece uses the oboe da caccia to accompany tragic moments, such as the recitative \"O Schmerz.\" It begins with a turba in 12/8 time that becomes a call and response between two antiphonal choruses before a children's choir joins in to sing the hymn \"O Lamm Gottes.\" This choral work features five chorales based on the hymn \"O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden,\" as well as the aria \"Erbarme dich,\" a lament sung by Peter. The Vox Christi in this work is accompanied by sustained strings until the words \"Eli eli lama sabacthani.\" In 1829, its composer's reputation was revived when it was conducted by Felix Mendelssohn. For 10 points, name this choral work by Johann Sebastian Bach set to the first book of the New Testament.", "answer": "St. Matthew Passion [or Matthaus-Passion; or BWV 244]", "page": "St._Matthew_Passion", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102129, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [161, 261], [261, 432], [433, 582], [583, 690], [691, 781], [782, 887]], "first_sentence": "A tenor in this piece urges himself to remain patient while accompanied by contrasting calm legato notes and agitated dotted rhythms in the aria \"Geduld, Geduld.", "answer_prompt": "or Matthaus-Passion; or BWV 244", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A long chapter of this book describes Foppl's brutal rape of an African slave named Sarah. This novel gives the backstory of Shale Schoenmaker, who was inspired to become a plastic surgeon after his idol, the pilot Evan Godolphin, disfigured his face in a plane crash. A chapter of this novel opens with one of the main characters learning about the theory of \"psychodontia\" from Dr. Dudley Eigenvalue. An early chapter of this book is a reworking of its author's short story \"Under the Rose,\" and this book introduces the author's recurring character of Kurt Mondaugen, who witnesses the Great Herero Uprising while in German Southwest Africa. The beginning of this book features an alligator hunt through the sewers of Manhattan by a member of the Whole Sick Crew. It ostensibly follows Benny Profane and Herbert Stencil, who search for the mysterious title woman. For 10 points, name this first novel of Thomas Pynchon.", "answer": "V.", "page": "V.", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102130, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 268], [269, 402], [403, 644], [645, 766], [767, 866], [867, 922]], "first_sentence": "A long chapter of this book describes Foppl's brutal rape of an African slave named Sarah.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A type 4 generating function for a canonical transformation is a function of time and this quantity before and after the transformation. Hamilton's characteristic function generates a transformation in which all values of this quantity become constants of the motion. For a charged particle moving in a magnetic field, the classical value for this quantity in absence of the field, plus the product of the particle's charge and the magnetic vector potential, gives its \"canonical\" value. A coordinate is \"cyclic\" if the coordinate's canonically conjugate value for the generalized form of quantity is conserved\u0096this is the case for any generalized coordinate Q because it equals the partial derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the generalized velocity Q-dot. It is said to be \"conjugate\" to position, since it is equal to the Fourier transform of position. For 10 points, name this quantity that, in Newtonian mechanics, is conserved in both inelastic and elastic collisions.", "answer": "linear momentum [or generalized momentum; or canonical momentum; or conjugate momentum; do not accept \"angular momentum\"]", "page": "Momentum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102131, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 267], [268, 487], [488, 767], [768, 865], [866, 984]], "first_sentence": "A type 4 generating function for a canonical transformation is a function of time and this quantity before and after the transformation.", "answer_prompt": "or generalized momentum; or canonical momentum; or conjugate momentum; do not accept \"angular momentum\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An enthusiast of this topic visited Amorphous Island, whose first king ate a monolith and had sex with his harem inside of it, and whose second king chased away all the fish by building railroads. Its major Canadian practitioner is Christian Bo\u0308k, whose book Crystallography uses the study of crystals to explain language. A Boris Vian book asking \"What's That?,\" in regards to this topic was published by a London college whose Committee for Hirsutism and Pogonotrophy is devoted to it. Practitioners of this discipline must make their language resemble syzygies, since \"a word must transfix a momentary conjunction or opposition of meanings.\" Dr. Faustroll is a figure in this movement, which \"seeks to understand the universe that is supplementary to our own.\" The study of what lies beyond metaphysics is at the center of, for 10 points, what \"science of imaginary solutions\" created by Alfred Jarry?", "answer": "pataphysics", "page": "Pataphysics", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102132, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 321], [322, 486], [487, 643], [644, 762], [763, 903]], "first_sentence": "An enthusiast of this topic visited Amorphous Island, whose first king ate a monolith and had sex with his harem inside of it, and whose second king chased away all the fish by building railroads.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This kingdom was revived as a semi-independent state under two kings named Kamnaskires, who set up a mint to produce coins, which was later discovered by Alfred von Gutschmid. A governor in this kingdom, Athibu, is attested as ruling at its city of Kabnak. One king of these peoples, Khum-bannu-mena, was granted the epithet \"Expander of the Empire\" and was the fourth king of its Anzanite line. Another ruler of this kingdom installed his son Warad-Sin on the throne of Larsa. This kingdom's primary deity Inshushinak was said to rise to heaven every night from a temple built at its capital of Choga Zambil, which contains the massive ziggurat of Untash-gal. This kingdom destroyed the Kassites during their sack of Babylon in which they captured Hammurabi's stele. Based at the cities of Anshan and Susa, for 10 points, name this kingdom of ancient Iran.", "answer": "Elamites [or Elymais; or Hatamti; or Atamti]", "page": "Elamites", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102133, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 256], [257, 395], [396, 477], [478, 660], [661, 767], [768, 857]], "first_sentence": "This kingdom was revived as a semi-independent state under two kings named Kamnaskires, who set up a mint to produce coins, which was later discovered by Alfred von Gutschmid.", "answer_prompt": "or Elymais; or Hatamti; or Atamti", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the second scene of this play, a man quotes Friedrich Nietzsche, saying that \"we can never entirely possess the female soul.\" The first scene in this play includes a conversation about how a character's mother took a trip to the south for which she borrowed that character's car jack. It joins the plays Widows and Reader in its author's \"Resistance Trilogy.\" A character calls attention to a man's having said \"Stud\" instead of \"Bud\" during this play's climax, which ends with selections from Mozart's \"Dissonant Quartet\" being played while a mirror is lowered in front of the audience. A character named to the president's \"Commission\" is assisted after suffering a flat tire by the antagonist of this play. During much of this play, Gerardo defends Dr. Roberto Miranda, who is accused of torturing and raping Gerardo's wife Paulina Salas. For 10 points, name this anti-Pinchot play by Ariel Dorfman, which takes its name from a Franz Schubert string quartet.", "answer": "Death and the Maiden", "page": "Death_and_the_maiden", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194f9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102134, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [127, 128], [129, 287], [288, 362], [363, 590], [591, 712], [713, 844], [845, 964]], "first_sentence": "In the second scene of this play, a man quotes Friedrich Nietzsche, saying that \"we can never entirely possess the female soul.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Later in life, this man purchased a vacation ranch in Hood River, Oregon, though he also owned a house named \"Mount Hood\" that he built in Winona Lake, Indiana. He hired Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher to work under him, after initially working as an assistant to J. Wilbur Chapman. He married the daughter of an ice cream baron, and that woman Nell Thompson managed his business dealings. This man created the motto \"Get on the Water Wagon\" to support Prohibition and went on tours known as the \"sawdust trail.\" He first came to national attention after Cap Anson convinced A.G Spalding that this man's tremendous speed would make him a fine outfielder for the Chicago White Stockings. For 10 points, name this baseball player who traveled the country to speak at wooden tabernacles, the best-known evangelical preacher in early 20th century America.", "answer": "William Ashley \"Billy\" Sunday", "page": "Billy_Sunday", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194fa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102135, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 286], [287, 393], [394, 516], [517, 690], [691, 855]], "first_sentence": "Later in life, this man purchased a vacation ranch in Hood River, Oregon, though he also owned a house named \"Mount Hood\" that he built in Winona Lake, Indiana.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When this artwork is closed, one can see kneeling donor portraits of Angelo Tani and Caterina Tanagli in front of grisaille statues of the Virgin and Child and reptilian demons clinging to the armor of St. Michael. Though it is not the Portinari altarpiece, Tommaso Portinari can be seen in this painting, in which he is carried by an angel with peacock wings that is wearing a red brocaded robe and armor made of gold. The left side of this painting features angels sitting on a Gothic fac\u0327ade, as people are led up a crystal staircase. The center of this polyptych features a lily of mercy and red sword of justice levitating above the head of Jesus Christ, who appears in a red robe as he rests his feet on a sphere of gold. The bottom of the central panel of this triptych features St. Michael using a scale and crosier to separate the damned and the saved. For 10 points, name this triptych depicting the end times, which was created by Hans Memling.", "answer": "Hans Memling's The Last Judgment [or Hans Memlinc's The Last Judgment]", "page": "The_Last_Judgment_(Memling)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194fb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102136, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 419], [420, 536], [537, 726], [727, 860], [861, 954]], "first_sentence": "When this artwork is closed, one can see kneeling donor portraits of Angelo Tani and Caterina Tanagli in front of grisaille statues of the Virgin and Child and reptilian demons clinging to the armor of St. Michael.", "answer_prompt": "or Hans Memlinc's The Last Judgment", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The toxin streptolysin O works by binding to this compound. This compound is hydroxylated twice prior to reacting with HSD3B7 in the beginning of an \"acidic pathway\" which converts it to CDCA. Type C Niemann-Pick disease is typically diag- nosed by filipin staining to detect the presence of this compound. This compound and its fungal analogue can be removed from cells by nystatin, amphotericin B, or methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. The enzymes DHCR7 and CYP51 catalyze the biosynthesis of this compound, which is regulated by the transcription factor SREBP-2. Macrophages which have ingested large amounts of this compound turn into foam cells. This compound is the starting point for the synthesis of bile acids in the liver. This compound's synthesis includes intermediates such as mevalonate and squalene and is suppressed by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. For 10 points, name this steroid whose levels are lowered by statins, which is carried by HDL and LDL in its good and bad forms.", "answer": "cholesterol", "page": "Cholesterol", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194fc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102137, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 306], [307, 428], [429, 446], [447, 556], [557, 641], [642, 723], [724, 855], [856, 984]], "first_sentence": "The toxin streptolysin O works by binding to this compound. This compound is hydroxylated twice prior to reacting with HSD3B7 in the beginning of an \"acidic pathway\" which converts it to CDCA.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one of this man's novels, Kuprasso's cafe is revealed to hide the Garden-house of Suliman the Red, where several characters are hypnotized by the dancing of the Companions of the Rosy Hours. Peter Pienaar and Sandy Arbuthnot often accompany one of this man's characters, who poses as \"Twisdon\" and gives an impromptu speech on free trade for the political candidate Sir Harry. Early in a novel by this man, the protagonist disguises himself as a milkman to escape his apartment after the death of Franklin Scudder. The protagonist of his most famous novel discovers that the Black Stone, a ring of German spies, are plotting to assassinate the Greek Premier Karolides and invade England, causing that character to flee both to and from the Scottish countryside. For 10 points, name this Scottish author who, in addition to being the 15th Governor-General of Canada, wrote about the adventures of Richard Hannay in novels like Greenmantle and The Thirty-Nine Steps.", "answer": "John Buchan [or Lord Tweedsmuir; or the 1st Baron Tweedsmuir]", "page": "John_Buchan", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194fd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102138, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [194, 379], [380, 517], [518, 764], [765, 967]], "first_sentence": "In one of this man's novels, Kuprasso's cafe is revealed to hide the Garden-house of Suliman the Red, where several characters are hypnotized by the dancing of the Companions of the Rosy Hours.", "answer_prompt": "or Lord Tweedsmuir; or the 1st Baron Tweedsmuir", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the ninth century, this city's duke Andrew II entered the Pactum Sicardi after calling in Saracen mercenaries to repel an attack of Sicard. Rebels based in this city were defeated at the Battle of Rieti, after which it was occupied and administered by Karl von Ficquelmont. The marble calendar of this city claims its first bishop was Asprenas, who was converted by an old woman called Candida the Elder. A republic named for this city was set up after a revolt against viceroy Rodrigo Ponce de Leo\u0301n, the Duke of Arcos under Philip III. In 1224, Frederick II established the first public university in this city. In September 1943, a group of street boys spearheaded a Nazi resistance effort called the \"Four Days\" of this city. Republics based in this city include one led by the fisherman Masaniello, and a six-month state called the Parthenopean Republic in 1799, before it was ruled by Joachim Murat under Napoleon. For 10 points, name this capital of the Campania region just west of the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.", "answer": "Naples", "page": "Naples", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194fe", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102139, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 276], [277, 407], [408, 539], [540, 615], [616, 731], [732, 922], [923, 1021]], "first_sentence": "In the ninth century, this city's duke Andrew II entered the Pactum Sicardi after calling in Saracen mercenaries to repel an attack of Sicard.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one section of this work, a man sings about \"pen knives [that] felt shut up\" and \"scissors [that] declared themselves cut out\" due to the magnet's attraction to a silver churn. In another section of this work, an ugly woman appears on stage with a cello and sings \"Silvered is the Raven's Hair.\" A colonel and chorus sings \"if you want a receipt for that popular mystery\" in this work, which opens with twenty maidens spurning their former loves, the Dragoon Guards. Near the end of its first act, the title character sings \"True love must single-hearted be\" before not romantically selecting Grosvenor, who later on cuts his hair to appear ordinary and to avoid a curse from his rival. In this satire on the aesthetic movement, the poet Bunthorne falls in love with the title dairy maid, but in the end nobody ends up being his bride. For 10 points, name this comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan.", "answer": "Patience [or Bunthorne's Bride until \"Bunthorne\" is read]", "page": "Patience", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b91540957194ff", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102140, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 298], [299, 469], [470, 689], [690, 838], [839, 900]], "first_sentence": "In one section of this work, a man sings about \"pen knives [that] felt shut up\" and \"scissors [that] declared themselves cut out\" due to the magnet's attraction to a silver churn.", "answer_prompt": "or Bunthorne's Bride until \"Bunthorne\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A proposed experimental step to this process would make use of organisms that engage in \"dark fermentation.\" The optional, tertiary forms of this process include the use of powdered activated carbon and ion-exchange resins. Early steps of this process often make use of a communitor, a type of shredder, after which a cyclone degritter might be used. During one portion of this process, a material, such as alum, is added to a flash mixer. An optional, late stage of this process involves the use of a mass of microorganisms called \"activated sludge\" to remove suspended solids. Stages of this process include coagulation and flocculation, in which impurities precipitate out. Ultraviolet light or ozone is used as a disinfectant during the final stage of this process, which is followed with effluent discharge. For 10 points, name this process by which H2O is purified and sent back to the environment.", "answer": "waste water treatment [or water reclamation; or sewage treatment]", "page": "Waste_water_treatment", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719500", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102141, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [107, 108], [109, 223], [224, 350], [351, 439], [440, 578], [579, 676], [677, 812], [813, 904]], "first_sentence": "A proposed experimental step to this process would make use of organisms that engage in \"dark fermentation.", "answer_prompt": "or water reclamation; or sewage treatment", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The appendix to this book contains pictures of various properties in Port-Au-Prince and their prices, as well as a map showing human settlement in that city. An excerpt from Fernand Braudel's The Wheels of Commerce provides this text's recurring metaphor of a certain part of the world as being a Bell Jar that is closed off from the rest of the world. The author of this treatise spent 289 days trying to register a business in his home country to argue that it and other nations should develop a system in which information is easily dispersed and assets are made fungible. This book argues that a system of titles, deeds and articles of incorporation backed by a legal infrastructure explains \"why [the title economic system] triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else.\" For 10 points, name this book, a follow-up to The Other Path, which was authored by Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto.", "answer": "The Mystery of Capital", "page": "The_Mystery_of_Capital", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719501", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102142, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 352], [353, 575], [576, 777], [778, 898]], "first_sentence": "The appendix to this book contains pictures of various properties in Port-Au-Prince and their prices, as well as a map showing human settlement in that city.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man and his retinue comes to a bridge over black, devilish, water and think they see two lions tethered to a large rock, but that turns out to be an enchantment. In an early episode, this hero foolishly ignores the advice of a maiden and sleeps in a bed; at the stroke of midnight a lance with a blazing pennant falls onto the bed and nearly burns him to death. Later on, he uses his bare hands to remove iron bars from a cage which causes him to bleed; he then makes love with his lady while bleeding, leading Sir Kay to be accused of adultery. This man crosses a bridge shaped like a sword to enter the kingdom of Gorre, which is ruled by King Bagdemagus. He kills the dishonorable Meleagant and received his nickname by riding a vehicle that is reserved for criminals to be pilloried. For 10 points, name this \"knight of the cart\" who rescues Guinevere in a poem by Chretien de Troyes.", "answer": "Lancelot [or The Knight of the Cart until it is read]", "page": "Lancelot", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719502", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102143, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 366], [367, 550], [551, 662], [663, 792], [793, 893]], "first_sentence": "This man and his retinue comes to a bridge over black, devilish, water and think they see two lions tethered to a large rock, but that turns out to be an enchantment.", "answer_prompt": "or The Knight of the Cart until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This politician introduced bills including the \"Log Cabin Pre-emption Law\" and the Graduation Act, which fixed prices for public land to be sold on a scale from twelve-and-a-half cents to one dollar. In his autobiography, he documented living at the home of Charles Gratiot and his close friendship with fur trader Pierre Chouteau, who financed his career. As an attorney, he feuded with rival lawyer Charles Lucas, and killed him in a duel on Bloody Island. This author of the initial Homestead Act gained the nickname \"Old Bullion\" for his hatred of paper money. Along with his brother Jesse, he also feuded with William Carroll, which led to a street fight in Nashville where this man was threatened with a horsewhip, and then shot Andrew Jackson in the arm. Later, his daughter eloped with John C. Fremont. For 10 points, name this Missouri senator who shares his full name with the American muralist who was his descendant.", "answer": "Thomas Hart Benton", "page": "Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719503", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102144, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 356], [357, 458], [459, 564], [565, 761], [762, 810], [811, 928]], "first_sentence": "This politician introduced bills including the \"Log Cabin Pre-emption Law\" and the Graduation Act, which fixed prices for public land to be sold on a scale from twelve-and-a-half cents to one dollar.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel collects fencing strokes marked with different constellations in a book called The Finest Signatures of the Saber, and is named Averkie Skila. While in prison, another character in this novel writes letters to herself that all end with the line \"Our false victim saved us from death.\" In 1999, Han Shaogong won a libel case against critics who had accused him of plagiarizing this novel. Dorothea Schultz's reaction to some Xeroxed pages of a work by Cyril given to her by Dr. Muawia makes up a crucial paragraph of this novel, which claims that Samuel Cohen, Yusuf Musudi, and Avram Brankovich are its three \"authors.\" This novel includes three sections detailing Princess Ateh's response to a certain \"Polemic.\" It is divided into sections representing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, and it comes in \"male\" and \"female\" versions. For 10 points, name this \"lexicon novel\" about the religious conversion of the title people, written by Milorad Pavic.", "answer": "Dictionary of the Khazars: A Lexicon Novel [or Hazarski Recnik]", "page": "Dictionary_of_the_Khazars", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719504", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102145, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 309], [309, 310], [311, 413], [414, 644], [644, 860], [861, 979]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel collects fencing strokes marked with different constellations in a book called The Finest Signatures of the Saber, and is named Averkie Skila.", "answer_prompt": "or Hazarski Recnik", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This event was set in motion by the February printing of a false announcement in the New Times, which was edited by John Stoddart, known as \"Doctor Slop.\" Those eventually tried for their participation include John Thomas Brunt and a Jamaican- born cabinet maker, William Davidson, who was part of the Marylebone Union Reading Society. Its supporters were inspired by the author of works like Rights of Infants and End of Oppression, who advocated a plan including public ownership of land. This incident, broken up by George Ruthven and magistrate Richard Birnie, was precipitated by the passage of the Six Acts and was led by Arthur Thistlewood, a member of the Spenceans. For 10 points, identify this 1820 conspiracy to overthrow the British government by killing various cabinet ministers named for a meeting place in London.", "answer": "Cato Street Conspiracy [or obvious equivalents of \"conspiracy\", such as \"plot\" or \"plan\"]", "page": "Cato_Street_Conspiracy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719505", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102146, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [153, 335], [336, 490], [491, 674], [675, 829]], "first_sentence": "This event was set in motion by the February printing of a false announcement in the New Times, which was edited by John Stoddart, known as \"Doctor Slop.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents of \"conspiracy\", such as \"plot\" or \"plan\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This explorer was put on trial after he drunkenly attempted to hang two of his own crew members from a tree because they strayed too far from camp - as a result, this man briefly lost his seat on the Council of Justice and had to issue a public apology. During one expedition, he was sent to search for a \"golden kingdom\" of Lavo, but a mistranslation of Marco Polo in German led him to sail in a different direction. His companions included the merchant Isaac Gilsemans, whose drawings depict their travels, and the carpenter Frans Visscher, who planted flags for him in the name of Prince Frederick Hendrick. This man named the Three Kings Islands after founding Storm Bay and the Forestier Peninsula, and then nearly wrecked while founding the Fiji Islands. For 10 points, name this explorer who sailed from Batavia to discover Van Diemen's Land, which is now named in his honor.", "answer": "Abel Janszoon Tasman", "page": "Abel_Janszoon_Tasman", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719506", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102147, "tokenizations": [[0, 253], [254, 417], [418, 610], [611, 760], [761, 882]], "first_sentence": "This explorer was put on trial after he drunkenly attempted to hang two of his own crew members from a tree because they strayed too far from camp - as a result, this man briefly lost his seat on the Council of Justice and had to issue a public apology.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Toward the end of this piece's fourth movement, violas, cellos, and basses dither between D-sharp and E quarter notes for 21 measures while the violins assert the main theme in A major. The two D-major trio sections in this piece's third movement are based on an Austrian pilgrims' hymn. During the coda of this piece's first movement, woodwinds and horns hold a four- octave E pedal point for 22 bars as strings repeat a four-bar motif. That movement has a long 4/4 poco sostenuto introduction in which sections exchange ascending 16th-note scales before switching to a 6/8 Vivace. A second-inversion A minor chord in the woodwinds and horns opens and closes the Allegretto second movement, whose theme is based on a long-short-short-long-long rhythm. It premiered on a program that included its composer's Wellington's Victory overture, and Richard Wagner referred to this symphony as \"the apotheosis of the dance.\" For 10 points, name this symphony completed four years after its composer's Pastoral Symphony.", "answer": "Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 [or obvious equivalents, such as Beethoven's Seventh Symphony; prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719507", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102148, "tokenizations": [[0, 185], [186, 287], [288, 368], [369, 437], [438, 582], [583, 752], [753, 916], [916, 1012]], "first_sentence": "Toward the end of this piece's fourth movement, violas, cellos, and basses dither between D-sharp and E quarter notes for 21 measures while the violins assert the main theme in A major.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents, such as Beethoven's Seventh Symphony; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One formalism named for this man relies on a formula which states that the off-diagonal Hamiltonian matrix elements H- sub-i j are equal to 1.75 times S-sub-i j times the arithmetic mean of the diagonal elements H-sub-i i and H-sub-j j\u0096that's the Wolfsberg-Helmholtz formula. The transition states of pericyclic reactions can either have a Mo\u0308bius topology or a topology named for this chemist. All of the Coulomb integrals are set to one value and all of the resonance integrals are set to another value in a method named for this man used to calculate the pi molecular orbitals of conjugated hydrocarbons. This chemist is the second namesake of an equation which states that the logarithm of the activity coefficient equals a temperature-dependent constant times the square of the charge times the square root of the ionic strength. For 10 points, name this German chemist who names a \"limiting law\" describing dilute electrolytic solutions with Debye (duh-BYE) and a rule stating that aromatic compounds possess 4 n plus 2 pi electrons.", "answer": "Erich Hu\u0308ckel", "page": "Erich_Huckel", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85270b9154095719508", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102149, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 219], [220, 235], [235, 275], [276, 393], [394, 606], [607, 833], [834, 1038]], "first_sentence": "One formalism named for this man relies on a formula which states that the off-diagonal Hamiltonian matrix elements", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The architect Leah Beeferman proposed a utopian archipelago which takes advantage of this freedom. In United States v. Causby, the Supreme Court ruled that an ancient law governing this right \"has no place in the modern world.\" Five fundamental freedoms of this were outlined in the 1946 Bermuda Agreement, and numerous countries tried to claim this right in the Bogota\u0301 Declaration of 1976. A Latin saying that begins \"Cujus est solum\" once provided the basis for individuals to claim this right. During the Falklands War, the Total Exclusion Zone N was an attempt by Britain to extend its right to this in the name of self-defense. Since the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, it has been established that nations and not individuals have the right to control this, at least within the bounds of their territory and several miles off their sea coast. For 10 points, name this legal right, defined as sovereignty over the area extending from the ground upwards.", "answer": "international airspace [or answers indicating the right to control air (or space) (or sky), freedom of the skies (or air), or ownership of space (or sky) (or airspace)]", "page": "International_airspace", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719509", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102150, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 226], [226, 390], [391, 496], [497, 632], [633, 848], [849, 958]], "first_sentence": "The architect Leah Beeferman proposed a utopian archipelago which takes advantage of this freedom.", "answer_prompt": "or airspace", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet imagines \"the strongest thread / Of our frail plant\" saying \"Patience and Gentleness is Power\" in \"On a Lock of Milton's Hair.\" John Keats wrote that this man \"set / Upon my ambitious head a glorious gain\" in a poem about receiving a laurel crown from him. Apollo determines which of this man's contemporaries are worthy of dining with him in a poem this man wrote for The Reflector. This author of \"The Feast of the Poets\" was satirized as Horace Skimpole in Bleak House. In a poem about an encounter with Thomas Carlyle's wife, Jane Welsh, this man wrote \"Time, you thief, who love to get / Sweets into your list, put that in!\" Another poem by him describes a man waking \"from a deep dream of peace\" and asking an angel with a \"book of gold\" to \"Write me as one that loves his fellow men\". For 10 points, name this English essayist, poet, and editor of the Examiner who wrote \"Jenny Kissed Me\" and \"Abou Ben Adhem\".", "answer": "Leigh Hunt [or James Henry Leigh Hunt]", "page": "Leigh_Hunt", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102151, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [109, 137], [138, 266], [267, 393], [394, 482], [483, 639], [640, 801], [802, 927]], "first_sentence": "This poet imagines \"the strongest thread / Of our frail plant\" saying \"Patience and Gentleness is Power\" in \"", "answer_prompt": "or James Henry Leigh Hunt", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man receives a gift of magical pigs from an ally, but they are stolen, leading to a war between this man and the thief that ends when this man dies in single combat at a yellow ford. According to the Stanzas of the Graves, he was buried \"where the waves beat against the land\" at Aber Gwenoli. In another story, this man entered a castle and saw four endless chains attached to a golden bowl; when he touched the bowl, he became stuck to the floor. He was given a name referring to his golden hair by his foster father Teyrnon, who found him after cutting off the arm of a horse-stealing beast. He brought back Manawydan as a second husband for his mother shortly after himself marrying Cigfa. This man lost his role as king of Dyfed after being killed in one-on-one combat by Gwydion. Shortly after his birth, his mother had puppy blood smeared on her face so that her maidens accuse her of infanticide. For 10 points, name this hero who appears in all four branches of the Mabinogion, the son of Pwyll and Rhiannon.", "answer": "Pryderi [or Gwri Wallt Euryn; or Gwri of the Golden Hair]", "page": "Pryderi", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102152, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 298], [299, 453], [454, 599], [600, 698], [699, 790], [791, 909], [910, 1022]], "first_sentence": "This man receives a gift of magical pigs from an ally, but they are stolen, leading to a war between this man and the thief that ends when this man dies in single combat at a yellow ford.", "answer_prompt": "or Gwri Wallt Euryn; or Gwri of the Golden Hair", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Differential forms on a manifold named for this scientist form a Gerstenhaber algebra. This scientist's namesake algebra is an associative algebra over a field with a bilinear operation which is antisymmetric and obeys the Leibniz rule and the Jacobi identity. This scientist names an operation which is the inverse of a similar operation named for Lagrange, is invariant under canonical transformations, and is used to determine the time evolution of phase space functions according to Liouville's theorem. Auxetic materials have a negative value for a quantity named for this man which is defined as minus the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. This man names an inhomogeneous equation whose uniqueness theorem can be used to develop the method of images. For 10 points, name this scientist who names an inhomogeneous version of the Laplace equation which states that the Laplacian of the electric potential equals the charge density divided by epsilon-naught.", "answer": "Simeon Denis Poisson", "page": "Simeon_Denis_Poisson", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102153, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 260], [261, 507], [508, 655], [656, 766], [767, 971]], "first_sentence": "Differential forms on a manifold named for this scientist form a Gerstenhaber algebra.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A legend says that this man rebuked the merchant Makhan Shah for offering him two gold coins, because the Shah had previously pledged 500 gold coins to anyone who could save his belongings in a storm. That incident caused the Shah to identify him as a holy man, while he was meditating for 20 years in Bakala. He was arrested in Bihar and brought to Delhi by a ruler who had solidified his power at the Battle of Samugarh. That occurred after this man prevented the conversion of 500 Pandits who sought his counsel. As a result, he gained the epithet Hind-di-Chaadar, or the Shield of India. This man's son emerged from a tent five times with a bloody sword to test the loyalty of his followers, and thus founded the Khalsa order. Beheaded in 1675 by Aurangzeb, this man succeeded Har Krishan as guru, and was the son of Hargobind. For 10 points, name this ninth guru of Sikhism, the father of Gobind Singh.", "answer": "Guru Tegh Bahadur [or Hind-di-Chaadar until it is read]", "page": "Guru_Tegh_Bahadur", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102154, "tokenizations": [[0, 200], [201, 309], [310, 422], [423, 515], [516, 591], [592, 730], [731, 831], [832, 907]], "first_sentence": "A legend says that this man rebuked the merchant Makhan Shah for offering him two gold coins, because the Shah had previously pledged 500 gold coins to anyone who could save his belongings in a storm.", "answer_prompt": "or Hind-di-Chaadar until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An Alfred, Lord Tennyson poem ends each of its stanzas by mentioning \"the golden prime\" of this \"good\" character. In one appearance, he encounters a beggar and gives him a coin for alms, after which the beggar requests that this man strike him a blow. He marries a \"cateress\" and ends the nightly beating of a pair of black dogs after an episode in which he and two of his friends attend a party hosted by three ladies that is also attended by a trio of one-eyed kalandars. In another story, this character purchases a chest from a fisherman only to find the body of a woman cut into 19 pieces inside, after which he twice sets a three-day deadline for another character to solve the crime. A number of gifts from this man are carried to Serendib in the final voyage of Sinbad the Sailor. This character is fond of disguising himself as an ordinary citizen while touring Baghdad with his vizier Jafar. For 10 points, name this character from the Arabian Nights, a historical Abbasid Caliph.", "answer": "Harun al-Rashid", "page": "Harun_al-Rashid", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102155, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 251], [252, 473], [474, 690], [691, 788], [789, 901], [902, 990]], "first_sentence": "An Alfred, Lord Tennyson poem ends each of its stanzas by mentioning \"the golden prime\" of this \"good\" character.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler faced an uprising sometimes named the Beach Revolt for the street on which liberal politicians met to put out a document called \"Manifesto to the World,\" which sought to curtail this ruler's power. Early in his reign, he dealt with that revolt of the \"praieros\" and several others, including one named for its leader Francisco Sabino and one called the Cabanagem. This ruler was married by proxy to Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, though he had several mistresses, including Luisa De Barros, Countess of Barral. Following an invasion of his nation, he was referred to as the 'Number-one Volunteer' in defending the Mato Grosso from Francisco Solano Lopez. This man's prime minister passed the Law of the Free Womb; his daughter, acting as his regent, sanctioned the signing of the 'Golden Law' freeing slaves in his nation. For 10 points, name this last Emperor of Brazil.", "answer": "Dom Pedro II Braganza of Brazil [prompt on \"Pedro\"]", "page": "Pedro_II_of_Brazil", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571950f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102156, "tokenizations": [[0, 208], [209, 374], [375, 542], [543, 686], [687, 854], [855, 903]], "first_sentence": "This ruler faced an uprising sometimes named the Beach Revolt for the street on which liberal politicians met to put out a document called \"Manifesto to the World,\" which sought to curtail this ruler's power.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Pedro\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The protein INCENP recruits MKLP1 to an assembly responsible for establishing the site of this process. This process can be described by the polar relaxation model or the equatorial stimulation model. The latter of those two models was demonstrated by Ray Rappaport, who conducted an experiment on this process using toroidal sand dollar eggs. This process is disrupted by mutations to the pavarotti gene in Drosophila embryos. In this process, the RhoA GTPase regulates the formation of a structure composed of F-actin and myosin II filaments. In Drosophila oogenesis, errors in this process can result in syncitia connected by ring canals, while in plants this process requires the formation of a phragmoplast. The contractile ring causes the formation of a cleavage furrow in, for 10 points, what process which occurs alongside telophase and results in the partition of one cell into two?", "answer": "cytokinesis [prompt on \"cell division\" or \"abscission\"]", "page": "Cytokinesis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719510", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102157, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 200], [201, 343], [344, 427], [428, 544], [545, 712], [713, 891]], "first_sentence": "The protein INCENP recruits MKLP1 to an assembly responsible for establishing the site of this process.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"cell division\" or \"abscission\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A leper colony in this country is the subject of the film The House is Black. In a film set here, the on-trial protagonist states \"I asked the Muse why he was hidden. He answered 'It is you who are hidden.\"' That film set in this country ends with a sequence in which an ex-convict holds a pot of flowers while riding on his friend's motorcycle. A film that started this country's New Wave follows Masht's hay consumption and paranoia about being kidnapped by the Bolouris; that happens after his beloved cow disappears. Nader hires the lower-class Razieh to care for his father, who has Alzheimer's disease in a film from here. Another film set here follows Hossain Sabzian, who conned the Ahankhah family by impersonating its filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf. For 10 points, name this setting of A Separation and Close-Up, whose directors include Asghar Farhadi and Abbas Kiarostami.", "answer": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "page": "Iran", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719511", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102158, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 131], [131, 166], [167, 345], [346, 520], [521, 628], [629, 756], [757, 880]], "first_sentence": "A leper colony in this country is the subject of the film The House is Black.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's father reportedly remained loyal to the Royalist cause during the English Civil War but suffered heavy fines, which explains this man's family motto Fiel Pero Desdichado, or \"faithful but unfortunate.\" His sister Arabella married Charles Godfrey, but fathered the Duke of Berwick James FitzJames as a royal mistress. During one military victory, this commander sent Marshal Overkirk in a feint, and then broke through the Lines of Brabant at the town of Elixheim. Along with Sidney Godolphin, he was one of the \"Duumvirs,\" a reference to his influence at court, which was bolstered by his marriage to Sarah Jennings. He became Major General after his victory at Sedgemoor during the Monmouth Rebellion. For 10 points, name this favorite of Queen Anne, an English duke who joined with Eugene of Savoy to win the Battle of Blenheim.", "answer": "1st Duke of Marlborough [or John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]", "page": "1st_Duke_of_Marlborough", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719512", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102159, "tokenizations": [[0, 212], [213, 327], [328, 474], [475, 627], [628, 713], [714, 841]], "first_sentence": "This man's father reportedly remained loyal to the Royalist cause during the English Civil War but suffered heavy fines, which explains this man's family motto Fiel Pero Desdichado, or \"faithful but unfortunate.\"", "answer_prompt": "or John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Proclus's commentary on this text explains that dianoia, or discursive thought, is superior to doxa, or opinion, because it can comprehend causes. In his Hexameron, Thierry of Chartres interpreted the Book of Genesis in the context of this work's natural philosophy. During the Middle Ages, it was known mainly through a partial translation and commentary by Calcidius. This work claims that a \"Living Thing\" of abstract forms is the basis of the visible universe, which is situated in a spatial field, or chora. It describes the creation of order in the universe through the world-soul created by the demiurge. This dialogue is the only completed member of a projected trilogy of dialogues, which would also have included Hermocrates and Critias. This dialogue gives the universe the shape of a dodecahedron while claiming that the particles of the four elements are shaped like the other Platonic solids. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that also discusses Atlantis.", "answer": "Timaeus", "page": "Timaeus_(dialogue)", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719513", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102160, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 266], [267, 369], [370, 512], [513, 611], [612, 747], [748, 906], [907, 979]], "first_sentence": "Proclus's commentary on this text explains that dianoia, or discursive thought, is superior to doxa, or opinion, because it can comprehend causes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's characters flees to Switzerland after he kills a soldier at a bloody May Day celebration thrown by some syndicalists during which his friend Olivier dies. That title character created by him flees to Paris after killing yet another soldier, who was trying to rape the peasant girl Lorchen. This man's study of eastern mysticism, which includes a three-volume life of Swami Vivekananda, inspired Sigmund Freud's discussion of the oceanic feeling in Civilization and its Discontents. Dmitri Kabalevsky created an operatic adaptation of this man's novel Colas Breugnon. Because it \"flows like a river,\" he dubbed his longest work, which includes 1911's The Burning Bush and 1904's Dawn, a \"roman-fleuve\". That novel opens by describing a son of Melchior Krafft who becomes a court violinist for a German grand duke and then a famous composer in France. For 10 points, name this Nobel laureate, the author of the ten-volume Jean-Christophe.", "answer": "Romain Rolland", "page": "Romain_Rolland", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719514", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102161, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 310], [311, 502], [503, 587], [588, 722], [723, 870], [871, 957]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's characters flees to Switzerland after he kills a soldier at a bloody May Day celebration thrown by some syndicalists during which his friend Olivier dies.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The \"quadratic\" form of this problem, subject to binary and linear constraints, was first described by Gallo, Hammer, and Simeone in 1980. Finding the solution to this problem is necessary for finding the key in a Merkle-Hellman cryptosystem. A fully polynomial time approximation scheme for solving this problem is called the \"one plus the error\" method and has a runtime of \"big o of n to the 2 to the one over the error.\" George Dantzig created a greedy algorithm to solve this problem that works by creating a ratio then choosing the items with the lowest ratio. That algorithm was created for the \"unbounded\" form of this problem; however, the \"0-1\" version of this problem is much more common. This problem, which can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time by dynamic programming, is NP-complete in its \"decision form.\" For 10 points, name this problem which attempts to maximize profit at a certain weight limit as items are placed in a bag.", "answer": "knapsack problem [or rucksack problem]", "page": "Knapsack_problem", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719515", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102162, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 242], [243, 424], [425, 566], [567, 699], [700, 821], [821, 822], [823, 945]], "first_sentence": "The \"quadratic\" form of this problem, subject to binary and linear constraints, was first described by Gallo, Hammer, and Simeone in 1980.", "answer_prompt": "or rucksack problem", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As a young man, this person crawled into a cave with a rope tied about his legs in a successful effort to kill what was supposedly the last wolf in Connecticut. He saw his first military action at the Battle of Lake George and, after being captured by Caughnawaga Indians while serving with Rogers Rangers near Crown Point, he narrowly escaped being roasted alive. He was tricked into withdrawing by Henry Clinton at the so-called Battle of the Clintons, an action which put him before a Congressional Court of Inquiry. He was second-in-command to Artemas Ward in the Army of Observation, and along with Ward, Philip Schuyler and Charles Lee, was one of four major generals appointed by the Continental Congress in 1775. This man, who retreated at the Battle of Long Island, allegedly gave William Prescott the order to inform his troops \"Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes.\" For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War general, the ranking officer at the Battle of Bunker Hill.", "answer": "Israel Putnam", "page": "Israel_Putnam", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719516", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102163, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 364], [365, 519], [520, 720], [721, 889], [889, 992]], "first_sentence": "As a young man, this person crawled into a cave with a rope tied about his legs in a successful effort to kill what was supposedly the last wolf in Connecticut.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Irish doctor Edward Cullen fraudulently claimed to have found a river passage through this region, which prompted a US Navy expedition led by Isaac Strain where seven people died. The anthropologist Wade Davis accompanied Sebastian Snow when he crossed this region on foot. The near extinction of the Cueva people in this region following arrival of the Spanish allowed the Kuna to take over. John Blashford-Snell failed to get his Range Rover through the Atrato Swamp in this region, which contains Los Katios National Park and Cerro Tacarcuna mountain. A company named for this place, led by William Paterson, founded the aborted colony of Caledonia that bankrupted its nation and forced it to enter the 1707 Act of Union. The Pan-American Highway does not pass through this area. For ten points, name this \"Gap\" in Central America which was the namesake of a \"Scheme\" to build a colony on the isthmus of Panama.", "answer": "Darie\u0301n Gap [or Gulf of Darien]", "page": "Dari\u00e9n_Gap", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719517", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102164, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 277], [278, 396], [397, 558], [559, 728], [729, 786], [787, 918]], "first_sentence": "The Irish doctor Edward Cullen fraudulently claimed to have found a river passage through this region, which prompted a US Navy expedition led by Isaac Strain where seven people died.", "answer_prompt": "or Gulf of Darien", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one scene in this novel, a character responds to a series of predictable lies with routine jokes until he hears a defrocked priest say \"we are all members of one another\". This novel's protagonist was present at that scene due to a comically botched attempt to steal six electric \"eye-rons\". A character in this novel spends most of her time staring at a nearby rail line from her wheelchair. This novel ends with its protagonist's April Fools' Day suicide, after the police captain Record Head Bednar gets Sparrow Saltskin to reveal that the protagonist killed Nifty Louie Fomorowski. This novel centers on an aspiring drummer who lives with his psychosomatically-paralyzed wife Zosh but has an affair with \"Molly-O\" Novotny, in whose apartment he beats the \"thirty-five-pound monkey on [his] back\", his phrase for his heroin addiction. For 10 points, name this novel about Francis Majcinek, or \"Frankie Machine\", written by Nelson Algren.", "answer": "The Man with the Golden Arm", "page": "The_Man_with_the_Golden_Arm", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719518", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102165, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 174], [175, 294], [295, 395], [396, 588], [589, 840], [841, 943]], "first_sentence": "In one scene in this novel, a character responds to a series of predictable lies with routine jokes until he hears a defrocked priest", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist included the inscription \"Bibius Vincit\" in a portrait of a boy with his dog. Another painting by this artist, Girl with a Dwarf, is thought to depict Marguerite of Savoy. A burgeoning Anthony van Dyck learnt many of his portrait techniques when he visited this then-80 year old artist. Michelangelo's off-hand remark that it would be difficult to portray a weeping boy led this artist to create a charcoal sketch on black paper depicting Asdrubale being bitten by a crawfish; that work inspired Caravaggio to paint Boy Bitten by a Lizard. This artist included portraits of Lucia, Minerva and Europa in a family portrait titled The Chess Game. Elizabeth of Valois was the subject of many of this artist's portraits since she was the court painter to Philip II of Spain. For 10 points, name this Renaissance artist from Cremona who made a painting in which her teacher Bernardino Campi paints her.", "answer": "Sofonisba Anguissola [or Sofonisba Anguisciola]", "page": "Sofonisba_Anguissola", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719519", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102166, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 183], [184, 298], [299, 487], [487, 551], [552, 655], [656, 781], [782, 908]], "first_sentence": "This artist included the inscription \"Bibius Vincit\" in a portrait of a boy with his dog.", "answer_prompt": "or Sofonisba Anguisciola", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Kyle Herkenhoff proposed that the increasing availability of this concept partly explains the rise of unemployment duration since the late 1970s, and the contemporaneous skewing of the wealth distribution, since the unemployed can forego unsuitable job offers. Mian and Sufi's research shows that zip codes in which house prices dropped the most during the financial crisis exhibited the largest drop in demand for non-tradeable services thanks to the buildup of this quantity, which titles their book. The most productive agents are also the least patient ones in Kiyotaki and Moore's endogenous business cycle model, which imposes a collateral requirement to limit this quantity. In that model, a negative shock to the market value of collateral provokes insolvency, which brings about a Fisherian deflation driven by this quantity. The accumulation of this quantity is the driving force in Hyman Minsky's financial instability hypothesis. For 10 points, what is this quantity, which goes up the more spending exceeds income?", "answer": "debt [or credit; prompt on \"mortgages\"; the title of Mian and Sufi's book is House of Debt]", "page": "Debt", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571951a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102167, "tokenizations": [[0, 260], [261, 502], [503, 681], [682, 834], [835, 941], [942, 1027]], "first_sentence": "Kyle Herkenhoff proposed that the increasing availability of this concept partly explains the rise of unemployment duration since the late 1970s, and the contemporaneous skewing of the wealth distribution, since the unemployed can forego unsuitable job offers.", "answer_prompt": "or credit; prompt on \"mortgages\"; the title of Mian and Sufi's book is House of Debt", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After being passed over for ecclesiastical offices, two priests in this state claimed that the Pope gave them power to liberate it, and led the Conspiracy of the Pintos, named for the palace where they gathered. The archbishop of this state convened the Synod of Diamper, which attempted to Latinize the liturgy and subjugate outlying areas, but was rebuffed by the Coonan Cross Oath delivered by Saint Thomas Christians. A group of men murdered here were known as the \"Martyrs of Cuncolim,\" including two who jumped into the sea at Assolna Fort. Much later, this state became part of a union territory along with the exclaves of Daman and Diu on the coast. Its Bom Jesus Basilica contains the remains of St. Francis Xavier, who preached here, and it became the seat of government in 1510 after Afonso de Albuquerque took it from Adil Shah. For 10 points, name this center of the Portuguese colony of India, which is now the smallest Indian state.", "answer": "Goa [or Velha Goa; or Old Goa; or Nova Goa; or New Goa; or Panjim; or Panaji]", "page": "Goa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571951b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102168, "tokenizations": [[0, 211], [212, 421], [422, 546], [547, 657], [658, 840], [841, 947]], "first_sentence": "After being passed over for ecclesiastical offices, two priests in this state claimed that the Pope gave them power to liberate it, and led the Conspiracy of the Pintos, named for the palace where they gathered.", "answer_prompt": "or Velha Goa; or Old Goa; or Nova Goa; or New Goa; or Panjim; or Panaji", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This treatise's tenth chapter claims that the brute has no guardian spirit but his instinct and organs, comparing him to a bird that might lose its eyes, thereby losing its guardian angel. This book calls the imagination a \"middle term\" between the abstract and the concrete in a section that explains the Cosmogonical Principle. Another chapter of this text states that each planet has a different position relative to the sun, so they each have their own sun. After a positive account of its subject in the first section, this book's second part discusses the anthropological aspects of \"the dream of the human mind.\" This book claims that the primary object of man's consciousness is the infinity of his own nature and that a deity with no attributes cannot exist. Translated by George Eliot into English, it claims that God is a fictitious projection of humankind. For 10 points, name this book on religion by Ludwig Feuerbach.", "answer": "The Essence of Christianity [or Das Wesen des Christentums]", "page": "The_Essence_of_Christianity", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571951d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102170, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 329], [330, 461], [462, 618], [618, 619], [620, 767], [768, 868], [869, 931]], "first_sentence": "This treatise's tenth chapter claims that the brute has no guardian spirit but his instinct and organs, comparing him to a bird that might lose its eyes, thereby losing its guardian angel.", "answer_prompt": "or Das Wesen des Christentums", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The 6N-dimensional integral used to calculate this quantity can be rewritten with the assumption that the potential only includes pairwise interactions - that technique is called Mayer cluster expansion. A common technique used to solve the Ising model is to express this quantity as the trace of a product of transfer matrices. This quantity can be obtained via a path integral of the Euclidean action, which can be shown by Wick rotating the path integral used to obtain the propagator. For a system of N indistinguishable particles, the total value for this quantity equals one individual particle's value for this quantity raised to the N power divided by N factorial. The expectation value of total energy equals the negative of the derivative of the natural log of this quantity with respect to thermodynamic beta. Helmholtz free energy equals negative kT times the natural log of this quantity, which is defined as the sum over all energy states of e raised to the energy of the state divided by kT. For 10 points, name this normalization constant for the Boltzmann distribution, which is symbolized Z.", "answer": "grand partition function [or Z until it is read; prompt on \"Q\", \"xi\", and \"Y\"]", "page": "Grand_partition_function", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571951e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102171, "tokenizations": [[0, 203], [204, 328], [329, 488], [489, 672], [673, 820], [821, 1006], [1007, 1109]], "first_sentence": "The 6N-dimensional integral used to calculate this quantity can be rewritten with the assumption that the potential only includes pairwise interactions - that technique is called Mayer cluster expansion.", "answer_prompt": "or Z until it is read; prompt on \"Q\", \"xi\", and \"Y\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The shutters of this artist's St. Catherine Altarpiece features the disembodied eyes of Saint Ottilia resting on top of a book to illustrate that her blindness was cured. A Latin inscription in a painting by this artist translates to \"I am a nymph of the sacred fountain. Do not disturb my sleep. I am resting.\" One of this artist's versions of The Crucifixion features a converted centurion that rides a white horse and wears 16th century armor. The god Mercury holds onto a glass sphere and a certain Trojan wears a luxurious red cape and steel plate armor in this artist's version of The Judgment of Paris. Archers lie in wait behind bushes in this artist's painting The Stag Hunt of Elector Frederick the Wise, which depicts his patron. A black hat and a coat are often worn by Katharina von Bora's husband in many of his portraits. For 10 points, name this artist from Saxony who painted several portraits of his friend Martin Luther.", "answer": "Lucas Cranach the Elder", "page": "Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571951f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102172, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 271], [272, 296], [297, 310], [310, 446], [447, 609], [610, 740], [741, 836], [837, 939]], "first_sentence": "The shutters of this artist's St. Catherine Altarpiece features the disembodied eyes of Saint Ottilia resting on top of a book to illustrate that her blindness was cured.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This military man authored an essay in the Southern Literary Messenger titled \"The Philosophy of Dress,\" in which he urged a dress code based on dignity, moderation, and neatness. This general wrote a letter to Joseph E. Johnston asking him to investigate a man with the pen name \"Bohemian.\" His son, known by the nickname Sandie, was an aide to Stonewall Jackson and married Kate Corbin, but died in battle at Fisher's Hill. After this general was kicked in the leg by a donkey at Malvern Hill, his duties were taken over by E. Porter Alexander. Following the Battle of Shepherdstown, this general was given the nicknames \"Granny\" and \"Old Mother\" because he withdrew troops prematurely from the Potomac River. He referred to his guns as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, because he had been an Episcopal priest for 30 years before he rose to become the chief of artillery for Robert Lee, serving in that role at Gettysburg. For 10 points, name this completely inept Confederate general called the \"Parson.\"", "answer": "William Nelson \"Parson\" Pendleton", "page": "William_N._Pendleton", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719520", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102173, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 291], [292, 425], [426, 546], [547, 711], [712, 922], [923, 1005]], "first_sentence": "This military man authored an essay in the Southern Literary Messenger titled \"The Philosophy of Dress,\" in which he urged a dress code based on dignity, moderation, and neatness.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "With Milton Blum, this thinker wrote a book using a \"tough shit\" approach about business called Executive Leadership. He coined the terms \"awfulizing,\" and \"catastrophizing\" to describe behavior that should be fought with shame-attack exercises. He called the harmful act of imposing absolute values on the world \"musturbation.\" Many of his ideas, such as the distinction between \"discomfort disturbances\" and \"ego disturbances,\" were developed while he writing Sex Without Guilt and The Art and Science of Love. This thinker developed a model of causation in which an activating event induces a belief, which itself is responsible for a human feeling - that is the \"ABC\" model. Like Aaron Beck, this psychologist developed an individualist approach that seeks to correct harmful behavior by converting socially destructive tendencies to constructive ones. For 10 points, name this psychologist who developed rational emotive behavioral therapy.", "answer": "Albert Ellis", "page": "Albert_Ellis", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719522", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102175, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 245], [246, 328], [329, 512], [513, 678], [679, 856], [857, 945]], "first_sentence": "With Milton Blum, this thinker wrote a book using a \"tough shit\" approach about business called Executive Leadership.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A set of coupled differential equations modeling more than one of these systems is the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations. Jacob Thorne gave a list of power series solutions to a two point boundary value problem modeling these systems. Solving that problem is equivalent to to solving Lambert's problem and finding one of these systems. The method pioneered by Josiah Gibbs to determine one of these systems merely requires three coplanar position vectors. By using station keeping, one can make one of these systems that resembles a Lissajous curve. The energy conservation equation of these systems is the vis-viva equation. Switching from one of these systems to another can be achieved with a Hohmann transfer, and the point of greatest distance of one of these systems is the apoapsis. For 10 points, name these paths of astronomical objects, which may be periodic.", "answer": "astronomical orbits [or trajectories; or flight paths; or intercepts until \"station keeping\" is read]", "page": "Astronomical", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719523", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102176, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 229], [230, 330], [331, 450], [451, 544], [545, 620], [621, 784], [785, 864]], "first_sentence": "A set of coupled differential equations modeling more than one of these systems is the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations.", "answer_prompt": "or trajectories; or flight paths; or intercepts until \"station keeping\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This film character states bourbon can't cure insomnia. This man, who first appeared in books by the nudist novelist John Ball, tells the abortionist Mama Caleba that she can \"whisper two little words\" and he'll be on his way. In a memorable scene, he correctly deduces that another character alters his nightly route so that he can see Dolores Purdy nude. After this man discovers a piece of fern in a car, he questions a man that compares him to an epiphytic plant. In that memorable scene, he is slapped and slaps Mr. Endicott. At the opening of the film, Leslie informs the mayor that she'll let go of her husband's engineers that are building a factory unless this man is put on the case to determine who murdered Philip Colbert. When asked what he is called up in Philadelphia, this character gives his most iconic response. For 10 points, name this detective played by Sidney Poitier in the film In the Heat of the Night, who memorably states \"They call me Mr. [his name]!\"", "answer": "Virgil Tibbs [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Virgil_Tibbs", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719524", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102177, "tokenizations": [[0, 226], [227, 356], [357, 467], [468, 530], [531, 734], [735, 830], [831, 980]], "first_sentence": "This film character states bourbon can't cure insomnia. This man, who first appeared in books by the nudist novelist John Ball, tells the abortionist Mama Caleba that she can \"whisper two little words\" and he'll be on his way.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to Abu 'l-Fath's Kitab al Ta'Rikh, the first members of this religious sect were the loyal children of Hophne and Phinehas and the women they slept with inside a tabernacle.Josephus' Antiquities claims that this sect was comprised of pagan Sidonians and that it worshipped Jupiter Hellenius. This religious group rejects Mount Moriah as the location where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac; instead, they perform sheep sacrifices during the \"Festival of the Sacrifice\" where they believe it happened, Mount Gerizim. This sect claims direct descent from the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, and it may have been formed after Sargon II conquered their namesake land. This sect, which split from the Jews in antiquity, has only about 800 remaining members, who live mostly in Holon and Kiryat Luza. For 10 points, name this religious sect, one of whom kind- heartedly showed hospitality to a man beaten by robbers in a parable told by Jesus.", "answer": "Samaritans", "page": "Samaritans", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719525", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102178, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [183, 301], [302, 523], [524, 671], [672, 802], [803, 945]], "first_sentence": "According to Abu 'l-Fath's Kitab al Ta'Rikh, the first members of this religious sect were the loyal children of Hophne and Phinehas and the women they slept with inside a tabernacle.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this man contains a passage that reads \"They must hold against / The fire rain / or when / sometime it seems / upwards, hands down / against / pilloried / sell quickly took her / bearings / did not appear entirely / a height of five thousand feet,\" and is divided into 111 numbered sections. Another of his poems, which includes the lines \"sometimes they were in sordid sexual situations; / at others, a smidgen of fun would intrude on our day,\" features the Vivians and was inspired by the work of outsider artist Henry Darger. This author included the long poem \"Europe\" in his collection The Tennis Court Oath. He wrote \"Girls on the Run\" and won the Yale Younger Poets Prize for his collection Some Trees. Another of his poems features the lines \"the right hand / Bigger than the head, thrust at the viewer,\" and \"The glass chose to reflect only what he saw.\" For 10 points, name this New York School poet of \"Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror.\"", "answer": "John Ashbery", "page": "John_Ashbery", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719526", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102179, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 93], [94, 197], [198, 301], [302, 538], [539, 623], [624, 707], [708, 719], [720, 872], [872, 958]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this man contains a passage that reads \"They must hold against /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this group fractured his skull when he was pushed down a marble staircase at the Royal Automobile Club on Pall Mall after a drunken argument, causing lifelong mental trauma. Another probable member wrote a book on the \"Social History of Christian Polygamy\" entitled After Polygamy Was Made a Sin and a study on Moliere. This group was assisted by the publisher of the New Republic, Michael Whitney Straight, and had its regular activities planned out by Theodore Maly. Their number likely included John Cairncross as well as Anthony Blunt and several members of the Apostles Club, who often approached employees working at Bletchley Park. A more famous member's meeting with Australian actress Coral Brown is the basis of Alan Bennett's film An Englishman Abroad. Those members were Donald Maclean and the flamboyantly gay Guy Burgess, who tried to protect its principal by fleeing separately. Uncovered by the Venona project, for 10 points, name this Soviet spy ring led by a namesake double agent in Britain around 1950.", "answer": "the Cambridge Five spy ring [or the Cambridge Four; or Kim Philby's Soviet spy network; or Harold Adrian Russell Philby; or the MI6 spy ring; or the MI5 spy ring; prompt on answers, such as \"British spy scandal\", that do not include the underlined words]", "page": "Harold_Adrian_Russell_Philby", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719527", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102180, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 333], [334, 482], [483, 652], [653, 777], [778, 907], [908, 1036]], "first_sentence": "One member of this group fractured his skull when he was pushed down a marble staircase at the Royal Automobile Club on Pall Mall after a drunken argument, causing lifelong mental trauma.", "answer_prompt": "or the Cambridge Four; or Kim Philby's Soviet spy network; or Harold Adrian Russell Philby; or the MI6 spy ring; or the MI5 spy ring; prompt on answers, such as \"British spy scandal\", that do not include the underlined words", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One cancer of this tissue can be caused by a fusion of the CHOP gene with either the FUS or EWS gene, while other cancers of this tissue are present in Madelung disease and Dercum disease. A class of cytokines named for and secreted by cells in this tissue includes apelin, resistin, and TNF-alpha. Stem cells derived from this tissue include PLA cells as well as the stromal vascular fraction. One hormone released by cells in this tissue inhibits neuropeptide Y and stimulates the production of alpha-MSH. Cells in this tissue contain an uncoupling protein which uses oxidative phosphorylation to generate heat without shivering. Thermogenin is expressed in cells in this tissue, which releases the ghrelin-opposed satiety hormone leptin, and comes in brown and white types. For 10 points, name this tissue which stores lipids.", "answer": "adipose tissue [or fat tissue; or \"brown fat\" or \"white fat\" or \"brown adipose tissue\" or \"white adipose tissue\"]", "page": "Adipose_tissue", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719528", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102181, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 298], [299, 394], [395, 507], [508, 631], [632, 776], [777, 829]], "first_sentence": "One cancer of this tissue can be caused by a fusion of the CHOP gene with either the FUS or EWS gene, while other cancers of this tissue are present in Madelung disease and Dercum disease.", "answer_prompt": "or fat tissue; or \"brown fat\" or \"white fat\" or \"brown adipose tissue\" or \"white adipose tissue\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The \"Good Sister\" and the \"Lord of the Two Lands\" are worshipped in the northern half of a symmetrical temple whose southern half is dedicated to this god. This god \"spends seed with his phallus\" and \"takes wives from their husbands,\" according to the Pyramid Texts. The final ruler of the 12th Dynasty was named for the \"beauty of\" this god, whose worship was promul- gated by that ruler's father Amenemhat III. The temple of Medinet Madi was dedicated to this god and his wife Renenutet. The primary temple of this god was home to his jewel-adorned avatar Petsuchos. One account held that this god created the world by laying eggs on the banks of Nun. This son of Neith was the patron god of the region of Faiyum, and he used a net to collect the sons of Horus from the Nile, another place with which he is often associated. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god with the head of a crocodile.", "answer": "Sobek [or Sebek; or Sochet; or Suchos until \"Petsuchos\" is read]", "page": "Sobek", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719529", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102182, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 266], [267, 412], [413, 489], [490, 568], [569, 653], [654, 826], [827, 894]], "first_sentence": "The \"Good Sister\" and the \"Lord of the Two Lands\" are worshipped in the northern half of a symmetrical temple whose southern half is dedicated to this god.", "answer_prompt": "or Sebek; or Sochet; or Suchos until \"Petsuchos\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one of his works, this man uses the term \"flagrat\" to refer to the sense of sudden terror in man, and \"lubet\" to mean the lustful desire that leads man to good or evil. Two of his lesser-known works, Of the Threefold Life of Man and Forty Questions Concerning the Soul, were later cited by Nicolas Berdyaev for coining the term \"ungrund\" to describe an abyss of holy nothingness. While working as a shoemaker, he was often harassed by the local tanners guild, and was persecuted by Gregor Richter for writing a work with the Latin title Aurora, which he wrote after watching sunlight reflect off of a pewter dish. Influenced by Paracelsus, he identified the Holy Trinity with salt, sulphur, and mercury in his book Mysterium Magnum. For 10 points, name this 16th century German mystic known for his holy visions.", "answer": "Jakob Bohme [or Jakob Boehme; or Jacob Behmen]", "page": "Jakob_Bohme", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102183, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 171], [172, 382], [383, 616], [617, 735], [736, 815]], "first_sentence": "In one of his works, this man uses the term \"flagrat\" to refer to the sense of sudden terror in man, and \"lubet\"", "answer_prompt": "or Jakob Boehme; or Jacob Behmen", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel complains about the garlic breath of a money changer in a chapter set in the same place as one in which Sata claims that the world needs sin. In this novel, the illiterate clothier Esther delivers messages, including some from Hassan and some sent by way of the slave girl Hayrie. One character in this book steals a pin which Bihzad of Herat used to blind himself. Another of its characters tells the story of an old master who first worked for a Blacksheep leader and then a rival Whitesheep leader after being blinded. This novel's protagonist is influenced by Master Osman, who rejects innovation, and his uncle Enishte, who tries to implement the techniques of Frankish artists. Butterfly, Stork and Olive narrate stories each about style, signature, and blindness, respectively, in this novel, whose first chapter is narrated by Elegant Effendi, who sits at the bottom of a well after his murder. Black woos Shekure in, for 10 points, what novel about Ottoman miniaturists by Orhan Pamuk?", "answer": "My Name is Red [or Benim Ad\u0131m K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131]", "page": "My_Name_is_Red", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102184, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 306], [307, 391], [392, 547], [548, 709], [710, 928], [929, 1020]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel complains about the garlic breath of a money changer in a chapter set in the same place as one in which Sata claims that the world needs sin.", "answer_prompt": "or Benim Ad\u0131m K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Butyllithium converts a dibromo-cyclopropane to an allene through one of these intermediates in the Skatteb\u00f8l rearrange- ment. Reaction of a metal carbonyl complex with potassium intercalated in graphite then trimethylsilyl chloride forms these compounds in the Hegedus-Semmelhack procedure. One of these compounds is an intermediate in the stepwise mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement. Imidazole-2-ylidenes are examples of an unusually stable \"n-heterocyclic\" type of these compounds. A di-iodo methane complex with zinc whose reactivity resembles these compounds is used in the cyclopropanation of alkenes in the Simmons-Smith reaction. Transition metal complexes with these compounds can be either in a singlet or a triplet state, depending on whether they are of the Fischer or Shrock types. For 10 points, name these neutral carbon compounds that possess a lone pair of valence electrons.", "answer": "carbenes", "page": "Carbenes", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102185, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 291], [292, 387], [388, 486], [487, 639], [640, 796], [797, 894]], "first_sentence": "Butyllithium converts a dibromo-cyclopropane to an allene through one of these intermediates in the Skatteb\u00f8l rearrange- ment.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to legend, a courtier of this kingdom foretold that, at his death, his blood would flow white as milk and his decapitated head would fly to the top of a hill - those miracles, performed by the minister Ichadon, convinced the nobles to change their religion. This kingdom's founder was said to be born after light shone down in a forest near a well, where a white horse bowed down and laid an egg, so it adopted a name translating as \"Chicken Forest.\" A new code of law was issued by its king Pophung, who extended its borders by absorbing the Gaya confederacy. Its royal classes were known as seonggol and jingol, which mean \"sacred bone\" and the \"true bone\" respectively. It often shifted alliances between its neighbors, the Baekje and the Goguryeo, before conquering both and setting up a Unified dynasty in 668 CE. For 10 points, name this Korean kingdom which lasted until 935 when it was replaced by the Goryo.", "answer": "Kingdom of Silla [prompt on \"Korea\" or \"Gyerim\"]", "page": "Kingdom_of_Silla", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102186, "tokenizations": [[0, 267], [268, 460], [461, 570], [571, 682], [683, 828], [829, 926]], "first_sentence": "According to legend, a courtier of this kingdom foretold that, at his death, his blood would flow white as milk and his decapitated head would fly to the top of a hill - those miracles, performed by the minister Ichadon, convinced the nobles to change their religion.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Korea\" or \"Gyerim\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This work's main theme begins with an E-flat minor chord and alternates between major and minor chords for fourteen measures before reaching B minor. That theme, which opens this work in three-four time, reappears after the \"death of Oates,\" and again in four-four in the Alla marcia moderato Epilogue. This work's \"nature music\" includes pianississimo thirty-second- note xylophone runs, and its third movement, \"Landscape,\" climaxes with a fortississimo organ solo. Quotations from Shelley, the Psalms, Donne, and Coleridge are sometimes read between movements of this work, preceding an excerpt from a diary in which a man claims, \"I do not regret this journey.\" Its first movement features a wordless women's chorus and a solo soprano, and the percussion ensemble includes \"deep bells,\" celesta, and wind machine. For 10 points, name this symphony by Ralph Vaughan Williams based on a film score about Robert Falcon Scott's failed attempt to reach the South Pole.", "answer": "Sinfonia Antartica [or Sinfonia Antarctica; or the Antarctic Symphony; or Ralph Vaughan Williams's Symphony No. 7; or Symphony No. 7 after \"Vaughan Williams\" is read]", "page": "Sinfonia_Antartica", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102187, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 302], [303, 467], [468, 665], [666, 817], [818, 967]], "first_sentence": "This work's main theme begins with an E-flat minor chord and alternates between major and minor chords for fourteen measures before reaching B minor.", "answer_prompt": "or Sinfonia Antarctica; or the Antarctic Symphony; or Ralph Vaughan Williams's Symphony No. 7; or Symphony No. 7 after \"Vaughan Williams\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote \"Aunts to our sisters' boys, / we bring them squawking rubber monsters, / birthday poems pasted in the growing albums,\" in her poem \"Heroics.\" In another poem, from her debut collection Homecoming, she states, \"Let's make a modern primer for our kids: / A is for Auschwitz; B for Biafra; Chile: Dachau: El Salvador.\" In a novel by this author, Li\u0301o Morales is forced to flee and Dede\u0301 describes the deaths of her sisters Minerva, Mari\u0301a Teresa, and Patria, who are collectively referred to as \"Las Mariposas.\" The twice-divorced Yolanda is the title character of Yo!, the sequel to this author's best-known novel; in that novel, the CIA agent Vic helps Laura, Carlos, and their four daughters escape to the United States. For 10 points, name this author who portrayed the Trujillo regime of the Dominican Republic in such works as In the Time of the Butterflies and How the Garci\u0301a Girls Lost Their Accents.", "answer": "Julia Alvarez", "page": "Julia_Alvarez", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571952f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102188, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 159], [159, 160], [161, 334], [335, 524], [525, 736], [737, 921]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote \"Aunts to our sisters' boys, / we bring them squawking rubber monsters, /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "If a set of expressions has this property in a ring P, then there exists a tuple of rational numbers that can be substituted into the expressions which will also have this property in P, by a theorem of David Hilbert. A function that has a positive leading coefficient, coprime coefficients, and this property will produce infinitely many primes by the Bunyakovsky conjecture. By Gauss's lemma, a function that has this property with respect to the integers will have it over the rationals as well. For a collection of coefficients, if there exists a number p such that p doesn't divide the leading coefficient but it divides the rest, and p squared does not divide the constant term, then the polynomial will have this property by Eisenstein's criterion. The quadratic polynomial generated by factoring will have this property by the fundamental theorem of algebra. For 10 points, name this property of a polynomial, such that it can't be nontrivially factored over a field.", "answer": "polynomial irreduciblity [or word forms; do NOT accept \"reducible\" or its word forms.]", "page": "Irreducible_polynomial", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719530", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102189, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 376], [377, 498], [499, 755], [756, 866], [867, 975]], "first_sentence": "If a set of expressions has this property in a ring P, then there exists a tuple of rational numbers that can be substituted into the expressions which will also have this property in P, by a theorem of David Hilbert.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; do NOT accept \"reducible\" or its word forms.", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel gets in trouble for putting up double-entendre signs in a hospital, such as one reading \"Sodom and Gonorrhea\" above the venereal ward. The dying words of a character in this novel are reported to sound like \"the last grin\", though another character later realizes it was a reference to the last of three green bottles, which originally appear in the house of Mad Medico. A baby girl is given a male name that means \"may the path never close,\" Amaechina, at a naming ceremony in this novel. Protests regarding water restrictions in Abazon open this novel, in which a character is nicknamed \"Samsonite\" because he uses a stapler to torture people. One of its protagonists is shot after giving a speech at the University of Bassa, after which another protagonist is shot while trying to prevent the rape of Adamma. Beatrice Okoh survives the murders of Ikem Osodi and Chris Oriko during the rule of Sam, the dictator of Kangan, in, for 10 points, which Chinua Achebe novel?", "answer": "Anthills of the Savannah", "page": "Anthills_of_the_Savannah", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719531", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102190, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 396], [397, 515], [516, 671], [672, 837], [838, 996]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel gets in trouble for putting up double-entendre signs in a hospital, such as one reading \"Sodom and Gonorrhea\" above the venereal ward.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This text defines a state of \"inclosing reserve\" that may manifest itself in a tyrant that needs a confidant who will be killed after he is used. In examining how the \"lack of possibility\" contributes to the title phenomenon, it compares a foolish determinist to King Midas and the fatalist to a man who has no possibility to breathe. This book's second portion considers the Socratic definition of ignorance to ask whether men are aware of the title phenomenon. Its first part defines the human being as \"spirit\" and notes that \"the self is not the relation but the relation's relating to itself.\" The title of this work comes from a scene in which Jesus speaks to Lazarus after he is raised from the dead. The commentator in this work suggests that Christians enter a state of sin since they have not aligned themselves with God. For 10 points, name this tract written by Anti-Climacus, a.k.a. Kierkegaard, that equates despair with the title condition.", "answer": "The Sickness Unto Death [or Sygdommen til D\u00f8den]", "page": "The_Sickness_Unto_Death", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719532", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102191, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 334], [335, 462], [463, 597], [597, 707], [708, 831], [832, 955]], "first_sentence": "This text defines a state of \"inclosing reserve\" that may manifest itself in a tyrant that needs a confidant who will be killed after he is used.", "answer_prompt": "or Sygdommen til D\u00f8den", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man was sent on a diplomatic trip with Bishop Charles McIlvaine and Archbishop John Joseph Hughes to secure European support in the wake of the Trent Affair. He chronicled that trip in his book Letters from Europe and the West Indies. He was known as \"The Wizard of the Lobby,\" but his rival John Hubbard may have been the first to dub him \"The Dictator\" while trying to bankrupt his enterprise, the Agriculturalist. This man coined the disdainful nickname \"Sweet Sandy Whiskers\" for Martin van Buren, and the name for a group originally called the Holy Alliance, which split into the conservative Hunkers and the radical Barnburners. This man's opponents, whom he called the Albany Regency, assailed him as he edited the country's largest Anti-Masonic newspaper, the Enquirer. For 10 points, name this close friend of William Seward, who was a publishing rival of Horace Greeley and a Whig political boss in New York.", "answer": "Thurlow Weed", "page": "Thurlow_Weed", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719533", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102192, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 239], [240, 421], [422, 639], [640, 782], [783, 923]], "first_sentence": "This man was sent on a diplomatic trip with Bishop Charles McIlvaine and Archbishop John Joseph Hughes to secure European support in the wake of the Trent Affair.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At the upper right of this painting, a soldier appears above an overturned chair and a torn prayer book. At the bottom of this painting, one can make out a mother fleeing with her child; above her is the Wandering Jew, who is dressed in a blue cap, carries a white sack, and wears green clothing. The unusual iconography of this painting include the use of two halos - one surrounds the central figure's head, and one surrounds the five lit and one unlit candles below him. Other unusual symbols that the artist chose include the substitution of a prayer shawl for a loincloth and the use of a head cloth instead of the crown of thorns. To the left of this painting's central action is a boat looking for safety, and to its top right is a burning synagogue. For 10 points, name this depiction of the death of Jesus by Marc Chagall, which is dominated by the title color.", "answer": "The White Crucifixion", "page": "The_White_Crucifixion", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719534", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102193, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 296], [297, 372], [373, 473], [474, 636], [637, 757], [758, 870]], "first_sentence": "At the upper right of this painting, a soldier appears above an overturned chair and a torn prayer book.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A hexamer of copper hydride bonded to this compound is known as Stryker's reagent. This compound is the most famous member of a class of compounds for which the Tolman cone angle was developed to describe. Two equivalents of this compound, a chlorine atom, and carbon monoxide bond to iridium in Vaska's complex. It can be used to reduce azides to amines via hydrolysis in one reaction and is used alongside diethyl azodicarboxylate to convert alcohols into various functional groups in another reaction. Those reactions are named for Staudinger and Mitsunobu. This compound is converted to its oxide via the elimination of an oxaphosphetane intermediate in a reaction where it reacts with a carbonyl to form a phosphonium ylide, which is then converted to an alkene. For 10 points, name this organophosphorus compound used in the Wittig reaction.", "answer": "triphenylphosphine [or PPh3; or triphenylphosphane; or TPP]", "page": "Triphenylphosphine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719535", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102194, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 205], [206, 312], [313, 504], [505, 560], [561, 767], [768, 847]], "first_sentence": "A hexamer of copper hydride bonded to this compound is known as Stryker's reagent.", "answer_prompt": "or PPh3; or triphenylphosphane; or TPP", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In accordance with a Delphic oracle, one figure by this name was invited to rule over a tribe called the Dolonci because he showed hospitality to them in their travels. As their ruler, that figure constructed a wall from Cardia to Pactya to repel their enemies, the Apsinthians. A second figure by this same name married Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus, to tighten his hold on land he inherited when his brother Stesagoras had his head split open by an axe. This man's daughter Elpinice may have paid his fines off, after he was charged with treason for a failed expedition against Paros. That man of this name ruled as tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese, then rose to fame for conquering Lemnos and Imbros. That father of Cimon the Younger is best remembered for his victory at a battle which saw the death of the overall commander Callimachus, and the heroism of Pheidippides. For 10 points, give the name shared by that Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon.", "answer": "Miltiades [or Miltiades the Elder; or Miltiades the Younger]", "page": "Miltiades", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719536", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102195, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 278], [279, 460], [461, 591], [592, 709], [710, 880], [881, 980]], "first_sentence": "In accordance with a Delphic oracle, one figure by this name was invited to rule over a tribe called the Dolonci because he showed hospitality to them in their travels.", "answer_prompt": "or Miltiades the Elder; or Miltiades the Younger", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A composition by this man calls for two bassoons, two contrabassoons, and four trombones, but only uses them for a few bars in its first movement, which is marked \"Sostenuto tranquillo ma cantabile\". Another work by this composer asks the chorus to repeat only the words 'Domine Deus Noster' in its first ten sections. In the first movement of a composition by this man, a 24-bar theme forms the basis of a canon that opens in two parts in the basses and adds a new part every 25 measures until it becomes an eight-part canon. Interest in this composer of an Opus 44 Miserere was revived by the 1992 publication of a platinum-selling recording of one of his works featuring the soloist Dawn Upshaw. The three movements of that work are all marked Lento, and feature a soprano singing a Silesian folk song, a 15th-century lament of Mary, and a text written on the wall of a Gestapo cell. For 10 points, name this 20th-century Polish composer of the Symphony of Sorrowful Songs.", "answer": "Henryk Miko\u0142 Gorecki", "page": "Henryk_G\u00f3recki", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719537", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102196, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 318], [319, 526], [527, 698], [699, 886], [887, 976]], "first_sentence": "A composition by this man calls for two bassoons, two contrabassoons, and four trombones, but only uses them for a few bars in its first movement, which is marked \"Sostenuto tranquillo ma cantabile\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poem refers to the mystical ladder of divine love presented in the Dark Night of the Soul in its late mention of \"the figure of ten stairs\". Its fourth section asks \"Will the sunflower turn to us, will the clematis / Stray down, bend to us[?]\" and describes a time when \"the light is still / At the still point of the turning world\". This poem describes the \"desiccation\", \"evacuation\", and \"inoperancy\" of the worlds of \"sense\", \"fancy\", and \"spirit\" that occur after a descent into \"the world of perpetual solitude\". In its first section, a bird tells a poet to \"round the corner\" into the \"first world,\" warning the poet that \"humankind cannot bear much reality\" as it guides them through a place whose \"leaves were full of children\" laughing and hiding. This poem features the recurring image of a rose-garden at a house in the Cotswolds, and begins with the lines \"Time present and time past / Are both perhaps present in time future\". For 10 points, name this poem, the first of T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets.", "answer": "\"Burnt Norton\" [prompt on \"the Four Quartets\"]", "page": "Burnt_Norton", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719538", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102197, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 296], [297, 338], [339, 523], [524, 762], [763, 901], [902, 945], [946, 1017]], "first_sentence": "This poem refers to the mystical ladder of divine love presented in the Dark Night of the Soul in its late mention of \"the figure of ten stairs\".", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"the Four Quartets\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Under this government, a celebration known as the Double Centenary Exposition was held, and in its honor, a marble mosaic \"windrose\" was donated from South Africa. The church-controlled Radio Renaissance became this government's official organ, and its constitution was allegedly based on the encyclical Rerum Novarum, as decreed by its lawmaking body, the Corporative National Assembly. During its last years, it waged the Ultramar War, or Overseas War, which contributed to it being replaced by the PREC. This government's agreement with the Vatican See was known as the Concordat of 1940. It rose to power by replacing the Ditadura Nacional established by Oscar Carmona, and under this government, the PIDE operated as a secret police force, until the Armed Forces Movement dispatched it by way of the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this government in place from 1933 to 1974, starting with the rise of Antonio Salazar as dictator in Portugal.", "answer": "Estado Novo [or New State; or Second Republic of Portugal; prompt on less specific answers, such as \"Portugal\" or \"Salazar's Portuguese state\"]", "page": "Estado_Novo_(Portugal)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719539", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102198, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 387], [388, 506], [507, 591], [592, 826], [827, 957]], "first_sentence": "Under this government, a celebration known as the Double Centenary Exposition was held, and in its honor, a marble mosaic \"windrose\" was donated from South Africa.", "answer_prompt": "or New State; or Second Republic of Portugal; prompt on less specific answers, such as \"Portugal\" or \"Salazar's Portuguese state\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This structure is notoriously called a \"Trojan Horse\" in Sanford Kwinter's book Requiem: For the City at the End of the Millennium. To help engineer this masterpiece, 9-ton, cast-steel \"gerberettes\" were used to support its long trusses. Along with a building in New York City, Nam June Paik broadcasted Good Morning, Mr. Orwell from this building. Jean Tinguely's kinetic sculptures of a firebird and a fox can be found at Stravinsky Fountain, which is nearby this building that was inspired by Archigram's \"Plug-in City.\" This building, which houses a library, a medical center, and an art museum, contains no internal elevators. Instead, a large escalator attached to the front fac\u0327ade moves people along its seven floors. Giant blue tubes carry oxygen into this building, which gets its water from green tubes and electricity from yellow tubes. For 10 points, name this Parisian building that was designed by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, and named for a Prime Minister of France.", "answer": "Pompidou Center [or Centre Georges Pompidou; or Centre Pompidou]", "page": "Pompidou_Center", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102199, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 237], [238, 348], [349, 523], [524, 631], [632, 724], [725, 847], [848, 985]], "first_sentence": "This structure is notoriously called a \"Trojan Horse\" in Sanford Kwinter's book Requiem: For the City at the End of the Millennium.", "answer_prompt": "or Centre Georges Pompidou; or Centre Pompidou", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The QED one-loop correction to the electron's value for this quantity equals the fine structure constant divided by 2 pi. QCD predicts that the ratio of this quantity for the proton to this quantity for the neutron equals minus three halves. For an electron, QED predicts this quantity's classical version to be multiplied by a factor of 2.002, an improvement in accuracy over the factor of 2 predicted by the Dirac equation. Along with the flux and the longitudinal invariant, this quantity is the first adiabatic invariant for a gyrating charged particle. This value for an object divided by an object's angular momentum gives the gyromagnetic ratio, and that aforementioned factor of 2.002 which multiplies this quantity's classical version in quantum mechanics is the g-factor. The electron's value for this quantity is a physical constant named for Bohr. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to the product of the area of a current loop and the current going through the loop, which is symbolized mu, like its electric counterpart.", "answer": "magnetic dipole moment [prompt on \"mu\"]", "page": "Magnetic_dipole_moment", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102200, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 241], [242, 425], [426, 557], [558, 781], [782, 859], [860, 1039]], "first_sentence": "The QED one-loop correction to the electron's value for this quantity equals the fine structure constant divided by 2 pi.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"mu\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character refers to absinthe as \"the glaucous witch,\" or \"la sorciere glauque,\" in one of his many slips into French. The narrator decides that either \"hungry\" or \"dim\" is \"le mot juste\" for this character, who claims to read Shelley in domino rooms to break up his \"evenness.\" This character writes a poem that describes the sounds of \"cymbals rouged with rust\" and ends \"THOU HAST NOT BEEN NOR ART!\" Negations and Fungoids are among the books by this character, a self-described \"Catholic Diabolist\" who is first encountered during the narrator's dinner with the painter Rothenstein. This character is horrified to find the words \"immajnari karrakter\" in a book by T.K. Nupton after a \"Mephistophelean man\" sends him to the British Museum's Reading Room on June 3, 1997, where he attempts to look himself up. For 10 points, name this failed author who makes a deal with the devil only to learn that, in the future, he is only remembered as the title character of a story by Max Beerbohm.", "answer": "Enoch Soames [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Enoch_Soames", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102201, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 282], [283, 382], [383, 406], [407, 590], [591, 815], [816, 994]], "first_sentence": "This character refers to absinthe as \"the glaucous witch,\" or \"la sorciere glauque,\" in one of his many slips into French.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Massachusetts-born Episcopalian William Reed Huntington added to this series by providing a piece titled for an \"American point of view.\" Four pieces towards the end of this collection are entitled \"Catena Patrum,\" while two others examine the doctrine of John Cosin. A small number of works in this collection were written by Hurrell Froude, but he died of tuberculosis before it was completed. The final piece in this collection caused a firestorm by arguing that the Thirty Nine Articles were compatible with the Council of Trent and general Catholic practice. Written over a period from 1833 to 1841, the more notable authors of this collection included John Keble and Edward Pusey, and its title became a synonym for the movement that produced it. For 10 points, name this series of 90 works about the theology of the Oxford Movement, many written by John Henry Newman, which caused his movement to be dubbed the Tractarians.", "answer": "Tracts for the Times [prompt on \"The Tracts\"]", "page": "Tracts_for_the_Times", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102202, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [140, 271], [272, 399], [400, 567], [568, 756], [757, 934]], "first_sentence": "The Massachusetts-born Episcopalian William Reed Huntington added to this series by providing a piece titled for an \"American point of view.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"The Tracts\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early rulers of this dynasty were often advised by members of the Bunnag family, a Persian house descended from Sheikh Ahmad, starting with Dis Bunnag, one of the two sons of Akka Mahasena. A member of this dynasty appointed Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns as his advisor and was embarrassed by the Front Palace Crisis, in which his court failed to put out a fire at the eponymous complex. This dynasty's first ruler solidified power by winning the Nine Armies War, and it allowed free trade within its territory by agreeing to the Bowring Treaty, which replaced the Burney Treaty. This dynasty included rulers like Chulalongkorn and his son Vajiravudh (vah-ji-ravoot), but it's better known for a ruler who offered elephants as a gift to James Buchanan and was tutored by Anna Leonowens. For 10 points, name this royal house that included Mongkut and several other Ramas, and still rules today in Thailand.", "answer": "Chakri Dynasty [or Ratchawong Chakkri]", "page": "Chakri_Dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102203, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 382], [383, 574], [575, 645], [646, 662], [663, 781], [782, 900]], "first_sentence": "Early rulers of this dynasty were often advised by members of the Bunnag family, a Persian house descended from Sheikh Ahmad, starting with Dis Bunnag, one of the two sons of Akka Mahasena.", "answer_prompt": "or Ratchawong Chakkri", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author used phrases like \"where the light of the senses / in lofty flames did rise\" and \"where to the flow of youth / God still showed himself\" to describe the past in a poem that asks \"What in this world should we all do with love and with faith?\" This author's brother Bernhard is referred to as \"the Angel in the House\" in a novel that depicts his time living with Coelestin Just. He outlined a universal study of science and poetry calledencyclopedistics in his \"notes for an encyclopedia,\" Das Allgemeine Brouillon. The Athenaeum published a collection by this author whose second section opens by asking \"Must the morning always return? Will the despotism of the earthly never cease?\" That collection by this man ends with the poem \"Longing for Death.\" He stars in Penelope Fitzgerald's final novel, which depicts his love for Sophie von Kuhn and his obsession with the \"blue flower.\" For 10 points, name this early German romantic poet, the author of Hymns to the Nigh", "answer": "Novalis [or Friedrich von Hardenberg; or Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg]", "page": "Novalis", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571953f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102204, "tokenizations": [[0, 253], [254, 388], [389, 525], [526, 647], [648, 695], [696, 763], [764, 894], [894, 895], [896, 980]], "first_sentence": "This author used phrases like \"where the light of the senses / in lofty flames did rise\" and \"where to the flow of youth / God still showed himself\" to describe the past in a poem that asks \"What in this world should we all do with love and with faith?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Friedrich von Hardenberg; or Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In The Metamorphoses, this figure states that she has often read the names on empty tombs while giving an impassioned speech in which she reminds her husband that his father-in-law controls winds that may create deadly red lightning in the sky. This woman's story in The Metamorphoses features a digression in which Iris enters the cave from which Lethe springs to ask Morpheus to transform into an ethereal version of this woman's husband. This Queen of Trachis is unable to convince her husband to abandon his sea journey to the oracle of Delphi, causing her to incessantly worry about his doomed fate. After Zeus strikes down this character's husband for uxoriously calling her \"Hera\" during bouts of lovemaking, she is turned into a kingfisher. For 10 points, name this wife of Ceyx [\"see-ix\"] who gives her name to an English word referring to an idyllic past.", "answer": "Alcyone [or Halkyon; or Halcyon]", "page": "Alcyone", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719540", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102205, "tokenizations": [[0, 244], [245, 440], [441, 604], [605, 748], [749, 865]], "first_sentence": "In The Metamorphoses, this figure states that she has often read the names on empty tombs while giving an impassioned speech in which she reminds her husband that his father-in-law controls winds that may create deadly red lightning in the sky.", "answer_prompt": "or Halkyon; or Halcyon", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One protein involved in this process contains an arginine-rich bridge helix within its REC lobe. 11 proteins in this process form a seahorse-shaped complex called CASCADE. The aforementioned protein involved in this process carries out its activity using its HNH and RuvC domains. The nucleotide sequence NGG must be present in order for this process to occur\u0096that sequence is called a PAM. In this process, a tracrRNA base pairs with a crRNA to form an sgRNA. In this process, a guide RNA guides a nuclease to a protospacer motif, then a double-strand break is created in the foreign DNA by the cas9 nuclease. Genome editing is commonly performed using, for 10 points, what form of adaptive prokaryotic immunity that uses repeated DNA sequences to silence the genes of attackers?", "answer": "CRISPR/cas9 [or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9]", "page": "CRISPR/Cas9", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719541", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102206, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 171], [172, 280], [281, 390], [391, 460], [461, 610], [611, 780]], "first_sentence": "One protein involved in this process contains an arginine-rich bridge helix within its REC lobe.", "answer_prompt": "or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A \"balanced path\" of a certain quantity in this formalism is achieved with assumptions that ensure its predictions correspond to Nicholas Kaldor's stylized facts. When this formalism's central equation satisfies Euler's homogeneity theorem, there is no need to specify the ownership of firms since their profit in the long run is zero. Mankiw, Romer, and Weil proposed augmenting this formalism with a distinction between human and physical capital. An extension of this formalism that adds the assumptions of Walrasian equilibrium and endogenous household savings is named for Ramsey, Cass, and Koopmans. Equilibrium in this formalism is achieved when gross investment equals depreciation. This formalism was intended to critique the Harrod-Domar model and uses a neoclassical production function with exogenous savings. For 10 points, name this growth model sometimes co-named for Trevor Swan and sometimes named just for an MIT economist.", "answer": "Solow-Swan-Cass-Koopmans model [or Solow in combination with any of the other names; or \"neo-classical growth model\" until \"endogenous\" is read]", "page": "Solow\u2013Swan_model", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719542", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102207, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 335], [336, 449], [450, 605], [606, 690], [691, 821], [822, 941]], "first_sentence": "A \"balanced path\" of a certain quantity in this formalism is achieved with assumptions that ensure its predictions correspond to Nicholas Kaldor's stylized facts.", "answer_prompt": "or Solow in combination with any of the other names; or \"neo-classical growth model\" until \"endogenous\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "James Jackson Storrow headed a commission charged with investigating grievances prior to this event. Legislation put forth by Albert Pillsbury was a major impetus for this event, which Lawrence Lowell tried to mitigate by asking for volunteer students. The attempts of Andrew James Peters to resolve it peacefully were mostly unsuccessful, after it resulted when Edwin Upton Curtis issued a General Order prohibiting the central group from \"serving two masters.\" Francis Russell wrote A City in Terror about this event, during which participants gathered at Scollay Square until scattered by a threat of live ammunition. Commissioner Curtis was supported during this incident by Governor Calvin Coolidge, who issued a response to Samuel Gompers declaring that \"there is no right to strike against the public safety.\" For 10 points, name this 1919 event which saw law enforcement personnel in a city in Massachusetts refuse to work.", "answer": "Boston Police Strike of 1919 [or obvious equivalents that refer to striking, Boston, and police officers; prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Boston_Police_Strike", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719543", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102208, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 252], [253, 462], [463, 620], [621, 816], [817, 931]], "first_sentence": "James Jackson Storrow headed a commission charged with investigating grievances prior to this event.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents that refer to striking, Boston, and police officers; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The founder of this dynasty had all 20,000 male inhabitants of Kerman blinded and their eyeballs poured out into a pile in front of him. This dynasty granted a concession to G.F. Talbot that established a monopoly over production of tobacco, leading to widespread protests. A minister hired by this dynasty, Morgan Shuster, was forced to resign and one of its prime ministers, Amir Kabir, was forced into exile by Nasser-e-Din after founding a university at Dar ul-Fanun. This dynasty underwent the Constitutional Revolution and entered the Treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchai. Its early rulers included Fath Ali and Agha Muhammad Khan, who founded this line by overthrowing the Afsharid and Zand Dynasties. This dynasty was split into zones of influence by the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, and dissolved with the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi. For 10 points, name this dynasty which ruled Persia from 1785 to 1925.", "answer": "Qajar dynasty", "page": "Qajar_dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719544", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102209, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 273], [274, 471], [472, 578], [579, 708], [709, 843], [844, 914]], "first_sentence": "The founder of this dynasty had all 20,000 male inhabitants of Kerman blinded and their eyeballs poured out into a pile in front of him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At the conclusion of this book, Paphnutius suggests to a character to suppress the narrative, since a \"greater liar\" will eventually tell it. Another character in this book is mortally wounded in the land of Abcasia, after which he looks in the mirror of the gymnosophists and sees his true love just before dying. In this book, a castle outfitted with the mirrors of Archimedes that contains seven gilded heads of John the Baptist belongs to the scholar Ardzrouni. The protagonist meets a skiapod named Gavagai and falls in love with a female satyr named Hypatia while in Pndapetzim (\"pin-da-pet-zim\"), long after his ability to learn languages enticed Frederick Barbarossa into adopting him. In this novel's frame narrative, its title character meets Niketas Choniates (\"cho-nye-ah-tees\") during the Fourth-Crusade sack of Constantinople and relates his life story, including his search for Prester John. For 10 points, name this novel about a medieval traveller by Umberto Eco.", "answer": "Baudolino", "page": "Baudolino", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719545", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102210, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 314], [315, 465], [466, 693], [694, 906], [907, 980]], "first_sentence": "At the conclusion of this book, Paphnutius suggests to a character to suppress the narrative, since a \"greater liar\" will eventually tell it.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist's assistant claimed that he saturated his paintings with a layer of oil in between sessions, as seen in his illustration of Lord Byron that shows cannibals on a boat, The Shipwreck of Don Juan. Louis-Philippe commissioned a painting by this artist in which knights abandon their raid on Jerusalem and instead sack the title city. This artist of Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople depicted the green and red cloth-wrapped arm and hand of a dead figure protruding from the foreground rubble in a painting in which a turbaned Turk triumphantly plants a standard. Another of his paintings depicts the smoldering city of Dis in the background, while showing the nude oarsman Phlegyas next to a poet. For 10 points, name this artist who showed a bare-bosomed woman kneeling in exhaustion on some rocks in Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi, who also painted The Barque of Dante and The Massacre of Chios.", "answer": "Euge\u0300ne Delacroix [or Ferdinand Victor Euge\u0300ne Delacroix]", "page": "Eug\u00e8ne_Delacroix", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719546", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102211, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 341], [342, 577], [578, 712], [713, 925]], "first_sentence": "This artist's assistant claimed that he saturated his paintings with a layer of oil in between sessions, as seen in his illustration of Lord Byron that shows cannibals on a boat, The Shipwreck of Don Juan.", "answer_prompt": "or Ferdinand Victor Euge\u0300ne Delacroix", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A space that has this property locally will have it globally if it is paracompact and Hausdorff. The weak topology on a normed infinite dimensional space does not possess this property. Having a countably, locally finite basis is a necessary condition for having this property by the Nagata-Smirnov theorem. A theorem named for this property is proven by invoking a lemma which states that normality is equivalent to disjoint closed subsets being separable by continuous functions. That lemma is named for Pavel Urysohn and is used to show that a space being regular and countable is a sufficient criterion to have this property, a theorem that is also named for Pavel Urysohn. A space has this property, if, for any pair of points, the namesake function doesn't violate the triangle inequality, is symmetric, and is non-negative. For 10 points, name this property of spaces that allows one to define a function that returns a distance value.", "answer": "metrizable [or word forms; or the space has a metric; or the space is homeomorphic to a metric space]", "page": "Metrizable", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719547", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102212, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 185], [186, 307], [308, 481], [482, 677], [678, 830], [831, 942]], "first_sentence": "A space that has this property locally will have it globally if it is paracompact and Hausdorff.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; or the space has a metric; or the space is homeomorphic to a metric space", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A popular song named for this group tells them to \"Come out and fight me like a man, show your wife how you won medals out in Flanders.\" Formed at the suggestion of Henry Wilson, this group operated from its base at Gormanstown depot and at Beggar's Bush, from which it moved to set fire to a hosiery factory during a raid in Balbriggan. It was formed at the same time as the Auxiliary Division, or \"Auxies,\" headed by Frank Crozier, and together both were involved in an incident at Croke Park where the soccer players Jim Egan and Michael Hogan were fired on in the midst of a crowd, on a day called Bloody Sunday. A pack of foxhounds inspired the name for this group, which was formed from army veterans who volunteered when the RIC ran short on troops. For 10 points, name this paramilitary unit of British soldiers used in 1920 to put down Irish independence, and named for their makeshift uniforms which appeared to be two colors.", "answer": "Black and Tans [or Auxiliary Division or Auxies until \"Auxiliary\" is read; prompt on the \"Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force\" or \"RIC\" until \"RIC\" is read]", "page": "Black_and_Tans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719548", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102213, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 337], [338, 616], [617, 756], [757, 936]], "first_sentence": "A popular song named for this group tells them to \"Come out and fight me like a man, show your wife how you won medals out in Flanders.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Auxiliary Division or Auxies until \"Auxiliary\" is read; prompt on the \"Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force\" or \"RIC\" until \"RIC\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Joseph Greenberg's Universal 28 states that this process always follows its counterpart if they both follow the source. The West African language of Fula is unique in that diminutives are formed by this process. The Slavic language Sorbian is an unusual example since it features syncretism, in which this process is partially reversed. Unlike a related process, this process is not iterative and usually induces less allomorphy. The inherent type of this process does not depend on syntax and is contrasted with the contextual type. A type of this process that makes use of non-cognate words is suppletion and is exemplified by the Latin word fero. This process does not generate a new lexeme, unlike derivation. For 10 points, name this process of modifying a word to alter its aspect, mood or some other grammatical category, such as conjugating a verb or declining a noun.", "answer": "inflection [or word forms]", "page": "Inflection", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b9154095719549", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102214, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 211], [212, 336], [337, 429], [430, 533], [534, 649], [650, 713], [714, 876]], "first_sentence": "Joseph Greenberg's Universal 28 states that this process always follows its counterpart if they both follow the source.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this group avoided having his son married into a rival clan by staying drunk for 60 straight days, so he couldn't give his consent to the wedding; he also rebuked the northern Ruan family by taking his underwear off in public. That group by this name was led by the alchemist Ji Kang, a master of the zither instrument who supported the Xuanxue movement, or the Dark Learning, popular among scholars in the south during the Six Dynasties. The earliest reference to a group by this name is probably the Apkallu in Sumerian legend, which are half-fish creatures that emerged from the primordial Abzu water to teach humans. In addition to a neo-Taoist group named for meeting at the \"Bamboo Grove,\" this name is shared by another group that gets recreated during every Manvantara. That group includes a man whose wives Aditi and Diti gave birth to the Asuras and the Devas. For 10 points, Kashyapa is a member of what group, which consists of a certain number of enlightened men?", "answer": "Seven Sages [or Seven Worthies; or Seven Wise Men; or Saptarishi; or Septarishi; or Seven Rishi; or Zhulingixian; or Chu-lin ch'i-hsien; or Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove; or obvious equivalents implying seven wise men; prompt for a number, if not given by the player]", "page": "Seven_sages", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571954a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102215, "tokenizations": [[0, 240], [241, 452], [453, 634], [635, 791], [792, 884], [885, 990]], "first_sentence": "One member of this group avoided having his son married into a rival clan by staying drunk for 60 straight days, so he couldn't give his consent to the wedding; he also rebuked the northern Ruan family by taking his underwear off in public.", "answer_prompt": "or Seven Worthies; or Seven Wise Men; or Saptarishi; or Septarishi; or Seven Rishi; or Zhulingixian; or Chu-lin ch'i-hsien; or Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove; or obvious equivalents implying seven wise men; prompt for a number, if not given by the player", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The stage directions for this play indicate that an autotype of the main figure of Titian's Assumption should hang above the fireplace. After learning that the woman he loves fills dirty lamps daily, a character in this play promises her a chariot to carry them into the stars, comparing those stars to lamps that \"don't need to be filled with paraffin oil every day.\" The title character of this play stares at the tip of a poker while becoming intensely bored by a poetry reading. At the opening of this play, the secretary Proserpine \"Prossy\" Garnett berates the low-class curate Lexy and lets in Mr. Burgess to speak with his son-in-law, a Christian socialist lecturer who later gives a speech at the Guild of St. Matthew. This entry in Plays Peasant is subtitled \"A Mystery,\" and ends with the title \"pure\" woman choosing her husband James Morrell over the poet Eugene Marchbanks. For 10 points, name this comedy by George Bernard Shaw named for a woman.", "answer": "Candida, A Mystery", "page": "Candida_(play)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85370b915409571954b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102216, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 367], [367, 368], [369, 482], [483, 726], [727, 885], [886, 959]], "first_sentence": "The stage directions for this play indicate that an autotype of the main figure of Titian's Assumption should hang above the fireplace.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "MIDA can be used as a protecting group for one example of this type of reaction. One reaction of this type is typically carried out using an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate or potassium carbonate alongside a tetrakis-triphenylphosphine complex. Secondary and tertiary amines can be synthesized using one of these reactions named for Buchwald and Hartwig. One of these reactions replaces the usual central step with a migratory insertion followed by a beta-hydride elimination. A Grignard reagent is used in one of these reactions named for Kumada, while other examples using tin and zinc catalysts are named for Stille and Negishi. The catalytic cycle of these reactions consists of a reductive elimination, an oxidative addition, and a transmetalation. For 10 points, name these reactions, one example of which uses a palladium catalyst to make a carbon-carbon bond between a boronic acid and a halide, which is named for Suzuki.", "answer": "palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [or more specific answers, such as Suzuki / Heck / Negishi / Kuamda / Stille coupling]", "page": "Palladium-catalyzed_coupling_reactions", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571954c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102217, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 252], [253, 362], [363, 484], [485, 639], [640, 761], [762, 938]], "first_sentence": "MIDA can be used as a protecting group for one example of this type of reaction.", "answer_prompt": "or more specific answers, such as Suzuki / Heck / Negishi / Kuamda / Stille coupling", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This institution was allegedly founded at a spot where a hunter saw a family of bears climb down from a tree, since the bears could have attacked John Jay Shipherd and Philo Stewart, but instead let them live by walking away. This institution sponsored a group including Charles Tenney and Martin Stimson to travel to Shanxi Province in 1882 as missionaries; all 15 original members of that so-called band were executed in the wake of the Boxer Rebellion. A group of people from this place traveled to Wellington to rescue the fugitive John Price. The first president of this institution, Asa Mahan, was originally one of the \"Lane Rebels\" who defected to this place at the invitation of men like Arthur Tappan and Charles Finney, who became a professor of theology here, after it voted to accept people of any color as students. For 10 points, name this historical college founded in 1833 in Ohio.", "answer": "Oberlin College", "page": "Oberlin_College", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571954d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102218, "tokenizations": [[0, 225], [226, 455], [456, 547], [548, 829], [830, 898]], "first_sentence": "This institution was allegedly founded at a spot where a hunter saw a family of bears climb down from a tree, since the bears could have attacked John Jay Shipherd and Philo Stewart, but instead let them live by walking away.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This text warns against frivolously speculating about the nature of Being due to the double meaning of the verb \"to be\" by comparing a steam engine and Milo of Crotona. A portion of this book argues that unexplained phenomena are partly the result of chance, and that so-called \"residual phenomena\" may be discovered if chance is eliminated. Its last section, which largely concerns the social sciences, proposes a \"physical\" or \"concrete\" method that is applicable to political economy, but not sociology or history. The second of its six books contains a chapter divided into \"five canons\" on the four methods of experimental inquiry, such as agreement, elimination and difference. The author's view that the value of names is solely that of its referent is presented in this text. For 10 points, name this treatise on ratiocinative and inductive methods, which was written by John Stuart Mill.", "answer": "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive", "page": "A_System_of_Logic,_Ratiocinative_and_Inductive", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571954e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102219, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 341], [342, 517], [518, 683], [684, 783], [784, 896]], "first_sentence": "This text warns against frivolously speculating about the nature of Being due to the double meaning of the verb \"to be\" by comparing a steam engine and Milo of Crotona.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Ashman phenomenon is a specific type of this condition. A potentially lethal form of this condition occurs in Brugada syndrome. Drugs used to treat this condition are categorized using the Vaughn-Williams classification. This condition can be caused in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome by the creation of an accessory conduction pathway. A similar accessory pathway called the bundle of Kent also leads to this condition in a pre-excitation syndrome known as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. This condition may be treated by sodium-channel blockers such as flecainide and procainamide. The drug Sotalol, which length- ens the QT interval, is a beta blocker which treats this condition. Atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation are types of this condition. It also includes tachycardias and bradycardias, which involve rates below 60 bpm or above 100 bpm. For 10 points, name this condition in which the heart beats irregularly.", "answer": "cardiac arrhythmia [or cardiac dysrhythmia; or tachycardias; or bradycardias; or atrial flutter; or atrial fibrillation; or ventricular flutter; or ventricular fibrillation; prompt on descriptive answers, such as \"an irregular heartbeat\"]", "page": "Heart_arrhythmia", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571954f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102220, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 224], [225, 336], [337, 489], [490, 583], [584, 683], [684, 751], [752, 850], [851, 923]], "first_sentence": "The Ashman phenomenon is a specific type of this condition. A potentially lethal form of this condition occurs in Brugada syndrome.", "answer_prompt": "or cardiac dysrhythmia; or tachycardias; or bradycardias; or atrial flutter; or atrial fibrillation; or ventricular flutter; or ventricular fibrillation; prompt on descriptive answers, such as \"an irregular heartbeat\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Gottfried Stolzel composed one of these pieces for four choirs. A polystylic example of one of these pieces includes a tango for harpsichord in its fifth movement Rondo, and begins with a quiet passage for prepared piano. That piece is the first of the six ones composed by Alfred Schnittke. Handel composed a third movement musette for the sixth of these pieces published as his Opus 6. Another piece in this genre imitates the sound of the zampogna, a bagpipe played by Italian shepherds, in its final movement Pastorale. Pieces of this type often pass music between the ripieno and a small group of string instruments called the concertino. Handel's pieces in this genre were modeled after the twelve published as the Opus 6 of Corelli, which includes one composed for Christmas. For 10 points, name this popular Baroque orchestral genre that was eclipsed in popularity by the solo concerto.", "answer": "concerto grosso [or concerti grossi; prompt on \"concerto\" until it is read]", "page": "Concerto_Grosso", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719550", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102221, "tokenizations": [[0, 63], [64, 221], [222, 291], [292, 387], [388, 523], [524, 643], [644, 782], [783, 894]], "first_sentence": "Gottfried Stolzel composed one of these pieces for four choirs.", "answer_prompt": "or concerti grossi; prompt on \"concerto\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This site was home to the worker's village of Wah-Sut, set up to build the tomb of Senusret III [Sen-woz-ret]. It also contains a recently-discovered pyramid dedicated to queen Teti-sheri, and its complex with an Outer Hypostyle Hall has an engraving of a machine called the \"helicopter\" of this place. At this site, Arthur Mace unearthed the pyramid of Ahmose I, often called the \"last royal pyramid complex,\" and David O'Connor's project at the mortuary of Khasek-hemwy discovered a fleet of 14 boats in brick-built graves. Several pillars contain the \"Flower of Life\" imagery at a complex built here by Merneptah, which is a part of the funeral complex of Seti I. Seti's titles are extensively listed on the third row of the \"king list\" or \"table\" named for this site. For 10 points, name this city known for its Osirion building and for being a primary cult center of Osiris, allegedly the resting spot of his head.", "answer": "Abydos [or Abdju]", "page": "Abydos,_Egypt", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719551", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102222, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 110], [111, 302], [303, 353], [354, 525], [526, 771], [772, 919]], "first_sentence": "This site was home to the worker's village of Wah-Sut, set up to build the tomb of Senusret III", "answer_prompt": "or Abdju", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Curing this disease is an unintended side effect of a fertility drug made from the \"martin\" that is the subject of the research of the Kurtz-like Dr. Annick Swenson in Ann Patchett's novel State of Wonder. The missing L. Murugan is obsessed with the history of this disease in a 1995 novel, in which the main characters discover a cult that attempts to use the transmission of this disease as a vehicle for soul transference. A short story titled for a euphemism for this disease ends with a character to responding to the accusation that she \"had nothing but that one letter he didn't write\" with the zinger \"I had Barbara\", and depicts an argument between Mrs. Ansley and Mrs. Slade. A literary character catches this disease after walking with Giovanelli through the Colosseum at night. Amitav Ghosh's The Calcutta Chromosome fictionalizes the research done on this disease by Robert Ross. For 10 points, name this disease that kills Daisy Miller and is referred to in the title of Edith Wharton's \"Roman Fever\".", "answer": "malaria [prompt on \"Roman Fever\" until it is read]", "page": "Malaria", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719553", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102224, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 425], [426, 608], [609, 685], [686, 789], [790, 892], [893, 1015]], "first_sentence": "Curing this disease is an unintended side effect of a fertility drug made from the \"martin\" that is the subject of the research of the Kurtz-like Dr. Annick Swenson in Ann Patchett's novel State of Wonder.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Roman Fever\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An artist born in this country created the ephemeral installation Intensities and Surfaces, in which slabs of ice surrounding a core of rock salt were left to melt. An art exhibit in this country featured a duo's The Rape of Creativity, in which Goya's The Disasters of War was defaced with insertions of Nazis, zombies and Ronald McDonalds. Those artists, Anya Gallaccio and the Chapman brothers, were part of an art movement in this country that began with the exhibition Freeze, whose organizer created \"spot paintings\" by directly painting on gymnasium walls. This country was the setting of Break Down, in which Michael Landy destroyed all of his possessions. The businessman Charles Saatchi patronizes a group of artists working in this country, including the creator of the tent Everyone I have Ever Slept With and the creator of an artwork featuring a preserved shark. Tracy Emin and Damien Hirst are members of, for 10 points, what country's YBA movement, which sometimes exhibits in the Tate?", "answer": "Great Britain [or Scotland until \"Creativity\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"England\"]", "page": "Great_Britain", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719554", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102225, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 341], [342, 563], [564, 664], [665, 785], [786, 876], [877, 1002]], "first_sentence": "An artist born in this country created the ephemeral installation Intensities and Surfaces, in which slabs of ice surrounding a core of rock salt were left to melt.", "answer_prompt": "or Scotland until \"Creativity\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"England\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This quantity can be estimated using 12 parameters by the Ramsauer model, and in a different context, it is given by the Rosenbluth formula. Its value due to the presence of a charge distribution equals its value due to an equivalent point charge times the square of the form factor. The formula for this quantity is modified by two \"structure functions\" which are functions of the square of the momentum transfer and the energy transfer in a phenomenon called Bjorken scaling. This quantity equals 4 pi divided by the wave vector times the imaginary part of \"f of zero\" according to the optical theorem. The mean free path is the inverse of the \"macroscopic\" form of this quantity, which equals the number of particles per unit volume times its \"microscopic\" form. This quantity is equal to the square of the scattering amplitude, and for a sphere it equals pi times the radius of the sphere squared. It is often given in units of barns. For 10 points, name this quantity denoted sigma which represents an effective area characterizing a particle interaction.", "answer": "cross section [or differential cross section; or total cross section; or macroscopic cross section; or microscopic cross section; or scattering cross section; prompt on \"effective area\"]", "page": "Cross_Section", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719555", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102226, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 283], [284, 477], [478, 604], [605, 765], [766, 901], [902, 938], [939, 1060]], "first_sentence": "This quantity can be estimated using 12 parameters by the Ramsauer model, and in a different context, it is given by the Rosenbluth formula.", "answer_prompt": "or differential cross section; or total cross section; or macroscopic cross section; or microscopic cross section; or scattering cross section; prompt on \"effective area\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The basin of this river contains the largest-known deposit of trona ore, which is refined into soda ash, a fact which led this river to become the namesake of a soda pop released just after Prohibition by the Sweetwater Beverage Company. After it's joined by the Big Sandy River, it flows through the Fontanelle Reservoir at the town of La Barge. This river shares its name with a city that, in 1931, was the first to prohibit door-to-door solicitation by passing its namesake ordinance. It picks up Nine Mile Creek and Yampa River at Steamboat Rock, after passing through the scenic Gates of Lodore. It also runs through the Flaming Gorge Dam, creating a reservoir when it passes through the Uinta Mountains, and the banks of this river contain the fossil beds of Dinosaur National Monument. For 10 points, name this largest tributary of the Colorado River, which passes through a namesake town in southern Wyoming.", "answer": "Green River", "page": "Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719556", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102227, "tokenizations": [[0, 237], [238, 346], [347, 487], [488, 600], [601, 792], [793, 916]], "first_sentence": "The basin of this river contains the largest-known deposit of trona ore, which is refined into soda ash, a fact which led this river to become the namesake of a soda pop released just after Prohibition by the Sweetwater Beverage Company.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After one character in this work puts on a Chopin ballade, a man named Wilkinson is shot in the back of the head. Minor characters in this work include an electrician who always stays for one more drink and a Moorish tart named Anita. At one point, its protagonist gets into a dispute with his American lover about the wasteful purchase of a new fox cape; that discussion ends when Max enters Room 110 in the Hotel Florida and Dorothy Bridges leaves. Originally published in a 1938 volume along with its author's first 49 stories, including works from collections like Winner Take Nothing and Men Without Women, this work in three acts centers on playboy journalist Philip Rawlings, who is really a spy for the Republican forces in Madrid. For 10 points, identify this play set during the Spanish Civil War, the only such work by Ernest Hemingway.", "answer": "The Fifth Column", "page": "The_Fifth_Column", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719557", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102228, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 234], [235, 450], [451, 739], [740, 847]], "first_sentence": "After one character in this work puts on a Chopin ballade, a man named Wilkinson is shot in the back of the head.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler tried to broker peace on a barren plain called Campus Serenus, but on being rebuffed, his army won the Battle of Tzirallum, though shortly afterwards he was defeated in battles at Cibalae and on the plain of Mardia. This ruler was granted the territory of Pannonia at the Conference of Carnuntum, and expanded his power from that base. His fleet of ships was busted up by the general Flavius Crispus at the Battle of the Hellespont, after which he met his final defeat at Chrysopolis and was kept as prisoner at Thessalonica until being hanged the following year. He ascended to the throne solely due to his friendship with Galerius, and in the midst of fighting against his main rival Maximinus Daia, he celebrated his wedding to Constantia, which was the occasion for the formal issuance of the Edict of Milan. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who, after defeating Maxentius and Maximinus, launched a failed civil war against Constantine the Great.", "answer": "Licinius [or Valerius Licinius Licinianus]", "page": "Licinius", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719558", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102229, "tokenizations": [[0, 226], [227, 346], [347, 574], [575, 823], [824, 967]], "first_sentence": "This ruler tried to broker peace on a barren plain called Campus Serenus, but on being rebuffed, his army won the Battle of Tzirallum, though shortly afterwards he was defeated in battles at Cibalae and on the plain of Mardia.", "answer_prompt": "or Valerius Licinius Licinianus", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After this man bought up huge tracts of land, he became involved in a dispute with Joseph Plumb Martin over the right to farm that property, and reportedly bankrupted Martin. When this general threatened to resign from the army over the appointment of Philippe du Coudray, that French soldier of fortune was reassigned to the post of inspector general. This man made the decision to storm the stone house of Benjamin Chew at the Battle of Germantown and use that home as a fort. He initially led the contingent of officers that drafted a letter complaining about war pensions, during the Newburgh Conspiracy. This man, who also founded the Society of the Cincinnati, is best known for fortifying Dorchester Heights by conducting the \"noble train of artillery,\" in which he transported a bunch of cannons from Fort Ticonderoga. For 10 points, name this fat general from Maine who Washington appointed as the first Secretary of War.", "answer": "Henry Knox", "page": "Henry_Knox", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719559", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102230, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 352], [353, 478], [479, 608], [609, 826], [827, 930]], "first_sentence": "After this man bought up huge tracts of land, he became involved in a dispute with Joseph Plumb Martin over the right to farm that property, and reportedly bankrupted Martin.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One man who took part in this event related its narrative to Mayhew Folger, including the story of a bible that had been given to him by Ned Young. A book about the \"cause and consequences\" of this event written by John Barrow includes a copy of the journal by James Morrison. Another account of this event was first written by a man named Gabriel Marcel, at the National Library of France, but that narrative was bought for 300 francs by another man who published the story with his novel The Begum's Fortune. A more popular account of this event from the perspective of Roger Byam, a personification of Peter Heywood, was written by the team of Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. That account is the first in a trilogy, followed by the books Men Against the Sea and Pitcairn's Island. For 10 points, name this event which allegedly saw Fletcher Christian lead a revolt against his tyrannical captain.", "answer": "the Mutiny on the Bounty [or obvious equivalents that imply an uprising against Captain Bligh on the H.M.S. Bounty]", "page": "Indian_Rebellion_of_1857", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102231, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 276], [277, 510], [511, 686], [687, 791], [792, 907]], "first_sentence": "One man who took part in this event related its narrative to Mayhew Folger, including the story of a bible that had been given to him by Ned Young.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents that imply an uprising against Captain Bligh on the H.M.S. Bounty", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At one moment in this piece, a harp signals a glimpse of sunlight as the music reaches C major. As it builds towards a climax, indicated con gran suono, the central melody fades over a quietly beating drum while the accompanying strings play col legno tremolos. The composer's notes atop the original score described the title figure anthropomorphically as \"majestically singing.\" The central solo melody of this piece is occasionally answered by brief phrases from the cello or viola, and is joined by a muted horn after a long period of silence from the brass. Originally conceived as a prelude to the composer's opera The Building of the Boat, its main melody is played by an English horn, and it is the second part in a suite about the adventures of Lemminkainen. For 10 points, identify this tone poem by Jean Sibelius named for a bird that glides around the waters surrounding the land of the dead.", "answer": "The Swan of Tuonela [or Tuonelan Joutsen]", "page": "The_Swan_of_Tuonela", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102232, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 152], [153, 261], [262, 380], [381, 562], [563, 620], [621, 767], [768, 904]], "first_sentence": "At one moment in this piece, a harp signals a glimpse of sunlight as the music reaches C major.", "answer_prompt": "or Tuonelan Joutsen", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one of these works the speaker compares himself to a \"hydropic drunkard\" and a \"night scouting thief\" in lamenting his suffering. In another, the speaker invokes treasonous pilgrims to describe his \"black soul.\" A poem in this collection asks the addressee to \"pour new seas in mine eyes, that so I might / Drown my world with my weeping earnestly.\" The eleventh of them imagines the narrator as Christ commanding his Jewish executioners to \"pierce my side,\" while number 17, which begins \"Since she whom I loved hath paid her last debt,\" has often been read as an elegy to the poet's wife, Anne Moore.A\u0302 In another of these poems, the speaker compares himself to a \"usurped town\" and asks the addressee to \"break, blow, burn and make me new\". Often titled by their first lines, poems in this collection include \"I am a little world made cunningly\" and \"Batter my heart, three person'd god.\" For 10 points, identify this collection of nineteen poems which includes \"Death, be not proud,\" by John Donne.", "answer": "Holy Sonnets [or Divine Meditations; or Divine Sonnets]", "page": "Holy_Sonnets", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102233, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 214], [215, 351], [351, 605], [606, 744], [745, 892], [893, 1003]], "first_sentence": "In one of these works the speaker compares himself to a \"hydropic drunkard\" and a \"night scouting thief\" in lamenting his suffering.", "answer_prompt": "or Divine Meditations; or Divine Sonnets", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While serving as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, this politician infamously joked \"It doesn't look too bad to me,\" leading Jerome Cavanagh to respond \"Usually the city isn't burning!\" As a result of that trip, this man wrote a report to the president on the cause of the 12th Street Riot in Detroit. Late in his career, as Special Envoy to the UN Secretary General, he negotiated a namesake plan which achieved two brief ceasefires between Franjo Tudjman and Slobodan Milosevic during the 1991 Croatian war, but was replaced by the Z-4 Plan. He was also the deputy to Averell Harriman at the 1968 Vietnam peace talks in Paris. Like Hillary Clinton, he wrote a memoir titled Hard Choices, recounting his opposition to the war-hawk policies of National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski. He resigned his highest office in reaction to Operation Eagle Claw, after which he was replaced by Edmund Muskie. For 10 points, name this man who succeeded Henry Kissinger as Secretary of State, and served in that office under Jimmy Carter.", "answer": "Cyrus Vance", "page": "Cyrus_Vance", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102234, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 314], [315, 556], [557, 641], [642, 803], [804, 917], [918, 1045]], "first_sentence": "While serving as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, this politician infamously joked \"It doesn't look too bad to me,\" leading Jerome Cavanagh to respond \"Usually the city isn't burning!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The hepatitis C protein NS3 acts as both a protease and as one of these proteins. The nuclear protein Mtr4p and the mitochondrial protein Suv3p are examples of the Ski2 family of these proteins. They're not dyneins or kinesins, but the \"rolling\" and \"inchworm\" models are proposed mechanisms for one of these proteins called PcrA. One type of these proteins contains a Q motif to control ATP binding as well as a Walker B motif containing an aspartate- glutamine-alanine-aspartate sequence. One type of these proteins is a hexamer which uses NTP hydrolysis to translocate along its substrate. Examples of these proteins include UvrD, RecQ, DEAD box proteins, and DnaB. These enzymes are loaded onto ori sites, where they break the hydrogen bonds between nucleobases, initiating replication. For 10 points, name these enzymes which generate a replication fork by unwinding double-stranded DNA.", "answer": "helicases", "page": "Helicases", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102235, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 137], [138, 194], [195, 330], [331, 490], [491, 592], [593, 662], [663, 668], [669, 790], [791, 892]], "first_sentence": "The hepatitis C protein NS3 acts as both a protease and as one of these proteins.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A son of this man fought alongside Leonteus during the Trojan War and buried Calchas in Colophon. One story claimed that this man was killed by a dog with the unoriginal name of \"Cerberus\" while attempting to gain access to Cora, the daughter of the Molossian king Aedoneus. This father of Polypoetes is mocked by Lelex for objecting to a story told by Achelous in the Metamorphoses. After driving a herd of cattle out of Marathon, he befriended their owner, and aided that man in his attempt to abduct a 13-year-old princess. This character's wedding to Hippodamia was the occasion for the brawl between the Centaurs and his people. Heracles was unable to rescue this man from the stone in the underworld where he and a companion became stuck while this man was trying to abduct Persephone. For 10 points, name this Lapith king, a longtime companion of Theseus.", "answer": "Pirithous [or Peirithous; or Perithous]", "page": "Pirithous", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571955f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102236, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 274], [275, 383], [384, 526], [527, 633], [634, 791], [792, 862]], "first_sentence": "A son of this man fought alongside Leonteus during the Trojan War and buried Calchas in Colophon.", "answer_prompt": "or Peirithous; or Perithous", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This religious leader's followers included David Darrow, who was arrested by local commissioners after being suspected of providing a flock of sheep to the \"enemy.\" As a youth, this figure participated in the \"silent meditations\" organized by James and Jane Wardley who were themselves inspired by Camisards. According to Frederick W. Evans, who wrote a leading history of the group this person is affiliated with, a \"special manifestation of divine light\" appeared to this figure at the age of 22. Originally from Manchester, several followers including James Whittaker and John Hocknell joined this self-proclaimed \"Bride of the Lamb\" in settling at Watervliet, near the city of Albany, where she founded the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing and preached communal ownership of goods and celibacy. For 10 points, identify this Shaker leader known by the epithet \"Mother.\"", "answer": "Ann Lee [or Mother Ann; prompt on just \"Ann\"]", "page": "Ann_Lee", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719560", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102237, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 308], [309, 498], [499, 822], [823, 896]], "first_sentence": "This religious leader's followers included David Darrow, who was arrested by local commissioners after being suspected of providing a flock of sheep to the \"enemy.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Mother Ann; prompt on just \"Ann\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This system added a new command called SWAPGS so that the GS base can be quickly switched with the KernelGSBase. It assigns interrupts with a value in between 1 and 15 through the use of CR8, so that tasks can be prioritized. This system also supports a mode of \"RIP-relative\" addressing so that position independent code can be written with the base pointer as a reference. Its other advantages include the fact that a task state segment is no longer needed and a \"long mode\" in which approximately 40 bits are reserved for physical addressing. Products that use it include the Jaguar, which can be found inside the PS4 and XboxOne. This instruction set architecture was first developed by AMD, who first used it in their Opteron processors, though it was later implemented by Intel in 2004 in later releases of their Pentium 4 line. For 10 points, name this architecture that offers twice as many bits as x-86.", "answer": "x-64 [or x-86-64; or AMD64; prompt on \"64-bit architecture\"; do NOT accept or prompt on \"x-86\" or \"AMD\"]", "page": "AMD64", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719561", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102238, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 225], [226, 374], [375, 545], [546, 633], [634, 834], [835, 912]], "first_sentence": "This system added a new command called SWAPGS so that the GS base can be quickly switched with the KernelGSBase.", "answer_prompt": "or x-86-64; or AMD64; prompt on \"64-bit architecture\"; do NOT accept or prompt on \"x-86\" or \"AMD\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A collection by this author that was first translated into English by Georg D. Schade includes a story in which the narrator and his sick brother's wife Natalia arrange the brother's death during a pilgrimage to a shrine at the title place. The narrator of one of this author's short stories worries that Tacha will end up a whore like her two sisters after a cow is washed away by a flood. Thirty-five years after a dispute over cattle pasturing caused the main character of one of this man's stories to kill Don Lupe Terreros, the arrival of a firing squad prompts that character to make the title plea to his son Justino. This author of \"Talpa\", \"Because We Are So Poor\" and \"Tell Them Not to Kill Me!\" wrote a novel adored by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in which ghosts describe the title character's influence on the town of Comala to his son, Juan Preciado. The collection The Burning Plain was written by, for 10 points, which Mexican author of Pedro Paramo?", "answer": "Juan Rulfo [or Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Perez Rulfo Vizcaino]", "page": "Juan_Rulfo", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719562", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102239, "tokenizations": [[0, 240], [241, 390], [391, 624], [625, 858], [859, 873], [874, 960]], "first_sentence": "A collection by this author that was first translated into English by Georg D. Schade includes a story in which the narrator and his sick brother's wife Natalia arrange the brother's death during a pilgrimage to a shrine at the title place.", "answer_prompt": "or Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Perez Rulfo Vizcaino", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one painting, this artist depicted numerous Catholics with bloody backs and pointed hats who are whipping themselves while men in black hoods control the crowd. An interior night scene by this artist depicts four dunce-capped men at an auto- da-fe. Both of those paintings, The Procession of the Flagellants and The Inquisition Scene, are part of this artist's program that illustrates religious mass hysteria while attacking the reign of the \"Felon King.\" One painting by this artist, which is named for the feminine aspect of a demon, depicts two levitating men pointing at a plateau as soldiers on the bottom right aim their rifles at them. Another painting by this artist of Asmodea features his mistress Leocadia Weiss as the title Seductress. He made those paintings while at the Quinta del Sordo;where he also made a painting showing Saturn devouring his son. For 10 points, name this artist who created the so-called \"Black Paintings.\"", "answer": "Francisco Goya", "page": "Francisco_Goya", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719563", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102240, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 251], [252, 459], [460, 646], [647, 751], [752, 799], [800, 811], [812, 869], [870, 946]], "first_sentence": "In one painting, this artist depicted numerous Catholics with bloody backs and pointed hats who are whipping themselves while men in black hoods control the crowd.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Three years before this event, a journalist using the pen name Harry Alis was killed after being accused of accepting Belgian bribes, preventing his plans from being released to the Prince of Arenberg. The run-up to this incident saw one party abrogate the Mackinnon Treaty, which would have surrendered territory as far north as the Lado Enclave. That led Edward Grey to issue a warning in a speech given on behalf of Archibald Primrose. Prior to this incident, Major J.A.L. Macdonald was initially chosen to conduct a secret operation after news about the steamer Faidherbe and its mission reached the government of Lord Salisbury. Subsequently, the former victor at the Battle of Omdurman was tabbed to lead a flotilla of gunboats that ran into a force under Jean-Baptiste Marchand. This event eventually led to the Entente Cordiale. For 10 points, name this diplomatic incident in 1898 that saw France and Britain race each other to claim a muddy fort in Africa.", "answer": "Fashoda Incident [or Fashoda Crisis of 1898]", "page": "Fashoda_Incident", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719564", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102241, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 347], [348, 438], [439, 633], [634, 785], [786, 836], [837, 966]], "first_sentence": "Three years before this event, a journalist using the pen name Harry Alis was killed after being accused of accepting Belgian bribes, preventing his plans from being released to the Prince of Arenberg.", "answer_prompt": "or Fashoda Crisis of 1898", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher rejected the internal consistency of Plato's account of the fable of Gyges' ring in a work in which a Christian, an Epicurean and a Stoic debate what is the highest good. In his major work of language, this humanist, who authored De Vero Bono, quotes thirty pages of Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria since he has nothing new to add about the various forms of argumentation. He wrote a three-volume project that attempted to refute the grammars of Priscian, Donatus and Servius as well as the scholasticism of Aristotle titled The Reploughing of Dialectic and Philosophy. As a philologist, he authored a handbook on the Latin language titled Elegantiae linguae Latinae; interest in that language led him to author another a treatise that argued a certain Roman ruler must have hid his true nature from his relatives and friends if Pope Sylvester I was really given authority over the entirety of the Western Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this Renaissance philosopher who demonstrated that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.", "answer": "Lorenzo Valla [or Laurentius Valla]", "page": "Lorenzo_Valla", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719565", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102242, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 390], [391, 587], [588, 937], [938, 1051]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher rejected the internal consistency of Plato's account of the fable of Gyges' ring in a work in which a Christian, an Epicurean and a Stoic debate what is the highest good.", "answer_prompt": "or Laurentius Valla", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This work's narrator forgets to bring a dog with him when he visits the supposedly poisonous \"Grotto of the Dog,\" making it impossible to see whether it will kill a dog in a minute and a half. In another section, the narrator reads about St. Philip Neri's heart, which was inflamed with so much divine love that it burst his ribs. It also relates a story in which a \"relic-hunter\" caused a wart to appear on the jaw of the sphinx. In an early chapter, a fellow named Mr. Blucher believes he is ruined when he orders a dinner that appears too costly for his compatriots. The narrator of this book tells the \"Legend of the Seven Sleepers\" after arriving in Ephesus. This book incorporated a series of letters that had appeared in the Daily Alta California and documents a trip aboard the Quaker City. The success of this book led its author to follow-up with the similar A Tramp Abroad and Roughing It. For 10 points, name this satirical travelogue subtitled \"the New Pilgrims' Progress,\" in which Mark Twain poked fun at the Old World.", "answer": "The Innocents Abroad", "page": "The_Innocents_Abroad", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719566", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102243, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 330], [331, 430], [431, 569], [570, 663], [664, 798], [799, 900], [901, 1034]], "first_sentence": "This work's narrator forgets to bring a dog with him when he visits the supposedly poisonous \"Grotto of the Dog,\" making it impossible to see whether it will kill a dog in a minute and a half.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Recent excavations in this country's Bose Basin have unearthed the Acheulian axe, which repudiates the theory of the Movius Line. In 2012, the largest ever feathered dinosaur, of genus Yutyrannus, was discovered in this country. A French anthropologist working in this country argued that galactic, earth, life and consciousness were the four types of evolution, which he incorporated into his later book The Phenomenon of Man. In 1978, the elongated, fossilized skull of Dali Man was found in this country, providing some physical evidence of man in the Pleistocene. Johan Gunnar Andersson found two teeth in a cave near this country's \"Chicken Bone Hill.\" A Jesuit anthropologist working in this country named Pierre Teilhard de Chardin worked with Davidson Black to discover the fossilized remains of a Homo Erectus in the Western Hills near Zhoukoudian. For 10 points, name this country of origin of Peking Man.", "answer": "People's Republic of China", "page": "China", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719567", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102244, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 228], [229, 427], [428, 567], [568, 657], [658, 857], [858, 915]], "first_sentence": "Recent excavations in this country's Bose Basin have unearthed the Acheulian axe, which repudiates the theory of the Movius Line.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to one account, this man planted 84 mulberry trees to feed silkworms after reading a manual on the subject, and he hosted a group at his home known as \"Chiquita Francia\" because they studied French books. Known as \"El Zorro\" or the \"Fox\" for his cunning, he met his end at the \"Wells of Baja\u0301n\" after he was tricked into believing a shipment of weapons was there for him to take. His key victory over general Torcuato Trujillo at \"Monte de Las Cruces\" is now commemorated by La Marquesa National Park. After meeting at Charo, he directed his subordinate Jose\u0301 Morelos to raise troops on the southern coast. This man, captured and executed after the Battle of Calderon Bridge, gained fame after he joined the Queretaro conspiracy and allegedly shouted \"Long live Ferdinand VII!\" and \"Death to Bad Government!\" out of a window, an event called the Grito de Dolores. For 10 points, name this Catholic priest who died in 1811, an early father of Mexican independence.", "answer": "Miguel Hidalgo [or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla; or Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villasen\u0303or]", "page": "Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719568", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102245, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 388], [389, 510], [511, 614], [615, 785], [786, 871], [872, 971]], "first_sentence": "According to one account, this man planted 84 mulberry trees to feed silkworms after reading a manual on the subject, and he hosted a group at his home known as \"Chiquita Francia\" because they studied French books.", "answer_prompt": "or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla; or Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villasen\u0303or", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ligand is the main one found in a Chini cluster. Four of these ligands are found in Collman's reagent. Walter Hieber synthesized many coordination complexes containing this ligand. This is the main ligand found in the cobalt catalyst which was originally used in the oxo process for hydroformylation. Along with cyanide and nitric oxide, this ligand lies at the top of the strong-field end of the spectrochemical series. This ligand has a vibrational frequency of 2143 cm-1 in the free state, but when bound to a metal this frequency decreases to 1700-2100 cm-1 due to pi backbonding. Four of these ligands are removed from a nickel center due to heating in the Mond process. This ligand has around 200 times the affinity of oxygen when binding to hemoglobin, making this compound a potentially fatal respiratory toxin. For 10 points, name this compound that forms carbonyl ligands.", "answer": "carbon monoxide [or carbonyl ligand until it is read]", "page": "Carbon_monoxide", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719569", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102246, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 185], [186, 305], [306, 425], [426, 589], [590, 680], [681, 824], [825, 887]], "first_sentence": "This ligand is the main one found in a Chini cluster. Four of these ligands are found in Collman's reagent.", "answer_prompt": "or carbonyl ligand until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this novel stores his liquors in a \"mouth organ,\" and believes that each of his alcohols corresponds to a different musical instrument. In another section of this novel, the protagonist is inspired by reading Dickens to explore London, but is satisfied after hearing English speakers in a tavern in Dieppe. After having his tooth extracted by the dentist Gatonax, the protagonist of this novel sees that the tortoise whose shell he encrusted with jewels has perished on his carpet. This novel is probably the \"yellow book\" that Henry Wotton gives to Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde's novel. Its protagonist isolates himself in a house that he decorates with Gustave Moreau's paintings, though after fainting, he abandons his pursuit of aestheticism and returns to Parisian life. For 10 points, name this novel in which Jean des Esseintes embraces a decadent lifestyle, a novel by Joris-Karl Huysmans.", "answer": "A Rebours [or Against the Grain; or Against the Flow]", "page": "\u00c0_rebours", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102247, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 325], [326, 500], [501, 604], [605, 792], [793, 914]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this novel stores his liquors in a \"mouth organ,\" and believes that each of his alcohols corresponds to a different musical instrument.", "answer_prompt": "or Against the Grain; or Against the Flow", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The strength of this phenomenon is maximized when the composition of a material is near the morphotropic phase bound- ary. The decrease in the resonant frequency of a material exhibiting this phenomenon when a mass is added to it is calculated using the Sauerbrey equation, which is the basis behind QCM instruments. This phenomenon's longitudinal coefficient is un- usually negative in PVDF. The coefficients of this phenomenon are located in a rank-3 tensor which is found in two coupled equations which relate the D-field to the stress tensor and the E-field to the strain tensor. This phenomenon occurs in ceramics that lack inversion centers, such as barium titanate and PZT. Materials exhibiting this phenomenon are used in the tips of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes. It famously occurs in Rochelle salt and quartz. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which mechanical deformation of a crystal leads to the generation of an electric field, and vice versa.", "answer": "piezoelectricity [or electrostriction]", "page": "Piezoelectricity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102248, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 316], [317, 392], [393, 583], [584, 680], [681, 790], [791, 838], [839, 981]], "first_sentence": "The strength of this phenomenon is maximized when the composition of a material is near the morphotropic phase bound- ary.", "answer_prompt": "or electrostriction", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A likely-fictional account and defense of this man's life was written hundreds of years later by Lucas Tudensis. He composed many letters to his younger associate Braulio, who compiled a posthumous list of his works called the Renotatio. This man who is not Lucretius dedicated his text On the Nature of Things to the ruler Sisebut, a friend of his whom he praised as an enlightened king. This man's younger sister Florentina allegedly held claim over forty convents, and at her request he wrote his two books Against the Jews, while his younger brother Fulgentius served as bishop of Astigi. He gained his highest office by replacing his older brother Leander, who had been a favorite of Pope Gregory I. This man is remembered for composing a twenty-book encyclopedia, which offers to explain the origin of several words, entitled the Etymologies. For 10 points, name this Doctor of the Church, a saint who served under the Visigoths in Spain as archbishop in Seville.", "answer": "Saint Isidore of Seville [or Isidorus Hispalensis]", "page": "Saint_Isidore_of_Seville", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102249, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 237], [238, 388], [389, 592], [593, 704], [705, 848], [849, 969]], "first_sentence": "A likely-fictional account and defense of this man's life was written hundreds of years later by Lucas Tudensis.", "answer_prompt": "or Isidorus Hispalensis", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 1991 Miles Davis recording of this song appears on the same track as the song \"Dig\" on the album At La Villette. According to its composer, this song was inspired by the \"clackety-clack, clackety-clack\" noises of a horse-drawn wagon moving over cobblestones. This song, which is usually recorded in the key of concert F, opens with a head in which the ninth and tenth bars are repeated twice for a total of 16 bars in its blues form. A Simha Arom and Genvie\u0300ve Taurelle LP inspired a version of this song in which Bill Summers imitated the sound of a hindewhu by blowing into a beer bottle. This song originally appeared on the album Takin' Off, but was the subject of a popular recording by Mongo Santamaria in 1963; a later recording made by its composer added in funk elements and is found on the album Head Hunters. For 10 points, name this Herbie Hancock jazz standard named after a purveyor of a certain type of fruit.", "answer": "\"Watermelon Man\"", "page": "Watermelon_man", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102250, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 260], [261, 435], [436, 591], [592, 820], [821, 925]], "first_sentence": "A 1991 Miles Davis recording of this song appears on the same track as the song \"Dig\" on the album At La Villette.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poem describes \"lakes of liquid gold,\" \"purple fires,\" \"angels in machines,\" and \"snakes on rolling spires,\" at a location occupied by living teapots, jars, bottles and a solitary pipkin. That place in this poem is ruled by a monarch served by handmaids called \"Ill-Nature\" and \"Affection.\" A character in this poem visits that Queen to obtain a vial filled with \"fainting fears\" and \"soft sorrows,\" as well as a wondrous bag that holds the \"force of female lungs\" and the \"war of tongues.\" Later, that character finds his master weeping in Thalestris's arms. At the end of this poem, the title object shoots \"thro' liquid air\" and becomes a star; earlier, it was acquired by a noble during a game of ombre. This poem details a gnome's visit to the Cave of Spleen, and it begins \"What dire Offence from am'rous causes Springs, what mighty Contests rise from Trivial things.\" For 10 points, name this mock heroic poem in which a baron cuts Belinda's hair, by Alexander Pope.", "answer": "The Rape of the Lock", "page": "The_Rape_of_the_Lock", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102251, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 295], [296, 494], [494, 495], [496, 564], [565, 712], [713, 785], [785, 878], [878, 879], [880, 978]], "first_sentence": "This poem describes \"lakes of liquid gold,\" \"purple fires,\" \"angels in machines,\" and \"snakes on rolling spires,\" at a location occupied by living teapots, jars, bottles and a solitary pipkin.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first derivation of the potential vorticity equation under a relaxed form of this condition was performed by Jule Charney using Ertel's theorem. That potential vorticity equation under a loosened form of this condition reduces synoptic-scale flow to a non-linear PDE in terms of the stream function. That loosened condition is used because real systems tend to be baroclinic rather than barotropic and prefixes this condition with \"quasi-\". An incompressible fluid's flow under this condition forms a Taylor column and is independent of the coordinate parallel to the rotation axis according to the Taylor-Proudman theorem. This condition occurs when the ratio of horizontal flow velocity to twice the angular velocity of Earth's rotation times the horizontal scale of the flow, is much less than unity. Like hydrostatic equilibrium, it requires that there be no acceleration, and that ratio is the Rossby number. For 10 points, name this condition in which the pressure gradient force for a flow is balanced by the Coriolis effect.", "answer": "geostrophic [or word forms, such as geostrophy; or quasi-geostrophic until \"incompressible\" is read]", "page": "Geostrophic", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571956f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102252, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 303], [304, 444], [445, 627], [628, 807], [808, 917], [918, 1036]], "first_sentence": "The first derivation of the potential vorticity equation under a relaxed form of this condition was performed by Jule Charney using Ertel's theorem.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms, such as geostrophy; or quasi-geostrophic until \"incompressible\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist's version of The Annunciation features a brown-haired adolescent Mary draped in Middle Eastern cloth and a golden blotch of radiant light in place of Gabriel. A faceless man in white robes holding a lantern provides the lighting to this man's night scene, The Flight into Egypt. The businessman Rodman Wanamaker patronized this artist after he saw his Resurrection of Lazarus at the Salon of 1897; that act allowed him to make 1902's The Seine and 1919's The Arch. This artist was taught by Jean-Paul Laurens after he left the United States, where he studied under Thomas Eakins. This man depicted a father and his child praying at the table in The Thankful Poor. A young boy sits on the lap of his elder while receiving musical instruction in another painting by this man. For 10 points, name this Philadelphia born African-American artist of The Banjo Lesson.", "answer": "Henry Ossawa Tanner", "page": "Henry_Ossawa_Tanner", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719570", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102253, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 290], [291, 476], [477, 591], [592, 675], [676, 785], [786, 873]], "first_sentence": "This artist's version of The Annunciation features a brown-haired adolescent Mary draped in Middle Eastern cloth and a golden blotch of radiant light in place of Gabriel.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Mark Richardson compares the speaker of this poem to Huck Finn in an analysis that frames it as a criticism of a certain \"mode of being White\", noting that this poem \"comes fully alive\" only after one recognizes the import of a line about \"squiggling saxophones\". This poem describes figures \"smacking their muzzy bellies in parade\" as \"disaffected flagellants, well-stuffed\", and lists \"tink and tank and tunk-a-tunk-tunk\" as \"novelties of the sublime\". It tells its addressee that \"palm for palm, [...] we are where we began\" and admits that \"We agree in principle. That's clear.\" It advocates building a \"haunted heaven\" and projecting \"a masque beyond the planets\" from, respectively, a nave and a peristyle constructed from \"the moral law\" and \"the opposing law\". This poem notes that \"fictive things / Wink as they will\" and opens with the related declaration \"Poetry is the supreme fiction, madame\". For 10 points, name this Wallace Stevens poem whose title may refer to his religious mother.", "answer": "\"A High-Toned Old Christian Woman\"", "page": "A_High-Toned_Old_Christian_Woman", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719571", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102254, "tokenizations": [[0, 263], [264, 454], [455, 567], [568, 581], [581, 582], [583, 768], [769, 807], [808, 867], [867, 906], [907, 999]], "first_sentence": "Mark Richardson compares the speaker of this poem to Huck Finn in an analysis that frames it as a criticism of a certain \"mode of being White\", noting that this poem \"comes fully alive\" only after one recognizes the import of a line about \"squiggling saxophones\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This city was governed for a time by the rebel general Achaeus, until he was betrayed by a resident named Bolis, leading to his capture by Antiochus III. According to legend, a concubine of Males (MAH-lays) came forward in this city with a young lion, and Males tried to fulfill a Telmessian prophecy by having that lion walk around this city, but this city became vulnerable because the lion couldn't walk up its steepest slope. Another story says that its destruction caused a ruler to shoot an arrow in the air and yell \"Jupiter, grant me revenge upon the Athenians!\" when he learned that Athens gave ships to Aristagoras to burn this city. This city, on the banks of the Pactolus River and the slopes of Mount Tmolus, was plundered after the Battle of Thymbra. An apocryphal tale says it was visited by king Solon of Athens, who engaged in a dialogue where he declined to praise this city's ruler for his wealth. For 10 points, name this ancient capital of the Lydian empire under King Croesus.", "answer": "Sardis [or Sardes; or Sfard; or Sparda; or Sardeis; or Sart; or Sartmahmut; do not accept \"Sparta\"]", "page": "Sardis", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719572", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102255, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 429], [430, 570], [571, 643], [644, 764], [765, 916], [917, 998]], "first_sentence": "This city was governed for a time by the rebel general Achaeus, until he was betrayed by a resident named Bolis, leading to his capture by Antiochus III.", "answer_prompt": "or Sardes; or Sfard; or Sparda; or Sardeis; or Sart; or Sartmahmut; do not accept \"Sparta\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The study of this topic was partially reshaped by Louis Mink, who considered its various uses in \"Narrative Form as a Cognitive Instrument.\" A book about this subject has an epigraph from Gaston Bachelard's The Psychoanalysis of Fire stating \"One can only study what one has dreamed about.\" That book analyzes this topic using the literary modes of Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism. An essay on this topic proposes that various intellectuals approach this subject using either the antiquarian, monumental or critical methods. Hayden White wrote a \"meta-study\" of this subject, whose \"use and abuse\" is discussed in an untimely meditation by Friedrich Nietzsche. In the 19th century, Thomas Carlyle proposed the \"great man theory\" of this topic, which is imagined to proceed through the age of gods, the age of heroes and the age of men in The New Science. Giambattista Vico produced a cyclical model of, for 10 points, what study of past human events?", "answer": "history [or metahistory]", "page": "HIStory", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719573", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102256, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 289], [289, 290], [291, 386], [387, 529], [530, 665], [666, 859], [860, 955]], "first_sentence": "The study of this topic was partially reshaped by Louis Mink, who considered its various uses in \"Narrative Form as a Cognitive Instrument.\"", "answer_prompt": "or metahistory", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The protein VIVID regulates this organism's response to blue light, which is mediated in part by the WHITE COLLAR complex. In one mechanism discovered in this organism, duplicated DNA sequences are removed during a sexual cross via the accumulation of numerous G:C to A:T mutations\u0096that mechanism is repeat-induced point mutation. This organism's frq or \"frequency\" gene codes for a well-studied circadian clock protein. Its wild-type strains include Mauriceville and Oak Ridge. This organism has a haploid life cycle with 7 chromosomes, and it generates an ordered tetrad during meiosis. In a landmark experiment, X-ray-induced mutants of this organism were grown in various \"minimal\" and \"complete\" media, showing that all of the mutants that could not grow in minimal media were able to grow successfully with the addition of a single nutrient, such as biotin or thiamine. For 10 points, name this bread mold, a model organism used by George Beadle and Edward Tatum to come up with the one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis.", "answer": "Neurospora crassa [or N. crassa, prompt on \"bread molds\"]", "page": "Neurospora_crassa", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719574", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102257, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 282], [282, 330], [331, 420], [421, 478], [479, 588], [589, 875], [876, 1020]], "first_sentence": "The protein VIVID regulates this organism's response to blue light, which is mediated in part by the WHITE COLLAR complex.", "answer_prompt": "or N. crassa, prompt on \"bread molds\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "n his first appearance, this character compares the title figure to a \"cicada of the long-legged race\" that always sings the \"same old ditty\" in the grass. In one scene, he entertains Frosch and Siebel by singing a song about a king with a giant flea while drinking in Auerbach's cellar. This character gives advice to a \"proktophantasmist,\" by suggesting that he apply leeches to his fat \"rear end.\" Later, this character advises his companion that the magic image of Medusa's eyes are not that of his beloved. This character twice procures a case of jewels and leaves them behind in a certain character's cabinet so that his companion can seduce her. He first appears in the \"Prologue in Heaven,\" where he and God have a conversation about the pursuits of the title figure. After another character attempts to translate the word logos, this character offers to show that man the \"great world\" and the \"small world\" when he transforms from his poodle form into his human form. For 10 points, name this demon who tempts the scholar Faust in Goethe's drama.", "answer": "Mephistopheles [prompt on \"The Devil\"; do not accept or prompt on \"Satan\"]", "page": "Mephistopheles", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719575", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102258, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 287], [288, 400], [401, 511], [512, 652], [653, 775], [776, 977], [978, 1056]], "first_sentence": "n his first appearance, this character compares the title figure to a \"cicada of the long-legged race\" that always sings the \"same old ditty\" in the grass.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"The Devil\"; do not accept or prompt on \"Satan\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The first movement of a work written for this ensemble introduces an unusually long theme in 3/2 time that spans more than three octaves, the first of twelve themes in the work. Lawrence Foster orchestrated that work for this ensemble, which features movements marked \"Tres fougueux\" and \"Mouvement de valse bien rythme\u0301e\" and is a C major work by Georges Enescu. Both a Niels Gade work in F major and a Max Bruch work in B-flat major were written for this ensemble. Another work for this ensemble features a scherzo that was later orchestrated to replace the minuet in its composer's first symphony; that scherzo was inspired by a passage from the \"Walpurgisnacht\" section of Goethe's Faust. The finale of that work for this ensemble quotes from Handel's \"Hallelujah Chorus\" and was completed shortly before its composer's Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream. For 10 points, a young Felix Mendelssohn wrote an E-flat major work for what ensemble that is sometimes composed of two string quartets?", "answer": "tring octets [prompt on \"octets\" or \"double string quartets\"]", "page": "String_octet", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719576", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102259, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 362], [363, 465], [466, 691], [692, 861], [862, 998]], "first_sentence": "The first movement of a work written for this ensemble introduces an unusually long theme in 3/2 time that spans more than three octaves, the first of twelve themes in the work.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"octets\" or \"double string quartets\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During one episode in this incident, state officials broke into the office of Achilles Sneed to recover records that he was ordered to turn over by the legislature, after which he was fined. A compromise that appointed George Bibb to replace John Boyle eventually resolved this incident, which was sparked when governor Gabriel Slaughter enacted a measure to deal with a group called the \"Forty Thieves.\" This incident began when the state Assembly issued the \"replevy law\" stopping creditors from collecting on their debts for at least one year. After that law was successfully challenged, governor Joseph Desha of the newly-formed Debt Relief Party responded by passing a reorganization bill. The journalist Francis Blair was appointed as the clerk for one side in this controversy. That side was also supported by Solomon Sharp, which may have led to his murder by Jereboam Beauchamp, as detailed in the novel World Enough and Time. Many years later, the common law of the state was modified to remove all cases decided by one body in this incident. For 10 points, name this controversy which began in Kentucky in 1824, when two separate legal tribunals vied for supremacy.", "answer": "Old Court-New Court controversy [or New Court-Old Court controversy; prompt on \"the court controversy in Kentucky\"or the \"Panic of 1819\"]", "page": "Old_Court-New_Court_controversy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719577", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102260, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 404], [405, 546], [547, 694], [695, 784], [785, 935], [936, 1052], [1053, 1176]], "first_sentence": "During one episode in this incident, state officials broke into the office of Achilles Sneed to recover records that he was ordered to turn over by the legislature, after which he was fined.", "answer_prompt": "or New Court-Old Court controversy; prompt on \"the court controversy in Kentucky\"or the \"Panic of 1819\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "If the trajectory of a photon travelling in a material possesses this property, the photon can constructively self-interfere via coherent backscattering. For Stokes flow, a swimmer whose swimming motion possesses this property will not achieve propulsion according to the scallop theorem. The surface states of topological insulators are protected by conservation of particle number and this property. All spin-1/2 eigenstates of a Hamiltonian with it must be at least doubly-degenerate according to Kramers' theorem. Applying the antiunitary operator associated with this property to the neutron causes a change in its spin, but no change in its electric dipole moment. The incompatibility between systems whose microscopic dynamics possess it and the second law of thermodynamics is described by Loschmidt's paradox. The combination of charge conjugation and parity inversion with this symmetry is an exact symmetry of all particle interactions according to the CPT theorem. For 10 points, name this symmetry in which the temporal order of events is flipped.", "answer": "time reversal symmetry [or T-symmetry until \"CPT\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"reversibility\"]", "page": "T-symmetry", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719579", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102262, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 288], [289, 401], [402, 517], [518, 670], [671, 818], [819, 976], [977, 1060]], "first_sentence": "If the trajectory of a photon travelling in a material possesses this property, the photon can constructively self-interfere via coherent backscattering.", "answer_prompt": "or T-symmetry until \"CPT\" is read and prompt thereafter; prompt on \"reversibility\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After the success of this novel, its author wrote a number of works under the unusual pseudonym \"Brent of Bin Bin\". A character in this novel hits a man in the face with a riding whip despite having agreed to marry him, then only accepts a ring from him with the condition of a three-month probationary period. The protagonist of this novel is distressed by the dirtiness of Barney's Gap, where she serves as a governess to the M'Swat family. Its main character rejects proposals from Everard Grey, Frank Hawden, and her one true love, Harold Beecham. Followed forty-five years later by a sequel in which the title thing \"goes bung\", this novel was published with the aid of the poet Henry Lawson, and its success allowed the author to fund a prize that was first won by Patrick White. For 10 points, name this novel titled for Sybylla Melvyn's dreams of being a writer, the most famous novel by the Australian woman Miles Franklin.", "answer": "My Brilliant Career", "page": "My_Brilliant_Career", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102263, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 310], [311, 442], [443, 551], [552, 785], [786, 932]], "first_sentence": "After the success of this novel, its author wrote a number of works under the unusual pseudonym \"Brent of Bin Bin\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At one point, this book cites a left-wing journalist who asks himself \"must the just cause of a people include its deceptions and errors?\" after he realizes that his fate involves supporting the Koran and the Arab League. The author presents Nero as a typical model of the usurper, who came to hate Britannicus more as he was hurting him, and not content having taken his throne, ravished his love for Junia. This nonfiction work takes themes from its author's earlier autobiographical novel narrated by Alexandre Mordekhai Benillouche, which was entitled The Pillar of Salt. This book's republishing in 1991 added a new introduction by Nadine Gordimer alongside its original intro by Jean-Paul Sartre. In its preface, the author writes that the second half of this book reflects his own perspective as a poor Jewish boy growing up in Tunisia. For 10 points, name this nonfiction work by Albert Memmi, which uses the two title viewpoints to analyze colonialism.", "answer": "The Colonizer and the Colonized [or Portrait du colonise\u0301, pre\u0301ce\u0301de\u0301 par Portrait du colonisateur]", "page": "The_Colonizer_and_the_Colonized", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102264, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [137, 220], [220, 221], [222, 408], [409, 575], [576, 702], [703, 843], [844, 961]], "first_sentence": "At one point, this book cites a left-wing journalist who asks himself \"must the just cause of a people include its deceptions and errors?", "answer_prompt": "or Portrait du colonise\u0301, pre\u0301ce\u0301de\u0301 par Portrait du colonisateur", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As minister of education, this man sent a noted letter instructing all teachers that there must be \"no sectarian or party spirit in your school; the teacher must rise above the fleeting quarrels which agitate society\" - that letter was sent after he authored the Great Schools Law. Pejoratively referred to as \"the man of Ghent\" by his opponents, this author of History of the Origins of Representative Government in Europe ascended to his highest office on the retirement of Nicolas Soult. As foreign minister, he created controversy when he rejected Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Gotha as a suitor, and successfully demanded that the moderado candidate Francis, the Duke of Cadiz, be wed to Isabella II. That incident, called the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, was this man's quarrel with Lord Palmerston. He succeeded his friend Royer-Collard as leader of the Doctrinaires, a party that promoted the notion of the \"juste milieu.\" For 10 points, name this man who dominated the Chamber of Deputies during the July Monarchy, and was a rival of Adolphe Thiers while serving as prime minister under Louis Philippe, until he was removed in 1848.", "answer": "Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot", "page": "Fran\u00e7ois_Guizot", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102265, "tokenizations": [[0, 281], [282, 490], [491, 698], [699, 802], [803, 926], [926, 1138]], "first_sentence": "As minister of education, this man sent a noted letter instructing all teachers that there must be \"no sectarian or party spirit in your school; the teacher must rise above the fleeting quarrels which agitate society\" - that letter was sent after he authored the Great Schools Law.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artwork is discussed in a book by Harriet Senie, which discusses Claes Oldenberg's viewpoint that the one true problem with it was that it was \"too honest.\" To explain its purpose, its artist wrote in a letter that this artwork contracts, expands and ultimately changes in response to the viewers' movement. In response to questions posed by William Diamond, the artist's wife Clara Weyergraf compared the judgment of this artwork to Nazi book-burning. This piece of \"Process Art\" was made out of a self-oxidizing material, which made it more richly textured as time passed. It was commissioned by the GSA, who eventually oversaw a panel that ruled in favor of its 1989 dismantlement. This 120-foot long artwork stood in the Federal Plaza of Foley Square in New York. For 10 points, name this site-specific art installation by Richard Serra, whose name indicates that it is a piece of slightly bent metal.", "answer": "Tilted Arc", "page": "Tilted_Arc", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102266, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 312], [313, 457], [458, 579], [580, 689], [690, 772], [773, 910]], "first_sentence": "This artwork is discussed in a book by Harriet Senie, which discusses Claes Oldenberg's viewpoint that the one true problem with it was that it was \"too honest.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At this location, religious services were held on Wednesdays and Sundays in which attendees were split into three orders - all children and newlyweds were in the lowest order, and a 13-member Great Council governed affairs. The last divine leader in charge of this place, the wife of George Landmann, ordered that its members not plant any non-fruit-bearing trees, which was supervised by the \"kitchen bosses\" here. This entity purchased the town of Homestead, so that it would have access to a railway depot, as directed by that leader Barbara Heinemann. In 1931, it underwent the so-called \"Great Change\" when its elders voted to allow secularization, after its wool and flour mills went up in flames. It was founded by Christian Metz, a leader of the Community of True Inspiration, when he left the Ebenezer Colonies in New York in 1854 to find a more pastoral location for his band of German pietists. For 10 points, name this utopian community set up on the Iowa River valley, which later operated a business known for selling refrigerators.", "answer": "Amana colony [or the Ebenezer colonies until it is read]", "page": "Amana_Colony", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102267, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 223], [224, 415], [416, 555], [556, 703], [704, 905], [906, 1046]], "first_sentence": "At this location, religious services were held on Wednesdays and Sundays in which attendees were split into three orders -", "answer_prompt": "or the Ebenezer colonies until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This two-word concept titles a book which closes with the chapter \"You're Fucking Around With Us? - Not For Long!\"; that work predicts that poetic vandalism will bring about its revolution and was written by Raoul Vaneigem. Another book named for this two-word concept argues that a man standing on top of the Twin Towers is unable to understand this concept unless he becomes a flaneur and treats the city below as a text that he is both reading and writing. A tome named for this two- word concept discusses a \"sociology of the dustbin\" and criticizes capitalism for creating the vicious circle of work's boredom necessitating leisure, which is itself necessary since identities can't be established through work. In that three volume work, this concept is comprised of a triad of \"subway, work, sleep\" for suburban commuters that gives rise to a false consciousness. For 10 points, Michel de Certeau discussed \"The Practice of\" what concept, which is the subject of a massive \"Critique\" by Henri Lefebvre?", "answer": "everyday life [or vie quotidienne; or The Revolution of Everyday Life; or The Practice of Everyday Life; or The Critique of Everyday Life]", "page": "Everyday_life", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571957f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102268, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [67, 99], [100, 223], [224, 459], [460, 715], [716, 869], [870, 1008]], "first_sentence": "This two-word concept titles a book which closes with the chapter \"", "answer_prompt": "or vie quotidienne; or The Revolution of Everyday Life; or The Practice of Everyday Life; or The Critique of Everyday Life", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One parameter characterizing this phenomenon is the fragility index, which is the slope of an Angell plot. One theory describing this phenomenon states it takes place when the configurational entropy is zero, while another theory states it occurs at a precise value of the free volume. The Gibbs-DiMarzio theory describes this phenomenon. Extrapolating the entropy curve for this phenomenon paradoxically yields a zero change in entropy below a critical temperature, a result derived by Kauzmann. The temperature dependence of viscosity in this phenomenon can be measured by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation, the Doolittle equation, or the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation. In general, the temperature at which this process occurs tends to be low for an elastomer and high for a thermoplastic. It's not melting, but this process can be studied by performing either dilatometry or differential scanning calorimetry on a polymer. For 10 points, name this process in which an amorphous material reversibly transitions between a brittle and a rubbery state.", "answer": "glass transition", "page": "Glass_transition", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719580", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102269, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 285], [286, 338], [339, 496], [497, 673], [674, 793], [794, 927], [928, 1053]], "first_sentence": "One parameter characterizing this phenomenon is the fragility index, which is the slope of an Angell plot.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early in this novel, the protagonist spends a train ride counting thirty-five advertisements for \"THE OX IN THE TEA- CUP\". Another character in this novel bursts out laughing after reading the phrase \"the story of Dante and Beatrice told by Hans Andersen\" in a review of her husband's book The Invisible Lover. Joan Thursley's fiance kills himself after she falls in love with the protagonist of this novel, which also includes a scene in which the betrayal of Holtzmann results in the kidnapping of Ekki Giesebrecht. The protagonist of this novel adopts the pacifistic philosophy of James Miller, who he meets in Mexico while searching for a doctor for his injured friend Mark Staithes. Its protagonist has affairs with both Mary Amberley and her daughter Helen Ledwidge, and is soaked in blood alongside the latter when a dog falls out of an airplane and explodes next to them. For 10 points, Anthony Beavis is the protagonist of which Aldous Huxley novel that takes its name from Samson Agonistes?", "answer": "Eyeless in Gaza", "page": "Eyeless_in_gaza", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719581", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102270, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 310], [311, 517], [518, 687], [688, 879], [880, 1000]], "first_sentence": "Early in this novel, the protagonist spends a train ride counting thirty-five advertisements for \"THE OX IN THE TEA- CUP\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A play about this event, written by Tom Hawken, featured a band composed of three people who took part in it: Bobby Jackson, Ray Wainwright, and Jean Sheils, who was the daughter of a key leader in this event. The most comprehensive primary source on this event is a book by Ronald Liversedge, whose recollections describe how it was supported by Peter Mikkelson, Jimmy Gardiner, and mayor Cornelius Rink. Early on, participants in this event had a meeting at Riverside Park in Kamloops and a feast at the town of Golden. This effort was led by a man named Arthur \"Slim\" Evans, who led an organization called the Relief Camp Workers Union which used the motto \"Work and Wages.\" It culminated in his clash with a politician called the \"Iron Heel,\" R.B. Bennett, who used the Railway Act to empower himself as prime minister to order the mounted police to attack. For 10 points, name this event during the Great Depression, in which a bunch of unemployed men decided to gather in Vancouver and march on the Canadian capital.", "answer": "On-to-Ottawa Trek [or On-to-Ottawa Strike; or the Relief Camp strikes until \"Relief Camp\" is read; prompt on answers that imply \"a march to Ottawa\"]", "page": "On-to-Ottawa_Trek", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719582", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102271, "tokenizations": [[0, 209], [210, 405], [406, 521], [522, 676], [676, 861], [862, 1022]], "first_sentence": "A play about this event, written by Tom Hawken, featured a band composed of three people who took part in it: Bobby Jackson, Ray Wainwright, and Jean Sheils, who was the daughter of a key leader in this event.", "answer_prompt": "or On-to-Ottawa Strike; or the Relief Camp strikes until \"Relief Camp\" is read; prompt on answers that imply \"a march to Ottawa\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to one account, a losing commander at this battle turned to his inexperienced subordinate, the Duke of Glouces- ter, and asked \"have you ever seen a battle won?\" - upon hearing a negative reply, he snapped \"then in half an hour, you will see one lost!\" Although Roger Fenwick was slain at this battle, his pikemen continued their charge under Major John Hinton. The primary losing commander was replaced the next year by the Marquis of Caracena. After leading a victorious force of six thousand infantrymen, William Lockhart was installed as governor in the area that hosted this battle. This clash, which followed the Battle of Valenciennes, saw the future king James II personally command a losing wing of the army under Juan Jose\u0301 of Austria. In its aftermath, Philip IV of Spain was forced to agree to the Peace of the Pyrenees. For 10 points, name this victory for the Vicomte de Turenne over the Spanish in 1658, which was fought near Dunkirk and named for its hills of sand.", "answer": "Battle of the Dunes [or Battle of Dunkirk until \"Dunkirk\" is read]", "page": "Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719583", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102272, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [170, 262], [263, 371], [372, 455], [456, 597], [598, 754], [755, 841], [842, 990]], "first_sentence": "According to one account, a losing commander at this battle turned to his inexperienced subordinate, the Duke of Glouces- ter, and asked \"have you ever seen a battle won?", "answer_prompt": "or Battle of Dunkirk until \"Dunkirk\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After this man's death, his wife Elizabeth Jarvis commissioned the architect of the Mark Twain House, Edward Potter, to erect an Episcopal church as a memorial. He hired sculptor Hiram Powers to create wax figures based on the Divine Comedy. After spending his youth apprenticed as a sailor on the India-bound ship Corvo, this man used those wax figures in a traveling road show, advertising himself as a doctor from Calcutta and doing tricks with laughing gas for crowds. His brother John wrote a textbook on double-entry bookkeeping and was convicted for murdering the printer Samuel Adams over a book debt, which led to a famous trial. This man built a town featuring a building with a giant blue onion dome with gold stars on it; that town has recently been approved to be a national park in Connecticut. His major invention had an early Dragoon model and was improved by Samuel Walker, a captain who used it while serving in the Texas Rangers. For 10 points, name this American inventor who founded the Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company, which produced his .44-caliber revolver.", "answer": "Samuel Colt", "page": "Samuel_Colt", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719584", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102273, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 241], [242, 472], [473, 638], [639, 808], [809, 948], [949, 1088]], "first_sentence": "After this man's death, his wife Elizabeth Jarvis commissioned the architect of the Mark Twain House, Edward Potter, to erect an Episcopal church as a memorial.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This novel's narrator calls his penis \"Herr Rickler\" when he has sex with his wife, a museum curator who wants to open an antiques store. Its author once explained that this novel consists of \"twelve Philippics\" and that its structure was based on Arnold Schoenberg's twelve tone scale. At one point, this novel's narrator suggests founding an organization called \"The Party of the Disappointed People.\" Its protagonist recalls his teacher Magus \"Mad Meg\" Tabor in its section \"Life in a Chair\" and navigates the dissolution of his relationship with his wife Martha, who collects antique chests of drawers that he fills with dirt. This book is narrated by a Nazi apologist who is contemplating the introduction to his study Guilt and Innocence in Hitler's Germany, while creating the title structure in his basement. For 10 points, name this novel about Professor William Frederick Kohler, the masterpiece of William Gass.", "answer": "The Tunnel", "page": "THE_Tunnel", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719585", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102274, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 286], [287, 403], [404, 630], [631, 816], [817, 922]], "first_sentence": "This novel's narrator calls his penis \"Herr Rickler\" when he has sex with his wife, a museum curator who wants to open an antiques store.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the first act of this opera, a character sings a C minor recitative that ends with the lyrics \"Ew'ge Vernichtung, nimm mich auf,\" which are echoed by ethereal voices in E major. In this opera's song \"Verzeiht! Mein Volk... \" a man asks to combine a feast with a betrothal. In its third act, the huntsman Erik sings \"Willst jenes Tag's du nicht\" to try to get a woman to come back to him. This opera's narrative was inspired by an incident in the novel The Memoirs of Herr von Schnabelewopski. Its notable musical numbers include \"Summ und brumm, du gutes Ra\u0308dchen,\" in which numerous maidens sing while spinning their spinning wheels, and \"Die Frist ist um,\" in which the title character notes seven years have passed. In its final act, Daland's daughter throws herself into the ocean after promising \"to be true until death\" to the title character. For 10 points, name this Romantic opera about Senta and a sailor doomed to eternally wander the seas, composed by Richard Wagner.", "answer": "The Flying Dutchman [or Der fliegende Holla\u0308nder]", "page": "The_Flying_Dutchman_(opera)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719586", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102275, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 212], [213, 225], [226, 275], [276, 331], [332, 347], [348, 390], [391, 495], [496, 720], [721, 851], [852, 981]], "first_sentence": "In the first act of this opera, a character sings a C minor recitative that ends with the lyrics \"Ew'ge Vernichtung, nimm mich auf,\" which are echoed by ethereal voices in E major.", "answer_prompt": "or Der fliegende Holla\u0308nder", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A tradition claims that this ruler beat his rival in an archery contest and embarrassed him by whipping his horses into festival tents. This ruler exiled that rival of his to Kyushu after claiming he used black magic to attack the ex-emperor Kazan. In order to celebrate his daughter's accession to empress, he wrote a poem which declares \"like the full moon I shine uncovered by any cloud.\" This man's building of the Hojoji temple is described in the account of his reign, the Eigo Monogatari, or \"Tale of Flowering Fortunes.\" His rule is also the focus of the historical tale Okagami, or the Great Mirror. This man, who rose to the throne over his nephew Korechika, had his daughter, the Empress Shoshi, sent to live at Ichijo's harem. That daughter of this emperor was tutored by Murasaki Shikibu. For 10 points, name this man who ruled at the apex of the Heian era, the greatest ruler of the Fujiwara clan.", "answer": "Michinaga no Fujiwara", "page": "Fujiwara_no_Michinaga", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719587", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102276, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 248], [249, 391], [392, 528], [529, 608], [609, 738], [739, 801], [802, 911]], "first_sentence": "A tradition claims that this ruler beat his rival in an archery contest and embarrassed him by whipping his horses into festival tents.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In dimensions greater than two, solutions to this system cannot have isolated singularities or zeroes by Hartogs phenomenon. This system is the simplest example of an auto-Backlund transformation. Exponential integrals of functions that satisfy this system have paths of steepest descent stemming out from saddle points such that the phase remains constant. In fluid mechanics, The stream function and the velocity potential together combine to form a new potential that satisfies this system in potential flow. The fact that values of the derivative must be the same regardless of the direction of the limit gives rise to this system of equations. The real and imaginary parts of functions that satisfy these PDEs also satisfy Laplace's equation separately. For 10 points, name this system of equations which gives the conditions for a function to be complex differentiable and thus analytic.", "answer": "Cauchy-Riemann equations", "page": "Cauchy-Riemann_equations", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719588", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102277, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 196], [197, 357], [358, 511], [512, 648], [649, 758], [759, 893]], "first_sentence": "In dimensions greater than two, solutions to this system cannot have isolated singularities or zeroes by Hartogs phenomenon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's idleness was lamented in another author's Session of the Poets, which noted that this man had completed only two plays. In 2007, Tom Hardy starred in the National Theatre's revival of a play by this man that contains a subplot in which Emilia captures the affections of both Young and Old Bellair. Pepys's diary records that the crowd was so large that more than a thousand people were turned away from the 1668 debut of this man's second play, She Would if She Could. His third and final play, completed in 1676, concerns a libertine balancing the love interests Harriet, Bellinda, and Mrs. Loveit. This man's friend, John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester, was the likely inspiration for the rakish protagonist, Dorimant, in this man's major play. This playwright pioneered the 17th-century \"comedy of manners\" with a dramatic work subtitled for the character of Sir Fopling Flutter. For 10 points, name this Restoration comedian who wrote The Man of Mode.", "answer": "Sir George Etherege", "page": "Sir_George_Etherege", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b9154095719589", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102278, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 308], [309, 454], [454, 479], [480, 610], [611, 756], [757, 892], [893, 965]], "first_sentence": "This man's idleness was lamented in another author's Session of the Poets, which noted that this man had completed only two plays.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A version of this procedure named for Tim Bartik multiplies ex-ante geographically disaggregated sectoral employment shares with aggregate sectoral employment changes to estimate labor demand shifts by geography over time. An attempt to use this technique failed because cities don't actually hire more police officers during election years. Since children born on different dates in the year are required to attend school for different lengths of time, another example of this technique used calendar date of birth to avoid selection bias in estimating the return to schooling. A prominent critique of this procedure is that it favors \"cute,\" counter-intuitive results over addressing important questions that must be answered rigorously. For 10 points, name this identification strategy that pins down causality by using an exogenous covariate of a regressor to estimate the relationship between it and the outcome of interest.", "answer": "instrumental variables [or IVs]", "page": "Instrumental_variables_estimation", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571958a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102279, "tokenizations": [[0, 222], [223, 341], [342, 578], [579, 739], [740, 929]], "first_sentence": "A version of this procedure named for Tim Bartik multiplies ex-ante geographically disaggregated sectoral employment shares with aggregate sectoral employment changes to estimate labor demand shifts by geography over time.", "answer_prompt": "or IVs", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An extreme faction of this group, including men such as David Hackston and Donald Cargill, published a pamphlet called the Informatory Vindication. Their numbers included the teenager Margaret Wilson, who became one of the \"Wigtown Martyrs\" after she and an elderly woman also named Margaret were put to death by drowning. A faction of this movement known as the \"Society Men\" issued the Sanquhar Declaration, under the leadership of Richard Cameron and later James Renwick. Robert Woodrow coined the term for a period of suffering undergone by members of this group who refused to take the Oath of Abjuration, or were accused of participating in the rebellion at Bothwell Bridge. That period of their suffering is called the \"killing time.\" Another leader of this movement, Alexander Henderson, wrote a document which allied this group with Parliament during the English Civil War. For 10 points, name this group of Scottish Presbyterians who agreed to form a \"Solemn League\" in 1643, and were named for the pact in which they pledged to uphold their religion.", "answer": "Covenanters [prompt on \"Scottish Presbyterians\"]", "page": "Covenanters", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571958b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102280, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 322], [323, 474], [475, 680], [681, 741], [742, 882], [883, 1061]], "first_sentence": "An extreme faction of this group, including men such as David Hackston and Donald Cargill, published a pamphlet called the Informatory Vindication.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Scottish Presbyterians\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An artist with this surname made parchment books of leadpoint drawings that includes his version of the Flagellation, which takes place underneath a pair of loggia. That man's son painted the now lost frescoes in the Topkapi Harem and fled from Constantinople after his patron, Mehmed II, beheaded a slave to show him that his depiction of John the Baptist's severed head was not realistic. A different artist with this surname painted a sacra conversazione which features Job with a pink loincloth and St. Louis of Toulouse. That artist with this surname painted the San Giobbe Altarpiece and included some stone steps that function as a bridge over a river in his version of Agony in the Garden. Andrea Mantegna was the brother-in-law of that artist, who depicted a man with outstretched hands in front of a cave in St. Francis in Ecstasy. For 10 points, what is this surname shared by Gentile, the official portraitist of the doges of Venice, and his brother Giovanni, who never finished The Feast of the Gods?", "answer": "Bellini [or Jacopo Bellini; or Gentile Bellini; or Giovanni Bellini]", "page": "Giovanni_Bellini", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571958c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102281, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 390], [391, 525], [526, 697], [698, 841], [842, 1013]], "first_sentence": "An artist with this surname made parchment books of leadpoint drawings that includes his version of the Flagellation, which takes place underneath a pair of loggia.", "answer_prompt": "or Jacopo Bellini; or Gentile Bellini; or Giovanni Bellini", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Lithium iodide is used in the Celanese AO Plus process to drive down the rate of this reaction. In a different process, this side reaction is mitigated by the addition of a ruthenium tri-carbonyl tri-iodide promoter. The metallic copper catalyst for one step of this reaction is very vulnerable to sintering and poisoning from sulfur and halides\u0096these problems are partially mitigated by the addition of aluminum and zinc oxides. This is the main side reaction in both the Cativa and Monsanto processes. During one of the steps to this reaction, the hematite catalyst is reduced to magnetite while chromium oxide acts as a stabilizer. This reaction is usually performed in two reactors in series referred to as the \"high temperature\" and \"low temperature\" reactors. This reaction is typically performed after steam reforming of methane, where it converts the remaining syngas to hydrogen for use in methanol or ammonia synthesis. For 10 points, name this reaction which converts the namesake mixture of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen.", "answer": "water-gas shift reaction [or WGS reaction]", "page": "Water-gas_shift_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85470b915409571958d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102282, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 216], [217, 429], [430, 503], [504, 634], [635, 765], [766, 929], [930, 1060]], "first_sentence": "Lithium iodide is used in the Celanese AO Plus process to drive down the rate of this reaction.", "answer_prompt": "or WGS reaction", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For a short time, this figure resided at the home of doctor William Willcocks Sleigh, who published an account of the six days she spent in Philadelphia. Originally, she was a mistress of William Hoyte, the head of the Benevolent Association, and traveled with him to New York, but abandoned him to be the companion of J.J. Slocum, whom she later joined in filing a lawsuit against both Hoyte and George Bourne. The American Protestant Vindicator first detailed this woman's story, which was published one year after Rebecca Reed released a similar tale. She spent \"five years as a novice and two years as a black nun\" at the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal, where she claimed to see a graveyard of dead babies. Her life was the basis for the most widely-read contemporary book in America prior to Uncle Tom's Cabin, due to thirst for anti-Catholic literature. For 10 points, name this nun, the subject of a sensational 1836 book about her \"Awful Disclosures.\"", "answer": "Maria Monk", "page": "Maria_Monk", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571958e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102283, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 411], [412, 554], [555, 710], [711, 859], [860, 959]], "first_sentence": "For a short time, this figure resided at the home of doctor William Willcocks Sleigh, who published an account of the six days she spent in Philadelphia.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This enzyme is inhibited by the compounds KH7 and NKY80. The gene cyaA in Bordetella pertussis codes for a toxin which is cleaved into hemolysin and a calmodulin-dependent form of this enzyme. The only soluble isoform of this enzyme is regulated by bicarbonate and is highly expressed in sperm cells. This enzyme can be inhibited by P-site inhibitors and activated by forskolin. The mammalian form of this enzyme consists of two transmembrane domains called M1 and M2 and two catalytic domains called C1 and C2 which are activated by a G-s-alpha subunit of a stimulatory G protein. The compound produced by this enzyme is used to activate catabolite activator protein in the lac operon; that compound was discovered by Earl Sutherland and also activates protein kinase A. For 10 points, name this enzyme important in signal transduction which produces a pyrophosphate as it converts ATP to cyclic AMP.", "answer": "adenylyl cyclase [or adenylate cyclase; or AC]", "page": "Adenylyl_cyclase", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571958f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102284, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 300], [301, 378], [379, 581], [582, 771], [772, 901]], "first_sentence": "This enzyme is inhibited by the compounds KH7 and NKY80. The gene cyaA in Bordetella pertussis codes for a toxin which is cleaved into hemolysin and a calmodulin-dependent form of this enzyme.", "answer_prompt": "or adenylate cyclase; or AC", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this novel believes that for someone in his profession approaching age 50, \"there are only two alternatives: gutter or palace\". A character in this novel who was attacked by the protagonist after calling him a \"defeatist\" later caused the death of a young boy by making him carry a loaded bazooka. Another character in this novel sent her daughter Henrietta to her death on anti-aircraft patrol and now runs a committee for the \"reconciliation of racial differences\", despite her earlier inveighing against \"Jewish Yankees\". Hypocrites like Prelate Sommerfeld and Herbert Kalick are condemned in this novel, which ends with the protagonist playing the song \"Poor Pope John\" on the steps of a train station. Its protagonist hangs out in Bonn making a lot of telephone calls to his Catholic family and moping about his lost love Marie, who has abandoned him for Zu\u0308pfner. Hans Schnier is the title entertainer of, for 10 points, which novel by Heinrich Bo\u0308ll?", "answer": "The Clown [or Ansichten eines Clowns; or The Opinions of a Clown]", "page": "Ansichten_eines_Clowns", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719590", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102285, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 316], [317, 543], [544, 725], [726, 887], [888, 974]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this novel believes that for someone in his profession approaching age 50, \"there are only two alternatives: gutter or palace\".", "answer_prompt": "or Ansichten eines Clowns; or The Opinions of a Clown", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the midst of this incident, Michael Ryan presented a set of resolutions to Charles Vernou, demanding a response to the rape of two women. William Calhoun tried to prevent this incident by delivering a letter to the governor requesting reinforcements, but he was captured on the water by Paul Hooe and James Hadnot, who was later killed by friendly fire in this incident. This conflict began when Daniel Shaw and Robert Register took oaths of office as sheriff and judge. That led the opposing sheriff Christopher Columbus Nash to march on the local courthouse on Easter Sunday, prompting Governor William Kellogg to call in the militia. Several men arrested as a result of this incident were released because United States v. Cruikshank found that the Enforcement Act was unconstitutional. Perpetrated by groups like the Knights of the White Camellia, For 10 points, name this 1873 massacre of black freedmen at a small town in Louisiana, which had been named for the first vice president under Ulysses Grant.", "answer": "Colfax massacre or riot [or the Battle of Colfax Courthouse; or obvious equivalents]", "page": "Colfax_massacre", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719591", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102286, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 373], [374, 473], [474, 639], [640, 792], [793, 1012]], "first_sentence": "In the midst of this incident, Michael Ryan presented a set of resolutions to Charles Vernou, demanding a response to the rape of two women.", "answer_prompt": "or the Battle of Colfax Courthouse; or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Arthur Nikisch premiered the second movement of this musical work as Blumenstu\u0308ck. Its penultimate movement, in F major, is marked \"cheerful in tempo and cheeky in expression\", and its final movement ends with thundering kettledrums to be played gesa\u0308ttigt, or \"with rich, noble tone\". This symphony's first movement features a solo tenor trombone theme that is followed by a rhythm played by offstage snare drums and a recurrence of its opening passage, in which a group of horns play a theme adapted from the finale of Brahms's First Symphony. An offstage flugelhorn interrupts the reprise of the scherzo in the third movement of this symphony. Its fourth movement includes an alto soloist singing \"O man! Take heed!\", a quote from Friedrich Nietzsche's \"Midnight Song\". \"What the Flowers Tell Me\", \"What the Angels Tell Me\", and a 30-minute depiction of the \"awakening of Pan\" are among the six movements of this symphony. For 10 points, name this longest symphony of Gustav Mahler.", "answer": "Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 [or obvious equivalents, such as Mahler's Third Symphony; prompt on partial answer until \"Mahler\" is read, after which 3 or Third or equivalents is acceptable alone]", "page": "Th\u00edr", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719592", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102287, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 283], [284, 543], [544, 644], [645, 705], [706, 770], [771, 772], [772, 923], [924, 983]], "first_sentence": "Arthur Nikisch premiered the second movement of this musical work as Blumenst\u00fcck.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents, such as Mahler's Third Symphony; prompt on partial answer until \"Mahler\" is read, after which 3 or Third or equivalents is acceptable alone", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Andre de la Vigne wrote four poems in imitation of this book after reading the translation of it by Octavien de Saint-Gelais. In one part of this book, the speaker attributes his beauty and wit to his mother's vision of giving birth to a \"great flaming torch.\" In another portion, a youth in this work inscribes the phrase \"I swear by Artemis that I will marry\" on an apple and tosses it by Cydippe's feet. One of this collection's speakers reminds the boatsman Phaon about the kisses that he once praised. The twelfth entry in this volume is addressed to a warrior who is warned by his wife not to be the first to disembark from his ship. Entries in this collection include one in which Laodamia addresses Protesilaus, and the first one, in which Penelope addresses the long absent Ulysses. For 10 points, name this collection of verse epistles written mostly from the perspective of troubled mythological women, a work of Ovid.", "answer": "the Heroides [or The Heroines; or The Letters of Heroines; or Epsitulae Herodium]", "page": "Heroides", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719593", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102288, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 259], [259, 260], [261, 406], [407, 506], [507, 639], [640, 791], [792, 929]], "first_sentence": "Andre de la Vigne wrote four poems in imitation of this book after reading the translation of it by Octavien de Saint-Gelais.", "answer_prompt": "or The Heroines; or The Letters of Heroines; or Epsitulae Herodium", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Tunable examples of a type of these devices include the Berek compensator and the Soleil-Babinet compensator. Spatial hole burning in continuous wave lasers can be avoided by placing two of these devices on either side of the gain medium, a process called a \"twisted-mode technique.\" An alternative to one type of these devices is the Fresnel rhomb. The amount of retardation is a multiple of two pi larger in a \"multiple-order\" one of these devices than in a \"zero-order\" one of these devices. In one type of these devices, the waves propagating parallel to the \"fast axis\" acquire a phase shift of pi over 2 with respect to waves propagating parallel to the \"slow axis,\" because the index of refraction is split into \"ordinary\" and \"extraordinary\" components. A birefringent crystal which converts linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light is an example of, for 10 points, what type of optical device which comes in \"half\" and \"quarter\" types?", "answer": "waveplates [or quarter-wave plates; or half-wave plates; or phase retarders or retardation plates until \"retardation\" is read; prompt on \"polarizers\" until \"polarized\" is read; prompt on \"birefringent crystals\" until it is read]", "page": "Quarter-Wave_Plates", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719594", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102289, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 283], [284, 349], [350, 494], [495, 761], [762, 958]], "first_sentence": "Tunable examples of a type of these devices include the Berek compensator and the Soleil-Babinet compensator.", "answer_prompt": "or quarter-wave plates; or half-wave plates; or phase retarders or retardation plates until \"retardation\" is read; prompt on \"polarizers\" until \"polarized\" is read; prompt on \"birefringent crystals\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A love goddess descends from heaven and tries to charm this figure, but an oceanic wave tells her that her attempts are in vain because this figure is both deaf and blind. This being was created to accomplish a goal that the dragon Hedamu failed to complete. A god is brought to tears after seeing this figure from the top of Mount Hazzi. Astabi leads seventy gods against this threat, but they are unable to stop this figure since it had grown into the realm of the heavenly gods from the underworld, where it perched on Upelluri. This menace was finally stopped when a copper saw was used to cut off its legs by the god Ea. Kumarbi created this creature by impregnating a cliff face as part of his plan to overthrow Teshub. For 10 points, name this genderless giant made out of green quartz, who titles one of the best preserved narratives of Hurrian mythology.", "answer": "Ullikummi", "page": "Ullikummi", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719595", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102290, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 258], [259, 338], [339, 531], [532, 625], [626, 725], [726, 863]], "first_sentence": "A love goddess descends from heaven and tries to charm this figure, but an oceanic wave tells her that her attempts are in vain because this figure is both deaf and blind.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While living in this city, John Bellingham was imprisoned after Lloyd's of London accused him of sabotage, an incident that later caused Bellingham to assassinate Spencer Perceval. A military campaign known by the name of this city was led partly by George Evans Stewart, who was saved by the cruiser USS Des Moines, after his army fought at the Battle of Toulgas, and on the Pinega Front. That campaign aimed at this city was commanded overall by General Edmund \"Tiny\" Ironside. A settlement on the Peril Strait at the modern town of Sitka became known as the \"New\" version of this city in 1804 after it was built following a battle on the Indian River with Tlingit tribes. This city, the target of the Polar Bear Expedition during World War One, was the capital of the American colonies held by the Russian-American Company. During Operation Barbarossa, the \"A-A Line\" was named because it went from Astrakhan to this port city, which is located on Dvina Bay. For 10 points, name this major port on the White Sea, the namesake of a Russian Oblast across from Murmansk.", "answer": "Archangel [or Arkhangelsk]", "page": "Archangel", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719596", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102291, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 389], [390, 479], [480, 674], [675, 826], [827, 961], [962, 1070]], "first_sentence": "While living in this city, John Bellingham was imprisoned after Lloyd's of London accused him of sabotage, an incident that later caused Bellingham to assassinate Spencer Perceval.", "answer_prompt": "or Arkhangelsk", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This function names a plasma instability which has a \"slab\" type caused by the coupling between ion acoustic waves and drift waves. This function also names a component of the drift velocity for a charged particle in an inhomogenous magnetic field. The fluid velocity dotted with this function of the fluid velocity gives the convective acceleration. Performing a gauge transformation of the vector potential is done by adding this function of the gauge function to the vector potential. Under certain conditions, a function F can be expressed as the sum of this function applied to some scalar, V, plus this function crossed with some vector, A, according to Helmholtz's theorem. Applying this operation to the velocity potential gives the fluid velocity, and minus this operation applied to the electric potential gives the electric field. For 10 points, name this operation from vector calculus which generalizes the derivative to multiple dimensions, and is symbolized del.", "answer": "gradient [or slab ion temperature gradient instability; or grad-B drift; or del until it is read]", "page": "Gradient", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719598", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102293, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 248], [249, 350], [351, 487], [488, 680], [681, 841], [842, 977]], "first_sentence": "This function names a plasma instability which has a \"slab\" type caused by the coupling between ion acoustic waves and drift waves.", "answer_prompt": "or slab ion temperature gradient instability; or grad-B drift; or del until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The terpene ascaridole unusually possesses this functional group in a bridging position, while three bridges containing this functional group link two tertiary amines in HMTD. The smallest compound with this functional group is produced in the anthraquinone process. A Hock rearrangement of this functional group attached to cumene is used to produce phenol and acetone in the cumene process. These compounds are used to oxidize sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones, and they are produced in autoxidation reactions. Oxidation of ketones to esters via the Baeyer-Villiger reaction and non-stereospecific epoxidation of alkenes are typically catalyzed with a compound containing a hybrid of this functional group and a carboxylic acid. mCPBA contains this functional group, which is characterized by an oxygen-oxygen single bond. For 10 points, name this functional group found in the common disinfectant H2O2.", "answer": "peroxides [or hydroperoxides; or peroxyacids; or peroxycarboxylic acids; or hydrogen peroxide]", "page": "Peroxide", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b9154095719599", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102294, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 266], [267, 392], [393, 513], [514, 731], [732, 825], [826, 906]], "first_sentence": "The terpene ascaridole unusually possesses this functional group in a bridging position, while three bridges containing this functional group link two tertiary amines in HMTD.", "answer_prompt": "or hydroperoxides; or peroxyacids; or peroxycarboxylic acids; or hydrogen peroxide", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The terpene ascaridole unusually possesses this functional group in a bridging position, while three bridges containing this functional group link two tertiary amines in HMTD. The smallest compound with this functional group is produced in the anthraquinone process. A Hock rearrangement of this functional group attached to cumene is used to produce phenol and acetone in the cumene process. These compounds are used to oxidize sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones, and they are produced in autoxidation reactions. Oxidation of ketones to esters via the Baeyer-Villiger reaction and non-stereospecific epoxidation of alkenes are typically catalyzed with a compound containing a hybrid of this functional group and a carboxylic acid. mCPBA contains this functional group, which is characterized by an oxygen-oxygen single bond. For 10 points, name this functional group found in the common disinfectant H2O2.", "answer": "peroxides [or hydroperoxides; or peroxyacids; or peroxycarboxylic acids; or hydrogen peroxide]", "page": "Peroxide", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102295, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 266], [267, 392], [393, 513], [514, 731], [732, 825], [826, 906]], "first_sentence": "The terpene ascaridole unusually possesses this functional group in a bridging position, while three bridges containing this functional group link two tertiary amines in HMTD.", "answer_prompt": "or hydroperoxides; or peroxyacids; or peroxycarboxylic acids; or hydrogen peroxide", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A predecessor to this empire was ruled by the chieftain Heraios, who minted notable coins showing his deliberately deformed head. This state did not rule Sri Lanka, but it did convene a Fourth Buddhist Council that produced the Maha-vibhasha in Kashmir. This empire administered regional power at Mathura and Bagram, and its founder used coinage to link himself to Hermaeus. The Rabatak Inscription describes the greatest king of this polity, a grandson of Kujula Kadphises who built a great stupa in his capital at Peshawar to champion Buddhism. This branch of the Yuezhi was ruled by Kanishka the Great, but after Kidara's revolt, this empire was dissected by the Hephthalites, Guptas, and Sassanids. For 10 points, name this empire in power from the 1st to the 4th century CE, based around the Amu Darya in modern-day Afghanistan.", "answer": "Kushan Empire [or Kushana]", "page": "Kushan_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102296, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 253], [254, 374], [375, 546], [547, 702], [703, 833]], "first_sentence": "A predecessor to this empire was ruled by the chieftain Heraios, who minted notable coins showing his deliberately deformed head.", "answer_prompt": "or Kushana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A predecessor to this empire was ruled by the chieftain Heraios, who minted notable coins showing his deliberately deformed head. This state did not rule Sri Lanka, but it did convene a Fourth Buddhist Council that produced the Maha-vibhasha in Kashmir. This empire administered regional power at Mathura and Bagram, and its founder used coinage to link himself to Hermaeus. The Rabatak Inscription describes the greatest king of this polity, a grandson of Kujula Kadphises who built a great stupa in his capital at Peshawar to champion Buddhism. This branch of the Yuezhi was ruled by Kanishka the Great, but after Kidara's revolt, this empire was dissected by the Hephthalites, Guptas, and Sassanids. For 10 points, name this empire in power from the 1st to the 4th century CE, based around the Amu Darya in modern-day Afghanistan.", "answer": "Kushan Empire [or Kushana]", "page": "Kushan_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102297, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 253], [254, 374], [375, 546], [547, 702], [703, 833]], "first_sentence": "A predecessor to this empire was ruled by the chieftain Heraios, who minted notable coins showing his deliberately deformed head.", "answer_prompt": "or Kushana", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one letter, this essayist noted that he had little musical training, besides having heard a bit of Beethoven and Weber, but nonetheless glowingly reviewed the title composer's work. This writer attacked the \"empty words... we often hear fall\" when people dismissed decadent literature in some \"New Notes\" on a certain author. Another of this writer's essays opens by mocking tourists who walk quickly to the Louvre and \"come to a rapturous halt\" before a \"Titian or a Raphael\", and praises the work of \"Monsieur G,\" a Crimean War correspondent named Constantin Guys. This author of \"Richard Wagner and Tannhauser in Paris\" produced early French translations of Poe and wrote an essay called \"The Painter of Modern Life\" that includes a description of a \"passionate spectator\" for whom \"the crowd is his element\", the fla\u0302neur. For 10 points, name this French author who included the section Spleen and Ideal in his poetry collection Les Fleurs du mal.", "answer": "Charles Baudelaire [or Charles Pierre Baudelaire]", "page": "Charles_Baudelaire", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102298, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 225], [226, 328], [329, 569], [570, 828], [829, 953]], "first_sentence": "In one letter, this essayist noted that he had little musical training, besides having heard a bit of Beethoven and Weber, but nonetheless glowingly reviewed the title composer's work.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles Pierre Baudelaire", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one letter, this essayist noted that he had little musical training, besides having heard a bit of Beethoven and Weber, but nonetheless glowingly reviewed the title composer's work. This writer attacked the \"empty words... we often hear fall\" when people dismissed decadent literature in some \"New Notes\" on a certain author. Another of this writer's essays opens by mocking tourists who walk quickly to the Louvre and \"come to a rapturous halt\" before a \"Titian or a Raphael\", and praises the work of \"Monsieur G,\" a Crimean War correspondent named Constantin Guys. This author of \"Richard Wagner and Tannhauser in Paris\" produced early French translations of Poe and wrote an essay called \"The Painter of Modern Life\" that includes a description of a \"passionate spectator\" for whom \"the crowd is his element\", the fla\u0302neur. For 10 points, name this French author who included the section Spleen and Ideal in his poetry collection Les Fleurs du mal.", "answer": "Charles Baudelaire [or Charles Pierre Baudelaire]", "page": "Charles_Baudelaire", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102299, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 225], [226, 328], [329, 569], [570, 828], [829, 953]], "first_sentence": "In one letter, this essayist noted that he had little musical training, besides having heard a bit of Beethoven and Weber, but nonetheless glowingly reviewed the title composer's work.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles Pierre Baudelaire", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A composer from this century names a cadence in which the leading tone goes down to the submediant before resolving up to the tonic. Francesco Landini did all of his composing in this century, in which Marchetto of Padua invented a form of mensural notation that is an Italian alternative to the previous century's invention of Franconian notation. Writing a note in red reduces its rhythmic value by a third in a style from this century, whose practitioners include Johannes Ciconia and a man who wrote a chanson shaped liked a heart, Baude Cordier. The Ars subtilior movement arose in this century, as did a movement that produced vocal works composed of a melodic scheme called the \"color\" and a rhythmic scheme called the \"talea\", and had a name coined by Johannes de Muris. For 10 points, name this century during which isorhythmic motets were written by Ars nova composers such as Philippe de Vitry, whose music was admired by his contemporary, Petrarch.", "answer": "1300s AD [or 14th century AD; or Trecento]", "page": "1300", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b915409571959f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102300, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 348], [349, 550], [551, 778], [779, 960]], "first_sentence": "A composer from this century names a cadence in which the leading tone goes down to the submediant before resolving up to the tonic.", "answer_prompt": "or 14th century AD; or Trecento", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A composer from this century names a cadence in which the leading tone goes down to the submediant before resolving up to the tonic. Francesco Landini did all of his composing in this century, in which Marchetto of Padua invented a form of mensural notation that is an Italian alternative to the previous century's invention of Franconian notation. Writing a note in red reduces its rhythmic value by a third in a style from this century, whose practitioners include Johannes Ciconia and a man who wrote a chanson shaped liked a heart, Baude Cordier. The Ars subtilior movement arose in this century, as did a movement that produced vocal works composed of a melodic scheme called the \"color\" and a rhythmic scheme called the \"talea\", and had a name coined by Johannes de Muris. For 10 points, name this century during which isorhythmic motets were written by Ars nova composers such as Philippe de Vitry, whose music was admired by his contemporary, Petrarch.", "answer": "1300s AD [or 14th century AD; or Trecento]", "page": "1300", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102301, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 348], [349, 550], [551, 778], [779, 960]], "first_sentence": "A composer from this century names a cadence in which the leading tone goes down to the submediant before resolving up to the tonic.", "answer_prompt": "or 14th century AD; or Trecento", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Cao Dai, the first of the three jewels, tinh, which represents matter and the body, is accompanied by the offering of one of these things. Eighteen of these items are carved on the Jewel Promenade platform at Mahabodhi Temple Complex where the Buddha walked. A text named for one of these items is divided into \"theoretical teachings,\" consisting of the first fourteen chapters\u0096including one on the \"Expedient Means\"\u0096and the \"essential teachings,\" which include the \"Life Span\" chapter. In ancient Rome, hanging these items upside down over a table meant that discussions were private. After a vision at the Hill of Tepeyac, a Mexican peasant had a bunch of these items fall out of his tilma when he visited the Archbishop, after which an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared on his cloak. For 10 points, name these plants that include the lotus, lily-of-the-valley, and rose.", "answer": "flowers [or lotus, rose, or rosa until they are read; prompt on \"plants\"]", "page": "Flower", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102302, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 261], [262, 489], [490, 588], [589, 797], [798, 884]], "first_sentence": "In Cao Dai, the first of the three jewels, tinh, which represents matter and the body, is accompanied by the offering of one of these things.", "answer_prompt": "or lotus, rose, or rosa until they are read; prompt on \"plants\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Cao Dai, the first of the three jewels, tinh, which represents matter and the body, is accompanied by the offering of one of these things. Eighteen of these items are carved on the Jewel Promenade platform at Mahabodhi Temple Complex where the Buddha walked. A text named for one of these items is divided into \"theoretical teachings,\" consisting of the first fourteen chapters\u0096including one on the \"Expedient Means\"\u0096and the \"essential teachings,\" which include the \"Life Span\" chapter. In ancient Rome, hanging these items upside down over a table meant that discussions were private. After a vision at the Hill of Tepeyac, a Mexican peasant had a bunch of these items fall out of his tilma when he visited the Archbishop, after which an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared on his cloak. For 10 points, name these plants that include the lotus, lily-of-the-valley, and rose.", "answer": "flowers [or lotus, rose, or rosa until they are read; prompt on \"plants\"]", "page": "Flower", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102303, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 261], [262, 489], [490, 588], [589, 797], [798, 884]], "first_sentence": "In Cao Dai, the first of the three jewels, tinh, which represents matter and the body, is accompanied by the offering of one of these things.", "answer_prompt": "or lotus, rose, or rosa until they are read; prompt on \"plants\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Software packages such as CDSSTR, SELCON, and CONTIN can be used to analyze spectra produced by this technique. The Chirascan is a brand of spectrometer used for this technique. Spectrometers for this technique can be calibrated using pantolactone or 10-camphorsulfonic acid as standards. Calculation of data using this technique often involves multiplying delta- epsilon by 3298 to get theta. This technique produces prominent peaks in the far-UV range at 190, 208, and 222 nanometers. Measurements in this technique are often reported in terms of ellipticity. This technique works by measuring a molecule's difference in absorption between left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light. For 10 points, name this technique commonly used to analyze the secondary structures of proteins.", "answer": "circular dichroism [or CD]", "page": "Circular_dichroism", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102304, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 177], [178, 288], [289, 393], [394, 486], [487, 561], [562, 698], [699, 796]], "first_sentence": "Software packages such as CDSSTR, SELCON, and CONTIN can be used to analyze spectra produced by this technique.", "answer_prompt": "or CD", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Software packages such as CDSSTR, SELCON, and CONTIN can be used to analyze spectra produced by this technique. The Chirascan is a brand of spectrometer used for this technique. Spectrometers for this technique can be calibrated using pantolactone or 10-camphorsulfonic acid as standards. Calculation of data using this technique often involves multiplying delta- epsilon by 3298 to get theta. This technique produces prominent peaks in the far-UV range at 190, 208, and 222 nanometers. Measurements in this technique are often reported in terms of ellipticity. This technique works by measuring a molecule's difference in absorption between left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light. For 10 points, name this technique commonly used to analyze the secondary structures of proteins.", "answer": "circular dichroism [or CD]", "page": "Circular_dichroism", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102305, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 177], [178, 288], [289, 393], [394, 486], [487, 561], [562, 698], [699, 796]], "first_sentence": "Software packages such as CDSSTR, SELCON, and CONTIN can be used to analyze spectra produced by this technique.", "answer_prompt": "or CD", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Traditional love poems in this language were categorized according to five \"landscapes\", each named for a particular flower. In one work in this language, the protagonist pretends to circle around her murderous husband three times to worship him, but then shoves him off a hill to his death. In another work in this language, a woman cuts off one of her breasts to cast a curse that burns to the ground the city that put her husband to death on false charges. The oldest collection of religious poems in this language gave rise to a namesake meter called Paripaatal, and many works in this language are written in akaval meter. A poem about a woman who marries the thief Kaalan and a poem about the anklet of Kannagi are two of this language's Five Great Epics. For 10 points, the Kundalakesi and Cilappatikaram were written in what Dravidian language spoken in South India and Sri Lanka?", "answer": "Tamil [or Tamizh]", "page": "Tamil_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102306, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 291], [292, 459], [460, 627], [628, 761], [762, 888]], "first_sentence": "Traditional love poems in this language were categorized according to five \"landscapes\", each named for a particular flower.", "answer_prompt": "or Tamizh", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Traditional love poems in this language were categorized according to five \"landscapes\", each named for a particular flower. In one work in this language, the protagonist pretends to circle around her murderous husband three times to worship him, but then shoves him off a hill to his death. In another work in this language, a woman cuts off one of her breasts to cast a curse that burns to the ground the city that put her husband to death on false charges. The oldest collection of religious poems in this language gave rise to a namesake meter called Paripaatal, and many works in this language are written in akaval meter. A poem about a woman who marries the thief Kaalan and a poem about the anklet of Kannagi are two of this language's Five Great Epics. For 10 points, the Kundalakesi and Cilappatikaram were written in what Dravidian language spoken in South India and Sri Lanka?", "answer": "Tamil [or Tamizh]", "page": "Tamil_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102307, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 291], [292, 459], [460, 627], [628, 761], [762, 888]], "first_sentence": "Traditional love poems in this language were categorized according to five \"landscapes\", each named for a particular flower.", "answer_prompt": "or Tamizh", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artwork was removed from its original location to make way for a set of sculptures by Francesco di Giorgio, leading Giorgio Vasari unable to ascertain its location. Its largest section unusually features the child martyr Crescentius in a red robe kneeling to the Virgin. A pure black-bodied Satan tempts Jesus Christ, who towers over several massive cities in a fragment of this masterpiece that is now housed at the Frick. A portion of this artwork in which Isaiah and Ezekiel flank a Nativity scene featuring sixteen angels can be found in the U.S. National Gallery. Scenes from the childhood of Christ comprise the front predella of this artwork, while the story of the Passion of Christ is told on numerous panels of its back. This painting and the Rucellai Madonna are the only two works of their artist that can be dated. For 10 points, name this high altarpiece of the Siena Cathedral, a 1308 masterpiece of Duccio.", "answer": "Maesta of Duccio", "page": "Maest\u00e0_(Duccio)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102308, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 275], [276, 428], [429, 573], [574, 735], [736, 832], [833, 927]], "first_sentence": "This artwork was removed from its original location to make way for a set of sculptures by Francesco di Giorgio, leading Giorgio Vasari unable to ascertain its location.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artwork was removed from its original location to make way for a set of sculptures by Francesco di Giorgio, leading Giorgio Vasari unable to ascertain its location. Its largest section unusually features the child martyr Crescentius in a red robe kneeling to the Virgin. A pure black-bodied Satan tempts Jesus Christ, who towers over several massive cities in a fragment of this masterpiece that is now housed at the Frick. A portion of this artwork in which Isaiah and Ezekiel flank a Nativity scene featuring sixteen angels can be found in the U.S. National Gallery. Scenes from the childhood of Christ comprise the front predella of this artwork, while the story of the Passion of Christ is told on numerous panels of its back. This painting and the Rucellai Madonna are the only two works of their artist that can be dated. For 10 points, name this high altarpiece of the Siena Cathedral, a 1308 masterpiece of Duccio.", "answer": "Maesta of Duccio", "page": "Maest\u00e0_(Duccio)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102309, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 275], [276, 428], [429, 573], [574, 735], [736, 832], [833, 927]], "first_sentence": "This artwork was removed from its original location to make way for a set of sculptures by Francesco di Giorgio, leading Giorgio Vasari unable to ascertain its location.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A politician resigned this office upon charges that he accepted bribes from Colorado banker Jerome Chaffee, and then became president of Mount Vernon Bank in Ohio. The first holder of this position in Grover Cleveland's cabinet was the subject of a Profile in Courage for eulogizing Charles Sumner in the Senate. Those two men are Lucius Lamar and Columbus Delano, the latter of whom was replaced by Zachariah Chandler. Its first holder was called the \"Butcher\" because he fired bureaucrats to form this office. In addition to Thomas Ewing, another holder sued San Francisco for violating the Raker Act, appointed John Collier to head a division of the CCC, and was Harold Ickes. Two holders of this office that were scandalized by the Alaska Syndicate and Pan American Petroleum were, respectively, Richard Ballinger and Albert Fall. For 10 points, name this cabinet level position that is responsible for the National Park Service.", "answer": "Secretary of the Interior [prompt on \"Interior\"]", "page": "United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195a9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102310, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 312], [313, 419], [420, 511], [512, 679], [680, 834], [835, 933]], "first_sentence": "A politician resigned this office upon charges that he accepted bribes from Colorado banker Jerome Chaffee, and then became president of Mount Vernon Bank in Ohio.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Interior\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A politician resigned this office upon charges that he accepted bribes from Colorado banker Jerome Chaffee, and then became president of Mount Vernon Bank in Ohio. The first holder of this position in Grover Cleveland's cabinet was the subject of a Profile in Courage for eulogizing Charles Sumner in the Senate. Those two men are Lucius Lamar and Columbus Delano, the latter of whom was replaced by Zachariah Chandler. Its first holder was called the \"Butcher\" because he fired bureaucrats to form this office. In addition to Thomas Ewing, another holder sued San Francisco for violating the Raker Act, appointed John Collier to head a division of the CCC, and was Harold Ickes. Two holders of this office that were scandalized by the Alaska Syndicate and Pan American Petroleum were, respectively, Richard Ballinger and Albert Fall. For 10 points, name this cabinet level position that is responsible for the National Park Service.", "answer": "Secretary of the Interior [prompt on \"Interior\"]", "page": "United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195aa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102311, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 312], [313, 419], [420, 511], [512, 679], [680, 834], [835, 933]], "first_sentence": "A politician resigned this office upon charges that he accepted bribes from Colorado banker Jerome Chaffee, and then became president of Mount Vernon Bank in Ohio.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Interior\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this Platonic dialogue, our good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a \"fair-resting place\" featuring a chorus of cicadas, to a spot sacred to Achelous. Later, Socrates compares his words to the epitaph of Midas's tomb, whose lines can be read in any order because they do not succeed each other logically. A word that can mean \"potion\", \"remedy\", or \"poison\" is the starting point for Jacques Derrida's reading of this dialogue, titled \"Plato's Pharmacy.\" In this dialogue, Socrates uses the image of a charioteer attempting to drive two winged horses of different qualities of stock to represent the soul, which is said to re-grow wings in response to an emotion that was also treated in The Symposium. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates discusses the art of rhetoric after reading a discourse by Lysias that suggests that those who are not in love make better sexual partners.", "answer": "Phaedrus", "page": "Ph\u00e6drus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ab", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102312, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 326], [327, 475], [475, 724], [725, 925]], "first_sentence": "In this Platonic dialogue, our good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a \"fair-resting place\" featuring a chorus of cicadas, to a spot sacred to Achelous.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this Platonic dialogue, our good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a \"fair-resting place\" featuring a chorus of cicadas, to a spot sacred to Achelous. Later, Socrates compares his words to the epitaph of Midas's tomb, whose lines can be read in any order because they do not succeed each other logically. A word that can mean \"potion\", \"remedy\", or \"poison\" is the starting point for Jacques Derrida's reading of this dialogue, titled \"Plato's Pharmacy.\" In this dialogue, Socrates uses the image of a charioteer attempting to drive two winged horses of different qualities of stock to represent the soul, which is said to re-grow wings in response to an emotion that was also treated in The Symposium. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates discusses the art of rhetoric after reading a discourse by Lysias that suggests that those who are not in love make better sexual partners.", "answer": "Phaedrus", "page": "Ph\u00e6drus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ac", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102313, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 326], [327, 475], [475, 724], [725, 925]], "first_sentence": "In this Platonic dialogue, our good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a \"fair-resting place\" featuring a chorus of cicadas, to a spot sacred to Achelous.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler came to power in a coup financed by the ambassador La Chetardie and orchestrated by a man who served as physician to this ruler's mother, Count Lestocq. That coup marked the downfall of Heinrich Ostermann and Burkhard von Munich, the leaders of the \"German Faction.\" This ruler removed the tongue of Natalia Lopukhina, as part of a longtime grudge against the Mons family, after a failed intrigue aimed at toppling chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev. This ruler's army achieved victory at Kunersdorf but then withdrew after this ruler died, in a sequence dubbed the \"Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.\" This ruler, served by the Shuvalov family, deposed Ivan VI after returning from exile at a nunnery, where she was sent by her father's niece Anna. For 10 points, name this ruler, raised in a log cabin by her parents, Catherine I and Peter the Great, who was Empress of Russia from 1741 to 1762.", "answer": "Elizabeth of Russia [or Elizaveta Petrovna; or Yelisavet]", "page": "Elizabeth_of_Russia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ad", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102314, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 276], [276, 277], [278, 454], [455, 608], [609, 755], [756, 903]], "first_sentence": "This ruler came to power in a coup financed by the ambassador La Chetardie and orchestrated by a man who served as physician to this ruler's mother, Count Lestocq.", "answer_prompt": "or Elizaveta Petrovna; or Yelisavet", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This ruler came to power in a coup financed by the ambassador La Chetardie and orchestrated by a man who served as physician to this ruler's mother, Count Lestocq. That coup marked the downfall of Heinrich Ostermann and Burkhard von Munich, the leaders of the \"German Faction.\" This ruler removed the tongue of Natalia Lopukhina, as part of a longtime grudge against the Mons family, after a failed intrigue aimed at toppling chancellor Alexey Bestuzhev. This ruler's army achieved victory at Kunersdorf but then withdrew after this ruler died, in a sequence dubbed the \"Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.\" This ruler, served by the Shuvalov family, deposed Ivan VI after returning from exile at a nunnery, where she was sent by her father's niece Anna. For 10 points, name this ruler, raised in a log cabin by her parents, Catherine I and Peter the Great, who was Empress of Russia from 1741 to 1762.", "answer": "Elizabeth of Russia [or Elizaveta Petrovna; or Yelisavet]", "page": "Elizabeth_of_Russia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ae", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102315, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 276], [276, 277], [278, 454], [455, 608], [609, 755], [756, 903]], "first_sentence": "This ruler came to power in a coup financed by the ambassador La Chetardie and orchestrated by a man who served as physician to this ruler's mother, Count Lestocq.", "answer_prompt": "or Elizaveta Petrovna; or Yelisavet", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An unusual six-sided version of this phenomenon can be found at Saturn's North Pole. Chevron patterns on Jupiter within these things indicate the presence of gravity inertia waves. This phenomenon oscillates from a northern to a southern position depending on the modes of the PMA. Undulations within these phenomenon are called Rossby waves, and the southern branch of one of these entities is responsible for \"pineapple express\" events. During a cold winter, the nocturnal types of these phenomena can form, which partly are responsible for ozone depletion in Antarctica. These phenomena are usually found in the troposphere and generally move from east to west; two examples of them are the polar \"ones\" within the upper air westerlies, and the subtropical, or mid-latitude ones. For 10 points, name these movements of wind that are found in the upper atmosphere.", "answer": "jet streams [prompt on partial answers; prompt on \"vortex\" or \"cloud pattern\" until \"inertia\" is read]", "page": "Jet_stream", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195af", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102316, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 180], [181, 281], [282, 438], [439, 573], [574, 782], [783, 866]], "first_sentence": "An unusual six-sided version of this phenomenon can be found at Saturn's North Pole.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on partial answers; prompt on \"vortex\" or \"cloud pattern\" until \"inertia\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An unusual six-sided version of this phenomenon can be found at Saturn's North Pole. Chevron patterns on Jupiter within these things indicate the presence of gravity inertia waves. This phenomenon oscillates from a northern to a southern position depending on the modes of the PMA. Undulations within these phenomenon are called Rossby waves, and the southern branch of one of these entities is responsible for \"pineapple express\" events. During a cold winter, the nocturnal types of these phenomena can form, which partly are responsible for ozone depletion in Antarctica. These phenomena are usually found in the troposphere and generally move from east to west; two examples of them are the polar \"ones\" within the upper air westerlies, and the subtropical, or mid-latitude ones. For 10 points, name these movements of wind that are found in the upper atmosphere.", "answer": "jet streams [prompt on partial answers; prompt on \"vortex\" or \"cloud pattern\" until \"inertia\" is read]", "page": "Jet_stream", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102317, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 180], [181, 281], [282, 438], [439, 573], [574, 782], [783, 866]], "first_sentence": "An unusual six-sided version of this phenomenon can be found at Saturn's North Pole.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on partial answers; prompt on \"vortex\" or \"cloud pattern\" until \"inertia\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character repeats the phrase \"blue sky, blue eyes\" while trying to convince another character to take a chased silver ring. A visit to the town photographer reveals that the picture of the baby in a great gilt frame belongs to this character, who relates a story about a tramp who jumps head-first into a threshing machine. This character also tells the narrator a story about people being thrown from a sledge to the wolves by Peter and Pavel. She returns from Denver after being abandoned by her fiance Larry Donovan. An episode at the Vannis' dancing tent causes this character to lose her position with Mrs. Harling, after which she goes to work for the lecherous Wick Cutter. This friend of Lena Lingard eventually marries Anton Cuzak and settles down in Black Hawk. For 10 points, name this title character whose life is chronicled by Jim Burden in a Willa Cather novel.", "answer": "Antonia Shimerda Cuzak [prompt on \"A. Shimerda\" or \"A. Cuzak\"]", "page": "My_\u00c1ntonia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102318, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 328], [329, 449], [450, 524], [525, 685], [686, 776], [777, 881]], "first_sentence": "This character repeats the phrase \"blue sky, blue eyes\" while trying to convince another character to take a chased silver ring.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"A. Shimerda\" or \"A. Cuzak\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character repeats the phrase \"blue sky, blue eyes\" while trying to convince another character to take a chased silver ring. A visit to the town photographer reveals that the picture of the baby in a great gilt frame belongs to this character, who relates a story about a tramp who jumps head-first into a threshing machine. This character also tells the narrator a story about people being thrown from a sledge to the wolves by Peter and Pavel. She returns from Denver after being abandoned by her fiance Larry Donovan. An episode at the Vannis' dancing tent causes this character to lose her position with Mrs. Harling, after which she goes to work for the lecherous Wick Cutter. This friend of Lena Lingard eventually marries Anton Cuzak and settles down in Black Hawk. For 10 points, name this title character whose life is chronicled by Jim Burden in a Willa Cather novel.", "answer": "Antonia Shimerda Cuzak [prompt on \"A. Shimerda\" or \"A. Cuzak\"]", "page": "My_\u00c1ntonia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102319, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 328], [329, 449], [450, 524], [525, 685], [686, 776], [777, 881]], "first_sentence": "This character repeats the phrase \"blue sky, blue eyes\" while trying to convince another character to take a chased silver ring.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"A. Shimerda\" or \"A. Cuzak\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A thinker with this surname argued that beauty is \"power over other people\" in Face Value. Another academic with this last name re-examined Western philosophy through embodied cognition in Philosophy in the Flesh. A social scientist with this surname identified language intonation for added emphasis and \"tag questions\" to suggest agreement as strategies that ladies employ in Woman and the Language Place. A scholar with this last name examined how categories impact the human mind in a book whose title is inspired by the Dyirbal Language. A book written by Mark Johnson and that thinker argued that cognition is determined partially by non-mental factors by examining the statements \"Argument is War\" and \"Ideas are Plants\" as they are used by humans. For 10 points, give this surname of linguist George, who wrote Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things and Metaphors We Live By.", "answer": "Lakoff [or Robin Lakoff; or George Lakoff; or Rachel Scherr until \"embodied cognition\" is read]", "page": "Lakoff", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102320, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 213], [214, 407], [408, 542], [543, 755], [756, 866], [867, 878]], "first_sentence": "A thinker with this surname argued that beauty is \"power over other people\" in Face Value.", "answer_prompt": "or Robin Lakoff; or George Lakoff; or Rachel Scherr until \"embodied cognition\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A thinker with this surname argued that beauty is \"power over other people\" in Face Value. Another academic with this last name re-examined Western philosophy through embodied cognition in Philosophy in the Flesh. A social scientist with this surname identified language intonation for added emphasis and \"tag questions\" to suggest agreement as strategies that ladies employ in Woman and the Language Place. A scholar with this last name examined how categories impact the human mind in a book whose title is inspired by the Dyirbal Language. A book written by Mark Johnson and that thinker argued that cognition is determined partially by non-mental factors by examining the statements \"Argument is War\" and \"Ideas are Plants\" as they are used by humans. For 10 points, give this surname of linguist George, who wrote Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things and Metaphors We Live By.", "answer": "Lakoff [or Robin Lakoff; or George Lakoff; or Rachel Scherr until \"embodied cognition\" is read]", "page": "Lakoff", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102321, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 213], [214, 407], [408, 542], [543, 755], [756, 866], [867, 878]], "first_sentence": "A thinker with this surname argued that beauty is \"power over other people\" in Face Value.", "answer_prompt": "or Robin Lakoff; or George Lakoff; or Rachel Scherr until \"embodied cognition\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a suite by this composer, a hexatonic folk tune for English horn plays over pulsing pizzicato strings in the opening of the \"Super-Sadness\" movement. He included the melodies to \"Laredo\" and \"Git Along Little Dogies\" in the \"Cowboy Songs\"movement of a film score that he wrote for Pare Lorentz. One of his operas concludes with a \"Funeral Hymn\" beginning with the words \"Where is where.\" This composer, who derived his Acadian Songs and Dances from the film score to Louisiana Story, wrote the score to The Plow that Broke the Plains. In another of his operas, one character describes a Vision of the Holy Ghost with the words \"Pigeons on the grass, alas.\" He served from 1940-1954 as the music critic for the New York Herald Tribune. His collaborations with Gertrude Stein include operas about Teresa of Avila and Susan B. Anthony. For 10 points, name this composer of The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts.", "answer": "Virgil Thomson", "page": "Virgil_Thomson", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102322, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 297], [298, 390], [391, 537], [538, 659], [660, 737], [738, 835], [836, 889], [890, 924]], "first_sentence": "In a suite by this composer, a hexatonic folk tune for English horn plays over pulsing pizzicato strings in the opening of the \"Super-Sadness\" movement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a suite by this composer, a hexatonic folk tune for English horn plays over pulsing pizzicato strings in the opening of the \"Super-Sadness\" movement. He included the melodies to \"Laredo\" and \"Git Along Little Dogies\" in the \"Cowboy Songs\"movement of a film score that he wrote for Pare Lorentz. One of his operas concludes with a \"Funeral Hymn\" beginning with the words \"Where is where.\" This composer, who derived his Acadian Songs and Dances from the film score to Louisiana Story, wrote the score to The Plow that Broke the Plains. In another of his operas, one character describes a Vision of the Holy Ghost with the words \"Pigeons on the grass, alas.\" He served from 1940-1954 as the music critic for the New York Herald Tribune. His collaborations with Gertrude Stein include operas about Teresa of Avila and Susan B. Anthony. For 10 points, name this composer of The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts.", "answer": "Virgil Thomson", "page": "Virgil_Thomson", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102323, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 297], [298, 390], [391, 537], [538, 659], [660, 737], [738, 835], [836, 889], [890, 924]], "first_sentence": "In a suite by this composer, a hexatonic folk tune for English horn plays over pulsing pizzicato strings in the opening of the \"Super-Sadness\" movement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these animals gave birth to a child that had to be fed an entire cow's milk each day, but was killed when it was shortchanged by greedy milkmaids and began hungrily eyeing the local herd. That one, like his twin Sceolan, came to be one of these creatures when Iollan's mistress jealously turned Uirne into one. Mabon ap Modron is the only person capable of tracking down one of these animals, so Culhwch is forced to find him while hunting for a different animal. Drudwyn is one of these animals, a group of which are accompanied by a cackling old hag named Night-Mallt. An encounter with a white, red-eared group of these animals belonging to Arawn proves troublesome for Pwyll. A geis is violated when a hero is offered the meat of this animal by a crone. Setanta received the name \"Cuchulainn\" after killing, and taking the place of, one of these animals who was responsible for guarding Culann. For 10 points, name these loyal domestic animals.", "answer": "dogs [or obvious equivalents; do not accept \"wolves\" or the like]", "page": "Dog", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102324, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 317], [318, 470], [471, 577], [578, 686], [687, 764], [765, 905], [906, 955]], "first_sentence": "One of these animals gave birth to a child that had to be fed an entire cow's milk each day, but was killed when it was shortchanged by greedy milkmaids and began hungrily eyeing the local herd.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents; do not accept \"wolves\" or the like", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these animals gave birth to a child that had to be fed an entire cow's milk each day, but was killed when it was shortchanged by greedy milkmaids and began hungrily eyeing the local herd. That one, like his twin Sceolan, came to be one of these creatures when Iollan's mistress jealously turned Uirne into one. Mabon ap Modron is the only person capable of tracking down one of these animals, so Culhwch is forced to find him while hunting for a different animal. Drudwyn is one of these animals, a group of which are accompanied by a cackling old hag named Night-Mallt. An encounter with a white, red-eared group of these animals belonging to Arawn proves troublesome for Pwyll. A geis is violated when a hero is offered the meat of this animal by a crone. Setanta received the name \"Cuchulainn\" after killing, and taking the place of, one of these animals who was responsible for guarding Culann. For 10 points, name these loyal domestic animals.", "answer": "dogs [or obvious equivalents; do not accept \"wolves\" or the like]", "page": "Dog", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102325, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 317], [318, 470], [471, 577], [578, 686], [687, 764], [765, 905], [906, 955]], "first_sentence": "One of these animals gave birth to a child that had to be fed an entire cow's milk each day, but was killed when it was shortchanged by greedy milkmaids and began hungrily eyeing the local herd.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents; do not accept \"wolves\" or the like", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An absurd saga unfolded in this city when a local militia began using the Bat Symbol to mark territory and rebranded itself as \"the Justice League.\" That group's leader, Batman, escaped prison and his daughter, Batgirl, was elected to city council. Areas in this city are menaced by vehicles known as \"Big Skulls,\" a reference to an emblem of crossed pistols-and-dagger worn by the BOPE. A series of tests detecting the beta-lactamase KPC enzyme led to fears that its Guanabara Bay may be teeming with unstoppable \"super bacteria.\" This city had a 2010 security crisis after criminals began torching hundreds of vehicles, and it employed controversial UPPs, or Pacifying Police Units. Located just south of the Imperial City of Petropolis, areas of this city include Rocinha and Botafogo in the South Zone, which includes Copacabana Beach. For 10 points, name this city, home to the world's most famous favelas, the site of the upcoming Summer Olympics in Brazil.", "answer": "Rio de Janeiro", "page": "Rio_de_Janeiro", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195b9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102326, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 248], [249, 387], [388, 530], [530, 531], [532, 684], [685, 839], [840, 963]], "first_sentence": "An absurd saga unfolded in this city when a local militia began using the Bat Symbol to mark territory and rebranded itself as \"the Justice League.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An absurd saga unfolded in this city when a local militia began using the Bat Symbol to mark territory and rebranded itself as \"the Justice League.\" That group's leader, Batman, escaped prison and his daughter, Batgirl, was elected to city council. Areas in this city are menaced by vehicles known as \"Big Skulls,\" a reference to an emblem of crossed pistols-and-dagger worn by the BOPE. A series of tests detecting the beta-lactamase KPC enzyme led to fears that its Guanabara Bay may be teeming with unstoppable \"super bacteria.\" This city had a 2010 security crisis after criminals began torching hundreds of vehicles, and it employed controversial UPPs, or Pacifying Police Units. Located just south of the Imperial City of Petropolis, areas of this city include Rocinha and Botafogo in the South Zone, which includes Copacabana Beach. For 10 points, name this city, home to the world's most famous favelas, the site of the upcoming Summer Olympics in Brazil.", "answer": "Rio de Janeiro", "page": "Rio_de_Janeiro", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ba", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102327, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 248], [249, 387], [388, 530], [530, 531], [532, 684], [685, 839], [840, 963]], "first_sentence": "An absurd saga unfolded in this city when a local militia began using the Bat Symbol to mark territory and rebranded itself as \"the Justice League.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A message sent by Gongylus of Eretria was used as evidence for an instance of this specific crime. The Aleuadae family bribed Leotychides to forgive their commission of this crime, which Attaginus openly committed by hosting a banquet for a general who died near the Gargaphia Spring. This crime was encouraged by the networks of Thargelia, a hetaera residing in Thessaly. After being accused of this crime, the regent of Leonidas's son Pleistarchus fled to the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos, where he was starved to death. Rather than face trumped-up charges for this crime, a rival of Aristides fled to Admetus of Molossia. Pausanias was accused of this crime despite defeating Mardonius at Plataea, while the aforementioned rival of Aristides committed it by joining the court of Artaxerxes. For 10 points, name this Athenian political charge that brought down Themistocles, the act of sympathizing with Achaemenids like Xerxes and Darius.", "answer": "collaborating with the Persians [or Medism; or Medizing; or allying with Medes; or obvious equivalents, such as betraying Greece to the Persians, treason against Greece with the Persians, sympathizing with the Persians; prompt on \"treason\" or obvious equivalents that do not mention \"Persia\"]", "page": "Medism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195bb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102328, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 284], [285, 372], [373, 522], [523, 624], [625, 793], [794, 941]], "first_sentence": "A message sent by Gongylus of Eretria was used as evidence for an instance of this specific crime.", "answer_prompt": "or Medism; or Medizing; or allying with Medes; or obvious equivalents, such as betraying Greece to the Persians, treason against Greece with the Persians, sympathizing with the Persians; prompt on \"treason\" or obvious equivalents that do not mention \"Persia\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A message sent by Gongylus of Eretria was used as evidence for an instance of this specific crime. The Aleuadae family bribed Leotychides to forgive their commission of this crime, which Attaginus openly committed by hosting a banquet for a general who died near the Gargaphia Spring. This crime was encouraged by the networks of Thargelia, a hetaera residing in Thessaly. After being accused of this crime, the regent of Leonidas's son Pleistarchus fled to the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos, where he was starved to death. Rather than face trumped-up charges for this crime, a rival of Aristides fled to Admetus of Molossia. Pausanias was accused of this crime despite defeating Mardonius at Plataea, while the aforementioned rival of Aristides committed it by joining the court of Artaxerxes. For 10 points, name this Athenian political charge that brought down Themistocles, the act of sympathizing with Achaemenids like Xerxes and Darius.", "answer": "collaborating with the Persians [or Medism; or Medizing; or allying with Medes; or obvious equivalents, such as betraying Greece to the Persians, treason against Greece with the Persians, sympathizing with the Persians; prompt on \"treason\" or obvious equivalents that do not mention \"Persia\"]", "page": "Medism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195bc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102329, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 284], [285, 372], [373, 522], [523, 624], [625, 793], [794, 941]], "first_sentence": "A message sent by Gongylus of Eretria was used as evidence for an instance of this specific crime.", "answer_prompt": "or Medism; or Medizing; or allying with Medes; or obvious equivalents, such as betraying Greece to the Persians, treason against Greece with the Persians, sympathizing with the Persians; prompt on \"treason\" or obvious equivalents that do not mention \"Persia\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This scientist names a hypothetical dark matter candidate which is the Goldstone boson for the spontaneous breaking of ungauged lepton number symmetry. The search for another hypothetical particle named for this scientist is being performed in experiments utilizing liquid xenon in a time projection chamber and cadmium zinc telluride crystals\u0097those are the EXO and COBRA experiments. This scientist names a representation in which the gamma matrices are all either purely real or purely imaginary, causing the spinors to be purely real. A right-handed spinor is multiplied by its charge conjugate in a mass term named for this scientist appearing in the Lagrangian which explains the seesaw mechanism. The existence of a type of particle named for this scientist would be confirmed by observing neutrinoless double beta decay. Dirac fermions are contrasted with, for 10 points, what scientist's namesake type of fermion, which is its own antiparticle?", "answer": "Ettore Majorana [or Majorana fermions; or Majorana spinors]", "page": "Ettore_Majorana", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195bd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102330, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 384], [385, 537], [538, 702], [703, 827], [828, 952]], "first_sentence": "This scientist names a hypothetical dark matter candidate which is the Goldstone boson for the spontaneous breaking of ungauged lepton number symmetry.", "answer_prompt": "or Majorana fermions; or Majorana spinors", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This scientist names a hypothetical dark matter candidate which is the Goldstone boson for the spontaneous breaking of ungauged lepton number symmetry. The search for another hypothetical particle named for this scientist is being performed in experiments utilizing liquid xenon in a time projection chamber and cadmium zinc telluride crystals\u0097those are the EXO and COBRA experiments. This scientist names a representation in which the gamma matrices are all either purely real or purely imaginary, causing the spinors to be purely real. A right-handed spinor is multiplied by its charge conjugate in a mass term named for this scientist appearing in the Lagrangian which explains the seesaw mechanism. The existence of a type of particle named for this scientist would be confirmed by observing neutrinoless double beta decay. Dirac fermions are contrasted with, for 10 points, what scientist's namesake type of fermion, which is its own antiparticle?", "answer": "Ettore Majorana [or Majorana fermions; or Majorana spinors]", "page": "Ettore_Majorana", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195be", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102331, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 384], [385, 537], [538, 702], [703, 827], [828, 952]], "first_sentence": "This scientist names a hypothetical dark matter candidate which is the Goldstone boson for the spontaneous breaking of ungauged lepton number symmetry.", "answer_prompt": "or Majorana fermions; or Majorana spinors", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play keeps interrupting a scene to complain that the cook is refusing to stuff the venison with dumplings or serve woodcocks with buttered toast. This play opens with a character being evicted from a tavern, whose tavern keeper and wife have been bribed to turn him out. Another character in this play leaves the name of the groom blank on a letter that commands that his daughter be married by a priest in Gotham, thus allowing her to marry the page of the lord who pretends to be wooing her. The villain in this play is aided by the fat, corrupt justice-of-the-peace Greedy, but betrayed by his sidekick, the lawyer Jack Marall, who aids the schemes of Tom and Lady Allworth. For 10 points, name this play in which Frank Wellborn saves himself from the financial ruin thrust upon him by his uncle, Sir Giles Overreach, a Jacobean comedy by Philip Massinger.", "answer": "A New Way to Pay Old Debts", "page": "A_New_Way_to_Pay_Old_Debts", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195bf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102332, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 290], [291, 513], [514, 697], [698, 879]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play keeps interrupting a scene to complain that the cook is refusing to stuff the venison with dumplings or serve woodcocks with buttered toast.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play keeps interrupting a scene to complain that the cook is refusing to stuff the venison with dumplings or serve woodcocks with buttered toast. This play opens with a character being evicted from a tavern, whose tavern keeper and wife have been bribed to turn him out. Another character in this play leaves the name of the groom blank on a letter that commands that his daughter be married by a priest in Gotham, thus allowing her to marry the page of the lord who pretends to be wooing her. The villain in this play is aided by the fat, corrupt justice-of-the-peace Greedy, but betrayed by his sidekick, the lawyer Jack Marall, who aids the schemes of Tom and Lady Allworth. For 10 points, name this play in which Frank Wellborn saves himself from the financial ruin thrust upon him by his uncle, Sir Giles Overreach, a Jacobean comedy by Philip Massinger.", "answer": "A New Way to Pay Old Debts", "page": "A_New_Way_to_Pay_Old_Debts", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102333, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 290], [291, 513], [514, 697], [698, 879]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play keeps interrupting a scene to complain that the cook is refusing to stuff the venison with dumplings or serve woodcocks with buttered toast.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "William Arrowsmith translated a poem from this language addressed to the Hoopoe, for whom \"time stops still and February never dies.\" A poem in this language describes an \"infernal angel pass in flight,\" engulfed in an \"eerie emptiness\" and \"festooned with swastikas;\" that poem is about \"the wounded spring\" of Hitler. Another poem in this language is about a creature who \"seeks / life there only / where drought and desolation gnaw;\" that poem is about a \"siren / of the coldest seas\" and ends by asking \"can you not see / that she is your sister?\" An author from this country included \"The Eel\" in his collection The Storm and Other Things. That poet from here wrote the collection Cuttlefish Bones. Another author from this country described a gate bearing the inscription \"Abandon All Hope Ye Who Abandon Here\" in a poem in which he visits Hell. For 10 points, name this home country of Eugenio Montale and Dante Alighieri.", "answer": "Republic of Italy", "page": "Republic_of_Italy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102334, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 319], [320, 551], [552, 616], [617, 644], [645, 703], [704, 851], [852, 929]], "first_sentence": "William Arrowsmith translated a poem from this language addressed to the Hoopoe, for whom \"time stops still and February never dies.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "William Arrowsmith translated a poem from this language addressed to the Hoopoe, for whom \"time stops still and February never dies.\" A poem in this language describes an \"infernal angel pass in flight,\" engulfed in an \"eerie emptiness\" and \"festooned with swastikas;\" that poem is about \"the wounded spring\" of Hitler. Another poem in this language is about a creature who \"seeks / life there only / where drought and desolation gnaw;\" that poem is about a \"siren / of the coldest seas\" and ends by asking \"can you not see / that she is your sister?\" An author from this country included \"The Eel\" in his collection The Storm and Other Things. That poet from here wrote the collection Cuttlefish Bones. Another author from this country described a gate bearing the inscription \"Abandon All Hope Ye Who Abandon Here\" in a poem in which he visits Hell. For 10 points, name this home country of Eugenio Montale and Dante Alighieri.", "answer": "Republic of Italy", "page": "Republic_of_Italy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102335, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 319], [320, 551], [552, 616], [617, 644], [645, 703], [704, 851], [852, 929]], "first_sentence": "William Arrowsmith translated a poem from this language addressed to the Hoopoe, for whom \"time stops still and February never dies.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A text describes how this god was brought gifts by a figure repeatedly described as \"the wild bull with brindled thighs\" named Pabilsag. This god speaks through \"The Smasher of Thousands,\" a flying mace that his son uses to defeat the demon Azag. This god's fertility is praised by an \"inspector of canals,\" Enbilulu, one of the three offspring he conceived in the Underworld. He had a temple at Ekur, and a \"Hymn\" to this god asserts that his \"pure place\" is Kiur and that he mapped and built the city of Nippur by himself. A lion-headed bird named Anzu is defeated by this god's son, Ninurta, after that bird steals the Tablets of Destiny from this god. This son of Anu and Ki granted immortality to Utnapishtim after that man was forewarned about a catastrophic event by Enki. For 10 points, identify this Sumerian wind god, whose consort was Ninlil, and who attempted to wipe out humanity with the Great Flood.", "answer": "Enlil [or Ellil]", "page": "Enlil", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102336, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 246], [247, 376], [377, 524], [525, 655], [656, 779], [780, 914]], "first_sentence": "A text describes how this god was brought gifts by a figure repeatedly described as \"the wild bull with brindled thighs\" named Pabilsag.", "answer_prompt": "or Ellil", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A landmark 1982 paper on these systems analogizes their source congruency issues to a group of Byzantine generals who may independently decide whether to attack or treat. The Paxos family of protocols, as well as the Chandra-Toueg algorithm, tries to solve consistency in these systems through pinging. Generally, these systems should feature \"graceful degradation\" by being fault-tolerant. As opposed to Cristian's algorithm, the Berkeley algorithm works on these systems by factoring in the \"round trip time\" and then averaging the elements of a \"clock vector.\" Both of those procedures attempt to solve the asynchronous time issue of these systems. These systems communicate by passing messages on a network, and popular examples of software that runs on these systems include SETI@home and Folding@home. For 10 points, name these systems of autonomous computers that are tied to the same network.", "answer": "distributed system [or distributed algorithms; prompt on \"networks\"]", "page": "Distributed_system", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102337, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 302], [303, 390], [391, 562], [562, 651], [652, 807], [808, 900]], "first_sentence": "A landmark 1982 paper on these systems analogizes their source congruency issues to a group of Byzantine generals who may independently decide whether to attack or treat.", "answer_prompt": "or distributed algorithms; prompt on \"networks\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Early in his career, this politician resided in Norway with his wife, the socialite Carlota Thorkildsen, and lived on a remote island in Oslo fjord, which is described in his memoirs told to Le\u0301o Lania. While serving as chair of the Independent Com- mission on International Development Issues, he released a report titled \"North-South: A Programme for Survival\" in which he proposed that a line could be drawn at roughly 30 degrees North latitude to separate rich and poor nations. Jerzy Buzek unveiled a monument honoring this man's \"Kniefall von Warschau,\" in which he knelt down at a monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. This politician recognized his country's eastern border at the Oder-Neisse line. After it was revealed that his personal aide Gunter Guillaume had been an East German spy, this man retired and was replaced by Helmut Schmidt. For 10 points, name this this socialist West German chancellor, known for implementing the policy of Ostpolitik.", "answer": "Willy Brandt [or Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm]", "page": "Willy_Brandt", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102339, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 481], [482, 626], [627, 707], [708, 851], [852, 964]], "first_sentence": "Early in his career, this politician resided in Norway with his wife, the socialite Carlota Thorkildsen, and lived on a remote island in Oslo fjord, which is described in his memoirs told to L\u00e9o Lania.", "answer_prompt": "or Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An album named for the \"genius\" of this instrument features solos for it on songs such as \"Seven Come Eleven\" and \"Solo Flight.\" In 1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe switched to playing this instrument while performing hit gospel songs like \"Up Above My Head.\" Eddie Durham is credited with being the first jazz musician to record using this instrument, which John McLaughlin played on the Miles Davis albums In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew. Another performer of this instrument played it alongside his wife Mary Ford on hits like \"How High the Moon.\" This instrument was played by Charlie Christian and Wes Montgomery, who used his thumb instead of a plectrum. Orville Gibson founded a company which mainly produced these instruments, including one nicknamed \"Black Beauty.\" For 10 points, name this instrument which uses a pickup and was pioneered by Les Paul.", "answer": "electric guitar [prompt on \"guitar\"; do NOT accept \"acoustic guitar\"]", "page": "Electric_guitar", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102340, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 236], [236, 253], [253, 254], [255, 402], [403, 436], [437, 545], [545, 546], [547, 656], [657, 769], [769, 770], [771, 857]], "first_sentence": "An album named for the \"genius\" of this instrument features solos for it on songs such as \"Seven Come Eleven\" and \"Solo Flight.\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"guitar\"; do NOT accept \"acoustic guitar\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One species in this genus can translocate its DNA using the ATPase SpoIIIE (spo-3-e). That species in this genus produces biofilms containing the protein TasA. Bird feathers can be degraded by another species in this genus called licheniformis. The Cry and Cyt toxins produced by this genus's thuringiensis species are commonly used in genetically engineered insect-resistant corn. Another species in this genus secretes a toxin composed of a \"protective antigen,\" a \"lethal factor,\" and an \"edema factor.\" It's not Clostridium, but one bacterium in this genus is a model organism used to study endospore formation. The causative agent of anthrax is a member of, for 10 points, what genus of Gram-positive bacteria which includes the species subtilis, and whose name indicates that they are rod-shaped?", "answer": "Bacillus", "page": "Bacillus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102341, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 153], [154, 244], [245, 381], [382, 505], [505, 615], [616, 802]], "first_sentence": "One species in this genus can translocate its DNA using the ATPase SpoIIIE (spo-3-e).", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Timothy Bax wrote about his time serving in this force in his book Three Sips of Gin. The first member of this force to be killed was Andre\u0301 Rabie, whose name was given to its main barracks; he served alongside a very tall man called Stretch Franklin. This group, whose missions included Operation Long John and Operation Vodka, was dubbed the \"Eskimos\" for working in so-called \"frozen areas\". They carried badges depicting an osprey above their unit name, and were initially formed by Major Ron Reid-Daly. This force destroyed much of the railway system of the FRELIMO movement and tried to use a car bomb to assassinate Joshua Nkomo, after fighting terrorism during the Second Chimurenga. The motto \"Pamwe Chete!\" was used by this force named for a British explorer who inspired the Allan Quartermain character. For 10 points, name this counter- insurgency group which was a regiment of the Rhodesian Army during the Bush War.", "answer": "Selous Scouts", "page": "Selous_Scouts", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195c9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102342, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 250], [251, 393], [394, 506], [507, 690], [691, 813], [814, 928]], "first_sentence": "Timothy Bax wrote about his time serving in this force in his book Three Sips of Gin.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A sociologist from this modern-day country inspired Joseph Schumpeter by first using the term \"creative destruction\" in War and Capitalism, and argued that the ability of America's two party system to co-opt third party movements helped answer the question \"Why is there no Socialism in the United States?\" A sociologist from this modern-day country argued that society's taste in clothing is a social creation that has the function of \"class distinction\" in his essay \"Fashion.\" That man from here stated that a blase\u0301 outlook characterizes people who developed a \"protective organ\" in a book examining the psychological effects of the city. That man from this modern country argued that money functions as an \"impersonal agent\" that bridges the middle distance in another book. The Metropolis and Mental Life and The Philosophy of Money are from, for 10 points, what home country of Werner Sombart and Georg Simmel?", "answer": "Federal Republic of Germany", "page": "Federal_Republic_of_Germany", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ca", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102343, "tokenizations": [[0, 306], [307, 479], [480, 641], [642, 778], [779, 916]], "first_sentence": "A sociologist from this modern-day country inspired Joseph Schumpeter by first using the term \"creative destruction\" in War and Capitalism, and argued that the ability of America's two party system to co-opt third party movements helped answer the question \"Why is there no Socialism in the United States?\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a recent novel by this author, the protagonist has the words \"FUCK COMMUNISM\" forcibly tattooed onto his stomach, but changes the tattoo to read \"FUCK U.S.\" later on. This author wrote a story whose protagonist spitefully causes a hepatitis outbreak after being unfairly jailed for protesting when a pair of police officers throw tea on his shoes. In another novel by this author, the protagonist is elected \"model officer\" every year at the hospital where he works, where he meets a brutal officer named Geng Yang. Many of this author's works, including the stories collected in The Bridegroom, are set in the fictional Muji City. In a National Book Award-winning novel by this author, Shuyu continually refuses to consent to divorcing the protagonist, army doctor Lin Kong, who thus spends seventeen years in a stagnant relationship with Manna. For 10 points, name this Chinese-American author of War Trash, \"Saboteur\", and Waiting.", "answer": "Ha Jin [or Jin Xuefei]", "page": "Ha_Jin", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195cb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102344, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 350], [351, 518], [519, 634], [635, 849], [850, 937]], "first_sentence": "In a recent novel by this author, the protagonist has the words \"FUCK COMMUNISM\" forcibly tattooed onto his stomach, but changes the tattoo to read \"FUCK U.S.\" later on.", "answer_prompt": "or Jin Xuefei", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Trails at this mountain range are maintained by the Randolph Mountain Club and the Wonalancet Out Door Club. The Great Gulf wilderness area in this range was endangered by a fire at its peak of Owl's Head, while another of its peaks is named for being haunted by a Native American ghost, Chocorua. Edward Tuckerman discovered many features in this range, including his namesake ravine, and the Arethusa Waterfalls. Tourists to this range often visit its series of eight mountain huts including Mitzpah Springs and Lonesome Lake, and ski resorts at the town of North Conway. Its Kinsman range is home to a series of three peaks called the Cannon Balls. This range hosted the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, and Daniel Webster is often said to be the figure represented by its formation, the Old Man of the Mountain. For 10 points, name this mountain range in New Hampshire that includes Mt. Washington.", "answer": "White Mountains [or Whites; WMNF; or White Mountains National Forest; prompt on \"Appalachian Moun- tains\"]", "page": "White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195cc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102345, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 297], [298, 414], [415, 573], [574, 651], [652, 816], [817, 903]], "first_sentence": "Trails at this mountain range are maintained by the Randolph Mountain Club and the Wonalancet Out Door Club.", "answer_prompt": "or Whites; WMNF; or White Mountains National Forest; prompt on \"Appalachian Moun- tains\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2004 experiment used the decay of these particles to confirm the Standard Model's prediction that the Michel rho param- eter equals 0.75; that experiment, which confirms the V-A structure of the weak force, was done by the TWIST collaboration. This particle's decay is also used to measure the Fermi constant characterizing the strength of the weak force. Because these particles are not stopped by electromagnetic or hadronic calorimeters, the ATLAS and CMS experiments have a separate spec- trometer solely for detection of these particles. Charged pions decay into one of these particles and a neutrino. These particles are very useful for performing time dilation experiments since their half-life is around 2.2 microseconds. It's not the positron, but Carl Anderson discovered this particle in his observations of cosmic rays. For 10 points, name this lepton which is lighter than the tauon but heavier than the electron.", "answer": "muons", "page": "Muons", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195cd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102346, "tokenizations": [[0, 245], [246, 357], [358, 494], [495, 544], [545, 608], [609, 731], [732, 833], [834, 928]], "first_sentence": "A 2004 experiment used the decay of these particles to confirm the Standard Model's prediction that the Michel rho param- eter equals 0.75; that experiment, which confirms the V-A structure of the weak force, was done by the TWIST collaboration.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This thinker concluded that humanity are heirs to \"symmetry\" and \"breakings of symmetry\" in an essay about an anti- gravitational effect at the origin of the Universe. In another essay, this thinker argued that Madonna has no \"sexual otherness\" and thus she must be fighting against her own body. Those essays, \"The Secret Vestiges of Creation\" and \"The 'Laying Off' of Desire,\" appear in a collection in which this author becomes a detective and investigates the \"murder of reality,\" The Perfect Crime. This philosopher used the fable \"On Exactitude in Science\" by Borges to examine how symbols were destroying the underlying real society. In another essay, he argued that the image of war superseded the actual conflict, and ultimately concluded that Saddam Hussein never truly lost. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Simulacra and Simulation and notoriously asserted \"The Gulf War did not take place.\"", "answer": "Jean Baudrillard", "page": "Jean_Baudrillard", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85570b91540957195ce", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102347, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 296], [297, 503], [504, 640], [641, 785], [786, 917]], "first_sentence": "This thinker concluded that humanity are heirs to \"symmetry\" and \"breakings of symmetry\" in an essay about an anti- gravitational effect at the origin of the Universe.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this work stays overnight at Thomas Hardy's house during a bicycling trip and gives Hardy advice on dealing with autograph seekers. Its protagonist recalls how the daughter of his headmaster tried to find out what male genitals looked like by staring down his shirtfront, and explains his claim that romance at preparatory school is \"necessarily homosexual\" by describing his escapades with his pseudonymous friend \"Dick.\" The epilogue to this book makes the first mention of the protagonist's longstanding mistress, who accompanied him and his wife Nancy when he became an English teacher at the University of Cairo. Ending with a \"Dedicatory Epilogue\" to Laura Riding, this book describes its author's correspondence with Siegfried Sassoon, and relates how his lung was punctured during the Battle of the Somme. For 10 points, name this memoir that includes detailed descriptions of its author's service in the Royal Welch Fusiliers during World War I, written by Robert Graves.", "answer": "Goodbye to All That", "page": "Goodbye_to_All_That", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195cf", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102348, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 441], [442, 636], [637, 832], [833, 999]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this work stays overnight at Thomas Hardy's house during a bicycling trip and gives Hardy advice on dealing with autograph seekers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Disturbances at this location were investigated by the Cox Commission, headed by special investigator Archibald Cox. An administrator of this place, Herbert Deane, made a dismissive comment about a preference for strawberries, which provided the title for James Simon Kunen's The Strawberry Statement. The revelation that this university conducted research for the Institute for Defense Analyses provoked a protest movement led by Mark Rudd. The man who coined the phrase \"burn baby burn,\" H. Rap Brown, spoke at a rally after this university proposed to build a gymnasium that was decried as racist. Life Magazine published a photograph of a student from this university wearing sunglasses while smoking University President Grayson Kirk's cigar. Protesters at this school occupied Hamilton Hall and Low Library during Vietnam War-related protests in 1968. For 10 points, name this Ivy League university in New York City.", "answer": "Columbia University", "page": "Columbia_University", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102349, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 301], [302, 441], [442, 600], [601, 747], [748, 857], [858, 922]], "first_sentence": "Disturbances at this location were investigated by the Cox Commission, headed by special investigator Archibald Cox.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One text by this man begins with a quote from the Epistle of James, extracts four gifts in the form of \"lights\" from it, and then examines the six \"illuminations\" that come from it. He associated those illuminations with the days of creation, followed on the seventh day by the \"illumination of glory.\" This man conceived of most creatures as \"shadows\" or \"vestiges,\" but rational beings as \"images\" or \"likenesses\" of God. This author of On Retracing the Arts to Theology referred to his teacher Alexander of Hales as his master. He used an Aristotelian-scientific approach to draw Augustinian conclusions like the \"aitiological argument\" in his commentary on the Sentences. He died at the Second Council of Lyons, where he was eulogized. In his most famous work, he allegorized an angelic vision of Saint Francis as a path to God. For 10 points, name this Seraphic Doctor who wrote the Journey of the Mind to God.", "answer": "Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio [or Bonaventura; or Giovanni di Fidanza; prompt on \"Doctor Seraphicus\" or \"the Seraphic Doctor\"]", "page": "Bonaventure", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102350, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 302], [303, 423], [424, 530], [531, 675], [676, 739], [740, 832], [833, 915]], "first_sentence": "One text by this man begins with a quote from the Epistle of James, extracts four gifts in the form of \"lights\" from it, and then examines the six \"illuminations\" that come from it.", "answer_prompt": "or Bonaventura; or Giovanni di Fidanza; prompt on \"Doctor Seraphicus\" or \"the Seraphic Doctor\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer included a Presto scorrevole movement after the second of five interludes in his twelve-movement String Quartet No. 5. This composer included \"Moto perpetuo,\" \"Saeta,\" and \"Canaries\" in a set of brief pieces experimenting with one of his signature techniques, his Eight Pieces for Four Timpani. This composer used an \"all-interval tetrachord\" as the basis for such works as his first string quartet. He composed a double concerto for harpsichord, piano, and two chamber orchestras. A review of this composer's Cello Sonata coined the term \"metric modulation\" to describe the shifts between proportional tempos in his compositions. Daniel Barenboim premiered this composer's Interventions for piano and orchestra with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Carnegie Hall on his 100th birthday. For 10 points, name this American composer of a Concerto for Orchestra who died in 2012.", "answer": "Elliott Carter [or Elliott Cook Carter, Jr.]", "page": "Elliott_Carter", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102351, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 308], [309, 413], [414, 495], [496, 644], [645, 800], [801, 889]], "first_sentence": "This composer included a Presto scorrevole movement after the second of five interludes in his twelve-movement String Quartet No. 5.", "answer_prompt": "or Elliott Cook Carter, Jr.", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One work by this author inveighs against \"purchased lips that kiss with pain\" and \"trafficked hearts that break in twain;\" that poetic lament is delivered by the \"melting clarionet,\" following the violins' declaration, \"O Trade! Would thou wert dead!\" Brown grows fat and prosperous in the \"county of red hills and stones,\" unlike Jones, in this man's dialect poem, \"Thar's More in the Man than Thar is in the Land.\" In one poem by this author of \"The Symphony,\" the rushes' admonition to \"abide, abide\" is ignored by a thing that \"[flees] from folly on every side\" and \"hurries amain to reach the plain.\" In that poem, this author sees creeks overflowing so that \"a thousand rivulets run 'twixt the roots of the sod\" in the title location. In another poem he transcribed the call of a river that runs \"o'er the hills of Habersham\" and \"through the valleys of Hall.\" \"The Marshes of Glynn\" is by, for 10 points, what this Southern poet who praised his native Georgia in \"The Song of the Chattahoochee?\"", "answer": "Sidney Lanier [or Sidney Clopton Lanier]", "page": "Sidney_Lanier", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102352, "tokenizations": [[0, 228], [229, 251], [252, 415], [415, 416], [417, 604], [604, 605], [606, 740], [741, 803], [803, 835], [836, 866], [867, 1002]], "first_sentence": "One work by this author inveighs against \"purchased lips that kiss with pain\" and \"trafficked hearts that break in twain;\" that poetic lament is delivered by the \"melting clarionet,\" following the violins' declaration, \"O Trade!", "answer_prompt": "or Sidney Clopton Lanier", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In toxicity workups, the level of this molecule can be estimated by multiplying the osmolar gap by a factor of 6.2. This molecule is the larger of the two compounds whose poisoning is counteracted by 4-methylpyrazole, also known as fomepizol. Thiamine and pyridoxine can inhibit the production of this molecule's metabolite oxalic acid. Oxirane is the usual precursor of this molecule in synthetic pathways, such as the Shell-developed OMEGA process. Under acid catalysis, aldehydes react with this molecule to form 1,3-dioxolanes, which is a common strategy for protecting carbonyls using acetals. This compound is reacted with terephthalic acid to produce the thermoplastic polymer PET. In its most common usage, this molecule is often eschewed in favor of its safer relative based on propylene. For 10 points, name this molecule, a simple diol derived from the simplest alkene, that is commonly used in antifreeze.", "answer": "ethylene glycol [do NOT accept or prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Ethylene_glycol", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102353, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 242], [243, 336], [337, 450], [451, 598], [599, 688], [689, 797], [798, 917]], "first_sentence": "In toxicity workups, the level of this molecule can be estimated by multiplying the osmolar gap by a factor of 6.2.", "answer_prompt": "do NOT accept or prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man employed Mascezel to quell a revolt that occurred when Mascezel's brother Gildo seized control of African grain ships, forcing this man to direct that grain be imported from Gaul and Spain. Early in life, he served as an envoy at the court of Shapur III, where he negotiated a treaty on the partition of Armenia. A triumphal arch was erected after this man defeated Radagaisus. Shortly afterward, he allegedly ordered the burning of the Sibylline Books to prevent their prophecies from interfering with his campaigns. After his victory at the Battle of Pollentia, his son Eucherius became involved in a conspiracy hatched by the palace official Olympius, leading them both to be decapitated. The poet Claudian wrote poems for this man, who married Serena, the niece of Theodosius, and was appointed regent for the emperor Honorius. For 10 points, name this half-Vandal general who commanded Roman forces against Alaric.", "answer": "Flavius Stilicho", "page": "Flavius_Stilicho", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102354, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 321], [322, 386], [387, 526], [527, 700], [701, 840], [841, 928]], "first_sentence": "This man employed Mascezel to quell a revolt that occurred when Mascezel's brother Gildo seized control of African grain ships, forcing this man to direct that grain be imported from Gaul and Spain.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The non-Biblical figures in this painting, one of whom is in the costume of a gonfaloniere, are possibly kneeling portraits of the Lenzi family. Because of its impressive architecture - such as the incorporation of a chapel behind God - many scholars believe that Filippo Brunelleschi helped its artist make this painting. When Giorgio Vasari was commissioned to restore the Santa Maria Novella's paintings, he chose to leave this one alone due to its perfection. Unusually, Mary gazes emotionlessly and directly at the viewer while dispassionately pointing toward her son. To the right of her is John the Baptist. At the bottom of this fresco, the phrase \"I was once that which you are, and what I am you will also be\" appears above a cadaver tomb. This painting, which features a human pyramid of figures, depicts the Crucifixion inside of a barrel vault. For 10 points, name this painting by Masaccio that depicts Jesus below God, and the third member of the title group implicitly.", "answer": "The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and Saint John and donors [or Santa Trinita]", "page": "Holy_Trinity_(Masaccio)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102355, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 322], [323, 463], [464, 573], [574, 614], [615, 749], [750, 857], [858, 985]], "first_sentence": "The non-Biblical figures in this painting, one of whom is in the costume of a gonfaloniere, are possibly kneeling portraits of the Lenzi family.", "answer_prompt": "or Santa Trinita", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to Snorri, a king of Uppsala named Swegde spent many years trying to enter the realm of this god. A euhemerized account of this figure's rule states that, after this figure died at Swithiod, he went to Godheim. According to the Heimskringla, this man was the second husband of Skadi. He disguised himself as Vegtam in order to learn secret knowledge. Although this god is not Freyr, he established the laws of mankind and possessed a ship that could be folded up. In The Poetic Edda, this god answers the questions of the volva and disguises himself, which leads to him being tortured by Geirrod. In more traditional accounts, this god plunged a sword into the Barnstokk tree and his son Vidar will avenge his death at the jaws of Fenrir at Ragnarok. For 10 points, name this one-eyed \"allfather\" of the Norse pantheon.", "answer": "Odin [or Woden; or Wotan]", "page": "Odin", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102356, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 220], [221, 293], [294, 360], [361, 473], [474, 606], [607, 760], [761, 829]], "first_sentence": "According to Snorri, a king of Uppsala named Swegde spent many years trying to enter the realm of this god.", "answer_prompt": "or Woden; or Wotan", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Claire Jean Kim proposed a \"triangle\" named for this concept which argues that a certain group of people have \"relative valorization\" over others. In an essay about \"the aporias of a modern concept,\" Etienne Balibar argued that anthropology is in a state of \"decomposition\" since philosophy and sociology are more suited to investigate this concept. A book about this concept argues that those negatively affected by it are subject to neither exploitation nor oppression, but rather, the \"nihilistic threat,\" which is the loss of hope and meaning. In The Mind of Primitive Man, Franz Boas concluded that this concept has no impact on cultural development or intelligence. Cornel West argued that in democratic societies, this concept still affects American lives in a book titled \"[this concept] Matters.\" For 10 points, name this social construct that groups humans into large populations, usually on the basis of skin color or geography.", "answer": "race", "page": "RACE", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102357, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 349], [350, 547], [548, 671], [672, 805], [806, 939]], "first_sentence": "Claire Jean Kim proposed a \"triangle\" named for this concept which argues that a certain group of people have \"relative valorization\" over others.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The formation of these structures can be predicted by the DiANNA software. PRDX4 contributes to the formation of these structures by removing excess hydrogen peroxide. The formation of ascorbate via DHAR is accompanied by the formation of one of these structures in the enzyme's second substrate. Ero1 (ee-ro-one) regenerates the activity of one protein which forms these structures; that protein contains four TRX domains, two of which contain the CXXC motif. RNase A contains 4 of these structures, which prefer to have dihedral angles near 90\u00b0. One of these structures exists in the oxidized, but not the reduced form of glutathione. DTT and beta-mercaptoethanol are used to cleave these structures, which are formed by PDI. Keratin is rich in these structures, which link together the heavy and light chains of antibodies. For 10 points, name these bonds in the tertiary structures of proteins which form between cysteine residues.", "answer": "disulfide bonds [or disulfide bridges; or disulfide linkages; prompt on \"cystines\" or \"cysteines\"]", "page": "Disulfide_bonds", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195d9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102358, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 167], [168, 296], [297, 460], [461, 547], [548, 636], [637, 727], [728, 826], [827, 935]], "first_sentence": "The formation of these structures can be predicted by the DiANNA software.", "answer_prompt": "or disulfide bridges; or disulfide linkages; prompt on \"cystines\" or \"cysteines\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man financed the Gravesend and Milton Mendicant Society for itinerant workers, and taught alongside his friend, the priest Frederick Freese at the Ragged School in Gravesend, after he was sent there as the Commandant of Engineers. After studying it for a year, this man used the writings of Claude Conder to argue that the Garden Tomb at Skull Hill was the true Golgotha, so it became known as this man's \"Calvary.\" In a romanticized painting by George William Joy, this man is depicted at the top of a staircase staring down towards soldiers racing at him. After Gladstone reluctantly sent him to evacuate troops down the Nile River, he was slain while defending Khartoum against the forces of the Mahdi. Earlier, he had led the \"Ever- Victorious Army\" which fought against the army of Hong Xiuquan. For 10 points, name this British military officer whose acts in putting down the Taiping Rebellion earned him the nickname \"Chinese.\"", "answer": "Charles George \"Chinese\" Gordon [or Gordon of Khartoum]", "page": "Charles_George_Gordon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195da", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102359, "tokenizations": [[0, 235], [236, 420], [421, 562], [563, 710], [711, 805], [806, 939]], "first_sentence": "This man financed the Gravesend and Milton Mendicant Society for itinerant workers, and taught alongside his friend, the priest Frederick Freese at the Ragged School in Gravesend, after he was sent there as the Commandant of Engineers.", "answer_prompt": "or Gordon of Khartoum", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem in this collection opens by describing how the \"salt off the sea whets / the blades of four winds\" and depicts another author with \"a hard pen scraping in his head\". In another of its poems, the speaker claims that \"I rhyme / to see myself, to set the darkness echoing\" and notes that \"As a child, they could not keep me from wells\". A third poem from this collection laments the appearance of \"a rat-grey fungus, glutting on our cache\" and describes \"palms sticky as Bluebeard's.\" \"Synge on Aran\" and \"Personal Helicon\" were published in this collection, whose title poem describes how the speaker \"sickened, turned, and ran\" after seeing that \"the great slime kings / were gathered there for vengeance.\" The lines \"between my finger and my thumb / the squat pen rests\" appear in the first and last stanzas of a poem in this collection that includes the line \"By god, the old man could handle a spade.\" For 10 points, \"Digging\" was published in what first major collection of poetry by Seamus Heaney?", "answer": "Death of a Naturalist", "page": "Death_of_a_Naturalist", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195db", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102360, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 172], [173, 340], [341, 488], [489, 711], [711, 712], [713, 909], [909, 910], [911, 1008]], "first_sentence": "A poem in this collection opens by describing how the \"salt off the sea whets /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second movement of a concerto for this instrument was reconstructed in 2003 by Jos van der Zanden and Cees Nieuwen- huizen. In the second movement of another concerto for this instrument, before the last two measures the accompaniment consists entirely of sixteenth notes in the first violin and eighth notes in the rest of the non-soloist parts. Another concerto for this instrument features an andante spiccato opening movement and a second movement adagio that was transcribed for harpsichord by J.S. Bach. In Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestral arrangement of Polovetsian Dances, this instrument introduces the theme of the first dance. Concerti in D minor for this instrument were written by Alessandro Marcello and Tomaso Albinoni. A similar instrument lacks this instrument's low B flat key but otherwise has the same fingerings and is pitched a fifth lower; that instrument is the English horn. For 10 points, name this double reed woodwind instrument that plays the tuning note before orchestra performances.", "answer": "oboe [do NOT accept \"oboe d'amore\"]", "page": "Oboe", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195dc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102361, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 350], [351, 513], [514, 637], [638, 734], [735, 899], [900, 1014]], "first_sentence": "The second movement of a concerto for this instrument was reconstructed in 2003 by Jos van der Zanden and Cees Nieuwen- huizen.", "answer_prompt": "do NOT accept \"oboe d'amore\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One text claims this figure was poisoned six times, and on the last time, he let himself be buried, only to return holding one shoe in his hand. In Japan, this figure is depicted as a hollow red doll with blanked eyes, one of which gets filled when setting a goal, and the other of which is filled after succeeding in that goal. He told his best student that he had attained his \"marrow,\" which was deeper than the bones, flesh, or skin attained by other disciples. That student, Huike [hway-kuh] spent weeks in the snow begging to be his disciple, and was finally accepted after he cut off his left arm. The Song of Enlightenment says this man was 28th in a line beginning with Mahakasyapa, who smiled in response to Shakyamuni picking up a white lotus flower. The tea plant sprang from his eyelids after he cut them off to avoid sleeping while staring at a wall for 9 years, a practice later known as zazen. For 10 points, name this so-called \"First Patriarch of Chan,\" an Indian-born monk who spread Zen Buddhism to China.", "answer": "Bodhidharma", "page": "Bodhidharma", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195dd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102362, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 328], [329, 465], [466, 604], [605, 761], [762, 909], [910, 1025]], "first_sentence": "One text claims this figure was poisoned six times, and on the last time, he let himself be buried, only to return holding one shoe in his hand.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One ruler by this name stabbed himself in the company of his eunuch Drastamat after being thrown in jail trying to negotiate peace with Shapur II. Another ruler by this name, also known as Artabanus, ceased minting coins after a loss to Antiochus III at the Battle of Mount Labus, which allowed Antiochus to occupy Hecatompylos. The numerically second ruler of this name was succeeded by his son Pap, and built several hospitals and monasteries with the help of his chamberlain St. Nerses the Great. The final Roman client ruler of Armenia had this name, as did a king credited with founding the city of Nisa. The revolt of the governor Andragoras allowed that ruler of this name to lead the Parni tribe in occupying Hyrcania. The kingdom founded by that man later employed the general Surena, who poured molten gold down the throat of Crassus after defeating him at Carrhae. For 10 points, identify that man who was the namesake of a dynasty as the first ruler of the Parthian kingdom.", "answer": "Arsaces [or Arshak]", "page": "Arsaces", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195de", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102363, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 328], [329, 499], [500, 609], [610, 726], [727, 875], [876, 986]], "first_sentence": "One ruler by this name stabbed himself in the company of his eunuch Drastamat after being thrown in jail trying to negotiate peace with Shapur II.", "answer_prompt": "or Arshak", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Scattering from magnetic impurities destroys the pairing of time-reversed states in these materials. The properties of these materials are not affected by disorder in the system according to Anderson's theorem. In these materials, photons have a non- zero effective mass. The Nambu-Gorkov and Bogoliubov-de Gennes Hamiltonians can be used to explain these materials, which come in s-wave, p-wave, and d-wave types. One theory of these materials predicts that heat capacity varies exponentially with the band gap divided by temperature, and that the band gap's energy equals 3.5 times Boltzmann's constant times a critical temperature. In that theory, electron-phonon interactions cause the formation of bosonic particles which condense into the ground state. The London equations and BCS theory explain these materials, which expel magnetic fields in the Meissner effect. For 10 points, name these materials which have exactly zero electrical resistance.", "answer": "superconductors [or word forms]", "page": "Superconductivity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195df", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102364, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 210], [211, 271], [272, 414], [415, 634], [635, 758], [759, 871], [872, 954]], "first_sentence": "Scattering from magnetic impurities destroys the pairing of time-reversed states in these materials.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The anthropologist W.J. McGee distinguished between the \"piratical\" and \"amicable\" forms of this process in his work on the Seri Indians. With Melville Herskovits and Ralph Linton, Robert Redfield issued a memorandum for the study of this process in 1936. As part of a study at UCLA in 1978, John Schumann created a model by this name to describe second language acquisition. Canadian psychologist John Berry created perhaps the best-known model ofthis process, which places people into four boxes - that model built on the work of Theodore Graves, who coined the term for the \"psychological\" type of this process. This term itself was first used in 1880 by John Wesley Powell in his report to the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnography. Under Berry's model, it is strongest when people are fully assimilated, having weak ties with their home group. For 10 point, give this term, which is the process by which people adapt to a new culture.", "answer": "acculturation [do NOT accept or prompt on \"assimilation\" or descriptive answers, such as \"adapting to a new culture\" - the clues specifically reference the term \"acculturation\"]", "page": "Acculturation", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102365, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 255], [256, 375], [376, 614], [615, 734], [735, 846], [847, 937]], "first_sentence": "The anthropologist W.J. McGee distinguished between the \"piratical\" and \"amicable\" forms of this process in his work on the Seri Indians.", "answer_prompt": "do NOT accept or prompt on \"assimilation\" or descriptive answers, such as \"adapting to a new culture\" - the clues specifically reference the term \"acculturation\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In an alleged travelogue by this author, he is shocked by locals who find enjoyment by watching an elephant get aroused, and purchases a Javanese slave named Zetnaybia who ends up bossing him around. This author of Voyage to the Orient wrote a novel whose protagonist loses the love of Aurelie and the title character because of his obsession with Adrienne. The speaker of a poem by this man describes \"plucking from Orpheus' lyre one by one / the saintly sighs and the faerie cries\" and asks \"Am I Phoebus or Love?...Biron or Lusignan?\" Eliot's \"The Waste Land\" quotes a line by this man about \"the Prince of Aquitaine in the ruined tower,\" which comes from a poem that opens \"I am the dark one, the widower, the unconsoled.\" For 10 points name this French author of Sylvie and \"El Desdichado,\" who owned a pet lobster.", "answer": "Ge\u0301rard de Nerval [or Ge\u0301rard Labrunie]", "page": "G\u00e9rard_de_Nerval", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102366, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 357], [358, 518], [518, 537], [538, 725], [725, 726], [727, 820]], "first_sentence": "In an alleged travelogue by this author, he is shocked by locals who find enjoyment by watching an elephant get aroused, and purchases a Javanese slave named Zetnaybia who ends up bossing him around.", "answer_prompt": "or Ge\u0301rard Labrunie", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Basque goddess Mari turned a shepherd who built a house too close to one of her caves into this animal. One of these animals named Kutkh turns into an old man after regurgitating the Earth in a Chukchi myth. The protector deity Gonpo Jarodonchen is represented by this animal, explaining its presence on the royal crown of Bhutan. One of these animals pushed a thorn into the foot of another animal to make it drop the box containing the sun, moon, and stars. In a similar myth system, one of these animals sang to a clam to make it release the first men. Another goddess appeared in the form of this animal to advise Donn Cuailnge (\"Cooley\") to flee and also to signify the death of Cuchulainn. Apollo's prophecies were delivered by this animal, which was originally white until he scorched it for bringing him bad news. The Morrigan often took the form of, for or 10 points, which bird, two of which named Hugin and Munin were owned by Odin?", "answer": "ravens [or crows; or corvids; prompt on \"birds\"]", "page": "Crows", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102367, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 211], [212, 334], [335, 463], [464, 559], [560, 699], [700, 825], [826, 947]], "first_sentence": "The Basque goddess Mari turned a shepherd who built a house too close to one of her caves into this animal.", "answer_prompt": "or crows; or corvids; prompt on \"birds\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A painting by this artist depicts a flirtatious man next to a virgin playing the harpsichord, which is inscribed with the title ironic phrase Acta Virum Probant, meaning \"actions prove the man.\" In another of his paintings, broken egg shells near two women indicate the then well-known sexual euphemism of \"cracking eggs in a pan.\" A teacher uses the plaster nude on his desk to instruct a child and young woman in a third of his paintings. This artist of The Christening Feast and The Drawing Lesson painted multiple tavern scenes inspired by his profession as an innkeeper. His characteristic paintings include one in which mischievous children teach a cat how to dance, and one in which a child in a gold dress has received all the gifts during the title celebration. For 10 points, name this painter of interior comedy scenes, such as The Feast of St. Nicholas.", "answer": "Jan Steen", "page": "Jan_Steen", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102368, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 331], [332, 440], [441, 575], [576, 770], [771, 865]], "first_sentence": "A painting by this artist depicts a flirtatious man next to a virgin playing the harpsichord, which is inscribed with the title ironic phrase Acta Virum Probant, meaning \"actions prove the man.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The pre-equilibrium rate constant for one of these reactions is proportional to the cube of the minimum distance of the approach of the reactants times the exponential of the Coulombic potential energy of the reactants according to the Fuoss-Eigen equation. That rate constant arises from the Eigen-Wilkins mechanism, which describes this kind of reaction. In square planar complexes, the rate of this kind of reaction can be enhanced by the presence of a strong sigma donor ligand on the other side of the complex in the trans effect. This type of reaction can take place via associative or interchange mechanisms. Alcohols can be converted to tosylates to increase their reactivity in this kind of reaction. In a noted mechanism for this type of reaction, inversion of stereochemistry occurs as a nucleophile forces out a leaving group in a single step. For 10 points, name this type of reaction in which one ligand or functional group is replaced with another one.", "answer": "ubstitution [or ligand substitution; or nucleophilic bimolecular substitution; or SN2]", "page": "Substitution_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102369, "tokenizations": [[0, 60], [61, 257], [258, 356], [357, 535], [536, 615], [616, 709], [710, 855], [856, 967]], "first_sentence": "The pre-equilibrium rate constant for one of these reactions", "answer_prompt": "or ligand substitution; or nucleophilic bimolecular substitution; or SN2", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a 1929 case, a senator from Missouri with this surname successfully defended Myrtle Bennett after she shot and killed her husband over a game of bridge. An Idaho law stating that \"males must be preferred to females\" as administrators of probate estates was overturned by a 1971 Supreme Court case where the opposing parties were husband and wife with this surname. The most famous Congressman with this surname was depicted in a Harper's Weekly cartoon falling asleep on a keg of gunpowder with the phrase \"Financial Question\" on it. That man, who was succeeded by Charles Crisp in his highest office, put a stop to the \"disappearing quorum\" tactic by counting all members present even if they didn't respond to roll call. That politician from Maine thusly became the namesake of a set of Congressional rules. For 10 points, give this surname of that Speaker of the House whose power at the end of the 19th century caused him to be dubbed \"the Czar.\"", "answer": "Reed [or Thomas Bracket Reed; or James Alexander Reed; or Reed v. Reed]", "page": "James_Alexander_Reed", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102370, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 367], [368, 536], [537, 725], [726, 812], [813, 953]], "first_sentence": "In a 1929 case, a senator from Missouri with this surname successfully defended Myrtle Bennett after she shot and killed her husband over a game of bridge.", "answer_prompt": "or Thomas Bracket Reed; or James Alexander Reed; or Reed v. Reed", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this novel reminisces about the time he spent an entire night on his bicycle attempting to find an escaped mental patient who thought that dogs were the devil, only to find that he had hung himself. This novel contains an extensive description of William Blake's Pestilence: Death of the First Born, a copy of which hangs in a character's messy apartment. Another character in this novel is constantly compared to the wounded Apollinaire because of his bandaged head. That character is named after the owner of a gay bar, Kikuhiko, and his appearance causes the protagonist to get drunk and throw up while teaching cram school. This novel's protagonist is encouraged to follow through on his dream of traveling to Africa by his mistress Himiko, with whom he hides out after his wife gives birth to a child with a serious brain hernia. For 10 points, name this autobiographical novel about Bird, a 1964 work by Kenzaburo Oe.", "answer": "A Personal Matter [or Kojinteki na taiken]", "page": "A_Personal_Matter", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102371, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 374], [375, 486], [487, 646], [647, 853], [854, 942]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this novel reminisces about the time he spent an entire night on his bicycle attempting to find an escaped mental patient who thought that dogs were the devil, only to find that he had hung himself.", "answer_prompt": "or Kojinteki na taiken", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher distinguished between \"all-things-considered\" and \"unconditional\" types of judgment to solve the problem of incontinence. In a different paper, this philosopher used the example of someone sinking the Bismarck to illustrate the Principle of Causal Interaction. In another paper, this philosopher argued that rationalizations were causal explanations for actions. This author of \"How is Weakness of the Will Possible?\" and \"Actions, Reasons, and Causes\" argued for token identity theory in a paper that states that there are no strict deterministic laws that allow for the prediction of mental states from physical states. He proposed a theory of understanding an unknown language works called \"radical interpretation\" in his paper \"Truth and Meaning.\" For 10 points, name this philosopher who authored \"Mental Events,\" which proposed a theory of \"anomalous monism.\"", "answer": "Donald Davidson", "page": "Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102372, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 277], [278, 379], [380, 638], [639, 767], [767, 768], [769, 882]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher distinguished between \"all-things-considered\" and \"unconditional\" types of judgment to solve the problem of incontinence.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This quantity's associated polynomial is often calculated using the deletion-contraction algorithm. Heinrich Tietze was the first to determine this quantity for the projective plane, since he found that the graph \"K sub 6\" was the largest graph that could be embedded onto it. If a graph has a value of n for this quantity, then it will contract to the complete graph of n, possibly with some extra adjacency edges, according to Hadwiger's conjecture. For a surface, this quantity is less than \"seven plus the square root of 49 minus 24 times the Euler characteristic, all over 2.\" Removing the critical edge of a graph will decrease this quantity. Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken proved that this quantity is equal to four for planar graphs. For 10 points, name this quantity, which is the minimum number of colors needed to color a graph so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.", "answer": "chromatic number [prompt on \"the number of colors needed to color a graph\"]", "page": "Chromatic_number", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102373, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 276], [277, 451], [452, 581], [582, 648], [649, 743], [744, 894]], "first_sentence": "This quantity's associated polynomial is often calculated using the deletion-contraction algorithm.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"the number of colors needed to color a graph\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, one side's army had two females appointed as canteen carriers or medics in each regiment, including figures like the 13-year old Irene Morales, who rose up military ranks after trying to pass as male. Partly chronicled by native historian Benjamin Mackenna, this conflict involved the failed expedition of Ambrosio Letelier, whose soldiers were all court- martialed for illegal profiteering. Prior to that expedition, the fighting was nearly ended when minister Isaac Christiancy organized the Lackawanna Conference, but the losing side's demands for territory led to a retaliatory raid by the \"Red Prince\" Patricio Lynch. Miguel Grau became the hero of the battle at Cape Angamos, while the Esmeralda was sunk at the Battle of Iquique during this conflict. This war saw a clash over the provinces of Tacna and Arica and was partly ended by the Treaty of Ancon in 1883. For 10 points, name this war where the forces of Bolivia and Peru lost to Chile.", "answer": "War of the Pacific [or Guerra del Pacifico]", "page": "War_of_the_Pacific", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195e9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102374, "tokenizations": [[0, 222], [223, 413], [414, 644], [645, 779], [780, 891], [892, 972]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, one side's army had two females appointed as canteen carriers or medics in each regiment, including figures like the 13-year old Irene Morales, who rose up military ranks after trying to pass as male.", "answer_prompt": "or Guerra del Pacifico", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A panicked horse in this film kicks a barrel of gunpowder into a fire, which is then thrown into the water as it explodes. As a man in this film counts to ten, he is beheaded by Perucho, though his decapitated head finishes the count. The haunting music first heard in its opening sequence comes from a \"choir-organ\" played by Florian Fricke's band. It took nearly two weeks to film the 30 second sequence in which \"feverish\" men see a boat hanging in the trees. At its conclusion, the title character gives a speech stating that he'll marry his own daughter and found the world's purest dynasty while standing on his raft, which is overrun by monkeys. The star of this film, who was apocryphally threatened at gunpoint by the director, also starred in this film's companion piece Fitzcarraldo. For 10 points, name this film about the title character's failed expedition into the South American jungle, directed by Werner Herzog.", "answer": "Aguirre, the Wrath of God", "page": "Aguirre,_the_Wrath_of_God", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195ea", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102375, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 234], [235, 349], [350, 462], [463, 652], [653, 794], [795, 929]], "first_sentence": "A panicked horse in this film kicks a barrel of gunpowder into a fire, which is then thrown into the water as it explodes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While lying in a bed on a train, the protagonist of this novel imagines that he is in a coffin and recalls the funerals of his grandfather and two younger brothers, one of whom died in a mowing accident. The protagonist of this novel follows a man and his daughter to give her a potato peeler that she was unable to afford earlier. A character in this novel frequently watches a woman from the bushes at the public swimming pool, and later on steals a mummy from a museum. Its protagonist visits the prostitute Leora Watts during his first night in Taulkinham, where he buys an Essex automobile with which he runs over Solace Layfield. One of this novel's major characters kills a man wearing a gorilla suit, then steals the suit and disappears. After meeting Asa Hawks and Sabbath Lily, the protagonist establishes the Church Without Christ, and he later blinds himself with lime. For 10 points, name this book about Enoch Emery and Hazel Motes, the first novel by Flannery O'Connor.", "answer": "Wise Blood", "page": "Wise_Blood", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195eb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102376, "tokenizations": [[0, 203], [204, 331], [332, 472], [473, 635], [636, 745], [746, 881], [882, 984]], "first_sentence": "While lying in a bed on a train, the protagonist of this novel imagines that he is in a coffin and recalls the funerals of his grandfather and two younger brothers, one of whom died in a mowing accident.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem describes a group that \"fashion the birth-robes for them who are just born, being dead\" and that group are the handmaidens of Mary, \"whose names are five sweet symphonies\". The title character of this poem declares that \"I myself shall teach to him... /The songs I sing here\" and \"I'll take his hand and go with him/ To the deep wells of light... And bathe there is god's sight\". This poem describes its subject as being surrounded by lovers who \"spoke evermore among themselves/ Their heart-remember'd names\", and it was first published in 1850 in The Germ. Its title character's hair \"was yellow like ripe corn\" and \"her eyes were deeper than the depth/ Of waters still'd at even\", and in the first stanza she \"lean'd out from the gold bar of heaven\" and \"had three lilies in her hand\". For 10 points, name this poem by Dante Gabriel Rossetti that inspired a similarly titled painting.", "answer": "\"The Blessed Damozel\"", "page": "The_Blessed_Damozel", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85670b91540957195ec", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102377, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 182], [183, 261], [262, 326], [327, 356], [357, 389], [390, 568], [569, 798], [799, 897]], "first_sentence": "This poem describes a group that \"fashion the birth-robes for them who are just born, being dead\" and", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For many years, jazz musicians in this city have participated in late night jam sessions at the Mutual Musicians Foundation. Jazz bands working in this city were known for \"head arrangements\" instead of sight-reading, performing frequent, elaborate riffs, and featuring \"blues shouters\" like Jimmy Rushing and Big Joe Turner. Jay McShann led a big band from this city, whose 18th and Vine district nurtured musicians like Charlie Parker, who grew up here. The line \"They got a crazy way of lovin' out there\" appears in a Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller song about this city. This city's characteristic style was developed by the Bennie Moten Orchestra, which employed Count Basie before he created his own orchestra and moved to Chicago. The jazz scene in this city took off because Prohibition was not enforced by political boss Tom Pendergast. For 10 points, name this Midwestern city, a jazz Mecca during the 1930s.", "answer": "Kansas City, Missouri [do NOT accept \"Kansas City, Kansas\"]", "page": "Kansas_City,_Missouri", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195ed", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102378, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 325], [326, 455], [456, 572], [573, 735], [736, 843], [844, 916]], "first_sentence": "For many years, jazz musicians in this city have participated in late night jam sessions at the Mutual Musicians Foundation.", "answer_prompt": "do NOT accept \"Kansas City, Kansas\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem's narrator compares his house to \"a watchman's hut made of branches and cane\" and states that his \"roots were entrenched before the birth of time.\" This poem's addressee has \"stolen the orchards of my ancestors\" and \"left nothing for us except for these rocks.\" At the end of this poem, its narrator warns \"Beware... of my hunger and my anger!\" and earlier states that \"The usurper's flesh will be my food.\" After this poem's narrator states that he has eight children, he remarks that \"the ninth will come after a summer.\" Many of this poem's stanzas begin with the phrase \"Write down! I am an Arab,\" and its narrator states that the number on its title object \"is fifty thousand.\" For 10 points, name this poem by Mahmoud Darwish about a Palestinian's registration document.", "answer": "\"Identity Card\" [or \"Bitaqat Hawiyyah\"]", "page": "Identity_Card", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195ee", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102379, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [156, 157], [158, 270], [270, 271], [272, 354], [355, 417], [418, 532], [532, 596], [597, 691], [691, 786]], "first_sentence": "This poem's narrator compares his house to \"a watchman's hut made of branches and cane\" and states that his \"roots were entrenched before the birth of time.", "answer_prompt": "or \"Bitaqat Hawiyyah\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A defect in one of these proteins causes Glanzman's thrombasthenia. Mutations in the CD18 subunit of another of these pro- teins causes a disease known as LAD-1. These proteins are the targets of drugs such as abciximab, eptifibatide, and natalizumab. These proteins frequently bind to the acidic RGD or LDV sequences of their ligands. The kinase FAK mediates the signaling performed by these proteins, which bind to filamin and talin at their cytoplasmic faces. The alpha-A domain of one of these proteins is homologous to the A-domain of von Willenbrand factor. The binding of divalent cations to these heterodimeric proteins allows them to bind to ligands such as VCAMs and ICAMs. One of these proteins designated \"alpha-6 beta-1\" binds to laminin while one designated \"alpha-5 beta-1\" binds to fibronectin. They are similar to selectins and cadherins. For 10 points, name these transmembrane receptors and cell adhesion molecules which mediate interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix.", "answer": "ntegrins [or glycoprotein 2b/3a until \"RGD\" is read; prompt on \"CDs\" or \"clusters of differentiation\" until \"CD18\" is read; prompt on \"glycoproteins\" until \"RGD\" is read]", "page": "Integrin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195ef", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102380, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 161], [162, 251], [252, 335], [336, 462], [463, 563], [564, 683], [684, 810], [811, 855], [856, 1004]], "first_sentence": "A defect in one of these proteins causes Glanzman's thrombasthenia.", "answer_prompt": "or glycoprotein 2b/3a until \"RGD\" is read; prompt on \"CDs\" or \"clusters of differentiation\" until \"CD18\" is read; prompt on \"glycoproteins\" until \"RGD\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After the disbanding of this group, one of its founders became an employee at the estate of the mystic Lady Eleanor Davies, who claimed to be the prophet Melchisedecke, the Queen of Peace. This group issued the Wellingborough Declaration, in which they claimed it is better to \"die by the Sword than by the Famine.\" A faction of this group was locked in a battle with John Platt after they settled at Cobham Heath, while another faction settled at St. George's Hill and renamed it George Hill. Led early on by William Everard, the philosophy of this group was put forth in The New Law of Righteousness, the primary text by its major leader Gerrard Winstanley. The True Levellers is often a moniker for this group of Protestant radicals. For 10 points, name this English religious group that took their moniker from their penchant for carrying shovels.", "answer": "the Diggers [or the True Levellers until it is read; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Levellers\"]", "page": "The_Diggers", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f0", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102381, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 315], [316, 493], [494, 659], [660, 736], [737, 851]], "first_sentence": "After the disbanding of this group, one of its founders became an employee at the estate of the mystic Lady Eleanor Davies, who claimed to be the prophet Melchisedecke, the Queen of Peace.", "answer_prompt": "or the True Levellers until it is read; do NOT accept or prompt on \"Levellers\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The development section of this symphony's final movement includes a tone row which anticipates Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, omitting only the tonic. The fact that the composer revised this symphony by adding two clarinets and altering the oboe part to accommodate them is evidence that the composer did hear it performed, contrary to a popular legend. This symphony begins with the violins introducing a theme consisting of \"E-flat, D, D\" repeated three times followed by a higher B-flat. This symphony's fourth movement begins with a Mannheim rocket. This symphony is the second of the only two minor- key symphonies by its composer, and is nicknamed the \"Great G Minor.\" For 10 points, name this penultimate symphony of an Austrian composer, preceding the Jupiter.", "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 40 in G Minor [or KV. 550; or Mozart's Great G Minor symphony until it is read]", "page": "Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f1", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102382, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 359], [360, 496], [497, 559], [560, 680], [681, 774]], "first_sentence": "The development section of this symphony's final movement includes a tone row which anticipates Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, omitting only the tonic.", "answer_prompt": "or KV. 550; or Mozart's Great G Minor symphony until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book refutes six different theories of meaning with an example of a vending machine that accepts Panamanian and American quarters. Its penultimate chapter attempts to answer the question \"Can ethics be naturalized?\" by suggesting that the utilitarian theory of J.S. Mill be adopted. This book's fifteenth chapter refutes the ideas contained in The Emperor's New Mind and ridicules Roger Penrose for suggesting that a theory of quantum gravity would explain why the brain is more powerful than a Turing machine. This work, which begins by citing the song \"Tell Me Why?\" attacks so-called \"greedy reductionists\" who seek to answer \"why\" questions with \"skyhooks.\" Its longest chapter, \"Bully for Brontosaurus,\" refutes Steven Gould's interpretations of the title concept. For 10 points, name this book that discusses the scientific and cultural impact of natural selection, a work written by Daniel Dennett.", "answer": "Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life", "page": "Darwin's_Dangerous_Idea", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f2", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102383, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 287], [288, 515], [516, 573], [574, 665], [665, 774], [775, 910]], "first_sentence": "This book refutes six different theories of meaning with an example of a vending machine that accepts Panamanian and American quarters.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author has stanzas about Julius Caesar, Helen of Troy, and Michelangelo, each of whom has a mind which \"moves upon silence,\" like the title animal \"upon the stream.\" He used the phrase \"World-Besotted Traveler\" in his translation of the epitaph which Jonathan Swift wrote for himself. He used the last three lines of one of his poems for his own epitaph, \"Cast a cold eye on life, on death. Horseman, pass by!\" This author of \"Long-Legged Fly\" wrote a poem whose speaker hears water \"in the deep heart's core.\" That poem describes how \"peace comes dropping slow\" in a place where \"midnight's all a glimmer\" and where the speaker plans to plant \"nine bean rows.\" For 10 points, name this poet who wrote \"I will arise and go now\" in his poem \"The Lake Isle of Innisfree.\"", "answer": "William Butler Yeats", "page": "W._B._Yeats", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f3", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102384, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [179, 180], [181, 299], [300, 405], [406, 425], [426, 524], [524, 525], [526, 675], [675, 784]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author has stanzas about Julius Caesar, Helen of Troy, and Michelangelo, each of whom has a mind which \"moves upon silence,\" like the title animal \"upon the stream.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These compounds can be synthesized using Nagata's reagent. Reaction of one of these compounds with tin chloride and hydrochloric acid followed by hydrolysis yields an aldehyde in the Stephen synthesis. These compounds produce chemical shifts of 115-120 ppm in carbon-13 NMR. In another reaction, one of these compounds is nucleophilically attacked by an alcohol in the presence of catalytic hydrochloric acid, forming an intermediate which can be hydrolyzed into an ester or converted into an amidine by adding ammonia. Two equivalents of this functional group are present in the radical initiator AIBN. An alpha-amino one of these compounds can be hydrolyzed to an amino acid in the Strecker synthesis. These compounds can be converted to primary amines via two equivalents of hydrogen and Raney nickel. For 10 points, name these carboxylic acid derivatives produced by the SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with cyanide, which contain a carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen.", "answer": "nitriles [or cyano compounds until \"cyanide\" is read and prompt thereafter]", "page": "Nitrile", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f4", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102385, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 274], [275, 519], [520, 603], [604, 703], [704, 804], [805, 972]], "first_sentence": "These compounds can be synthesized using Nagata's reagent. Reaction of one of these compounds with tin chloride and hydrochloric acid followed by hydrolysis yields an aldehyde in the Stephen synthesis.", "answer_prompt": "or cyano compounds until \"cyanide\" is read and prompt thereafter", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A bloody civil war in this nation was incited when its president passed 15 constitutional amendments called the Social Guarantees, and the Alien Property Law, which allowed its government to seize German and Italian property after a German submarine attack. Earlier, this country was alternately ruled by men called Don Ricardo and Don Cleto. The assassination of communist Mora Valverde, who led the People's Vanguard, and the overthrow of its president Teodoro Picado started its civil war in 1948. Its first president Jose\u0301 Madriz, the \"founder of the republic,\" moved its capital from a city where the Virgin of the Angels, a black Madonna known as La Negrita, is kept at its basilica. That former capital is Cartago, while a cloud forest reserve is located at this nation's town of Monteverde, founded by American Quakers. Once led by Laura Chinchilla it is just south of the Mosquito Coast. For 10 points, name this country which has had a border dispute with its northern neighbor Nicaragua.", "answer": "Republic of Costa Rica", "page": "Costa_Rica", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f5", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102386, "tokenizations": [[0, 257], [258, 342], [343, 500], [501, 688], [689, 826], [827, 895], [896, 997]], "first_sentence": "A bloody civil war in this nation was incited when its president passed 15 constitutional amendments called the Social Guarantees, and the Alien Property Law, which allowed its government to seize German and Italian property after a German submarine attack.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An alternate name for this hero derives from an exploit in which he used a boot as a weapon. In one story, he is picked up and put in the pocket of a man who later becomes his companion; this character later creates a series of iron hoops by using an ancient sword to hit a coffin in which that companion had accidentally sealed himself. He angrily knocked down a bunch of church steeples when his ruler didn't invite him to a party. He's not Sundiata, but due to a childhood illness, this hero could not walk, so he lay on top of a stove until he was thirty-three, when he was healed by some passing pilgrims. This hero defeated a flying forest-dwelling monster which killed people with its powerful whistle. That victory over Nightingale the Robber pleased this hero's ruler, Vladimir of Kiev. For 10 points, name this bogatyr, a Russian folk hero from Murom.", "answer": "Ilya Muromets [or Ilya of Murom; or Ilya the Muromanian; or Chobitko; or Ilya after \"Murom\" is read]", "page": "Ilya_Muromets", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f6", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102387, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 337], [338, 433], [434, 610], [611, 709], [710, 795], [796, 861]], "first_sentence": "An alternate name for this hero derives from an exploit in which he used a boot as a weapon.", "answer_prompt": "or Ilya of Murom; or Ilya the Muromanian; or Chobitko; or Ilya after \"Murom\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to a recent paper by Sara and Glenn Ellison, when this company purchased a competitor and reduced search costs in its market, average prices, price dispersion, and consumer surplus all increased. In order to build its app ecosystem in the context of two-sided markets, it charged consumers 99 cents for its smartphone in 2014. In 2012, this company spent $775 million to acquire Kiva Systems. At a location in Pennsylvania, this company tagged all of their employees with GPS trackers to monitor their manual efficiency. Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the Pentagon Papers, wrote a letter to this company after it stopped hosting the website of Wikileaks. In 2009, this company yanked a US-copyright-violating version of the novel 1984 from its products without notice. For 10 points, name this online marketplace and titan of the book industry founded by Jeff Bezos.", "answer": "Amazon.com", "page": "Amazon_(company)", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f7", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102388, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 336], [337, 402], [403, 530], [531, 664], [665, 778], [779, 876]], "first_sentence": "According to a recent paper by Sara and Glenn Ellison, when this company purchased a competitor and reduced search costs in its market, average prices, price dispersion, and consumer surplus all increased.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this novel, the main character and his lover sit at a table in the Majestic Hotel and give contrasting speeches on the topic of moral obligation. In the last chapter of this novel, the protagonist prepares to lead a group of people in storming a hotel room, only to realize that he has wet himself. The main characters of this novel fall into a tunnel complex from which there is apparently no escape, but they escape from it by falling back out, at the suggestion of Sarkin Aung Wan. This novel contains three narrative threads: the first describes the protagonist looking down at a beach from his observation post, the second consists of flashbacks to events like the deaths of Bernie Lynn and Frenchie Tucker, and the third is the title action, which is largely imagined by the protagonist. The title character of this novel decides to walk to Paris and goes AWOL, but is pursued by a squad of soldiers including Paul Berlin. For 10 points, name this novel by the author of The Things They Carried, Tim O'Brien.", "answer": "Going After Cacciato", "page": "Going_After_Cacciato", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f8", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102389, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 314], [315, 500], [501, 809], [810, 944], [945, 1030]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this novel, the main character and his lover sit at a table in the Majestic Hotel and give contrasting speeches on the topic of moral obligation.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Michael Taylor discussed this artist's ability to capture spiritual poses in an essay about his representation of noses. Though not known for landscapes, John Constable singled out his The Mill as one of the four memorable works in the history of landscapes. At first, he painted Biblical scenes such as The Angel Preventing the Sacrifice of Isaac, and Balaam and His Ass, which was inspired by his apprenticeship under Pieter Lastman. This man's other paintings include a portrait of his son Titus in monk's garb. A group portrait by him features two people touching a minutes book that rests on a luxurious red, oriental carpet, and portrays five inspectors and their servant, who notably does not wear a hat.The largest painting he ever made depicts the rebellion of a Batavian tribe. This artist of The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis made a 1642 pain", "answer": "Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn [or Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]", "page": "Rembrandt", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195f9", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102390, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 258], [259, 435], [436, 514], [515, 711], [711, 787], [788, 854]], "first_sentence": "Michael Taylor discussed this artist's ability to capture spiritual poses in an essay about his representation of noses.", "answer_prompt": "or Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For amorphous semiconductors, this statement can be determined using the Tauc-Lorentz or the Fourohi-Bloomer models. Examples of this kind of statement are denoted by letters such as L, R, O, and X, which appear next to figures shaped like ellipsoids, dumbbell-lemniscates, or wheel-lemniscates in a CMA diagram. In the \"extraordinary\" mode, this function possesses two asymptotes, which correspond to cutoff points. This function is a simple sine function for acoustic phonons, and for an electron in free-space it has a parabolic shape. Differentiating this function gives the group velocity, while dividing by the wavenumber gives the phase velocity. For 10 points, name this relation between the angular frequency and the wavenumber of a wave, which can be used to determine the frequency-dependence of a prism's index of refraction.", "answer": "dispersion relations [or dispersion relations after \"relation\" is read]", "page": "Dispersion_relations", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195fa", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102391, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 312], [313, 416], [417, 538], [539, 653], [654, 837]], "first_sentence": "For amorphous semiconductors, this statement can be determined using the Tauc-Lorentz or the Fourohi-Bloomer models.", "answer_prompt": "or dispersion relations after \"relation\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A group of writers in this language was known as the Executed Renaissance because their use of this tongue was suppressed; they included subgroups called Hart and Aspanfut, or the \"Association of Pan-futurists.\" The secret society Hromada promoted this language's use, especially in the wake of the January Uprising, and a campaign in favor of its use was led by Petro Shelest. A decree named after the city of Bad Ems greatly restricted use of this language, which was promoted as part of the process of \"korenization,\" or \"putting down roots\" as well as by the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius. This language was censored by the Valuev Circular, which proclaimed that there was no place for a separate \"Little Russian language.\" For 10 points, name this national language of the country whose capital is Kiev.", "answer": "Ukrainian [or ukrayins'ka mova; prompt on \"Little Russian\"]", "page": "1", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195fb", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102392, "tokenizations": [[0, 210], [210, 211], [212, 377], [378, 605], [606, 738], [738, 820]], "first_sentence": "A group of writers in this language was known as the Executed Renaissance because their use of this tongue was suppressed; they included subgroups called Hart and Aspanfut, or the \"Association of Pan-futurists.", "answer_prompt": "or ukrayins'ka mova; prompt on \"Little Russian\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book discusses the rise of the \"cyberwedding\" and the advent of virtual funerals in a chapter asking whether the Internet could be a social force. Its twelfth chapter, on suburbanization, bemoans the rise of sprawl since it disrupts \"boundedness.\" In an early chapter, the author considers the rise of women into the workforce and the high frequency of physical relocation as potential causes for the phenomenon mentioned in the subtitle. This book, published in 2000, grew out of an essay discussing the decline of social capital. In a chapter about informal social connections, this book notes that although 91 million Americans has engaged in the title activity, league membership for it has dwindled. For 10 points, name this book examining \"the collapse and revival of the American community,\" a work by Robert Putnam.", "answer": "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of the American Community", "page": "Bowling_Alone", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195fc", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102393, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 251], [251, 252], [253, 443], [444, 536], [537, 709], [710, 828]], "first_sentence": "This book discusses the rise of the \"cyberwedding\" and the advent of virtual funerals in a chapter asking whether the Internet could be a social force.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the opening of a scene of this play, a character notes to himself that he has been told to walk about his room twelve times, but forgets if it was lengthwise or across. Another character in this play remarks that the ancients used to kidnap maidens they wanted to marry, and had earlier been described as a blind follower of the ancients, which is why he doesn't believe in the circulation of the blood. Two characters in this play improvise a song about the lovers Tircis and Phyllis. The title character's brother Beralde and servant Toinette convince him to play dead, after which he learns his wife Beline is only interested in his money. At the end of the play, the title character gives up his plan to make Thomas Diafoirus his son-in-law and allows his daughter Angelique to marry Cleante. For 10 points, name this Moliere comedy about Argan, who always thinks he is ill.", "answer": "The Imaginary Invalid [or Le Malade Imaginaire; or The Hypochondriac]", "page": "The_Imaginary_Invalid", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195fd", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102394, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 406], [407, 488], [489, 645], [646, 799], [800, 881]], "first_sentence": "In the opening of a scene of this play, a character notes to himself that he has been told to walk about his room twelve times, but forgets if it was lengthwise or across.", "answer_prompt": "or Le Malade Imaginaire; or The Hypochondriac", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Because one chapter of this text includes a history of the Lombards, it was sometimes called the Lombardica Historia. The preface to this text divides the ecclesiastical year into four periods, corresponding to four periods in the history of the world. It includes a story of the destruction of a dragon residing in a pit in Rome, leading to one of this text's many tales of exorcism, dealing with Silvester, who's also the subject of one of its many etymologies. The writings of Jean de Mailly and Bartholomew of Trent are major sources for this text's stories. The story of St. Barbara derives almost entirely from this source text. After being derided for fancifulness by the humanists, this text resurged in popularity as a representation of the piety of the middle ages, and is now one of the standard references for medieval Christian lore. For 10 points, name this hagiographical collection by Jacobus de Voragine.", "answer": "The Golden Legend [or Legenda Aurea; or Legenda Sanctorum]", "page": "The_Golden_Legend", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195fe", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102395, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 252], [253, 463], [464, 562], [563, 634], [635, 846], [847, 921]], "first_sentence": "Because one chapter of this text includes a history of the Lombards, it was sometimes called the Lombardica Historia.", "answer_prompt": "or Legenda Aurea; or Legenda Sanctorum", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one campaign, this politician was accused of poisoning his opponent's ice water, so he promised to add an \"ice water guard\" to his security. He worked as a janitor while getting his undergrad degree at the now-defunct Marvin College, which still has a sign reading \"[this man] swept here.\" Together with Morris Sheppard, he co-sponsored an act which banned the sale of alcohol in Washington D.C., and he often spoke for the Anti-Saloon League. His purchase of a private home called Angles is detailed in his autobiography That Reminds Me. He was known as \"Iron Man\" for his tireless campaigning, such as his defeat of Happy Chandler in an election that caused the passage of the Hatch Act. This Kentucky politician's second marriage to Jane Hadley, a secretary for the Wabash Railroad, was historic because it happened while he was in office, as told in Jane's book I Married the Veep. For 10 points, name this man who became the oldest elected vice president in 1949, serving under Harry Truman.", "answer": "Alben William Barkley", "page": "Alben_William_Barkley", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b91540957195ff", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102396, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 292], [293, 446], [447, 541], [542, 692], [693, 888], [889, 999]], "first_sentence": "In one campaign, this politician was accused of poisoning his opponent's ice water, so he promised to add an \"ice water guard\" to his security.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These objects are classified based on pressure and weathering into the 6-point S and W scales. A current debate is whether the howardite-eucrite-diogenite, or HED, group of these objects can truly be tied to a single basaltic parent body. Unique samples of these objects were thoughtfully frozen after being discovered at Tagish Lake. A 1996 paper by Shu, Shang, and Lee proposed a theory of these objects which suggests that magneto-centrifugally driven winds made their calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. Etching with a weak acid exposes bands of kamacite and taenite called Widmansta\u0308tten patterns in these objects. The iron-sulfur mineral troilite is characteristic of the \"iron\" type of these objects, whose \"stony\" type includes carbonaceous chondrites that may contain amino acids. For 10 points, name these pieces of debris, found on Earth, that originate with objects of extraterrestrial origin.", "answer": "meteorites [or meteors; or meteoroids; or chondrites]", "page": "Meteorite", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719600", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102397, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 238], [239, 334], [335, 505], [506, 616], [617, 786], [787, 902]], "first_sentence": "These objects are classified based on pressure and weathering into the 6-point S and W scales.", "answer_prompt": "or meteors; or meteoroids; or chondrites", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Simon Armitage borrowed the title and form of a poem about this event for his own poem about 9/11. Victoria Tammurai, her husband Richard, and their son Teddy partake in this event in a one-act Christopher Durang play, while the nouveau riche Thomas Morgan also witnesses it in Beryl Bainbridge's Every Man for Himself. A poem about this event mentions \"salamandrine fires\" and a \"grotesque, slimed, dumb, indifferent\" animal crawling. In that poem, this event occurs when \"the Spinner of the Years\" says \"Now!\" That poem, which appeared in Satires of Circumstance, consisting of eleven rhyming tercets, describes the \"Immanent Will\" ordaining this event, in which \"a Shape of Ice\" threatens \"a smart ship.\" For 10 points, Thomas Hardy's \"The Convergence of the Twain\" is about what 1912 maritime disaster?", "answer": "the sinking of the RMS Titanic", "page": "The_sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719601", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102398, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 319], [320, 435], [436, 511], [512, 706], [706, 707], [708, 806]], "first_sentence": "Simon Armitage borrowed the title and form of a poem about this event for his own poem about 9/11.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One character in this novel used to practice making sad faces in the mirror while quoting Sydney Carton's lines from A Tale of Two Cities. After falling in love with the Irish Father Mulligan and joining a convent, another character in this novel obtains a diploma in ornamental gardening; that character is later humiliated when a group of protesters force her to wave a red flag and chant Communist slogans. A character in this novel thinks \"Two Thoughts\", namely that \"Anything can happen to anyone\" and \"It's best to be prepared\", while working at Paradise Pickles. During a performance of the Sound of Music in this novel, one of the protagonists is forced to masturbate a snack vendor. The \"Love Laws\" are a recurring motif in this novel, in which Sophie's drowning leads Baby Kochamma to accuse the untouchable Velutha of raping Ammu. For 10 points, name this novel that ends with the establishment of an incestuous relationship between the twins Rahel and Estha, the debut novel of Arundhati Roy.", "answer": "The God of Small Things", "page": "The_God_of_Small_Things", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719602", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102399, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 409], [410, 569], [570, 691], [692, 841], [842, 1004]], "first_sentence": "One character in this novel used to practice making sad faces in the mirror while quoting Sydney Carton's lines from A Tale of Two Cities.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One protein which regulates this substance is defective in ATRX syndrome. Rhabdoid tumors and choroid plexus carcinoma are linked to mutations in a gene which regulates this substance known as SMARCB1. ATP-dependent proteins which alter the structure of this substance include the ISWI, INO80, and NuRD protein families, which are \"remodelers\" of this substance. Proteins with a bromodomain motif recognize acetylated sites in this substance, which coils into a helical structure known as the 30 nm fiber. HP1 binds to the hetero- form of this material, which stains more darkly than its loosely-packed form. This substance is described as \"beads on a string,\" where the beads are nucleosomes. It consists of interphase DNA wrapped around histones. For 10 points, name this substance involved in packaging and protecting cellular DNA which condenses to form chromosomes.", "answer": "chromatin [or heterochromatin; or euchromatin; prompt on \"DNA\", \"histones\", \"chromosomes\", and \"nucleosomes\" until they are read]", "page": "Chromatin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719603", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102400, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 201], [202, 362], [363, 505], [506, 608], [609, 693], [694, 748], [749, 870]], "first_sentence": "One protein which regulates this substance is defective in ATRX syndrome.", "answer_prompt": "or heterochromatin; or euchromatin; prompt on \"DNA\", \"histones\", \"chromosomes\", and \"nucleosomes\" until they are read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This writer gave a lecture stating that the hidden treasuries are a library's books, which he suggests men use to find a \"position in life.\" In another lecture, this writer stated that man's intellect is for creation, conquest and adventure, while a woman's intellect is for sweet ordering and decision, and that a woman's greatest function is Praise. This writer penned a series of epistles to the workers of Great Britain in his last work, Fors Clavigera. This author included \"Of Kings' Treasuries\" and \"Of Queen's Gardens\" in his collection Sesame and Lilies. In another work, he cites Oliver Wendell Holmes' line about a golden crocus to define the error of ascribing human emotions to inanimate things, which he calls the \"pathetic fallacy.\" That five-volume work by this writer defends the landscapes of J.M.W. Turner over the old masters. For 10 points, name this author of Modern Painters and The Stones of Venice, a Victorian art critic.", "answer": "John Ruskin", "page": "John_Ruskin", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719604", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102401, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [139, 140], [141, 351], [352, 457], [458, 563], [564, 746], [746, 747], [748, 846], [847, 947]], "first_sentence": "This writer gave a lecture stating that the hidden treasuries are a library's books, which he suggests men use to find a \"position in life.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This pope called a synod at Melfi where he controversially appointed the monk Rangerius to the see of Reggio. He was present at the Siege of Capua, where he conferred special privileges on the uncle of Roger Borsa. At another synod, this pope received the confession of Eupraxia of Kiev, who claimed that she was forced into orgies and a black mass. He excommunicated one ruler for his illegal marriage to Bertrade de Montfort, and another ruler for supporting his rival Clement III. This pope, who presided over the Council of Piacenza, was recorded by Fulcher of Chartres, and was originally a pupil of the man who founded the Carthusian Order, Saint Bruno of Cologne. This pope agreed to receive the ambassadors of Alexius I Comnenus, after which he gave a speech that evoked the chant \"God wills it!,\" inspiring men like Bohemond of Taranto. For 10 points, name this Pope who called the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.", "answer": "Pope Urban II [or Odo de Lagery; or Odo of Chatillon-sur-Marne; or Otho of Lagny; or Eudes; prompt on \"Pope Urban\"]", "page": "Pope_Urban_II", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719605", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102402, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 214], [215, 349], [350, 483], [484, 670], [671, 845], [846, 932]], "first_sentence": "This pope called a synod at Melfi where he controversially appointed the monk Rangerius to the see of Reggio.", "answer_prompt": "or Odo de Lagery; or Odo of Chatillon-sur-Marne; or Otho of Lagny; or Eudes; prompt on \"Pope Urban\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The suggestion that Angelus Silesius inspired the final line of this work is discussed in James Atkinson's treatment of its author. At the end of this book, the author notes \"the problems of life have remained untouched\" even after \"all possible scientific questions have been answered,\" concluding that when \"there are no questions left ... this itself is the answer.\" This work claims that the theory of probability is founded on the fact that truth-functions can be arranged in series. A later section distinguishes between concepts and formal concepts, claiming that the use of formal concepts in propositions will result in \"senseless pseudo-propositions.\" This text was the only book its author published during his lifetime and introduces his \"picture theory of meaning.\" \"Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent\" according to, for 10 points, what set of numbered statements by Ludwig Wittgenstein?", "answer": "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus [or Logical-Philosophical Treatise; or Wittgenstein's Tractatus; prompt on \"Tractatus\"]", "page": "Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719606", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102403, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 368], [368, 488], [489, 660], [660, 661], [662, 778], [779, 918]], "first_sentence": "The suggestion that Angelus Silesius inspired the final line of this work is discussed in James Atkinson's treatment of its author.", "answer_prompt": "or Logical-Philosophical Treatise; or Wittgenstein's Tractatus; prompt on \"Tractatus\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A recurring theme in this work consists of rising sixteenth note-dotted eighth note pattern from a low E-flat to a G. Its first section opens with a descending B-flat minor scale in which each note is held by the strings until the entire scale is heard simultaneously. In its thirteenth section, an unusual passage for solo oboe slowly builds up with the return of many previous themes into a triumphant C major version of the \"sun theme\". Like its composer's Op. 35, this piece has the oboe and E-flat clarinet flutter-tongue to depict sheep grazing in a pasture. This work depicts a hunting party using 12 offstage horns, and its score also calls for a heckelphone, a wind machine and a thunder machine. A march for the lower strings with many upward leaps suggestive of climbing appears in its third section, \"The Ascent.\" For 10 points, name this musical depiction of a day in a European mountain range, a work by Richard Strauss that despite its name is actually a tone poem.", "answer": "An Alpine Symphony [or Eine Alpensinfonie; or Richard Strauss's Opus 64]", "page": "An_Alpine_Symphony", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719607", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102404, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 268], [269, 439], [440, 463], [464, 564], [565, 705], [706, 825], [826, 980]], "first_sentence": "A recurring theme in this work consists of rising sixteenth note-dotted eighth note pattern from a low E-flat to a G.", "answer_prompt": "or Eine Alpensinfonie; or Richard Strauss's Opus 64", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During one incident in this conflict, a force under Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler was surprised upon landing at Point Pelee, and barely escaped with three ships intact. Towards the end of this conflict, a group under porter master John Stedman was attacked after departing from Fort Schlosser, and reinforcements from John Wilkins failed to arrive in time. That event, called the Devil's Hole Massacre, may have been perpetrated by a figure known as Farmer's Brother. Donald Campbell had his body dismembered and his heart eaten after being taken prisoner in a siege that could not be resisted by Henry Gladwin, leading to the Battle of Bushy Run where Jeffrey Amherst failed to retake the region. This conflict, which began with the siege of Fort Detroit, led directly to issuance of the Proclamation of 1763. For 10 points, name this rebellion started by an Ottawa chief in the Great Lakes region.", "answer": "Pontiac's Rebellion [or Pontiac's War; or Pontiac's Conspiracy]", "page": "Pontiac's_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719608", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102405, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 352], [353, 463], [464, 693], [694, 806], [807, 895]], "first_sentence": "During one incident in this conflict, a force under Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler was surprised upon landing at Point Pelee, and barely escaped with three ships intact.", "answer_prompt": "or Pontiac's War; or Pontiac's Conspiracy", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Wigner D-matrices can be expanded simply in terms of these functions. The fact that the sum of the squares of a subset of these functions equals a constant is used to prove Unsold's theorem. Applying the spin-raising operator to these functions yields their \"spin-weighted\" counterparts. Multiplying these functions by a factor of \"r raised to the l\" yields their \"solid\" counterparts. The simplest of these functions equals one over the square root of 4 pi. These functions of two variables can be reduced to functions of one variable by converting them to their associated Legendre polynomials. They are the eigenfunctions of the operators for the z-component of angular momentum and the square of angular momentum. The angular portion of the wavefunction of the hydrogen atom consists of these functions. For 10 points, name these functions denoted Y-lm which arise when solving Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates.", "answer": "spherical harmonics [or associated Legendre polynomials until \"Unsold's theorem\" is read]", "page": "Spherical_Harmonics", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719609", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102406, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 194], [195, 291], [292, 389], [390, 462], [463, 600], [601, 721], [722, 811], [812, 930]], "first_sentence": "The Wigner D-matrices can be expanded simply in terms of these functions.", "answer_prompt": "or associated Legendre polynomials until \"Unsold's theorem\" is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One character in this short story calls another a \"Rosicrucian\" while explaining his views on children's physical education, and is deemed a \"tiresome old red-nosed imbecile\" by the narrator. The narrator of this short story says that a certain word reminds him of \"the word gnomon in the Euclid and the word simony in the Catechism\", and gets annoyed when Old Cotter refers to him as a child. At its end, one of the title characters recounts an anecdote in which O'Rourke discovers a man laughing to himself in a confession box. Those title characters serve the narrator crackers and sherry while discussing their recently deceased family member, who had a mental breakdown after accidentally breaking a chalice. The narrator repeats the word \"paralysis\" to himself after his mentor, Father Flynn, dies of a stroke. For 10 points, name this first story in James Joyce's Dubliners.", "answer": "\"The Sisters\"", "page": "The_Sisters", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102407, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 393], [394, 529], [530, 713], [714, 816], [817, 881]], "first_sentence": "One character in this short story calls another a \"Rosicrucian\" while explaining his views on children's physical education, and is deemed a \"tiresome old red-nosed imbecile\" by the narrator.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the Mahabharata, the son of a god who has this role proves himself superior to the son of another god by knocking out his own teeth to give a beggar some alms. The Baltic god who served this role was married to Meness, who had an affair with Ausrine. The Gayatri mantra prominently mentions a Vedic deity responsible for an aspect of this domain called Savitr. Arvak and Alsvid serve one god of this domain, while another such god rides in a chariot pulled by seven horses. After Tecciztecatl proves to be too cowardly, Nanahuatzin calmly walks into a bonfire and becomes the final god of this domain in Aztec myth. The severed asura head Rahu in Hindu myth and the varg Sko\u0308ll in Norse myth both seek to devour the representation of a god of this domain. Heracles once received a golden goblet from a god with this role after he aimed at arrow at it when he became too hot. For 10 points, name this domain of gods like Surya and Helios.", "answer": "the Sun [or sun gods/goddesses/deities; or solar deities; or obvious equivalents]", "page": "Sun", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102408, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 253], [254, 363], [364, 476], [477, 618], [619, 693], [694, 757], [758, 876], [877, 939]], "first_sentence": "In the Mahabharata, the son of a god who has this role proves himself superior to the son of another god by knocking out his own teeth to give a beggar some alms.", "answer_prompt": "or sun gods/goddesses/deities; or solar deities; or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While in Gallipoli, this man was often visited in his prison, called the \"Tower of Strength.\" His followers eventually divided into family branches including Kapanc\u0131 and Yakubi. This man's birth is prophesied in a forged document titled \"The Great Wisdom of Solomon.\" His teacher Joseph Escapa excommunicated him after he was expelled for staging a wedding service in which he pretended to marry the Torah. Descendants of his followers were known as do\u0308nme, or converts; those descendants followed syncretic traditions drawing from Sufi Islam. Followed by Nathan of Gaza, this Romaniote preached in Salonica until he was forced into exile after proclaiming himself Eyn Sof, the Kabbalistic origin of all things. A book about him by Gershom Scholem is subtitled the \"Mystical Messiah.\" For 10 points, name this man who claimed to the Jewish messiah in the 17th century Ottoman Empire.", "answer": "Shabtai Tzvi [or Sabetay Sevi; or Shabbetai Zvi; or Sabbatai]", "page": "Shabtai_Tzvi", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102409, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 177], [178, 267], [268, 406], [407, 542], [543, 710], [711, 783], [784, 882]], "first_sentence": "While in Gallipoli, this man was often visited in his prison, called the \"Tower of Strength.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Sabetay Sevi; or Shabbetai Zvi; or Sabbatai", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this man that notes that \"Soft airs, and song, and light, and bloom\" should keep friends \"lingering by my tomb\" was praised by Edgar Allan Poe in \"The Poetic Principle\". Another of his poems contains the line \"Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again\", which was quoted by MLK Jr. in his \"Give Us the Ballot\" speech. This author of \"June\" and \"Battle-field\" gained early popularity with a political satire that opens with the couplet \"When private faith and public trust are sold, and traitors barter liberty for gold\". He wrote a poem that describes a \"a Power whose care / teaches thy way along that pathless coast\" and asks its addressee if it \"seek'st\" the \"plashy brink\". That poem by this man notes that \"the abyss of heaven / Hath swallowed up\" the title figure, who is asked \"whither, midst falling dew [...] dost thou pursue thy solitary way?\" For 10 points, name this author of the anti-Jeffersonian poem \"The Embargo,\" a longtime editor of the New York Evening Post whose poems include \"To a Waterfowl.\"", "answer": "William Cullen Bryant", "page": "William_Cullen_Bryant", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102410, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 327], [328, 530], [531, 687], [688, 743], [744, 863], [864, 1025]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this man that notes that \"Soft airs, and song, and light, and bloom\" should keep friends \"lingering by my tomb\" was praised by Edgar Allan Poe in \"The Poetic Principle\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This element is used to reduce nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen in CHN analyzers. Indium, gallium, selenium, and this element make up a common thin-film solar cell. Plastocyanin and azurin are members of a class of redox-performing proteins which have \"blue centers\" named for this element. This element's chloride is used to regenerate the palladium chloride catalyst used to oxidize ethylene to acetaldehyde in the Wacker process. This element is in the +1 oxidation state in a catalyst used to form aryl halides from diazonium salts. This element and lithium are found in a class of compounds which selectively performs 1,4-conjugate additions to carbonyls. This element gives off a blueish-green color in the flame test, and it is used in the Sandmeyer reaction and Gilman reagents. For 10 points, name this element which forms an alloy with tin called bronze.", "answer": "copper", "page": "Copper", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102411, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 169], [170, 295], [296, 437], [438, 541], [542, 665], [666, 791], [792, 869]], "first_sentence": "This element is used to reduce nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen in CHN analyzers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, a group of five Benedictines, including Bishop Cassian Spiss, were waylaid and murdered by attackers who stole the bishop's mass kit, which was recovered in 1983. One side in this conflict wore headbands of millet stalks, and were led by men called \"white hen\" in homage to the god Chimulungu, who was worshiped in the Songea District. They called the opposing side \"red earth\" and referred to their military style as \"women's dance.\" The rebels in this conflict had success at Liwale and Samanga, before the troops of Gustav von Gotzen decimated the Ngoni camp near Mahenge. The rebel commander Kinjikitile Ngwale, supposedly possessed by the snake spirit Hongo, mixed castor oil into a potion that he promised would turn bullets to water. For 10 points, name this 1905 revolt in German East Africa, which translates in Swahili as \"Water-Water.\"", "answer": "Maji Maji Rebellion [or Maji Maji War]", "page": "Maji_Maji_Rebellion", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571960f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102412, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 357], [358, 455], [455, 597], [598, 762], [763, 868]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, a group of five Benedictines, including Bishop Cassian Spiss, were waylaid and murdered by attackers who stole the bishop's mass kit, which was recovered in 1983.", "answer_prompt": "or Maji Maji War", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Personal and vocational anxieties give rise to the \"pseudo-\" form of this phenomenon according to a model of Lionel Ovesey. Charles Socarides proposed the conflict model of this trait, suggesting that it arises from a drive that has undergone excessive transformation. The Rorschach, TAT and MAPS exams were given to thirty people with this quality by Evelyn Hooker, who found no linkage between it and intelligence. Irving Beiber conducted a 1962 study of 106 men with this condition, which he noted manifested as personality defects. In a 1935 letter, Sigmund Freud inferred a woman's son had this condition, even though she never explicitly stated it. This condition was removed as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic Statistical Manual in 1986. For 10 points, name this tendency that is indicated by a high value on the Kinsey scale, which was considered a psychosexual illness for much of the early twentieth century.", "answer": "homosexuality [or obvious equivalents, such as being gay or lesbian; do NOT accept bisexual, since all of these psychologists explicitly have an alternate theory of \"bisexuality\"]", "page": "Homosexuality", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719610", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102413, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 268], [269, 416], [417, 535], [536, 654], [655, 750], [751, 924]], "first_sentence": "Personal and vocational anxieties give rise to the \"pseudo-\" form of this phenomenon according to a model of Lionel Ovesey.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents, such as being gay or lesbian; do NOT accept bisexual, since all of these psychologists explicitly have an alternate theory of \"bisexuality\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One part of this speech attacks the hypocrisy of those who \"hurl anathemas at the crowned headed tyrants of Russia and Austria\" and those who \"shed tears over fallen Hungary.\" This speech quotes Julius Caesar to say \"the evil that men do lives after them, the good is oft-interred with their bones.\" The speaker discusses his childhood as a resident of Fell's Point in Baltimore, where he observed Austin Woldfolk operating on Pratt Street. The speaker concludes by asking every heart to join him in reciting a poem that begins \"God speed the year of jubilee!\" and is entitled \"The Triumph of Freedom.\" This speech, delivered at Corinthian Hall to the Rochester Anti-Slavery Sewing Society in 1852, answers its title query by saying that it's just a \"day that reveals the gross injustice and cruelty\" to which the title person is a victim. For 10 points, name this speech given by Frederick Douglas, which attacks the hypocrisy of a patriotic American holiday.", "answer": "\"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?\"", "page": "What_to_the_Slave_is_the_Fourth_of_July?", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719611", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102414, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [174, 175], [176, 298], [298, 299], [300, 440], [441, 560], [561, 602], [603, 839], [840, 960]], "first_sentence": "One part of this speech attacks the hypocrisy of those who \"hurl anathemas at the crowned headed tyrants of Russia and Austria\" and those who \"shed tears over fallen Hungary.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "To paint one of his animal subjects in detail, this artist wired it to stakes and buried it in a snow drift. This artist painted a series of watercolors based on visits to the Adirondacks and depicted a group of women getting ready for \"Pinkster\"by sewing a man into his Harlequin costume in Carnival. This artist's witnessing of a woman being rescued by means of a breeches buoy inspired his work The Life Line. Earlier works including depictions of a veteran with a scythe and of General Barlow escorting Confederate prisoners grew out of his stint illustrating Civil War scenes for Harper's Weekly. Two barefoot boys are seen tumbling in front of a barn in a painting of his depicting a children's game, while another painting depicts a water spout in the upper right as a solitary black man lies on a boat surrounded by sharks. For 10 points, identify this American artist of Snap the Whip and The Gulf Stream.", "answer": "Winslow Homer", "page": "Winslow_Homer", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719612", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102415, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 301], [302, 412], [413, 601], [602, 831], [832, 914]], "first_sentence": "To paint one of his animal subjects in detail, this artist wired it to stakes and buried it in a snow drift.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character communicates with another by knocking on her skull, using one knock for yes, two for no, three for I don't know, and four for money. In his last appearance, this character is told \"don't fret...we're coming\" after he falls into a ditch. After this character's good leg goes stiff, he uses his crutches to crawl through a forest where he meets and eventually kills a charcoal burner. At one point, this character discloses that he averages a little over sixteen farts an hour, and he struggles to devise a system of organization for the sixteen stones he keeps in his pocket, his \"sucking stones\". He spends a year in the care of the motherly \"Mrs. Loy... or Lousse\" after killing her dog with his bicycle while on the way to see his mother. The messenger Gaber conveys a message from Youdi to the detective Jacques Moran, assigning the latter to track down this character. For 10 points, name this title character of a 1951 novel that precedes Malone Dies and The Unnamable in a trilogy by Samuel Beckett.", "answer": "Molloy", "page": "Molloy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719613", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102416, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 209], [209, 251], [252, 397], [398, 611], [612, 755], [756, 887], [888, 1020]], "first_sentence": "This character communicates with another by knocking on her skull, using one knock for yes, two for no, three for I don't know, and four for money.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man gives his name to a spectroscopic technique of using atomic collisions to narrow Doppler Broadening. With his student H.M. Goldenberg, this scientist erroneously found that the sun had an oblate bulge of about 42 kilometers, though he later gave a tight limit on actual solar oblateness. Those solar experiments were designed to a test a theory that features an equation that sets the covariant wave operator equal to 8 pi times the stress energy tensor divided by 3 plus two times this scientist's namesake coupling constant. After he re-performed Lora\u0301nd Eo\u0308tvo\u0308s's experiment to confirm that inertial mass and gravitational mass were indistinguishable, this man and an alphabetically prior colleague developed a scalar-tensor alternative to general relativity For 10 points, name this cosmologist who proposed a theory of gravity with Carl Brans.", "answer": "Robert Dicke", "page": "Robert_Dicke", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719614", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102417, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 296], [297, 535], [536, 557], [558, 855]], "first_sentence": "This man gives his name to a spectroscopic technique of using atomic collisions to narrow Doppler Broadening.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While serving as Minister of the Colonies, this man passed a law requiring any person intending to make movies or sound recordings to file a written request with the Lieutenant Governor of their colony. In a notable speech, he made a call for peace by referring to Stockholm as the \"polar star,\" associating him with the socialist group \"Bonnet rouge.\" This politician, who was supported by Otto Abetz, forcibly conscripted young men after his program to exchange one freed prisoner for three volunteers, called \"La Releve,\" did not gain support. He opposed the \"wait and see\" doctrine championed by his predecessor, Jean-Francois Darlan. This man proposed the transfer of Abyssinia to Italy in an agreement negotiated with Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare in 1935. After a failed suicide attempt, he was executed at Fresnes prison in 1945, five years after becoming Minister of State under Henri Pe\u0301tain. For 10 points, name this prime minister of the Vichy regime in France.", "answer": "Pierre Laval", "page": "Pierre_Laval", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719615", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102418, "tokenizations": [[0, 202], [203, 352], [353, 546], [547, 638], [639, 763], [764, 902], [903, 973]], "first_sentence": "While serving as Minister of the Colonies, this man passed a law requiring any person intending to make movies or sound recordings to file a written request with the Lieutenant Governor of their colony.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this organization's founders attacked their nation's foreign policy in the speech \"Another View of Things.\" Before being executed, that person wrote a farewell letter ending with the declaration \"I am, I was, I shall be!\" Sailors possibly sympathetic towards this organization rioted after being denied pay during the Christmas Crisis. This organization was the first to publish the Red Flag newspaper, and its prominent members included August Thalheimer and Clara Zetkin. In one conflict, this organization's members were opposed by units lead Gustav Noske. The leaders of this organization were executed by members of the Freikorps after a failed revolt against Friedrich Ebert's government, including its founders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg. For 10 points, name this German Marxist group that launched a failed namesake uprising in January 1919.", "answer": "Spartacus League [or Spartacist League; or Spartakusbund", "page": "Spartacus_League", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719616", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102419, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 207], [207, 228], [229, 342], [343, 480], [481, 566], [567, 761], [762, 865]], "first_sentence": "One of this organization's founders attacked their nation's foreign policy in the speech \"Another View of Things.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "George Bataille theorized that this artwork is about the loss of narrative, which is effective since its source of power is a \"feeling of suppression [that] prevails.\" Yasumasa Morimura quoted the pose of this painting in his photograph Portraits (Twins). An anonymous review calls this painting's subject a \"grotesque in Indian rubber,\" while another review, which appeared in Le Monde Illustre, expresses disgust at the subject's \"greenish, bloodshot eyes.\" This painting was first exhibited in \"Room M\" immediately below its artist's other painting, Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers. Its title figure wears an orchid on her head, a gold bracelet with a black tassel, and has a black ribbon tied around her neck. In this painting, a black cat on the right leaves its muddy footprints on a bed, and a black servant holding flowers stands behind a nude Victorine Meurent, who suggestively gazes at the viewer. For 10 points, name this scandalous painting depicting a prostitute by Edouard Manet.", "answer": "Olympia", "page": "The_Olympia", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719617", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102420, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 255], [256, 458], [458, 459], [460, 582], [583, 710], [711, 905], [906, 991]], "first_sentence": "George Bataille theorized that this artwork is about the loss of narrative, which is effective since its source of power is a \"feeling of suppression [that] prevails.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Upon taking control, a governor of this territory had to deal with the Mina Uprising in the New Roads community, which led to the enactment of a slave code. A rebellion in this territory was quashed when Alexandre O'Reilly was sent with a fleet of 24 ships, and gained the nickname \"Bloody O'Reilly\" after executing the rebels at summary trials. After that insurrection, this territory was governed by a ten-member city council called the \"Illustrious Cabildo,\" though the original building dubbed the Cabildo was destroyed in a Great Fire heroically put out by its governor Estevan Miro. It was acquired by the Treaty of Fontainebleau and held for 38 years until it was secretly returned by the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. A governor of this territory conspired with James Wilkinson for commercial purposes after he wrote a letter to Madrid. For 10 points, name this Spanish territory in the New World that was centered at New Orleans.", "answer": "Louisiana [or New Orleans until it is read; prompt on \"New Spain\"]", "page": "Louisiana", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719618", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102421, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 345], [346, 588], [589, 726], [727, 845], [846, 939]], "first_sentence": "Upon taking control, a governor of this territory had to deal with the Mina Uprising in the New Roads community, which led to the enactment of a slave code.", "answer_prompt": "or New Orleans until it is read; prompt on \"New Spain\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Bukusu tribe of Kenya have a creator god Wele Khakaba who put a giant one of these creatures in the sky to create thunder and lightning. In the Analects, Confucius hears the sound of musical instruments and singing, and asks his disciple Tzu-yu why he would \"use an ox cleaver\" to kill one of these. Pope Gregory the Great claimed that this creature was the \"most suitable emblem of Christianity.\" A chameleon, a snail shell filled with dirt, and one of these animals was carried by the Yoruban god Olodumare when he descended to earth on a chain. In Matthew, Jesus addresses \"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\" and admonishes its people for refusing him when he wanted to gather its children together like this animal. The kapparot ritual in Judaism involves swinging one of these animals over one's head before Yom Kippur. The Supreme Court case Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah involved a local ordinance forbidding sacrifice of, for 10 points, what kosher fowl often killed by Santeria adherents?", "answer": "chickens [or rooster; or cockerel; or chicks; or hens; prompt on \"birds\" or \"fowl\"]", "page": "Chicken", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719619", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102422, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 303], [304, 401], [402, 551], [552, 710], [711, 815], [816, 838], [839, 1005]], "first_sentence": "The Bukusu tribe of Kenya have a creator god Wele Khakaba who put a giant one of these creatures in the sky to create thunder and lightning.", "answer_prompt": "or rooster; or cockerel; or chicks; or hens; prompt on \"birds\" or \"fowl\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The brand name Vysis is used by a series of devices employed in this technique, which come in \"dual-fusion\" and \"break-apart\" variants. A common application of this technique is to detect the fusion of BCR and ABL. The techniques SKY and CGH are alternatives to a \"multiplex\" version of this technique which typically uses 24 different colors. It's not PCR, but telomere length can be determined using either a quantitative version of this technique or a version which combines this technique with flow cytometry. A stain such as DAPI can be used to label metaphase chromosomes attached to a glass slide in this technique. For 10 points, name this technique in which chromogenic or fluorescent probes are used to detect individual genetic sequences within chromosomes.", "answer": "in situ hybridization [or ISH; or fluorescent in situ hybridization; or chromogenic in situ hybridization; or FISH; or CISH; prompt on \"flow cytometry\" until it is read]", "page": "In_situ_hybridization", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571961a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102423, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 214], [215, 343], [344, 513], [514, 622], [623, 768]], "first_sentence": "The brand name Vysis is used by a series of devices employed in this technique, which come in \"dual-fusion\" and \"break-apart\" variants.", "answer_prompt": "or ISH; or fluorescent in situ hybridization; or chromogenic in situ hybridization; or FISH; or CISH; prompt on \"flow cytometry\" until it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man included a refrain about being \"Welcomed gladly, and spurned by everyone\" in a poem which opens with a description of himself \"dying of thirst beside the fountain.\" Shortly before his death, this man published a joking quatrain proclaiming \"my neck will learn the weight of my ass.\" A poem by this man describes men \"rinsed and laundered by the rain, And by the sunlight dried and blackened too,\" who \"to and fro sway at the wind's fantasy.\" Jean Buridan's apocryphal death by drowning in the Seine is referenced in one of this man's poems, which mentions the burning of Joan of Arc before exhorting \"Nay, never ask this week, fair lord, Where they are gone, nor yet this year.\" Dante Gabriel Rossetti translated that poem, which features the refrain \"But where are the snows of yesteryear?\" For 10 points, name this French ne'er-do-well who wrote The Testament, which includes \"The Ballad of Dead Ladies.\"", "answer": "Franc\u0327ois Villon", "page": "Fran\u00e7ois_Villon", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571961b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102424, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 291], [292, 450], [451, 687], [688, 761], [761, 799], [799, 915]], "first_sentence": "This man included a refrain about being \"Welcomed gladly, and spurned by everyone\" in a poem which opens with a description of himself \"dying of thirst beside the fountain.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This idea was used by Per Krusell and Anthony Smith to critique Thomas Piketty's \"second law of capitalism.\" John Campbell and Gregory Mankiw estimated that about fifty percent of consumers display the behavior predicted by idea. Robert Hall showed that for quadratic utility, if one assumes that this statement is true, then consumption must follow a random walk. This statement was first proposed to explain Simon Kuznets' data showing no change in the savings rate since 1899 even as the savings rates across earnings percentiles differed. This idea is usually paired with Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis, and it was developed as a critique of John Maynard Keynes' concept of a consumption function. For 10 points, name this hypothesis which states that individuals smooth their consumption so that it is a constant fraction of lifetime earnings, which was proposed by Milton Friedman.", "answer": "life-cycle / permanent income hypothesis", "page": "Biological_life_cycle", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571961c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102425, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 229], [230, 364], [365, 542], [543, 712], [713, 898]], "first_sentence": "This idea was used by Per Krusell and Anthony Smith to critique Thomas Piketty's \"second law of capitalism.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An author from this country wrote a story whose title character says the words \"friend, water, friend, my friend\" with his last breath; the narrator of that story attempts to teach a chimpanzee to speak. The three narratives of a novel from this country include one centering on a woman in a Mexico City hospital who is visited by Beatriz and Pozzi and one about a government- sanctioned prostitute from the \"polar age\" named W218. \"Yzur\" is one of the stories from Strange Forces, a collection by an author from this country. Another author from this country wrote both the aforementioned Pubis Angelical and a novel in which Ne\u0301lida recounts her love for the late Juan Carlos Etchepare. A novel by that man includes a school essay about The Great Waltz called \"The Movie I Liked Best\", written by Toto Casals. For 10 points, name this home country of Leopoldo Lugones and the author of Heartbreak Tango and Betrayed by Rita Hayworth, Manuel Puig.", "answer": "Argentina [or the Argentine Republic; or Repu\u0301blica Argentina]", "page": "Argentina", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571961d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102426, "tokenizations": [[0, 203], [204, 431], [432, 526], [527, 687], [688, 771], [772, 810], [811, 947]], "first_sentence": "An author from this country wrote a story whose title character says the words \"friend, water, friend, my friend\" with his last breath; the narrator of that story attempts to teach a chimpanzee to speak.", "answer_prompt": "or the Argentine Republic; or Repu\u0301blica Argentina", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At the request of his master, this man tried to kidnap the beauty Giulia Gonzaga - after he failed, he sacked the town of Sperlonga, and Giulia had a knight executed for seeing her naked. The force of this non-monarch allegedly gave up on a siege after the obese laundress Catherine Segurane mooned them. This man ordered that church bells not be rung because they disturbed his sleep while wintering his troops in Toulon, and he was assisted by a man called \"the Great Jew,\" Sinan Reis. He met with Antonio Rincon to negotiate an alliance between his monarch and Francis I, but his force was defeated at the Battle of Preveza by an allied fleet assembled by Pope Paul III in 1538. Both this man and his elder brother Oruc Reis shared the same nickname, and together they captured the province of Algiers for Suleiman the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this Barbary pirate turned Ottoman admiral, who took an Italian nickname previously held by a Holy Roman Emperor.", "answer": "Hayreddin Barbarossa [accept either underlined portion; or Khayr ad-Din; or Barbarossa Pasha]", "page": "Khayr_ad-Din", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571961e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102427, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 304], [305, 487], [488, 681], [682, 834], [835, 968]], "first_sentence": "At the request of his master, this man tried to kidnap the beauty Giulia Gonzaga - after he failed, he sacked the town of Sperlonga, and Giulia had a knight executed for seeing her naked.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion; or Khayr ad-Din; or Barbarossa Pasha", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2009, Salvatore Di Vittorio completed the A minor violin concerto by this composer. One of this man's compositions shares its name with a cycle of guitar variations by Mauro Giuliani and \"freely transcribes\" several pieces from its namesake's Sins of Old Age. A suite by this composer that begins with an adaptation of \"Il Conte Orlando\" ends with a section that alternates between a passo mezzo and a mascherada. Strings play an undulating theme in a movement by this composer in which the crescendo of the orchestra illustrates the opening of a half-shell. Pieces attributed to Marin Mersenne and Vincenzo Galilei appear in a set of suites by this man inspired by Renaissance lute music. This composer of Rossiniana and the Botticelli Triptych used a recorded nightingale at the end of a nocturne depicting the Janiculum in a work that opens with a representation of children playing at the Villa Borghese. For 10 points, name this composer of Ancient Airs and Dances and The Pines of Rome.", "answer": "Ottorino Respighi", "page": "Ottorino_Respighi", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719620", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102429, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 262], [263, 416], [417, 561], [562, 692], [693, 911], [912, 995]], "first_sentence": "In 2009, Salvatore Di Vittorio completed the A minor violin concerto by this composer.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The 1959 case of Beacon Theatresv. Westover held that claims of this nature must be decided only after a jury has resolved all other claims presented in an action. A book about the principles of this area of law by Lord Kames cites the maxim that it \"acts in personam\" and not \"in rem.\" When a creditor has the right to have his lien satisfied from a particular piece of property without having possession of that property, his lien is referred to by this adjective. The doctrine of laches and the doctrine of unclean hands are these types of defenses, which deny relief to a plaintiff that has acted in bad faith. In contract law, these remedies include rescission, reformation, and specific performance. This area of law is said to \"regard as done that which ought to be done,\" and it affords relief such as an injunction rather than a judgment for money damages. For 10 points, name this power held by certain courts to avoid the strict confines of the law, in order to achieve a fair result.", "answer": "equity [or equitable remedies]", "page": "Equitable_remedy", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719621", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102430, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 286], [287, 466], [467, 614], [615, 705], [706, 865], [866, 995]], "first_sentence": "The 1959 case of Beacon Theatresv. Westover held that claims of this nature must be decided only after a jury has resolved all other claims presented in an action.", "answer_prompt": "or equitable remedies", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A novel set in this country includes a woman who frequently denounces \"highbrows\" and orders her servants to burn the smelly leopard-skin rug gifted to her by the protagonist, who has a blue birthmark on his cheek. In a story set in this country, the narrator sees a prisoner step around a puddle and hears him mutter \"Ram! Ram! Ram!\" while standing on the gallows. In this country, a crowd yells \"with hideous laughter\" after a character is tripped during a soccer game. A novel set in this country follows John Flory, who tries to get a non-white person admitted to the European Club. \"A Hanging\" is set in this country, as is an essay which notes that \"When the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys\" and describes how the narrator finds an animal that had killed its mahout calmly eating in a paddy field. For 10 points, name this setting of \"Shooting an Elephant\", a country whose \"Days\" are the subject of a George Orwell novel.", "answer": "Burma [or Myanmar]", "page": "Myanmar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719622", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102431, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 323], [324, 334], [335, 365], [366, 471], [472, 586], [587, 588], [588, 833], [834, 958]], "first_sentence": "A novel set in this country includes a woman who frequently denounces \"highbrows\" and orders her servants to burn the smelly leopard-skin rug gifted to her by the protagonist, who has a blue birthmark on his cheek.", "answer_prompt": "or Myanmar", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This concept is said to be immanent and mythical, but not transcendental in Thomas Flanagan's treatment of it. In The Banquet, Dante uses this concept to explain why a man at Falterona found a collection of silver. This concept is held to be the \"arbiter of one half our actions\" according to an author who suggested that virtu, or man's force, can oppose, but not ultimately conquer this concept. In another work, songs titled \"Nero's Infamy\" and \"Glory May Not Last\" precede discussions in which the title figure analogizes this idea to an inconstant game. Niccolo Machiavelli suggested that it needs to be \"beaten and coerced\" like a woman in the twenty-fifth chapter of The Prince. The rise and fall of man is likened to a personification of this concept spinning and turning a wheel in The Consolation of Philosophy. For 10 points, name this medieval concept of things that are beyond one's control, which takes its name from a Roman goddess.", "answer": "fortuna [or fortune; do not accept or prompt on \"luck\"]", "page": "Fortuna", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719623", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102432, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 214], [215, 397], [398, 558], [559, 685], [686, 821], [822, 947]], "first_sentence": "This concept is said to be immanent and mythical, but not transcendental in Thomas Flanagan's treatment of it.", "answer_prompt": "or fortune; do not accept or prompt on \"luck\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This condition in its original form was shown to be impossible for systems with dimension greater than two in papers by Plancherel and Rosenthal. Birkhoff showed that this property is equivalent to a system having no invariant proper subspaces, the condition of metric transitivity. This condition is the weakest in a chain of systems with the Bernoulli property, K property, and mixing, all of which imply this condition. A computer simulation showed that this condition was not present in a 1D lattice of anharmonic oscillators, a result which surprised Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam. This condition does not exist on the \"invariant KAM tori,\" and it is a requirement for the equipartition theorem to hold. A statement of this condition is that the time average of an observable is equal to its ensemble average. For 10 points, name this property of some types of dynamical systems which means that every microstate is equally likely.", "answer": "ergodicity [or word forms, such as the ergodic hypothesis]", "page": "Ergodicity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719624", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102433, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 282], [283, 422], [423, 579], [580, 701], [702, 807], [808, 929]], "first_sentence": "This condition in its original form was shown to be impossible for systems with dimension greater than two in papers by Plancherel and Rosenthal.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms, such as the ergodic hypothesis", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A panel at this ancient city shows its ruler transferring power to his son Chan Bahlum by handing him a scepter. That ruler inherited the throne of this city from his mother, known by scholars as Lady Beastie, which endangered his rule. This city, which fought several wars with the nearby site of Tonina\u0301 to the south, contains a skeleton covered in cinnabar powder at its recently-discovered Tomb of the Red Queen. The French explorer Jean-Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Waldeck resided for a time at this city, where a leafy corn plant mural is located at its \"foliated cross\" complex. This site is home to the Temple of the Count, the Temple of Inscriptions, and the Temple of the Cross, all of which were built a ruler who's shown in a mural entering the jaws of the underworld monster. That ruler was Pacal the Great. For 10 points, name this most significant archeological site in the state of Chiapas, which was a smaller Mayan city than either Tikal or Copa\u0301n.", "answer": "Palenque [or Baak]", "page": "Palenque", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719625", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102434, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 236], [237, 415], [416, 565], [566, 768], [769, 800], [801, 945]], "first_sentence": "A panel at this ancient city shows its ruler transferring power to his son Chan Bahlum by handing him a scepter.", "answer_prompt": "or Baak", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A photographer from this country captured a blurry hand in the photo Typist, and sought to capture the occult in his artworks by employing an \"algebra of movement.\" A critic from here sought to teach authors about \"The Pleasure of Being Booed.\" An artist from this country argued that \"ancient life was all silence\" in his letter The Art of Noises, and he created a series of musical instruments for his \"noise concerts.\" A fashion designer from this country created a series of \"anti-neutral\" suits and created an artwork in which he sought to \"murder the moonlight.\" A poet from here called museums the \"absurd abattoirs of painters\" where \"sculptors ferociously slaughter each other\" and declared that \"war is the world's only hygiene.\" A sculptor from here conveyed the dynamism of speed with his sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. For 10 points, name this home country of the Futurist movement.", "answer": "Italy [the artists are Anton Bragaglia, Luigi Rossolo, F.T. Marinetti, Giacomo Balla, and Umberto Boccioni]", "page": "Italy", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719626", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102435, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 244], [245, 420], [420, 421], [422, 568], [569, 739], [740, 847], [848, 911]], "first_sentence": "A photographer from this country captured a blurry hand in the photo Typist, and sought to capture the occult in his artworks by employing an \"algebra of movement.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man is described as frequently using the word \"Bird\", including asking his friends \"How's your bird?\" This man asks another person if he is \"expecting a storm\" after asking where that guy, the writer of the screenplay for The Oscar, gets his boots. This man then declares that no one be allowed into the room without a coat and tie after the other man leaves. After watching a documentary about himself, he receives a telegram from a man named Jilly stating \"WE RULE THE WORLD\". This man is referred to as an \"uomini respetati\" or \"man of respect\", and is also frequently referred to as \"Il Padrone\". He recalls arguing with Eddie Fisher's fans outside of a recording studio and fails to procure front row seats at a boxing match for Joey Bishop and his wife. A scene in which his voice cracks after he sings a song named for his daughter appears in an Esquire profile for which he refused to be interviewed. For 10 points, name this man, the subject of a Gay Talese article in which he \"Has A Cold\".", "answer": "Frank Sinatra [or Francis Albert Sinatra]", "page": "Frank_Sinatra", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719627", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102436, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 253], [254, 364], [365, 483], [484, 605], [606, 764], [765, 913], [914, 1005]], "first_sentence": "This man is described as frequently using the word \"Bird\", including asking his friends \"How's your bird?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Francis Albert Sinatra", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character claims that a boy leaning on a headless spear is \"fated to hold a place nearest the light\".After meeting King Anius, this man misinterprets a prophecy from Apollo based on his memory of Teucer having sailed from Crete. In another appearance, this man determines that both war and peace are heralded by the appearance of four white horses. Nisus helps Euryalus win a foot race and an arrow shot by Acestes bursts into flames at this man's funeral games, which take place after his death in Drepanum. The appearance of a shooting star and the sudden unearthly fire surrounding another character's head finally convince this character to accompany his son. This man bragged about his two-week lovemaking session with a disguised goddess until Zeus crippled him with a lightning bolt, which is why he is forced to escape Troy on his son's shoulders. For 10 points, name this grandfather of Ascanius, whose affair with Venus resulted in the birth of his son Aeneas.", "answer": "Anchises", "page": "Anchises", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719628", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102437, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [106, 233], [234, 353], [354, 513], [514, 668], [669, 860], [861, 975]], "first_sentence": "This character claims that a boy leaning on a headless spear is \"fated to hold a place nearest the light\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Many of these systems were divested from utility companies by the Wheeler-Rayburn Act. The African-American schoolteacher Elizabeth Jennings Graham was defended by Chester Arthur in a case which desegregated these systems in Man- hattan. An attempt by William McAdoo to expand one of these systems led to a battle with C.C. Howell in Knoxville, Tennessee, which forced McAdoo out of Tennessee. Edwin J. Quinby and Bradford Snell alleged that Alfred Sloan created a special unit to work on destroying these systems, in what they called the \"Great American\" scandal. These systems were oper- ated by \"traction magnates,\" who included Charles Tyson Yerkes on the North side of Chicago. Many of these systems were dismantled by a consortium owned by General Motors, Standard Oil, and Firestone. For 10 points, name this form of public transportation superseded by buses and exemplified by the cable-cars of San Francisco.", "answer": "streetcars [or trolleys; or trams; or tramways; or tramcars; or electric railways; or grip cars]", "page": "Streetcars", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b9154095719629", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102438, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 237], [238, 393], [394, 564], [565, 682], [683, 790], [791, 917]], "first_sentence": "Many of these systems were divested from utility companies by the Wheeler-Rayburn Act.", "answer_prompt": "or trolleys; or trams; or tramways; or tramcars; or electric railways; or grip cars", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A computation by Sear and Warren showed that this structure has a negative contribution to tension on protein and salt solution interface. The maximum capacitance occurs when carbon electrode pore size equals the ion size in capacitors which rely on this structure. The charge density at these structures is proportional to the hyperbolic sine of e z times the potential times beta in the Grahame equation. The diffuse section of this structure usually begins at the outer Helmholtz plane. The lack of this structure at a protein's isoelectric point is the reason that proteins at that point coagulate so easily. These structures exist in equilibrium of attractive van der Waals forces and repulsive electric force in the DLVO theory of colloids and the potential at their slipping planes is the zeta potential. For 10 points, Gouy-Chapman theory describes what electrical structure in which a surface charge attracts a second level of oppositely charged ions?", "answer": "electrical double layer [or diffuse layer; or answers that mention the words \"interfacial,\" \"Helmholtz,\" \"Stern,\" or \"Gouy-Chapman,\" as long as the words double layer or diffuse layer are given]", "page": "Electrical_double_layer", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571962a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102439, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 265], [266, 406], [407, 489], [490, 612], [613, 811], [812, 960]], "first_sentence": "A computation by Sear and Warren showed that this structure has a negative contribution to tension on protein and salt solution interface.", "answer_prompt": "or diffuse layer; or answers that mention the words \"interfacial,\" \"Helmholtz,\" \"Stern,\" or \"Gouy-Chapman,\" as long as the words double layer or diffuse layer are given", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During a lengthy, opium-induced slumber, the protagonist of this novel dreams of visiting Mount Parnassus on a flying chair. A character in this novel has to walk to town behind a flatulent horse after being unable to come up with a rhyme for \"month.\" Three brothers in this novel are revealed to be descendants of a missionary who was allowed to sleep with all of a village's women before being burnt alive for spitting on a muskrat idol. The pirates Captain Skurry and Captain Sly appear in this novel, which also describes an aphrodisiac made from the \"Sacred Eggplant.\" After being thrown overboard the Poseidon with his valet, the protagonist of this novel saves an African slave he calls Dirkpecker. At the end of this novel, the protagonist consummates his marriage with the syphilitic prostitute Joan Toast, and his tutor Henry Burlingame III leaves to live among the Indians. The main character is commissioned to write an epic Marylandiad, but pens the title satire instead. For 10 points, name this novel about Ebenezer Cooke by John Barth.", "answer": "The Sot-Weed Factor", "page": "Sot-weed_factor", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571962b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102440, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 251], [252, 439], [440, 573], [574, 705], [706, 884], [885, 984], [985, 1051]], "first_sentence": "During a lengthy, opium-induced slumber, the protagonist of this novel dreams of visiting Mount Parnassus on a flying chair.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The H93G mutant of this protein can be used to model the class of proteins to which this protein belongs. This protein reduces nitrites to generate nitric oxide 36 times faster than a related protein. This protein is present in the urine of patients with malignant hyperthermia, phosphofructokinase deficiency, and McArdle's disease. This 153 amino acid protein contains 8 right handed alpha-helices, which comprise 75% of its secondary structure. The presence of this nephrotoxic protein in urine is an indicator of rhabdomyolysis. This protein's distal histidine stabilizes the non-cooperative binding of it to its major ligand. The red color of meat is caused by this protein, which allows deep diving mammals to hold their breaths for a very long time. For 10 points, name this protein that carries oxygen in muscle tissue.", "answer": "myoglobin", "page": "Myoglobin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571962c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102441, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 200], [201, 333], [334, 447], [448, 532], [533, 630], [631, 756], [757, 827]], "first_sentence": "The H93G mutant of this protein can be used to model the class of proteins to which this protein belongs.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel wonders whether her boyfriend Ryk wants to marry her or a black girl; that character has a conversation about how stars actually throb rather than twinkle with another lover. That lover joins a group of wild horsemen on the Isle des Chevaliers at the end of this novel after being piloted there by The\u0301re\u0300se. In this novel's first chapter, Margaret's hopes that her son Michael will come home for Christmas are dismissed by her husband Valerian. One of the main characters of this novel is a poor sailor who washes up at the estate of the Streets, the family who sponsors the modeling career of its other main character. Son and Jadine are the protagonists of this novel, which is named for an object that is punched and kicked when it doesn't respond to a character who later tricks the object's creator into throwing him into a brier patch. For 10 points, name this Toni Morrison novel that shares its name with a sticky object used by Br'er Fox to entrap Br'er Rabbit.", "answer": "Tar Baby", "page": "Tar_Baby", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571962d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102442, "tokenizations": [[0, 200], [201, 332], [333, 469], [470, 644], [645, 866], [867, 995]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel wonders whether her boyfriend Ryk wants to marry her or a black girl; that character has a conversation about how stars actually throb rather than twinkle with another lover.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A social scientist born in this country argued that individuals' \"in-groups\" and \"out-groups\" are a source of self-esteem as part of social identity theory. A social scientist from this country posited a \"pointillist\" conception of time in Consuming Life. This birthplace of Henri Tajfel was the birthplace of the University of Leeds professor who claimed the title event is neither a \"Jewish problem\" or a \"German Problem\" in Modernity and the Holocaust. A sociologist from this country claimed that humanity was not in an era of postmodernity but liquid modernity. In a 1922 book, another social scientist from this country examined the building of the waga and noted that necklaces passed clockwise while bracelets moved counter-clockwise in an analysis of the kula ring. For 10 points, name this home country of the author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific, Bronislaw Malinowski.", "answer": "Republic of Poland", "page": "Poland", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85770b915409571962e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102443, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 255], [256, 455], [456, 566], [567, 774], [775, 885]], "first_sentence": "A social scientist born in this country argued that individuals' \"in-groups\" and \"out-groups\" are a source of self-esteem as part of social identity theory.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2005 biography of this man by Vincent Carretta uses a baptism record and a ship's muster to question traditional accounts of his birth. This man informed Granville Sharp about an incident where slaves had been thrown into the sea to collect insurance proceeds, known as the Zong massacre. Late in life, he became an assistant to a scientist who experimented on the purification of saltwater, Charles Irving, and he married Susanna Cullen. He refused a business offer from Robert King after paying him forty pounds, and joined the London Corresponding Society after moving back to England. Michael Pascal, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, renamed this man, whose life among the Igbo people and kidnapping with his sister became part of his \"Interesting Narrative.\" For 10 points, name this figure, also known as Gustavus Vassa, who wrote a well-known slave narrative.", "answer": "Olaudah Equiano [or Gustavus Vassa until it is read]", "page": "Olaudah_Equiano", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571962f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102444, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 290], [291, 440], [441, 590], [591, 764], [765, 867]], "first_sentence": "A 2005 biography of this man by Vincent Carretta uses a baptism record and a ship's muster to question traditional accounts of his birth.", "answer_prompt": "or Gustavus Vassa until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these figures carelessly drags a string of coins earned from castanet performances around behind them, and is often depicted as androgynous. Another of these figures received a dream as a teenager advising her to subsist entirely on powdered mica or mother of pearl. They're not loa, but these figures can \"descend\" and possess the bodies of men during a certain harvest festival. Many of these figures are depicted carrying fly whisks, and several of them were taken to heaven by cranes. One of these figures owned a white donkey that he could fold up and put in his pocket, while another returned from a spirit journey to find that his mortal body had been cremated, forcing him to possess a decrepit beggar and walk with an iron crutch. A member of this group leapt to his feet as a seven-day-old baby and announced that his name was \"recorded in the capital of the Jade Emperor.\" For 10 points, name this group including Zhongli Quan, Lu Dongbin, and Li Tieguai, who are known in Daoism for their infinite lifespan.", "answer": "the Eight Immortals [or Baxian; or the Eight Genies]", "page": "The_Eight_Immortals", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719630", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102445, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 273], [274, 387], [388, 495], [496, 746], [747, 889], [889, 890], [891, 1026]], "first_sentence": "One of these figures carelessly drags a string of coins earned from castanet performances around behind them, and is often depicted as androgynous.", "answer_prompt": "or Baxian; or the Eight Genies", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A May 2012 paper attributed this man's success to \"Quality Versus Junk\" and \"Betting Against Beta\" and cited the effects of 1.6 times leverage; that paper discussed this man's alpha. This man used the example of a group of coin-flipping orangutans that all come from the same zoo in\"The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville,\" which mentions his partner Charlie Munger and advocates value investing. This man has noted the importance of insurance float as a reason for his company's ownership of GEICO; in 2008 that company made a major preferred stock and warrant investment in Goldman Sachs. This man's decision to donate his wealth to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation inspired the Giving Pledge, and his comments about his secretary's tax rate relative to his own inspired a namesake tax on high income individuals. For 10 points, name this billionaire investor who leads Berkshire Hathaway.", "answer": "Warren Edward Buffett", "page": "Warren_Edward_Buffett", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719631", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102446, "tokenizations": [[0, 182], [183, 401], [402, 595], [596, 825], [826, 901]], "first_sentence": "A May 2012 paper attributed this man's success to \"Quality Versus Junk\" and \"Betting Against Beta\" and cited the effects of 1.6 times leverage; that paper discussed this man's alpha.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Degradation and aggradation leads to a quasi-equilibrium in Stanley Schumm's model of the metamorphosis of these systems. Given all of their components, the magnitude of these networks can be calculated using Shreve's ordering system. By con- structing a longitudinal profile of these systems, one can determine their \"knickpoints.\" The bifurcation ratio of these networks characterizes their topology and can be calculated by finding their Strahler number. In geology, the process by which parts of these systems reconverge is anastomosis. The process in which parts of these systems are abandoned and added is called avulsion. Isoetids often grow at the riparian zone, the edge of these entities. The movement of these systems can lead to the creation of anti-dunes, as well as rills, gullies, and arroyos. For 10 points, the meandering of what systems can lead to the formation of an oxbow lake?", "answer": "river systems [or fluvial systems; or stream systems; or tributary systems; or channel systems]", "page": "River_systems", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719632", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102447, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 234], [235, 332], [333, 457], [458, 540], [541, 628], [629, 698], [699, 808], [809, 898]], "first_sentence": "Degradation and aggradation leads to a quasi-equilibrium in Stanley Schumm's model of the metamorphosis of these systems.", "answer_prompt": "or fluvial systems; or stream systems; or tributary systems; or channel systems", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Minor works attributed to this author include a 4600-line hagiography of Aethelthryth of Ely, or St. Audrey, and a translation of the Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick. One of this author's original poems concerns a soldier who is offered infinite wealth by a lady whose meadow pavilion is invisible to everyone but him. Another poem by this author uses the metaphor of a hazel tree intertwined with wild honeysuckle to retell the story of Tristan and Isolde. A chapter of Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer examines a poem by this author in which a baron bites off his unfaithful wife's nose before he is revealed to be a werewolf. Those poems, Lanval, Chevrefoil, and Bisclavret, are examples of a poetic form which this author developed while working under the patronage of Eleanor of Aquitaine. For 10 points, name this female poet who authored the oldest surviving \"lays\" and whose epithet may refer to her birthplace in Brittany.", "answer": "Marie de France [prompt on \"Marie\"]", "page": "Marie_de_France", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719633", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102448, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 325], [326, 464], [465, 631], [632, 797], [798, 934]], "first_sentence": "Minor works attributed to this author include a 4600-line hagiography of Aethelthryth of Ely, or St. Audrey, and a translation of the Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Marie\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The town of Eger in Hungary is home to one of these structures that marks the northernmost point of Ottoman expansion. One of these structures was hypothesized to be the last standing monument of the lost city of Turquoise Mountain, and was built to celebrate the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by a ruler of the Ghurid Dynasty\u0096that one is at the site of Jam. The founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, Mirza Ahmad, built a white one at Qadian to fulfill a hadith about the descent of Jesus. The tallest one in the world was designed by French architect Michel Pinseau, at the bidding of King Hassan II. The first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate built one called the Qutb (kut-ub), named in honor of its dedicatee, a Sufi mystic. Traditionally, the adhan or call to prayer is given from the gallery of one of these structures by a muezzin. For 10 points, name these tall spires that are often attached to mosques.", "answer": "minarets [or minars; or menare; or manara; or munnaaru]", "page": "Minarets", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719634", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102449, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 357], [358, 485], [486, 597], [598, 720], [721, 830], [831, 904]], "first_sentence": "The town of Eger in Hungary is home to one of these structures that marks the northernmost point of Ottoman expansion.", "answer_prompt": "or minars; or menare; or manara; or munnaaru", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During a slow to fast transition in this work, an accelerating descending chromatic scale is played before a Mannheim Roller on a rapid octave C accompaniment. A G-C-D-E flat motif begins the rondo theme of the third movement of this work, and is transposed into E flat minor and passed between the hands in the second theme of its first movement. Its first movement includes a passage where a descending scale is played on thirty-second, then sixty-fourth, then hundred-twenty-eighth notes. Edward Elgar claimed that the opening of the \"Nimrod\" Enigma Variation was based on this composition, which was dedicated to Prince Karl Lichnowsky. It begins with a first movement Grave section on a long solid C minor chord. Its A-flat major andante cantabile second movement bears a strong resemblance to Mozart's C-minor 14th composition in the same genre. For 10 points, name this Beethoven composition for a solo keyboard instrument that shares its nickname with Tchaikovsky's sixth symphony.", "answer": "the Pathetique Sonata [or the Grande Sonate Pathetique; or Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor; or Ludwig van Beethoven's opus 13; prompt on partial answers; \"Beethoven\" is not needed after it is read]", "page": "Piano_Sonata_No._8_(Beethoven)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719635", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102450, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 347], [348, 491], [492, 640], [641, 717], [718, 851], [852, 989]], "first_sentence": "During a slow to fast transition in this work, an accelerating descending chromatic scale is played before a Mannheim Roller on a rapid octave C accompaniment.", "answer_prompt": "or the Grande Sonate Pathetique; or Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor; or Ludwig van Beethoven's opus 13; prompt on partial answers; \"Beethoven\" is not needed after it is read", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This period is the subject of three chronicles known as the Commentaries of G \u0304ongya\u0301ng, Gu\u02c7lia\u0301ng, and Zuo. One method of organizing this era divides it into the ages of regional cultures, encroachments, and reforms. A minister near the end of this period wrote two manuals - one on fish farming, and one laying out the \"twelve golden rules\" for business success. That minister is also said to have discovered the beautiful Xi Shi, and lived with her on a boat in Taihu Lake. The chancellor Guan Zhong stabilized this period by introducing the ba\u0301 system, which installed a series of five hegemons beginning with Duke Huan. This period, which ended with the partition of the State of Jin, also featured the Hundred Schools of Thought, and it was the first portion of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. For 10 points, name this period followed by the Warring States, which is the namesake of some annals that are a Classic of Chinese literature.", "answer": "Spring and Autumn Period [or Chu \u0304nqiu \u0304 Shi\u0301da\u0300i; prompt on \"Eastern Zhou Dynasty\"]", "page": "Spring_and_Autumn_Period", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719636", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102451, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 215], [216, 362], [363, 474], [475, 621], [622, 790], [791, 933]], "first_sentence": "This period is the subject of three chronicles known as the Commentaries of G \u0304ongy\u00e1ng, Gu\u02c7li\u00e1ng, and Zuo.", "answer_prompt": "or Chu \u0304nqiu \u0304 Shi\u0301da\u0300i; prompt on \"Eastern Zhou Dynasty\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One story by this author has the moral that \"if your godfathers and godmothers at your baptism give you a pretty name, you will probably marry the most beautiful woman in the world and live happily ever afterwards.\" In another story by this author, Millicent's family calls her \"most selfish\" for burdening them with the secret of how she killed her husband with a Malay sword. In addition to \"The Choice of Amyntas\" and \"Before the Party,\" this author wrote a story in which Lawson drowns himself in \"The Pool\" following years of marriage to a Samoan girl, and also penned a detective story called \"Footprints in the Jungle.\" A set of linked stories by this author follows the title spy as he works for R. and encounters nefarious characters like the \"hairless Mexican.\" For 10 points, name this author who fictionalized his experience in British intelligence in the collection Ashenden and also wrote about Davidson's attempt to rescue Sadie Thompson from prostitution in the story \"Rain.\"", "answer": "W. Somerset Maugham [or William Somerset Maugham]", "page": "W._Somerset_Maugham", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719637", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102452, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [214, 215], [216, 377], [378, 626], [627, 770], [770, 771], [772, 991]], "first_sentence": "One story by this author has the moral that \"if your godfathers and godmothers at your baptism give you a pretty name, you will probably marry the most beautiful woman in the world and live happily ever afterwards.", "answer_prompt": "or William Somerset Maugham", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An album in this style features the thirty minute track \"The Creator Has a Master Plan\" and is titled Karma. A man who pioneered this style had his ten year old son Denardo play the drums on their album The Fox Hole. A pioneer of this style originally received his nickname \"Pharaoh\" when he joined Sun Ra's Arkestra. It titles an album whose second and final track is called \"First Take,\" and whose first track was performed by a \"double quartet\" consisting of Freddie Hubbard and Eric Dolphy. The songs \"Focus on Sanity\" and \"Lonely Woman\" were composed for another album in this style, The Shape of Jazz to Come. This style is so named because fixed instrumental roles were ignored and improvisation was done in the namesake style. For 10 points, name this style of jazz pioneered by Ornette Coleman, which broke down the conventions of bebop and modal jazz.", "answer": "free jazz", "page": "Free_Jazz", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719638", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102453, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 216], [217, 317], [318, 494], [495, 615], [616, 734], [735, 861]], "first_sentence": "An album in this style features the thirty minute track \"The Creator Has a Master Plan\" and is titled Karma.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Elliptic regularization of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation led to the development of solutions named after this quantity for nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations. When Burgers' equation is solved in the limit where this quantity approaches zero, the solution possesses a shock discontinuity. This quantity is the central variable to the transport equation in the Spalart-Allmaras model. The dynamic response caused by a material possessing this property is quantified by the loss modulus. One form of this quantity serves as a diffusion coefficient for linear momentum. The length scale over which this quantity is significant can be calculated with the Blasius formula. This quantity acquires time dependence in rheopectic and thixotropic materials. The effects of this quantity are significant only inside the boundary layer. This quantity is equal to the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, and it comes in dynamic and kinematic types. For 10 points, name this quantity which is constant for Newtonian fluids.", "answer": "viscosity [or kinematic viscosity; or dynamic viscosity; or eddy viscosity]", "page": "Viscosity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719639", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102454, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 291], [292, 386], [387, 488], [489, 569], [570, 670], [671, 750], [751, 827], [828, 939], [940, 1013]], "first_sentence": "Elliptic regularization of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation led to the development of solutions named after this quantity for nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations.", "answer_prompt": "or kinematic viscosity; or dynamic viscosity; or eddy viscosity", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This dynasty's power was weakened after a member issued a Testament creating the Seniorate Province as part of a plan to split his kingdom between his four heirs, and his widow Salomea of Berg. One branch of this house, which included rulers known as \"Tanglefoot\" and \"the Exile,\" was surrendered after this dynasty's final ruler signed the Treaty of Trentschin renouncing its claim to Silesia. Earlier, when this dynasty's ruler Henry II the Pious was killed at the Battle of Legnica, its Silesian branch was left exposed. Its final ruler succeeded a king known as the \"Elbow-High\" for his short stature, and extended protection to Jewish citizens. This dynasty's second king lent his army to the Kievan Rus' ruler Sviatopolk to battle Yaroslav the Wise, and inherited this dynasty from Mieszko I. For 10 points, name this dynasty which included Casimir the Great and Boleslaw the Brave, the first ruling house of Poland, which should not be confused with the Premyslids.", "answer": "Piast dynasty", "page": "Piast_dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963a", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102455, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [194, 394], [395, 523], [524, 649], [650, 877], [878, 972]], "first_sentence": "This dynasty's power was weakened after a member issued a Testament creating the Seniorate Province as part of a plan to split his kingdom between his four heirs, and his widow Salomea of Berg.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Book 1 of his Confessions, Augustine criticizes his teachers for making him read one of this author's works about a \"lewd youth\" imitating \"Jove.\" Another work by this author, which ends with a gentleman from the city being convinced by a relative to marry a neighboring widow, Sostrata, was adapted by Thomas Shadwell as The Squire of Alsatia. The line \"I'm a man, I don't regard any man's affairs as not concerning me,\" is spoken in the first act of one of his plays by the pompous Chremes, who is repeatedly deceived by the servant Syrus. Several of this man's prologues were written to be delivered by the actor Ambivius Turpo. This author's play The Self-Tormentor may be based on a work of Menander, while plays by Apollodorus of Carystus served as the basis for this man's The Mother-in-Law and Phormio. For 10 points, identify this playwright, a Carthaginian-born slave who wrote the The Eunuch.", "answer": "Terence [or Publius Terentius Afer]", "page": "Terence", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963b", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102456, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 347], [348, 367], [367, 544], [545, 634], [635, 653], [654, 813], [814, 906]], "first_sentence": "In Book 1 of his Confessions, Augustine criticizes his teachers for making him read one of this author's works about a \"lewd youth\" imitating \"Jove.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Publius Terentius Afer", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This element is used in the indicator electrode in polarography experiments, and it is found in namesake \"drop electrodes\" and \"film electrodes\" used as working electrodes in voltammetry experiments. Potassium mixed with a tetra-iodo anion con- taining this element is used in a reagent for detection of ammonia named for Nessler. This element mixed with sulfuric acid catalyzes the hydration of alkynes to form ketones. A saturated solution of this element's chloride dissolved in potassium chloride comprises a common reference electrode known as the saturated calomel electrode. Sodium borohydride is used to remove an acetate of this element in a reaction where an alkene is converted to an alcohol in a classic example of a Markovnikov addition. For 10 points, name this element found in amalgams and the ore cinnabar, a metal whose low freezing point makes it suited for usage in thermometers.", "answer": "mercury [or Hg]", "page": "Mercury_(element)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963c", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102457, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 330], [331, 420], [421, 581], [582, 750], [751, 899]], "first_sentence": "This element is used in the indicator electrode in polarography experiments, and it is found in namesake \"drop electrodes\" and \"film electrodes\" used as working electrodes in voltammetry experiments.", "answer_prompt": "or Hg", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A primary source on this artist are his letters to John Fisher, such as one describing the composition of his painting depicting the ruined Hadleigh Castle. He described the title structure of one of his paintings as a \"dart up into the sky like a needle\" to his wife Maria; that depicts an animal cart in the river Nadder. To explain the symbolism of a rainbow in another painting, this artist added nine lines from a poem by James Thomson to its catalogue description. The originality of this man's style led Delacroix to change the background of his Massacre at Chios. A series of his paintings depicts a magnificent white building \"from the meadows\" and \"from the bishop's ground.\" He created another painting depicting Willy Lott's cottage on the Stour River.For 10 points, name this artist who made numerous depictions of Salisbury Cathedral and the landscape masterpiece The Hay Wain.", "answer": "John Constable", "page": "John_Constable", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963d", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102458, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 323], [324, 470], [471, 571], [572, 685], [686, 764], [764, 891]], "first_sentence": "A primary source on this artist are his letters to John Fisher, such as one describing the composition of his painting depicting the ruined Hadleigh Castle.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book's fourth appendix, \"Nagel's Brain,\" refutes the notion that humans are identical with their brains. This book resolves the question of whether it is ideal to have a child at the age of fourteen with what its author calls \"Theory X.\" This text uses a thought experiment in which a man enters a cubicle presses a button and is teletransported to Mars to illustrate the metaphysical implications of self. This book imagines that there exists two different Hells, and discusses why Hell two seems preferable over Hell one by the impersonal average principle. It uses the example of a 10 billion person society paradoxically being less ideal than a much larger society, even though the lives of the second society's members are barely worth living. That paradox leads to this book's formulation of the \"Repugnant Conclusion.\" For 10 points, name this philosophical text on population ethics, authored by Derek Parfit.", "answer": "Reasons and Persons", "page": "Reasons_and_Persons", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963e", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102459, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 241], [241, 242], [243, 411], [412, 564], [565, 753], [754, 829], [829, 922]], "first_sentence": "This book's fourth appendix, \"Nagel's Brain,\" refutes the notion that humans are identical with their brains.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One chronicle declares that those envious of this ruler could find only one fault in him - that he was too merciful. That chronicle of this ruler's life was written by a figure known only as \"the Astronomer,\" while a lengthy poem honoring this ruler's deeds was written by Ermoldus Nigellus, or Ermold the Black, whom he may have exiled. This ruler governed monasteries in his land according to the Codex Regularum developed by Benedict of Aniane, and a biography of his life was written by Thegan of Trier. His daughter Gisela was gifted the nunnery of San Salvatore, the former residence of his second wife Judith of Bavaria. He was briefly revolted against by his librarian Ebbo, the Archbishop of Reims, who propped up this man's son Pepin of Aquitaine. Later on, he designated his youngest son Charles the Bald to receive Aquitaine, incurring the wrath of his other son Lothair. His lands were finally divided amongst his heirs by the Treaty of Verdun. For 10 points, name this son and successor of Charlemagne.", "answer": "Louis the Pious [or Louis I; or Louis the Fair; or Louis the Debonaire; prompt on \"Louis\"]", "page": "Louis_the_Pious", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b915409571963f", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102460, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 337], [338, 507], [508, 627], [628, 757], [758, 883], [884, 957], [958, 1016]], "first_sentence": "One chronicle declares that those envious of this ruler could find only one fault in him - that he was too merciful.", "answer_prompt": "or Louis I; or Louis the Fair; or Louis the Debonaire; prompt on \"Louis\"", "gameplay": true, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one election, this leader was harmed by Scott Reid's suggestion that an opposing party's child care subsidy might be used to buy beer and popcorn. One opponent of this leader accused him of plans to expand the St. Lawrence Seaway to benefit his holdings in Canadian Steamship Lines. After succeeding another man of the same party, this man broke with tradition by purging almost half of his predecessor's cabinet. That measure may have been caused by Sheila Fraser's revelations that hundreds of millions of dollars in federal money intended to advertise the government in Quebec were wasted during this man's tenure as finance minister. That matter, the Sponsorship scandal, or Adscam, helped lead to this man's defeat after Jack Layton of the NDP supported a no confidence motion against him. For 10 points, name this prime minister of Canada who was succeeded in 2006 by Stephen Harper.", "answer": "Paul Martin", "page": "Paul_Martin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Nationals", "difficulty": "Open", "year": 2015, "proto_id": "58b0b85870b9154095719640", "qdb_id": null, "dataset": "protobowl", "qanta_id": 102461, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 285], [286, 416], [417, 640], [641, 797], [798, 892]], "first_sentence": "In one election, this leader was harmed by Scott Reid's suggestion that an opposing party's child care subsidy might be used to buy beer and popcorn.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": true, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This novel's narrator observes that \"there are more things to admire in men than to despise\" after revealing his identity at the novel's end. In this novel, an audience watching Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice panics after the lead singers collapse. In this novel, a man who lures cats to his balcony so that he can spit on them is the neighbor of Tarrou. The journalist Raymond Rambert struggles to escape the setting of this novel to return to his wife in Paris. In this novel, two sermons are delivered by Father Paneloux. For 10 points, name this novel set in the Algerian city of Oran, in which Dr. Bernard Rieux combats the title ailment, written by Albert Camus.", "answer": "The Plague [or La Peste]", "page": "The_Plague", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129827, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141313, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 243], [244, 349], [350, 458], [459, 519], [520, 663]], "first_sentence": "This novel's narrator observes that \"there are more things to admire in men than to despise\" after revealing his identity at the novel's end.", "answer_prompt": "or La Peste", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The revelation that wisdom has been hidden from man is made in this book. In this book, God asks \"Where were you when I laid the foundations of this earth?\" to a character who is accompanied by his friends Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. This work's 41st chapter contains a long description of the sea monster Leviathan. The title character of this work is encouraged to curse God by his wife after he is stricken with boils, but he refuses. The prologue of this work describes a wager between God and Satan over the loyalty of the title character. For 10 points, identify this Old Testament book about the ever-pious title character.", "answer": "Book of Job", "page": "Book_of_Job", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129826, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141314, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 156], [157, 234], [235, 317], [318, 438], [439, 545], [546, 631]], "first_sentence": "The revelation that wisdom has been hidden from man is made in this book.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A flute solo begins the third variation in the theme-and-variations fourth movement of this composer's Symphony No. 8 in G major. The viola introduces the penta\u00c2\u00b7tonic opening theme of this composer's String Quartet No. 12 in F major. This composer paid tribute to his deceased sister-in-law in his Cello Concerto in B minor. Folk dances such as furiants, dumkas, and polkas comprise his Slavonic Dances. An English horn solo introduces the opening theme of the Largo second movement of this composer's Symphony No. 9, whose Native American and African-American influences stem from this composer's visit to the United States. For 10 points, name this composer of the New World Symphony.", "answer": "Antonin Dvorak", "page": "Anton\u00edn_Dvo\u0159\u00e1k", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129825, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141315, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 233], [234, 324], [325, 403], [404, 625], [626, 686]], "first_sentence": "A flute solo begins the third variation in the theme-and-variations fourth movement of this composer's Symphony No. 8 in G major.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This value can be measured invasively using an a-line and is commonly regulated with thiazides and ACE [\"ace\"] inhibitors. ANP [\"A-N-P\"] modulates this quantity by preventing sodium reabsorption and inhibiting renin. Angiotensin II increases water retention and causes vasoconstriction in order to increase this quantity. This quantity can be measured using a device with an inflatable cuff worn on the arm and listening for two sounds corresponding to its systolic and diastolic forms. For 10 points, name this quantity that is elevated in hypertension which for a typical resting adult is around 120-over-80 millimeters of mercury.\u2028", "answer": "blood pressure [or systolic blood pressure; or diastolic blood pressure]\u2028", "page": "Blood_pressure", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129824, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141316, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 216], [217, 321], [322, 486], [487, 634]], "first_sentence": "This value can be measured invasively using an a-line and is commonly regulated with thiazides and ACE [\"ace\"] inhibitors.", "answer_prompt": "or systolic blood pressure; or diastolic blood pressure", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country's Chumbi\u00c2\u00b7vilcas region celebrates a holiday that takes place on December 25th and is called Takanakuy. The message \"Time for change! The future is renewable\" was controversially displayed on a national monument in this country. A lake on this country's eastern border is home to the Uru people, who live on artificial islands made of reeds. Lake Titicaca lies on this country's border with Bolivia. Greenpeace activists left footprints in the ground and damaged this country's Nazca Lines. For 10 points, name this South American country whose capital is Lima.", "answer": "Peru", "page": "Peru", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129823, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141317, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 145], [146, 240], [241, 353], [354, 411], [412, 502], [503, 573]], "first_sentence": "This country's Chumbi\u00b7vilcas region celebrates a holiday that takes place on December 25th and is called Takanakuy.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Bowling league participation is cited as evidence for America's decline in the \"social\" form of this concept in a Robert Putnam book. Gary Becker wrote a seminal text on the \"human\" form of this concept, which can be enhanced by education or job training. A book studying trends in income inequality written by Thomas Piketty is titled for this term \"in the 21st Century\". Another book titled for this concept introduces the \"labor theory of value\", and later entries in that book were arranged by Friedrich Engels. For 10 points, name this term that titles a book by Karl Marx and refers to productive assets owned by a person or company.", "answer": "capital [or social capital; or human capital; or Das Kapital]", "page": "Capital_(economics)", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129822, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141318, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 255], [256, 372], [373, 515], [516, 639]], "first_sentence": "Bowling league participation is cited as evidence for America's decline in the \"social\" form of this concept in a Robert Putnam book.", "answer_prompt": "or social capital; or human capital; or Das Kapital", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this poem, an old vulture vainly tries to save a woman who is lured out of a protective boundary by an ascetic. A character in this poem uproots and brings an entire mountain to a wounded warrior in need of a healing herb. In this poem, a pair of sandals are placed on a throne to symbolize the true king, who has been exiled for fourteen years alongside his brother Lakshmana. This poem features the monkey god Hanuman, who infiltrates the demon Ravana's island fortress in search of Sita, the protagonist's abducted wife. For 10 points, name this Sanskrit epic poem about the title avatar of Vishnu.", "answer": "Ramayana [or Ramayan; or Ramayanam]", "page": "Ramayana", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129821, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141319, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 225], [226, 380], [381, 526], [527, 604]], "first_sentence": "In this poem, an old vulture vainly tries to save a woman who is lured out of a protective boundary by an ascetic.", "answer_prompt": "or Ramayan; or Ramayanam", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A street in this city that divided its poor and rich sections was nicknamed \"the Slot.\" Amadeo Giannini's Bank of Italy, which grew into the Bank of America, was founded in this city. Mayor Eugene Schmitz, the puppet of Union Labor Party boss Abe Ruef, created the Committee of Fifty to respond to a disaster in this city. This city exhibited its recovery from that disaster by hosting the extravagant 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. A fire in this city destroyed many opulent Nob Hill mansions. Around 80% of this city was destroyed in a fire that started after its 1906 earthquake. For 10 points, name this city that is the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge.", "answer": "San Francisco, California", "page": "San_Francisco", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129820, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141320, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 183], [184, 322], [323, 447], [448, 509], [510, 597], [598, 684]], "first_sentence": "A street in this city that divided its poor and rich sections was nicknamed \"the Slot.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This compound is used to turn aromatic amino acids yellow in the xantho\u00c2\u00b7proteic test. A mixture of this compound and sulfuric acid adds a strong, three-atom, deactivating group to benzene which can then be reduced to aniline. When highly concentrated, this substance is referred to as \"white fuming\". This substance is produced industrially in a process that uses a platinum-rhodium catalyst and reacts oxygen with ammonia. This product of the Ostwald process is mixed in a one to three ratio with hydrochloric acid to make the gold dissolving aqua regia. For 10 points name this strong acid with formula HNO3 [\"H-N-O-three\"].", "answer": "nitric acid [accept HNO3 before mentioned]", "page": "Nitric_acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129819, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141321, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 225], [226, 300], [301, 423], [424, 555], [556, 626]], "first_sentence": "This compound is used to turn aromatic amino acids yellow in the xantho\u00b7proteic test.", "answer_prompt": "accept HNO3 before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country's economic strategy for foreign direct investment is called the \"Go Out\" policy. Bill Clinton convinced Congress to grant this country permanent normal trade relations. This country's currency was devalued by 1.9% in August 2015 to stabilize a slowing economy. The eBay clone Taobao is operated by this country's Alibaba group. In 2011, this country overtook Japan to become the world's second largest economy. This country, whose currency is the renminbi, owns a plurality of the United States' national debt. For 10 points, name this country whose central bank PBOC manages the yuan.", "answer": "People's Republic of China [or Zhongguo; or Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo; do not accept \"Republic of China\"]", "page": "China", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129818, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141322, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 181], [182, 273], [274, 340], [341, 423], [424, 523], [524, 598]], "first_sentence": "This country's economic strategy for foreign direct investment is called the \"Go Out\" policy.", "answer_prompt": "or Zhongguo; or Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo; do not accept \"Republic of China\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist showed Samson drinking from a donkey's jawbone in a painting in which only the feet of a shrouded man are visible. Another of his paintings shows two peasant kneeling in prayer to a barefoot Mary who is on a step holding Jesus. This artist of The Seven Works of Mercy and the Loreto Madonna depicted an orange-robed man at a desk being approached by an angel in a painting made for the Contarelli Chapel. In another painting by this artist, a beam of light from the top right illuminates a man at whom Jesus is pointing. For 10 points name this murderous painter of The Calling of Saint Matthew.", "answer": "Caravaggio [or Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]", "page": "Caravaggio", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129817, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141323, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 239], [240, 416], [417, 532], [533, 607]], "first_sentence": "This artist showed Samson drinking from a donkey's jawbone in a painting in which only the feet of a shrouded man are visible.", "answer_prompt": "or Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The leader of the first of these events claimed to be a prophet and performed feats like breathing fire. That leader, whose forces were led by the general Cleon, was Eunus [\"YOU-nus\"]. In an attempt to quell one of these events, a commander revived the use of decimation as a punishment for his army. During one of these conflicts, an army escaped by rappelling down the side of Vesuvius before being annihilated at the Battle of the Siler [\"SEE-ler\"]. Participants in the last of these events were crucified along the Appian Way after being suppressed by Crassus. A side in the third of these wars was led by Spartacus. For 10 points, identify these rebellions of unfree people against the Roman Republic.", "answer": "Servile Wars [or Roman slave rebellions; or obvious equivalents]", "page": "Servile_Wars", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129816, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141324, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 184], [185, 300], [301, 452], [453, 564], [565, 620], [621, 706]], "first_sentence": "The leader of the first of these events claimed to be a prophet and performed feats like breathing fire.", "answer_prompt": "or Roman slave rebellions; or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This constant times two is in the denominator of the expression for the magnetic flux quantum. This quantity squared is in the numerator of the expression for the fine structure constant. This value was incorrectly estimated in an experiment due to an error in the value for the viscosity of air; in that experiment, particles were suspended in the air using an E-field. This quantity, which is equal to Faraday's constant divided by Avogadro's number, was calculated in Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to approximately \"1.60 times 10 to the negative 19\" coulombs which is the charge of a proton.", "answer": "elementary charge [or fundamental charge; or charge of an electron; or charge of a proton until \"proton\" is read", "page": "Elementary_charge", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129815, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141325, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 187], [188, 370], [371, 509], [510, 643]], "first_sentence": "This constant times two is in the denominator of the expression for the magnetic flux quantum.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After this character's death, two characters walk off to get a drink, prompting the question \"now what the hell ya suppose is eatin' them two guys?\" This character often expresses a desire to \"live off the fatta the lan'.\" His manner of death is foreshadowed by the shooting of Candy's old, blind dog. He accidentally kills a puppy by breaking its neck while trying to stroke it. After he kills Curley's wife, this character is shot in the back of the head by his best friend while he imagines a rabbit farm. For 10 points, name this mentally disabled farm worker who is mercy-killed by his friend George at the end of John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men.", "answer": "Lennie Small [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Of_Mice_and_Men", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129814, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141326, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 147], [147, 148], [149, 221], [221, 301], [302, 379], [380, 508], [509, 652]], "first_sentence": "After this character's death, two characters walk off to get a drink, prompting the question \"now what the hell", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A text by this philosopher asks whether a certain mental state is \"a merit or a defect\" then discusses how it is borne out of defiance of forgiveness or our fear of not being forgiven. That book by this philosopher opens by claiming that the self is \"a relation which relates itself to itself\" before claiming that \"despair is sin.\" Part of a book by this philosopher traces the courting of Cordelia, reflecting this philosopher's relationship with Regine Olsen. That text by an aesthete is paired with admonitory letters by \"the Judge\" and is called \"The Seducer's Diary\". For 10 points, name this Danish existentialist who wrote The Sickness unto Death and Either/Or.", "answer": "Soren Aabye Kierkegaard", "page": "S\u00f8ren_Kierkegaard", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Philosophy European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129813, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141327, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 332], [333, 462], [463, 573], [574, 669]], "first_sentence": "A text by this philosopher asks whether a certain mental state is \"a merit or a defect\" then discusses how it is borne out of defiance of forgiveness or our fear of not being forgiven.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This opera's second act opens with a \"March of the Priests\" popular as a wedding piece. Its protagonist is blessed in the aria \"O Isis und Osiris\" before being put through a trial by silence. Upon reuniting with his love, a baritone in this opera is reduced to stuttering \"Pa, pa, pa.\" That character earlier sings \"Der Vogelf\u00c3\u00a4nger [\"FOH-gull-feng-er\"] bin ich ja\" as he introduces himself as the birdcatcher Papageno. The murder of the sorcerer Sarastro is ordered in its colo\u00c2\u00b7ra\u00c2\u00b7tura aria \"Der H\u00c3\u00b6lle Rache\" [\"HUH-luh RAH-kuh\"], sung by the Queen of the Night to her daughter Pamina, who is in love with Tamino. For 10 points, name this Mozart opera about the title instrument.", "answer": "The Magic Flute [or Die Zauberfl\u00c3\u00b6te]", "page": "The_Magic_Flute", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129812, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141328, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 191], [192, 285], [286, 352], [353, 364], [365, 418], [419, 612], [613, 678]], "first_sentence": "This opera's second act opens with a \"March of the Priests\" popular as a wedding piece.", "answer_prompt": "or Die Zauberfl\u00c3\u00b6te", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Popol Vuh, the head of One Hunahpu is turned into a calabash and placed on one of these objects, from which it spits into a maiden's hand. Sigmund pulls the sword Gram out of one of these objects named Barnstokkr [\"barn-stoker\"]. An eagle perched atop one of these objects has arguments with the serpent Nidhogg via the squirrel Ratatosk. In American folklore, these objects are destroyed by the companion of Babe the Blue Ox. In Norse mythology, the nine worlds are linked by an enormous one of this object named Yggdrasil [\"IG-druh-sil\"]. For 10 points, name these objects which Paul Bunyan chops down in his role as a lumberjack.", "answer": "tree [or olive tree; or ash tree; or World Tree; or Yggdrasil; do not accept \"wood\"]", "page": "TREE", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129811, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141329, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 236], [237, 345], [346, 433], [434, 547], [548, 639]], "first_sentence": "In the Popol Vuh, the head of One Hunahpu is turned into a calabash and placed on one of these objects, from which it spits into a maiden's hand.", "answer_prompt": "or olive tree; or ash tree; or World Tree; or Yggdrasil; do not accept \"wood\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An uprising in this country was caused by the assassination of Avni Rustemi. A leader of this country was overthrown in the June Revolution by the founder of this country's Orthodox Church, Fan Noli. Another ruler of this country controlled the Sigurimi secret police. That ruler helped make this country the first to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and declared this non-USSR country to be \"the world's first atheist state\". During World War II, this nation's King Zog was overthrown with the assistance of Fascist Italy. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation which was ruled by Enver Hoxha [\"HO-sha\"] during the Cold War from its capital at Tirana.", "answer": "Albania [or Shqiperia]\u2028", "page": "Albania", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129810, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141330, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 199], [200, 268], [269, 423], [424, 520], [521, 649]], "first_sentence": "An uprising in this country was caused by the assassination of Avni Rustemi.", "answer_prompt": "or Shqiperia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a novel in which a man who criticizes Ovid and John Gay sings a ballad about \"Edwin and Angelina\". In that novel, a man is sent to debt prison after his house burns down. This author wrote a play in which Constance Neville fails to steal her mother's jewels and elope with George Hastings, whose friend is tricked into thinking Liberty Hall is an inn. In a novel by this author, Mr. Burchell reveals himself as the uncle of Squire Thornhill. This author wrote a play in which Kate Hardcastle wins over Charles Marlow by dressing as a barmaid. For 10 points, name this Irish author of The Vicar of Wakefield and She Stoops to Conquer.", "answer": "Oliver Goldsmith", "page": "Oliver_Goldsmith", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129809, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141331, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 188], [189, 369], [370, 459], [460, 560], [561, 651]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a novel in which a man who criticizes Ovid and John Gay sings a ballad about \"Edwin and Angelina\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Henry Cowles pioneered the study of ecological succession on structures made of this substance. Unlike regs and hamadas, ergs are covered with this material. Large fields of this substance mixed with clay and bitumen are located in Athabasca, Canada. This term describes particles that are larger in diameter than silts and clay but smaller than gravel. In many regions, this substance is primarily composed of silicon dioxide. Marram grass helps stabilize coastal hills of this material that have accumulated from winds blowing it onshore. For 10 points, name this material that forms dunes and is abundant in the Sahara desert.", "answer": "sand particles [prompt on \"soil\"; prompt on \"silicon dioxide\" or \"silica\" until \"silicon\" is mentioned]", "page": "Sand", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129808, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141332, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 157], [158, 250], [251, 353], [354, 427], [428, 540], [541, 629]], "first_sentence": "Henry Cowles pioneered the study of ecological succession on structures made of this substance.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"soil\"; prompt on \"silicon dioxide\" or \"silica\" until \"silicon\" is mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A politician with this surname was assassinated while walking to an interview with Peter Ustinov. Another politician with this surname may have received kickbacks from the Bofors arms company and was killed by a woman hiding a bomb under her dress. A politician with this surname instituted forced sterilization and removed civil liberties during a period dubbed \"The Emergency.\" After ordering Operation Blue Star, that politician with this surname was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. For 10 points, give this common last name of Indian Prime Ministers Rajiv and Indira which was also the last name of the Mahatma. \u00c2\u00a0", "answer": "Gandhi [or Rajiv Gandhi; or Indira Gandhi]", "page": "Mahatma_Gandhi", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129807, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141333, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 248], [249, 379], [380, 490], [491, 622]], "first_sentence": "A politician with this surname was assassinated while walking to an interview with Peter Ustinov.", "answer_prompt": "or Rajiv Gandhi; or Indira Gandhi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem's final stanza is quoted at the end of Tracy Letts' play August: Osage County by Johanna. The stanzas of this poem's final sections end with quotations of the Lord's Prayer and the statement \"life is very long.\" This poem includes a mock-nursery rhyme beginning \"here we go round the prickly pear.\" The speaker reflects \"the eyes are not here\" while describing figures who \"grope together and avoid speech.\" The title figures are described as \"leaning together headpiece filled with straw.\" The statement \"this is the way the world ends, not with a bang but with a whimper\" concludes, for 10 points, what T.S. Eliot poem about a group of empty men?", "answer": "\"The Hollow Men\" ", "page": "The_Hollow_Men", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129806, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141334, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 221], [222, 307], [307, 308], [309, 416], [416, 417], [418, 499], [499, 658]], "first_sentence": "This poem's final stanza is quoted at the end of Tracy Letts' play August: Osage County by Johanna.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At this event, an agreement to set a certain national border at the Curzon Line was made official. In the aftermath of this event, one of the involved parties began formulating Operation Unthinkable in case agreements made during this event were not adhered to. This event's agreement to hold fair elections in Poland was completely ignored by one of its participants. All of the delegations at this event agreed to join the United Nations, and one of them agreed to declare war on Japan shortly after this event. For 10 points, name this second \"Big 3\" conference after Tehran, in which Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met near a resort town in Crimea.", "answer": "Yalta Conference [or Argonaut Conference; or Crimea Conference until \"Crimea\" is read]", "page": "Yalta_Conference", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129805, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141335, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 261], [262, 368], [369, 513], [514, 654]], "first_sentence": "At this event, an agreement to set a certain national border at the Curzon Line was made official.", "answer_prompt": "or Argonaut Conference; or Crimea Conference until \"Crimea\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Late in his career, this leader advised Antiochus III of Syria. Under this general, Ducarius killed Flaminius in the largest military ambush of recorded history, and this leader defeated forces under Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro by using a double-envelopment technique at the Battle of Cannae. An opponent of this victor at Lake Trasimene successfully used the sound of horns to create a stampede among some of this man's troops. This leader was ultimately defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. For 10 points, name this son of Hamilcar, a Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with elephants during the Second Punic War.", "answer": "Hannibal Barca", "page": "Hannibal", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129804, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141336, "tokenizations": [[0, 63], [64, 314], [315, 450], [451, 529], [530, 659]], "first_sentence": "Late in his career, this leader advised Antiochus III of Syria.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A figure in this painting is wearing a gold pendant that shows a winged figure spearing a serpent. In this painting's upper left corner, a crucifix is partially covered by a green curtain. This painting may have commemorated Good Friday of 1533. A Lutheran psalm book lies next to a lute in this painting, in which a pendant of the Order of St. Michael is worn by Jean de Dinteville. The central figures of this painting are standing on an oriental rug and rest their arms on a table holding a globe and other instruments of science. An anamorphic skull is painted across the bottom of this painting. For 10 points, name this double-portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger.", "answer": "The Ambassadors [or The French Ambassadors]", "page": "The_Ambassadors", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129803, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141337, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 188], [189, 245], [246, 383], [384, 533], [534, 600], [601, 670]], "first_sentence": "A figure in this painting is wearing a gold pendant that shows a winged figure spearing a serpent.", "answer_prompt": "or The French Ambassadors", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Newark Supergroup largely consists of rocks from the end of this period. A massive climate change that took place during this period included an increase in overall temperature and is known as the Carnian Pluvial Event. An event that preceded this period produced a \"coal gap\" in geological records. During this period, the continent of Pangaea began its separation into the two continents of Laurasia and Gondwana. This period also gave rise to the archosaurs, whose subclasses include pterosaurs and dinosaurs. For 10 points, name this period which followed a \"Great Dying\" at the end of the Permian and began the Mesozoic Era.", "answer": "Triassic Period", "page": "Triassic", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129802, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141338, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 223], [224, 303], [304, 419], [420, 516], [517, 633]], "first_sentence": "The Newark Supergroup largely consists of rocks from the end of this period.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem named for this place explains how its inhabitants have given up their \"dower / Of inward happiness\" because they are \"selfish men\". The narrator of another poem titled for this place hears the \"mind-forg'd manacles\" and the \"Infants\" who \"cry of fear\" in it. A poem titled for this city exhorts the man who \"shouldst be living at this hour\", John Milton, and was written by Wordsworth. Another poem titled for this city describes its \"charter'd streets\" where the one meets \"marks of weakness, marks of woe\" and was written by William Blake. For 10 points name this city paired with Paris in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. ", "answer": "London", "page": "London", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129801, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141339, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 265], [266, 392], [393, 548], [549, 631]], "first_sentence": "A poem named for this place explains how its inhabitants have given up their \"dower / Of inward happiness\" because they are \"selfish men\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An album by this musician begins its second track with a double bass solo played by Jimmy Garrison. That album's final track is the timpani roll-introduced \"Psalm,\" while a single gong strike begins its opening track, \"Acknowledgement.\" This composer paid tribute to his bassist in the \"Mr. P.C.\" track of an album that includes a ballad titled for his wife Naima. That album is titled for the frequent leaps between chords used in its title track. This jazz musician adapted a song from The Sound of Music into the title track of the album My Favorite Things. For 10 points, name this saxophonist who wrote the albums Giant Steps and A Love Supreme.", "answer": "John Coltrane [or John William Coltrane]", "page": "John_Coltrane", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129800, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141340, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 236], [237, 364], [365, 448], [449, 540], [541, 560], [561, 650]], "first_sentence": "An album by this musician begins its second track with a double bass solo played by Jimmy Garrison.", "answer_prompt": "or John William Coltrane", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Guilds in this city attempted to stay in power by passing the Ordinances of Justice. The Albizzi family rose to prominence in this city shortly after Michele di Lando led the Ciompi [\"CHOM-pee\"] Revolt here in 1378. A leader of this city was nicknamed \"the Gouty,\" and another leader of this city survived an assassination attempt that killed his brother as part of the Pazzi conspiracy. The Bonfire of the Vanities took place in this city during its period of dominance by the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola. For 10 points, name this Italian city ruled during the Renaissance by Cosimo the Great and Lorenzo the Magnificent, members of the Medici family.", "answer": "Republic of Florence [or Repubblica Fiorentina; or Firenze; or Fiorenza; or Florentia]", "page": "Republic_of_Florence", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129799, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141341, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 215], [216, 387], [388, 514], [515, 660]], "first_sentence": "Guilds in this city attempted to stay in power by passing the Ordinances of Justice.", "answer_prompt": "or Repubblica Fiorentina; or Firenze; or Fiorenza; or Florentia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character is troubled by a dream in which he is sexually attracted to a meteor that falls from the sky. He dons a lion skin before traversing a pitch-black mountain guarded by two scorpion-men. This character begins weeping when a snake sheds its skin after eating an immortality-granting plant retrieved from the bottom of a lake. With the help of the sun god Shamash, this hero infiltrates the Cedar Forest and slays its guardian, Humbaba. This character seeks out eternal life from the flood survivor Utnapishtim [\"oot-na-PISH-tim\"] after being traumatized by the death of his beastly friend Enkidu. For 10 points, name this hero who titles a Mesopotamian epic poem.", "answer": "Gilgamesh [or Bilgames]", "page": "Gilgamesh", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129798, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141342, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 198], [199, 336], [337, 446], [447, 607], [608, 674]], "first_sentence": "This character is troubled by a dream in which he is sexually attracted to a meteor that falls from the sky.", "answer_prompt": "or Bilgames", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This value is the slope of a double cone which separates space-like and time-like intervals in Minkowski space. When converting the energy-momentum relation to natural units, this constant is set to one. The Lorentz factor is defined using velocity, and this quantity, whose ratio with velocity is sometimes symbolized beta. One of the assumptions of special relativity is that this value appears the same in every reference frame. The Michelson-Morley experiment could not find evidence of the ether causing this value to change and exceeding this value violates causality. For 10 points, what universal speed limit is roughly three hundred million meters per second?", "answer": "speed of light [prompt on \"c\"]", "page": "Speed_of_light", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129797, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141343, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 203], [204, 324], [325, 431], [432, 574], [575, 668]], "first_sentence": "This value is the slope of a double cone which separates space-like and time-like intervals in Minkowski space.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"c\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one book, this economist described how leveraged banks prevented investment by their subsidiaries, exacerbating the title event. This author of The Great Crash, 1929 argued that advertising and vertical integration by large corporations has replaced supply and demand in capitalist countries. In another book, this economist predicted that consumerism in the post-World War II United States would lead to increased private sector wealth compared to the public sector. That book popularized the term \"conventional wisdom\". For 10 points, name this Canadian-American economist whose works include The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society.", "answer": "John Kenneth Galbraith", "page": "John_Kenneth_Galbraith", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129796, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141344, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 295], [296, 470], [471, 524], [525, 648]], "first_sentence": "In one book, this economist described how leveraged banks prevented investment by their subsidiaries, exacerbating the title event.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, the protagonist has an affair with a French academic named Bernard before returning home, where her father had been a prominent communist. A man discovers his son Terry is gay in a novel by this author, in which Jacobus discovers a corpse on Mehring's farm. The title character of a novel by this author drives a truck called a \"bakkie\" in his native village, where Bamford and Maureen Smales are staying to escape the rebellion in Johannesburg. That book by this author of Burger's Daughter and The Conservationist was banned during apartheid. For 10 points, name this South African author of July's People.", "answer": "Nadine Gordimer", "page": "Nadine_Gordimer", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129795, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141345, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 284], [285, 472], [473, 571], [572, 635]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, the protagonist has an affair with a French academic named Bernard before returning home, where her father had been a prominent communist.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one tradition, this holiday celebrates the release of prisoners in the city of Gwalior. Towards the end of this holiday, which occurs during the transition from Ashvin to Karthik, brothers visit the houses of their sisters. During this holiday, the transition into a new financial year is marked with gambling and with a prayer to the consort of Vishnu. This holiday marks the New Year in Marwadi culture and the attainment of Moksha by Mahavira in Jainism. This holiday commemorates the defeat of Ravana by Rama, and the goddess of wealth is celebrated during its Lakshmi Puja. For 10 points, name this Hindu celebration that is celebrated with \"diyas\" being lit. ", "answer": "Diwali [or Deepavali]", "page": "Diwali", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129794, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141346, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 226], [227, 356], [357, 460], [461, 581], [582, 667]], "first_sentence": "In one tradition, this holiday celebrates the release of prisoners in the city of Gwalior.", "answer_prompt": "or Deepavali", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This substance can contain structures called Zundel cations and Eigen [\"AY-gen\"] cations. The Grotthuss mechanism attempts to explain this substance's conductivity. This substance forms a \"cage\" around methane in a methane clathrate. This substance's solid-liquid equilibrium line has a negative slope on a P-T diagram, and it has a high boiling point because each molecule of this compound forms four hydrogen bonds. This molecule has a bent geometry with two lone pairs. The boiling point and melting point of this compound define the Celsius scale. This compound is more dense as a liquid than as a solid. For 10 points, name this universal solvent, with formula of H2O.", "answer": "water [or H2O before mention; or ice]", "page": "Water", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129793, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141347, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 164], [165, 233], [234, 417], [418, 472], [473, 551], [552, 608], [609, 673]], "first_sentence": "This substance can contain structures called Zundel cations and Eigen [\"AY-gen\"] cations.", "answer_prompt": "or H2O before mention; or ice", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man claims \"the capital-T Truth is about life before death\" in a work that begins with a joke about two young fish swimming by an older fish. David Lipsky wrote about a road trip he took with this author in the book Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself. He gave a commencement address at Kenyon College that ends with the statement \"this is water.\" A group of Quebecois \"wheelchair assassins\" appear in a novel by this author set during the Year of the Depend Adult Undergarment. In that novel by this author, Hal Incandenza attends the Enfield Tennis Academy. For 10 points, name this author of Infinite Jest.", "answer": "David Foster Wallace", "page": "David_Foster_Wallace", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129792, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141348, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 220], [221, 239], [240, 269], [270, 364], [365, 495], [496, 576], [577, 626]], "first_sentence": "This man claims \"the capital-T Truth is about life before death\" in a work that begins with a joke about two young fish swimming by an older fish.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A ruler of this kingdom was advised by John Young and Isaac Davis, who taught him how to use weapons found on the Fair American. A ruler of this kingdom issued a decree allowing noncombatants to \"lie down to sleep by the roadside\" without threat of injury. This kingdom was governed by the kapu law code. The Law of the Splintered Paddle originated in this kingdom. In 1893, Lorrin Thurston and Sanford Dole were among those who overthrew this kingdom's final monarch. It was eventually annexed by the United States under William McKinley. For 10 points, name this kingdom that was led by Liliuokalani and Kamehameha from Honolulu.", "answer": "Kingdom of Hawaii", "page": "Kingdom_of_Hawaii", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129791, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141349, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 256], [257, 304], [305, 365], [366, 468], [469, 539], [540, 631]], "first_sentence": "A ruler of this kingdom was advised by John Young and Isaac Davis, who taught him how to use weapons found on the Fair American.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This state contains a life-size concrete replica of Stonehenge in its town of Maryhill. One of the only temperate rain forests in the United States, the Hoh Rainforest, is located in this state. Lake Roosevelt was created by the construction of a dam to stem the Columbia River in this state; that dam is the Grand Coulee Dam. This state is home to the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous US, Mount Rainier, and this state was the site of a large volcanic eruption in 1980 on Mount St. Helens. For 10 points, name this Pacific Northwest state that contains the Space Needle in Seattle.", "answer": "Washington", "page": "Washington_(state)", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129790, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141350, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 194], [195, 326], [327, 515], [516, 607]], "first_sentence": "This state contains a life-size concrete replica of Stonehenge in its town of Maryhill.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This thinker wrote an essay discussing the rights of \"civilized\" nations in dealing with \"barbarous\" ones in his essay A Few Words on Non-Intervention. This thinker included residues and concomitant variations in his namesake \"methods of experimental inquiry\" in the treatise A System of Logic. This philosopher equated marriage with slavery in an essay he wrote with his wife, Harriet Taylor. This man wrote that intellectual pleasures are preferable to sensual pleasures, modifying the greatest-happiness principle of Jeremy Bentham. For 10 points, name this English philosopher who wrote The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism, and On Liberty.", "answer": "John Stuart Mill [or J. S. Mill]", "page": "John_Stuart_Mill", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129789, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141351, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 151], [152, 294], [295, 393], [394, 535], [536, 647]], "first_sentence": "This thinker wrote an essay discussing the rights of \"civilized\" nations in dealing with \"barbarous\" ones in his essay", "answer_prompt": "or J. S. Mill", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a play in which the protagonist and a poet encounter a ship's crew singing \"Christ Kyrie\" [\"KEE-ree-ay\"] as they see Jesus walk on water. In a novel by this author, the title location within the Berns Salonger is where a group of bohemians meets with the protagonist Arvid Falk. This author created a character who is the Daughter of Indra in A Dream Play. A plan to open a hotel on Lake Como is discovered by Christine in one of his plays. In that play by this author of The Red Room, a bird is decapitated by Jean, who hands the title character a razor blade at the play's end. For 10 points, name this Swedish playwright of Miss Julie.", "answer": "August Strindberg [or Johan August Strindberg]", "page": "August_Strindberg", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129788, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141352, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 296], [297, 374], [375, 458], [459, 597], [598, 656]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a play in which the protagonist and a poet encounter a ship's crew singing \"Christ Kyrie\" [\"KEE-ree-ay\"] as they see Jesus walk on water.", "answer_prompt": "or Johan August Strindberg", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A town that produced this resource was hoaxed by an article in the Territorial Enterprise claiming that donations to the \"Great Austin Flower Sack\" would benefit a \"Miscegenation Society.\" Large finds of this resource were referred to as \"bonanzas.\" Mark Twain spent his formative years in one of this resource's boom towns, Virginia City. One seventh of the working male population was required to extract this resource for the Spanish government under the mita system. Major sources of this resource included Potosi in modern-day Bolivia and Nevada's Comstock Lode. For 10 points, name this metal that bimetallism supports using as legal tender in addition to gold.", "answer": "silver [or Ag]", "page": "Silver", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129787, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141353, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [187, 249], [250, 339], [340, 470], [471, 567], [568, 667]], "first_sentence": "A town that produced this resource was hoaxed by an article in the Territorial Enterprise claiming that donations to the \"Great Austin Flower Sack\" would benefit a \"Miscegenation Society.", "answer_prompt": "or Ag", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Hill equation was first used to describe the cooperative binding of this protein. The fetal form of this protein has a higher affinity than its adult form because it does not interact with 2,3-BPG [\"two three b-p-g\"]. This protein shows a lower binding affinity under acidic conditions and in higher carbon dioxide concentrations, a phenomenon known as the Bohr shift. This protein consists of two alpha and two beta subunits, and like catalase it contains four porphyrin rings with iron centers. This protein has a higher affinity to carbon monoxide than its typical substrate, oxygen. For 10 points, name this protein found in red blood cells.", "answer": "hemoglobin [or Hb]", "page": "Hemoglobin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129786, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141354, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 221], [222, 372], [373, 500], [501, 590], [591, 649]], "first_sentence": "The Hill equation was first used to describe the cooperative binding of this protein.", "answer_prompt": "or Hb", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One type of these devices can run in a constant height or constant current mode, and functions by creating a bias and measuring the tunneling current. These devices are used to locate hybridized probes in FISH [\"fish\"], and can identify locations stained with phalloidin derivatives or DAPI [\"DAH-pee\"]. One type of these devices uses dichroic mirrors to isolate specific wavelengths of fluorescence. Samples used in these devices may need to be mounted and placed under a coverslip. Anton van Leeuwenhoek's [\"LAY-ven-hook\"] use of these devices led to his observations of \"animalcules\" which were later revealed to be microbes. For 10 points, name this sort of device which uses a set of lenses to magnify an image.", "answer": "microscope [accept more specific answers such as \"scanning tunneling microscope\" or \"fluorescence microscope\"]", "page": "Microscope", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129785, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141355, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 303], [304, 400], [401, 483], [484, 628], [629, 716]], "first_sentence": "One type of these devices can run in a constant height or constant current mode, and functions by creating a bias and measuring the tunneling current.", "answer_prompt": "accept more specific answers such as \"scanning tunneling microscope\" or \"fluorescence microscope\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the bottom left of this painting, a scene painted onto a cloak shows three nude figures forming a ring around yellow-clad figure who is praying. A large group of martyrs is looking from this painting's upper right towards a white-robed Jesus, and St. Peter is dangling a pair of keys in this painting's top left. This painting was made to be displayed six feet off the ground at the Church of Santo Tome. The pale faces of a row of men forms the border between the Earthly and Heavenly zones of this painting, in which the artist's son is shown pointing at the central scene. For 10 points, name this El Greco painting that depicts a Spanish nobleman being interred.", "answer": "The Burial of Count Orgaz [or The Burial of the Count of Orgaz; or El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz; accept other answers describing the Burial of Count Orgaz", "page": "The_Burial_of_Count_Orgaz", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129784, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141356, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 315], [316, 407], [408, 580], [580, 670]], "first_sentence": "In the bottom left of this painting, a scene painted onto a cloak shows three nude figures forming a ring around yellow-clad figure who is praying.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After it tried to avoid paying full customs on a shipment of Madeira wine, the HMS Liberty was towed out of this city's harbor. This city was defended by a fort on Castle Island. An event in this city was depicted in a propaganda engraving that shows a small dog beneath a cloud of smoke. A \"noble train of artillery\" that brought cannons to this city was planned by Henry Knox. After a crowd gathered on this city's King Street to throw snowballs at some soldiers, Thomas Preston fired upon a group that included Crispus Attucks. For 10 points, name this city, the site of a 1770 massacre that preceded the American Revolution. ", "answer": "Boston [or the Boston massacre] ", "page": "Boston", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129783, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141357, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 178], [179, 288], [289, 378], [379, 530], [531, 630]], "first_sentence": "After it tried to avoid paying full customs on a shipment of Madeira wine, the HMS Liberty was towed out of this city's harbor.", "answer_prompt": "or the Boston massacre", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A molecule involved in this process is \"charged\" by the enzyme aaRS [\"A-A-R-S\"]. Amber, ochre, and opal tags cause release factors to end this process. This process can be inhibited by phosphorylating [\"fos-FOR-ill-ate-ing\"] a serine residue in an eIF2 [\"E-I-F-2\"]-GDP complex. In eukaryotes, this process begins after recognition of the Kozak sequence. During this process, molecules with a cloverleaf structure interact with an organelle's A, P, and E sites. The existence of only twenty types of some molecules used in this process is explained by wobble base pairing between codons and anticodons. For 10 points, name this process that occurs at ribosomes and synthesizes proteins from mRNA.", "answer": "translation [prompt on \"protein synthesis\"]", "page": "Translation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129782, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141358, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 151], [152, 277], [278, 353], [354, 460], [461, 601], [602, 695]], "first_sentence": "A molecule involved in this process is \"charged\" by the enzyme aaRS [\"A-A-R-S\"].", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"protein synthesis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A festival in this religion includes the giving of \"thousand year candy,\" and a construction site sacred to this religion has its ground broken using a sickle, hoe, and spade. A practice in this religion involves writing prayers or wishes on small wooden plaques. This religion's emphasis on purification is why its places of worship all have a basin for washing the mouth and hands. A festival in this religion is a rite of passage called \"Seven-Five-Three,\" and this religion can be classified into types including \"Folk\" and \"Sect.\" This religion's shrines feature gates called torii. For 10 points, name this religion which worships kami such as Amaterasu, the native religion of Japan.", "answer": "Shintoism", "page": "Shinto", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129781, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141359, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 263], [264, 383], [384, 535], [536, 587], [588, 690]], "first_sentence": "A festival in this religion includes the giving of \"thousand year candy,\" and a construction site sacred to this religion has its ground broken using a sickle, hoe, and spade.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, Don Issachar takes a young baroness as a mistress after killing her family and is later forced to share her with the Grand Inquisitor. The protagonist's love interest spies Paquette engaging in \"experimental physics\" towards the beginning of this novel. The title character believes that \"we must cultivate our garden\" by the end of this work, although the title character's mentor encourages him to think that they live in the \"best of all possible worlds.\" This work's protagonist travels through an earthquake-struck Lisbon to South America, accompanied by Cacambo and the Leibniz-inspired Dr. Pangloss. For 10 points, name this novel by Voltaire.", "answer": "Candide", "page": "Candide", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129780, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141360, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 268], [269, 472], [472, 621], [622, 665]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, Don Issachar takes a young baroness as a mistress after killing her family and is later forced to share her with the Grand Inquisitor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "n this academic discipline, a battleship curve can be used to visualize data in the method of seriation. Lewis Binford incorporated middle range theory into this field's processual approach, which replaced the older cultural-historical approach. A scholar of this discipline, Jens Worsaae, theorized the purpose of shell middens. This discipline uses techniques like magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar to identify underground features as part of field surveys. Practitioners of this discipline like Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans excavated Troy and Knossos. For 10 points, name this field that studies material artifacts of ancient humans.", "answer": "archaeology [or word forms like archaeological research]", "page": "Archaeology", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129779, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141361, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 245], [246, 329], [330, 467], [468, 570], [571, 652]], "first_sentence": "n this academic discipline, a battleship curve can be used to visualize data in the method of seriation.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms like archaeological research", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, the accusation that some puppets are cross-dressing is refuted because the puppets have no genitalia. In a play by this author, Peregrine convinces a friend to hide inside a tortoise shell and the central character disguises himself as Scoto and attempts to sleep with Celia, the wife of Corvino. Mosca pretends to help three characters who are vying to inherit money from a wealthy man pretending to be moribund in a play by this author. In a play by this author of Bartholomew Fayre, Subtle, Captain Face, and Doll Common promise the Philosopher's Stone to Epicure Mammon. For 10 points, name this English playwright of Volpone and The Alchemist.", "answer": "Ben Jonson", "page": "Ben_Jonson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129778, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141362, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 322], [323, 464], [465, 600], [601, 674]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, the accusation that some puppets are cross-dressing is refuted because the puppets have no genitalia.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In his youth, this man fought in the Battle of Diu, and he enslaved a Malay interpreter named Enrique while participating in the siege of Malacca. This man was forced to quell a mutiny at Port Saint Julian. At the request of Rajah Humabon, this man tried to invade Mactan, which resulted in him getting fatally speared by Lapu-Lapu. This man's fleet, including the flagship Trinidad, was funded by Charles V. Juan Sebastian finished the accomplishment this man is best known for after he was killed in the Philippines. For 10 points, name this Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the Earth.", "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan [or Fern\u00c3\u00a3o de Magalh\u00c3\u00a3es; or Fernando de Magallanes]", "page": "Ferdinand_Magellan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129777, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141363, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 206], [207, 332], [333, 518], [519, 634]], "first_sentence": "In his youth, this man fought in the Battle of Diu, and he enslaved a Malay interpreter named Enrique while participating in the siege of Malacca.", "answer_prompt": "or Fern\u00c3\u00a3o de Magalh\u00c3\u00a3es; or Fernando de Magallanes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process changes the position of a metal-metal interface in the Kirkendall effect. Spinodal decomposition occurs solely due to this process. Solutions to problems involving this process often contain the error function. This process is driven by a negative chemical potential gradient. The flux of this process is proportional to the negative gradient of the concentration according to Fick's first law. The rate at which this process occurs is proportional to one over the square root of molar mass according to Graham's law. For 10 points, name this process by which molecules travel from areas of high to low concentration.", "answer": "diffusion [prompt on \"effusion\"]", "page": "Diffusion", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129776, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141364, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 144], [145, 223], [224, 289], [290, 407], [408, 530], [531, 630]], "first_sentence": "This process changes the position of a metal-metal interface in the Kirkendall effect.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"effusion\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Robert Graves published a 1968 translation of this text that was allegedly based on an original manuscript, but was revealed to have instead adapted a 20th-century translation by Edward Heron-Allen. A section of this text includes an extended allegorical discussion between clay pots. One of this poem's verses begins \"The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ / Moves on,\" and another verse begins, \"A Book of Verses underneath the Bough / A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou\" in the fifth version of Edward Fitzgerald's translation of this poem. For 10 points, name this medieval Persian poem organized into quatrains and written by Omar Khayyam.", "answer": "The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam", "page": "Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129775, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141365, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 286], [286, 320], [320, 556], [556, 656]], "first_sentence": "Robert Graves published a 1968 translation of this text that was allegedly based on an original manuscript, but was revealed to have instead adapted a 20th-century translation by Edward Heron-Allen.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this opera's third act, a clarinet solo introduces an aria in which the tenor lead recalls his lover falling into his arms on a night when the \"stars were shining.\" A character in this opera signs a safe conduct pass after being told where an escaped prisoner is hiding. As her lover is tortured, this opera's title character asks why God has forsaken her, even though her entire life she has \"lived for art.\" \"E lucevan le stelle\" and \"Vissi d'arte\" are arias from this opera, whose title character leaps from the Castel Sant'Angelo to her death after the execution of her lover, the painter Mario Cavaradossi. For 10 points, name this Giacomo Puccini opera about the title singer.", "answer": "Tosca", "page": "Tosca", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129774, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141366, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 273], [274, 412], [413, 614], [615, 685]], "first_sentence": "In this opera's third act, a clarinet solo introduces an aria in which the tenor lead recalls his lover falling into his arms on a night when the \"stars were shining.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this period, subduction of the Kula and Farallon plates under the North American plate contributed to the Laramide orogeny. A series of large volcanic eruptions formed the Deccan Traps at the end of this period. It marked the first appearance of pachycephalosaurids, and Walter and Luis Alvarez postulated that the concentration of iridium found in a thin layer of sediment, the K-T boundary, was linked to the end of this period. Large chalk deposits laid down during this period give it its name. For 10 points, name this final period of the Mesozoic Era, during which a meteor strike is hypothesized to have killed the dinosaurs.", "answer": "Cretaceous period", "page": "Cretaceous", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129773, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141367, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 214], [215, 433], [434, 501], [502, 635]], "first_sentence": "In this period, subduction of the Kula and Farallon plates under the North American plate contributed to the Laramide orogeny.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Shortly after he came to power, this leader's regime killed an American citizen named Charles Horman. This non-European leader's regime started to fall apart after Pope John Paul II publicly criticized his policies during an official visit to his country. His regime sponsored a death squad called the \"Caravan of Death.\" He instituted laissez-faire policies designed by a group of American-educated economists, the Chicago Boys. This leader overthrew his predecessor in a 1973 coup possibly supported by the American government. For 10 points, name this dictator who replaced Salvador Allende as president of Chile.", "answer": "Augusto Pinochet [or Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte]", "page": "Augusto_Pinochet", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129772, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141368, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 255], [256, 321], [322, 429], [430, 529], [530, 616]], "first_sentence": "Shortly after he came to power, this leader's regime killed an American citizen named Charles Horman.", "answer_prompt": "or Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A scene in this film repeatedly cuts between shots of two bored guards and shots of a man charging towards them to a drum roll, before the running man suddenly enters the frame and stabs a guard. A scene in this film is interrupted by some previously unseen characters yelling \"GET ON WITH IT!\" The main characters of this film attempt to cross the Bridge of Death, which spans the Gorge of Eternal Peril. A character in this film refuses to surrender even though his limbs are hacked off, declaring \"it's just a flesh wound!\" Characters in this film include the Black Knight and the Knights who say Ni [\"NEE\"]. For 10 points, name this spoof of Arthurian legend made by the Monty Python comedy troupe. ", "answer": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail [prompt on just \"Monty Python\"]", "page": "Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129771, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141369, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 294], [295, 405], [406, 526], [527, 611], [612, 702]], "first_sentence": "A scene in this film repeatedly cuts between shots of two bored guards and shots of a man charging towards them to a drum roll, before the running man suddenly enters the frame and stabs a guard.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on just \"Monty Python\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This novel's final sentence describes the features of buildings as \"each in its ordered place.\" A character in this novel obsesses over a broken watch that his father described as the \"mausoleum of all hope and desire.\" A character in this novel remembers seeing mud on his sister's underwear when she climbed a tree to spy on their grandmother's funeral. The characters of this novel are served by a long-suffering maid named Dilsey. This novel's first section is narrated by a castrated mentally retarded man who associates the smell of rain with his sister Caddy. Jason, Quentin and Benjy narrate chapters of, for 10 points, what William Faulkner novel about the Compson family?", "answer": "The Sound and the Fury", "page": "The_Sound_and_the_Fury", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129770, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141370, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 219], [220, 355], [356, 434], [435, 566], [567, 681]], "first_sentence": "This novel's final sentence describes the features of buildings as \"each in its ordered place.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A piece in this genre represents the cardinal directions with a set of four brass bands that enter in the second section. Unusually, a solo soprano sings the Pie [\"PEE-ay\"] Jesu in the central movement of Gabriel Faur\u00c3\u00a9's piece of this type. Mozart called for a double fugue on the words \"Kyrie eleison\" [\"KEY-ree-ay eh-lay-son\"] and \"Christe eleison\" in a piece of this type whose movements include the Tuba mirum and the Confutatis maledictis. The Dies Irae section of that piece in this genre breaks off eight bars into the Lacrimosa, from which point the remainder was completed by Franz Sussmayr. For 10 points, name this liturgical genre of music written for the dead.", "answer": "requiem [or requiem mass; do not accept \"mass\"]", "page": "Requiem", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129769, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141371, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 172], [173, 240], [241, 444], [445, 600], [601, 673]], "first_sentence": "A piece in this genre represents the cardinal directions with a set of four brass bands that enter in the second section.", "answer_prompt": "or requiem mass; do not accept \"mass\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A god of this people transforms into a cat and uses a knife to decapitate a wicked serpent. This people's calendar includes five extra days won in a gambling match with the moon. A god of this culture asserts his superiority by ejaculating into a head of lettuce eaten by his rival. When these people die, their hearts are fed to the demon Ammit if they fail to weigh lighter than a single feather. In a myth from this civilization, a deceased god's fourteen scattered body parts are used to give birth to the god that defeats Set and avenges his father Osiris. For 10 points, name these people who believed that the falcon-headed Horus was manifested in each pharaoh.", "answer": "ancient Egyptians", "page": "Ancient_Egyptians", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129768, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141372, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 178], [179, 282], [283, 398], [399, 561], [562, 668]], "first_sentence": "A god of this people transforms into a cat and uses a knife to decapitate a wicked serpent.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The HESS project is a series of telescopes which detect cosmic gamma rays via this phenomenon. Since this effect is emitted in a cone, detection of \"rings\" formed by it can determine the angle of emission. Super-Kamiokande [\"kah-mee-oh-KAN-day\"] uses this effect to detect neutrinos. The amount of this phenomenon for a given wavelength is predicted by the Frank-Tamm formula, whose developers won the Nobel in physics in 1958 along with this effect's namesake. For 10 points, name this bluish radiation that occurs when a charged particle exceeds light's velocity in its medium which creates the bluish glow seen in nuclear reactors.", "answer": "Cherenkov radiation", "page": "Cherenkov_radiation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129767, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141373, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 205], [206, 283], [284, 461], [462, 634]], "first_sentence": "The HESS project is a series of telescopes which detect cosmic gamma rays via this phenomenon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Stanley Cavell analyzes this philosopher and \"skepticism, morality, and tragedy\" in his magnum opus, The Claim of Reason. This thinker argued that groups of activities do not have one defining commonality, but instead have a set of \"family resemblances\". This thinker described a shopkeeper who has to look up the word \"red\", and described builders being told to collect \"blocks, pillars, slabs and beams\". This creator of language games closed another book with the line, \"whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent\". For 10 points, name this Austrian philosopher who wrote Philosophical Investigations and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.", "answer": "Ludwig Wittgenstein [or Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein]", "page": "Ludwig_Wittgenstein", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129766, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141374, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 254], [255, 406], [407, 528], [529, 653]], "first_sentence": "Stanley Cavell analyzes this philosopher and \"skepticism, morality, and tragedy\" in his magnum opus, The Claim of Reason.", "answer_prompt": "or Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this group's leaders was assassinated in Operation Anthropoid. They came to power after an event which was initiated using the code word \"hummingbird.\" As part of one operation, this organization controlled units called Einsatzgruppen. The ODESSA program was created to help members of this organization escape to places like South America. They grew out of a group that was purged during the Night of the Long Knives, the SA, and included an armed \"Waffen\" branch. For 10 points, name this paramilitary branch of the Nazi Party responsible for overseeing much of the Holocaust, which was headed by Heinrich Himmler.", "answer": "Nazi SS [or Schutzstaffel]", "page": "Nazi_SS", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129765, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141375, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 158], [159, 242], [243, 347], [348, 472], [473, 623]], "first_sentence": "One of this group's leaders was assassinated in Operation Anthropoid.", "answer_prompt": "or Schutzstaffel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of the Shusaku Endo novel Silence is a member of this profession. It's not teacher, but a member of this profession named Arnall delivers a lecture that scares Stephen Dedalus in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The title character is kicked out of his training in this profession due to public drunkenness and ends up as the lover of Sharon Falconer in a novel by Sinclair Lewis. The main character of The Power and the Glory is described as a \"whiskey\" one of these people. For 10 points, identify this profession of Elmer Gantry, who do God's work in spreading the word of Jesus and are often called \"Father.\"", "answer": "priest [or equivalents like preacher, minister, reverend, clergyman, etc.]", "page": "Priest", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129764, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141376, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 232], [233, 401], [402, 496], [497, 633]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of the Shusaku Endo novel Silence is a member of this profession.", "answer_prompt": "or equivalents like preacher, minister, reverend, clergyman, etc.", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This leader's trade relationship with the South during the American Civil War led many \"Confederados\" to immigrate to his country. Giuseppe Garibaldi participated in an uprising against this leader called the Ragamuffin War. His reformist daughter Isabel served as regent during his many tours of Europe. This man's nation defeated the forces of Juan Manuel de Rosas in the Platine War, during which his army was led by the Duke of Caxias. His regime issued the Law of the Sexagenarians and the Law of the Free Birth, both of which foreshadowed his ending of slavery in his country through the Golden Law. For 10 points, name this second and final Emperor of Brazil.", "answer": "Dom Pedro II [prompt on just \"Pedro\"]", "page": "Pedro_II_of_Brazil", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129763, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141377, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 224], [225, 304], [305, 439], [440, 605], [606, 666]], "first_sentence": "This leader's trade relationship with the South during the American Civil War led many \"Confederados\" to immigrate to his country.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on just \"Pedro\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The formation of one type of these objects is characterized by a free expansion phase, a Sedov-Taylor phase, and finally a cooling phase. 84 of these objects are listed in the Gum catalogue, and \"dark\" objects of this type are so dense that light from surrounding objects cannot pass through them. A well-studied one of these objects is the first entry in the Messier catalogue. Very old red giant stars can eject material that forms the \"planetary\" type of these objects. The Pillars of Creation are a part of one of these objects named \"Eagle.\" For 10 points, name these pretty astronomical clouds of star-forming gas and dust that include ones named \"Orion\" and \"Crab.\"", "answer": "nebulae [or emission nebulae; or planetary nebulae; or dark nebulae]", "page": "Nebula", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129762, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141378, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 297], [298, 378], [379, 472], [473, 546], [547, 672]], "first_sentence": "The formation of one type of these objects is characterized by a free expansion phase, a Sedov-Taylor phase, and finally a cooling phase.", "answer_prompt": "or emission nebulae; or planetary nebulae; or dark nebulae", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Rudolph Marcus combined the assumptions of Hinshelwood with RRK theory to estimate this quantity. This quantity changes due to isotopic substitution in the kinetic isotope effect. This quantity is equal to the product of the concentrations of reactants raised to their order, all multiplied by a namesake constant of proportionality. The constant associated with this process is proportional to the exponential of negative activation energy divided by RT according to the Arrhenius equation. This quantity, which is equivalent to the change in reactant concentration over time, can be increased with a catalyst. For 10 points, give this value which refers to the speed of a reaction.\u2028", "answer": "reaction rate", "page": "Reaction_rate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129761, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141379, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 179], [180, 333], [334, 491], [492, 611], [612, 684]], "first_sentence": "Rudolph Marcus combined the assumptions of Hinshelwood with RRK theory to estimate this quantity.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second section of a novel by this author quotes extensively from Mr. Povondra's newspaper clippings, and that novel contains a \"supplementary chapter\" about the sex lives of some animals. In one of his works, a protagonist is appalled to earn that some creatures are sterile like flowers, after which she burns a manuscript describing the production of omega-enzyme and biogene. This author of War with the Newts wrote a play in which Alquist approves of the developing love between Helena and Primus after the revolt of the title figures against their human creators. For 10 points, name this Czech playwright who coined the term \"robot\" in R.U.R. ", "answer": "Karel Capek [\"CHA-pek\"]", "page": "Karel_\u010capek", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129760, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141380, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 382], [383, 572], [573, 652]], "first_sentence": "The second section of a novel by this author quotes extensively from Mr. Povondra's newspaper clippings, and that novel contains a \"supplementary chapter\" about the sex lives of some animals.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early in his career, this composer incorporated aspects of the concerto grosso into a series of three consecutive symphonies titled Le matin, Le midi, and Le soir. In a G major symphony by this composer, the Allegretto second movement introduces an ensemble of triangle, cymbals, and bass drum to imitate Turkish Janissary bands. For the Esterh\u00c3\u00a1zy family, this composer wrote a symphony that ends with all but two violins leaving the stage. In the second movement of this composer's Symphony No. 94, the quiet opening theme is interrupted by a sudden loud chord. For 10 points, name this composer of symphonies nicknamed Military, Farewell, and Surprise.", "answer": "Joseph Haydn [or Franz Joseph Haydn]", "page": "Joseph_Haydn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129759, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141381, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 329], [330, 440], [441, 562], [563, 654]], "first_sentence": "Early in his career, this composer incorporated aspects of the concerto grosso into a series of three consecutive symphonies titled Le matin, Le midi, and Le soir.", "answer_prompt": "or Franz Joseph Haydn", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Toronto FC forward Sebastian Giovinco is nicknamed the \"atomic [one of these creatures].\" In Rick and Morty, a bunch of these creatures constantly swarm over the eyes of an electronics salesman with the last name Johnson. One of these creatures is voiced by Woody Allen in a Dreamworks Animation film released around the same time as Pixar's A Bug's Life. Secret identities of a superhero imitating the traits of these insects have included Hank Pym and Scott Lang. Raisins are placed on a piece of celery with peanut butter on it to imitate these insects \"on a log.\" For 10 points, name these insects mimicked by a Marvel superhero played by Paul Rudd who can shrink his size.", "answer": "ants", "page": "Ant", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129758, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141382, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [88, 89], [90, 221], [222, 355], [356, 465], [466, 566], [566, 677]], "first_sentence": "Toronto FC forward Sebastian Giovinco is nicknamed the \"atomic [one of these creatures].", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Roman Catholics cite John 3:5 as the basis for performing this practice, while Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize any instance of this practice performed by another sect after 1914. Catholic teachings hold that this event can occur through desire and through martyrdom in addition to the more common method, which often involves aspersion or affusion. When this ceremony is performed in Catholic churches, a prayer of exorcism is said. After Jesus received this sacrament, the voice of God declared that Jesus is his son. For 10 points, identify this sacrament commonly undergone by Christian infants, the main profession of Jesus's cousin John.", "answer": "baptism [or word forms like baptizing]", "page": "Baptism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129757, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141383, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 353], [354, 437], [438, 523], [524, 647]], "first_sentence": "Roman Catholics cite John 3:5 as the basis for performing this practice, while Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize any instance of this practice performed by another sect after 1914.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms like baptizing", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in one of this author's poems \"came home with a smooth round stone / as small as a world and as large as alone\". That poem ends with the line \"its always ourselves we find in the sea\". Another poem by this author ends \"how do you like your blue-eyed boy / Mister Death\". In another poem by this author of \"maggie and millie and molly and may\" and \"[Buffalo Bill's]\", \"a yearning nation's blueeyed pride\" is instructed by colonel trig westpointer to beat the title character, who was \"more brave than me:more blond than you\". For 10 points, name this poet of \"i sing of olaf glad and big\" who frequently used unconventional punctuation and capitalization.", "answer": "Edward Estlin Cummings [or E.E. Cummings]", "page": "E._E._Cummings", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129756, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141384, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 196], [197, 282], [283, 536], [537, 666]], "first_sentence": "A character in one of this author's poems \"came home with a smooth round stone / as small as a world and as large as alone\".", "answer_prompt": "or E.E. Cummings", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Nobles in this country were granted equality after the passage of the Golden Liberty. A ruler of this country known as \"the Brave\" was the first to unite it, and was a member of the Piast dynasty. Members of this country's nobility also sat in its legislature, in which all members had a veto power that nullified the laws passed in any given session. That legislature was called the Sejm [\"same\"]. After the signing of the Union of Lublin, this nation formed a commonwealth with Lithuania. A king of this nation relieved a siege at Vienna, turning back an Ottoman invasion of Europe. For 10 points, name this nation which was ruled by men like Jan III Sobieski from Warsaw.", "answer": "Poland [or Polska]", "page": "Poland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129755, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141385, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 196], [197, 351], [352, 398], [399, 490], [491, 584], [585, 674]], "first_sentence": "Nobles in this country were granted equality after the passage of the Golden Liberty.", "answer_prompt": "or Polska", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This non-Doppler effect phenomenon creates the Lorentzian profile of spectral lines because it causes natural broadening. This statement is responsible for the nonzero value of zero-point energy. One of these statements exists for any set of variables that do not commute, such as for time and energy. The formulator of this statement created a thought experiment involving a microscope attempting to observe an electron. This statement sets a lower bound of the reduced Planck's constant over two. For 10 points, name this principle which states that the position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely known.\u2028", "answer": "Heisenberg uncertainty principle", "page": "Uncertainty_principle", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129754, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141386, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 195], [196, 301], [302, 423], [423, 499], [500, 625]], "first_sentence": "This non-Doppler effect phenomenon creates the Lorentzian profile of spectral lines because it causes natural broadening.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An enzyme that targets a secretion of this organ is referred to as P-30 due to its size. Secretions of this organ include citric acid and a namesake acid phosphatase. A disease of this organ is scored on the Gleason scale. A hyperplasia of this organ can be detected by testing for its namesake \"specific-antigen\". The secretions produced by this organ combine with those of the bulbo-urethral gland and the seminal vesicle before they are released from the body. Cancers of this organ are commonly checked via a digital rectal exam. For 10 points, name this male reproductive gland, whose tumors are the most common cause of cancer in men.", "answer": "prostate", "page": "Prostate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129753, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141387, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 166], [167, 222], [223, 316], [316, 464], [465, 534], [535, 641]], "first_sentence": "An enzyme that targets a secretion of this organ is referred to as P-30 due to its size.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man lost a highly contentious Senate election to Truman Newberry. He built an industrial town in the middle of the Amazon rainforest that he named after himself. Security guards hired by this man attacked labor organizers while they were taking a group photograph in the \"Battle of the Overpass.\" He published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other anti-Semitic articles in his newspaper, the Dearborn Independent. This man raised his worker's wages to a staggering five dollars per day and perfected assembly line manufacturing. For 10 points, name this American businessman whose namesake car company produced the Model T.", "answer": "Henry Ford", "page": "Henry_Ford", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129752, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141388, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 166], [167, 301], [302, 426], [427, 541], [542, 636]], "first_sentence": "This man lost a highly contentious Senate election to Truman Newberry.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This hero's kingship is usurped by Menestheus after he, like Paris, leaves to kidnap a young Helen of Troy and take her as his wife. He is given a glass of poisoned wine by his stepmother Medea, but it is knocked out of his hands at the last second. This hero's second wife falls in love with Hippolytus, this man's son by the Amazon queen Hippolyta. This hero's failure to change the black sails on his ship to white ones leads his mortal father Aegeus to despairingly throw himself into the sea. He abandons Ariadne on an island shortly after she gives him a ball of string with which to navigate the Labyrinth. For 10 points, name this hero who slays the Minotaur.", "answer": "Theseus", "page": "Theseus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129751, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141389, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 249], [250, 350], [351, 497], [498, 613], [614, 667]], "first_sentence": "This hero's kingship is usurped by Menestheus after he, like Paris, leaves to kidnap a young Helen of Troy and take her as his wife.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This technique's \"logistic\" form can be used when a certain quantity can only have two possible values. A value that measures the effectiveness of the results of this technique is the coefficient of determination, which is often denoted as r-squared. The earliest applications of this technique used the method of least squares to determine the orbits of celestial bodies. The true values of the estimated parameters in this technique are often denoted with a beta. For 10 points, identify this common statistical modeling technique, the linear variety of which uses a linear combination of predictor variables to predict a dependent variable by fitting a line to a set of data.", "answer": "regression [or logistic regression; or linear regression]", "page": "Logistic_Regression", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129750, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141390, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 250], [251, 372], [373, 465], [466, 678]], "first_sentence": "This technique's \"logistic\" form can be used when a certain quantity can only have two possible values.", "answer_prompt": "or logistic regression; or linear regression", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this painting, a man wearing green pants is clasping his hands in prayer and looking to the ground next to the central figure. A group of rioters is visible behind Principe Pio in this painting's background. Its companion piece shows townspeople attacking Turkish soldiers to prevent the transport of the Infanta and is sometimes titled The Charge of the Mameluks. A large cubic lantern illuminates the central yellow-and-white clad figure of this painting, who extends his arms in despair as he faces a row of French executioners. For 10 points, name this Francisco Goya painting that depicts Napoleon's army massacring Spanish citizens on the title date.", "answer": "Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid [or The Third of May, 1808: the Executions on Principe Pio Hill; or El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid]", "page": "The_Third_of_May_1808", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129749, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141391, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 210], [211, 367], [368, 534], [535, 659]], "first_sentence": "In this painting, a man wearing green pants is clasping his hands in prayer and looking to the ground next to the central figure.", "answer_prompt": "or The Third of May, 1808: the Executions on Principe Pio Hill; or El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man claimed he couldn't stand to hear his opponent speak after vomiting during a campaign speech. With his rival George Brown, this man formed the Great Coalition. He resigned from one post after donations from Hugh Allan, the head of a certain railway company, were revealed to public. This politician's government faced a revolt led by a member of the Metis people named Louis Riel in the Red River Rebellion. Alexander McKenzie replaced this man after the Pacific Scandal. This man oversaw the passage of the 1867 British North America Act, which granted his nation independence. For 10 points, name this first Prime Minister of Canada.", "answer": "John A. Macdonald [or John Alexander Macdonald]", "page": "John_A._Macdonald", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129748, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141392, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 168], [169, 291], [292, 416], [417, 480], [481, 587], [588, 644]], "first_sentence": "This man claimed he couldn't stand to hear his opponent speak after vomiting during a campaign speech.", "answer_prompt": "or John Alexander Macdonald", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character admonishes another to not show others the \"the steep and thorny way to heaven\" while treading the \"primrose path of dalliance.\" In one scene, this character hands out flowers and herbs but keeps rue to herself. A character picks up a skull at this character's burial, at which this character's brother jumps into the grave. This character sings nonsense like \"hey non nonny, nonny\" in a scene that takes place shortly before her death. After a soliloquy that states that \"conscience does make cowards of us all,\" this sister of Laertes is told to \"Get thee to a nunnery.\" For 10 points, name this Shakespearean character, the daughter of Polonius who drowns in Hamlet.", "answer": "Ophelia", "page": "Ophelia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129747, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141393, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [141, 225], [226, 338], [339, 450], [451, 586], [587, 683]], "first_sentence": "This character admonishes another to not show others the \"the steep and thorny way to heaven\" while treading the \"primrose path of dalliance.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Angus Calder wrote a book titled after \"The Myth\" of this event, claiming that the perceived civilian response to it was itself a product of wartime propaganda. A photograph called \"St. Paul's Survives\" became a symbol of this event. A man gave the \"Every Man to his Post\" speech during this event, the failure of which led to the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion. During this event, the Luftwaffe bombed London for 57 consecutive nights. For 10 points, name this campaign of strategic bombing of the United Kingdom in 1940-1941 that takes its name from a shortening of the name given to Nazi war tactics.", "answer": "The Blitz [or the London Blitz; prompt on Battle of Britain until it is read; do not accept \"blitzkrieg\"]", "page": "The_Blitz", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129746, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141394, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 233], [234, 366], [367, 440], [441, 607]], "first_sentence": "Angus Calder wrote a book titled after \"The Myth\" of this event, claiming that the perceived civilian response to it was itself a product of wartime propaganda.", "answer_prompt": "or the London Blitz; prompt on Battle of Britain until it is read; do not accept \"blitzkrieg\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "his term was coined in A Study of History by British historian Arnold Toynbee. A book that analyzes the effect of this phenomenon in architecture was written by Fredric Jameson and is subtitled The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. This term was defined as \"incredulity towards metanarratives\" in a book about this type of Condition by Jean-Francois Lyotard. This intellectual movement emphasizes the use of irony and parody, or pastiche, and the mixing of \"high\" culture and popular culture. Philosophers of this intellectual era include Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard. For 10 points, give this term for the broad artistic and intellectual response to modernism.", "answer": "postmodernism [or po-mo]", "page": "Postmodernism", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129745, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141395, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 232], [233, 359], [360, 493], [494, 577], [578, 670]], "first_sentence": "his term was coined in A Study of History by British historian Arnold Toynbee.", "answer_prompt": "or po-mo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An iconic scene involving this film character was inspired by the scene in Metropolis in which Rotwang turns Maria into a robot. In one film, this character states \"We belong dead\" before pulling a lever to destroy Dr. Pretorius' facility. This character appeared in two films directed by James Whale, including one in which he is rejected by a woman with frizzy black-and-white hair intended to be his bride. This character is chased into a mill by torch-wielding peasants in a Universal monster movie in which he is played by Boris Karloff. For 10 points, name this character whose creation elicits the quote \"It's alive! It's alive!\", a green monster with two bolts in his neck.", "answer": "Dr. Frankenstein's monster [or the monster; or Dr. Frankenstein's creature; prompt on \"Frankenstein\" alone; do not accept or prompt on \"Doctor Henry Frankenstein\" or \"Doctor Frankenstein\"] ", "page": "Dr._Frankenstein's_Monster", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129744, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141396, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 239], [240, 409], [410, 542], [543, 612], [612, 623], [624, 681]], "first_sentence": "An iconic scene involving this film character was inspired by the scene in Metropolis in which Rotwang turns Maria into a robot.", "answer_prompt": "or the monster; or Dr. Frankenstein's creature; prompt on \"Frankenstein\" alone; do not accept or prompt on \"Doctor Henry Frankenstein\" or \"Doctor Frankenstein\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this poem feels the souls of two hundred of his companions fly by, like the whizz of a crossbow, after they are killed by a woman with skin \"as white as leprosy\". That character is the only survivor of a dice game in which he is won by Life-in-Death. In this poem, the title character is left \"as idle as a painted ship upon a painted ocean\" after the loss of a good south wind, and tells of \"water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink\". The Wedding Guest is told how the title character of this poem was forced to wear the albatross he killed around his neck. For 10 points, name this poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge about the title seafaring man.", "answer": "\"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\"", "page": "The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129743, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141397, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 265], [266, 457], [458, 580], [581, 668]], "first_sentence": "A character in this poem feels the souls of two hundred of his companions fly by, like the whizz of a crossbow, after they are killed by a woman with skin \"as white as leprosy\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One form of this quantity is equal to the negative trace of the product of the density matrix with its natural log. A different form of this quantity used in information theory is the expected value of the information obtainable from a message. This quantity's differential is multiplied with temperature in the fundamental thermodynamic relation since this quantity is conjugate to temperature. This quantity, which has a variety named for Shannon, is defined as Boltzmann's constant times the natural log of the number of microstates. In an isolated system this value never decreases according to the second law of thermodynamics. For 10 points, name this measure of disorder in a system.", "answer": "entropy", "page": "Entropy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129742, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141398, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 244], [245, 395], [396, 536], [537, 632], [633, 690]], "first_sentence": "One form of this quantity is equal to the negative trace of the product of the density matrix with its natural log.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Imelda Marcos tried to impress the leader of this organization by building him a mansion made out of coconuts. In Mexico, a government crackdown on this institution led to the Cristero War. A terrorist cell based in the Philippines tried to assassinate the leader of this institution in the Bojinka plot. A hit squad dispatched by \"Blowtorch Bob\" killed a high-ranking member of this organization in Honduras, Oscar Romero. Latin American revolutionaries combined this institution's teachings with Marxism to create Liberation Theology. For 10 points, name this religious institution that opposed communism under the leadership of Pope John Paul II. ", "answer": " the Roman Catholic Church [or Catholicism; or the Papacy; prompt on non-specific answers like \"Christianity\" or \"the Church\"]", "page": "The_Roman_Catholic_Church", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129741, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141399, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 189], [190, 304], [305, 423], [424, 536], [537, 651]], "first_sentence": "Imelda Marcos tried to impress the leader of this organization by building him a mansion made out of coconuts.", "answer_prompt": "or Catholicism; or the Papacy; prompt on non-specific answers like \"Christianity\" or \"the Church\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a story from this collection, a scrivener scrounges for money to buy a \"g.p.\" and later beats his son at home. The sound of an organ reminds the protagonist of her mother in this collection's story that ends with the title character refusing to accompany Frank to Buenos Aires. Canvassers for Richard Tierney celebrate Charles Parnell's life in its story \"Ivy Day in the Committee Room.\" Greta reminisces about Michael Furey after hearing \"The Lass of Aughrim\" sung at a party that is attended by Gabriel Conroy and held by the Morkan sisters in this collection's story \"The Dead.\" For 10 points, name this collection by James Joyce named for the inhabitants of an Irish city.", "answer": "Dubliners", "page": "Dubliners", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129740, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141400, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 280], [281, 390], [391, 583], [583, 584], [585, 679]], "first_sentence": "In a story from this collection, a scrivener scrounges for money to buy a \"g.p.\" and later beats his son at home.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Japanese mythology, the movement of one of these places can be controlled by two jewels given to Hoori. Vishnu's second avatar keeps a mountain from entering another of these places, which emits the poisonous Hala-hala during an effort to retrieve amrita via this place's namesake \"churning.\" Laocoon is strangled to death by some monsters from this realm home to the neighboring beasts Scylla and Charybdis. Aegeus commits suicide by entering one of these places named for him, and Icarus falls into this place and dies when his wings melt from flying too close to the sun. For 10 points, name this realm ruled by Poseidon.", "answer": "ocean [or sea; or ocean of milk]", "page": "Ocean", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129739, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141401, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 295], [296, 411], [412, 577], [578, 627]], "first_sentence": "In Japanese mythology, the movement of one of these places can be controlled by two jewels given to Hoori.", "answer_prompt": "or sea; or ocean of milk", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This instrument plays the very opening notes of Miles Davis's \"So What.\" It is played by a musician who reworked \"Watermelon Man\" and placed it next to \"Chameleon\" in the album Head Hunters. On Kind of Blue, the tracks \"Blue in Green\" and \"Flamenco Sketches\" were written by both Davis and a performer of this instrument named Bill Evans. This instrument was played by the composer of the jazz standards \"Straight, No Chaser\" and \"Round Midnight.\" A standard jazz trio comprises a double bass, drums, and this instrument played by Herbie Hancock, Thelonious Monk, and Dave Brubeck. For 10 points, name this jazz instrument with eighty-eight keys.", "answer": "piano", "page": "Piano", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129738, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141402, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [71, 190], [191, 338], [339, 447], [448, 581], [582, 646]], "first_sentence": "This instrument plays the very opening notes of Miles Davis's \"So What.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This practice was protested against by the Catonsville Nine. A jacket with a vulgar statement referencing this practice written on it was declared protected free speech in the Supreme Court case Cohen v. California. Soldiers led by John Wool put down a riot against this practice that burned down an African-American orphanage. Partially because wealthy Americans could avoid it by paying $300, an 1863 riot occurred against this practice in New York City. Jimmy Carter controversially pardoned people who \"dodged\" this practice by living in Canada. For 10 points, name this practice that provided most of the American army's personnel during the Vietnam War. ", "answer": "the military draft [or conscription; or the Selective Service System] ", "page": "Conscription", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129737, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141403, "tokenizations": [[0, 60], [61, 130], [131, 215], [216, 327], [328, 456], [457, 549], [550, 659]], "first_sentence": "This practice was protested against by the Catonsville Nine.", "answer_prompt": "or conscription; or the Selective Service System", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Matter distribution around these objects is accounted for by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile. De Vaucouleurs' [\"voh-koo-LURES\"] law relates the surface brightness and apparent distance of these objects. MOND theory was created to account for the unexpected observations in these objects made by Vera Rubin, who measured their orbital speed against radius. Intrinsic luminosity and emission line width for these objects were related by Tully and Fisher, and Seyfert names some of these that have active nuclei. The one nicknamed \"Cartwheel\" is a lenticular one. For 10 points, name these collections of stars that come in elliptical and spiral varieties, like our Milky Way.", "answer": "galaxies [accept specific galaxies, like spiral or elliptical, until mention]", "page": "Galaxy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129736, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141404, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 202], [203, 355], [356, 509], [510, 560], [561, 673]], "first_sentence": "Matter distribution around these objects is accounted for by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile.", "answer_prompt": "accept specific galaxies, like spiral or elliptical, until mention", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this composer's Piano Concerto No. 3, a short cadenza links the second-movement Intermezzo to a finale marked Alla breve. An A minor theme is inverted and cast into D-flat major in the eighteenth section of a piece by this composer sometimes considered to be in the same genre as his Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor.\u00c2\u00ad This composer's Morceaux [\"mor-SOH\"] de fantaisie includes a popular Prelude in C-sharp minor filled with big chords. A piano soloist and orchestra play a set of twenty-four variations by this composer based on the Caprice No. 24 of the title Italian virtuoso violinist. For 10 points, name this composer of Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.", "answer": "Sergei Rachmaninoff [or Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff]", "page": "Sergei_Rachmaninoff", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129735, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141405, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 320], [321, 438], [439, 591], [592, 661]], "first_sentence": "In this composer's Piano Concerto No. 3, a short cadenza links the second-movement Intermezzo to a finale marked Alla breve.", "answer_prompt": "or Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This religion holds that salvation is denied only to the \"sons of perdition\" who have perfect knowledge of the truth but willingly turn away from it; everyone else, according to this religion, will be assigned to one of the celestial, telestial, or terrestrial \"kingdoms of glory\". Men who follow this religion may choose to join the Melchizedek priesthood, and every worthy male is considered a member of this religion's Aaronic priesthood. This religion is named after the fourth-century prophet who allegedly engraved an account of his revelations onto golden plates. For 10 points, name this religion whose eponymous \"Book\" is taught to have been translated by Joseph Smith.", "answer": "Mormonism [or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; or LDS]", "page": "Mormonism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129734, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141406, "tokenizations": [[0, 281], [282, 441], [442, 570], [571, 678]], "first_sentence": "This religion holds that salvation is denied only to the \"sons of perdition\" who have perfect knowledge of the truth but willingly turn away from it; everyone else, according to this religion, will be assigned to one of the celestial, telestial, or terrestrial \"kingdoms of glory\".", "answer_prompt": "or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; or LDS", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After one ruler involved in this war fled to the Ottoman Empire, they defeated this war's victor in the Pruth [\"prooth\"] River Campaign. During this war, Augustus the Strong signed the Treaty of Thorn, allying his kingdom with the victorious side. The losing ruler of this conflict was shot and killed during a siege of Fredriksten. Despite being heavily outnumbered, one side in this war relieved a siege at the Battle of Narva. This war, which ended with the Treaty of Nystad, resulted in a nation led by Charles XII losing its status as the dominant Baltic power. For 10 points, name this war in which Peter the Great's Russia won at Poltava against the Swedish Empire.", "answer": "Great Northern War", "page": "Great_Northern_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129733, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141407, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 136], [137, 247], [248, 332], [333, 429], [430, 566], [567, 672]], "first_sentence": "After one ruler involved in this war fled to the Ottoman Empire, they defeated this war's victor in the Pruth [\"prooth\"]", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this short story collection remembers touching his date's knee during the climactic shootout of Bonnie and Clyde. The last story in this collection describes how the narrator's childhood girlfriend Linda died of a brain tumor. In another story in this collection, the narrator begins crying while on a boat in the Rainy River. Curt Lemon dies and Rat Kiley shoots a water buffalo in this collection's \"How to Tell a True War Story\". Ted Lavender is killed while the commanding officer Jimmy Cross is thinking of his girlfriend in the title story of this collection. For 10 points, name this memoir of the Vietnam War by Tim O'Brien, whose title objects include salt tablets, chewing gum, and M-16s.", "answer": "The Things They Carried", "page": "The_Things_They_Carried", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129732, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141408, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 243], [243, 344], [344, 451], [451, 585], [585, 717]], "first_sentence": "A character in this short story collection remembers touching his date's knee during the climactic shootout of Bonnie and Clyde.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The J chain is found in the A and M isotypes of these proteins which are a dimer and pentamer respectively. These proteins are used with enzymes in the ELISA [\"eh-LIE-suh\"] assay. The diversity of these proteins is increased by mechanisms like somatic hypermutation and V-D-J recombination. These proteins are used to visualize the results of a western blot. Hybridomas, which are derived from plasma cells, produce monoclonal varieties of these proteins which in the body they are typically polyclonal. These proteins consist of two heavy chains and two light chains. For 10 points, name these Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells which bind to antigens.", "answer": "antibody [or immunoglobulins]", "page": "Antibody", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129731, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141409, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 179], [180, 290], [291, 358], [359, 503], [504, 568], [569, 656]], "first_sentence": "The J chain is found in the A and M isotypes of these proteins which are a dimer and pentamer respectively.", "answer_prompt": "or immunoglobulins", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A naval blockade during this war caused a starving nation to experience the \"Turnip Winter\" and eat synthetic \"war bread.\" This war included the Battle of Coronel and a naval engagement in the Falkland Islands, where Maximilian von Spee died. One side's naval strategy was masterminded by Reinhard Scheer. William Thomas Turner may have provoked a naval incident in this war by not following a zig-zag pattern. John Jellicoe commanded British dreadnoughts in a battle during this war fought off the coast of Denmark. The Battle of Jutland occurred during, for 10 points, what war that the United States entered after the sinking of the Lusitania.", "answer": "World War I [or WWI; or the First World War; the Great War] ", "page": "World_War_I", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129730, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141410, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [121, 122], [123, 242], [243, 305], [306, 410], [411, 516], [517, 646]], "first_sentence": "A naval blockade during this war caused a starving nation to experience the \"Turnip Winter\" and eat synthetic \"war bread.", "answer_prompt": "or WWI; or the First World War; the Great War", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Electronic transitions are forbidden if they do not change this property according to the Laporte selection rule. Point groups characterize this property of a molecule. In molecules with this property, modes cannot be both IR and Raman active according to the rule of mutual exclusion. Molecules with this property are not polar even if they have polar bonds. Because meso compounds have one form of this property, they are not chiral, as that form of this property results in a superimposable mirror image. For 10 points, name this property a molecule can have if its shape is the same after a transformation such as inversion, rotation, or reflection.\u2028", "answer": "symmetry [accept specific answers such as centrosymmetry or inversion symmetry]", "page": "Symmetry", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129729, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141411, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 168], [169, 285], [286, 359], [360, 507], [508, 541], [542, 654]], "first_sentence": "Electronic transitions are forbidden if they do not change this property according to the Laporte selection rule.", "answer_prompt": "accept specific answers such as centrosymmetry or inversion symmetry", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Maimonides attempted to refute kalam theology by describing how an object undergoing this process does not explode. Jean Buridan explained this phenomenon with his theory of impetus. This phenomenon is called \"the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality\" in the first of Aquinas' five arguments for God's existence. A treatise on this subject attempts to refute the dichotomy and arrow paradoxes that were described by Zeno of Elea. In On the Heavens, Aristotle writes that this phenomenon occurs from, towards, or about the center, and it is also the subject of his Physics. For 10 points, identify this condition in which an object is not stationary.", "answer": "motion [or obvious equivalents like movement; or types of motion like linear or rotational motion; or kinesis; prompt on \"change\" or similar answers]", "page": "Motion", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129728, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141412, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 182], [183, 329], [330, 446], [447, 589], [590, 666]], "first_sentence": "Maimonides attempted to refute kalam theology by describing how an object undergoing this process does not explode.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents like movement; or types of motion like linear or rotational motion; or kinesis; prompt on \"change\" or similar answers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A novel from this country begins with soldiers burning down a farmer's hut, after which Demetrio goes on a journey with some rebels. The title character of a novel from this country allows a town to die of hunger, creating a ghost town that the protagonist visits, dies in, and continues wandering. In addition to The Underdogs, this country is the setting of a novel about Tita that has sections named for the months. The authors of Like Water for Chocolate and Pedro Paramo were from this country, which is the setting of a novel that recalls the life of a business tycoon on his deathbed. For 10 points, name this country, the setting of The Death of Artemio Cruz and home to Laura Esquivel and Carlos Fuentes.", "answer": "Mexico [or United Mexican States; or Estados Unidos Mexicanos]", "page": "Mexico", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129727, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141413, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 298], [299, 418], [419, 591], [592, 713]], "first_sentence": "A novel from this country begins with soldiers burning down a farmer's hut, after which Demetrio goes on a journey with some rebels.", "answer_prompt": "or United Mexican States; or Estados Unidos Mexicanos", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Former WWF CEO Gerald Butts advises a politician whose district is in this region, and that politician defeated Joyce Murray in an election prompted by Michael Ignatieff's resignation. Another politician from this region gave the middle finger to a group of protesters in Salmon Arm, and claimed to have mouthed the words \"fuddle duddle\" during a session of the House of Commons. This province is home to the current leader of the Liberal Party, and to a man who invoked the War Measures act in dealing with the kidnapping of Pierre Laporte. For 10 points, name this province which dealt with separatists in the October Crisis and is the home of Justin and Pierre Trudeau.", "answer": "Quebec", "page": "Quebec", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129726, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141414, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 379], [380, 541], [542, 672]], "first_sentence": "Former WWF CEO Gerald Butts advises a politician whose district is in this region, and that politician defeated Joyce Murray in an election prompted by Michael Ignatieff's resignation.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's lyric \"and if I die before the album drop-\" is interrupted by gunshots. The chorus of one of this man's songs offers a choice between \"Halle Berry or hallelujah.\" This man raps \"brace yourself, I'll take you on a trip down memory lane\" in a song that begins \"If Pirus and Crips all got along/ they'd probably gun me down by the end of this song.\" A girl named Sherane reappears throughout an album by this man that includes the songs \"Sing About Me, I'm Dying of Thirst\" and \"Money Trees.\" His most recent album includes \"The Blacker the Berry\" and \"King Kunta.\" For 10 points, name this rapper whose albums include To Pimp A Butterfly and Good Kid, M.A.A.D City.", "answer": "Kendrick Lamar Duckworth [accept any of the underlined portions; or K-Dot] ", "page": "Kendrick_Lamar_Duckworth", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129725, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141415, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 172], [172, 173], [174, 303], [304, 357], [358, 500], [501, 572], [572, 674]], "first_sentence": "This man's lyric \"and if I die before the album drop-\" is interrupted by gunshots.", "answer_prompt": "accept any of the underlined portions; or K-Dot", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During his 1915 visit to this country, Charles Bartlett participated in a revival of one of its major art forms. A print of three women in a triangular arrangement called Three Beauties of the Present Day is an example of a genre of pictures of beautiful women from this country. Van Gogh made a copy of a picture of sudden rain over a bridge from this country. A name of a major art form from this country translates as \"pictures of the floating world\". The Great Wave is the best-recognized print from an artist from this country's series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. For 10 points name this home country of Hiroshige and Hokusai.", "answer": "Japan [or Nihon]", "page": "Japan", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129724, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141416, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 279], [280, 361], [362, 454], [455, 572], [573, 635]], "first_sentence": "During his 1915 visit to this country, Charles Bartlett participated in a revival of one of its major art forms.", "answer_prompt": "or Nihon", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one novel by this author Ebenezer Caudray marries Deruchette, the beloved of a character who retrieves a steam engine for Lethierry. A character in one novel by this author consoles himself for losing the woman he is obsessed with by visiting the Field of the Lark. In a novel by this author, a priest gives a set of silver candlesticks to a man who takes the alias Monsieur Madeleine. This author, who wrote of Gilliat in Toilers of the Sea, also wrote a novel in which Eponine tracks down the woman that Marius is in love with, Cosette. Prisoner 24601 is pursued by Javert in that novel by this author. For 10 points, name this author who created Jean Valjean in Les Mis\u00c3\u00a9rables.", "answer": "Victor Hugo [or Victor Marie Hugo]", "page": "Victor_Hugo", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129723, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141417, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 213], [214, 268], [269, 388], [389, 541], [542, 607], [608, 683]], "first_sentence": "In one novel by this author Ebenezer Caudray marries Deruchette, the beloved of a character who retrieves a steam engine for Lethierry.", "answer_prompt": "or Victor Marie Hugo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One commander at this battle ordered the execution of their prisoners but spared higher ranking captives like Jean le Maingre and Charles of Orleans. That commander at this battle had his crown pilfered during a small assault on his army's baggage train. Cavalry charges were prevented by fortifications made with pointed stakes and earlier rains caused the Charles d'Albret-led army to become fatigued as they marched through knee-deep mud during this battle, which took place on St. Crispin's Day. For ten points, name this 1415 victory for Henry V during the Hundred Years' War in which the larger French army was mowed down by the English longbows.", "answer": "Battle of Agincourt", "page": "Battle_of_Agincourt", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129722, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141418, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 254], [255, 499], [500, 652]], "first_sentence": "One commander at this battle ordered the execution of their prisoners but spared higher ranking captives like Jean le Maingre and Charles of Orleans.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, the narrator compares his difficulty in relating the story to his inability to perform in bed. In that novel, whose title is taken from a Constantine Cavafy poem, Colonel Joll leads the Third Bureau against the title people. In another of this author's novels, the protagonist believes that he has \"solved the problem of sex rather well\" through sleeping with the prostitute Soraya. That protagonist of this author's novel is an English professor who is fired from his job after his affair with his student Melanie Isaacs is discovered. For 10 points, name this creator of David Lurie, the South African author of Waiting for the Barbarians and Disgrace.", "answer": "John Maxwell Coetzee", "page": "J._M._Coetzee", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129721, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141419, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 251], [252, 409], [410, 563], [564, 681]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, the narrator compares his difficulty in relating the story to his inability to perform in bed.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This hero witnesses the omen of a thunderclap followed by a shooting star, which takes place after his son's head miraculously catches fire. This man is shown a gate of horn through which true visions pass, which contrasts with an ivory gate filled with false dreams. Upon seeing that the youth Pallas's belt is being worn as a trophy, this hero kills Turnus. The Cumaean [\"kew-MAY-un\"] Sibyl instructs this hero to pluck a golden bough to gain entrance to the underworld. Soon after escaping a burning Troy with his son Ascanius and his father Anchises, this hero lands at Carthage and falls in love with Dido. For 10 points, name this title character of an epic poem by Virgil.", "answer": "Aeneas", "page": "Aeneas", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129720, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141420, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 267], [268, 359], [360, 472], [473, 611], [612, 679]], "first_sentence": "This hero witnesses the omen of a thunderclap followed by a shooting star, which takes place after his son's head miraculously catches fire.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country kidnapped and imprisoned a nuclear scientist who gave information about its nuclear program to the Sunday Times. In Operation Opera, this nation destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor. Hitmen acting on behalf of this nation killed a Moroccan waiter they mistook for Ali Hassan Salameh in the Lillehammer incident. Even though it was officially neutral, this country had scud missiles launched at it by Iraq during the First Gulf War. This country initiated Operation Wrath of God to hunt down members of Black September after eleven of its athletes were killed at the 1972 Munich Olympics. For 10 points, name this country whose secret service is the Mossad.", "answer": "Israel [or State of Israel] ", "page": "Israel", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129719, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141421, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 195], [196, 324], [325, 444], [445, 600], [601, 669]], "first_sentence": "This country kidnapped and imprisoned a nuclear scientist who gave information about its nuclear program to the Sunday Times.", "answer_prompt": "or State of Israel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The computationally challenging \"discrete\" form of this function is used in many cryptographic tools. As N grows to infinity, the number of digits needed to represent N experiences a type of growth named after this function. This function of \"1 plus X\" yields the Mercator series, which becomes the alternating harmonic series at \"x equals one\". The derivative of one form of this function equals \"1 over x\", and use of this function was first promoted by John Napier. This function is the inverse of exponentiation. For 10 points, name this function whose \"natural\" version has a base of e.", "answer": "logarithm [accept any type of logarithm such as base 10 logarithm or natural logarithm; accept ln]", "page": "Logarithm", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129718, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141422, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 224], [225, 345], [346, 468], [469, 518], [518, 551], [552, 592]], "first_sentence": "The computationally challenging \"discrete\" form of this function is used in many cryptographic tools.", "answer_prompt": "accept any type of logarithm such as base 10 logarithm or natural logarithm; accept ln", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The \"dark\" form of this phenomenon is a source of noise in image sensors. The partial derivative of voltage with respect to time is equal to the negative of cable inductance times the partial derivative of this quantity according to the telegrapher's equations. Maxwell introduced a term symbolized J to Ampere's law to account for this quantity's displacement form. The magnetic field created by this quantity is described by the Biot-Savart law. Power is equal to the square of this quantity times resistance. In Ohmic materials, this quantity is equal to voltage divided by resistance. For 10 points, name this quantity which measures the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes.", "answer": "current", "page": "Electric_current", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129717, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141423, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [75, 262], [263, 369], [369, 451], [451, 516], [516, 594], [594, 692]], "first_sentence": "The \"dark\" form of this phenomenon is a source of noise in image sensors. ", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Paul Benacerraf argued against a certain stance regarding the philosophy of this subject using an argument resting on causation. A theory of this field that grounds this subject entirely in thought is the \"intuitionism\" of L.E.J Brouwer. The claim that it is unlikely that scientific theories could be expressed without this field is the Quine-Putnam indispensability thesis. The Platonist view of this subject argues it is a descriptive science, and was defended by Kurt G\u00c3\u00b6del. A paradox about sets that do not contain themselves inspired a work on the foundations of this field. For 10 points, name this field that Russell and Whitehead tried to establish a logical ground for in their Principia.", "answer": "mathematics [or Principia Mathematica; prompt on \"science\"]", "page": "Mathematics", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129716, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141424, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 237], [238, 375], [376, 478], [479, 580], [581, 698]], "first_sentence": "Paul Benacerraf argued against a certain stance regarding the philosophy of this subject using an argument resting on causation.", "answer_prompt": "or Principia Mathematica; prompt on \"science\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The partial derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the time derivative of a generalized coordinate gives a generalized version of this quantity. This quantity's quantum mechanical operator is h-bar over i times del. This quantity is typically plotted with position in phase space since it is conjugate to position. Unlike kinetic energy, this quantity is conserved in inelastic collisions. Newton's second law more formally states that force is equal to the time derivative of this quantity. The change in this quantity is known as impulse. For 10 points, name this quantity, commonly symbolized p, which is equal to the product of mass and velocity.", "answer": "linear momentum [do not accept \"angular momentum\"]", "page": "Momentum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129715, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141425, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 221], [222, 320], [321, 395], [396, 497], [498, 546], [547, 656]], "first_sentence": "The partial derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the time derivative of a generalized coordinate gives a generalized version of this quantity.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"angular momentum\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's close relationship with the younger Arnold van Keppel led to rumors of an affair that this man hotly denied. A mob of this man's followers lynched Johan and Cornelis de Witt, who may have been plotting against him. This man's army failed in an attempt to siege Limerick, and he had earlier made a successful landing at Brixham. This victor of the Battle of the Boyne and enemy of the Jacobites oversaw the passing of his county's Bill of Rights. James II was deposed in favor of this Dutch stadtholder in the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this King of England who ruled alongside his wife, Mary II.", "answer": "William of Orange [or William III; prompt on William]", "page": "William_III_of_England", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129714, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141426, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 225], [226, 338], [339, 456], [457, 540], [541, 620]], "first_sentence": "This man's close relationship with the younger Arnold van Keppel led to rumors of an affair that this man hotly denied.", "answer_prompt": "or William III; prompt on William", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In an episode of Family Guy, this character meets Brian and Stewie in an abandoned parking garage, a-la \"Deep Throat\" in the Watergate scandal. This character sings \"have you been half asleep/ or have you heard voices/ I've heard them calling my name\" in a song that asks \"what's so amazing/ that keeps us stargazing?\" Doc Hopper tries to make him a restaurant mascot in a film where he travels cross-country to make it big in Hollywood from his home in a Florida swamp. He asks \"why are there so many songs about rainbows\" in his trademark song, \"Rainbow Connection.\" For 10 points, name this Muppet who was romantically involved with Miss Piggy.", "answer": "Kermit the Frog", "page": "Kermit_the_Frog", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129713, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141427, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 218], [219, 318], [319, 470], [471, 568], [569, 647]], "first_sentence": "In an episode of Family Guy, this character meets Brian and Stewie in an abandoned parking garage, a-la \"Deep Throat\" in the Watergate scandal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poet described books as \"altars where we kneel/ to consecrate the flicker, not the flame\" in a poem dedicated to George Crabbe. Another of his poems mentions a location where \"the vines cling crimson on the wall\" and describes \"the twilight wait for what will come.\" One of his characters \"eyed a khaki suit with loathing,\" \"loved the Medici,\" and is a \"child of scorn.\" This poet, who advised \"go to the western gate\" in \"Luke Havergal,\" wrote about \"a gentleman from sole to crown\" who \"one calm summer night/ went home and put a bullet in his head.\" For 10 points, name this American poet of \"Miniver Cheevy\" and \"Richard Cory.\"", "answer": "Edwin Arlington Robinson", "page": "Edwin_Arlington_Robinson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129712, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141428, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 270], [270, 375], [376, 556], [556, 636]], "first_sentence": "This poet described books as \"altars where we kneel/ to consecrate the flicker, not the flame\" in a poem dedicated to George Crabbe.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer paid tribute to the waltz in a piece that opens with a section marked \"Mouvement de Valse viennoise.\" He is not Ludwig van Beethoven, but an Adagio assai second movement in the form of a waltz is part of this composer's Piano Concerto in G major. This composer intended to out-do the difficulty of Mily Balakirev's Islamey with the \"Scarbo\" movement of his Gaspard de la Nuit [\"gah-SPAR duh lah NWEE\"]. This composer of La Valse was inspired by Spanish music to write pieces such as Pavane for a Dead Princess and one in which two melodies are repeated over a constant two-bar rhythm played by the snare drum. For 10 points, name this French composer of Bol\u00c3\u00a9ro.", "answer": "Maurice Ravel [or Joseph Maurice Ravel]", "page": "Maurice_Ravel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129711, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141429, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [114, 260], [261, 389], [390, 400], [401, 416], [417, 623], [624, 675]], "first_sentence": "This composer paid tribute to the waltz in a piece that opens with a section marked \"Mouvement de Valse viennoise.", "answer_prompt": "or Joseph Maurice Ravel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this play, a character leaves cards marked with black Xs in a friend's mailbox. One character distracts another by dancing the Tarantella in this work, in which a character suffering from tuberculosis of the spine admits his love for the protagonist. Kristine Linde's care for her mother is contrasted with the attitude of this work's protagonist towards her father. A bank worker's illness necessitates a trip to Italy in this work, which opens on Christmas Eve. This play ends with its protagonist slamming a door on her children and husband Torvald. This play centers on Krogstad's blackmail of Nora Helmer. For 10 points, name this play by Henrik Ibsen.", "answer": "A Doll's House [or Et Dukkehjem]", "page": "A_Doll's_House", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129710, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141430, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 253], [254, 369], [370, 466], [467, 555], [556, 613], [614, 660]], "first_sentence": "In this play, a character leaves cards marked with black Xs in a friend's mailbox.", "answer_prompt": "or Et Dukkehjem", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The geographical feature from which this city derives its name has a 103-foot LED cross on its top. In this city, Moshe Safdie built a distinctly blocky, modular concrete housing complex known as Habitat 67 for the 1967 World's Fair. This city is home to the tallest inclined tower in the world, which extends at a 45 degree angle over a stadium built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Street directions in this city are skewed because they are given in reference to the Saint Lawrence River, which, along with the Ottawa River, borders an island named for this city. \u00c2\u00a0For 10 points, name this most populous city in Quebec.", "answer": "Montreal [prompt on Mount Royal]", "page": "Montreal", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129709, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141431, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 233], [234, 381], [382, 565], [565, 619]], "first_sentence": "The geographical feature from which this city derives its name has a 103-foot LED cross on its top.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Mount Royal", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The \"ping-pong\" mechanism is used to explain the mechanism of some of these molecules. Lineweaver-Burk plots are used to find Km [\"k-sub-m\"] and Vmax [\"v-max\"] which are constants that characterize these molecules. Those plots model these molecules using Michaelis-Menten kinetics and can distinguish whether inhibitors of these molecules are non-competitively acting at allosteric sites. These molecules are thought to bind to their targets via the \"induced fit\" mechanism. These molecules generally have names ending with \"-ase\" [\"ace\"] and act upon a specific substrate at their active sites. For 10 points, name these proteins that serve as biological catalysts.", "answer": "enzymes [prompt on \"proteins\"; prompt on \"catalysts\" before mention]", "page": "Enzyme", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129708, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141432, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 214], [215, 388], [389, 474], [475, 595], [596, 666]], "first_sentence": "The \"ping-pong\" mechanism is used to explain the mechanism of some of these molecules.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"proteins\"; prompt on \"catalysts\" before mention", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This architect collaborated with Claes Oldenberg to design the Binoculars Building. Another structure designed by this architect now houses the Grant Park Orchestra. A monorail runs through a building that this architect designed for Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. This architect designed the Experience Music Project in Seattle and the Pritzker Pavilion in Chicago. One of his buildings sits along the Nervion River and, like a live music venue he designed in Los Angeles, is surrounded by curved metallic sheets. For 10 points, name this Canadian-American architect who designed the Guggenheim Bilbao and the Walt Disney Concert Hall.", "answer": "Frank Gehry", "page": "Frank_Gehry", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129707, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141433, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 165], [166, 266], [267, 368], [369, 516], [517, 638]], "first_sentence": "This architect collaborated with Claes Oldenberg to design the Binoculars Building.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man replaced the aureus coin with the solidus to suppress inflation. After having his wife killed in a hot bath, this man attempted to erase all records of that wife, Fausta, from existence. This man briefly allied with Licinius before defeating him at the battles of Hellespont and Chrysopolis. Before another battle, this man had a vision which convinced him to place a chi-rho symbol on his soldiers' shields. He defeated Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge and put the Edict of Milan into law, legalizing a religion he had earlier converted to. For 10 points, name this first Christian Emperor of Rome.", "answer": "Constantine I [or Constantine the Great, prompt on Constantine]", "page": "Constantine_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129706, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141434, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 195], [196, 300], [301, 417], [418, 559], [560, 617]], "first_sentence": "This man replaced the aureus coin with the solidus to suppress inflation.", "answer_prompt": "or Constantine the Great, prompt on Constantine", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This technique is performed in tandem for protein sequencing. The devices used in this technique use analyzers like magnetic sectors and ion traps to separate particles. In the first step of this technique, analytes undergo ionization processes like ESI and MALDI. Unlike those \"soft\" ionization methods, \"hard\" methods bombard the samples with electrons to cause fragmentation in this technique. In this technique, compounds containing chlorine and bromine show sizeable M+2 [\"M plus 2\"] isotope peaks. This technique measures the ratio of its namesake property to charge. For 10 points, name this form of spectrometry which separates fragments based on heaviness.", "answer": "mass spectrometry [or mass spectroscopy; or MS]", "page": "Mass_spectrometry", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129705, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141435, "tokenizations": [[0, 61], [62, 169], [170, 264], [265, 396], [397, 475], [476, 503], [504, 573], [574, 665]], "first_sentence": "This technique is performed in tandem for protein sequencing.", "answer_prompt": "or mass spectroscopy; or MS", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to Talmudic tradition, this figure was accidentally killed by his great-grandson Lamech. In the Quran, this man wishes to marry the beautiful Aclima. This man fathers several sons, including Enoch, while wandering in the Land of Nod, but all of his descendents are later killed in the Flood. This farmer and brother of Seth gives God an offering of fruit, but it is rejected in favor of another man's sheep. This man later asks \"Am I my brother's keeper?\" before being marked for his sin of committing the first murder. For 10 points, name this son of Adam and Eve who killed his brother Abel.", "answer": "Cain", "page": "Cain", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129704, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141436, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 159], [160, 301], [302, 417], [418, 465], [466, 529], [530, 603]], "first_sentence": "According to Talmudic tradition, this figure was accidentally killed by his great-grandson Lamech.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one of this author's novels, a driver hits a hyena at the same location at which he had hit a man ten years prior. One novel by this author opens at the Pension Bertolini, where Charlotte Bartlett wishes to stay near to the Arno. The widower protagonist of one of this author's novels befriends Cyril Fielding and Mrs. Moore, whose son is Ronny Heaslop. The protagonist of another novel by this author breaks off her engagement with Cecil Vyse to elope to Florence with George Emerson. This author wrote about the alleged rape of Adela Quested by Dr. Aziz in one work. For 10 points, name this British author of A Room With a View and A Passage to India.", "answer": "Edward Morgan Forster", "page": "E._M._Forster", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129703, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141437, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 232], [233, 356], [357, 488], [489, 571], [572, 657]], "first_sentence": "In one of this author's novels, a driver hits a hyena at the same location at which he had hit a man ten years prior.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist parodied Posada's \"La Calavera Catrina\" in a painting that shows this artist as a young boy holding hands with a dressed-up skeleton. One of this artist's paintings is flanked by a figure of Jupiter on the left and a headless statue of Caesar on the right. This artist of Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park showed doctors vaccinating Jesus in a Nativity scene in a set of paintings that focus on workers at a car factory. A painting that this artist of Detroit Industry created in New York City for Nelson Rockefeller was destroyed because of its depiction of Lenin. For 10 points, name this Mexican muralist of Man at the Crossroads who was married to Frida Kahlo.", "answer": "Diego Rivera", "page": "Diego_Rivera", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129702, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141438, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 268], [269, 442], [443, 587], [588, 686]], "first_sentence": "This artist parodied Posada's \"La Calavera Catrina\" in a painting that shows this artist as a young boy holding hands with a dressed-up skeleton.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Miss Major Griffin-Gracy helped incite this event. This event occurred three years after a similar event at Compton's Cafeteria in San Francisco. It led to the decline of activist groups like the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine [\"mat-uh-sheen\"] Society, who were replaced by more radical groups like the GLF. This event was reported on harshly by The Village Voice. It was described as the \"Hairpin Drop Heard Round the World.\" During this event, an angry crowd formed an impromptu kick line, protesting a police raid on a Greenwich Village bar that catered to homosexual clientele. For 10 points, name these 1969 riots that kickstarted the American gay rights movement. ", "answer": "Stonewall riots [or 1969 Stonewall Inn riots] ", "page": "Stonewall_riots", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129701, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141439, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 235], [236, 316], [317, 373], [374, 435], [436, 590], [591, 678]], "first_sentence": "Miss Major Griffin-Gracy helped incite this event. This event occurred three years after a similar event at Compton's Cafeteria in San Francisco.", "answer_prompt": "or 1969 Stonewall Inn riots", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A cartoon by James Gillray depicts this man holding the leader of a neighboring country in his hand, parodying Gulliver's Travels. As part of an uprising during this man's reign, the walls of Newgate Prison were painted with the words \"His Majesty, King Mob.\" During this man's reign, Spencer Perceval became the first British PM to be assassinated, and he faced the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in his capital. This monarch, who ruled during the ministry of William Pitt the Younger, may have suffered from mental illness late in life due to porphyria. For 10 points, name this British monarch who dealt with the Napoleonic Wars after losing Britain's colonies in America.", "answer": "George III [prompt on George]", "page": "George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129700, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141440, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 259], [260, 409], [410, 551], [552, 671]], "first_sentence": "A cartoon by James Gillray depicts this man holding the leader of a neighboring country in his hand, parodying Gulliver's Travels.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on George", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the aftermath of this event, the title of Baron was awarded to Philip Fabricius. One cause of this event was the impending death of the issuer of the Letter of Majesty, Matthias I. This event was triggered when Jaroslav Borzita and Vilem Slavata confessed to their approval of Ferdinand II's dissolution of an assembly of the Bohemian estates. Proclamations that divine intervention was involved in this incident were countered by an apocryphal claim that its victims had been saved by a pile of horse manure. For 10 points, name this 1618 incident in the buildup to the Thirty Years' War, in which three Catholic nobles were thrown from a castle window.", "answer": "Second Defenestration of Prague", "page": "Second_Defenestration_of_Prague", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129699, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141441, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 183], [184, 346], [347, 512], [513, 657]], "first_sentence": "In the aftermath of this event, the title of Baron was awarded to Philip Fabricius.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play refuses to have his toe licked to tell the wind's direction, after another man claims to be sane when the wind is southerly. After losing a bet that twice a man's age can be an odd number, a character in this play claims to be of the \"blood, love, and rhetoric school\". In this play, two characters resembling the protagonists appear in the Tragedians' dress rehearsal of The Murder of Gonzago. In this play, the lights abruptly change before the protagonists are greeted by Gertrude and Claudius at Elsinore. This play's protagonists flip coins that repeatedly come up heads. For 10 points, name this Tom Stoppard play about two murdered courtiers from Hamlet.", "answer": "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", "page": "Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129698, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141442, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 294], [295, 419], [420, 534], [535, 601], [602, 686]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play refuses to have his toe licked to tell the wind's direction, after another man claims to be sane when the wind is southerly.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This technique can be used to determine the number of microsatellite repeats in a sample. When there is excessive nonspecific activity, this procedure is modified with a gradual ramp-down of a certain parameter. Practitioners of this technique generally use a \"master mix\" which contains magnesium chloride and dNTPs. The products of this technique can be visualized by staining with ethidium bromide and running a gel. This procedure is conducted in thermocyclers, which can change the temperatures for the denaturation, annealing, and elongation stages. For 10 points name this technique that uses the heat-stable \"Taq\" polymerase to amplify target DNA sequences.", "answer": "PCR [or polymerase chain reaction; accept \"touchdown PCR\"]", "page": "Polymerase_chain_reaction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129697, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141443, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 211], [212, 317], [318, 419], [420, 555], [556, 665]], "first_sentence": "This technique can be used to determine the number of microsatellite repeats in a sample.", "answer_prompt": "or polymerase chain reaction; accept \"touchdown PCR\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An episode of this television series ends with a long take of a truck's broken tail light dangling as the truck moves. In its first episode, a character hallucinates that a flock of birds arranges itself into a vortex while standing outside an abandoned church. Its first season ends with a character remarking \"if you ask me, the light's winning\" while looking up at the stars. One of its protagonists is haunted by Reggie Ledoux's statement \"time is a flat circle.\" Its first season focused on Marty Hart and Rust Cohle's investigation of a murderous cult in Louisiana. For 10 points, name this HBO crime anthology series whose first season starred Woody Harrelson and Matthew McConaughey. ", "answer": "True Detective", "page": "True_Detective", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129696, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141444, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 261], [262, 378], [379, 466], [466, 571], [572, 691]], "first_sentence": "An episode of this television series ends with a long take of a truck's broken tail light dangling as the truck moves.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A philosopher living in this country discussed the sense of abjection in the book Powers of Horror, and wrote about a trip to Maoist China in About Chinese Women. A thinker from this country included the sections Facts and Myth and Lived Experience in a book that claims Engels' historical materialism cannot be used to understand the book's title idea. Julia Kristeva lives in this country, where another thinker claimed that, because it privileges the speed of light, \"E equals m c squared\" is a \"sexed\" equation. A book from this country claims \"one is not born, but becomes, a woman\". Luce Irigaray lives in, for 10 points, what home country of Simone de Beauvoir? ", "answer": "France", "page": "France", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129695, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141445, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 353], [354, 515], [516, 588], [589, 668]], "first_sentence": "A philosopher living in this country discussed the sense of abjection in the book Powers of Horror, and wrote about a trip to Maoist China in About Chinese Women.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This politician quoted Teddy Roosevelt's diary entry \"the light has gone out in my life\" during a farewell speech to his staff. In another speech, he asserted that his wife wore a \"respectable Republican cloth coat.\" He stated that the media would not have him \"to kick around anymore\" after losing a 1962 gubernatorial election to Pat Brown. This politician dismissed accusations that he had accepted illicit gifts in a campaign speech that defended his taking of a cocker spaniel named Checkers. During a press conference, this President dubiously claimed that \"I am not a crook.\" For 10 points, name this President who resigned due to the Watergate Scandal. ", "answer": "Richard Nixon [or Richard Milhous Nixon]", "page": "Richard_Nixon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129694, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141446, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 216], [217, 342], [343, 497], [498, 583], [584, 661]], "first_sentence": "This politician quoted Teddy Roosevelt's diary entry \"the light has gone out in my life\" during a farewell speech to his staff.", "answer_prompt": "or Richard Milhous Nixon", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in a play by this author provides the answer \"seven\" to the question of \"four minus three\" before being killed by her instructor. In a play by this author, the deaf mute Orator mumbles \"ANGELBREAD\" before an Old Man and Woman leap off a balcony. The protagonist attempts to convince Daisy, who works at a newspaper office, to repopulate the Earth in one play by this author of The Chairs. In a play by this author, the Martins' visit to the Smiths is interrupted by a fire chief. Everyone but Berenger grows horns and turns into the title animal in one of his plays. For 10 points name this absurdist Romanian who wrote The Rhinoceros.", "answer": "Eugene Ionesco", "page": "Eug\u00e8ne_Ionesco", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129693, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141447, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 257], [258, 400], [401, 491], [492, 578], [579, 647]], "first_sentence": "A character in a play by this author provides the answer \"seven\" to the question of \"four minus three\" before being killed by her instructor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these mythical creatures picks up a poisoned arrow and wonders how it can be so potent, but accidentally drops it on his foot and dies. A group of these creatures use rocks and tree trunks to crush the invulnerable warrior Caeneus. Some members of this race try to abduct Hippodamia during her wedding to Pirithous, which prompts a namesake war with the Lapiths. This race descends from the union between Ixion and the cloud nymph Nephele. The shirt that takes Heracles's life is tainted by the blood of one of these creatures named Nessus. The wisest of these creatures is a son of Cronus named Chiron. For 10 points, identify this half-man, half-horse race. ", "answer": "centaur [or hippocentaur]", "page": "Centaur", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129692, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141448, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 238], [239, 369], [370, 446], [447, 547], [548, 610], [611, 666]], "first_sentence": "One of these mythical creatures picks up a poisoned arrow and wonders how it can be so potent, but accidentally drops it on his foot and dies.", "answer_prompt": "or hippocentaur", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The third act of one of this composer's operas celebrates the title character's return in a passage called the Good Friday Music. In another opera by this composer, a maid's warning that daylight approaches falls on deaf ears as Melot reveals the title characters' secret love affair. At the end of that opera, the soprano lead declares that her dead lover's eyes shine \"mildly and brightly\" in the \"Liebestod\" [\"LEEB-es-tot\"]. In another opera by this composer, Siegfried's lover Br\u00c3\u00bcnnhilde returns a central object to the Rhinemaidens and incites the title Twilight of the Gods. For 10 points, name this composer of Parsifal and Tristan und Isolde, whose Ring cycle includes the \"Ride of the Valkyries.", "answer": "Richard Wagner [or Wilhelm Richard Wagner]", "page": "Richard_Wagner", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129691, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141449, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 284], [285, 427], [428, 580], [581, 704]], "first_sentence": "The third act of one of this composer's operas celebrates the title character's return in a passage called the Good Friday Music.", "answer_prompt": "or Wilhelm Richard Wagner", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In retaliation for the rape of Dinah, two members of this group massacred the men of Shechem after convincing them to all get circumcised simultaneously. The Book of Genesis concludes with the death of one of these men, who correctly predicted the release and execution respectively of a cupbearer and baker of the Pharaoh while he was imprisoned. Rachel and Leah were mother to some of these people, who were the children of a man who had earlier wrestled with God in the form of an angel and had a vision of a ladder ascending to Heaven. For 10 points, name this group of brothers including Judah, Levi, and Joseph, the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel.", "answer": "sons of Jacob [or word forms like \"Jacob's sons\"; prompt on \"children of Jacob\"]", "page": "Sons_of_Jacob", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129690, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141450, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 347], [348, 539], [540, 663]], "first_sentence": "In retaliation for the rape of Dinah, two members of this group massacred the men of Shechem after convincing them to all get circumcised simultaneously.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms like \"Jacob's sons\"; prompt on \"children of Jacob\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These processes do not occur in the one-dimensional Ising model but do appear in higher dimensions. For a one component system these processes only have one degree of freedom according to a rule named for Gibbs. These processes are classified by the degree of their order parameters in Ehrenfest's classification. These processes each have an associated latent heat since they occur at constant temperature. Three of these processes occur simultaneously at a triple point. These processes occur along lines or curves on a diagram that plots pressure and temperature. For 10 points name these processes in which the state of matter changes, exemplified by boiling and freezing.", "answer": "phase transitions [or phase changes]", "page": "Phase_transition", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129689, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141451, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 211], [212, 313], [314, 407], [408, 472], [473, 566], [567, 676]], "first_sentence": "These processes do not occur in the one-dimensional Ising model but do appear in higher dimensions.", "answer_prompt": "or phase changes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a painting from this movement, a musical arrangement of \"Tears, Idle Tears\" is lying on the floor of a messy room in which a mistress is getting out of her partner's lap. An artist from this movement painted The Hireling Shepherd, and another used his wife as the basis for Beata Beatrix. One artist from this movement painted a boy Jesus kissing Mary's cheek in a messy workshop in Christ in the House of His Parents. Elizabeth Siddal modeled for many paintings from this movement, including John Everett Millais' Ophelia. Its members included William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. For 10 points, name this movement that sought to revert to pre-Renaissance art.", "answer": "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood [prompt on \"PRB\"]", "page": "Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129688, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141452, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 291], [292, 421], [422, 526], [527, 595], [596, 675]], "first_sentence": "In a painting from this movement, a musical arrangement of \"Tears, Idle Tears\" is lying on the floor of a messy room in which a mistress is getting out of her partner's lap.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"PRB\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This city was the site of a now-destroyed Porcelain Tower. Missionary John Magee documented an event in this city that saw German businessman John Rabe save many lives. A 1997 Iris Chang book brought greater awareness to an event in this city that was alleviated by a namesake \"Safety Zone.\" The capture of this city by Charles Gordon's \"Ever Victorious Army\" ended the Taiping Rebellion. The treaty that ended the First Opium War is named for this city. A contest to kill 100 people with a sword took place after this city was captured in 1937 from Chiang Kai-shek's army. For 10 points, name this Chinese city that was subjected to a namesake \"rape\" by Japanese soldiers.", "answer": "Nanjing [or Nanking]", "page": "Nanjing", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129687, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141453, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 290], [290, 291], [292, 388], [389, 454], [455, 573], [574, 673]], "first_sentence": "This city was the site of a now-destroyed Porcelain Tower. Missionary John Magee documented an event in this city that saw German businessman John Rabe save many lives.", "answer_prompt": "or Nanking", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of the two title figures of a poem by this author asks \"must my self dissect my tatter'd state, / Which Amazed Christendom stands wondering at?\" This author wondered \"What gripes of wind my infancy did pain, / What tortures I in breeding teeth sustain?\" in one of four \"quaternion\" poems. This author of \"Dialogue Between Old England and New\" described seeing \"My pleasant things in ashes lie,\" in her poem \"Verses Upon the Burning of Our House.\" The line \"If ever two were one, then surely we\" opens this poet's \"To My Dear and Loving Husband.\" For 10 points, name this 17th century American poet of the collection The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America.", "answer": "Anne Bradstreet [or Anne Dudley]", "page": "Anne_Bradstreet", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129686, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141454, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 214], [215, 258], [259, 293], [294, 413], [413, 450], [450, 451], [452, 550], [551, 620], [621, 664]], "first_sentence": "One of the two title figures of a poem by this author asks \"must my self dissect my tatter'd state, / Which Amazed Christendom stands wondering at?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Anne Dudley", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A fictional character in this country rips out a doll's blonde hair and replaces it with horsehair. A novel set in this country imitates the Jerilderie letter by using no commas for the narration. In another novel set in this country, the title characters are described as \"one obsessive, one compulsive\" in their gambling, and their rivalry leads to a glass church being floated down a river to Bellingen. In a novel set in this country, a shootout at the Glenrowan Hotel leads to the capture of the steel-armored protagonist. For 10 points, name this country that is the setting of Oscar and Lucinda and The True History of the Kelly Gang, the home of Peter Carey and Patrick White.", "answer": "Australia", "page": "Australia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129685, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141455, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 196], [197, 406], [407, 527], [528, 684]], "first_sentence": "A fictional character in this country rips out a doll's blonde hair and replaces it with horsehair.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Brans-Dicke theory is an alternative to this theory, which was tested in an experiment in which an iron-57 sample emitted gamma rays towards another iron-57 sample placed 22.5 meters away. This theory was supported by the Pound-Rebka experiment and by Arthur Eddington's observations of a solar eclipse. This theory correctly predicted the difference in the precession of Mercury's perihelion. This theory studies metrics, which are the solutions to the field equation. According to this theory's equivalence principle, gravity is indistinguishable from a pseudoforce. For 10 points, name this theory of Einstein which treats gravity as the curvature of spacetime.", "answer": "general relativity [or GR; prompt on \"relativity\"; do NOT accept \"special relativity\"]", "page": "General_relativity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129684, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141456, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 303], [304, 393], [394, 469], [470, 568], [569, 664]], "first_sentence": "Brans-Dicke theory is an alternative to this theory, which was tested in an experiment in which an iron-57 sample emitted gamma rays towards another iron-57 sample placed 22.5 meters away.", "answer_prompt": "or GR; prompt on \"relativity\"; do NOT accept \"special relativity\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Four interconnected movements comprise this composer's Fantasia in F Minor for piano four hands. A man who repeatedly sings that wandering is his joy in \"Das Wandern\" is convinced by a seductive brook to drown himself at the end of this composer's song cycle Die sch\u00c3\u00b6ne M\u00c3\u00bcllerin [dee \"SURE\"-nuh MYOO-luh-rin]. This composer depicted a father and son rushing home on horseback as they are harassed by the title demon in \"Der Erlk\u00c3\u00b6nig,\" and incorporated his lied \"Die Forelle\" into the fourth movement of his Trout Quintet. This composer wrote just two movements of his Symphony No. 8 before his untimely death. For 10 points, name this composer of the Unfinished Symphony.", "answer": "Franz Schubert [or Franz Peter Schubert]", "page": "Franz_Schubert", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129683, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141457, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 258], [259, 269], [270, 309], [310, 521], [522, 609], [610, 671]], "first_sentence": "Four interconnected movements comprise this composer's Fantasia in F Minor for piano four hands.", "answer_prompt": "or Franz Peter Schubert", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This culture produced red-and-black painted figures on the walls of the Tomb of the Roaring Lions, as well as a Greek-influenced terracotta sculpture of a reclining husband and wife. The Sarcophagus of the Spouses is an artifact of this culture. Herodotus claims that these people descended from Lydian exiles, not from the Villanovan culture. A twelve-city \"league\" of this people centered on the city of Veii [\"VAY-ee\"]. In legend, a ruler of this people named Lars Porsena aided another man whose rape of Lucretia led him to be overthrown in favor of a republic led by consuls. The names of Tuscany and Etruria derive from, for 10 points, what pre-Roman culture of Italy?", "answer": "Etruscans [or Etrurians]", "page": "Etruscan_civilization", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129682, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141458, "tokenizations": [[0, 182], [183, 245], [246, 343], [344, 422], [423, 580], [581, 674]], "first_sentence": "This culture produced red-and-black painted figures on the walls of the Tomb of the Roaring Lions, as well as a Greek-influenced terracotta sculpture of a reclining husband and wife.", "answer_prompt": "or Etrurians", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An object orbiting this planet contains sections named Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. A small group of clouds on this planet was nicknamed \"the Scooter\" for its high speed. Volcanoes that eject ice were first observed on an object that orbits this planet. The first high resolution images of this object were taken by Voyager 2 and revealed a storm system known as the \"Great Dark Spot\". Johann Galle first observed this planet from a telescope using predictions made by Urbain Le Verrier [\"ur-BAIN le vay-ree-AY\"] about its effects on the orbit of Uranus. For 10 points, name this dark blue gas giant, the outermost planet in the Solar System.", "answer": "Neptune", "page": "Neptune", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129681, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141459, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 176], [177, 259], [260, 391], [392, 560], [561, 648]], "first_sentence": "An object orbiting this planet contains sections named Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of a novella by this author interrogates a ship's nervous captain, who is being shaved. That work by this author climaxes as a figurehead inscribed with the message \"follow your leader\" is revealed to display the skeleton of Alexandro Aranda. One of this author's characters gets imprisoned in the Tombs after he refuses to stop sleeping in his office. That character created by this author works with Nippers and Turkey, is said to have worked in the dead letter office, and responds to every question with the statement \"I would prefer not to.\" For 10 points, name this author of Benito Cereno and \"Bartleby, the Scrivener\" who also wrote Moby Dick.", "answer": "Herman Melville ", "page": "Herman_Melville", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129680, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141460, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 255], [256, 365], [366, 558], [558, 559], [560, 664]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of a novella by this author interrogates a ship's nervous captain, who is being shaved.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country's Virunga National Park borders the Rwenzori Mountains and Lake Edward. This country's Salonga National Park is home to the Iyaelima people, who are part of the Mongo group. The province of Katanga is a mining center in this country, which has the highest number of Lingala speakers and is home to bonobos. This is the geographically largest country to border Lake Tanganyika. The capital of this country is located on the western bank of a river across from Brazzaville. For 10 points, name this African Francophone country formerly known as Zaire, whose capital is Kinshasa.", "answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo [or DRC; or Congo-Kinshasa; prompt on \"Congo\"; do NOT accept \"Republic of Congo\"]", "page": "Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129679, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141461, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 186], [187, 319], [320, 389], [390, 484], [485, 589]], "first_sentence": "This country's Virunga National Park borders the Rwenzori Mountains and Lake Edward.", "answer_prompt": "or DRC; or Congo-Kinshasa; prompt on \"Congo\"; do NOT accept \"Republic of Congo\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Phosphate serves this role in a salt solution used to culture cells called P-B-S. One of these substances is produced by reacting ethylene oxide and glycine, and is named bicine [\"BYE-seen\"]. A set of twelve of these substances commonly used in biological research were described by Norman Good. Bicarbonate serves this role in blood. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is useful for finding pH of these systems. These solutions have their largest capacity when their pH equals their pKa. One of these solutions can be made by mixing a weak acid with its conjugate base. For 10 points, name these solutions that resist changes to pH.", "answer": "buffer solutions [or buffering agents]", "page": "Buffer_solution", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129678, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141462, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 295], [296, 334], [335, 412], [413, 488], [489, 570], [571, 633]], "first_sentence": "Phosphate serves this role in a salt solution used to culture cells called P-B-S. One of these substances is produced by reacting ethylene oxide and glycine, and is named bicine [\"BYE-seen\"].", "answer_prompt": "or buffering agents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This politician invited James Baldwin to his apartment for a disastrous 1963 meeting on race relations. In one speech, he quoted Aeschylus and stood on the back of a flat-bed truck. This man travelled to South Africa to give the \"Day of Affirmation\" speech and helped prevent rioting in Indianapolis after Martin Luther King Jr.'s death. He led an investigation of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa. While taking a shortcut through the Ambassador Hotel this candidate for the 1968 Presidential nomination was killed by Sirhan Sirhan. For 10 points, name this politician who served as Attorney General for his older brother, John.", "answer": "Robert F. Kennedy [or RFK; Robert Francis Kennedy; or Bobby Kennedy; prompt on just \"Kennedy\"]", "page": "Robert_F._Kennedy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129677, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141463, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 181], [182, 337], [338, 403], [404, 537], [538, 633]], "first_sentence": "This politician invited James Baldwin to his apartment for a disastrous 1963 meeting on race relations.", "answer_prompt": "or RFK; Robert Francis Kennedy; or Bobby Kennedy; prompt on just \"Kennedy\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a piano suite by this composer, a third movement in D-flat major and 9/8 time is followed by an F-sharp minor passepied. A legend of an apparition off of the coast of Ys [\"ees\"] inspired this composer's prelude \"The Sunken Cathedral.\" He parodied Muzio Clementi's Gradus ad Parnassum in a piano suite that ends with \"Golliwog's Cakewalk.\" This composer of Children's Corner included a \"Play of the Waves\" in a set of three \"symphonic sketches\" titled La mer. A chromatically descending flute solo begins his tone poem Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. For 10 points, name this French composer whose Suite bergamasque includes \"Clair de Lune.\"", "answer": "Claude Debussy [or Achille-Claude Debussy]", "page": "Claude_Debussy", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129676, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141464, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 237], [238, 341], [342, 461], [462, 506], [507, 520], [521, 556], [557, 647]], "first_sentence": "In a piano suite by this composer, a third movement in D-flat major and 9/8 time is followed by an F-sharp minor passepied.", "answer_prompt": "or Achille-Claude Debussy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man introduced the gamma matrices, which serve as a space of spinors, for use in his namesake equation. This man showed that the existence of a magnetic monopole could explain the quantization of charge. He developed a notation for quantum states which represents them as bras and kets. This man and Fermi name a set of statistics for particles with non-integer spins. This man predicted the existence of antimatter. A function named for him represents an impulse. For 10 points, name this English physicist who sometimes names a function that is zero everywhere except the origin and that is called the delta function.", "answer": "Paul Dirac", "page": "Paul_Dirac", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129675, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141465, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 208], [209, 291], [292, 373], [374, 421], [422, 469], [470, 624]], "first_sentence": "This man introduced the gamma matrices, which serve as a space of spinors, for use in his namesake equation.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher argued that man and nature are not a \"dominion within a dominion\", since man is governed by nature. This thinker described a \"third kind\" of knowledge that comes from intuition instead of experience or reason. He wrote that while philosophy seeks truth, faith seeks only obedience. This philosopher wrote a book including the sections \"Of Human Freedom\" and \"Of Human Bondage\". This thinker argued that Moses did not write the Torah in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. This man wrote a treatise \"demonstrated in geometrical order\". For 10 points, name this author of Ethics who was expelled by Amsterdam's Jewish community.", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza [or Benedict de Spinoza]", "page": "Baruch_Spinoza", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129674, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141466, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 226], [227, 298], [299, 394], [395, 488], [489, 551], [552, 643]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher argued that man and nature are not a \"dominion within a dominion\", since man is governed by nature.", "answer_prompt": "or Benedict de Spinoza", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this author prepares to fight Sir Olifaunt to get to the Elf Queen in a story that was left incomplete. Another of this author's characters wears a brooch inscribed with \"amor vincit omnia\" and recounts the murder of a Christian boy by Jews. Nicolaes convinces John that there is an impending flood in order to sleep with Alisoun in one story by this author. A work by this author opens at the Tabard Inn, where the narrator meets a group traveling to the relics of Thomas Becket. For 10 points, name the author who included stories from the Nun's Priest and the Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales.", "answer": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "page": "Geoffrey_Chaucer", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129673, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141467, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 264], [265, 381], [382, 503], [504, 623]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this author prepares to fight Sir Olifaunt to get to the Elf Queen in a story that was left incomplete.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This was the highest position held by a man who recently pleaded guilty to hushing up charges that he had sexually abused a student at Yorkville high school. That man's predecessor in this position proposed that the US should establish a Lunar base during the 2012 presidential campaign. While seeking this position, a Californian admitted that the Benghazi Committee was organized to mar the reputation of Hillary Clinton. Holders of this position sometimes employ the Hastert Rule. Kevin McCarthy briefly sought to occupy this position after the resignation of John Boehner. For 10 points, name this position currently held by Paul Ryan.", "answer": "Speaker of the House of Representatives [accept variations like \"house speaker\"; prompt on \"congressman\" or \"representative\" until \"predecessor\"]", "page": "Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129672, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141468, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 287], [288, 423], [424, 483], [484, 576], [577, 639]], "first_sentence": "This was the highest position held by a man who recently pleaded guilty to hushing up charges that he had sexually abused a student at Yorkville high school.", "answer_prompt": "accept variations like \"house speaker\"; prompt on \"congressman\" or \"representative\" until \"predecessor\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A person who held this political office was forced to cut short a visit to the ancient ruins in Syracuse in order to go home and visit the modern ruins of a city devastated by Cyclone Tracy. In 1942, the holder of this office addressed his country's middle class as a \"forgotten people\". A person who held this position went missing while swimming, leading to conspiracy theories that he was picked up by a Soviet submarine. After taking this office, John Howard apologized for the Stolen Generations to his country's Aboriginal population. For 10 points, name this position currently held by Malcolm Turnbull, who serves as head of government in Canberra.", "answer": "Prime Minister of Australia [or PM of Australia; prompt on partial answer]", "page": "Prime_Minister_of_Australia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129671, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141469, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 287], [288, 424], [425, 540], [541, 656]], "first_sentence": "A person who held this political office was forced to cut short a visit to the ancient ruins in Syracuse in order to go home and visit the modern ruins of a city devastated by Cyclone Tracy.", "answer_prompt": "or PM of Australia; prompt on partial answer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A repeated line in this book tells of how children play on the seashore because \"they know not how to cast nets.\" A section of this poetry collection predicts that \"these verses will not lie in little well-printed books upon ladies' tables\". This collection of poems opens with the line \"Thou hast made me endless, such is thy pleasure\", and includes a poem about a land \"where the world has not been broken up into fragments\" and \"the mind is without fear\". This poetry collection had an introduction written for it by W.B. Yeats. For 10 points, name this collection of poems written by Rabindranath Tagore. ", "answer": "Gitanjali [or Offering of Songs; or Song Offerings] ", "page": "Gitanjali", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129670, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141470, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 241], [242, 458], [459, 531], [532, 608]], "first_sentence": "A repeated line in this book tells of how children play on the seashore because \"they know not how to cast nets.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Offering of Songs; or Song Offerings", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The rational-emotive type of this practice was created by Albert Ellis. A form of this practice was originally referred to as \"non-directive\". That type of this practice was discussed in On Becoming a Person and relies on the principles of congruence and unconditional positive regard. This practice is often used alongside desensitization techniques when dealing with phobias, and its \"client-centered\" form was created by Carl Rogers. The most popular form of this practice today is known as \"cognitive-behavioral.\" For 10 points, name this practice in which a psychologist attempts to alleviate a patient's mental illnesses.", "answer": "therapy [or psychotherapy; accept client-centered therapy until \"type\"; do not accept or prompt on \"psychoanalysis\"]", "page": "Therapy", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129669, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141471, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 142], [143, 285], [286, 436], [437, 516], [516, 517], [518, 627]], "first_sentence": "The rational-emotive type of this practice was created by Albert Ellis.", "answer_prompt": "or psychotherapy; accept client-centered therapy until \"type\"; do not accept or prompt on \"psychoanalysis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These ecosystems were the subject of Lindeman and Hutchinson's trophic dynamics models. One of these ecosystems was the source of the GJAF-1 bacterium that was thought to be able to subsist on arsenic. These ecosystems, which are classified as lentic as opposed to lotic, can contain low-diversity profundal zones. These systems eject carbon dioxide in limnic eruptions. In North America, one of these ecosystems is being invaded by zebra mussel. Bull sharks can survive in one of these bodies of water in Nicaragua. For 10 points, name these freshwater aquatic environments, which include \"Great\" ones named Michigan and Superior.", "answer": "lakes [or ponds; accept Lake Mono]", "page": "Lake", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129668, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141472, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 201], [202, 314], [315, 370], [371, 446], [447, 516], [517, 631]], "first_sentence": "These ecosystems were the subject of Lindeman and Hutchinson's trophic dynamics models.", "answer_prompt": "or ponds; accept Lake Mono", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist created a silent film called \"Work in Progress\" after he designed a set for Erik Satie's Socrate. His largest sculpture is usually on display in the East wing of the National Gallery of Art. A work characterized by two elongated arcs is painted in a bright red sometimes named for this artist to offset it from a nearby dull Mies van der Rohe building. The name for this artist's most distinctive art form was proposed by Marcel Duchamp. This sculptor of Flamingo used nine black and one red-and-yellow sheets of metal in a work hung at the MoMA. For 10 points, name this sculptor of Lobster Trap and Fish Tail and other mobiles.", "answer": "Alexander Calder", "page": "Alexander_Stirling_Calder", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129667, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141473, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 202], [203, 364], [365, 449], [450, 558], [559, 641]], "first_sentence": "This artist created a silent film called \"Work in Progress\" after he designed a set for Erik Satie's Socrate.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A future monarch of this country refused the throne of Greece, believing Greece was too unstable to be a viable monarchy. That monarch abdicated after his return from exile led to the \"Royal Question\" and violent strikes in the south of this country. This country's 1830 revolution was sparked by a performance of the opera The Mute Girl of Portici. During World War I, the German Schlieffen plan violated this country's neutrality. The European Union is headed in the capital of this country, which joined two neighbors to form the Benelux union. For 10 points, name this northern European monarchy whose capital is Brussels.", "answer": "Belgium [or Belgi\u00c3\u00ab; or Belgique]", "page": "Belgium", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129666, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141474, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 250], [251, 323], [324, 349], [350, 432], [433, 547], [548, 626]], "first_sentence": "A future monarch of this country refused the throne of Greece, believing Greece was too unstable to be a viable monarchy.", "answer_prompt": "or Belgi\u00c3\u00ab; or Belgique", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A hero on his way to retrieve some of these animals gets so exhausted by the heat that he fires an arrow at Helios; unexpectedly, he is rewarded with a giant golden goblet. Eurytion and his two-headed dog Orthrus guard a large number of these animals owned by the three-headed giant Geryon and stolen by Heracles for his tenth labor. A tortoise shell is used to make the lyre as recompense for the theft of some of these animals by the infant Hermes. Hera sends both a stinging gadfly and a hundred-eyed watchman named Argus to torment one of these animals that is actually Zeus's lover, the nymph Io. For 10 points, name these milk-producing animals.", "answer": "cow [or cattle; do not accept \"bull\"]", "page": "Cattle", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129665, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141475, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 333], [334, 450], [451, 601], [602, 651]], "first_sentence": "A hero on his way to retrieve some of these animals gets so exhausted by the heat that he fires an arrow at Helios; unexpectedly, he is rewarded with a giant golden goblet.", "answer_prompt": "or cattle; do not accept \"bull\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The largest city in this state is the official home of the world's largest Beatles festival, Abbey Road on the River. This state divides its cities into \"first-class\" and \"home rule\" classifications. Many valleys in the eastern part of this state are now home to \"holler fills\" due to a controversial mining procedure. Mountaintop removal is often used to access coal seams in this state, which also contains the longest cave system in the world, Mammoth Cave. The Wilderness Road took travelers through the Cumberland Gap from Virginia into this state. For 10 points, name this state which contains the cities of Lexington and Louisville.", "answer": "Kentucky", "page": "Kentucky", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129664, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141476, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 199], [200, 318], [319, 460], [461, 553], [554, 639]], "first_sentence": "The largest city in this state is the official home of the world's largest Beatles festival, Abbey Road on the River.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one of this author's novels, the title character introduces the god Abraxas to Emil Sinclair. The protagonist of a novel by this author succeeds to the position held by Thomas van der Trave, and that novel ends with the protagonist drowning in Castalia. That novel by this author opens with the Music Master recruiting the protagonist into the Waldzell school. The title character of another novel by this author of Demian becomes a merchant upon Kamala's insistence, learns from the ferryman Vasudeva, and leaves home with Govinda to seek enlightenment. For 10 points name this German author of\u00c2\u00a0The Glass Bead Game\u00c2\u00a0and Siddhartha.", "answer": "Hermann Hesse", "page": "Hermann_Hesse", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129663, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141477, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 256], [257, 363], [364, 557], [558, 634]], "first_sentence": "In one of this author's novels, the title character introduces the god Abraxas to Emil Sinclair.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Abnormalities in this organ can cause patients to experience \"Tet spells\" and become cyanotic. A syncytium [\"sin-SIH-shee-um\"] is formed from masses of cells that are separated by intercalated discs in this organ. Sotalol is one of the beta blockers that can be used to treat abnormal function of this organ. The foramen ovale fuses during this organ's development. The QRS complex and the T-wave are caused by this organ's depolarization and repolarization. This organ's Purkinje fibres and bundles of His [\"hiss\"] carry electrical signals from the SA node. The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood to its right atrium. For 10 points, name this four-chambered organ that pumps blood.", "answer": "the human heart", "page": "The_human_heart", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129662, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141478, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 213], [214, 308], [309, 365], [366, 460], [460, 559], [560, 621], [622, 685]], "first_sentence": "Abnormalities in this organ can cause patients to experience \"Tet spells\" and become cyanotic.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This work's artist retroactively added a red, orange, and blue border and intended for it to be displayed in a white frame. A girl is running away from the viewer and into a copse in the right background of this work. A shade covers the figures towards the front of this painting. A young girl dressed in a white dress and hat stares directly at the viewer from this painting's center. A reclining man wearing a sleeveless orange shirt is smoking a pipe in this work's right foreground, across from a woman holding a parasol and a leashed monkey. For 10 points, name this pointillist work that is set along the Seine and was painted by Georges Seurat. ", "answer": "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte [or A Sunday Afternoon at La Grande Jatte or Un dimanche apr\u00c3\u00a8s-midi \u00c3\u00a0 l'\u00c3\u017dle de la Grande Jatte] ", "page": "A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129661, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141479, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 217], [218, 280], [281, 385], [386, 546], [547, 651]], "first_sentence": "This work's artist retroactively added a red, orange, and blue border and intended for it to be displayed in a white frame.", "answer_prompt": "or A Sunday Afternoon at La Grande Jatte or Un dimanche apr\u00c3\u00a8s-midi \u00c3\u00a0 l'\u00c3\u017dle de la Grande Jatte", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Members of this nation's parliament were implicated in an insider trading investigation involving a human resources company called Recruit. This country has refused to acknowledge the war crimes committed by its Unit 731. This nation's monarch told his citizens to prepare for \"enduring the unendurable\" in the Jewel Voice broadcast. It was forbidden from organizing an army by Article 9 of its constitution. This nation's leaders signed an unconditional surrender aboard the USS Missouri. For 10 points, name this country that surrendered under Emperor Hirohito after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.", "answer": "Japan [or Nippon; or Nihon]", "page": "Japan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129660, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141480, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 221], [222, 333], [334, 408], [409, 489], [490, 609]], "first_sentence": "Members of this nation's parliament were implicated in an insider trading investigation involving a human resources company called Recruit.", "answer_prompt": "or Nippon; or Nihon", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this short story tells a story about a watermelon carved with the initials \"E.A.T.\". Later in this short story, that character reprimands a woman for trying to steal a child while at a filling station managed by Red Sammy Butts. One character in this story causes an accident when she remembers that she used to live in Tennessee, not Georgia. That accident in this short story occurs during a road trip that Bailey Boy and his family take to Florida. For 10 points, name this short story by Flannery O'Connor, which ends when the Grandmother is shot by the escaped criminal the Misfit.", "answer": "\"A Good Man is Hard to Find\"", "page": "A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_(short_story)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129659, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141481, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [101, 244], [245, 359], [360, 467], [468, 602]], "first_sentence": "A character in this short story tells a story about a watermelon carved with the initials \"E.A.T.\". ", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "D-C-C and BOP [\"bop\"] are commonly used to couple these compounds. Polystyrene resins are used as support in a synthesis using these compounds pioneered by Robert Merrifield. The dihedral angles of these compounds are shown on a Ramachandran plot. Reacting an aldehyde with cyanide, then hydrolyzing the product produces one of these compounds in the Strecker synthesis. At biological pH these compounds exist in a zwitterionic form. Examples of these compounds include tryptophan and glycine. These compounds contain an NH2 as well as a carboxyl group. For 10 points, name these monomers that are linked together by peptide bonds in proteins.", "answer": "amino acids [prompt on \"peptides\", \"polypeptides\" or \"amides\" until \"Ramachandran\" is read]", "page": "Amino_acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129658, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141482, "tokenizations": [[0, 66], [67, 174], [175, 247], [248, 370], [371, 433], [434, 493], [494, 553], [554, 643]], "first_sentence": "D-C-C and BOP [\"bop\"] are commonly used to couple these compounds.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"peptides\", \"polypeptides\" or \"amides\" until \"Ramachandran\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During one conflict, these people made their base at the Janiculum Hill. Supporters of these people were often opposed by the Optimates, and laws made by these people became binding to everybody after the passing of the Lex Hortensia. As a result of several secessions performed by these people, the Twelve Tables were created. After the Conflict of the Orders, the office of Tribune was created to give these people the power to potentially veto the Consuls. For 10 points, name this class of people in ancient Rome, often contrasted with the wealthy landowning patricians.", "answer": "plebeians [or plebs]", "page": "Plebeians", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129657, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141483, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 234], [235, 327], [328, 459], [460, 574]], "first_sentence": "During one conflict, these people made their base at the Janiculum Hill.", "answer_prompt": "or plebs", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The most notable veteran of this organization used contacts developed through it to guide the Combahee Ferry raid. Members of this organization included the Coffin family and a woman who pretended to read a newspaper because an arrest warrant said she was illiterate. This organization may have used quilts and songs like \"Follow the Drinking Gourd\" to guide individuals between locations managed by \"stationmasters.\" Members of this organization referred to the Ohio River as the \"River Jordan.\" It helped guide individuals to Canada. For 10 points, name this organization run by \"conductors\" like Harriet Tubman that helped slaves escape.", "answer": "the Underground Railroad ", "page": "The_Underground_Railroad", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129656, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141484, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 267], [268, 417], [418, 496], [497, 535], [536, 640]], "first_sentence": "The most notable veteran of this organization used contacts developed through it to guide the Combahee Ferry raid.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country was the birthplace of an author who imagined the Great Semi sowing seeds of a utopia over the title location. In a novel by an author from this country, the orphans Esteban and Sofia come under the care of Victor Hugues. An author from this country wrote Explosion in a Cathedral and developed a genre he called \"lo real maravilloso\" [\"lo ray-al mara-vi-YOSO\"]. An author from this country wrote the essay \"Nuestra America\" and wrote the lines \"Cultivo una Rosa Blanca\" and \"Yo soy un hombre sincero\" in the collection Versos Sencillos [\"versos sen-SEE-yose\"]. For 10 points, name this home country of Alejo Carpentier and Jose Marti, whose poetry inspired the song \"Guantanamera.\"", "answer": "Cuba", "page": "Cuba", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129655, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141485, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 233], [234, 374], [375, 573], [574, 694]], "first_sentence": "This country was the birthplace of an author who imagined the Great Semi sowing seeds of a utopia over the title location.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The longest stage of this process contains stages such as the diplotene and pachytene stages. The synapto-nemal complex forms during this process, during which the occurrence of synapsis results in the formation of chiasmata. One form of this process results in the formation of three polar bodies. In this process, a double Holliday junction forms during crossing over. Interkinesis occurs between two parts of this process. Since homologous recombination occurs during this process, it does not result in identical cells. This process produces four haploid daughter cells. For 10 points, name this cell division process that produces sex cells.", "answer": "meiosis [accept meoisis I or meiosis II; prompt on \"prophase I\"; prompt on \"gametogenesis\"; prompt on \"oogenesis\"; prompt on \"spermatogenesis\"]", "page": "Meiosis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129654, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141486, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 225], [226, 298], [299, 370], [371, 425], [426, 523], [524, 574], [575, 646]], "first_sentence": "The longest stage of this process contains stages such as the diplotene and pachytene stages.", "answer_prompt": "accept meoisis I or meiosis II; prompt on \"prophase I\"; prompt on \"gametogenesis\"; prompt on \"oogenesis\"; prompt on \"spermatogenesis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer had low strings quote the funeral march from the Eroica Symphony near the very end of one of his pieces. A series of all twelve chromatic notes begins the fugal subject of the \"Of Science\" section in a piece by him that ends with a \"Song of the Night Wanderer.\" A theme played by a horn and a theme played by the D clarinet depict the title trickster in one of his tone poems. Four trumpets play the ascending half notes \"C, G, C\" near the start of the \"Introduction, or Sunrise\" section of this composer's tone poem about a Friedrich Nietzsche novel. For 10 points, name this composer of Metamorphosen, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks and Also sprach Zarathustra.", "answer": "Richard Strauss [or Richard Georg Strauss]", "page": "Richard_Strauss", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129653, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141487, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 275], [276, 390], [391, 565], [566, 679]], "first_sentence": "This composer had low strings quote the funeral march from the Eroica Symphony near the very end of one of his pieces.", "answer_prompt": "or Richard Georg Strauss", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This hero is betrayed by a man who obtains some rowan berries by killing the giant Searbhan [\"SHAR-vahn\"]. Late in his life, this hero refuses to provide a handful of healing water for a companion who has been mortally wounded by a boar. His two hounds Bran and Sceolan [\"SHOW-lahn\"] recognize that a deer is in fact this hero's bewitched wife Sadb [\"SAHV\"]. This hero leads men such as Diarmuid, and has his tales written down by his son, the bard Oisin [\"uh-SHEEN\"]. This hero can recall all of the knowledge in the world by sucking on his thumb, which he burns while cooking the Salmon of Knowledge. For 10 points, name this Irish hero of the Fenian cycle", "answer": "Finn MacCool [or Fionn mac Cumhaill; or Deimne [\"DAY-nee\"]]", "page": "Fionn_mac_Cumhaill", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129652, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141488, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 237], [238, 358], [359, 468], [469, 602], [603, 658]], "first_sentence": "This hero is betrayed by a man who obtains some rowan berries by killing the giant Searbhan [\"SHAR-vahn\"].", "answer_prompt": "or Fionn mac Cumhaill; or Deimne [\"DAY-nee\"]", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Part of a novel by this author is set in Solara and is illustrated with World War II propaganda from the protagonist's childhood. The protagonist of that novel by this author reads the First Folio to regain emotional memories and is named Yambo. The narrator travels to Constantinople and meets Niketas Choniates in his Baudolino. Another novel by this author ends with Brother Jorge burning down the central building. That book by this author of The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana opens with Adso of Melk arriving to an Italian monastery to investigate a series of deaths. For 10 points, name this author who created the friar William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose.", "answer": "Umberto Eco", "page": "Umberto_Eco", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129651, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141489, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 245], [246, 330], [331, 418], [419, 574], [575, 676]], "first_sentence": "Part of a novel by this author is set in Solara and is illustrated with World War II propaganda from the protagonist's childhood.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher claimed theology was \"the study of nothing\" and criticized \"invented systems of religion\" in a book outlining his deist views. This thinker argued that landowners should pay a \"ground-rent\" to support welfare in his tract Agrarian Justice. This man was put on trial in absentia for writing a response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. This author of Rights of Man began a pamphlet series with the line \"These are the times that try men's souls\", and his most popular book criticizes hereditary succession in favor of a \"republican government\". For 10 points, name this author of The American Crisis and Common Sense.", "answer": "Thomas Paine", "page": "Thomas_Paine", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129650, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141490, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 256], [257, 376], [377, 443], [444, 585], [586, 658]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher claimed theology was \"the study of nothing\" and criticized \"invented systems of religion\" in a book outlining his deist views.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During a conflict over this commodity, Nate Champion defended his cabin from the WSGA. During Benjamin Harrison's presidency, large-scale and small-scale producers of this commodity faced off against each other in the Johnson County War. Men involved in the transportation of this resource were accompanied by a chef nicknamed \"cookie.\" This commodity made wealthy men out of Charles Goodnight and Samuel Maverick and boom towns out of Abilene and Dodge City. The \"Great Die-Up\" occurred after people began using barbed wire to protect this commodity from rustlers. For 10 points, name these animals escorted on \"drives\" from Texas to stockyards in Kansas.", "answer": "cattle [or cows; or beef; or longhorn cattle; prompt on \"meat\" or \"livestock\"] ", "page": "Cattle", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129649, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141491, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 237], [238, 336], [337, 459], [460, 565], [566, 656]], "first_sentence": "During a conflict over this commodity, Nate Champion defended his cabin from the WSGA.", "answer_prompt": "or cows; or beef; or longhorn cattle; prompt on \"meat\" or \"livestock\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Satellites that participated in the THEMIS project first discovered evidence of these things occurring on the Sun. These phenomena are often preceded by the appearance of a hook echo, and they can be created by systems known as supercells. Large varieties of these are known as their \"wedge\" form. The two nations that see the most of these phenomena now measure their power on an \"enhanced\" scale. Most of these things occur in a strip of land which includes the Great Plains and is known as their namesake \"Alley.\" For 10 points, name these rotating funnel clouds that contact the ground and feature high wind speeds, whose strength is measured by the Fujita scale.", "answer": "tornadoes [or twisters; or cyclones]", "page": "Tornadoes", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129648, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141492, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 239], [240, 297], [298, 398], [399, 515], [515, 516], [517, 667]], "first_sentence": "Satellites that participated in the THEMIS project first discovered evidence of these things occurring on the Sun.", "answer_prompt": "or twisters; or cyclones", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This jazz composer wrote a song whose middle section features a thirty-two-bar clarinet solo by Johnny Dodds. This composer of \"Potato Head Blues\" popularized his mentor Joe \"King\" Oliver's song \"West End Blues,\" and collaborated with Ella Fitzgerald on two albums, plus a third album of selections from Porgy and Bess. This musician organized namesake Hot Five and Hot Seven ensembles with whom he pioneered scat singing in songs such as \"Heebie Jeebies.\" In a popular recording, this musician sang about seeing \"trees of green, red roses, too.\" For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter who used his characteristic gravelly voice to sing \"What a Wonderful World.\"", "answer": "Louis Armstrong [prompt on \"Satchmo\"]", "page": "Louis_Armstrong", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129647, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141493, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 319], [320, 456], [457, 545], [545, 546], [547, 663]], "first_sentence": "This jazz composer wrote a song whose middle section features a thirty-two-bar clarinet solo by Johnny Dodds.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"Satchmo\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this painting's left foreground, a bald man peers over the shoulder of a man scribbling in a book. A woman in white stares out at the viewer from this work's center and may have been modeled on La Fornarina. A figure likely modeled after Bramante is shown bending down in its bottom right. This painting is located near the artist's Disputation of the Holy Sacrament in the Stanza della Segnatura. One focal figure of this painting is holding a copy of Timaeus and is conversing with a younger man who is holding a book on ethics and pointing downwards. For 10 points, name this Raphael fresco that centers of Plato and Aristotle.", "answer": "The School of Athens [or La Scuola di Atene]", "page": "The_School_of_Athens", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129646, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141494, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 210], [211, 292], [293, 402], [402, 557], [558, 634]], "first_sentence": "In this painting's left foreground, a bald man peers over the shoulder of a man scribbling in a book.", "answer_prompt": "or La Scuola di Atene", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During a military expedition in this geographical region, British soldiers wielding Maxim guns massacred locals at the Battle of Chumik Shenko. This region was explored by Francis Younghusband's expedition. Pilots who flew over this mountain range during World War II nicknamed it \"the Hump.\" The boundary between two countries was established through this mountain range in 1914 with the McMahon Line. The kukri knife was popularized by a group of mercenaries enlisted from this region, the Gurkhas. This region is home to the Sherpa ethnic group. For 10 points, name this mountain range where Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary climbed Mount Everest.", "answer": "the Himalayas [or Himalayan mountains; accept Tibet until \"mountain\"]", "page": "The_Himalayas", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129645, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141495, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 206], [207, 292], [293, 402], [403, 500], [501, 548], [549, 651]], "first_sentence": "During a military expedition in this geographical region, British soldiers wielding Maxim guns massacred locals at the Battle of Chumik Shenko.", "answer_prompt": "or Himalayan mountains; accept Tibet until \"mountain\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This element is commonly stored in nickel containers as it forms a passivation layer. Because the Sandmeyer reaction does not effectively add this element to aryl compounds, the Balz-Schiemann reaction is used instead. Carboxylic acids substituted with this element are much more acidic due to this element's strong inductive effects. The first noble gas compound discovered consisted of an atom of xenon bound to four atoms of this element. This element and hydrogen form an acid which etches glass and can diffuse through skin down to the bone. For 10 points, name this most electronegative element that has an atomic number of 9 and is the lightest halogen.", "answer": "fluorine [prompt on F]", "page": "Fluorine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129644, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141496, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 218], [219, 334], [335, 441], [442, 546], [547, 660]], "first_sentence": "This element is commonly stored in nickel containers as it forms a passivation layer.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on F", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man with this name is the only prophet who is the subject of an entire surah in the Quran. That man of this name was imprisoned after being falsely accused of sleeping with Potiphar's wife. In the beginning of the Gospel of Matthew, another man of this name is listed as the grandson of Matthan and a descendent of David. That man with this name has a vision of an angel which tells him to take his family and flee to Egypt. A man from Arimathea with this first name offers his tomb to Jesus after the Crucifixion. For 10 points, give this name shared by a man who inherited a coat of many colors and a Nazarene carpenter who was the foster father of Jesus.", "answer": "Joseph [or Yusuf on the first clue]", "page": "Joseph_(Genesis)", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129643, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141497, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 191], [192, 323], [324, 426], [427, 516], [517, 659]], "first_sentence": "A man with this name is the only prophet who is the subject of an entire surah in the Quran.", "answer_prompt": "or Yusuf on the first clue", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this book believes that \"everyone in the world is Christ and they are all crucified.\" Another character in this book writes his thoughts on pieces of paper and stuffs them into his pockets. Jesse Bentley takes his grandson David into the woods to perform an animal sacrifice in its chapter \"Godliness.\" Characters in this book include Dr. Reefy and a schoolteacher who fled Pennsylvania after being accused of molesting a mentally disabled boy. Wing Biddlebaum, who appears in its chapter \"Hands,\" is friends with this book's protagonist, an aspiring writer named George Willard. For 10 points, name this short story cycle about an Ohio town written by Sherwood Anderson. ", "answer": "Winesburg, Ohio ", "page": "Winesburg,_Ohio", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129642, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141498, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [99, 204], [205, 317], [318, 459], [460, 594], [595, 686]], "first_sentence": "A character in this book believes that \"everyone in the world is Christ and they are all crucified.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While serving as the king of another nation, a man from this nation won the Siege of Polotsk during the Livonian War. A general from this nation waged the \"Long Campaign\" before losing the Battle of Varna. One king of this nation established a group of personal mercenaries known as the Black Army. Control of this home of John Hunyadi and Matthias Corvinus was split between the Ottomans and Transylvania after its ruler Louis II lost the Battle of Mohacs. This nation was unified by a king who also actively spread Christianity, Saint Stephen I. For 10 points, name this kingdom which is now a nation with a capital at Budapest.", "answer": "Kingdom of Hungary", "page": "Kingdom_of_Hungary", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129641, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141499, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 205], [206, 298], [299, 457], [458, 630]], "first_sentence": "While serving as the king of another nation, a man from this nation won the Siege of Polotsk during the Livonian War.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Barrington Moore theorized that bourgeoisie were essential for the development of this concept in Europe in a book on the \"social origins\" of dictatorship and this concept. The \"polyarchal\" form of this concept was defined by Robert Dahl, who also wrote a book on this concept \"and its critics\". Along with capitalism and socialism, this concept titles a book by Joseph Schumpeter. An international relations theory named after this concept's \"peace\" states that two countries with this system of governance will not go to war with each other. For 10 points, name this system of governance in which citizens elect politicians.", "answer": "democracy [or word forms like democratic]", "page": "Democracy", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129640, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141500, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [174, 298], [298, 385], [385, 548], [548, 630]], "first_sentence": "Barrington Moore theorized that bourgeoisie were essential for the development of this concept in Europe in a book on the \"social origins\" of dictatorship and this concept. ", "answer_prompt": "or word forms like democratic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this film is observed skipping work by her boss after he notices her car while crossing a crosswalk. This film ends with a character smiling and looking into the camera as an offscreen female voice declares \"why, she wouldn't harm a fly.\" One scene in this film match cuts between shots of water swirling in a drain and a woman's eyeball. Anthony Perkins plays a character in this film who states \"we all go a little mad sometimes.\" This film used chocolate syrup to mimic blood in a scene accompanied by Bernard Hermann's screeching string soundtrack. Marion Crane is stabbed in the shower in, for 10 points, what Alfred Hitchcock film about cross-dressing serial killer Norman Bates?", "answer": "Psycho", "page": "Psycho_(1960_film)", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129639, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141501, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 252], [252, 353], [354, 446], [446, 447], [448, 567], [568, 700]], "first_sentence": "A character in this film is observed skipping work by her boss after he notices her car while crossing a crosswalk.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man names a phenomenon whose N-th radius can be calculated as the square root of the quantity N minus one half times wavelength times radius of the lens. This man names that interference pattern formed by the reflection of light between a flat and spherical surface. He discussed his experiments with the dispersion of light in the book Opticks. Henry Cavendish used a torsion balance to measure a value sometimes named for this man. This man names the law of inertia, which states that objects in motion will stay in motion, and objects at rest stay at rest. For 10 points name this English physicist who developed three laws of motion and was an inventor of calculus.", "answer": "Isaac Newton", "page": "Isaac_Newton", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141502, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 271], [272, 350], [351, 438], [439, 564], [565, 674]], "first_sentence": "This man names a phenomenon whose N-th radius can be calculated as the square root of the quantity N minus one half times wavelength times radius of the lens.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The title character of a play by this author dresses up as a lute-player with a nosegay in his hat to spy on a pimp. The speaker of a reply to a poem by this author says that \"if all the world and love were young\" then they might \"live with thee, and be thy love\" and was written by Walter Raleigh. The prostitute Bellamira conspires with the slave Ithamor against the title character of a play by this author. This author of \"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love\" wrote a play in which the title character is boiled in his own cauldron by Ferneze. For 10 points, name author who wrote about Barabas in The Jew of Malta.", "answer": "Christopher Marlowe", "page": "Christopher_Marlowe", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141503, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 298], [299, 410], [411, 547], [548, 619]], "first_sentence": "The title character of a play by this author dresses up as a lute-player with a nosegay in his hat to spy on a pimp.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Coupled systems displaying this sort of behavior can exhibit normal modes, examples of which include symmetric and asymmetric stretching. This behavior is modeled with a second order homogeneous differential equation with a term corresponding to damping. This behavior occurs in RLC circuits analagously to a certain mechanical system with a dashpot. This sort of motion will typically occur in systems with a restoring force, such as systems which obey Hooke's law. In its simplest case this sort of motion can be described with a sine function. For 10 points, name this sort of behavior which occurs in the simple harmonic motion seen in a spring.\u2028", "answer": "oscillation [accept more specific answers; accept vibration; prompt on \"simple harmonic motion\" or \"complex harmonic motion\" or \"damped harmonic motion\" before mention of \"simple harmonic motion\"]", "page": "Oscillation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141504, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 254], [255, 350], [351, 466], [467, 546], [547, 650]], "first_sentence": "Coupled systems displaying this sort of behavior can exhibit normal modes, examples of which include symmetric and asymmetric stretching.", "answer_prompt": "accept more specific answers; accept vibration; prompt on \"simple harmonic motion\" or \"complex harmonic motion\" or \"damped harmonic motion\" before mention of \"simple harmonic motion\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of this novel often describes the \"voice of the sea.\" While dying, the protagonist of this novel remembers a cavalry officer's spurs clanging as he walked across her porch. The protagonist's lover leaves her a note reading \"Good-bye - because I love you.\" It begins with a parrot screeching the phrase \"allez-vous-en,\" and sees the protagonist get moved to tears by Mademoiselle Reisz's piano performance. This novel begins at a resort on Grand Isle, where the protagonist contemplates cheating on her husband with Robert Lebrun. After Lebrun abandons her, the protagonist of this novel commits suicide by walking into the sea. For 10 points, name this Kate Chopin novel about Edna Pontellier. ", "answer": "The Awakening", "page": "The_Awakening_(Chopin_novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141505, "tokenizations": [[0, 66], [67, 185], [186, 267], [267, 418], [419, 542], [543, 640], [641, 706]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of this novel often describes the \"voice of the sea.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these creatures plans to kill his foster-son, but his plan is unveiled when that foster-son cooks and eats a heart and becomes able to understand the speech of birds. One of these creatures transforms into the dragon Fafnir and is slain by the sword Gram. A goddess spends four nights sleeping with four of these creatures in exchange for a golden necklace. These creatures descend from maggots festering in Ymir's corpse, and mostly take refuge in the dark world of Nidavellir or Svartalfheim, where they forge items such as Skidbladnir, Brisingamen, and Mjolnir in their role as master smiths for the Asgardians. For 10 points, name this race of diminutive human-like creatures from Norse mythology.", "answer": "dwarf [or dwarfs; or dvergr; or svartalfr]", "page": "DWARF", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141506, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 262], [263, 364], [365, 621], [622, 708]], "first_sentence": "One of these creatures plans to kill his foster-son, but his plan is unveiled when that foster-son cooks and eats a heart and becomes able to understand the speech of birds.", "answer_prompt": "or dwarfs; or dvergr; or svartalfr", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to the Bhagavad Gita, the spirit can be liberated through the practice of this number of yogas. This is the age at which a Jewish boy receives his first haircut, the upsherin, and in Kabbalah, the ten Sephirot are divided into this many columns. Victor Hugo is one of this many saints venerated in Cao Dai, and Buddhists believe in this number of \"Jewels.\" According to the Gospels, Jesus was tempted by Satan this many times and rose from the dead this number of days after the Crucifixion. Adherents of Arianism reject a doctrine that defines this many aspects of God. For 10 points, give this number of figures in both the Hindu Trimurti and the Christian Trinity.", "answer": "three", "page": "Three", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129633, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141507, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 255], [256, 366], [367, 501], [502, 580], [581, 677]], "first_sentence": "According to the Bhagavad Gita, the spirit can be liberated through the practice of this number of yogas.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These systems can be simplified via a Y-delta transform, which is a type of star-mesh transform. These systems can be reduced to equivalent two component systems by Norton's theorem and Th\u00c3\u00a9venin's theorem. Analysis of these systems is often done by considering meshes or nodes, which respectively involve the use of the loop and junction rules of Kirchhoff. In graphical depictions of these systems, a triangle next to a line segment represents a diode. A law that applies to these systems states that voltage is equal to current times resistance. For 10 points, name these systems subject to Ohm's law, which may contain elements like a voltage source, resistors, and wires.", "answer": "electrical circuits [or electrical networks]", "page": "Electrical_circuits", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141508, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 205], [206, 357], [358, 453], [454, 547], [548, 675]], "first_sentence": "These systems can be simplified via a Y-delta transform, which is a type of star-mesh transform.", "answer_prompt": "or electrical networks", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At the conclusion of a war named after this city, France gained the colony of Saint-Domingue after the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick. This city was the home of a banking family which included Jakob the Rich, the Fuggers. The Nine Years' War, during which a huge coalition opposed Louis XIV, is often named after a \"League\" of this city. A document named after this city is the best known work of Philip Melanchthon. The principle of \"cuius regio, eius religio\" was established by a treaty signed in this place between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. For 10 points, name this Bavarian city, the namesake of an important Lutheran confession of faith.", "answer": "Augsburg", "page": "Augsburg", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141509, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 223], [224, 339], [340, 418], [419, 559], [560, 658]], "first_sentence": "At the conclusion of a war named after this city, France gained the colony of Saint-Domingue after the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a children's book, one of these animals enjoys sitting under a cork tree and smelling flowers, refusing to be violent. An Andean condor is strapped to the back of one of these animals during the Yawar festival. Munro Leaf wrote a children's book about one of these animals named Ferdinand. They are stabbed with a lance by a horseman known as the picador during an event in which they are urged to run at the muleta. These animals charge down the streets of Pamplona in an annual event known as their \"running.\" For 10 points, name these animals that are supposedly egged on by the color red in an activity where they are slain by matadores. ", "answer": "bulls [or male cattle; or Ferdinand the Bull; prompt on \"cow\" or \"cattle\"]", "page": "Male_cattle", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129630, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141510, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 213], [214, 292], [293, 419], [420, 513], [513, 514], [515, 644]], "first_sentence": "In a children's book, one of these animals enjoys sitting under a cork tree and smelling flowers, refusing to be violent.", "answer_prompt": "or male cattle; or Ferdinand the Bull; prompt on \"cow\" or \"cattle\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one appearance, this character investigates the fortifications at Belle Ile. This character dies shortly after being made a Marshal in The Vicomte of Bragelonne. When he is working under Monsieur des Essart, this character has an affair with Constance Bonacieux, who is a maid of Queen Anne. At the beginning of the first novel in which this character appears, his introduction letter for Monsieur de Treville is stolen by Comte de Rochefort. This character defeats Cardinal Richelieu's troops with a group of soldiers that uses the motto \"All for one, one for all.\" For 10 points, name this character who befriends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in The Three Musketeers.", "answer": "D'Artagnan", "page": "Charles_de_Batz_de_Castelmore_d'Artagnan", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129629, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141511, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 164], [165, 294], [295, 445], [446, 568], [568, 569], [570, 670]], "first_sentence": "In one appearance, this character investigates the fortifications at Belle Ile.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This structure can be stained with wheat germ agglutinin derivatives or with the acid-fast stain. This structure is targeted by lysozymes and their formation is inhibited by beta-lactams. This structure is composed of a substance that oddly contains D-amino acids. The substance that forms this structure is a polymer of NAG and NAM. The thickness of this structure determines how well it retains crystal violet, and thus determines whether an organism is Gram-positive or Gram-negative. This structure is primarily composed of peptido-glycan in bacteria. For 10 points, name this protective structure that surrounds the cell membrane of bacteria.", "answer": "bacterial cell walls [prompt on \"cell envelope\"; do NOT accept cell membrane]", "page": "Cell_wall", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141512, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 187], [188, 264], [265, 333], [334, 487], [488, 555], [556, 647]], "first_sentence": "This structure can be stained with wheat germ agglutinin derivatives or with the acid-fast stain.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"cell envelope\"; do NOT accept cell membrane", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As a young soldier, this man was slashed by a sword for refusing to shine the boots of a British officer. In one conflict, he captured and executed British citizens George Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. This general sided with a \"white stick\" faction against the \"red stick\" faction in a war that was ended by the Treaty of Fort Jackson. His army was victorious at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. With the help of Jean Lafitte's pirate, this winner of the Creek War's army defeated a force led by Edward Pakenham at a battle fought after the Treaty of Ghent had already ended the War of 1812. For 10 points, name this victor at the Battle of New Orleans and president of the United States, nicknamed \"Old Hickory.\" ", "answer": "Andrew Jackson ", "page": "Andrew_Jackson", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141513, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 203], [204, 338], [339, 395], [396, 591], [592, 713]], "first_sentence": "As a young soldier, this man was slashed by a sword for refusing to shine the boots of a British officer.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The subjects of this process fail in \"corresponding with oneself\" according to a book on this process by Albert Memmi. An essay on this process by Gayatri Spivak asks whether the subjects of this process, termed the Subaltern, can \"speak\" without reflecting the impact of this process. A \"Discourse on\" this phenomenon was written by Aime Cesaire. The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon advocates violence as a means of release from this process, which Fanon had earlier analyzed in the book Black Skin, White Masks. For 10 points, name this process in imperialism by which less developed regions are controlled as outposts of a mother country.", "answer": "colonialism [or colonization; prompt on \"imperialism\"]", "page": "Colonialism", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141514, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 285], [286, 347], [348, 519], [520, 647]], "first_sentence": "The subjects of this process fail in \"corresponding with oneself\" according to a book on this process by Albert Memmi.", "answer_prompt": "or colonization; prompt on \"imperialism\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The narrator of an Alan Seeger poem \"has a rendezvous\" with this character \"at some disputed barricade\". A poem addressed to this character describes this character as \"slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men\", and ends by telling this character \"thou shalt die\". Another poem about this character describes how \"[we] passed the setting sun / Or rather, he passed us\". That poem ends with the image of horses' heads pointed toward eternity, and describes a carriage ride past a school with children playing at recess. For 10 points, name this personification that \"kindly stopped for\" Emily Dickinson because she could not stop for it.", "answer": "Death", "page": "Death", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141515, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 271], [272, 350], [351, 376], [377, 525], [526, 643]], "first_sentence": "The narrator of an Alan Seeger poem \"has a rendezvous\" with this character \"at some disputed barricade\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man made models for a garden city called Broadacre City. This architect designed a hypostyle hall for a building whose core was designed in a \"tap root\" style. One of this designer's buildings is inspired by Mayan architecture and is called Hollyhock House. This architect of the SC Johnson Research Tower designed a building that consists of a single spiraling ramp and serves as an art museum. Due to its \"floating\" foundation, one of this man's building survived a major earthquake in Tokyo. A building this architect designed for Edgar Kaufmann used a cantilevered design to stand over a Pennsylvanian waterfall. For 10 points, name the Prairie School architect of the Imperial Hotel and Fallingwater.", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "page": "Frank_Lloyd_Wright", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141516, "tokenizations": [[0, 61], [62, 164], [165, 262], [263, 400], [401, 499], [500, 621], [622, 710]], "first_sentence": "This man made models for a garden city called Broadacre City.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A quantity with this name is the dimension of a vector space over a given field. That quantity measures the relative size of a field extension. Finite undirected graphs all have an even number of vertices with an odd value of this quantity according to the handshaking lemma, and a graph's total value of this quantity is equal to two times the number of edges. The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that five is the lowest value of another quantity of this name that produces equations with no radical solutions. For cubic polynomials, that quantity is equal to three. For 10 points, give this name of several quantities in mathematics, which for polynomials is the value of the highest exponent.", "answer": "degree", "page": "Degree_of_a_polynomial", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141517, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 143], [144, 361], [362, 507], [508, 563], [564, 691]], "first_sentence": "A quantity with this name is the dimension of a vector space over a given field.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Omar Mukhtar led a resistance movement against this colonial power. This colonial power was caught building a fort on an oasis outside its borders in the Walwal incident. The Hoare-Laval pact was a failed attempt to sate this colonial power's territorial ambitions. In 1911, this nation fought the Ottoman Empire over a province that included Tobruk. It defied the League of Nations by using exploding bullets and mustard gas in a 1936 conflict. This colonial power made up for its 1896 defeat at the Battle of Adwa by conquering a nation led by Haile Selassie. For 10 points, name this European nation that invaded Ethiopia during the regime of Benito Mussolini.", "answer": "Italy [or Kingdom of Italy; or Regno d'Italia; do not accept \"Italian Republic\"]", "page": "Italy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141518, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 170], [171, 265], [266, 350], [351, 445], [446, 561], [562, 663]], "first_sentence": "Omar Mukhtar led a resistance movement against this colonial power.", "answer_prompt": "or Kingdom of Italy; or Regno d'Italia; do not accept \"Italian Republic\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One character in this novel has his dog locked in his cabin so that he can commit suicide by jumping off his boat without it following him. In this novel a story about catching a rare butterfly while en-route to visit Mohammed Bonso is told by the entomologist Stein. The devious Cornelius arranges an ambush with Gentleman Brown in this novel. The title character of this novel befriends Doramin's son, Dain Waris after moving to Patusan. The title character of this novel abandons the Muslim passengers on the Patna. For 10 points, Marlow narrates what Joseph Conrad novel about a disgraced sailor?", "answer": "Lord Jim", "page": "Lord_Jim", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141519, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 267], [268, 344], [345, 439], [440, 518], [519, 600]], "first_sentence": "One character in this novel has his dog locked in his cabin so that he can commit suicide by jumping off his boat without it following him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Jacob of Orleans was killed during a massive anti-Jewish revolt that occurred after this monarch's coronation. \u00c2\u00a0Leopold V accused this man of plotting to kill his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. This husband of Berengaria of Navarre sold Cyprus to Guy de Lusignan [\"loo-sin-YAWN\"], and one of this man's enemies was the namesake of a tithe passed by this man's father. During one conflict, this man was ransomed after winning at the Battle of Jaffa. After this French-speaking monarch was killed by a friendly crossbow bolt, he was succeeded by his brother John. For 10 points, name this Crusader and frequent rival of Saladin, a \"Lion-Hearted\" English King.", "answer": "Richard I [or Richard the Lion-Hearted or Richard Coeur de Lion until \"Lion-Hearted\" is read]", "page": "Richard_I_of_England", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141520, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [112, 191], [192, 365], [366, 446], [447, 559], [560, 655]], "first_sentence": "Jacob of Orleans was killed during a massive anti-Jewish revolt that occurred after this monarch's coronation. \u00a0", "answer_prompt": "or Richard the Lion-Hearted or Richard Coeur de Lion until \"Lion-Hearted\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An affair that this artist had with Millie Thaulow inspired a painting that shows a woman wearing an unbuttoned white dress standing beside a dejected man hiding his face. One painting by this artist of Ashes shows a family mourning the passing of the artist's sister. This artist of Death in the Sickroom painted a nude Charlotte Corday staring at a viewer while a dead man lies on some bloody sheets behind her in his version of The Death of Marat. A painting that shows two women flanking a couple dancing is titled Dance of Life and appears in this artist's Frieze of Life series. For 10 points, name this artist who painted a figure standing on a bridge and clutching his face in The Scream.", "answer": "Edvard Munch", "page": "Edvard_Munch", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141521, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 268], [269, 450], [451, 584], [585, 696]], "first_sentence": "An affair that this artist had with Millie Thaulow inspired a painting that shows a woman wearing an unbuttoned white dress standing beside a dejected man hiding his face.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In May 2015, this city changed its traffic signals to include LGBT couples on signs. This city's Spanish Riding School is famed for training Lipizzaner horses. A cathedral with a multi-colored tiled roof in this city was the location of Antonio Vivaldi's funeral. The Belvedere museum in this city is located in a palace originally built for Eugene of Savoy and houses works by Egon Schiele and Gustav Klimt. The First District of this city is surrounded by a circular road called the Ringstrasse. This city's cuisine includes a namesake breaded veal cutlet, or schnitzel. For 10 points, name this city, the capital of Austria.", "answer": "Vienna [or Wien]", "page": "Vienna", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141522, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 159], [160, 263], [264, 408], [409, 497], [498, 572], [573, 627]], "first_sentence": "In May 2015, this city changed its traffic signals to include LGBT couples on signs.", "answer_prompt": "or Wien", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Membrane osmometry can be used to find one form of this quantity in a polymer, and the distribution of this quantity in a polymer solution is described by the polydispersity index. Jean-Baptiste Dumas heated volatile organic substances to determine their vapor densities were proportional to this value. For an ideal gas, this value is equal to RT times density over pressure. The unit defining this quantity is defined as one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom, and is the dalton. For water this quantity is approximately 18 amu [\"a-m-u\"]. For 10 points, name this quantity that can be found by adding up the individual atomic masses of a compound.", "answer": "molecular weight [or molar mass; prompt on \"weight\" or \"mass\"]", "page": "Molecular_weight", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129617, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141523, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 303], [304, 376], [377, 483], [484, 542], [543, 651]], "first_sentence": "Membrane osmometry can be used to find one form of this quantity in a polymer, and the distribution of this quantity in a polymer solution is described by the polydispersity index.", "answer_prompt": "or molar mass; prompt on \"weight\" or \"mass\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer had second violins play the title Ostinato throughout a suite for strings that oscillates between 6/8 time and 9/8 time in its opening Jig. That piece borrows its finale from the \"Fantasia on the Dargason\" movement of this composer's Second Suite in F for Military Band. Strings use the wooden part of their bows to play a march in 5/4 time at the start of a piece by this composer whose central movement provides the melody for the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Country.\" That \"Bringer of Jollity\" movement is flanked by depictions of Mercury and Saturn. For 10 points, name this composer of The Planets.", "answer": "Gustav Holst [or Gustav Theodore Holst; or Gustavus Theodore von Holst]", "page": "Gustav_Holst", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129616, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141524, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 284], [285, 479], [479, 563], [564, 613]], "first_sentence": "This composer had second violins play the title Ostinato throughout a suite for strings that oscillates between 6/8 time and 9/8 time in its opening Jig.", "answer_prompt": "or Gustav Theodore Holst; or Gustavus Theodore von Holst", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The work of scholars at Bologna under an emperor of this name enabled that emperor's rehabilitation of Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis. An incredible emperor with this name spoke six languages, including Greek and Arabic, and established such an advanced literary culture and bureaucracy in Southern Italy that he was called stupor mundi by contemporaries. Another emperor with this name was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano. That emperor's armor weighed him down while was crossing the Saleph river, leading him to drown while on the way to the Third Crusade. For 10 points, give this name of the Holy Roman Emperor known as \"Barbarossa.\"", "answer": "Frederick [or Friedrich]", "page": "Frederick_(given_name)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129615, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141525, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 357], [358, 449], [450, 584], [585, 663]], "first_sentence": "The work of scholars at Bologna under an emperor of this name enabled that emperor's rehabilitation of Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis.", "answer_prompt": "or Friedrich", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Protestors in this city built the Resurrection City shantytown during the Poor People's Campaign. Bayard Rustin deputy organized an event in this city under A. Philip Randolph. A speech delivered in this city described a check from the \"bank of justice\" marked \"Insufficient Funds.\" The line \"Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!\" ends a speech given in this city that hopes people will be judged \"by the content of their character\" and not \"by the color of their skin.\" A 1964 march for \"Jobs and Freedom\" occured in, for 10 points, what city where Martin Luther King, Jr. declared \"I have a dream\" in front of the Lincoln Memorial?", "answer": "Washington, D.C. [or D.C.; or District of Columbia] ", "page": "Washington,_D.C", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129614, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141526, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 176], [177, 281], [281, 282], [283, 334], [335, 473], [473, 474], [475, 637]], "first_sentence": "Protestors in this city built the Resurrection City shantytown during the Poor People's Campaign.", "answer_prompt": "or D.C.; or District of Columbia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The impedance caused by these devices is directly proportional to the frequency. One of these devices designed to block alternating current from passing is called a choke. The energy stored in these systems is proportional to \"one half current squared\" times a namesake quantity. Two of these devices are used in transformers. The behavior of these circuit elements is described by Faraday's law. On circuit diagrams, these devices are depicted as coils. These devices generate a magnetic field when current passes through them. For 10 points, name these circuit elements whose namesake quantity is symbolized L and is measured in Henries.", "answer": "inductors [or inductance; prompt on solenoids]", "page": "Inductor", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129613, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141527, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 171], [172, 279], [280, 326], [327, 396], [397, 454], [455, 528], [529, 639]], "first_sentence": "The impedance caused by these devices is directly proportional to the frequency.", "answer_prompt": "or inductance; prompt on solenoids", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A first-act tenor aria in this opera ends on a difficult sustained B-flat. That aria laments \"If only I were that warrior!\" and is titled for the singer's beloved, who is described as \"Celeste,\" or \"heavenly.\" In this opera's second act, a king offers to grant any one wish for a character who has just returned from a \"Triumphal March.\" The high priest Ramfis sentences this opera's tenor lead to death after his fraternization with enemy king Amonasro is discovered by the princess Amneris. The Egyptian general Radam\u00c3\u00a8s is buried alive with his lover at the end of, for 10 points, what Giuseppe Verdi opera about the title Ethiopian princess?", "answer": "Aida [or A\u00c3\u00afda]", "page": "Aida", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129612, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141528, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 123], [124, 209], [210, 337], [338, 492], [493, 644]], "first_sentence": "A first-act tenor aria in this opera ends on a difficult sustained B-flat.", "answer_prompt": "or A\u00c3\u00afda", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author described his most famous character as \"a complete man and a common man\" in an essay that begins with the line \"fiction in any form has always intended to be realistic.\" In one of his novels, the protagonist finds a woman passed out naked in front of a camera in a house owned by Arthur Geiger. Another of his novels ends with the discovery that Terry Lennox has fled to Mexico and received plastic surgery. This author of \"The Simple Art of Murder\" wrote a novel that begins with General Sternwood asking the protagonist to take up a blackmail case. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about detective Philip Marlowe in The Long Goodbye and The Big Sleep.", "answer": "Raymond Chandler", "page": "Raymond_Chandler", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129611, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141529, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 306], [307, 419], [420, 562], [563, 674]], "first_sentence": "This author described his most famous character as \"a complete man and a common man\" in an essay that begins with the line \"fiction in any form has always intended to be realistic.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Taoist practice of bigu [\"bee-goo\"] is the technique of performing this action to achieve immortality. In one religion, adherents who do not perform this action are forced to either free a slave or feed and clothe sixty people. This action and prayer are the two \"Great Obligations\" of the Baha'i faith. Mormons often perform this action on the first Sunday of the month. In Jainism, Sallekhana consists of doing this until one's death. Jews do this on Tisha B'Av and Yom Kippur. This action is mandated by the pillar of \"sawm\". For 10 points, name this action practiced by Muslims during Ramadan, a voluntary refusal of food and drink consumption.", "answer": "fasting [or sawm until it is read; accept any answer that describes not eating or drinking]", "page": "Fasting", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129610, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141530, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 231], [232, 307], [308, 375], [376, 440], [441, 483], [484, 532], [533, 652]], "first_sentence": "The Taoist practice of bigu [\"bee-goo\"] is the technique of performing this action to achieve immortality.", "answer_prompt": "or sawm until it is read; accept any answer that describes not eating or drinking", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This value is generalized by a complex-valued function named for Erik Fredholm. For transformation T applied to parallelogram P, this value for T equals the coefficient for the change in area of P under the transformation. To find the characteristic polynomial for A, this value is calculated for A minus the identity times lambda, which represents a scalar eigenvalue. Quotients of these values can be used to find the coefficients that solve a system of linear equations by Cramer's rule. Only the sign of this value is changed when rows or columns are swapped. For 10 points, name this value which, for a two row matrix, is often expressed as ad minus bc.", "answer": "matrix determinants", "page": "Determinant", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129609, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141531, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 222], [223, 369], [370, 490], [491, 563], [564, 658]], "first_sentence": "This value is generalized by a complex-valued function named for Erik Fredholm.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The title character of this novel disobeys a town council by waving a homemade flag on the carriage of a Royal Personage. After finding a starved goldfinch in a cage, one character in this novel finds a man dead in Abel Whittle's cottage. A character in this novel suffers a seizure after seeing a \"skimmity-ride\". A merchant in this novel loses his money after receiving bad advice from a weather prophet. After Lucetta miscarries and dies in this novel, Donald Farfrae remarries with Elizabeth-Jane, who the title character had drunkenly sold. For 10 points, name this Thomas Hardy novel in which Michael Henchard gains and loses the title office.", "answer": "The Mayor of Casterbridge", "page": "The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129608, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141532, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 238], [239, 314], [315, 406], [407, 545], [546, 649]], "first_sentence": "The title character of this novel disobeys a town council by waving a homemade flag on the carriage of a Royal Personage.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Incorporating the concept of increasing returns to scale is the key element of the \"new\" theory of this activity. The Leontief paradox undermined attempts to model this activity, which Paul Samuelson predicted to lead to factor price equalization. The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts the patterns of this activity based on capital and labor. David Ricardo described a principle stating that two entities may achieve gains from this activity if they each have a comparative advantage at producing goods. For 10 points, name this activity that is the exchange of goods or services between parties.", "answer": "trade [or exchange until it is read]", "page": "Trade", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129607, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141533, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 247], [248, 340], [341, 501], [502, 594]], "first_sentence": "Incorporating the concept of increasing returns to scale is the key element of the \"new\" theory of this activity.", "answer_prompt": "or exchange until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this composer's Symphony No. 1, the D minor third movement begins with a solo for a muted double bass over soft timpani beats on D and A. All seven hornists are instructed to stand in the finale of that symphony, whose third movement begins with a funeral march based on the \"Fr\u00c3\u00a8re Jacques\" melody. This composer used the key of C-sharp minor for the opening trumpet solo of his Symphony No. 5, whose fourth movement is an Adagietto sometimes seen as a profession of love towards his wife Alma. For 10 points, name this composer of the Titan Symphony, whose eighth symphony is exaggeratingly called the Symphony of a Thousand.", "answer": "Gustav Mahler", "page": "Gustav_Mahler", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129606, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141534, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 301], [302, 497], [498, 629]], "first_sentence": "In this composer's Symphony No. 1, the D minor third movement begins with a solo for a muted double bass over soft timpani beats on D and A.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This leader allowed Soviet Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin to escape during the April 12th incident. During this leader's tenure, a dispute involving a cigarette vendor triggered the 228 Incident, which led his government to enact a \"White Terror\". This leader trained his future generals as leader of the Whampoa Military Academy. He was encouraged to adopt Christianity by his wife, Soong May-ling. This self-styled \"Generalissimo\" forced a rival army to undergo the Long March but ultimately had to flee to Taiwan. For 10 points, name this leader of the Kuomintang who lost the Chinese Civil War to Mao Zedong.", "answer": "Chiang Kai-Shek [or Jiang Jieshi] ", "page": "Chiang_Kai-shek", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129605, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141535, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 248], [249, 331], [332, 400], [401, 517], [518, 613]], "first_sentence": "This leader allowed Soviet Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin to escape during the April 12th incident.", "answer_prompt": "or Jiang Jieshi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This organism is the subject of a long-term experiment run by Richard Lenski since 1988. Shiga-like toxin is produced in strains of this organism that cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Commonly studied strains of this organism include the B and K-12 strains. Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg used this organism to describe the exchange of genetic material via conjugation. To demonstrate the spontaneity of genetic mutations, Luria and Delbruck infected this organism with bacteriophages. The lac operon was discovered in this rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria. For 10 points, name this model organism, a bacteria which is found in the human gut.", "answer": "E. coli [or Escherichia coli]", "page": "Escherichia_coli", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129604, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141536, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 183], [184, 257], [258, 372], [373, 488], [489, 561], [562, 646]], "first_sentence": "This organism is the subject of a long-term experiment run by Richard Lenski since 1988.", "answer_prompt": "or Escherichia coli", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist likely depicted himself as a kneeling Nicodemus supporting the body of Christ in his final painting, a version of the Piet\u00c3\u00a0. The horn of a wreath-wearing while bull is being gripped by the title figure of one of his paintings. This artist painted a man in red standing in a crowd reaching up to another man in red being borne upwards by cherubs. This artist of The Rape of Europa and a massive Assumption emulated a pose used by his teacher Giorgione in a painting that shows a dog curled up on the sheets of a bed near a reclining nude who gazes intently at the viewer. For 10 points, name this Venetian painter of the Venus of Urbino.", "answer": "Titian [or Tiziano Vecellio]", "page": "Titian", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129603, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141537, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 238], [239, 357], [358, 582], [583, 648]], "first_sentence": "This artist likely depicted himself as a kneeling Nicodemus supporting the body of Christ in his final painting, a version of the Piet\u00e0.", "answer_prompt": "or Tiziano Vecellio", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel compares guessing to stabbing water with a pitchfork and helps its protagonist by retrieving tarpaper to patch up a window. A film director in this novel who uses his connections to enable himself to keep his fancy fur cap is called Cesar. Alexander Tvardovsky wrote a preface for this work when Novy Mir published it in 1962. Its title character works on a wall alongside the Latvian joker Kilgas. Alyosha the Baptist sleeps on a bunk adjacent to that of this novel's title character, who serves under Tyurin in work gang 104. For 10 points, name this Alexander Solzhenitsyn novel about Shukhov's experience of a gulag.", "answer": "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich [or Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha]", "page": "One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129602, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141538, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 265], [266, 352], [353, 424], [425, 553], [554, 647]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel compares guessing to stabbing water with a pitchfork and helps its protagonist by retrieving tarpaper to patch up a window.", "answer_prompt": "or Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An equation named for this man can be derived by truncating the virial expansion at the second coefficient. That equation named for this man incorrectly predicts a universal critical compressibility factor of three-eighths. A phenomenon named for him is proportional to the negative sixth power of distance as seen in the Lennard-Jones potential. The realization that atoms have volume accounts for the \"b\" constant of his namesake equation. This man names a set of weak intermolecular interactions that includes London dispersion forces. For 10 points, name this Dutch scientist whose namesake equation modifies the ideal gas law.\u2028", "answer": "Johannes Diderik van der Waals", "page": "Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129601, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141539, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 223], [224, 346], [347, 441], [442, 538], [539, 632]], "first_sentence": "An equation named for this man can be derived by truncating the virial expansion at the second coefficient.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these animals accompanies Yvain during his quest to win back the hand of Laudine. Molorchus is told to sacrifice to Zeus if one of these animals is not killed within thirty days. Seven thousand jars of beer are required to placate a goddess with this animal form, who is created by Ra to destroy humanity. That goddess is Ptah's wife Sekhmet. Arrows are found to merely bounce off of the impenetrable fur of one of these animals, which is instead strangled to death inside of a cave. For his first labor, Heracles slays one of these animals from Nemea. For 10 points, name this animal which forms the body of a sphinx.", "answer": "lion [or lioness]", "page": "Lion", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129600, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141540, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 185], [186, 312], [313, 349], [350, 490], [491, 559], [560, 625]], "first_sentence": "One of these animals accompanies Yvain during his quest to win back the hand of Laudine.", "answer_prompt": "or lioness", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler's brother Thankmar revolted against him before being defeated in Eresburg. This man had his son and successor married to Theophano to conclude peace talks with Byzantium. He had several successful campaigns against the Slavs with the help of Gero the Great. This husband of Adelaide survived a battle that led to the deaths of Conrad the Red as well as Bulcsu and the chieftains Lel and Sur, who were executed at Regensburg. Seven years after he defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld, this man was crowned in 962 by Pope John XII. For 10 points name this Duke of Saxony who became the first German Holy Roman Emperor.", "answer": "Otto I [or Otto the Great; prompt on \"Otto\"]", "page": "Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129599, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141541, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 181], [182, 268], [269, 435], [436, 536], [537, 623]], "first_sentence": "This ruler's brother Thankmar revolted against him before being defeated in Eresburg.", "answer_prompt": "or Otto the Great; prompt on \"Otto\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher claimed that the \"shadowy interior of the household\" became part of public life as the state took on housekeeping functions. A book by this author argues that Western philosophy has made the vita activa subordinate to the vita contemplativa. This thinker blamed imperialism and anti-Semitism for originating a form of \"radical evil.\" This author of The Human Condition was attacked by the left for her analysis of Stalinism in The Origins of Totalitarianism. This philosopher reported on the trial of a Nazi official who embodied \"the banality of evil\". For 10 points, name this author of Eichmann in Jerusalem.", "answer": "Hannah Arendt", "page": "Hannah_Arendt", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129598, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141542, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 258], [259, 350], [351, 475], [476, 570], [571, 628]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher claimed that the \"shadowy interior of the household\" became part of public life as the state took on housekeeping functions.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A montage in this film parodies Woody Allen's Manhattan by playing Rhapsody in Blue on the soundtrack and having the protagonist perform oral sex on a bench underneath the Queensboro Bridge. A character in this film performs knee surgery while listening to \"Uptown Girl.\" The protagonist briefly dates a character played by John Cena and recalls her divorced father forcing her to repeat the statement \"monogamy isn't realistic.\" LeBron James is the best friend and wingman of Bill Hader's character, who is dating the commitment-phobic protagonist. For 10 points, name this 2015 film starring Amy Schumer as a woman getting her love life together.", "answer": "Trainwreck ", "page": "Trainwreck", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129597, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141543, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 271], [272, 429], [430, 549], [550, 648]], "first_sentence": "A montage in this film parodies Woody Allen's Manhattan by playing Rhapsody in Blue on the soundtrack and having the protagonist perform oral sex on a bench underneath the Queensboro Bridge.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "F-box protein TIR1 is a receptor for these compounds. These compounds activate proton pumps which in turn activate expansins. These compounds move via a namesake \"polar transport\" whose direction is controlled by PIN proteins. These compounds cause elongation per the acid growth hypothesis. Two of these compounds were mixed to make Agent Orange. An experiment involving growth of a coleoptile of monocots on agar led to the discovery of these compounds and their role in phototropism. The most common form of these compounds in nature is indole-3-acetic acid. For 10 points, name this plant hormone which promotes growth.", "answer": "auxins [prompt on indole-3-acetic acid or IAA until \"Agent\" is read] ", "page": "Auxin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129596, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141544, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 226], [227, 291], [292, 347], [348, 486], [487, 561], [562, 623]], "first_sentence": "F-box protein TIR1 is a receptor for these compounds. These compounds activate proton pumps which in turn activate expansins.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on indole-3-acetic acid or IAA until \"Agent\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A prison memoir from this country addresses a policeman as \"Mr. Investigator\" and \"Mr. I\". A novel set in this country includes the diary of a doctor rehabilitating a starving man. True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist is set in this country, where, in another work, a character dreads his father's return from the hospital and later spits at Sam, demanding to be called the play's title phrase. In a novel from this country, a man tries to bring his dying mother to Prince Albert, and is a gardener with a cleft palate. For 10 points, \"Master Harold\"...and the Boys and Life and Times of Michael K are set in what home country of Athol Fugard and J.M. Coetzee? ", "answer": "Republic of South Africa", "page": "South_Africa", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129595, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141545, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 180], [181, 397], [398, 522], [523, 559], [560, 663]], "first_sentence": "A prison memoir from this country addresses a policeman as \"Mr. Investigator\" and \"Mr. I\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A formalism used in this technique uses a pulse sequence and a gradient field to encode spatial information which is Fourier transformed from the k-space image. Since they lower T1 relaxation times, paramagnetic substances such as gadolinium are commonly used as contrast agents in this technique. Seiji Ogawa developed a form of this technique which uses BOLD contrast to observe blood flow in the brain. This technique with a \"functional\" variety targets hydrogen nuclei found in the water in most tissues, and does not use ionizing radiation like CT scans do. For 10 points, name this medical imaging technique which uses a magnetic field to visualize the body.", "answer": "MRI [or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; or functional magnetic resonance imaging; or f-MRI]", "page": "MRI", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129594, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141546, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 297], [298, 405], [406, 562], [563, 664]], "first_sentence": "A formalism used in this technique uses a pulse sequence and a gradient field to encode spatial information which is Fourier transformed from the k-space image.", "answer_prompt": "or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; or functional magnetic resonance imaging; or f-MRI", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these structures was proposed by Indiana entrepreneur Carl Fisher and named after Abraham Lincoln. Residents of San Francisco led one of the most successful \"revolts\" against a variety of these structures during the 1960s. Tulsa resident Cyrus Avery is nicknamed the \"father\" of one of these structures. An urban legend alleges that a system of these structures were built wide enough to land a B-52. A 1956 bill authorized the federal government to build these structures and was partially inspired by President Eisenhower's wartime experience with the autobahn. For 10 points, name these means of travel that include I-35 and Route 66.", "answer": "roads [or interstate highways; or freeways; accept any answer that suggests roads travelled by automobiles; do not accept or prompt on \"railroads\"]", "page": "Roads", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129593, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141547, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 229], [230, 310], [311, 407], [408, 570], [571, 644]], "first_sentence": "One of these structures was proposed by Indiana entrepreneur Carl Fisher and named after Abraham Lincoln.", "answer_prompt": "or interstate highways; or freeways; accept any answer that suggests roads travelled by automobiles; do not accept or prompt on \"railroads\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A play by an author from this country documents the rise to power of a Polish prince who had been imprisoned by his father. Another author from this country wrote about travels with a silvery donkey in the collection Platero and I. A character created by an author from this country is the subject of Pushkin's The Stone Guest. This country' was the home to the \"Generation of '27\", and authors from this country wrote The Dog in the Manger and Life is a Dream. The protagonist plans to blow up a bridge during this country's civil war in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. For 10 points, name this home country of Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon de la Barca.", "answer": "Spain", "page": "Spain", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129592, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141548, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 327], [328, 461], [462, 575], [576, 661]], "first_sentence": "A play by an author from this country documents the rise to power of a Polish prince who had been imprisoned by his father.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to this religion, each person has a \"big\" and a \"little\" guardian angel. This religion's stories include the banishment of Obatala by Olorun. Symbols for this faith's deities are created using flour and ash, and those with great Ashe in this religion become Bokors. In this religion, the Kanzo ceremony can be used to initiate houngan priests and mambo priestesses. The gods in this faith are divided into the Petro and Rada families, with the supreme god Bondye ruling over Papa Legba and the top hat wearing Baron Samedi. For 10 points, name this religion which is popular in Haiti and which venerates spirits called loa and does not actually involve sticking pins in dolls.", "answer": "Voodoo [or Vodoun]", "page": "Haitian_Vodou", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Religion Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129591, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141549, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 151], [152, 275], [276, 375], [376, 533], [534, 686]], "first_sentence": "According to this religion, each person has a \"big\" and a \"little\" guardian angel.", "answer_prompt": "or Vodoun", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this country's many embassies to a European nation was depicted in a Jean-Leon Gerome painting. This country's government transitioned to a constitutional monarchy during the Promoter's Revolution. After its soldiers killed Inspector Grosgurin, this country tangled with a colonial power in the Paknam incident. Taksin was the only king of its Thonburi dynasty. Although it often warred with France, this country was the only Southeast Asian state to avoid colonization by Europeans. This country's king Mongkut, a member of its Chakri dynasty, allowed Anna Leonowens to educate his children. Kings named Rama have ruled, for 10 points, what country formerly known as Siam? ", "answer": "Thailand [or Siam until mentioned] ", "page": "Thailand", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129590, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141550, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 204], [205, 318], [319, 368], [369, 490], [491, 599], [600, 680]], "first_sentence": "One of this country's many embassies to a European nation was depicted in a Jean-Leon Gerome painting.", "answer_prompt": "or Siam until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The infrared spectra of cold examples of these are dominated by methane, while hot spectra contain signatures of water. Queloz and Mayor discovered one of them around 51 Pegasi, and the first discovery of these objects was made around a pulsar. These objects, along with brown dwarfs, can be detected with Doppler spectroscopy. The TESS mission intends to study nearby ones, which can be detected by observing dips in stellar light curves in the transit method. In July 2015, one of these named Kepler 452b was announced as Earth's \"bigger, older cousin.\" For 10 points, name these objects, including \"hot Jupiters\" and \"super Earths,\" that orbit stars other than our Sun.", "answer": "exoplanets [or extrasolar planets; prompt on planets]", "page": "Exoplanets", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129589, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141551, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 244], [245, 327], [328, 461], [462, 554], [554, 672]], "first_sentence": "The infrared spectra of cold examples of these are dominated by methane, while hot spectra contain signatures of water.", "answer_prompt": "or extrasolar planets; prompt on planets", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The opening theme of this composer's Piano Sonata No. 8 is accompanied by A minor block triads in the left hand. A horn concerto in D major is followed by three more in E-flat major that this composer wrote for the virtuoso Joseph Leutgeb. The nickname of his penultimate symphony contrasts it with his Symphony No. 25, the \"little G minor.\" The F major Andante from his Elvira Madigan piano concerto is often excerpted as a separate piece. This composer's Piano Sonata No. 16 in C major is labelled \"for beginners,\" while his Piano Sonata No. 11 ends with the Rondo alla Turca. For 10 points, name this composer of Eine kleine Nachtmusik.", "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "page": "Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129588, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141552, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 239], [240, 341], [342, 440], [441, 473], [474, 578], [579, 639]], "first_sentence": "The opening theme of this composer's Piano Sonata No. 8 is accompanied by A minor block triads in the left hand.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A pope of this name was accused of being a necromancer by one of his enemies, Benno of Meissen. Another pope of this name is best known for his collaborations with astronomers Aloysius Lilius and Christopher Clavius. Henry IV walked to Canossa in a hair shirt to have an excommunication that was given to him by a pope of this name rescinded during the Investiture Controversy. For his contributions to the development of Catholic liturgy, the first pope of this name is nicknamed \"the Great.\" For 10 points, give this name shared by sixteen popes, including the one who created a namesake calendar that is still in use today.", "answer": "Gregory [accept Gregorian Calendar]", "page": "Gregory_(given_name)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129587, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141553, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 216], [217, 377], [378, 493], [494, 626]], "first_sentence": "A pope of this name was accused of being a necromancer by one of his enemies, Benno of Meissen.", "answer_prompt": "accept Gregorian Calendar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Knut Wicksell wrote about the \"natural\" form of this quantity in a book titled for this concept \"and Prices\". Irving Fisher developed an equation to relate two forms of this quantity and the inflation rate. This quantity is the dependent variable in the L-M curve, and is plotted on the y-axis of the IS-LM model. LIBOR [\"lie-bor\"] is an indexed reference for this quantity, which is overseen by the Federal Open Market Committee. The federal version of this quantity has not been raised since 2006. For 10 points, name this key economic variable, which is paid on deposits and charged on loans.", "answer": "interest rate [or nominal interest rate; or real interest rate; prompt on \"r\" or \"i\"]", "page": "Interest_rate", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129585, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141555, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 206], [207, 313], [314, 430], [431, 499], [500, 595]], "first_sentence": "Knut Wicksell wrote about the \"natural\" form of this quantity in a book titled for this concept \"and Prices\".", "answer_prompt": "or nominal interest rate; or real interest rate; prompt on \"r\" or \"i\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character argues that Frenchmen are not men because they do not speak English. He owns a supposedly magic hairball that he took from the stomach of an ox. Two characters dress him up as a \"Sick Arab\" to execute the \"Royal Nonesuch\" scam. This character is discovered by the protagonist when they are both hiding on Jackson Island. Two characters engage in an overblown rescue attempt to free this character from a shed on the Phelps' farm. At the end of the novel he appears in it is announced that Miss Watson has died, meaning that this character is free. For 10 points, name this escaped slave who travels down the Mississippi with Huck Finn. ", "answer": "Jim", "page": "Jim_(Huckleberry_Finn)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129584, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141556, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 159], [160, 242], [243, 335], [336, 444], [445, 562], [563, 650]], "first_sentence": "This character argues that Frenchmen are not men because they do not speak English.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The community of Rankin Inlet in this territory lost a plebiscite to be the capital when this territory was first established. In July 2015, this territory's community of Repulse Bay changed its name to Naujaat. This territory's highest point is Barbeau Peak, located in the British Empire Range on this territory's Ellesmere Island. This territory is home to the military base CFB Alert, which is the northernmost permanently inhabited settlement in the world. This territory split from the Northwest Territories in 1999. For 10 points, name this Canadian arctic territory whose capital is Iqaluit, populated mostly by Inuit.", "answer": "Nunavut", "page": "Nunavut", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129583, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141557, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 211], [212, 333], [334, 461], [462, 522], [523, 626]], "first_sentence": "The community of Rankin Inlet in this territory lost a plebiscite to be the capital when this territory was first established.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The losing commander of this battle was so ashamed by his defeat that he ordered his subordinate, Charles O'Hara, to present his sword to the winning commander, who in turn gave the sword to Benjamin Lincoln. After this battle, a band played \"The World Turned Upside Down.\" Alexander Hamilton led an attack in this battle on Redoubts No. 9 and 10. It was preceded by a naval battle in which Thomas Graves' fleet was decimated by the Comte de Grasse. Rochambeau's French forces assisted the colonial army at this battle in capturing Charles Cornwallis. Fought in 1781 in coastal Virginia, this is, for 10 points, what final battle of the American Revolution?", "answer": "Battle of Yorktown [or Siege of Yorktown]", "page": "Siege_of_Yorktown", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129582, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141558, "tokenizations": [[0, 208], [209, 273], [274, 347], [348, 449], [450, 551], [552, 657]], "first_sentence": "The losing commander of this battle was so ashamed by his defeat that he ordered his subordinate, Charles O'Hara, to present his sword to the winning commander, who in turn gave the sword to Benjamin Lincoln.", "answer_prompt": "or Siege of Yorktown", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An argument about this concept comes from the idea that all knowledge is what was previously learned. While speaking to Cebes and Simmias, a man gives the cyclical, recollection, and affinity arguments about this concept. The Republic ends with the myth of Er, who witnesses a phenomenon governing this concept, called metempsychosis. This concept is the subject of Phaedo, which is set the day before Socrates' suicide. The ancient Greeks believed plants, animals, and all living things possessed this concept, whose \"transmigration\" includes its reincarnation. For 10 points, Aristotle's De Anima discusses what concept that Plato argued is immortal?", "answer": "the soul [or immortality of the soul; or anima until it is read; or psyche; prompt on \"life\" or \"being alive\" until it is read]", "page": "The_soul", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129581, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141559, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 221], [222, 334], [335, 420], [421, 562], [563, 652]], "first_sentence": "An argument about this concept comes from the idea that all knowledge is what was previously learned.", "answer_prompt": "or immortality of the soul; or anima until it is read; or psyche; prompt on \"life\" or \"being alive\" until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A second-act scene from this ballet begins with a solo oboe playing a long F-sharp, and then an ascending B minor scale from B back up to the original F-sharp. In its third act, thirty-two consecutive fouett\u00c3\u00a9s [\"fwee-TAYZ\"] end a pas-de-deux between the male lead and female antagonist, who traditionally is clad in black and performed by the same ballerina as the female lead, despite being the doppelganger Odile. At the end of this ballet, the sorcerer Von Rothbart has his power broken when Siegfried drowns himself alongside his transformed love. For 10 points, name this Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ballet in which Odette turns into the title bird.", "answer": "Swan Lake [or Lebedinoye ozero]", "page": "Swan_Lake", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129580, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141560, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 415], [416, 551], [552, 651]], "first_sentence": "A second-act scene from this ballet begins with a solo oboe playing a long F-sharp, and then an ascending B minor scale from B back up to the original F-sharp.", "answer_prompt": "or Lebedinoye ozero", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One structure with this shape exhibits a double peak at 208 and 222 nm in circular dichroism spectroscopy. Certain structures with this shape are formed via Hoogsteen interactions. A molecule with this structure typically exists in a B form and contains a major and minor groove. A protein which takes this shape has glycine at roughly every three residues, and contains high amounts of proline and hydroxyproline. Collagen's three strands form this shape. This structure was elucidated by the X-ray crystallography of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. For 10 points, name this shape, a \"double\" variety of which forms DNA.", "answer": "helix [or double helix; or triple helix; or quadruple helix]", "page": "Helix", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129579, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141561, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 180], [181, 279], [280, 414], [415, 456], [457, 557], [558, 628]], "first_sentence": "One structure with this shape exhibits a double peak at 208 and 222 nm in circular dichroism spectroscopy.", "answer_prompt": "or double helix; or triple helix; or quadruple helix", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The premature retreat of this city's Argive allies led to its defeat by its perennial enemy Orchomenus in one battle, while earlier, this city had won the Battle of Haliartus, where they had killed Lysander. This city's hegemony began after a battle in which its echeloned phalanx had a very deep left wing, allowing it to defeat the elite Spartan right wing at the Battle of Leuctra. Critical to that victory was this city's elite unit of 150 pairs of male lovers, which was wiped out at the Battle of Chaeronea. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state which led the Boeotian League, employed a \"sacred band,\" and was legendarily founded by Cadmus and ruled by Oedipus.", "answer": "Thebes", "page": "Thebes,_Greece", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129578, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141562, "tokenizations": [[0, 207], [208, 384], [385, 513], [514, 672]], "first_sentence": "The premature retreat of this city's Argive allies led to its defeat by its perennial enemy Orchomenus in one battle, while earlier, this city had won the Battle of Haliartus, where they had killed Lysander.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Metamorphoses, Helios transforms Clytie into one of these objects after her sister Leucothoe is buried alive. One of these objects memorializes a young man who is fatally struck with a stray discus in the aftermath of a love triangle between him, Zephyrus, and Apollo. Another of these objects appears at the place where Adonis is killed by a boar. A transformation into this object ends the life of a mortal who rejects the love of the nymph Echo, and is consequently drawn to a pool where he stares at his reflection until he decays into one of these objects. For 10 points, identify this type of object into which that youth, Narcissus, is transformed.", "answer": "flowers [or heliotrope; or sunflower; or hyacinth; or anemone; or narcissus before \"Narcissus\" is read]", "page": "Flower", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129577, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141563, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 275], [276, 355], [356, 568], [569, 662]], "first_sentence": "In the Metamorphoses, Helios transforms Clytie into one of these objects after her sister Leucothoe is buried alive.", "answer_prompt": "or heliotrope; or sunflower; or hyacinth; or anemone; or narcissus before \"Narcissus\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist showed a man wearing a crown over a turban in a painting in which a woman dressed in red spills a drink as she cowers from the central action. The title character of that painting by this artist is glaring at some illuminated text. Another of his paintings shows a man wearing a gold chain with a medallion representing Alexander the Great resting his hand on a marble statue. This artist of Belshazzar's Feast and Aristotle Contemplating a Bust of Homer made many self portraits throughout his life. A chicken hangs off of a girl's dress in a painting by this artist that shows the militia company of Franz Banning Cocq. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist of The Night Watch.", "answer": "Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn [or Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]", "page": "Rembrandt", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129576, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141564, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 243], [244, 388], [389, 512], [513, 633], [634, 691]], "first_sentence": "This artist showed a man wearing a crown over a turban in a painting in which a woman dressed in red spills a drink as she cowers from the central action.", "answer_prompt": "or Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, a character is inspired to buy a Bigburger franchise after seeing the economic growth caused by the building of the \"New Domain\". In another novel by this author, a stream distracts a child who has never seen water before, leading to his father's death by drowning. He wrote a novel in which Ferdinand frees Salim from jail in a country ruled by the Big Man. In another of his novels, the title character marries into the Tulsi family in order to achieve his goal of owning property. For 10 points, name this Trinidadian author of A Bend in the River and A House for Mr. Biswas.", "answer": "V. S. Naipaul [or Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul]", "page": "V._S._Naipaul", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129575, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141565, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 292], [293, 385], [386, 510], [511, 605]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, a character is inspired to buy a Bigburger franchise after seeing the economic growth caused by the building of the \"New Domain\".", "answer_prompt": "or Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This property describes why electrons form patterns in LEED. In the debate resolved by this concept, Poisson argued that one side must be false since otherwise a small spot would be present, and that spot was later shown to exist by Arago. Electrons following Bragg's law after being fired at a nickel crystal provided evidence for this phenomenon in the Davisson-Germer experiment. An equation describing this phenomenon sets a certain value equal to Planck's constant over the momentum. This property is the subject of the de Broglie hypothesis. For 10 points, name this concept that resolved a debate over the nature of light by treating it as having two natures.\u2028", "answer": "wave-particle duality [or de Broglie until it is read; accept answers along the lines of \"matter has wave nature\" or \"waves have particle nature\"]", "page": "Wave-particle_duality", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129574, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141566, "tokenizations": [[0, 60], [61, 239], [240, 382], [383, 488], [489, 547], [548, 667]], "first_sentence": "This property describes why electrons form patterns in LEED.", "answer_prompt": "or de Broglie until it is read; accept answers along the lines of \"matter has wave nature\" or \"waves have particle nature\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This play's protagonist refers to another character by saying that he is \"As disproportion'd in his manners, as in his shape.\" One character in this play sings that a drowned body \"doth suffer a sea-change into something rich and strange,\" in a song that begins \"Full fathom five thy father lies.\" This play's epilogue asks the audience to release the main character by virtue of their applause. That character had earlier promised to break his staff and drown his books, even though it would mean losing control of the fairy Ariel and his servant Caliban. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play in which Ferdinand marries Miranda after being washed up on Prospero's island.", "answer": "The Tempest", "page": "The_Tempest", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129573, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141567, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [125, 126], [127, 296], [296, 297], [298, 395], [396, 556], [557, 677]], "first_sentence": "This play's protagonist refers to another character by saying that he is \"As disproportion'd in his manners, as in his shape.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Forces loyal to this ruler lost to the Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars. Before he came to power, this ruler was nearly married to the Infanta Maria Anna in the Spanish Match. In another conflict, forces loyal to this ruler were commanded by his nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. After the death of his favorite, the Duke of Buckingham, this husband of Henrietta Maria ignored parliament during an eleven year \"personal rule.\" As a result, this ruler was executed after his supporters, known as Cavaliers, were defeated by the New Model Army. For 10 points, name this second Stuart King who was overthrown by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War.", "answer": "Charles I [prompt on just \"Charles\"]", "page": "Charles_I_of_England", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129572, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141568, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 175], [176, 281], [282, 427], [427, 544], [545, 652]], "first_sentence": "Forces loyal to this ruler lost to the Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on just \"Charles\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One entry in this collection describes the elopement of three men with three sisters, one of whom saves the life of another by surrendering to the Duke of Crete. Several episodes in this collection were inspired by the Seven Wise Masters collection. Members of the Brigata take turns being King and Queen in this collection, whose first story describes a gullible friar praising a sinful businessman named Ciapelletto [\"cha-pay-LAY-toe\"]. The comedic Dianeo deviates from the day's themes in this work. The narrators of this collection's stories are fleeing from Florence. For 10 points, name this collection of one hundred tales told during the black plague, written by 14th century Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio.", "answer": "The Decameron [or Decamerone]", "page": "The_Decameron", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129571, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141569, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 249], [250, 438], [439, 502], [503, 572], [573, 716]], "first_sentence": "One entry in this collection describes the elopement of three men with three sisters, one of whom saves the life of another by surrendering to the Duke of Crete.", "answer_prompt": "or Decamerone", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A philosopher with this name from Apollonia modified Anaximenes' theory that air is the fundamental substance, claiming that it has intelligence, which humans gain by breathing. A 3rd century biographer with this name wrote Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. A thinker with this name claimed to be \"a citizen of the world\" after being exiled for defacing his city's currency. A man with this name refuted Plato's definition of a human as a bipedal, featherless animal by plucking a chicken. This is the name of a man who walked with a lantern in search of \"one honest man.\" For 10 points, give the name of a Cynic philosopher from Sinope.", "answer": "Diogenes [or Diogenes of Sinope; or Diogenes of Apollonia; or Diogenes Laertius]", "page": "Diogenes", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129570, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141570, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 267], [268, 384], [385, 499], [500, 582], [583, 647]], "first_sentence": "A philosopher with this name from Apollonia modified Anaximenes' theory that air is the fundamental substance, claiming that it has intelligence, which humans gain by breathing.", "answer_prompt": "or Diogenes of Sinope; or Diogenes of Apollonia; or Diogenes Laertius", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist painted two men carrying an enormous grapevine in a series of paintings commissioned by the Duc de Richelieu, titled the Four Seasons. A woman in a gold and blue robe rests her arm on the back of a man pointing at a tomb bearing the title phrase of a painting by this artist. Another painting by this artist shows a title character playing the lyre in the right foreground and Aurora leading of the Chariot of Apollo away in the sky. A putto blows bubbles at the bottom left of that painting by this artist, which centers a ring of four figures representing fortunes of life dancing in a circle. For 10 points name this 17th-century French Baroque painter of Et in Arcadia Ego and A Dance to the Music of Time.", "answer": "Nicolas Poussin", "page": "Nicolas_Poussin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129569, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141571, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 287], [288, 445], [446, 607], [608, 722]], "first_sentence": "This artist painted two men carrying an enormous grapevine in a series of paintings commissioned by the Duc de Richelieu, titled the Four Seasons.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This leader allowed Barbet Schroeder to film a candid documentary about his country, titled for this leader and subtitled A Self Portrait. He ordered the deaths of Dora Bloch and many Kenyans living in his country in retribution for a raid codenamed Operation Thunderbolt. This leader was exiled to Saudi Arabia after failing to conquer the Kagera region. This leader welcomed the hijackers of Air France Flight 139 to land at Entebbe Airport, and expelled all of his country's Asian residents. He came to power in a coup against Milton Obote and nicknamed himself \"The Last King of Scotland.\" For 10 points, name this dictator of Uganda.", "answer": "Idi Amin [or Idi Amin Dada]", "page": "Idi_Amin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129568, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141572, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 272], [273, 355], [356, 494], [495, 592], [592, 638]], "first_sentence": "This leader allowed Barbet Schroeder to film a candid documentary about his country, titled for this leader and subtitled A Self Portrait.", "answer_prompt": "or Idi Amin Dada", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A painting technique from this country that does not use outlines has a name that means \"boneless\". This country is home to a contemporary artist who arranged hundreds of bicycles in his Forever Bicycles series and photographed himself destroying an ancient vase. A busy \"Rainbow Bridge\" is depicted in a painting from this country that transitions from the rural to urban as it follows a river upstream. Artwork from this country often bears red seals from its owners and calligraphic inscriptions from its artists. For 10 points, name this home country of Ai Weiwei where Along the River During the Qingming [\"ching-ming\"] Festival was produced in the Song dynasty.", "answer": "China [or Zhongguo]", "page": "China", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129567, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141573, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 263], [264, 404], [405, 516], [517, 624], [625, 667]], "first_sentence": "A painting technique from this country that does not use outlines has a name that means \"boneless\".", "answer_prompt": "or Zhongguo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet wrote that \"you look like a world, lying in surrender\" to describe the body of a woman with \"white hills, white thighs\". This poet asked for his countrymen to \"speak through my words and my blood\" in one poem. This poet wrote that \"she loved me / sometimes, I loved her too\" in another poem. A section of a book by this poet begins \"rise to be born with me, brother\". This poet wrote \"tonight I can write the saddest lines\" in a collection that ends with a poem that repeats \"in you everything sank!\" For 10 points, name this Chilean poet who included \"The Heights of Machu Picchu\" in Canto General [\"hen-eh-RAL\"] and wrote Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.", "answer": "Pablo Neruda", "page": "Pablo_Neruda", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129566, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141574, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 219], [220, 301], [302, 377], [378, 510], [511, 674]], "first_sentence": "This poet wrote that \"you look like a world, lying in surrender\" to describe the body of a woman with \"white hills, white thighs\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Particles that have undergone this process appear to have imaginary momentums. This phenomenon is analogous to frustrated total internal reflection. George Gamow's explanation of alpha decay models it as this process. The Josephson effect involves the production of a current due to this phenomenon occurring to Cooper pairs. This phenomenon cannot occur in an infinite square well, but can occur in a finite potential well where edges of the wavefunction appear to leak out. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a particle with insufficient energy passes through a potential barrier to enter a classically forbidden region.\u2028", "answer": "quantum tunneling", "page": "Quantum_tunnelling", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129565, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141575, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 148], [149, 217], [218, 325], [326, 475], [476, 633]], "first_sentence": "Particles that have undergone this process appear to have imaginary momentums.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man in this novel puts his dirty hands on a white tablecloth rather than shake hands with the clergyman Mr. Heaton. That man in this novel is enraged when his wife complains of his filthiness, after which he locks her out of the house and she smears her face with lily pollen. In this novel, Gyp's engagement to William ends with William's death from pneumonia. This novel's protagonist cannot bring himself to love Miriam or Clara Dawes because his feelings for them are overpowered by his love for a woman with whom he has the title family relationship, his mother Gertrude. For 10 points, name this novel about Paul Morel, written by D. H. Lawrence. ", "answer": "Sons and Lovers ", "page": "Sons_and_Lovers", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129564, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141576, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 236], [237, 278], [279, 363], [364, 578], [579, 654]], "first_sentence": "A man in this novel puts his dirty hands on a white tablecloth rather than shake hands with the clergyman Mr. Heaton.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first piece in this collection closes with a minuet that alternates with a polonaise and two trios. The second piece in this collection features a solo trumpet using the high-pitched clarino register. The fourth of these pieces prominently features a violin and two flauti d'echo, which are usually replaced with recorders. In the middle of the first movement of the fifth of these pieces, the other instruments drop out to leave the solo harpsichord with a lengthy cadenza. Each piece in this 1721 collection calls for a group of solo instruments to be backed by the larger orchestra. For 10 points, name this set of six pieces written by J.S. Bach for the title German margrave.", "answer": "Brandenburg Concertos [or Six Concerts \u00c3\u00a0 plusieurs instruments]", "page": "Brandenburg_Concertos", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129563, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141577, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 204], [205, 327], [328, 478], [479, 589], [590, 684]], "first_sentence": "The first piece in this collection closes with a minuet that alternates with a polonaise and two trios.", "answer_prompt": "or Six Concerts \u00c3\u00a0 plusieurs instruments", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Proteins sent to this organelle may be bound by the heat shock protein BiP [\"b-i-p\"]. Vesicles destined for retrograde transport to this organelle are coated with COPI [\"cop-one\"]. Proteins with the KDEL [\"k-dell\"] sequence cannot leave this organelle until it is cleaved off. In this organelle, PDI reacts with cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds. The membrane of this organelle is continuous with that of the nucleus. A form of this organelle found in the muscles stores calcium ions. One type of this organelle is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification, while the other is named for the ribosomes studding its surface. For 10 points name this organelle with smooth and rough varieties.", "answer": "endoplasmic reticulum [or ER; accept smooth endoplasmic reticulum; accept rough endoplasmic reticulum; accept sarcoplasmic reticulum]", "page": "Endoplasmic_reticulum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129561, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141579, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 180], [181, 276], [277, 354], [355, 425], [426, 492], [493, 636], [637, 703]], "first_sentence": "Proteins sent to this organelle may be bound by the heat shock protein BiP [\"b-i-p\"].", "answer_prompt": "or ER; accept smooth endoplasmic reticulum; accept rough endoplasmic reticulum; accept sarcoplasmic reticulum", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This musician tells the title figure \"you had me but I never had you/ I wanted you but you didn't want me\" in a song that ends with the refrain \"Mama don't go/ Daddy come home.\" In another song by this musician, the title phenomenon \"is gonna get you/ gonna knock you right in the head\" - the chorus of that song by this musician declares \"we all shine on.\" This singer of \"Mother\" and \"Instant Karma!\" sang the lyrics \"You may say I'm a dreamer/ but I'm not the only one\" in a song that pictures a world without countries or religion. For 10 points, name this former Beatle who collaborated with his wife Yoko Ono on songs like \"Imagine.\"", "answer": "John Lennon", "page": "John_Lennon", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129560, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141580, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 69], [70, 82], [83, 143], [144, 159], [160, 176], [176, 177], [178, 288], [289, 357], [358, 418], [419, 446], [447, 535], [536, 639]], "first_sentence": "This musician tells the title figure \"you had me but I never had", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Adherents of this religion often sell bean pies to raise money due to their promotion by one of this religion's leaders. A founding member of this religion wrote about how the flaming wheel in Ezekiel's visions was actually a giant UFO called the Mother Plane. According to this religion, while on the island of Patmos, a scientist named Yakub used selective breeding to create white people. This religion's current leader has been criticized by the Anti-Defamation League for referring to Judaism as a \"gutter religion.\" That man, the successor to Elijah Muhammad, is Louis Farrakhan. For 10 points, name this religious movement whose adherents included Malcolm X.", "answer": "Nation of Islam [do not accept \"Islam\"]", "page": "Nation_of_Islam", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129559, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141581, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 260], [261, 391], [392, 521], [522, 585], [586, 665]], "first_sentence": "Adherents of this religion often sell bean pies to raise money due to their promotion by one of this religion's leaders.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"Islam\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For a statistical ensemble, this quantity is equal to the \"variance in energy, over Boltzmann's constant, times temperature squared.\" One model of this quantity predicted its cubic dependence at low temperatures by modelling vibrations as phonons. At higher temperatures, this quantity is proportional to the molar mass of metal solids with a ratio of roughly 3 times the ideal gas constant. The derivative of internal energy with respect to temperature gives this quantity at constant volume. This quantity, which is modeled by the Dulong-Petit and Debye models has a value of 4.184 joules per gram Celsius for water. For 10 points, name this amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a material.", "answer": "heat capacity [or specific heat capacity; or molar heat capacity]", "page": "Heat_capacity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129558, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141582, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [132, 247], [248, 391], [392, 493], [494, 618], [619, 706]], "first_sentence": "For a statistical ensemble, this quantity is equal to the \"variance in energy, over Boltzmann's constant, times temperature squared.", "answer_prompt": "or specific heat capacity; or molar heat capacity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Due to this man's intervention, Georges Boulanger, an advocate of revanchism, was made War Minister in the cabinet of Charles Freycinet. A friend of this man, Cornelius Herz, cost this man an election when he was found to have taken bribes in the Panama Scandal. This man's newspaper L'Aurore [\"low-ROAR\"] was where Emile Zola's \"J'Accuse\" [\"jah-KOOZ\"] was first published. In his most famous role, he often clashed with President Raymond Poincare [\"pawn-ka-RAY\"]. This \"Tiger\" was shot by Emile Cottin while at an event where he argued for harsh reparations for Germany. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister of France during World War I, a member of the \"Big 4\" at the Paris Peace Conference.", "answer": "Georges Clemenceau ", "page": "Georges_Clemenceau", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129557, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141583, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 262], [263, 373], [374, 464], [465, 571], [572, 696]], "first_sentence": "Due to this man's intervention, Georges Boulanger, an advocate of revanchism, was made War Minister in the cabinet of Charles Freycinet.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This novel's first sentence describes a town as \"trying not to be blown away\" during a winter storm. Two characters in this novel first kiss when the lights go out at a church carnival. This novel begins with the protagonist trying to coax her little brother's kitten down from the top of a telegraph pole. After being spotted embracing beneath a white mulberry tree, two characters in this novel are gunned down by a jealous husband. Crazy Ivar and Carl Linstrum are friends with this novel's protagonist, whose younger brother Emil is killed by Frank Shabata. Alexandra Bergson's family settles rural Nebraska in, for 10 points, what Willa Cather novel?", "answer": "O Pioneers!", "page": "O_Pioneers!", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129556, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141584, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 185], [186, 306], [307, 434], [435, 561], [562, 655]], "first_sentence": "This novel's first sentence describes a town as \"trying not to be blown away\" during a winter storm.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "James Tobin proposed creating one of these policies after the Bretton Woods conference to reduce exchange rate volatility. The \"dual\" approach to Ramsey problems asks how these policies can make consumers happiest, and Ramsey derived an \"optimal\" formula for them. The idea that consumers do not respond to changes in these policies because they take into account future government action is called Ricardian equivalence. A \"lump-sum\" variety of these policies may be progressive or regressive depending on what is used to calculate the effect of this policy. Types of these policies include Pigovian, value-added, and income. For 10 points, name these policies enacted by the government to raise revenue.", "answer": "taxes", "page": "Tax", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129555, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141585, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 264], [265, 363], [364, 421], [422, 559], [560, 626], [627, 705]], "first_sentence": "James Tobin proposed creating one of these policies after the Bretton Woods conference to reduce exchange rate volatility.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Mantel's theorem states that the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex graph without these objects is the floor of \"n squared over 4\". These objects, which are sometimes referred to as 2-simplices [\"SIMP-li-sees\"], name a construction where the value at the n-th row and k-th column is equal to \"n choose k\". Successively removing subsets from one of these results in a Sierpinski [\"sir-PIN-ski\"] gasket. They name and satisfy an inequality which states that the sum of the lengths of two of their sides is greater than or equal to the length of a third side. For 10 points, name these geometric figures which obey the Law of Cosines and have three sides.", "answer": "triangles ", "page": "Triangle", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129554, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141586, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 309], [310, 405], [406, 560], [561, 656]], "first_sentence": "Mantel's theorem states that the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex graph without these objects is the floor of \"n squared over 4\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As a cabinet member, this politician had his relationship with the president satirized in a cartoon showing him as Romeo comforting Mercutio. Lewis Powell tried to assassinate this politician while he was on his sickbed. During debate over the Compromise of 1850, this politician invoked a \"higher law than the constitution\". He helped resolve the Trent Affair as Secretary of State. A decision led by this politician cost the United States $7.2 million and led to a territory being nicknamed his \"icebox.\" For 10 points, name this Secretary of State under Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln who spearheaded the purchase of Alaska, which was nicknamed his \"folly.\"", "answer": "William H. Seward [or William Henry Seward]", "page": "William_H._Seward", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129553, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141587, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 220], [221, 325], [326, 383], [384, 505], [505, 506], [507, 664]], "first_sentence": "As a cabinet member, this politician had his relationship with the president satirized in a cartoon showing him as Romeo comforting Mercutio.", "answer_prompt": "or William Henry Seward", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This goddess estranges herself from one of her brothers when that brother kills a food goddess who vomits out a feast. This deity's necklace is used to produce five women during a contest in which this goddess produces three men from her brother's sword. The sound of laughter at another goddess performing a striptease atop a bathtub convinces this goddess to sneak a peek, only to be dazzled by her own reflection in a mirror and dragged out of a cave. That incident occurs after this goddess is insulted by her impetuous brother Susanoo [\"SOO-sah-NO-wo\"]. This goddess's direct descendants are the emperors of Japan. For 10 points, name this Shinto goddess of the sun.", "answer": "Amaterasu", "page": "Amaterasu", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129552, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141588, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 254], [255, 454], [455, 558], [559, 619], [620, 671]], "first_sentence": "This goddess estranges herself from one of her brothers when that brother kills a food goddess who vomits out a feast.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, David Rubinger photographed paratroopers praying beside a recently captured landmark. After this war, the Purple Line was established. A party in this conflict accidentally attacked the American warship USS Liberty. A policy promising \"land for peace\" was issued in the aftermath of this conflict by its winner, which used a strategy planned by the eyepatch-sporting defence minister Moshe Dayan. The victor of this war carried out Operation Focus to destroy the Egyptian air force, and occupied the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula and the West Bank. For 10 points, name this 1967 war won by Israel in less than a week.", "answer": "Six-Day War [or 1967 Arab\u00c2\u2013Israeli War before \"1967\"; or an-Naksah; prompt on \"Arab\u00c2\u2013Israeli War\"; do not accept \"al-Nakba\"] ", "page": "Six-Day_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129551, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141589, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 156], [157, 237], [238, 418], [419, 575], [576, 644]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, David Rubinger photographed paratroopers praying beside a recently captured landmark.", "answer_prompt": "or 1967 Arab\u00c2\u2013Israeli War before \"1967\"; or an-Naksah; prompt on \"Arab\u00c2\u2013Israeli War\"; do not accept \"al-Nakba\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man who advocated this psychological approach identified autoclitic, echoic, intraverbal, tact and mand relations in a classification of five types of language, which were opposed by Chomsky's innateness theory of language acquisition. The developer of the \"radical\" form of this school was influenced by Edward Thorndike's law of effect and developed a namesake box in which rats could press a lever for food. A psychologist from this school made a child fear white furry things in the Little Albert experiment, an example of classical conditioning. For 10 points, name this school of psychology developed by John Watson and B.F. Skinner that focuses on an individual's observable actions.", "answer": "behaviorism [or word forms like \"behaviorist\"; or radical behaviorism; do not accept \"behavioralism\"]", "page": "Behaviorism", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129550, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141590, "tokenizations": [[0, 237], [238, 412], [413, 552], [553, 692]], "first_sentence": "A man who advocated this psychological approach identified autoclitic, echoic, intraverbal, tact and mand relations in a classification of five types of language, which were opposed by Chomsky's innateness theory of language acquisition.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms like \"behaviorist\"; or radical behaviorism; do not accept \"behavioralism\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Gustav Mahler's symphony of this number comprises six movements with descriptions such as \"Pan Awakens - Summer Marches In.\" A C minor symphony of this number has two movements, each subdivided into two sections, with each second section featuring an organ. A rising \"F, A-flat, F\" motif representing the concept \"free but happy\" begins Johannes Brahms's F major symphony of this number. Ludwig van Beethoven's symphony of this number opens with two tutti E-flat major chords, has a second-movement funeral march, and was re-dedicated to the \"memory of a great man\" in place of Napoleon. For 10 points, give this number of the Eroica Symphony.", "answer": "three [or Symphony No. 3]", "page": "Three", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129549, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141591, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 257], [258, 387], [388, 587], [588, 643]], "first_sentence": "Gustav Mahler's symphony of this number comprises six movements with descriptions such as \"Pan Awakens - Summer Marches In.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Symphony No. 3", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "To describe a vector space of n dimensions, one needs a set of n vectors with this type of independence. This word describes first order differential equations that are easily solvable by using an integrating factor and can be written in the form y prime plus p of x times y equals q of x. This word describes any mapping that preserves addition and multiplication. Functions which are additive and have degree one homogeneity are described by this word. Cramer's Rule can be used to solve systems of equations described by this word, which names polynomials of degree one. For 10 points, name this word which describes equations of the form y equals m x plus b.", "answer": "linear", "page": "Linearity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129548, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141592, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 289], [290, 365], [366, 454], [455, 573], [574, 641], [642, 662]], "first_sentence": "To describe a vector space of n dimensions, one needs a set of n vectors with this type of independence.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "leader of this ethnicity was forced to convert to Christianity after signing the treaty of Wedmore. Another one of these people, whose life was depicted in the Chronicle of John of Wallingford, may have led attacks in reaction to the death of his sister Gunnhilde. These people were killed in the St. Brice's Day Massacre on the orders of Aethelred the Unready. One of these people named Guthrum signed a treaty creating an autonomous region for them after losing the Battle of Edington. Taxes paid to them to prevent raids were known as their namesake \"geld.\" For 10 points, name these people who controlled England under Sweyn Forkbeard and Canute, and who were often Vikings.", "answer": "Danes [or Danish people; prompt on \"Vikings\"]", "page": "Danes", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129547, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141593, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 264], [265, 361], [362, 487], [488, 559], [559, 560], [561, 678]], "first_sentence": "leader of this ethnicity was forced to convert to Christianity after signing the treaty of Wedmore.", "answer_prompt": "or Danish people; prompt on \"Vikings\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One form of this quantity is equal to lambda times temperature to the three halves power divided by the temperature plus Sutherland's constant. Ludwig Prandtl proposed a structure which separates regions with zero and nonzero values of this quantity called the boundary layer. This quantity is lowered due to shear stress in thixotropic compounds. The ratio of inertial forces to forces caused by this quantity defines the Reynolds number. This quantity, which comes in kinematic and dynamic forms, is constant for Newtonian fluids. For 10 points, name this quantity which is a fluid's resistance to flow.", "answer": "viscosity [or dynamic viscosity; or kinematic viscosity]", "page": "Viscosity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129546, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141594, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 276], [277, 347], [348, 439], [440, 532], [533, 605]], "first_sentence": "One form of this quantity is equal to lambda times temperature to the three halves power divided by the temperature plus Sutherland's constant.", "answer_prompt": "or dynamic viscosity; or kinematic viscosity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The third chapter of this book forms the basis for Jonathan Edwards' sermon The Justice of God in Damnation of Sinners. A section of this book's second chapter addresses hypocritical Jews who have turned away from the laws of God, and it ends with a list of locations its author plans to travel to as a part of his evangelizing campaign. A verse in this book's third chapter mentions that man is \"justified by faith without the deeds of the law\" and is often used by Protestants to promote the doctrine of salvation through faith alone. For 10 points, name this first Pauline epistle, which is addressed to churches in the capital of a large Italian empire.", "answer": "Epistle to the Romans", "page": "Epistle_to_the_Romans", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129545, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141595, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 339], [339, 537], [538, 658]], "first_sentence": "The third chapter of this book forms the basis for Jonathan Edwards' sermon The Justice of God in Damnation of Sinners.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Late in his career, this artist published a book entitled Jazz which included many works created with the pochoir stencil technique. This artist used colored paper and scissors to make his \"cut-outs.\" A chair with a yellow seat is placed next to a window in a painting by this artist that shows a woman arranging fruit in a florally themed room. Embracing couples and a figure playing two pipes appear the foreground, and a group of six figures holding hands in the background, of a painting by this leader of a movement whose name translates as \"wild beasts.\" For 10 points, name this painter of The Red Room, The Joy of Life, and The Dance, who was a leading fauvist.", "answer": "Henri Matisse [or Henri-\u00c3\u2030mile-Beno\u00c3\u00aet Matisse]", "page": "Henri_Matisse", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129544, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141596, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 200], [201, 345], [346, 559], [559, 669]], "first_sentence": "Late in his career, this artist published a book entitled Jazz which included many works created with the pochoir stencil technique.", "answer_prompt": "or Henri-\u00c3\u2030mile-Beno\u00c3\u00aet Matisse", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This fictional building has a \"barely perceptible fissure\" zig-zagging across its front. The narrator stares at this building's reflection in a \"black and lurid tarn\" to assuage his nervousness, but only grows more terrified. A resident of this building sings the \"The Haunted Palace\" and is read to from Sir Launcelot Canning's \"The Mad Trist.\" The narrator's story about Ethelred is interrupted by a sound seemingly coming from this building's vault. Madeline is entombed alive in this building's vault by her brother, Roderick. For 10 points, name this building that collapses at the end of an Edward Allan Poe short story about its \"Fall.\" \u00c2\u00a0", "answer": "The House of Usher [or Roderick Usher's House; or \"The Fall of the House of Usher\"; accept equivalents to \"house\" like mansion]", "page": "The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129543, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141597, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 225], [226, 346], [347, 453], [454, 531], [532, 646]], "first_sentence": "This fictional building has a \"barely perceptible fissure\" zig-zagging across its front.", "answer_prompt": "or Roderick Usher's House; or \"The Fall of the House of Usher\"; accept equivalents to \"house\" like mansion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One tributary of this river rises in the Adamawa Plateau and flows through Lagdo Reservoir before joining this river at Lokoja. A tributary of this river flows by the city of S\u00c3\u00a9gou, which served as the capital of the 18th century Bambara Empire. That tributary is the Benue. The exploitation of oil reserves on this river has caused the rise of militant groups such as MEND. The first Westerner to reach the central section of this river was the Scottish explorer Mungo Park. This river empties into the Gulf of Guinea after flowing through Bamako, Timbuktu, and Niamey. For 10 points, name this longest river of West Africa, the namesake of two countries in the region.", "answer": "Niger River [or fleuve Niger; or Joliba; or Isa Ber; or Oya; or Kwara]", "page": "Niger_River", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129542, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141598, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 245], [246, 274], [275, 374], [375, 475], [476, 570], [571, 670]], "first_sentence": "One tributary of this river rises in the Adamawa Plateau and flows through Lagdo Reservoir before joining this river at Lokoja.", "answer_prompt": "or fleuve Niger; or Joliba; or Isa Ber; or Oya; or Kwara", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Bronze Age maryannu caste was characterized by its use of these objects. This technology was countered by a U-shaped formation of infantry called Alexander's mousetrap. A Lusitanian man named Gaius Appuleius Diocles became one of the richest athletes ever by using a version of these objects called a quadriga. Thousands of these objects, the highest number ever assembled, clashed at the Battle of Kadesh. Fans of a sport using these objects made up the Green and Blue factions that clashed during the Nika riots in Justinian's Constantinople. For 10 points, name these horse-drawn vehicles that were raced in the Circus Maximus and Hippodrome.", "answer": "chariots [or quadriga until it is read]", "page": "Chariot", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129541, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141599, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 172], [173, 314], [315, 410], [411, 548], [549, 649]], "first_sentence": "The Bronze Age maryannu caste was characterized by its use of these objects.", "answer_prompt": "or quadriga until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a story by this author, a firing squad interrupts a fishing trip and kills Morissot and Sauvage for refusing to divulge a secret password. In another of his stories, a man dies of delirium after Malandain falsely accuses him of stealing a lost pocketbook. This author of \"Two Friends\" and \"The Piece of String\" wrote a story in which Cornudet annoys a carriage's passengers by whistling \"La Marseillaise,\" and whose title character is forced to sleep with a Prussian officer to free them. This man wrote a story in which Madame Loisel lives in poverty after losing a borrowed piece of jewelry. For 10 points, name this French writer of \"Ball of Fat\" and \"The Necklace.\"", "answer": "Guy de Maupassant [or Henri Ren\u00c3\u00a9 Albert Guy de Maupassant]", "page": "Guy_de_Maupassant", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129540, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141600, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 258], [259, 491], [492, 596], [597, 672]], "first_sentence": "In a story by this author, a firing squad interrupts a fishing trip and kills Morissot and Sauvage for refusing to divulge a secret password.", "answer_prompt": "or Henri Ren\u00c3\u00a9 Albert Guy de Maupassant", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These functional groups can be added to aromatic compounds by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrochloric acid and aluminum trichloride. Sugars with this functionality are considered reducing sugars. Unlike the Jones reagent, PCC forms one of these functional groups from primary alcohols by not fully oxidizing them to carboxylic acids. Reacting a Grignard reagent with one of these compounds forms a secondary alcohol. These compounds form a silver mirror when reacted with Tollens' reagent. Compounds with this functional group have names ending with -anal [\"uh-NAL\"]. For 10 points, name this functional group that is a terminal carbonyl.", "answer": "aldehydes [prompt on \"carbonyl\" until it is read]", "page": "Aldehyde", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129539, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141601, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 198], [199, 336], [337, 419], [420, 492], [493, 570], [571, 641]], "first_sentence": "These functional groups can be added to aromatic compounds by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrochloric acid and aluminum trichloride.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"carbonyl\" until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When a character in this poem refuses to fight a man who once had the form of the woman Amba, he is attacked with such force that he falls down onto a bed of arrows. In this poem, a woman's robes miraculously grow longer to prevent her shameful disrobing during a game of dice that ends with five brothers being sent into twelve years of exile. This poem, which is narrated by Vyasa, culminates in the Kurukshetra War, fought between the rival Pandava and Kaurava brothers. That war begins after a dialogue that takes place largely between Arjuna and Krishna. For 10 points, name this Hindu epic that contains the Bhagavad Gita. ", "answer": "Mahabharata", "page": "Mahabharata", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129538, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141602, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 344], [345, 473], [474, 559], [560, 628]], "first_sentence": "When a character in this poem refuses to fight a man who once had the form of the woman Amba, he is attacked with such force that he falls down onto a bed of arrows.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, a ship commanded by Raphael Semmes was attacked by the Kearsarge off the coast of Cherbourg. One side in this conflict became the first to sink a warship with a submarine when it used the H.L. Hunley. Because most of one side's ships were illegally built in London, the victor of this conflict received damages from the British government in the Alabama claims. Many \"blockade runners\" were built during this conflict after the implementation of the \"Anaconda Plan\" restricted one side's lucrative cotton exports. For 10 points, name this conflict that saw the first battle between ironclads, the USS Monitor and the CSS Merrimack. ", "answer": "the American Civil War", "page": "The_American_Civil_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129537, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141603, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 222], [223, 383], [384, 535], [536, 653]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, a ship commanded by Raphael Semmes was attacked by the Kearsarge off the coast of Cherbourg.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author created a character who is given a check signed \"Charlie Chaplin\" when he asks Colonel Blount for money so that he can marry Nina. In another novel by this author, Teddy tends to a silver fox farm built at Hetton Abbey, which Brenda had left to marry Jock Grant-Menzies. In that novel by this author, a man has Dickens stories read to him by his prisoner in the Brazilian jungle, Tony Last. This author of Vile Bodies wrote a novel in which Julia divorces Rex Mottram but does not end up marrying her teddy bear-carrying brother Sebastian's Oxford classmate, Charles Ryder. For 10 points, name this British author of A Handful of Dust and Brideshead Revisited.", "answer": "Evelyn [\"EEV-lyn\"] Waugh", "page": "Evelyn_Waugh", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129536, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141604, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 282], [283, 402], [403, 585], [586, 672]], "first_sentence": "This author created a character who is given a check signed \"Charlie Chaplin\" when he asks Colonel Blount for money so that he can marry Nina.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Plans for this architect's Hotel Attraction were submitted to the Ground Zero redesign competition. A mosaic lizard by this designer is nicknamed \"El Drac\" and stands at the entrance of an urban park. Many of this designer's projects feature his four-armed cross. The Guell [\"goo-AYL\"] family was a major patron of this architect. One of his buildings has eighteen spires to represent the apostles and other Biblical figures. This architect's biggest project has Nativity and Passion Facades, and contemporary photos of that building all show construction cranes. For 10 points, name this Catalan architect who designed the as-yet-incomplete Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.", "answer": "Antoni Gaud\u00c3\u00ad i Cornet", "page": "Antoni_Gaud\u00ed", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129535, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141605, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 200], [201, 263], [264, 330], [331, 425], [426, 563], [564, 671]], "first_sentence": "Plans for this architect's Hotel Attraction were submitted to the Ground Zero redesign competition.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One member of this non-chordate phylum is commonly used to study fertilization and embryonic development due to its transparent eggs. Aristotle's description of one member of this phylum led to its feeding structure being called Aristotle's lantern. This phylum and Chordata make up the most common deuterostomes. Members of this phylum use the madreporite to filter water in their water vascular system. Although organisms in this phylum are born with bilateral symmetry, at adulthood they typically have five-sided radial symmetry. For 10 points, name this \"spiny skinned\" phylum whose members include sea urchins and starfish.", "answer": "echinoderms [or Echinodermata]", "page": "Echinoderm", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129534, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141606, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 249], [250, 313], [314, 404], [405, 533], [534, 629]], "first_sentence": "One member of this non-chordate phylum is commonly used to study fertilization and embryonic development due to its transparent eggs.", "answer_prompt": "or Echinodermata", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A book by Michael Sandel criticizes this thinker for a misguided \"philosophical anthropology\". This man wrote a book describing \"modular\" political ideas that are shared by people with diverse values. This author of Political Liberalism described \"overlapping consensus\" and argued that social inequalities should favor the disadvantaged, an idea called the \"difference principle\". This man claimed the maximin rule would govern choices people make in an \"original position\" in which they do not know what position they will hold in civil society. For 10 points, name this philosopher who described a veil of ignorance in his A Theory of Justice.", "answer": "John Rawls [or John Bordley Rawls]", "page": "John_Rawls", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129533, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141607, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 200], [201, 381], [382, 547], [548, 646]], "first_sentence": "A book by Michael Sandel criticizes this thinker for a misguided \"philosophical anthropology\".", "answer_prompt": "or John Bordley Rawls", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel from this country, Jimmy's father works at HelthWyzer and marries the lab tech Ramona, who takes care of the protagonist, who plays the game Extinctathon with a future graduate of the Watson-Crick Institute. A writer living in this country wrote about the ill-fated love between Katharine Clifton, who is left to die in the Cave of Swimmers, and L\u00c3\u00a1szl\u00c3\u00b3 Alm\u00c3\u00a1sy. Besides Oryx and Crake and The English Patient, this country also produced a novel whose protagonist plays Scrabble with the Commander in the Republic of Gilead. For 10 points, name this home country of the author of The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood.", "answer": "Canada", "page": "Canada", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 129532, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 141608, "tokenizations": [[0, 218], [219, 371], [372, 533], [534, 626]], "first_sentence": "In a novel from this country, Jimmy's father works at HelthWyzer and marries the lab tech Ramona, who takes care of the protagonist, who plays the game Extinctathon with a future graduate of the Watson-Crick Institute.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author tells its addressee, \"We are on each other's hands who care. Both of our worlds un- handed us,\" and concludes with the request, \"Hover, utter, still, a sourcing whom my lost candle like the firefly loves.\" This poet wrote, \"My daughter's heavier. Light leaves are flying,\" in a poem that follows one about want- ing to dig up the grave of his father, who committed suicide when his son was eleven. Another of his poems begins by declaring, \"Life, friends, is boring.\" This author's collection His Toy, His Dream, His Rest expanded to 385 poems his set of 18-line poems about an alter ego named Henry. For 10 points, name this suicidal Ameri- can poet of Homage to Mistress Bradstreet and The Dream Songs.", "answer": "John Berryman", "page": "John_Berryman", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125791, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144609, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 227], [228, 268], [269, 333], [334, 419], [420, 489], [490, 514], [515, 622], [623, 726]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author tells its addressee, \"We are on each other's hands who care.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the middle movement of a concerto by this composer, two B-flat clarinets and a B-flat bass clarinet back a solo trumpet. This composer's Short Story was originally meant to be part of a set of pieces later arranged for violin and piano in 1942 by Jascha Heifetz, his Three Preludes. His last concert work was a set of variations for piano and orchestra based on a melody from Girl Crazy. A four note tympani motif opens this man's only piano concerto. Another piece of his was orchestrated by Ferde Grofe from a score originally written for Paul Whiteman's jazz ensemble. For 10 points, name this composer of the Concerto in F who wrote \"I Got Rhythm\" with his lyricist brother Ira, as well as Rhapsody in Blue.", "answer": "George Gershwin", "page": "George_Gershwin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125790, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144610, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 285], [286, 390], [391, 454], [455, 574], [575, 714]], "first_sentence": "In the middle movement of a concerto by this composer, two B-flat clarinets and a B-flat bass clarinet back a solo trumpet.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country fervently guarded its supply of Cynomorium, known as its namesake \"fungus,\" by executing trespassers at its \"Fungus Rock\" well into the 19th century. The Cippi of Melqart, which allowed Phoenician to be deciphered, were found in the town of Marsaxlokk in this country. An uninhabited island in this country is where Paul of Tarsus was supposedly shipwrecked. This country's namesake tongue is the only official EU lan- guage from the Semitic family. After this country withstood a World War II siege, George VI awarded it a George Cross. This country contains the city of Birkirkara and had its capital built up by the Hospitallers. For 10 points, name this country whose capital is Valletta, comprising an archipelago south of Sicily.", "answer": "Malta", "page": "Malta", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125789, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144611, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 281], [282, 371], [372, 462], [463, 550], [551, 645], [646, 748]], "first_sentence": "This country fervently guarded its supply of Cynomorium, known as its namesake \"fungus,\" by executing trespassers at its \"Fungus Rock\" well into the 19th century.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Doroshkevich, Longair, and Zel'dovich proposed that sources of this radiation were born at redshifts great- er than two, but decayed over time, explaining the so-called \"evolutionary effect\". Martin Ryle developed aper- ture synthesis to improve measurements of this radiation. Hanbury Brown and Twiss's first application of in- tensity interferometry was to this radiation, which allowed them to measure the angular size of Cygnus A and Cassiopeia A. The progenitor of the field that studies this radiation was Karl Jansky. Because telescopes that detect this form of radiation would be too large to construct, long-ranging systems such as the Very Long Baseline Array are used. For 10 points, name this form of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wave- length.", "answer": "radio waves", "page": "Radio_wave", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125788, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144612, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 219], [220, 277], [278, 451], [452, 524], [525, 679], [680, 769]], "first_sentence": "Doroshkevich, Longair, and Zel'dovich proposed that sources of this radiation were born at redshifts great- er than two, but decayed over time, explaining the so-called \"evolutionary effect\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A value representing this process is in the denominators of both the Sherwood and Schmidt numbers. The kinematic viscosity and a thermal quantity symbolized alpha are analogous to the coefficient of this process in the Chilton-Colburn analogy. When analyzing semiconductors, one commonly derives the drift current and the current named for this phenomenon. This phenomenon couples with convection and advection for bulk mass transport. A law of this phenomenon, which has the error function as its solution, sets the time deriva- tive of concentration equal to a constant times the Laplacian of concentration. For 10 points, name this motion of particles down the concentration gradient that obeys Fick's law.", "answer": "diffusion [or diffusive flux; or diffusivity; or diffusion coefficient]", "page": "Diffusion", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125787, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144613, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 243], [244, 356], [357, 435], [436, 609], [610, 709]], "first_sentence": "A value representing this process is in the denominators of both the Sherwood and Schmidt numbers.", "answer_prompt": "or diffusive flux; or diffusivity; or diffusion coefficient", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A member of this family described James Fisk and Jay Gould's outwitting of Cornelius Vanderbilt in \"A Chapter of Erie.\" That man served as president of the Union Pacific and was one of the first railroad commis- sioners in the US. A member of this family argued that another country was responsible for damages caused by the CSS Alabama, and he served as Lincoln's foreign minister in Great Britain. Charles Francis Sr. and Jr. were the father and brother of a historian who compared the effect electric motors had on him to the effect the Virgin Mary had on medieval Christians in his autobiography. That autobiography skips most of the 1870s and 1880s and neglects to mention its author's wife's suicide. For 10 points, name this family whose member Hen- ry wrote memoirs about his Education.", "answer": "Adams family", "page": "Adams_family", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125786, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144614, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 230], [231, 399], [400, 600], [601, 706], [707, 738], [739, 794]], "first_sentence": "A member of this family described James Fisk and Jay Gould's outwitting of Cornelius Vanderbilt in \"A Chapter of Erie.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man operated a shopfront also known as the Ray Gun Manufacturing Company, and exhibited his sculptures and found objects in the Mouse Museum. This man made a weathering steel sculpture for the en- trance to SEPTA's City Hall Station which embedded the number \"76\" into a silvery spring. For the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, he designed a piece with his partner Coosje van Bruggen which spans a linden seed- shaped pond. Another piece of his, which was created with cardboard ice-cream cartons, is topped with a foam slice of pickle. For 10 points, name this creator of Philadelphia's Clothespin and Spoonbridge and Cherry whose giant versions of everyday objects such as Floor Burger come in hard and soft varieties.", "answer": "Claes Oldenburg", "page": "Claes_Oldenburg", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125785, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144615, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 291], [292, 429], [430, 542], [543, 726]], "first_sentence": "This man operated a shopfront also known as the Ray Gun Manufacturing Company, and exhibited his sculptures and found objects in the Mouse Museum.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this place is thought to have been fed sweets instead of fish after he throws up a piece of felt. After eating warm rice pudding for six hours, a character in this place begins spitting it into a pit instead. A tea-house in this place houses the grave of \"the old Commandant,\" whose gravestone claims that he will rise again and reconquer this place. A resident of this place violates the law of \"honor thy superiors\" by falling asleep on a job where he is supposed to salute his captain's door each hour. In this place, a voyager is shown a machine consisting of the designer, the bed, and the harrow, which the officer tries to use to write the words \"BE JUST\" on his own body. For 10 points, name this prison, the setting of a story by Kafka", "answer": "the Penal Colony [or the Penal Settlement; or der Strafkolonie; prompt on synonyms like the pri- son]", "page": "In_the_Penal_Colony", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125784, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144616, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 223], [224, 365], [366, 520], [521, 694], [695, 759]], "first_sentence": "A character in this place is thought to have been fed sweets instead of fish after he throws up a piece of felt.", "answer_prompt": "or the Penal Settlement; or der Strafkolonie; prompt on synonyms like the pri- son", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Chapter 28 of this book says that although gold and silver have been uncovered in deep mines, men do not know where to find wisdom or how to value it. At its end, three men are told to sacrifice seven bulls and seven rams and ask another person to pray for them. Handel's \"I Know that My Redeemer Liveth\" takes some of its verses from a speech in this book delivered in response to Bildad. A man in this book says \"I recant, and repent in dust and ashes\" after God gives two speeches illustrating his immense power. Bildad and two others offer unhelpful explanations of their friend's misfortune, which starts when God wagers with the Adversary that this book's title man will remain faithful even after losing everything. For 10 points, name this book of the Old Testament.", "answer": "Book of Job", "page": "Book_of_Job", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125782, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144618, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 262], [263, 389], [390, 515], [516, 722], [723, 774]], "first_sentence": "Chapter 28 of this book says that although gold and silver have been uncovered in deep mines, men do not know where to find wisdom or how to value it.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A regular feature of this publication was \"The Easy Chair,\" a column penned by George William Curtis. From 1901 to 1913, it was run by George Harvey, who eventually started another publication to attack former ally Woodrow Wilson. This publication produced the article \"A Typical Negro,\" which included a shocking im- age of Gordon, a slave with a viciously scarred back. That article ran in 1863, a period when this publication was the most widely read journal in the country. It frequently printed the works of a man who depicted Tam- many Hall as a tiger and Boss Tweed as a corpulent vulture. For 10 points, name this New York based maga- zine that employed cartoonist Thomas Nast.", "answer": "Harper's Weekly [prompt on A Journal of Civilization; do not accept \"Harper's Magazine\"; do not accept \"Harper's Monthly\"; do not accept \"Harper's Bazaar\"]", "page": "Harper's_Weekly", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125781, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144619, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 230], [231, 371], [372, 477], [478, 596], [597, 685]], "first_sentence": "A regular feature of this publication was \"The Easy Chair,\" a column penned by George William Curtis.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on A Journal of Civilization; do not accept \"Harper's Magazine\"; do not accept \"Harper's Monthly\"; do not accept \"Harper's Bazaar\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Mva1 will induce this process even in Dam and Dcm-positive cells. This procedure is prevented from occur- ring at specific sites during footprinting assays. TALENs perform this process, and Cas9 catalyzes it during CRISPR. Nonspecificity in this procedure is called star activity. This procedure is done within a polylinker in the first step of molecular cloning. Proteins responsible for it may be isocaudomers or isoschizomers. The re- sults of this procedure are assessed with RFLP analysis. Immediately after it is done, an alkaline phosphatase can be added to prevent recircularization. HinD3 and EcoR1 carry out this process. It makes blunt ends or sticky ends for further ligation. For 10 points, name this process which is carried out by restriction endonucle- ases.", "answer": "DNA restriction digest [or word forms; or DNA cleavage; or double-strand breaks; or DSBs; prompt on editing until it is read]", "page": "Double-strand_breaks", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125780, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144620, "tokenizations": [[0, 65], [66, 156], [157, 222], [223, 280], [281, 363], [364, 429], [430, 494], [495, 591], [592, 631], [632, 688], [689, 774]], "first_sentence": "Mva1 will induce this process even in Dam and Dcm-positive cells.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; or DNA cleavage; or double-strand breaks; or DSBs; prompt on editing until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poem's speaker recalls his eye being \"fixed with mock study on [his] swimming book.\" The speaker of this poem tells its addressee that he \"shalt wander like a breeze by lakes and sandy shore, beneath the crags of ancient mountains, and beneath the clouds.\" This poem invokes a \"great universal Teacher\" who \"shall mould thy spirit, and by giving make it ask.\" At the beginning of this poem, the speaker is startled by an owlet's re- peated cry as he watches his infant son Hartley sleep. This poem's title phenomenon \"performs its secret min- istry, unhelped by any wind,\" and hangs up the eave-drops \"in silent icicles.\" For 10 points, name this conversa- tion poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.", "answer": "\"Frost at Midnight\"", "page": "Frost_at_Midnight", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125779, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144621, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [88, 261], [262, 363], [363, 492], [493, 625], [625, 699]], "first_sentence": "This poem's speaker recalls his eye being \"fixed with mock study on [his] swimming book.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This politician declared that, of the three men who understood the Schleswig-Holstein question, he was the one who had \"forgotten all about it\". This politician's first government was dissolved after Felice Orsini at- tempted to assassinate Napoleon III. This man argued that an English citizen overseas should \"feel confident that the watchful eye and strong arm of England will protect him against injustice and wrong\" after an anti- Semitic mob attacked a British citizen from Gibraltar. This Prime Minister delivered the \"Civis Romanus Sum\" speech during the Don Pacifico Affair, and he helped to ease tensions from the Trent affair. For 10 points, name this man who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain during the American Civil War.", "answer": "Lord Palmerston [or Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston]", "page": "Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125778, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144622, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 254], [255, 490], [491, 637], [638, 743]], "first_sentence": "This politician declared that, of the three men who understood the Schleswig-Holstein question, he was the one who had \"forgotten all about it\".", "answer_prompt": "or Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "According to a contemporary commentator, this geopolitical power benefited from the high-handedness and foreign customs of a major rival leader, Pausanias. Its gains after victories at Tanagra and Oenophyta were reversed after its defeat at the Battle of Coronea. After a dispute over gold mines, this association's lead- ership forced Thasos to demolish its walls and pay tribute. Ten hellenotamiai controlled this organization's treasury, which was stored in a temple. After the Spartan victory at Aegospotami, this alliance was disbanded. For 10 points, name this association of ancient Greek states that came to be dominated by Athens, and which was named for an island sacred to Apollo.", "answer": "Delian League [prompt on Athens; prompt on Athenian Empire]", "page": "Delian_League", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125777, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144623, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 263], [264, 381], [382, 470], [471, 541], [542, 691]], "first_sentence": "According to a contemporary commentator, this geopolitical power benefited from the high-handedness and foreign customs of a major rival leader, Pausanias.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Athens; prompt on Athenian Empire", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Direct Analysis in Real Time performs this process on an analyte molecule. An external DC electric field may distort the Coulomb potential barrier enough to allow the \"tunnel\" form of this phenomenon to occur. This process occurs in a cascade fashion in the Townsend avalanche, whose rate can be calculated with a Faraday cup. In one technique, the sample undergoes this process following desorption by an ultraviolet laser and em- bedding in a crystallized matrix. \"Soft\" types of this process include aerosolizing the sample, called \"elec- trospray,\" as well as MALDI, and both techniques fragment the sample in preparation for mass spectrometry. For 10 points, name this process in which a molecule or atom is charged to yield a cation or anion.", "answer": "ionization [or tunnel ionization; or electrospray ionization; or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization; or creating ions; or obvious equivalents; prompt on MALDI; prompt on creating either positive or negatively charged molecules] ", "page": "Ionization", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125776, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144624, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 209], [210, 326], [327, 465], [466, 648], [649, 748]], "first_sentence": "Direct Analysis in Real Time performs this process on an analyte molecule.", "answer_prompt": "or tunnel ionization; or electrospray ionization; or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization; or creating ions; or obvious equivalents; prompt on MALDI; prompt on creating either positive or negatively charged molecules", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a study this psychologist conducted at the Westgate apartment complex, he found that \"propinquity\" was a significant predictor of whether people would form romantic attachments. This psychologist theorized that people assess their own abilities with reference to people they perceive as their peers in those abilities in his \"social comparison theory.\" In an experiment this psychologist conducted with Carlsmith, participants who turned pegs around for an hour were more likely to say it was fun if they were paid $1 than if they were paid $20. That experiment tested a theory he developed while studying an apocalyptic cult, as related in the book When Prophecy Fails. For 10 points, name this psychologist who proposed that people seek to reduce the strain of holding conflicting opinions with his theory of cognitive dissonance.", "answer": "Leon Festinger", "page": "Leon_Festinger", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125775, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144625, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 354], [354, 548], [549, 673], [674, 835]], "first_sentence": "In a study this psychologist conducted at the Westgate apartment complex, he found that \"propinquity\" was a significant predictor of whether people would form romantic attachments.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This deity hides from the rest of the gods by taking shelter in a house with four doors, one in each cardinal direction. He spends three months imprisoned in a chest in the court of the king Geirrod. This god fills an ot- ter skin with red gold as ransom for his accidental murder of the dwarf Otter. He has his lips sewn shut after he transforms into a fly and repeatedly bites the sons of Ivaldi. As punishment for crashing Aegir's feast and insulting all of the guests, this god is bound to a rock with poison dripping onto him. This god disguises him- self as the giantess Thokk and refuses to cry for the late Balder, whose death this god engineers by coercing Hoder into throwing a mistletoe spear. For 10 points, name this Norse trickster god", "answer": "Loki [or Loki Laufeyarson; or Loptr]", "page": "Loki", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125774, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144626, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 199], [200, 300], [301, 398], [399, 531], [532, 704], [705, 749]], "first_sentence": "This deity hides from the rest of the gods by taking shelter in a house with four doors, one in each cardinal direction.", "answer_prompt": "or Loki Laufeyarson; or Loptr", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A painting in this style, which controversially depicted Charles V entering Antwerp surrounded by nudes, was made by Austrian artist Hans Makart. A painter in this style depicted rows or red-robed men watching a woman being stripped in his Phryne Before the Areopagus, and popularized the \"thumbs down\" gesture with his painting Pollice Verso. This was the preferred style of the jury whose rejections at the 1863 Salon prompted the Salon des Refuses. A pair of artists of this style depicted putti riding dolphins and a nude woman riding a wave crest in their renditions of The Birth of Venus. For 10 points, name this style cultivated by Jean-Leon Gerome, Alexandre Cabanel, and William-Adolphe Bouguereau, who were influenced by formal schools of art.", "answer": "academic art [or academicism]", "page": "Academic_Art", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125773, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144627, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 343], [344, 451], [452, 594], [595, 754]], "first_sentence": "A painting in this style, which controversially depicted Charles V entering Antwerp surrounded by nudes, was made by Austrian artist Hans Makart.", "answer_prompt": "or academicism", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A room in this story is described as smelling like licorice, a pun on the description of a woman's eye as \"lik- erous.\" The opening of this story describes a \"rich gnof\" who dwells at Oxenford. In this story, a man beseeches St. Frideswide after becoming convinced that his lodger has gone mad studying astrology. The desperate cry of \"Water!\" prompts John to cut several ropes and tumble down in a bathtub at the end of this story. In this story, the duping of the church clerk is revenged after he procures a hot blade from the smith. This story is fol- lowed by a story told by Oswald the Reeve. In this story, Nicholas's bottom is branded after he farts in the face of Absolon. For 10 points, name this bawdy second Canterbury Tale.", "answer": "\"The Miller's Tale\"", "page": "The_Miller's_Tale", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125772, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144628, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 193], [194, 313], [314, 343], [344, 432], [433, 536], [537, 598], [599, 681], [682, 736]], "first_sentence": "A room in this story is described as smelling like licorice, a pun on the description of a woman's eye as \"lik- erous.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher wrote of a vision in which a garment had a \"pi\" embroidered at its bottom edge and \"theta\" at the top, with a staircase connecting the two. A Christian legend, which held that this man married the hym- nist Helpes, was disputed by Edward Gibbon, who also challenged the authenticity of this man's autobiog- raphy, De Disciplina Scolarium. This man outlines a proof of God based on the standard of perfect happiness in a book that begins with the muses being interrupted by the title allegorical lady. He died in the midst of a pro- ject to translate all of Plato and Aristotle into Latin, shortly before his patron Symmachus was also executed. For 10 points, name this philosopher who was killed at the order of Theodoric after writing The Consolation of Philosophy.", "answer": "Boethius [or Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius]", "page": "Boethius", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125771, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144629, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 355], [356, 517], [518, 660], [661, 783]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher wrote of a vision in which a garment had a \"pi\" embroidered at its bottom edge and \"theta\" at the top, with a staircase connecting the two.", "answer_prompt": "or Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This region's \"Lyceum\" considered literary and political matters, including a proposal by John McLoughlin that this land declare itself independent. James Sinclair led an expedition to settle this area on the orders of George Simpson. Later visitors to this region bypassed a river route to their destination by travelling via the Barlow Road. Wilhelm I's decision that the Haro Strait was the true international boundary through this region ended a conflict that began when Lyman Cutlar defended his potatoes by shooting his neighbor's pig. The slogan \"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!\" refers to the border preferred by American interests in this region. For 10 points, name this region and later U.S. territory whose namesake state has its capital at Portland.", "answer": "Oregon [or the Oregon Country; or Oregon Territory; or Columbia District]", "page": "Oregon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125770, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144630, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 234], [235, 343], [344, 351], [352, 541], [542, 650], [651, 757]], "first_sentence": "This region's \"Lyceum\" considered literary and political matters, including a proposal by John McLoughlin that this land declare itself independent.", "answer_prompt": "or the Oregon Country; or Oregon Territory; or Columbia District", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these artworks depicts a wrought iron rail perched atop a mound beneath a blue sky emitting yellow light. The bottom of one of these artworks is dominated by a dark sloping shape, from which a dog's head barely peeks out. Photographs taken by Jean Laurent made it possible to transfer these badly-damaged artworks to canvas under the direction of Salvador Cubells. One of these paintings depicts two men, knee deep in mud, engaging in a Fight with Cudgels. These fourteen artworks, which were originally painted on the walls of the Deaf Man's Villa, or Quinta del Sordo, include a gruesome depiction of Saturn Devouring His Son. For 10 points, name these horrific images painted by Francisco Goya.", "answer": "Black Paintings [or Pinturas Negras]", "page": "Black_Paintings", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125769, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144631, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 228], [229, 371], [372, 463], [464, 635], [636, 704]], "first_sentence": "One of these artworks depicts a wrought iron rail perched atop a mound beneath a blue sky emitting yellow light.", "answer_prompt": "or Pinturas Negras", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "mole percent of this compound mixed with acetone makes a classic maximum-boiling azeotrope. Alpha elimination of this compound results in a carbene that inserts into double bonds to give vicinal dihalides. This molecule's signal in carbon-13 NMR is a triplet at 77.2 ppm, while in proton NMR, its singlet appears slightly downfield from benzene at 7.26 ppm. Either an acidic or basic mixture of isoamyl alcohol, phenol and this compound is used to extract nucleic acids from DNA or RNA. Atmospheric oxygen will oxidize this molecule to phosgene. Chlorinating this compound forms carbon tetrachloride. For 10 points, name this compound with formula CHCl3, which is a 19th century anaesthetic.", "answer": "chloroform [or trichloromethane; or CHCl3 until it is read]", "page": "Chloroform", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125768, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144632, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 205], [206, 357], [358, 486], [487, 545], [546, 600], [601, 691]], "first_sentence": "mole percent of this compound mixed with acetone makes a classic maximum-boiling azeotrope.", "answer_prompt": "or trichloromethane; or CHCl3 until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel explains that if she heard the phrase \"speeding bullet,\" she would duck for cover. Another character in this novel plans to break the world record for longest time spent in a cage of venomous snakes. This novel's protagonist argues with his son over the metaphysics of whether it is raining. In this novel, Murray Jay Siskind hopes to create a course on Elvis at the College-on-the-Hill. In this novel, the experimental drug Dylar reveals an affair between Willie Mink and the protagonist's fourth wife, Babette. A derailed train in this novel releases a black cloud of Nyodene D into the air, an event known as \"The Airborne Toxic Event.\" For 10 points, name this novel about Jack Gladney, written by Don DeLillo.", "answer": "White Noise", "page": "White_Noise_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125767, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144633, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 225], [226, 317], [318, 413], [414, 538], [539, 664], [664, 740]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel explains that if she heard the phrase \"speeding bullet,\" she would duck for cover.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The remains of one participant in this engagement were sold at auction and used to create a namesake watermill in the village of Wickham. In 1820, the losing commander fought a duel over his performance during this incident, a duel which ended with the fatal shooting of Stephen Decatur. This battle was very short in duration, as the earlier failure to keep their decks clear hindered one side's attempts at returning fire. This event resulted in the execution of Jenkin Ratford, while the other persons arrested during this event were eventually returned to the United States. This event was a direct cause of the Embargo Act of 1807. For 10 points, name this event in which a British naval vessel fired upon and boarded an American naval vessel in search of British deserters.", "answer": "Chesapeake-Leopard Affair [or obvious equivalents]", "page": "Chesapeake-Leopard_Affair", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125766, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144634, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 287], [288, 424], [425, 578], [579, 636], [637, 779]], "first_sentence": "The remains of one participant in this engagement were sold at auction and used to create a namesake watermill in the village of Wickham.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel hears that his enemy is getting married in a chapel and runs to kill that enemy's bride, only to find that he has killed his own daughter. In this novel, a herald announces the entrance of a knight whose name refers to an item that requires one hundred men to carry it. The Marquis of Vincenza breaks off an engagement after meeting a skeleton in peasant clothing in this novel, in which blood ominously falls from a statue's nose. At the end of this novel, Father Jerome is revealed to be the father of Theodore by the gigantic apparition of Prince Alonso the Great, whose helmet had fallen from the sky and killed Conrad. For 10 points, name this novel by Horace Walpole, often considered the first Gothic novel.", "answer": "The Castle of Otranto", "page": "The_Castle_of_Otranto", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125765, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144635, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 295], [296, 457], [458, 649], [650, 740]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel hears that his enemy is getting married in a chapel and runs to kill that enemy's bride, only to find that he has killed his own daughter.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This person makes use of a flower that bloomed when Prometheus's ichor spilled onto the ground. Hera fills this person's mind with a sudden great fear of Hades and with visions of life's pleasures in order to stop this person from poisoning herself. This woman quickly enters a marriage to gain protection from Alcinous, shortly after being purified by her aunt Circe. This sister of Chalciope kills the bronze giant Talos and dismembers her brother Absyrtus, soon after helping another hero to yoke fire-breathing oxen, defeat warriors borne of dragon's teeth, and slay a dragon guarding the Golden Fleece. For 10 points, name this sorceress from Colchis and lover of Jason.", "answer": "Medea", "page": "Medea", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125764, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144636, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 249], [250, 368], [369, 607], [608, 675]], "first_sentence": "This person makes use of a flower that bloomed when Prometheus's ichor spilled onto the ground.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man did not write the book In the Belly of the Beast, but letters addressed to him make up that text. He claimed that a certain race of people had been \"living on the margin between totalitarianism and democracy for two centuries.\" This author wrote a book which was split into two parts: t\"history as a novel\" and \"the novel as history.\" He wrote an essay about mainstream hipsters appropriating black culture titled \"The White Negro.\" This author wrote a \"novelized\" account of the 1967 March on the Pentagon and a Pulitzer winning account of Utah administering the death penalty to killer Gary Gilmore. For 10 points, name this author of Armies of the Night and The Executioner's Song.", "answer": "Norman Mailer ", "page": "Norman_Mailer", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125763, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144637, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 235], [235, 236], [237, 343], [344, 441], [442, 610], [611, 693]], "first_sentence": "This man did not write the book In the Belly of the Beast, but letters addressed to him make up that text.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This was the alphabetically prior of two allied countries whose victory at Zusmarshausen ended a long- running conflict. This country was the westernmost signatory of a treaty in which it agreed to make regular payments to fund another country's army. The army of this western signatory of the Treaty of Barwalde defeated another country's tight-knit tercio formations at the battle of Rocroi with the aid of the duke of Enghien. Its alliance with a Lutheran kingdom across religious lines began the final phase of the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this countries which allied with Axel Oxenstierna's Sweden under its chief minister, Cardinal Richilieu.", "answer": "France", "page": "France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125762, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144638, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 251], [252, 429], [430, 537], [538, 662]], "first_sentence": "This was the alphabetically prior of two allied countries whose victory at Zusmarshausen ended a long- running conflict.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the second act of a ballet by this composer, characters dance both a passepied and a bourre\u0301e, after which two sisters ineptly dance variations, all bookended by two \"Dance of the Courtiers.\" In that ballet, a prince's wanderings are depicted with a \"Temptation\" and an \"Orientalia\" interspersed between three galops. An E major \"Amoroso\" ends this composer's ballet featuring a second-act ball that includes both a \"Waltz-Coda\" and a \"Grand Waltz.\" This composer reused the gavotte from his first symphony in a ballet whose \"Dance of the Knights\" section is more commonly called \"Montagues and Capulets.\" For 10 points, name this composer of the ballets Cinderella and Romeo and Juliet and the children's piece Peter and the Wolf.", "answer": "Sergei Prokofiev [or Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev]", "page": "Sergei_Prokofiev", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125760, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144640, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [194, 319], [320, 451], [452, 607], [608, 733]], "first_sentence": "In the second act of a ballet by this composer, characters dance both a passepied and a bourr\u00e9e, after which two sisters ineptly dance variations, all bookended by two \"Dance of the Courtiers.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This state controls Dirk Hartog Island, which was named for an explorer who visited it in 1616 and left behind an inscribed dinner plate. A location in this state was ironically nicknamed \"North Pole\" and is home to stromatolites that may be 3.5 billion years old. The residents of this state's capital lit up their streetlights specifically for John Glenn's space flybys. This state still benefits from the Super Pit gold mine in Kalgoorlie. This state's primary river is named for the many black swans that inhabit its shores. This state, home to Shark Bay, shares the Nullarbor Plain with its eastern neighbor, which is home to Adelaide. For 10 points, name this largest Australian state by area, whose capital is Perth.", "answer": "Western Australia", "page": "Western_Australia", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125759, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144641, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 264], [265, 372], [373, 442], [443, 528], [529, 640], [641, 723]], "first_sentence": "This state controls Dirk Hartog Island, which was named for an explorer who visited it in 1616 and left behind an inscribed dinner plate.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This writer relates how a tyrant named Archias deferred opening a letter detailing a plot to kill him by saying, \"Tomorrow is a new day,\" in an argument in favor of curiosity. Quotations like, \"To every opinion an opinion of equal weight is opposed\" are inscribed on the beams of a tower in which this man wrote. This man's father Pierre Eyquem tasked him with translating a Catalan monk's Natural Theology. This man wrote such lines as, \"I have never seen a greater monster or miracle in the world than myself,\" and, \"What do I know?\" That motto is in \"The Apology for Raymond Sebond,\" which was one of this man's \"attempts\" that popularized an argumentative genre of writing. For 10 points, name this sixteenth-century French author of the Essays.", "answer": "Michel de Montaigne", "page": "Michel_de_Montaigne", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125758, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144642, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 312], [313, 407], [408, 535], [536, 677], [678, 749]], "first_sentence": "This writer relates how a tyrant named Archias deferred opening a letter detailing a plot to kill him by saying, \"Tomorrow is a new day,\" in an argument in favor of curiosity.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In urging for greater alarm about this event, Roger Mattson used the phrase \"horse race\" and argued his theory of an explosion with Victor Stello. This event resulted in the mass cancellation of orders of a device made by Babcock and Wilcox, a company strongly criticized by Dartmouth's President John Kemeny afterwards. Governor Dick Thornburgh ordered that pregnant woman and preschoolers maintain a five mile radius from this event. Caused by a stuck open relief valve, it resulted in the partial contamination of the Susquehanna River. For 10 points, name this partial nuclear meltdown that occurred in 1979 in Pennsylvania.", "answer": "Three Mile Island accident", "page": "Three_Mile_Island_accident", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125757, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144643, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 320], [321, 435], [436, 539], [540, 628]], "first_sentence": "In urging for greater alarm about this event, Roger Mattson used the phrase \"horse race\" and argued his theory of an explosion with Victor Stello.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A woman born in this kingdom ruled as the \"Lady\" of another kingdom after her husband's death at the Battle of Tettenhall. In this kingdom, the worth of oaths given in court was measured in hides via Ine's Law Code. A biography by Bishop Asser relates how a ruler of this kingdom once rallied troops at Egbert's Stone. Canut granted Godwin, Harold Godwinson's father, an earldom that shares its name with this kingdom. A ruler of this kingdom established fortified settlements called \"burhs,\" signed the Treaty of Wedmore with Guthrum after winning the Battle of Edington, and once supposedly let the griddle-cakes of a peasant woman burn while in hiding. For 10 points, name this Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled by Alfred the Great.", "answer": "Wessex", "page": "Wessex", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125756, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144644, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 215], [216, 318], [319, 418], [419, 655], [656, 727]], "first_sentence": "A woman born in this kingdom ruled as the \"Lady\" of another kingdom after her husband's death at the Battle of Tettenhall.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An E-flat piece scored for a precursor to this instrument as well as violin and piano was written by Brahms to commemorate the death of his mother. A virtuoso of this instrument, Dennis Brain, premiered a song cycle whose \"Elegy\" is a setting of \"The Sick Rose.\" It titles a Serenade by Benjamin Britten along with tenor and strings. This instrument comes in a \"double\" version whose second set of tubing is used for high notes. Along with the clarinet, it represents the title trickster in Richard Strauss's Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks. Mozart composed four concerti for this instrument, whose pitch can be lowered through hand-stopping. For 10 points, name this valved brass instrument tuned in F, which isn't really French.", "answer": "French horn [accept natural horn; do not accept or prompt on \"English horn\"]", "page": "French_horn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125755, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144645, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 261], [261, 333], [334, 428], [429, 542], [543, 643], [644, 731]], "first_sentence": "An E-flat piece scored for a precursor to this instrument as well as violin and piano was written by Brahms to commemorate the death of his mother.", "answer_prompt": "accept natural horn; do not accept or prompt on \"English horn\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, followers of a tycoon known as \"Lord Maitreya\" try to resurrect a woman using \"bioinductance\" in a town whose pastor, Jon, has stopped burying the dead. A novel by this author features a manuscript collector who loses his books to a fire in Copenhagen, and opens with a cord-thief being whipped for insulting the hangman sent to destroy the title object. One of this author's protagonists returns home to find that his wife Rosa has died in childbirth and that their dog has kept the newborn infant alive. This author of a novel titled for the \"Bell\" of his home country wrote a novel set at Summerhouses, the home of the stubborn farmer Bjartur. For 10 points, name this author of Under the Glacier and Independent People, a Nobel laureate from Iceland.", "answer": "Halldor Laxness", "page": "Halldor_Laxness", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125754, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144646, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 381], [382, 532], [533, 673], [674, 781]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, followers of a tycoon known as \"Lord Maitreya\" try to resurrect a woman using \"bioinductance\" in a town whose pastor, Jon, has stopped burying the dead.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosophical work's author quotes Ovid's line \"The better path I gaze at and approve, the worse - I follow\" to illustrate how men are moved more by opinion than reason. This book advises avoiding the Christian virtue of humility because it produces impotence and sorrow. Its second book opens by distinguishing ideas from adequate ideas, and posits that all material things have a parallel idea. This book, whose structure was modeled on Euclid's Elements, defines \"freedom\" as an existence from the necessity of one's own nature, a state only achievable by God, who is equated with substance. Its third book concerns the origin of human emotions, while its fourth book is on human bondage. For 10 points, name this book by Baruch Spinoza.", "answer": "Ethics [Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order] [or Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata]", "page": "Ethics_(Spinoza)", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125753, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144647, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 276], [277, 401], [402, 599], [600, 696], [697, 745]], "first_sentence": "This philosophical work's author quotes Ovid's line \"The better path I gaze at and approve, the worse - I follow\" to illustrate how men are moved more by opinion than reason.", "answer_prompt": "or Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These things are evaluated during beta reduction. Each instance of currying reduces the number of these things by one. Matching these things unusually occurs by name, not order, in languages like Ada. The number of these things corresponds to the dimension of the arity. Two common ways to \"pass\" these things is by value and by reference. They must differ between two overloaded functions. Conventionally, after being passed from the command line, these things are parsed using the argc and argv variables. In most languages, they're declared inside parentheses in a function definition. For 10 points, name these variables that are used to input data to subroutines.", "answer": "function arguments [or formal parameters; or actual parameters; or args until \"argc\" is read; or other combinations of required and non-required parts; prompt on variables or inputs] ", "page": "Formal_parameters", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125752, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144648, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 200], [201, 270], [271, 296], [297, 339], [340, 390], [391, 507], [508, 588], [589, 668]], "first_sentence": "These things are evaluated during beta reduction. Each instance of currying reduces the number of these things by one.", "answer_prompt": "or formal parameters; or actual parameters; or args until \"argc\" is read; or other combinations of required and non-required parts; prompt on variables or inputs", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After somebody dies in Zoroastrianism, one of these creatures is fed three times a day for three days and takes part in the sag did ritual, where they repel the Nasus spirits around the dead. In the Middle Ages, one of these animals was worshiped in the Dombes region of France as a healer of sick children, Saint Guignefort. In the Islamic story of the Cave of the Seven Sleepers, one of these animals stands guard in front of the cave while the saints sleep for hundreds of years. Travelers along the Silk Road told of a race of men with the heads of these animals in the east called the Cynocephali. For 10 points, name these animals, who in several Indo- European traditions guard the entrance to the Milky Way as the constellations Canis Minor and Canis Major.", "answer": "dogs", "page": "Dog", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125751, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144649, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 191], [192, 325], [326, 482], [483, 602], [603, 765]], "first_sentence": "After somebody dies in Zoroastrianism, one of these creatures is fed three times a day for three days and takes part in the sag", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process produces a class of butenolides called karrikins, which bind to KAI2 receptors on seeds. Banksia plants have serotinous follicles and lignotubers that facilitate resprouting in response to this stimulus. Smudge pots use this process to protect fruit orchards from frost. This phenomenon is promoted by eucalypts, which have epicormic buds and insulated seed capsules. This phenomenon occurs in surface and crown types and is common in a namesake regime that is supported by plants such as ponderosa pine, which have resin- sealed cones and sparse lower branches. It can increase soil nutrition by producing an ash bed. For 10 points, name this destructive phenomenon that clears out dry underbrush and is often caused by lightning.", "answer": "wildfire [or brushfire; or forest fire; or burning; or obvious equivalents; prompt on heat and smoke]", "page": "Wildfire", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125750, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144650, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 216], [217, 283], [284, 380], [381, 575], [576, 631], [632, 744]], "first_sentence": "This process produces a class of butenolides called karrikins, which bind to KAI2 receptors on seeds.", "answer_prompt": "or brushfire; or forest fire; or burning; or obvious equivalents; prompt on heat and smoke", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The wall of this structure is produced from cells lining the perioplic and coronary grooves. The pastern is found between the fetlock and this structure encasing the coffin bone, and a wedge-shaped glandular region between the bars called the frog helps to spread two other components when it is loaded. Excessive drying or injury to the coronet may lead to heel crack in this structure. A stone bruise on the sole of this structure can cause lameness. In Artiodactyla, two smaller types of this structure called dew claws usually appear along with its cloven form. In some odd-toed ungulates it is cared for by farriers. For 10 points, name this thick, keratinous covering on the toes of animals such as horses.", "answer": "hoof [prompt on feet, claws, and nails; prompt on toe until it is read] ", "page": "HOOF", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125749, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144651, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 303], [304, 387], [388, 452], [453, 565], [566, 621], [622, 712]], "first_sentence": "The wall of this structure is produced from cells lining the perioplic and coronary grooves.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on feet, claws, and nails; prompt on toe until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This product was given to a condemned criminal to see how quickly it would kill him in an experiment ordered by Gustav III of Sweden. Rising prices for this product sparked a namesake 1976 \"crisis\" in East Germany. This product was the primary export of a place which set quotas for it via the Preanger (pray-AHN- gair) System and the Cultivation System. Oligarchs who produced this product dominated the coronelismo system during the tenure of Washington Luis, and that period named for this product and \"milk\" was ended by the coup of Getulio Vargas. The goatherd Kaldi apparently discovered this product in Ethiopia, its country of origin. For 10 points, name this product harvested on the island of Java.", "answer": "coffee beans [or coffea]", "page": "Coffee_beans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125748, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144652, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 214], [215, 354], [355, 552], [553, 642], [643, 708]], "first_sentence": "This product was given to a condemned criminal to see how quickly it would kill him in an experiment ordered by Gustav III of Sweden.", "answer_prompt": "or coffea", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The aorta often features a cluster of cells normally found in this structure called the organ of Zuckerkandl. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes methylation of a hormone released by this structure derived from dopamine. Simple virilizing and salt-wasting forms of a hyperplasia of this gland result from deficient 21-hydroxylase activity in its zona fasciculata. Pheochromocytomas originate from this structure's chromaffin cells. The outermost portion of this structure produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. Its medulla secretes catecholamines, and ACTH triggers its cortex to produce cortisol. For 10 points, name this gland that produces epinephrine and is found on top of the kidney.", "answer": "adrenal glands", "page": "Adrenal_gland", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125747, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144653, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 233], [234, 376], [377, 444], [445, 533], [534, 620], [621, 712]], "first_sentence": "The aorta often features a cluster of cells normally found in this structure called the organ of Zuckerkandl.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As a young boy, the main character of this novel is fond of a chestnut tree planted by his mother after he was born and enjoys visiting the observatory of an astrology-obsessed priest. In this novel, a woman uses large letters written on the pages of a book to communicate with the protagonist while standing at the window of an aviary. In this novel, a man escapes from his prison in the Farnese tower with the help of three ropes sent by his aunt, the lover of Count Mosca. The protagonist of this novel rides with Marshal Ney's hussars while participating in the Battle of Waterloo. This novel's protagonist pursues a romance with Clelia Conti but eventually retires to the title monastery. For 10 points, name this novel about Fabrizio del Dongo, a work of Stendhal.", "answer": "The Charterhouse of Parma [or La Chartreuse de Parme] ", "page": "The_Charterhouse_of_Parma", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125746, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144654, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 336], [337, 475], [476, 585], [586, 693], [694, 770]], "first_sentence": "As a young boy, the main character of this novel is fond of a chestnut tree planted by his mother after he was born and enjoys visiting the observatory of an astrology-obsessed priest.", "answer_prompt": "or La Chartreuse de Parme", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The death of this group is foreshadowed when the room they are dining in appears to be soaked in blood. A fight nearly breaks out when one of its members angrily throws a footstool that knocks a cupbearer to the ground. This group urges an old man to fight the drunken beggar Irus. A youth sailing home from Sparta is informed by Athena that some of their members are waiting to ambush him. Antinous and Eurymachus are the leaders of this group, whose efforts are thwarted by a burial shroud that is unsewn each night. Members of this group lose an archery contest to a man that shoots an arrow through twelve axeheads; afterwards, they are killed by that man and his son, Telemachus. For 10 points, name these men who try to marry Odysseus's wife.", "answer": "suitors of Penelope [or the Proci]", "page": "Suitors_of_Penelope", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125745, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144655, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 219], [220, 281], [282, 390], [391, 518], [519, 684], [685, 748]], "first_sentence": "The death of this group is foreshadowed when the room they are dining in appears to be soaked in blood.", "answer_prompt": "or the Proci", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "For a brief period at this location, an attractive former cheerleader named Susie Phillips would greet visitors as they arrived. Skeptic Brian Dunning has written about employees here were \"often friendly\" and performed favors for people. A group of people at this location temporarily revolted by refusing to wear stocking caps. While working here, David Eshelman attempted to impersonate actor Strother Martin from the film Cool Hand Luke. The leader of this place would compare it to a foreign location in his book The Lucifer Effect. Christina Maslach questioned the conditions of this location, where people were apparently abused by men like \"John Wayne\" and other people playing guards. For 10 points, name this location where Philip Zimbardo conducted a 1971 experiment to study the effects of imprisonment.", "answer": "The Stanford prison [or Jordan Hall; accept answers mentioning Stanford University and prison; accept obvious synonyms for \"prison\"]", "page": "Stanford_prison_experiment", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125744, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144656, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 238], [239, 329], [330, 441], [442, 537], [538, 693], [694, 815]], "first_sentence": "For a brief period at this location, an attractive former cheerleader named Susie Phillips would greet visitors as they arrived.", "answer_prompt": "or Jordan Hall; accept answers mentioning Stanford University and prison; accept obvious synonyms for \"prison\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man employed Bella de Costa Greene to create a massive personal library, where he once locked his colleagues until 5:00 AM to force a deal during a crisis that prompted the Aldrich-Vreeland Act. George Cortelyou was forced to rely on this man to that incident, which was triggered by the Hepburn Act and F. Augustus Heinze's failed bid to corner the copper market. This man died shortly after testifying before the Pujo Committee, and he organized banker intervention to end the Panic of 1907. For 10 points, name this financial magnate who oversaw the creation of G.E. and U.S. Steel, and whose namesake company later merged with Chase Manhattan Bank.", "answer": "John Pierpont Morgan", "page": "J._P._Morgan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125743, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144657, "tokenizations": [[0, 199], [200, 369], [370, 498], [499, 657]], "first_sentence": "This man employed Bella de Costa Greene to create a massive personal library, where he once locked his colleagues until 5:00 AM to force a deal during a crisis that prompted the Aldrich-Vreeland Act.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author taught writing classes at Sing Sing that helped him gather material for a novel about a convict who suffers from methadone withdrawal and has a love affair with another prisoner named Jody. In a story by this author, a housewife hysterically concludes, \"Life is too terrible, too sordid and awful,\" before asking her husband, \"We're happy, aren't we, darling? We are happy, aren't we?\" Aunt Honora, the father Leander, and the bisexual Coverly are members of the title family in this author's first novel. At the end of a story by this author, a man realizes his house is abandoned after traveling home by way of all his neighbors' pools. For 10 points, name this American author of The Wapshot Chronicle, \"The Enormous Radio,\" and \"The Swimmer.\"", "answer": "John Cheever", "page": "John_Cheever", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125742, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144658, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 371], [372, 397], [398, 517], [518, 650], [651, 758]], "first_sentence": "This author taught writing classes at Sing Sing that helped him gather material for a novel about a convict who suffers from methadone withdrawal and has a love affair with another prisoner named Jody.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Augustine claimed the opposite of this property did not exist in its own right, but only as a lack of this. Immanuel Kant argued there was nothing in the world that had this property intrinsic to it except this type of will. A later thinker argued that previous attempts to define this property as analytically equivalent to another led to tautologies, and thus this property was undefinable. In The Republic Socrates compares the Form of this property to the sun, as it makes it possible for the philosopher to perceive all other Forms. G.E. Moore compared it to the color yellow in Principia Ethica. For 10 points, name this property of things contrasted with evil.", "answer": "goodness", "page": "Good", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125741, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144659, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 224], [225, 392], [393, 537], [538, 601], [602, 667]], "first_sentence": "Augustine claimed the opposite of this property did not exist in its own right, but only as a lack of this.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Self-consistent numerical models of this process were created by Kuang and Bloxham, Kageyama and Sato, and\u00c2\u2014most famously\u00c2\u2014Glatzmaier and Roberts. Many models of this process fail to produce westward drift in the secular variation. The alpha effect's transformation of a toroidal field to a poloidal field is important to understanding this process. Cowling's theorem forbids this process from producing an axisymmetric field. Adjusting the Prandtl number in simulations of it reveals the impact of the Coriolis effect on pole reversals. This self-sustaining process results from convective circulation of liquid iron and nickel by thermal buoyancy, which induces an electrical current. For 10 points, identify this process in the Earth's outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field.", "answer": "core dynamo [or geodynamo; prompt on core convection or the process that creates the planetary magnetic fields or obvious equivalents of that set] ", "page": "Dynamo_theory", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125740, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144660, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 229], [230, 347], [348, 424], [425, 535], [536, 684], [685, 790]], "first_sentence": "Self-consistent numerical models of this process were created by Kuang and Bloxham, Kageyama and Sato, and\u2014most famously\u2014Glatzmaier and Roberts.", "answer_prompt": "or geodynamo; prompt on core convection or the process that creates the planetary magnetic fields or obvious equivalents of that set", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This is the highest number in the figured bass abbreviation for a second-inversion dominant seventh chord. To turn a major scale into the corresponding Lydian mode, the scale degree of this number is raised by a semitone. Inverting a perfect fifth produces this interval which, besides the unison, is the smallest perfect interval. The scale degree of this number is the subdominant. It is the number of flats in F minor and the total number of spaces between the lines of a standard music staff. This is the number of beats in a measure of the most common time signature, the number of movements in a standard symphony, and the number of quarter notes in a whole note. For 10 points, give this number of hands that play in a piano duet.", "answer": "four [or fourth; or perfect fourth; or IV]", "page": "FOUR", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125739, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144661, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 221], [222, 331], [332, 383], [384, 496], [497, 669], [670, 737]], "first_sentence": "This is the highest number in the figured bass abbreviation for a second-inversion dominant seventh chord.", "answer_prompt": "or fourth; or perfect fourth; or IV", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man was the second-to-last ruler covered in an 80-book history by Cassius Dio, who lived through this man's reign. A coin minted by this emperor shows a chariot carrying a sacred black stone away from Emesa in Syria, this man's childhood home. This man, who was made emperor by his grandmother Julia Maesa at age fourteen, allegedly married a Vestal Virgin and gained a reputation for extremely decadent acts before his murder and replacement by Alexander Severus four years later. This man took a name from the non-Christian singular deity he forced Romans to worship instead of Jupiter. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor from 218 to 222 CE, a devotee of a unary sun god.", "answer": "Elagabalus [or Heliogabalus; or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Elagabalus; do not accept or prompt on \"Marcus Aurelius\"]", "page": "Elagabalus", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125738, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144662, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 248], [249, 486], [487, 593], [594, 682]], "first_sentence": "This man was the second-to-last ruler covered in an 80-book history by Cassius Dio, who lived through this man's reign.", "answer_prompt": "or Heliogabalus; or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Elagabalus; do not accept or prompt on \"Marcus Aurelius\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An early example of this system, which connected San Pablo Bay with its namesake California city, was the Sonoma Prismoidial. Louis Brennan patented a system of this type for military use which employed a pair of gyroscopes. A suspended version of this technology designed by Eugen Langen in Wuppertal is the oldest of them still in use today. In 2013, one of these systems circling Darling Harbour in downtown Sydney was shut down, and it has been criticized for the difficulty of providing branching service. American examples of this technology include a Seattle system that opened for the 1962 World's Fair and one connecting the casinos of the Las Vegas Strip. For 10 points, name this ever-futuristic type of train that runs on a single beam.", "answer": "monorails [prompt on train systems until \"train\" is read]", "page": "Monorails", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125737, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144663, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 224], [225, 343], [344, 510], [511, 665], [666, 748]], "first_sentence": "An early example of this system, which connected San Pablo Bay with its namesake California city, was the Sonoma Prismoidial.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on train systems until \"train\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An empirical approximation for this force includes a term for one hundred over the Hazen-Williams constant, all raised to the 1.85 power. The magnitude of this force is often expressed as a factor K times v squared over two g, as seen in the full Colebrook equation. A factor measuring this force exactly equals 16 over the Reynolds number if the Reynolds number is small. The nondimensional \"epsilon over diameter\" is plotted against Reynolds number on a Moody plot to estimate Fanning's factor to measure this force. It usually provides the error between both sides of the Bernoulli equation. Long, straight, rough pipelines require pumps to counteract head losses due to it. For 10 points, name this force that opposes the motion of fluids in pipes.", "answer": "pipe friction [prompt on pressure head losses or pipe roughness]", "page": "Friction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125736, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144664, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 266], [267, 372], [373, 518], [519, 594], [595, 677], [678, 752]], "first_sentence": "An empirical approximation for this force includes a term for one hundred over the Hazen-Williams constant, all raised to the 1.85 power.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on pressure head losses or pipe roughness", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one work, this thinker explained twelve reliable and twelve unreliable signs that a religious action is a true result of God's converting grace. He described how the joy of grace created a \"new light\" in A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God. A work by this man begins with the quotation \"Their Feet shall slide in due Time.\" This author of Religious Affections outlined \"ten considerations\" in that work, which exhorts \"let everyone that is out of Christ now awake,\" and was delivered at Enfield, Connecticut. That sermon claims that only \"the mere pleasure of God\" keeps wicked men from being held, like a spider, over the pit of hell. For 10 points, name this theologian of the First Great Awakening who wrote \"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.\"", "answer": "Jonathan Edwards", "page": "Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125735, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144665, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 258], [259, 341], [342, 526], [527, 653], [654, 768]], "first_sentence": "In one work, this thinker explained twelve reliable and twelve unreliable signs that a religious action is a true result of God's converting grace.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man designed chimneys resembling rows of huge helmeted heads, whose frightening appearance gives them the nickname \"witch scarers.\" This architect often topped his designs with four-armed crosses. A turret representing Saint George's lance is on one of his buildings nicknamed the \"house of yawns\" for the mouth- like moldings around its lower windows. This architect incorporated wrought-iron balconies and a self- supporting, undulating stone facade into one of his designs. He used broken tiles called trencadis in a mosaic- decorated park for his patron, Eusebi Guell, and planned eighteen spires for an as-yet-uncompleted church. For 10 points, name this architect who designed the Casa Mila and Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.", "answer": "Antoni Gaudi i Cornet", "page": "Antoni_Gaud\u00ed", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125734, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144666, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 201], [202, 357], [358, 481], [482, 639], [640, 735]], "first_sentence": "This man designed chimneys resembling rows of huge helmeted heads, whose frightening appearance gives them the nickname \"witch scarers.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "n this city, a prayer session was interrupted when Jenny Geddes threw a stool at a local dean, starting a massive riot at St. Giles. A document that was signed in this city at the church of Greyfriars was resisted by the Marquis of Huntly, George Gordon. Part of its defensive fortifications include the Telfer Wall and the Netherbow Port, which is located along this city's Royal Mile. Monarchs who ruled from this city usually lived at Holyrood Palace. A legislative body in this city was disestablished following the Acts of Union, which joined this city's country with a southern neighbor. For 10 points, name this largest settlement in the region of Lothian, the capital city of Scotland.", "answer": "Edinburgh", "page": "Edinburgh", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125733, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144667, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 254], [255, 386], [387, 454], [455, 593], [594, 693]], "first_sentence": "n this city, a prayer session was interrupted when Jenny Geddes threw a stool at a local dean, starting a massive riot at St. Giles.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this play, a servant salutes to \"liberty, honour, and Fleet-Street for ever!\" after a man orders him to drink heavily. An illiterate character in this play tells a hiding woman that he will cough if there is danger, and then unintentionally starts coughing, ruining the illusion that he had driven her to \"Crackskull Common\" when he had actually driven in circles. The question of whether that man in this play is \"of age\" decides this play's secondary romance between Constance Neville and George Hastings. In this play, Tony Lumpkin steals jewels from his mother and falsely claims that his home is an inn, allowing Kate Hardcastle to win Marlow over by disguising herself as a barmaid. For 10 points, name this comedy by Oliver Goldsmith.", "answer": "She Stoops to Conquer ", "page": "She_Stoops_to_Conquer", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125732, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144668, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 121], [122, 367], [368, 510], [511, 691], [692, 744]], "first_sentence": "In this play, a servant salutes to \"liberty, honour, and Fleet-Street for ever!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this place, a man interrupts a speech to inquire about a force \"whose talons grasp the blessings of the world.\" A denizen of this place speaks the cryptic line, \"Pape Satan, pape Satan aleppe.\" Several beings in this place run in semicircles around a ring before ramming each other with large weights. A long discourse on the nature of fortune is delivered by Virgil in this place, where many popes and cardinals reside. This realm is presided over by either Pluto or Plutus, and its residents include the prodigal, who are guilty of squandering, and the avaricious, who hoard. For 10 points, name this circle of Hell filled with those who have committed the sin of greed.", "answer": "the Fourth Circle [prompt on the Inferno; prompt on Hell] ", "page": "Inferno_(Dante)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125731, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144669, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 195], [195, 304], [305, 423], [424, 580], [581, 675]], "first_sentence": "In this place, a man interrupts a speech to inquire about a force \"whose talons grasp the blessings of the world.\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on the Inferno; prompt on Hell", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "To create a painting featuring these animals, an artist repeatedly visited the Boulevard l'Hopital dressed as a man. Influenced by a similar painting by Sawrey Gilpin, Eugene Delacroix made a watercolor painting of one of these animals frightened by lightning. An engraving depicting the skeleton of one of these animals, titled for their \"anatomy,\" was made by George Stubbs. Rosa Bonheur is best known for a painting depicting these animals in a \"fair.\" One of these animals peeks from behind a curtain in Henry Fuseli's The Nightmare. Edgar Degas and Theodore Gericault created many paintings of these animals, the latter in such canvases as The Derby at Epsom. For 10 points, name these animals found in equestrian portraits.", "answer": "horses", "page": "Horse", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125730, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144670, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 260], [261, 376], [377, 454], [454, 537], [538, 664], [665, 729]], "first_sentence": "To create a painting featuring these animals, an artist repeatedly visited the Boulevard l'Hopital dressed as a man.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Aufbau reaction, which forms a complex of this element and six total ethyl groups, avoids termination and branching in the synthesis of polyethylene. This element is alloyed to nickel in Raney nickel. Its oxides are commonly dipped into a conducting sulfuric acid bath in the process of anodization. Gibbsite is this element's hydroxide, and this element is oxidized in the thermite reaction. Unusually, this metal's oxidation state is almost exclusively +3, and it is the lightest metal found in the p-block. Industrial production of this element proceeds by electrolysis of cryolite and its molten oxide. For 10 points, name this element produced in the Hall-Heroult process from bauxite.", "answer": "aluminum [or Al]", "page": "Aluminium", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125729, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144671, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 204], [205, 303], [304, 396], [397, 513], [514, 610], [611, 694]], "first_sentence": "The Aufbau reaction, which forms a complex of this element and six total ethyl groups, avoids termination and branching in the synthesis of polyethylene.", "answer_prompt": "or Al", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, a man slashes his chest and denounces his religion after learning the \"song of self- sufficiency.\" In another of his plays, a man named Booster returns from a jail term he received for killing a woman who accused him of rape and takes his father's place as the manager of the title unlicensed taxi business. The washed-up musician Wining Boy sells his clothes to Lymon in a play by this author in which the central family is haunted by Sutter's ghost as Boy Willie attempts to sell the title object. In another play, he wrote about Cory, who is forbidden to play football by his father, Troy Maxson. For 10 points, name this African-American playwright of the \"Pittsburgh Cycle,\" which includes The Piano Lesson and Fences.", "answer": "August Wilson", "page": "August_Wilson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125728, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144672, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 333], [334, 525], [526, 625], [626, 749]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, a man slashes his chest and denounces his religion after learning the \"song of self- sufficiency.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character's hair is very black on his chest, somewhat lighter on his head, and golden in the lower parts of his body. Hilda leaves cigarettes on the floor of this man's house, where he defends his switch between \"proper\" English and the Derby accent. At the end of the novel he appears in, this man writes that a part of his body named John Thomas says goodbye to Lady Jane. As he looks upon an estate at night, this man is noticed by Ivy Bolton, a woman who takes care of the owner of Wragby. This character is unable to divorce Bertha Coutts and is the father of a child claimed by Duncan Forbes. For 10 points, name this gamekeeper who, in a D. H. Lawrence novel, carries on an affair with Constance Chatterley.", "answer": "Oliver Mellors [or Oliver Mellors; prompt on Lady Chatterley's lover", "page": "Oliver_Mellors", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125727, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144673, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 255], [256, 379], [380, 498], [499, 603], [604, 719]], "first_sentence": "This character's hair is very black on his chest, somewhat lighter on his head, and golden in the lower parts of his body.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Donaldina Cameron was a missionary in this city known as \"Jesus Woman\" or the \"Angry Angel.\" A criminal in this city, \"Little Pete,\" walked around in chain mail armor until he was shot in the spine at a barbershop. Governor Henry Gage denied there was an epidemic in this city, a disease Mayor James Phelan blamed on certain \"filthy\" immigrants. In 1900, the first bubonic plague epidemic in the continental U.S. broke out in this city. A brothel owner in this city, Ah Toy, was frequently harassed by gangs committing \"slave girl\" raids during the Tong Wars. For 10 points, name this California city with the oldest Chinatown in North America, which was ravaged by a 1906 earthquake.", "answer": "San Francisco [prompt on Chinatown]", "page": "San_Francisco", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125726, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144674, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 214], [215, 276], [276, 345], [346, 436], [437, 559], [560, 684]], "first_sentence": "Donaldina Cameron was a missionary in this city known as \"Jesus Woman\" or the \"Angry Angel.\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Chinatown", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character is taught how to play chess by Jose Moncada after he allows the delivery of a letter to Moncada's wife. This man is assisted by Roque Carnicero, who had earlier tried to shoot him. This man negotiates a peace at Neerlandia after he loses all thirty-two of the civil wars he starts, after which he retires to making golden fish in his workshop. All but one of this man's seventeen sons are found assassinated with permanent Ash Wednesday crosses on their foreheads. This character, while facing a firing squad, remembers \"that distant afternoon when his father,\" Jose Arcadio, \"took him to discover ice.\" For 10 points, name this liberal colonel from One Hundred Years of Solitude.", "answer": "Colonel Aureliano Buendia [or Coronel Aureliano Buendia; or any answer indicating that it's the first Aureliano; prompt on Buendia; do not accept \"Aureliano Segundo\" or \"Aureliano Babilonia\" or \"Aureliano Arcadio\"]", "page": "Colonel_Aureliano_Buendia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125725, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144675, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 195], [196, 358], [359, 479], [480, 617], [617, 618], [619, 695]], "first_sentence": "This character is taught how to play chess by Jose Moncada after he allows the delivery of a letter to Moncada's wife.", "answer_prompt": "or Coronel Aureliano Buendia; or any answer indicating that it's the first Aureliano; prompt on Buendia; do not accept \"Aureliano Segundo\" or \"Aureliano Babilonia\" or \"Aureliano Arcadio\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philosopher once attended a conference on homelessness to dispute that homelessness is a political issue, leading to a public argument with Albrecht Wellmer over the distinction between social and political concerns. This philosopher found an \"unwritten political philosophy\" within Kant's Critique of Judgement, which was expanded into a theory of \"reflective judgment\" of particular situations as the basis of values. This philosopher defined action as equivalent to freedom and used the terms \"animal laborans,\" \"homo faber,\" and \"zoon politikon\" to describe laboring, working, and active lives in The Human Condition. This writer of The Life of the Mind criticized a user of \"officialese\" and \"stock phrases\" for abrogating moral responsibility in a 1963 book written on assignment from The New Yorker. For 10 points, name this philosopher who reported on the trial of a Nazi official in Eichmann in Jerusalem.", "answer": "Hannah Arendt", "page": "Hannah_Arendt", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125724, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144676, "tokenizations": [[0, 221], [222, 424], [425, 626], [627, 811], [812, 919]], "first_sentence": "This philosopher once attended a conference on homelessness to dispute that homelessness is a political issue, leading to a public argument with Albrecht Wellmer over the distinction between social and political concerns.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The German KTB program conducted seminal follow-up research using this technique. If not using a continuous process, pipe tripping is required when using this technique, in order to conduct well logging. Some data falsification aside, the crowning example of this technique occurred on the Kola Peninsula, which probably reached the brittle-ductile transition zone. This type of research is often followed by seismometer readings since resolution is greatly increased compared to surface measurements. Most typically, it pumps in a namesake \"mud\" to reduce viscosity and provide cooling, and uses a rotary drive on a derrick or rig. For 10 points, name this technique that involves removing a thin column of crustal rock, typically with a hollow-cored bit, in order to study the interior of the Earth.", "answer": "scientific drilling deep into the Earth's crust [or boring deep into the Earth's crust; or obvious equivalents; or coring until \"hollow-cored\" is read; prompt on oil, gas, groundwater, mineral, geothermal, or geotechnical explorations; prompt on geotechnical, geological, or environmental studies] ", "page": "Environmental_studies", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125723, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144677, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 203], [204, 365], [366, 501], [502, 632], [633, 801]], "first_sentence": "The German KTB program conducted seminal follow-up research using this technique.", "answer_prompt": "or boring deep into the Earth's crust; or obvious equivalents; or coring until \"hollow-cored\" is read; prompt on oil, gas, groundwater, mineral, geothermal, or geotechnical explorations; prompt on geotechnical, geological, or environmental studies", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The long flexible tail ejection system is used by some of these pathogens. The N proteins of some of them form a complex with Nus that acts as an antiterminator. The proteins Gam, Exo, and Beta derived from one of these pathogens form the basis of the Red recombineering system. Some types use a cos site for DNA circularization. A namesake ATP-dependent DNA ligase is derived from a T-even type of these pathogens. Esther Lederberg discovered a species of them now used in specialized transduction. Their DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorus in the Hershey-Chase experiment, which used the T2 species. For 10 points, name these viruses such as lambda that infect bacteria.", "answer": "bacteriophage [or coliphage; or Enterobacteria phage lambda; or lambda phage; or T4 phage]", "page": "Bacteriophage", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125722, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144678, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 161], [162, 278], [279, 329], [330, 415], [416, 499], [500, 609], [610, 680]], "first_sentence": "The long flexible tail ejection system is used by some of these pathogens.", "answer_prompt": "or coliphage; or Enterobacteria phage lambda; or lambda phage; or T4 phage", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After leaving this position, a man claimed he was leading an expedition to look for tree-climbing fish. A man who held this post was mocked with the line \"Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart?\" and the slur \"Bohunk\" by corrupt rival William Hale Thompson. Disgruntled office seeker Patrick Prendergast murdered a man holding this position in the 1870s, named Carter Harrison Sr. In 1933, a man holding this position was critically wounded by Giuseppe Zangara in Miami; that man, Anton Cermak, was shot while shaking hands with actual target Franklin Roosevelt. For 10 points, name this political position whose 1893 occupant led his city in hosting the World's Columbian Exposition.", "answer": "Mayor of Chicago", "page": "Mayor_of_Chicago", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125721, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144679, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 190], [191, 252], [253, 375], [376, 557], [558, 679]], "first_sentence": "After leaving this position, a man claimed he was leading an expedition to look for tree-climbing fish.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Anomalies in this phenomenon are addressed with Rabbi Zeira's stringency. This phenomenon is established by a veset, and a bedikah cloth is used to assess it in the ritual hefsek tahara. The states of zavah ktanah and zavah gedolah arise when this phenomenon occurs during the days of zivah instead of the days of niddah. A metzorah, a person in the state of zav, or someone undergoing this phenomenon can cause an object to become a midras, and those people must purify by immersing in a mikveh. Special huts are constructed to house people during it to prevent contamination with their uncleanness, and sexual intercourse is strictly forbidden during this monthly phenomenon. For 10 points, name this normal physiological process considered \"impure\" by many religions during which the uterine lining is shed.", "answer": "menstruation [or being on your period; accept word forms and equivalent answers]", "page": "Menstruation", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125720, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144680, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 186], [187, 321], [322, 496], [497, 677], [678, 810]], "first_sentence": "Anomalies in this phenomenon are addressed with Rabbi Zeira's stringency.", "answer_prompt": "or being on your period; accept word forms and equivalent answers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The wheel spider, which is named for its tendency to rapidly cartwheel down sand dunes, is native to this desert. This desert includes a salt pan named \"Dead Marsh,\" named for the dead acacia trees that litter its landscape. The Welwitschia plant, known for its long lifespan, is native to this desert. With the nearby Naukluft Mountains, this desert is part of the largest game reserve in Africa. The whaling hub of Walvis Bay sits on the edge of this desert. The meeting of a Hadley cell and the Benguela current envelops this desert in fog. A collection of shipwrecks and whalebones lies on the aptly-named Skeleton Coast along this desert. For 10 points, name this desert that runs along the coast of southwestern Africa.", "answer": "Namib Desert", "page": "Namib_Desert", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125719, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144681, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 224], [225, 302], [303, 397], [398, 460], [461, 543], [544, 643], [644, 725]], "first_sentence": "The wheel spider, which is named for its tendency to rapidly cartwheel down sand dunes, is native to this desert.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Ernst Gombrich popularized the idea that the characters in this painting represent different Neo-Platonist ideals. The most popular theory behind this painting's creation is that it was made for the marriage of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco. At the left of this painting, clouds are broken up by a man waving a staff. The character in the middle of this painting is surrounded by a myrtle plant taking an arch-like shape. Zephrus grasps Chloris at the right side of this painting, near the top of which a putto aims an arrow at the three Graces. The backdrop of this painting is formed by an orange grove. For 10 points, name this painting by Sandro Botticelli, in which Venus and other mythological characters celebrate spring.", "answer": "La Primavera [or The Allegory of Spring before the end of the question]", "page": "Primavera_(painting)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125718, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144682, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 236], [237, 312], [313, 416], [417, 540], [541, 600], [601, 723]], "first_sentence": "Ernst Gombrich popularized the idea that the characters in this painting represent different Neo-Platonist ideals.", "answer_prompt": "or The Allegory of Spring before the end of the question", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Circe effect is the large increase in this quantity due to electrostatic attractions. This quantity represents the x-axis of an Eadie-Hofstee plot. It can be estimated at first pass as k-cat divided by K-sub-m. One over this quantity is plotted on the y-axis of a Lineweaver-Burke plot. This quantity is limited by the rate of diffusion in carbonic anhydrase, which has an extremely high turnover number. This quantity's concentration at its half-maximum is called the Michaelis constant. For 10 points, name this quantity given by the Michaelis-Menten equation, the speed at which an enzyme converts substrate into product.", "answer": "catalytic velocity [or v; or catalytic rate; or catalytic efficiency; accept \"enzyme\" in place of \"catalytic;\" or the effective rate constant; or obvious equivalents; prompt on turnover number; prompt on binding affinity]", "page": "\u0a35", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125717, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144683, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 151], [152, 214], [215, 290], [291, 408], [409, 492], [493, 628]], "first_sentence": "The Circe effect is the large increase in this quantity due to electrostatic attractions.", "answer_prompt": "or v; or catalytic rate; or catalytic efficiency; accept \"enzyme\" in place of \"catalytic;\" or the effective rate constant; or obvious equivalents; prompt on turnover number; prompt on binding affinity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two of these particles would be excited in a giant pairing vibration. In-beam and bottle experiments differ on the value of this particle's average lifetime by almost four standard deviations. The z-component of this particle's isospin is negative one-half. Calculating the beta factor requires the number of these particles that are \"prompt\". The r- and s-processes, both important to nucleosynthesis, involve the capture of this particle. The experiment that discovered these particles fired them into a sheet of paraffin wax. Water or graphite are commonly used to slow down \"fast\" examples of these particles in nuclear reactors. For 10 points, name these neutral nucleons.", "answer": "neutrons", "page": "Neutron", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125716, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144684, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 192], [193, 257], [258, 343], [344, 440], [441, 528], [529, 633], [634, 677]], "first_sentence": "Two of these particles would be excited in a giant pairing vibration.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As a professor, this psychologist had his students look up at a building, and found that over three-fourths of passersby would look up with them. A clothing merchant named \"Mr. Jones\" would prove instrumental in another of his experiments. An experiment by this man asked individuals in Wichita and Omaha if they knew a person in Boston. That experiment studied the idea of a \"small world\" where any two people are linked by a maximum of \"six degrees of separation.\" In another experiment, verbal cues such as \"please continue\" were used to encourage participants into delivering electric shocks to an unseen stranger taking a false memory test. For 10 poin", "answer": "Stanley Milgram", "page": "Stanley_Milgram", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125715, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144685, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 239], [240, 337], [338, 466], [467, 645], [646, 657]], "first_sentence": "As a professor, this psychologist had his students look up at a building, and found that over three-fourths of passersby would look up with them.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An unsuccessful rebellion against a ruler of this name aimed to install Stephen of Aumale in his place, and was led by Robert de Mowbray. An earlier ruler with this name deposed the Archbishop Stigand in favor of his trusted adviser, Lanfranc of Pavia. Notable monarchs with this given name include one who was fatally shot by Walter Tirel and one who suffered a postmortem stomach rupture at his funeral due to an incorrectly sized coffin. This was the name of a king whose wars with Edwin, Morcar, and Edgar the Aetheling led to the Harrowing of the North. For 10 points, give this name shared by several Kings of England, the first of whom defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings and was thereafter known as \"the Conqueror.\"", "answer": "William", "page": "William", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125713, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144687, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 252], [253, 440], [441, 558], [559, 739]], "first_sentence": "An unsuccessful rebellion against a ruler of this name aimed to install Stephen of Aumale in his place, and was led by Robert de Mowbray.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, the protagonist demonstrates his renewed faculties by bailing out two women who get arrested dressing up as sailors to pick up French girls. In another scene from this novel, the North African Conte di Minghetti becomes irate when his sister is asked to clean out dirty bathwater. In this novel, a woman damaged by sexual abuse from her father, Devereux Warren, recovers and enters into an affair with Tommy Barban. When this novel's protagonist loses his personal charm to alcoholism, he alienates the star of Daddy's Girl, Rosemary Hoyt. This novel details the decline of the psychologist Dick Diver, whose failed marriage to Nicole Warren is based on the author's own marriage to his wife Zelda. For 10 points, name this final completed novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald.", "answer": "Tender Is the Night", "page": "Tender_Is_the_Night", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125712, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144688, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 295], [296, 430], [431, 554], [555, 713], [714, 784]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, the protagonist demonstrates his renewed faculties by bailing out two women who get arrested dressing up as sailors to pick up French girls.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A piece with this nickname is Muzio Clementi's Piano Sonata Op. 13, No. 6. Another symphony with this nickname contains a repeated motif of an A major chord turning into A minor over the timpani, and debate exists over whether its Scherzo movement is performed before the Andante. Schubert himself gave his fourth symphony this title. A symphony with this nickname contains the Alma theme. An orchestral piece with this title was written as a companion piece to reflect themes opposite that of the Academic Festival Overture. In a symphony with this nickname, a hammer is used to signal three \"blows of fate.\" For 10 points, name this word, which titles an overture by Brahms and Mahler's sixth symphony.", "answer": "tragic [or tragische]", "page": "Tragic", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125711, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144689, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 280], [281, 334], [335, 389], [390, 525], [526, 609], [610, 704]], "first_sentence": "A piece with this nickname is Muzio Clementi's Piano Sonata Op. 13, No. 6.", "answer_prompt": "or tragische", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A moralizing epitaph drawing from its author's earlier Poemata is carved into the base of this sculpture. That couplet defending this sculpture's piety reads \"Those who love to pursue fleeting forms of pleasure, in the end only find leaves and bitter berries in their hands\" and was composed by Maffeo Barberini. This sculpture was commissioned to replace Pluto and Proserpina, which had been regifted to Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi by Scipione Borghese. This sculpture of a scene from Ovid's Metamorphoses depicts bark creeping up the legs of the female character as her fingertips transform into laurel leaves. For 10 points, name this marble Bernini sculpture of the lovestruck god of light and poetry pursuing the title nymph.", "answer": "Apollo and Daphne", "page": "Apollo_and_Daphne", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125710, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144690, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 312], [313, 453], [454, 611], [612, 729]], "first_sentence": "A moralizing epitaph drawing from its author's earlier Poemata is carved into the base of this sculpture.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man gives instructions to dress a departing hero in a robe that does not discolor until he arrives back at his home city. He is the intended recipient of a series of instructions directed at a wall in a reed hut. In his first appearance, this man wonders why \"stone things\" have been destroyed, and sees a man approach him by using punting poles to cross a sea of death. This man and his wife are assisted by Ea in persevering through an event brought on by Enlil's anger. His wife lays out a loaf of bread for each of the seven days that a hero spends sleeping. Later, this man informs that hero about an immortality-granting plant at the bottom of a pool. For 10 points, name this immortal flood survivor in the Epic of Gilgamesh.", "answer": "Utnapishtim [or Atrahasis; or Ziusudra; or Xisuthrus; or Sisithrus] ", "page": "Utnapishtim", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125709, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144691, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 217], [218, 375], [376, 477], [478, 567], [568, 662], [663, 737]], "first_sentence": "This man gives instructions to dress a departing hero in a robe that does not discolor until he arrives back at his home city.", "answer_prompt": "or Atrahasis; or Ziusudra; or Xisuthrus; or Sisithrus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 2004, this leader asked Elliot Morley to focus on suppressing illegal fishing of the Patagonian toothfish. This self-described \"dissident\" once claimed that if rural people were \"any other minority\" they would have been treated differently by the government. This supporter of the Cumbrian farmers and critic of the Chelsea Barracks development plan had some of his correspondence published after a Freedom of Information request by journalists at The Guardian. This author of the \"black spider\" memos became the first member of the British Royal Family to have a civil marriage after divorcing a woman who later began a relationship with Dodi Fayed. For 10 points, name this ex-husband of Princess Diana, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II.", "answer": "Charles, Prince of Wales", "page": "Charles,_Prince_of_Wales", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125708, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144692, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 261], [262, 464], [465, 653], [654, 746]], "first_sentence": "In 2004, this leader asked Elliot Morley to focus on suppressing illegal fishing of the Patagonian toothfish.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In February 2015, two women at Melbourne's Flemington Racecourse were hospitalized during a recreation of a festival involving these objects. Participants in a festival involving these items must first remove a piece of meat from a greased pole, which is the signal to begin throwing these items. The Socialist Party of the Nether- lands uses one of these objects in its logo. The Italian name for this plant is derived from the words for \"golden apple.\" A festival involving these plants is held every August in Bun\u0303ol, Spain, where they are thrown for fun. This plant is the main ingredient of pico de gallo and the soup base for gazpacho. For 10 points, name this red member of the nightshade family typically used in pizza sauce and ketchup.", "answer": "tomatoes [or Solanum lycopersicum]", "page": "Tomatoes", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125707, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144693, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 296], [297, 376], [377, 454], [455, 557], [558, 640], [641, 744]], "first_sentence": "In February 2015, two women at Melbourne's Flemington Racecourse were hospitalized during a recreation of a festival involving these objects.", "answer_prompt": "or Solanum lycopersicum", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During these conflicts, a British Auxiliary Legion led by Sir George de Lacy Evans assisted in lifting the siege of Bilbao. In one of these conflicts, 118 prisoners of war were shot by a firing squad at Heredia, an event that inspired the signing of the Lord Eliot Convention. During these wars, the aduaneros military force was founded by Tomas de Zumalacarregui. During the first of these wars, nearly 1,000 surrendering officers kept their ranks after Rafael Maroto and Baldomero Espartero signed the Convention of Vergara. These wars started after Ferdinand VII convinced the Cortes Generales to set aside Salic law and allow his daughter Isabella II to succeed him. For 10 points, name this series of civil wars in 19th century Spain named for the supporters of Ferdinand VII's brother.", "answer": "Carlist Wars [or First Carlist War]", "page": "Carlist_Wars", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125706, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144694, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 276], [277, 364], [365, 526], [527, 670], [671, 732], [733, 791]], "first_sentence": "During these conflicts, a British Auxiliary Legion led by Sir George de Lacy Evans assisted in lifting the siege of Bilbao.", "answer_prompt": "or First Carlist War", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While hiding in a tree, two characters created by this author watch a man dressed as a stag chop another person's finger off. In a novel by this author, a lame man is murdered and buried with a sprig of mistletoe by some workmen, allowing his wife Goody Pangall to pursue an affair with the master builder Roger Mason. In a novel by this author, Fa is swept down a waterfall on a log and Lok is unable to save a baby called the New One. This author wrote a novel about Dean Jocelin's renovation of a cathedral and a novel about a tribe of Neander- thals. In one of his novels, the corpse of a parachuter is mistaken for the Beast, and a conch shell and Piggy's glasses are symbols of order. For 10 points, name this author of The Spire, The Inheritors, and Lord of the Flies.", "answer": "William Golding [or William Gerald Golding]", "page": "William_Golding", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125705, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144695, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 318], [319, 436], [437, 554], [555, 690], [691, 775]], "first_sentence": "While hiding in a tree, two characters created by this author watch a man dressed as a stag chop another person's finger off.", "answer_prompt": "or William Gerald Golding", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country executed a schizophrenic Brazilian man who was unaware that he was about to be executed until the day it happened. This country's current vice president chastised neighbors for being ungrateful for eleven months of clean air and complaining about one month of haze. This country banned its citizens from working in the Middle East after two maids from here were executed in Saudi Arabia. In April 2015, Australian citizens Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were among seven people killed by firing squad in this coun- try. Prabowo Subianto rejected the results of this country's 2014 presidential election, which brought Joko Widodo to power. For 10 points, name this country that executed members of a drug-smuggling ring on Bali.", "answer": "Indonesia [or Republic of Indonesia]", "page": "Indonesia", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125704, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144696, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 278], [279, 400], [401, 534], [535, 654], [655, 743]], "first_sentence": "This country executed a schizophrenic Brazilian man who was unaware that he was about to be executed until the day it happened.", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Indonesia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A concerto for this instrument, titled The Harmonic Labyrinth, was published in a collection on The Art of this instrument, by Pietro Locatelli. A G minor sonata for this instrument begins with a Larghetto affettuoso in 12/8 time. Two of these instruments feature in Arcangelo Corelli's trio sonatas. A dream of Satan's virtuosic skill on this instrument inspired Giuseppe Tartini's Devil's Trill Sonata. This instrument plays the D minor chaconne that ends J.S. Bach's Partita No. 2 for it. A set of concertos for this instrument was paired with sonnets about harvests, thunderstorms, and chirping birds in spring. For 10 points, name this instrument for which Antonio Vivaldi wrote The Four Seasons.", "answer": "violins ", "page": "Violin", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125703, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144697, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 230], [231, 300], [301, 404], [405, 491], [492, 615], [616, 701]], "first_sentence": "A concerto for this instrument, titled The Harmonic Labyrinth, was published in a collection on The Art of this instrument, by Pietro Locatelli.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An anthropologist from this country described how enclaved commodities are hedged from pathway diver- sion in The Social Life of Things and noted the role of social imaginaries in globalization in Modernity at Large. A man from this country described how people convert endowments into entitlements in an analysis of mass starvation. The roles of moral, technical, and ceremonial customs in reinforcing social cohesion on an archi- pelago in this country were described by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. The creator of the capability approach, an economist from this country, wrote Poverty and Famines and Development as Freedom. A system from this country had thousands of divisions called jatis and four major ranks called varnas. For 10 points, name this home country of Arjun Appadurai and Amartya Sen, which had a noted caste system.", "answer": "India", "page": "India", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125702, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144698, "tokenizations": [[0, 216], [217, 333], [334, 496], [497, 622], [623, 725], [726, 831]], "first_sentence": "An anthropologist from this country described how enclaved commodities are hedged from pathway diver- sion in The Social Life of Things and noted the role of social imaginaries in globalization in Modernity at Large.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As this quantity increases, a plot of its counterpart gives serrated bands in the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. The gauge factor is the change in resistance, over resistance, divided by this quantity. Cold working results in the tangling of grain dislocations in this quantity's namesake \"hardening\". The time derivative of this quantity multiplied by viscosity equals the viscous force over area. The Poisson ratio is the negative ratio of it in the transverse and axial directions. The Cauchy, or engineering, definition of this quantity is the change in length over the original length. For 10 points, name this dimensionless quantity symbolized epsilon, which is often plotted against stress.", "answer": "engineering strain [or strain rate] ", "page": "Engineering_strain", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125701, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144699, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 200], [201, 300], [301, 397], [398, 483], [484, 589], [590, 696]], "first_sentence": "As this quantity increases, a plot of its counterpart gives serrated bands in the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.", "answer_prompt": "or strain rate", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem of this title describes a painting \"about the size of an old-style dollar bill\" executed by Uncle George, and was included in Geography III by Elizabeth Bishop. Another poem of this title describes a cat stepping down \"into the pit of the empty flowerpot.\" That poem was written by William Carlos Williams, who also wrote that \"it is difficult to get the news from\" these things, \"yet men die miserably every day for lack of what is found there.\" These things are compared to \"imaginary gardens with real toads in them\" in a poem by Mari- anne Moore. A rather stupid poem says that these things \"should be equal to: not true,\" and that they \"should not mean but be.\" For 10 points, name these artworks described by Archibald MacLeish's \"Ars Poetica.\"", "answer": "poems [prompt on poetry]", "page": "Poems", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125700, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144700, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 262], [262, 263], [264, 452], [452, 557], [558, 672], [672, 757]], "first_sentence": "A poem of this title describes a painting \"about the size of an old-style dollar bill\" executed by Uncle George, and was included in Geography III by Elizabeth Bishop.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on poetry", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The generating function for these numbers is x over quantity one minus x, cubed. Gauss's \"Eureka Theo- rem\" is about expressing numbers as sums of three of these numbers. The sum of the first n cubes is the square of one of these numbers. All even perfect numbers are this type of number that can be written as a function of a Mersenne prime. The number of edges in a complete graph is one of these numbers. By looking at a geometric representation of these numbers, one sees that the sum of two consecutive ones is a perfect square. Numbers of this form can be written as n plus 1 choose 2, or n times n plus 1 over 2. For 10 points, iden- tifythesenumberslike15,whichcanbewrittenas1+2+3+4+5.", "answer": "triangular numbers [or n plus 1 choose 2 or n times n plus 1 over 2 until they are read]", "page": "Triangular_Numbers", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125699, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144701, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 80], [81, 170], [171, 238], [239, 342], [343, 407], [408, 533], [534, 619], [620, 693]], "first_sentence": "The generating function for these numbers is x over quantity one minus", "answer_prompt": "or n plus 1 choose 2 or n times n plus 1 over 2 until they are read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "John Reekie's image of men gathering the remains of fellow soldiers during this period was partly titled A Burial Party and was included in a namesake Sketch Book produced during this conflict. View in wheatfield oppo- site our extreme left, \"Slaughter pen\" on left wing, and The Harvest of Death were created during this period by Timo- thy O'Sullivan after joining the studio of Alexander Gardner. George S. Cook took the first-ever combat photo during this conflict. Many of the images of this era were delegated out by Mathew Brady, whose photograph of the president during this conflict is used on the $5 bill. For 10 points, name this war memorialized in the pho- tography exhibition \"The Dead of Antietam\".", "answer": "American Civil War", "page": "American_Civil_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125696, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144704, "tokenizations": [[0, 193], [194, 399], [400, 469], [470, 615], [616, 713]], "first_sentence": "John Reekie's image of men gathering the remains of fellow soldiers during this period was partly titled A Burial Party and was included in a namesake Sketch Book produced during this conflict.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country's Fly River was affected by a large influx of mining waste from the Ok Tedi Mine near its west- ern border. The nut tree Canarium indicum was domesticated by this country's highland farmers, who were fa- mously studied by Jared Diamond. An English-derived creole known as Tok Pisin is the most widely spoken of over eight hundred languages spoken by this country's residents. Some of this country's residents have es- caped to the Torres Strait Islands, which are owned by a country to its south. This country shares an island with a province formerly known as Irian Jaya. For 10 points, name this Oceanic country whose capital, Port Moresby, was used in World War II as a base to protect nearby Australia.", "answer": "Papua New Guinea [or Independent State of Papua New Guinea] ", "page": "Papua_New_Guinea", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125695, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144705, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 249], [250, 388], [389, 509], [510, 585], [586, 719]], "first_sentence": "This country's Fly River was affected by a large influx of mining waste from the Ok Tedi Mine near its west- ern border.", "answer_prompt": "or Independent State of Papua New Guinea", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The DAG complex links the cytoskeleton to costameres to couple this multi-protein structure with the cell membrane. CapZ localizes to a region of this structure with the help of nebulin, which also serves as a \"molec- ular ruler.\" The poly-Ig chains and PEVK region motifs account for the differential elasticity of titin at various extensions of this structure, which may be represented on a force-length plot. At the center of this structure is a pale region named for the German word heller that contains the M-line. Intercalated discs are found at this structure's Z lines. It consists of thick and thin filaments that slide during contraction. For 10 points, name this basic myofibrillar structural unit of striated muscles that contains actin and myosin.", "answer": "sarcomeres [or Z line and Z disk until \"extensions\" is read; prompt on skeletal or cardiac muscle, myocytes, muscle cells, and cross-bridges; prompt on myofibrils, thin filaments, and thick filaments until they are read; do not accept \"sacromeres\"]", "page": "Sarcomere", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125693, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144707, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 229], [229, 230], [231, 411], [412, 519], [520, 577], [578, 648], [649, 760]], "first_sentence": "The DAG complex links the cytoskeleton to costameres to couple this multi-protein structure with the cell membrane.", "answer_prompt": "or Z line and Z disk until \"extensions\" is read; prompt on skeletal or cardiac muscle, myocytes, muscle cells, and cross-bridges; prompt on myofibrils, thin filaments, and thick filaments until they are read; do not accept \"sacromeres\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An orator of this ethnicity asked why he was the first in his family \"in a thousand generations to be able to get to university,\" in a speech plagiarized by Joe Biden. A man of this ethnicity claimed he appeased the BMA by \"[stuffing] their mouths with gold,\" and names a leftist faction of his party that opposed the Gaitskellites. A man with this ethnicity proposed high taxes on the rich in the 1909 \"People's Budget\" while he was Chancellor of the Exchequer. Labour luminaries of this ethnicity include Neil Kinnock and NHS godfather Nye Bevan, both of whom hailed from the coal-mining town of Tredegar. The only Prime Minister of this ethnicity repre- sented Britain at Versailles. For 10 points, give this ethnicity of David Lloyd George.", "answer": "Welsh people [or Cymry] ", "page": "Welsh_people", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125692, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144708, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 332], [333, 462], [463, 607], [608, 656], [657, 686], [687, 744]], "first_sentence": "An orator of this ethnicity asked why he was the first in his family \"in a thousand generations to be able to get to university,\" in a speech plagiarized by Joe Biden.", "answer_prompt": "or Cymry", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this play, a man claims that \"almost all the wise world is little else but parasites.\" Another character in this play is forced to wear donkey ears and paraded around the city. Earlier in this play, that character orders his wife to perform all things backwards after she throws her handkerchief at a man who sells a panacea while dis- guised as a mountebank named Scoto. In this play, Peregrine is thought to be a courtesan in disguise by the talkative Lady Politic Would-Be. This play centers on the attempts by Voltore, Corvino, and Corbaccio to win the inheritance of the title character, who pretends to be on his deathbed and is served by Mosca. For 10 points, name this play about a \"Sly Fox\" by Ben Jonson.", "answer": "Volpone", "page": "Volpone", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125691, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144709, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 179], [180, 338], [339, 374], [375, 469], [470, 479], [480, 654], [655, 717]], "first_sentence": "In this play, a man claims that \"almost all the wise world is little else but parasites.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem in this language ends by noting \"we shall have early fruit this year\" after describing the title \"Au- topsy.\" A poet who wrote in this language tried to captured the \"metaphysics of the sun\" in long poems like Worthy It Is. A poem in this language instructs the addressee to listen to the \"exquisite music of that strange procession\" outside his window. In a poem in this language, the speaker asks questions like, \"Why do the sena- tors sit there without legislating?\" A poet who used this language advised, \"pray that the road is long, full of adventure, full of knowledge,\" and wrote, \"They were, those people, a kind of solution,\" in his poem \"Waiting for the Barbarians.\" For 10 points, name this language used by Odysseas Elytis and by Constantine Cavafy.", "answer": "Greek [or Hellenica] ", "page": "Greek_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125690, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144710, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 216], [217, 230], [231, 360], [361, 476], [477, 682], [682, 768]], "first_sentence": "A poem in this language ends by noting \"we shall have early fruit this year\" after describing the title \"Au- topsy.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Hellenica", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man used the term \"signa beneplaciti\" to refer to the voluntary will of God, which he separated from the \"absolute uncaused will\" that cannot be countermanded. This man was attacked for his doctrine of the \"com- mon substance,\" which Joachim of Fiore said made a \"quaternity\" out of the trinity. This man, whose list of seven sacraments became authoritative, wrote a text in four books that discuss God, angels, Christ, and the sacraments. This man was put on trial at the Fourth Lateran Council but was vindicated, allowing his major text to become the standard textbook at the University of Paris. For 10 points, name this early twelfth century author of the Sentences.", "answer": "Peter Lombard", "page": "Peter_Lombard", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125689, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144711, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 300], [301, 444], [445, 604], [605, 676]], "first_sentence": "This man used the term \"signa beneplaciti\" to refer to the voluntary will of God, which he separated from the \"absolute uncaused will\" that cannot be countermanded.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The largest of these structures stretches half a mile and is located in the very remote Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada. The construction of these structures has devastated Tierra del Fuego, because local flora aren't amenable to coppicing, and has led to one of the largest fauna eradication programs in history. Secondary ex- amples of these structures can provide counterpressure to shore up their primary structure or protect food caches. These structures are often designed to protect a \"lodge\" that's used for shelter. They're the original ex- ample of allogenic ecosystem engineering and are anchored by poles and branches set up parallel to a body of water's current and pointing upstream. For 10 points, name these structures that are created on streams by a large aquatic rodent.", "answer": "beaver dams [or beaver ponds until it is read; prompt on dams]", "page": "Beaver_dams", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125688, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144712, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 318], [319, 447], [448, 529], [530, 554], [555, 702], [703, 794]], "first_sentence": "The largest of these structures stretches half a mile and is located in the very remote Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada.", "answer_prompt": "or beaver ponds until it is read; prompt on dams", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This attorney prosecuted Arthur Bowen, a young slave, for the attempted murder of his owner Anna Thornton in a trial that took place in the aftermath of a destructive race riot. Another person prosecuted by this man was a house-painter named Richard Lawrence, who arrived at the funeral of Warren Davis and tried to use two malfunctioning firearms to kill Andrew Jackson. While attempting to secure the release of Dr. Wil- liam Beanes, this man was detained aboard the HMS Tonnant, where he wrote a poem that mentions in its later stanzas \"the terror of flight\" and \"the gloom of the grave.\" For 10 points, name this author of \"The Defense of Fort M'Henry,\" which was set to music as \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\"", "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "page": "Francis_Scott_Key", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125687, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144713, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 371], [372, 591], [592, 711]], "first_sentence": "This attorney prosecuted Arthur Bowen, a young slave, for the attempted murder of his owner Anna Thornton in a trial that took place in the aftermath of a destructive race riot.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Brothers of people in this office often held military commands as the \"chief of the wine stewards\" or \"chief of the bodyguard\". These people led festival processions to Arinna and Nerik, the respective cult centers of the sun goddess and the storm god. These people convened assemblies called panku, and resided in the fortress of Buyukkale. A spate of murders of people in this office led one of them to codify rules of succession in the Edict of Telepinu. A holder of this office signed the world's oldest extant peace treaty with a southern neighbor after his army forded the Orontes River to defeat Ramesses II at Kadesh. For 10 points, give this royal position of men like Suppiluliuma I and Muwatalli II, who ruled an ancient Anatolian kingdom from Hattusa.", "answer": " kings of the Hittites [or kings of Hatti; or Labarna; or Tabarna] ", "page": "Kings_of_the_Hittites", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125686, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144714, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 252], [253, 341], [342, 457], [458, 625], [626, 763]], "first_sentence": "Brothers of people in this office often held military commands as the \"chief of the wine stewards\" or \"chief of the bodyguard\".", "answer_prompt": "or kings of Hatti; or Labarna; or Tabarna", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This ballet's title character and protagonist dance a pas de deux in a section titled for the \"Supplications\" of the title character. In this ballet, the ringing of a magic carillon signals the arrival of the antagonist in a section that follows a solo oboe-introduced rendition of \"In the Garden,\" a folk song taken from a Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov collection and known as the \"Khorovod.\" The antagonist of this ballet is lulled into an enchanted sleep in a solo bassoon-introduced lullaby. The \"Infernal Dance\" of this ballet depicts the enchantment of Kashchei by the title creature, who is summoned by a magic feather given to Ivan Tsarevitch. For 10 points, name this Igor Stravinsky ballet about a flying, flaming creature.", "answer": "The Firebird [or L'oiseau de feu; or Zhar-ptitsa]", "page": "The_Firebird", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125685, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144715, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 298], [299, 388], [389, 490], [491, 646], [647, 728]], "first_sentence": "This ballet's title character and protagonist dance a pas de deux in a section titled for the \"Supplications\" of the title character.", "answer_prompt": "or L'oiseau de feu; or Zhar-ptitsa", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Satterthwaite's estimator approximates a linear combination of random variables with this distribution. This distribution is equivalent to a gamma distribution with scale parameter two and shape parameter a multiple of one-half. This distribution appears in both the numerator and denominator of the F-distribution, and in the denominator of the t-distribution. If Z is a standard normal random variable, then Z squared has this distribution with one degree of freedom. If O is observed and E expected values, then the sum of O minus E quantity squared over E has this distribution. For 10 points, name this distribution that is typically used in hypothesis tests for independence and goodness-of-fit.", "answer": "chi-squared distribution", "page": "Chi-squared_distribution", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125684, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144716, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 228], [229, 361], [362, 469], [470, 533], [534, 582], [583, 701]], "first_sentence": "Satterthwaite's estimator approximates a linear combination of random variables with this distribution.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Some species of Cuscuta use a type of this process that assesses the low red/far red ratios transmitted by their prey, while other species exhibit a form responsive to VOCs. A type of this phenomenon is mediated by statoliths. Cholodny and Went modeled this process in coleoptiles, similar to an experiment by the Darwins. This phenomenon is contrasted with nastic movements. The touch-sensitive, or \"thigmo-\", type of this phenomenon occurs in tendrils. Some forms of this process involve asymmetric distribution of auxin, which inhibits cell expansion on the lower side of a root in a type sensitive to gravity. For 10 points, name this process in which plants directionally grow or turn in response to a stimulus such as light.", "answer": "tropism [or phototropism; or gravitropism; or chemotropism; or thigmotropism; prompt on directional growth until it is read]", "page": "TROPISM", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125683, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144717, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 226], [227, 322], [323, 375], [376, 454], [455, 613], [614, 730]], "first_sentence": "Some species of Cuscuta use a type of this process that assesses the low red/far red ratios transmitted by their prey, while other species exhibit a form responsive to VOCs.", "answer_prompt": "or phototropism; or gravitropism; or chemotropism; or thigmotropism; prompt on directional growth until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Jules Dupuit used an early version of this concept in deciding the tolls for bridges. John Hicks created alternatives to it after showing it does not take into account income effects. One of those alternatives considers the sum necessary to compensate someone after a price change. When utility is quasilinear, the compensating variation and equivalent variation are equal to this. Firms may use price discrimination to capture all of this quantity without creating deadweight loss. The gross type for a discrete good is the sum of the reservation prices for each good consumed, and the net type is generally the area between the price and the demand curve. For 10 points, name this difference between what people are willing to pay and the actual price.", "answer": "consumers' surplus [or consumers' welfare]", "page": "Consumers'_Surplus", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125682, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144718, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 183], [184, 281], [282, 381], [382, 482], [483, 657], [658, 754]], "first_sentence": "Jules Dupuit used an early version of this concept in deciding the tolls for bridges.", "answer_prompt": "or consumers' welfare", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this state, Detective Martin McFadden's \"stop and frisk\" of two suspects was ruled legal by the Supreme Court in 1968. Police officers in this state targeted an employee of racketeer Shon Birns who was running a \"California Gold\" numbers operation. This state prosecuted the manager of a movie theater for showing the French film The Lovers. In 1969, the Supreme Court struck down a law used here to convict the Ku Klux Klan leader Clarence Brandenburg, while a 1961 case ruled that this state could not use evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment in prosecutions. For 10 points, name this state, the site of the Mapp Supreme Court case.", "answer": "Ohio", "page": "Ohio", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125681, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144719, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 251], [252, 344], [345, 582], [583, 655]], "first_sentence": "In this state, Detective Martin McFadden's \"stop and frisk\" of two suspects was ruled legal by the Supreme Court in 1968.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel buys plaster statues of Venus and Apollo which she tells her landlady are statues of St. Peter and Mary Magdalene. In this novel, the protagonist and his wife separate shortly after he botches a pig-killing, and soon after separating, his wife leaves for Australia. When a boy's stepmother tells him she is going to have another child in this novel, the boy rebukes her and hangs himself and two siblings the next day. This novel's protagonist takes up masonry in order to live near the university in Christminster. In this novel, the schoolmaster Richard Phillotson loses his position after allowing his wife, Sue Bridehead, to leave him and live with the title character. For 10 points, name this final novel by Thomas Hardy.", "answer": "Jude the Obscure", "page": "Jude_the_Obscure", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125680, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144720, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 291], [292, 444], [445, 541], [542, 699], [700, 753]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel buys plaster statues of Venus and Apollo which she tells her landlady are statues of St. Peter and Mary Magdalene.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character has a recurring dream in which she walks through a forest being followed by someone whom she cannot see. This character loses three pennies after performing a somersault underwater, then also loses her dress to Tia. Incestuous overtones are presented when she lovingly remembers her last kiss with Cousin Sandi. This character requests the creation of an obeah love potion from Christophene. She has a brother named Richard whom she attacks with a knife when he visits and does not recognize her. That incident occurs while this character is kept in an attic under the watch of Grace Poole. For 10 points, name the protagonist of Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea, the first wife of Mr. Rochester who burns down Thornfield Hall in Jane Eyre.", "answer": "Bertha Mason [or Bertha Mason; or Antoinette Cosway; or Antoinette Cosway]", "page": "Bertha_Mason", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125679, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144721, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 230], [231, 326], [327, 406], [407, 511], [512, 605], [606, 752]], "first_sentence": "This character has a recurring dream in which she walks through a forest being followed by someone whom she cannot see.", "answer_prompt": "or Bertha Mason; or Antoinette Cosway; or Antoinette Cosway", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A giant peacock appears at the center of a collaboration between Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi depicting this scene. A painting of this scene in the International Gothic style, is the most famous artwork by Gentile da Fabriano. A predominantly yellow and blue painting of this name includes a palm tree in the center and was left unfinished by Leonardo da Vinci. In a painting featuring this scene, Botticelli places himself at the very right wearing an orange robe, while members of the Medici are substituted in for the title characters. These paintings typically depict foreign visitors arriving on horses and camels. For 10 points, name this Biblical scene in which kings offer gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the infant Jesus.", "answer": "Adoration of the Magi [prompt on Adoration; prompt on Nativity]", "page": "Adoration_of_the_Magi", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125678, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144722, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 228], [229, 363], [364, 540], [541, 621], [622, 733]], "first_sentence": "A giant peacock appears at the center of a collaboration between Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi depicting this scene.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Adoration; prompt on Nativity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During the reign of this pope, Marcantonio Pacelli began publishing The Roman Observer, which reports on the daily activities of the Holy See. This man adopted a six-year-old Jewish boy named Edgardo Mortara on the grounds that a Jewish family should not be allowed to care for a baptized child. This pope issued the encyclical Quanta Cura at the same time as he released a document condemning eighty propositions, the Syllabus of Errors. This pope issued the dogma of the Immaculate Conception at the First Vatican Council, which he convened. For 10 points, name this longest-reigning pope in history who decreed the dogma of papal infallibility.", "answer": "Pius IX [or Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti; prompt on Pius]", "page": "Pius_IX", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125677, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144723, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 295], [296, 438], [439, 543], [544, 647]], "first_sentence": "During the reign of this pope, Marcantonio Pacelli began publishing The Roman Observer, which reports on the daily activities of the Holy See.", "answer_prompt": "or Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti; prompt on Pius", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An epic poem called the \"song\" of this war was written in part by William of Tudela. One of the issues that led to this war was the consolamentum, a practice by which people could become \"Perfects.\" After joining this war, Peter II of Aragon was killed at the Battle of Muret. During a siege in this war, a stone thrown from a mangonel killed the elder Simon de Montfort. During this war, Arnaud Amalric gave the command \"Kill them all, for the Lord knows those that are His own\" during the sack of Beziers. This war was sparked by the murder of papal legate Pierre de Castelnau, who was sent by Innocent III to investigate Raymond, the Count of Toulouse's allowance of a group in the Languedoc region. For 10 points, name this crusade which targeted the heretical Cathars in Southern France.", "answer": "Albigensian Crusade [or Cathar Crusade until \"Cathars\" is read]", "page": "Albigensian_Crusade", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125675, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144725, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 198], [199, 276], [277, 371], [372, 507], [508, 702], [703, 792]], "first_sentence": "An epic poem called the \"song\" of this war was written in part by William of Tudela.", "answer_prompt": "or Cathar Crusade until \"Cathars\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An simple-to-use small signal model for these elements is the piecewise linear model. Although it is normally treated as equal to one, the exponential term in an equation for these elements has an emission coefficient or ideality factor multiplying the thermal voltage. Smoothing capacitors are most commonly used by inserting them in parallel with one of these elements in a half-wave rectifier. These nonlinear elements have a \"knee\" point in their I-V curves at around 0.7 volts, beyond which the current rapidly increases to infinity. These elements are represented as a sideways triangle with a vertical line at its tip. For 10 points, name these circuit elements that permit current flow in only one direction.", "answer": "silicon p-n diodes [prompt on p-n junctions]", "page": "P\u2013n_diode", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125674, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144726, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 269], [270, 396], [397, 538], [539, 625], [626, 716]], "first_sentence": "An simple-to-use small signal model for these elements is the piecewise linear model.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on p-n junctions", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer's last three string quartets all feature a prominent cello part intended to be played by the king to which they were dedicated. This composer used a melancholy slow introduction to open the final movement of his G minor String Quintet No. 4. A quintet by this composer ends with an \"Allegretto con variazioni\" in A major. He called for eight woodwinds, four horns, and a double bass in his seven-movement Gran Partita. This composer's six string quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn include the Dissonance, and he wrote both a clarinet quintet and a clarinet concerto for his friend Anton Stadler. This composer's Piano Sonata No. 11 ends with a \"Rondo alla turca.\" For 10 points, name this composer of Eine Kleine Nachtmusik.", "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "page": "Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125673, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144727, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 255], [256, 335], [336, 432], [433, 609], [610, 676], [676, 738]], "first_sentence": "This composer's last three string quartets all feature a prominent cello part intended to be played by the king to which they were dedicated.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, a man opens his window at Penge and yells, \"Come!\" to the night. In the \"Terminal Note\" to that novel by this man, he claimed that \"what the public really loathes\" about a certain activity is \"not the thing itself but having to think about it.\" The title character of one of his novels is instructed in sexual matters by Mr. Ducie, but later falls in love with Clive Durham and Alec Scudder. At the end of another of his novels, the sky says \"not yet\" to the question of interracial friendship, after a trial caused by Ronald Heaslop's fiancee. This author of Maurice wrote a novel in which Adela Quested accuses Dr. Aziz of trying to rape her. For 10 points, name this British author of A Passage to India.", "answer": "E. M. Forster [or Edward Morgan Forster] ", "page": "E._M._Forster", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125672, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144728, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 91], [92, 271], [272, 418], [419, 571], [572, 671], [672, 734]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, a man opens his window at Penge and yells, \"Come!\"", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Morgan Forster", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man with this surname won acclaim for his literature classes at Cornell while writing Shakespeare's Politics but left the U.S. for several years after Cornell gave in to student demands to teach \"relevant\" books. That man with this surname argued that the West is not \"just another culture\" in a book with a forty-page chapter on the place of contemporary rock music in history, that identifies \"the search for the good life\" as \"the real motive of education\" and denounces relativism. That man with this surname wrote The Closing of the American Mind, which shares some themes with a book by another man of this surname, The Western Canon. For 10 points, give this common surname of two literary critics, Chicago-based Allan and longtime Yale Shakespeare theorist Harold.", "answer": "Bloom [or Allan David Bloom; or Harold Bloom] ", "page": "Allan_David_Bloom", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125671, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144729, "tokenizations": [[0, 214], [215, 487], [488, 642], [643, 774]], "first_sentence": "A man with this surname won acclaim for his literature classes at Cornell while writing Shakespeare's Politics but left the U.S. for several years after Cornell gave in to student demands to teach \"relevant\" books.", "answer_prompt": "or Allan David Bloom; or Harold Bloom", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Comparing the rest-frame magnitude of objects with different values of this quantity is possible using K- correction. One can identify objects with a high value for this quantity by recognizing that photons with wavelength less than 1216 angstroms are absorbed by the IGM, which gives rise to the Lyman-break method. Astronomical surveys that measured this quantity include 2dF and DEEP2. The linear version of Hubble's law, where radial velocity equals the Hubble constant times distance, only applies to objects whose value for this quantity is much less than 1. This numerical quantity indicates how distant and old an object is. For 10 points, name this numerical representation of how much an object's spectrum has been shifted to longer wavelengths.", "answer": "redshift [or z]", "page": "Redshift", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125670, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144730, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 222], [223, 316], [317, 388], [389, 564], [565, 632], [633, 755]], "first_sentence": "Comparing the rest-frame magnitude of objects with different values of this quantity is possible using K- correction.", "answer_prompt": "or z", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author created a character who stares at a picture of his father's first wife Deborah before ascending a hill in Central Park and imagining that Broadway symbolizes his life to come. In a story by this man, a postcard from Greece informs the narrator that his jazz-playing brother is still alive, though his brother's heroin usage has estranged them. A boy reflects on having \"sinned his hand,\" or masturbated, in a novel by this man in which that boy has a spiritual awakening at the Temple of the Fire Baptized. In that novel by this man, Gabriel is revealed not to be the true father of the protagonist, John Grimes. For 10 points, name this African- American author who wrote \"Sonny's Blues\" and Go Tell It on the Mountain.", "answer": "James Baldwin [James Arthur Baldwin]", "page": "James_Baldwin", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125669, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144731, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 355], [356, 518], [519, 624], [625, 732]], "first_sentence": "This author created a character who stares at a picture of his father's first wife Deborah before ascending a hill in Central Park and imagining that Broadway symbolizes his life to come.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "William Charles made a political cartoon satirizing this event in which Timothy Pickering is depicted kneeling on a beach while above him several men stand on the edge of a cliff. Participants in this event, including the \"blue lights,\" opposed allowing naturalized citizens the opportunity of holding public office in the United States. Further regulations endorsed by this meeting would have prohibited consecutive presidents from being from the same state and limited the office of president to one term. Presided over by George Cabot, this meeting was rendered completely irrelevant once news arrived of Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans. For 10 points, name this meeting convened by radical Federalists during the War of 1812 with the purpose of amending the Constitution.", "answer": "Hartford Convention", "page": "Hartford_Convention", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125668, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144732, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 337], [338, 507], [508, 648], [649, 783]], "first_sentence": "William Charles made a political cartoon satirizing this event in which Timothy Pickering is depicted kneeling on a beach while above him several men stand on the edge of a cliff.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An incumbent's inclination not to debate in this election led to the zinger that he was \"cowering behind\" his office \"sofa.\" In the lead-up to this election, a party leader presented his views in the book The Purple Revolution, which was serialized in the press. After this election, Nigel Farage remarked that \"the first-past-the-post system is bankrupt,\" and both Ed Miliband and Nick Clegg resigned as party leaders in the wake of massive defeats. This election led to the Scottish National Party becoming the third largest party in the Commons. For 10 points, name this recent election which resulted in the re-election of David Cameron.", "answer": " 2015 general election in the United Kingdom [prompt on 2015 general election in England; prompt on 2015 general election in Scotland; prompt on 2015 general election in Wales; prompt on 2015 general election in Northern Ireland]", "page": "2015_United_Kingdom_general_election", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125667, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144733, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [123, 124], [125, 262], [263, 450], [451, 548], [549, 641]], "first_sentence": "An incumbent's inclination not to debate in this election led to the zinger that he was \"cowering behind\" his office \"sofa.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on 2015 general election in England; prompt on 2015 general election in Scotland; prompt on 2015 general election in Wales; prompt on 2015 general election in Northern Ireland", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In late 2013, this city introduced two robots built by Therese Izay (teh-REEZ ee-ZAY) in an attempt to control its traffic problem. A 2014 report by the University of Oxford concluded that this city was the origin of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This city, which is connected by rail to the port of Matadi (mah-TAH-dee), replaced Boma as a colonial capital. After Paris, this is the second most populous French-speaking city in the world. This city, the site of the \"Rumble in the Jungle\" boxing match, had its name changed from Leopoldville by Mobutu Sese Seko. It lies across the Malebo Pool from Brazzaville. For 10 points, name this capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "answer": "Kinshasa", "page": "Kinshasa", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125666, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144734, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 239], [240, 351], [352, 432], [433, 556], [557, 605], [606, 679]], "first_sentence": "In late 2013, this city introduced two robots built by Therese Izay (teh-REEZ ee-ZAY) in an attempt to control its traffic problem.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A piece by this musician begins with the pianist's right hand playing the following eighth notes: a descending \"A, F\" three times, then an ascending \"E, F, G.\" He wrote a track that ends with the pianist playing the \"shave and a haircut\" motif twice, and begins with musicians clapping in 7/4 time. This composer of \"Unsquare Dance\" wrote a piece whose opening groups beats into units of 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 to create a 9/8 time rhythm. The third track from an album by this musician's band features a prominent Joe Morello drum solo in its middle section and was written by alto saxophonist Paul Desmond using 5/4 time. For 10 points, name this jazz musician whose namesake quartet included \"Blue Rondo a\u0300 la Turk\" and \"Take Five\" in the album Time Out.", "answer": "Dave Brubeck [or David Warren Brubeck]", "page": "Dave_Brubeck", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125665, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144735, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 298], [299, 430], [431, 614], [615, 747]], "first_sentence": "A piece by this musician begins with the pianist's right hand playing the following eighth notes: a descending \"A, F\" three times, then an ascending \"E, F, G.\"", "answer_prompt": "or David Warren Brubeck", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this book, the author argues that \"we learn to prefer imperfect theories...to digested systems which have no one valuable suggestion\" after illustrating a point by quoting some stanzas from George Herbert's \"Man.\" This essay's author defines the Imagination as \"the use which the Reason makes of the material world\" in its ambivalent chapter on \"Idealism.\" The title concept is identified as \"the symbol of spirit\" in the third proposition explored in this book's chapter on \"Language.\" This essay's author declares, \"I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me,\" in a passage about becoming a \"transparent eyeball\" while immersed in the title entity. For 10 points, name this first book by Ralph Waldo Emerson.", "answer": "Nature", "page": "Nature", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125664, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144736, "tokenizations": [[0, 216], [217, 358], [358, 359], [360, 489], [490, 692], [693, 752]], "first_sentence": "In this book, the author argues that \"we learn to prefer imperfect theories...to digested systems which have no one valuable suggestion\" after illustrating a point by quoting some stanzas from George Herbert's \"Man.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A temple in Penang uses incense to hold its population of these animals. The twenty-third tirthankara, Parshvanatha, escapes a storm because he saved one of these creatures as a young man. Along with a pig and a bird, this animal appears in Buddhist images of the \"three poisons.\" In Voodoo, the creator Loa, Damballa, has the body of one of these animals. In Hinduism, young Krishna deals with one of them named Kaliya. In the Book of Mark, Jesus says that his apostles will be known by their ability to handle these animals, inspiring the practice of handling them in Pentecostal churches. For 10 points, name this type of animal that tempts Eve in the Garden of Eden.", "answer": "snake [or serpent; or naga]", "page": "Snake", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125663, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144737, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 188], [189, 280], [281, 356], [357, 420], [421, 591], [592, 670]], "first_sentence": "A temple in Penang uses incense to hold its population of these animals.", "answer_prompt": "or serpent; or naga", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This politician split with Prescott Bush after this man married the divorcee \"Happy\" Murphy, an action that cost him a crucial California primary. In 1976, he was photographed at the Broome County Airport extending his middle finger to protesters. This man died in the company of aide and possible mistress Megan Marshack. He was heckled at the 1964 Republican National Convention, as Goldwater supporters regarded him as the leader of the \"Eastern Establishment\" liberal wing of the party. As Governor, this man dealt with the Attica Prison riot. For 10 points, name this Governor of New York during all of the 1960's and Vice-President under Gerald Ford.", "answer": "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller", "page": "Nelson_Aldrich_Rockefeller", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125662, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144738, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 247], [248, 322], [323, 490], [491, 547], [548, 656]], "first_sentence": "This politician split with Prescott Bush after this man married the divorcee \"Happy\" Murphy, an action that cost him a crucial California primary.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Generalized forces computed as the square of time derivatives in Lagrangian mechanics are named for this other force. The m term in Clairaut's formula is the ratio of this force to gravity. Most industrial pumps pressurize fluids by means of this force. The first Lagrange point is balanced by gravity and this force. Its magnitude equals mass times angular velocity cross angular velocity cross radius. It is experienced by an observer on Earth due to distant stars in a common statement of the Mach principle. The effect of artificial gravity is really governed by this force. It arises in rotating reference frames only, perpendicular to the angular velocity. For 10 points, name this fictitious, outward-directed force oriented opposite the centripetal force.", "answer": "centrifugal force [do not accept \"centripetal force\"] ", "page": "Centrifugal_Force", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125661, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144739, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 189], [190, 253], [254, 317], [318, 403], [404, 511], [512, 578], [579, 662], [663, 763]], "first_sentence": "Generalized forces computed as the square of time derivatives in Lagrangian mechanics are named for this other force.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept \"centripetal force\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this play's opening, two cousins discuss the dispensation they need from a bishop in order to marry. This play's second act opens with four girls walking in on the main character and offering him eggs, butter, a boiled chicken, and a piece of cake. In this play, an offstage mule race which the protagonist wins is narrated by Jimmy and the Widow Quinn. At the end of this play, a mob puts a noose around the title character's neck, but he is saved by his father, whom he had claimed to have clubbed to death. Part of this play was performed in dumbshow during its premier at the Abbey Theater after crowds rioted in protest of its portrayal of peasants. For 10 points, Pegeen calls Christy Mahon the title phrase in what play by J. M. Synge?", "answer": "The Playboy of the Western World", "page": "The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125660, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144740, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 251], [252, 356], [357, 512], [513, 657], [658, 745]], "first_sentence": "In this play's opening, two cousins discuss the dispensation they need from a bishop in order to marry.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Modules are distinguished from vector spaces because their scalar coefficients come from one of these structures. If a certain type of descending chain in one of these things terminates, then it is referred to as Artinian. If one of these things is a PID, then all ideals are generated by only one element. The set of polynomials with real coefficients is referred to as one of these things, because the product and sum of two polynomials is itself a polynomial. Real square matrices of a given dimension form a non-commutative example of these things. For 10 points, identify these algebraic structures, of which the integers are an example, which have addition and multiplication but do not require multiplicative inverses.", "answer": "commutative rings [anti-prompt on integral domain, unique factorization domain, UFD, principal ideal domain, PID, or Euclidean domain; do not accept or prompt on \"field\"] ", "page": "Euclidean_domain", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125659, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144741, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 222], [223, 306], [307, 462], [463, 552], [553, 725]], "first_sentence": "Modules are distinguished from vector spaces because their scalar coefficients come from one of these structures.", "answer_prompt": "anti-prompt on integral domain, unique factorization domain, UFD, principal ideal domain, PID, or Euclidean domain; do not accept or prompt on \"field\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Soldiers during this war sang the marching song \"Little Black Face.\" A man known as the \"Eagle of Harlem,\" Hubert Julian, headed an air force composed of three planes during this war. The occupation begun during this war was later opposed by the Gideon Force. This war was sparked by the shooting of several askaris during the construction of a fort in the Wal-Wal incident. One side of this war was secretly offered two thirds of another country in exchange for peace in the Hoare-Laval Pact. Mustard gas was used during this war by General Pietro Badoglio. The aggressor in this war sought to reverse the humiliating Treaty of Wuchale, which was signed decades earlier after its loss at the Battle of Adowa to Menelik II. For 10 points, name this conflict in which an African country under Haile Selassie was invaded by Benito Mussolini.", "answer": "Italian invasion of Ethiopia [or Second Italo-Ethiopian War; or obvious equivalents; accept Abyssinia for Ethiopia; prompt on partial answers] ", "page": "Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125658, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144742, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 183], [184, 259], [260, 374], [375, 493], [494, 558], [559, 723], [724, 839]], "first_sentence": "Soldiers during this war sang the marching song \"Little Black Face.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Second Italo-Ethiopian War; or obvious equivalents; accept Abyssinia for Ethiopia; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The attribution of this painting in the British Royal Collection was corrected by Theophile Thore, who nearly singlehandedly reintroduced its artist. Inspired by David Hockney's camera obscura thesis, Tim Jenison attempted to duplicate this painting in a 2013 film. The brightest object on the right side of this painting is a white porcelain pitcher on an elaborately draped table. The downward-slanted mirror in this painting reflects the tiled marble floor as well as a young girl in yellow, who is being supervised by a man carrying a stick. A tenor viol lies unused on the floor of this painting, whose title event takes place at the virginal. For 10 points, name this painting by Vermeer depicting a girl learning an instrument.", "answer": "The Music Lesson", "page": "The_Music_Lesson", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125657, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144743, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 265], [266, 382], [383, 545], [546, 648], [649, 734]], "first_sentence": "The attribution of this painting in the British Royal Collection was corrected by Theophile Thore, who nearly singlehandedly reintroduced its artist.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Three brothers that steal these objects escape from lightning-throwing ospreys by transforming into swans. The retrieval of these items is the first task that Lugh (LOO) assigns to the sons of Tuireann (TOOR-an). While cooking an ox over a fire, a god that angrily strikes an eagle with a stake is lifted into the air until he agrees to summon a keeper of these objects. A guardian of them is transformed into a nut and kidnapped while Thjazi (thee-AH-zee) is away. Absence of these items causes the Aesir to grow old until the return of their keeper, Idunn. Heracles takes the place of Atlas in holding up the heavens to obtain these objects for his eleventh labor. For 10 points, name this precious fruit grown in the Garden of the Hesperides.", "answer": "golden apples [or apples of the Hesperides until \"Hesperides\" is read; prompt on fruits until \"fruit\" is read; prompt on apples] ", "page": "Golden_apple", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125656, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144744, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 212], [213, 370], [371, 465], [466, 558], [559, 666], [667, 745]], "first_sentence": "Three brothers that steal these objects escape from lightning-throwing ospreys by transforming into swans.", "answer_prompt": "or apples of the Hesperides until \"Hesperides\" is read; prompt on fruits until \"fruit\" is read; prompt on apples", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One song by this musician contains the lyric \"the moon has met the sun,\" metaphorically describing love between races. That track, \"Eclipse,\" was released on \"Pre-Bird,\" later retitled to this musician \"Revisited.\" In New York, this musician cultivated a rotating ensemble called the Jazz Workshop. A stirring guitar solo strikes halfway through \"Track C - Group Dancers\" on one of his albums, which is reprised in \"Mode E - Single Solos and Group Dance.\" This musician, who released the albums The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady and Pithecanthropus Erectus, also composed the song \"Fables of Faubus\" on an album titled himself \"Ah Um.\" For 10 points, name this jazz double bassist who wrote the song \"Goodbye Pork Pie Hat.\"", "answer": "Charles Mingus [or Charles Mingus Jr.]", "page": "Charles_Mingus", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125655, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144745, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 214], [215, 298], [299, 455], [456, 637], [638, 725]], "first_sentence": "One song by this musician contains the lyric \"the moon has met the sun,\" metaphorically describing love between races.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles Mingus Jr.", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For a flat universe, this quantity results in a late contribution to the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. Evidence for this quantity was provided by type Ia (one a) supernova with redshifts less than one that were fainter than expected while those at redshifts greater than one were brighter than expected. The value of this quantity predicted by quantum field theory is an unimaginable 120 orders of magnitude larger than the observed value. The standard model of cosmology is named for this quantity and cold dark matter. It was proposed as a fudge factor to allow a static solution for the equations of general relativity. It's the homogeneous energy density of space causing the acceleration of the universe's expansion, making it the best candidate for dark energy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized lambda that Albert Einstein called his \"greatest blunder\".", "answer": "cosmological constant [or lambda until it is read; or dark energy or vacuum energy until \"homogeneous energy\" is read]", "page": "Cosmological_constant", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125654, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144746, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 304], [305, 440], [441, 521], [522, 623], [624, 768], [769, 872]], "first_sentence": "For a flat universe, this quantity results in a late contribution to the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect.", "answer_prompt": "or lambda until it is read; or dark energy or vacuum energy until \"homogeneous energy\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After this character asks his father if dying is hard, his father replies, \"I think it's pretty easy,\" and the narrator notes that this character \"felt quite sure that he would never die.\" This character finds and releases a black grasshopper before contemplating whether he should fish in the deeper waters of a swamp. As a boy, he watches his father use a jack-knife to perform a Caesarean section on a woman whose husband cuts his own throat with a razor. In another appearance, this character warns a Swedish prizefighter named Ole Andreson about the title pair of hit men looking for him. For 10 points, name this recurring character who appears in \"Indian Camp,\" \"Big Two-Hearted River,\" \"The Killers,\" and other stories by Ernest Hemingway.", "answer": "Nick Adams [or Nick Adams]", "page": "Nick_Adams", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125653, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144747, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [187, 188], [189, 319], [320, 458], [459, 593], [594, 747]], "first_sentence": "After this character asks his father if dying is hard, his father replies, \"I think it's pretty easy,\" and the narrator notes that this character \"felt quite sure that he would never die.", "answer_prompt": "or Nick Adams", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A.R. Luria's empirical studies of modularity inspired the PASS theory of this concept, and John Carroll lent his three-stratum theory of it to a later collaboration with two other psychologists. This concept is actually eight different, mostly independent ones, according to Howard Gardner. Raven's Progressive Matrices are often used in tests for Charles Spearman's \"g-factor\" on this concept. This phenomenon is constantly increasing according to the Flynn effect. External forces that influence this quality were discussed in the book The Bell Curve. A Stanford-Binet test commonly measures this quality. For 10 points, identify this quality that is measured as a \"quotient.\"", "answer": "intelligence [or IQ or intelligence quotient until \"quotient\" is read]", "page": "Intelligence", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125652, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144748, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 290], [291, 394], [395, 466], [467, 553], [554, 607], [608, 678]], "first_sentence": "A.R. Luria's empirical studies of modularity inspired the PASS theory of this concept, and John Carroll lent his three-stratum theory of it to a later collaboration with two other psychologists.", "answer_prompt": "or IQ or intelligence quotient until \"quotient\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Tobacco etch virus protease uses this amino acid as its catalytic nucleophile and has high homology to its serine protease PA clan-mates. Four residues of this amino acid are found in the binding center of HiPIPs. SECIS elements redefine UGA codons to translate a non-standard analogue of this amino acid. Residues of this amino acid may be isomerized by PDI. Ubiquinol is bound by Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase via the two histidines and two of this amino acid found in its Rieske center. With glutamate and glycine, this amino acid forms glutathione. It coordinates with 2Fe-2S clusters in iron-sulfur proteins using its thiol group. For 10 points, name this amino acid that is distinguished from methionine by its ability to form disulfide bonds.", "answer": "cysteine [or cys; or C] ", "page": "Cysteine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125651, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144749, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 213], [214, 305], [306, 359], [360, 489], [490, 552], [553, 635], [636, 749]], "first_sentence": "Tobacco etch virus protease uses this amino acid as its catalytic nucleophile and has high homology to its serine protease PA clan-mates.", "answer_prompt": "or cys; or C", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A Christy Moore song about Irish volunteers who fought in this war was inspired by a 1979 book by Michael O'Riordan. Just before the start of this conflict, outrage followed the summary execution of anyone who owned a gun in the town of Casas Viejas. The losing side of this war surrendered after Juan Negrim's government failed to recapture Tereul. International supporters of one side during this conflict fought in units named for James Connolly and Abraham Lincoln as part of the International Brigades. During this war, the German Condor Legion bombed the Basque town of Guernica. For 10 points, name this war where the Nationalist forces of Francisco Franco defeated the Second Republic of an Iberian nation.", "answer": "Spanish Civil War [or Guerra civil espanola]", "page": "Spanish_Civil_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125650, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144750, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 250], [251, 349], [350, 507], [508, 585], [586, 714]], "first_sentence": "A Christy Moore song about Irish volunteers who fought in this war was inspired by a 1979 book by Michael O'Riordan.", "answer_prompt": "or Guerra civil espanola", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first brewery in the United States founded by a female is found in this state's town of New Glarus, which still retains many elements of its Swiss heritage. The \"Ruby Slipper\" was invented by a farmer in this state for its cranberry industry, the largest in the United States. A cooking method known as \"fish boiling\" is prevalent on this state's eastern Door Peninsula. Pabst and Miller were both founded in this state's largest city. A clerk for a meat-packing company, Curly Lambeau, names a football stadium in this state. For 10 points, name this state known for its heavy production of cheese.", "answer": "Wisconsin", "page": "Wisconsin", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125649, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144751, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 280], [281, 374], [375, 439], [440, 530], [531, 603]], "first_sentence": "The first brewery in the United States founded by a female is found in this state's town of New Glarus, which still retains many elements of its Swiss heritage.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two operations codenamed \"Provide Comfort\" sought to defend people of this ethnicity. The Soviet- sponsored Republic of Mahabad was a short-lived state for people of this ethnicity. Some people of this ethnicity practice a syncretic religion that worships the Peacock Angel, Melek Taus. Political leaders from this ethnicity include Mustafa and Masoud Barzani. A rebel group that supports a state for these people is the PKK. These people were massacred with chemical weapons at Halabja by the regime of Saddam Hussein. People of this ethnicity formed the peshmerga army, which still fights ISIS forces at cities such as Kirkuk. For 10 points, name this oft-oppressed ethnic group that lives in eastern Turkey and northern Iraq.", "answer": "Kurds [or Kurdish; anti-prompt on Yazidis]", "page": "Kurds", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125648, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144752, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 181], [182, 286], [287, 360], [361, 425], [426, 519], [520, 628], [629, 728]], "first_sentence": "Two operations codenamed \"Provide Comfort\" sought to defend people of this ethnicity.", "answer_prompt": "or Kurdish; anti-prompt on Yazidis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this composer's symphonies ends with a rondo that quotes the song \"In Praise of Lofty Intellect\" and includes a second movement to be played \"with greatest vehemence.\" This composer's second symphony includes an alto setting of the song \"Primeval Light.\" A trumpet solo in C-sharp minor introduces the funeral march first movement of his fifth symphony, which includes a frequently excerpted Adagietto. His eighth symphony sets the final scene of Faust, Part II and the hymn \"Veni, Creator Spiritus,\" and is nicknamed for the very large orchestra needed to perform it. For 10 points, name this composer of the Resurrection Symphony and the Symphony of a Thousand.", "answer": "Gustav Mahler", "page": "Gustav_Mahler", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125647, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144753, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 261], [262, 409], [410, 575], [576, 670]], "first_sentence": "One of this composer's symphonies ends with a rondo that quotes the song \"In Praise of Lofty Intellect\" and includes a second movement to be played \"with greatest vehemence.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A story by this man ends with its dying protagonist experiencing a vision of running deer. In that story by him, a doctor looks out the bars of a window, seeing only a bone-charring factory and a prison, and tries to escape the title place, but is beaten by his caretaker and has a stroke. A debt-stricken man plans to kill the resident of his garden house near the end of a story by this man, whose experience as a physician informed his story about a mental asylum entitled \"Ward No. 6.\" This author wrote about a lawyer who agrees to receive two million rubles after 15 years of isolated confinement in one story, and about Dmitri Gurov's affair with Anna Sergeyevna in Yalta in another. For 10 points, name this Russian author of \"The Bet\" and \"The Lady with a Dog.\"", "answer": "Anton Chekhov [or Anton Pavlovich Chekhov] ", "page": "Anton_Chekhov", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125646, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144754, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 289], [290, 488], [488, 489], [490, 690], [691, 770]], "first_sentence": "A story by this man ends with its dying protagonist experiencing a vision of running deer.", "answer_prompt": "or Anton Pavlovich Chekhov", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Platonic dialogue concerning this concept includes the anatomically-bizarre image of a \"wind egg\" deflating upon a failed childbirth after Socrates compares himself to a midwife for ideas. Plato's working definition of this idea is cited as a precursor to those of A.J. Ayer and Roderick Chisholm, as rebutted in a three-page 1963 paper. The idea that this concept is equivalent to \"perception\" is rejected in Plato's Theaetetus, which later tries to define it as \"belief with an account\" and \"true belief with an account.\" For 10 points, name this mental ability questioned in the only notable paper of Edmund Gettier, whose definition as \"justified true belief\" is mostly rejected by a subfield of philosophy that studies it called epistemology.", "answer": "knowledge [or episteme; accept justified true belief before \"perception\"]", "page": "Knowledge", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125645, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144755, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 339], [340, 524], [524, 749]], "first_sentence": "A Platonic dialogue concerning this concept includes the anatomically-bizarre image of a \"wind egg\" deflating upon a failed childbirth after Socrates compares himself to a midwife for ideas.", "answer_prompt": "or episteme; accept justified true belief before \"perception\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "n a novel by this writer, a woman describes folk songs as being \"the leitmotiv of her existence.\" In that novel written by this author, the protagonist realizes that the woman shaving his face is an old acquaintance named Lucie Sebetka. This author described the slow death of a dog from cancer in the final section of a novel in which a man compares the Communist Party to Oedipus. The statement \"Optimism is the opium of the people\" is written on a postcard to Marketa in a novel by this author primarily narrated by Ludvik. In this author's best-known novel, Tomas and Tereza move away from Prague. For 10 points, name this Czech-French author of The Joke and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.", "answer": "Milan Kundera", "page": "Milan_Kundera", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125644, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144756, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [96, 97], [98, 236], [237, 382], [383, 526], [527, 601], [602, 697]], "first_sentence": "n a novel by this writer, a woman describes folk songs as being \"the leitmotiv of her existence.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Po\u0301lya's extension of Carlson's theorem guarantees that some of these functions have the unit circle as their boundaries, or are rational. Pade\u0301 approximants are the ratio of two of these functions. A critical parameter of these functions is the limit superior as n goes to infinity of the value at n, raised to one over n, in the Cauchy- Hadamard theorem. By definition, a function is analytic if it can be written as one of these functions locally. The root test and ratio tests are applied to these functions to determine their radii of convergence. The simplest of these functions is equivalent to one over one minus x. For 10 points, name these infinite series containing all the exponents of a variable.", "answer": "power series [prompt on series; anti-prompt on Taylor series or Maclaurin series]", "page": "Power_series", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125643, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144757, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 196], [197, 354], [355, 448], [449, 550], [551, 621], [622, 707]], "first_sentence": "P\u00f3lya's extension of Carlson's theorem guarantees that some of these functions have the unit circle as their boundaries, or are rational.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on series; anti-prompt on Taylor series or Maclaurin series", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A resident of this city who shot himself in the home of a famous composer argued Jews were inferior because they were the most feminized of men in Sex and Character. An editor of a newspaper here called it a \"proving ground for world destruction\" and promoted some of the theories of Otto Weininger. A member of a group here used \"Caesar is a prime number\" as an example of how natural languages can allow sentences truly logical ones would not. Karl Kraus edited Die Fackel here, where a group dismissed metaphysical discourse as unverifiable and thus meaningless. Moritz Schlick organized discussion of a book that describes reality as the logical space of elementary proportions, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. For 10 points, name this home of Ludwig Wittgenstein that names a \"Circle\" of Logical Positivists.", "answer": "Vienna [or Wien]", "page": "Vienna", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125642, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144758, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 299], [300, 445], [446, 565], [566, 718], [719, 817]], "first_sentence": "A resident of this city who shot himself in the home of a famous composer argued Jews were inferior because they were the most feminized of men in Sex and Character.", "answer_prompt": "or Wien", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A high-class character created by this author writes the unpublished \"Thirty Years of Misrule,\" the manuscript of which is used for gun wadding. Another character created by this author gets engaged to Antonia Avellanos, but kills himself in isolation on an island where a lighthouse is built after his death. This author created the island Grand Isabel and the city of Sulaco, which is threatened by General Pedro Montero. The absurdity of a ship firing into a continent is described by a character this author introduced in the short story \"Youth.\" Aboard the Nellie, that character narrates a novella in which he travels up the Congo River to find the dying ivory trader Kurtz. For 10 points, name this Polish-British author of Nostromo and Heart of Darkness.", "answer": "Joseph Conrad [or Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski]", "page": "Joseph_Conrad", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125641, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144759, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 309], [310, 423], [424, 550], [551, 680], [681, 762]], "first_sentence": "A high-class character created by this author writes the unpublished \"Thirty Years of Misrule,\" the manuscript of which is used for gun wadding.", "answer_prompt": "or Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An aberrant subclavian artery distinguishes dysphagia lusoria from the dysphagia aortica caused by this condition. Treatment for it includes endovascular coiling. Tuberculous cavities in the lung can involve a form of this condition named after Rasmussen. Tertiary-stage syphilis can obliterate the vasa vasorum, causing this condition due to elastin and smooth muscle deterioration in the tunica adventitia. The bifurcation of the circle of Willis is the site of its \"berry\" form, the most common cerebral type of this condition, which can result in strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhages. Marfan syndrome predisposes one to a dissection of its ascending aortic type. For 10 points, name this condition in which a blood vessel wall balloons out and which can cause death upon rupture.", "answer": "aneurysm [or cerebral aneurysm; or thoracic aortic aneurysm; or ascending aortic aneurysm; or abdominal aneurysm; or berry aneurysm; or saccular aneurysm]", "page": "Aneurysm", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125640, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144760, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 162], [163, 255], [256, 408], [409, 588], [589, 666], [667, 783]], "first_sentence": "An aberrant subclavian artery distinguishes dysphagia lusoria from the dysphagia aortica caused by this condition.", "answer_prompt": "or cerebral aneurysm; or thoracic aortic aneurysm; or ascending aortic aneurysm; or abdominal aneurysm; or berry aneurysm; or saccular aneurysm", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The unmeasured prelude is a genre that was popularized in this country, which lends its name to a B minor keyboard suite that ends with an eighth-movement \"Echo.\" A harpsichord suite from this country ends with six variations on an A minor gavotte. A composer from this country wrote the piece \"The Mysterious Barricades\" and authored The Art of Playing the Harpsichord. A symphony from this country begins its third movement with a melody played by an English horn and an offstage oboe to depict a \"Scene in the Fields,\" and ends with a \"Dream of a Witches' Sabbath\" that reprises the \"ide\u0301e fixe\" melody. For 10 points, name this country home to the composer of Symphonie Fantastique, as well as Jean-Philippe Rameau and Francois Couperin.", "answer": "France [or French Republic; or French; or Republique Francaise]", "page": "France", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125639, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144761, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 248], [249, 370], [371, 605], [606, 740]], "first_sentence": "The unmeasured prelude is a genre that was popularized in this country, which lends its name to a B minor keyboard suite that ends with an eighth-movement \"Echo.\"", "answer_prompt": "or French Republic; or French; or Republique Francaise", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the early stages of this painting's creation, a vole was included but constantly misidentified by viewers, leaving a red robin to be the only animal in the finished work. To accurately portray the scenery in this painting, the artist spent months next to the Hogsmill River. Some people claim to see a skull within the foliage on the right side of this painting. The artist of this painting paid a doctor's fee after the model became sick. Lamps below a tub were the only source of warmth for Elizabeth Siddall in modelling this painting's title character. In this painting, a woman stares upward while drowning in a river in Denmark. For 10 points, name this painting by John Everett Millais, which depicts a female character from Hamlet.", "answer": "Ophelia", "page": "Ophelia", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144762, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 277], [278, 365], [366, 442], [443, 559], [560, 637], [638, 742]], "first_sentence": "In the early stages of this painting's creation, a vole was included but constantly misidentified by viewers, leaving a red robin to be the only animal in the finished work.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early in this character's life, he refuses his father's offer to get him a spot at West Point, electing instead to join his old regiment, which battles Native Americans in the West. This character hates his brother's determination to wake them both up at 4:30 AM to work on their farm. After being shot by his wife, this character lies to the sheriff Horace Quinn. This man befriends Samuel Hamilton and hires the cook Lee, who teaches his son about the word timshel, or \"thou mayest.\" This son of Cyrus moves from Connecticut to the Salinas Valley with his wife, the former prostitute Cathy Ames. For 10 points, name this brother of Charles and father of Aron and Caleb, the protagonist of John Steinbeck's East of Eden.", "answer": "Adam Trask [or Adam Trask; prompt on Trask]", "page": "Adam_Trask", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144763, "tokenizations": [[0, 181], [182, 285], [286, 364], [365, 484], [484, 485], [486, 597], [598, 721]], "first_sentence": "Early in this character's life, he refuses his father's offer to get him a spot at West Point, electing instead to join his old regiment, which battles Native Americans in the West.", "answer_prompt": "or Adam Trask; prompt on Trask", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These places were the subject of techniques such as \"the Silent Death\" and \"Peaceful Penetration.\" Residents of these places were referred to as PBIs in a satirical newspaper published in one of them, The Wipers Times. Tony Ashworth described how a \"Live and let live\" system characterized life in these places, where a ritual called the \"morning hate\" was practiced. Inhabitants of these places engaged in an impromptu soccer game during the Christmas Truce. Many of these places were created during the \"race to the sea.\" Duckboards and boots designed by John Pershing were used in these places to combat a gangrenous foot condition common in them. The area separating these locations was called No Man's Land. For 10 points, name these barbed-wire- topped fortifications used during World War I.", "answer": "trenches [or No Man's Lands until \"Residents\" is read]", "page": "Trenches", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144764, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [97, 218], [219, 367], [368, 459], [460, 523], [524, 650], [651, 712], [713, 798]], "first_sentence": "These places were the subject of techniques such as \"the Silent Death\" and \"Peaceful Penetration.", "answer_prompt": "or No Man's Lands until \"Residents\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A recent event in this city was headed by Manuel Pulgar-Vidal. This city's slums, known as \"young towns,\" are concentrated in this city's Hill of Amancias. A wealthy district in this city, home to the adobe Pucllana Temple and the seaside park of El Maleco\u0301n, is given the designation \"heroic city\" for being the site of a defeat in the War of the Pacific. This city was the site of the 2014 United Nations Climate Conference and is home to the Miraflores District. This city, along with its seaport of Callao, obtains its drinking water from the Ri\u0301mac River. Beans cultivated by the Moche culture eventually became known by this city's name. For 10 points, name this city founded by Francisco Pizarro, the capital of Peru.", "answer": "Lima", "page": "Lima", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144765, "tokenizations": [[0, 62], [63, 155], [156, 355], [356, 464], [465, 558], [559, 641], [642, 722]], "first_sentence": "A recent event in this city was headed by Manuel Pulgar-Vidal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The first ruler of this dynasty was so terrified by a bolt of lightning that he abdicated his throne and spent the rest of his life in Stoudios Monastery. Until his defeat by Richard the Lionheart, a member of this dynasty ruled the island of Crete. A branch of this dynasty, after being forced from power, founded and ruled the much smaller Empire of Trebizond. A woman named Anna compiled a history of the most prominent member of this dynasty, who lost the Battle of Dyrrhachium to Robert Guiscard but was more successful in controlling the leaders of the First Crusade. For 10 points, name this dynasty of Byzantine Emperors, which conducted its namesake \"restoration\" under Alexios I.", "answer": "Komnenos [or the Komnenid dynasty]", "page": "Komnenos", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144766, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 249], [250, 362], [363, 573], [574, 689]], "first_sentence": "The first ruler of this dynasty was so terrified by a bolt of lightning that he abdicated his throne and spent the rest of his life in Stoudios Monastery.", "answer_prompt": "or the Komnenid dynasty", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Olivier Blanchard and Mark Watson showed how these phenomena can occur among rational actors if the transversality condition does not hold. A 1720 law in England tried to prevent these phenomena by outlawing all unchartered joint-stock companies. Vernon Smith's experiments studying these things found they continued to exist even when subjects were completely informed. An example of these phenomena occurred when John Law sold stock for his Mississippi Company. Robert Walpole became prime minister during a financial crisis caused by the aftermath of one of these. A high P/E ratio may be evidence for them. One of these phenomena existed in the US housing market before 2007, and the \"dot-com\" one ended in the early 2000s. For 10 points, name these phenomena in which an asset's price greatly exceeds its fundamental value until a \"burst.\"", "answer": "bubbles", "page": "Economic_bubble", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125633, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144767, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 246], [247, 370], [371, 463], [464, 567], [568, 610], [611, 727], [728, 844]], "first_sentence": "Olivier Blanchard and Mark Watson showed how these phenomena can occur among rational actors if the transversality condition does not hold.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man who held this post left his wife for a chorus girl named Betty Compton and resigned from office after the Hofstadter Committee's investigations. That man who held this post was known as \"Beau James\" or by his real name of Jimmy Walker. Several reform minded people to hold this post, such as Seth Low in 1903, were mocked by George Washington Plunkitt in the latter's political memoir. It was held in the 1930's by a man, who while a Congressman, had previously sponsored a labor bill with George Norris. For 10 points, name this position held for 12 years by Fiorello La Guardia, a vigorous opponent of the Tammany Hall political machine.", "answer": "Mayor of New York City", "page": "Mayor_of_New_York_City", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144768, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 241], [242, 391], [392, 510], [511, 645]], "first_sentence": "A man who held this post left his wife for a chorus girl named Betty Compton and resigned from office after the Hofstadter Committee's investigations.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The desire to gain the approval of this man leads to a meditation on whether the pain of \"un espuela de hueso\" is as painful as the pain cocks feel in cockfighting. This man is said to do all things perfectly even with \"the bone spur in his heel.\" An admirer of this man wonders whether this person was as poor as him and states that he would like to take this man fishing, since this man's father was a fisherman, in contrast to the father of the great Sisler. A boy is told to think of this \"great\" man after that boy, Manolin, says that he fears \"the Indians of Cleveland.\" For 10 points, name this man adored by Santiago in Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, an outfielder for the New York Yankees.", "answer": "Joe DiMaggio [or Joseph Paul DiMaggio; or Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio]", "page": "Joe_DiMaggio", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144769, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 247], [248, 461], [462, 575], [575, 711]], "first_sentence": "The desire to gain the approval of this man leads to a meditation on whether the pain of \"un espuela de hueso\" is as painful as the pain cocks feel in cockfighting.", "answer_prompt": "or Joseph Paul DiMaggio; or Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A scene from of this opera takes place against a black background and consists of a long horizontal bar of white light being slowly raised to vertical, and then lifted up out of the stage. This opera's instrumentation consists of three woodwind players, two electric organists, and one violinist. Near its very end, a bus driver declares \"The day with its cares and perplexities is ended and the night is now upon us.\" This opera uses a chorus that exclusively counts beats and sings solfege, and contains scenes such as \"Bed,\" \"Train,\" and \"Trial.\" This opera forms a trilogy with the operas Satyagraha and Akhnaten, and features five intermezzos called \"knee plays.\" For 10 points, name this minimalist opera by Philip Glass named for a physicist.", "answer": "Einstein on the Beach ", "page": "Einstein_on_the_Beach", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125629, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144771, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 296], [297, 418], [419, 549], [550, 667], [667, 749]], "first_sentence": "A scene from of this opera takes place against a black background and consists of a long horizontal bar of white light being slowly raised to vertical, and then lifted up out of the stage.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A resident of this city dreams of visiting a dark theater where red words appear on the walls, demanding that he surrender his foreign money. At an event in this city inspired by a party thrown by US Ambassador William Bullitt, \"Spectacles Commission\" employee Baron Meigel is killed so that guests can drink his blood. On a turnstile in this city, a bottle of sunflower oil breaks, and a man slips on the oil and gets decapitated by a tram. A novel set in this city abruptly shifts to first-century Jerusalem on the eve of Jesus's trial. This city is home to the literary society MASSOLIT, whose members are attacked by the fanged hitman Azazello and the black cat Behemoth. For 10 points, name this capital city visited by the devil Woland in Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita.", "answer": "Moscow [or Moskva", "page": "Moscow", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144772, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 319], [320, 441], [442, 538], [539, 675], [676, 781]], "first_sentence": "A resident of this city dreams of visiting a dark theater where red words appear on the walls, demanding that he surrender his foreign money.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This quantity equals one plus the quantity c over pi, times the Cauchy principal value of an integral whose numerator contains the absorption coefficient. This quantity measured at the D, F, and C Fraunhofer lines is used to calculate the Abbe number. In anomalous dispersion, this quantity decreases as frequency increases. Neglecting any imaginary component, the real part of this quantity is the square root of the dielectric constant. This quantity multiplies sines and cosines of incident angles in the Fresnel equations, and a ratio of it is used to define the critical angle. It equals the velocity of light in a medium over the speed of light. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to 1.67 for glass and symbolized n.", "answer": "index of refraction [or refractive index; or n until it is read] ", "page": "Refractive_index", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144773, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 251], [252, 324], [325, 438], [439, 582], [583, 651], [652, 727]], "first_sentence": "This quantity equals one plus the quantity c over pi, times the Cauchy principal value of an integral whose numerator contains the absorption coefficient.", "answer_prompt": "or refractive index; or n until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In response to this event, a man claimed \"not even death will stop the avalanche that is coming\" before attending a rally for his country's Independent Liberal Party. The FBI placed a woman connected to it in protective custody after she claimed that being a \"female Muslim whistleblower\" is what \"really pisses off\" extremists. Fikile Mbalula denied any wrongdoing in this event, despite statements by Chuck Blazer. In response to this event, Jack Warner held up a copy of an Onion article in a YouTube video. This event included the accusation that Qatar paid millions in bribes, and it resulted in the resignation of Sepp Blatter. For 10 points, name this 2015 investigation into the corrupt practices of an organization that organizes the World Cup.", "answer": "2015 FIFA scandal [or 2015 Federation Internationale de Football Association scandal; or 2015 International Federation of Association Football scandal]", "page": "2015_FIFA_scandal", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144774, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 328], [329, 416], [417, 510], [511, 633], [634, 753]], "first_sentence": "In response to this event, a man claimed \"not even death will stop the avalanche that is coming\" before attending a rally for his country's Independent Liberal Party.", "answer_prompt": "or 2015 Federation Internationale de Football Association scandal; or 2015 International Federation of Association Football scandal", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A ternary solvus involving the orthorhombic and monoclinic forms of this mineral group is used to determine the temperature of formation of high-grade metamorphic rocks. The most important members of this mineral group for that purpose are pigeonite, augite, and enstatite. These minerals are mostly of the form X, Y, Si-2, O-6, where X is sodium or calcium and Y is magnesium, iron, or aluminum. They are single chain inosilicates, as opposed to the hydroxyl-containing, double chain inosilicates of the amphibole group. Peridotite, the dominant rock in the mantle, contains a high proportion of the \"ortho\" and \"clino\" forms of this mineral group. For 10 points, name this mineral group that, with olivine, constitutes most of the mantle and is also common in basalt and gabbro.", "answer": "pyroxenes [or Px]", "page": "Pyroxenes", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144775, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 273], [274, 396], [397, 521], [522, 649], [650, 780]], "first_sentence": "A ternary solvus involving the orthorhombic and monoclinic forms of this mineral group is used to determine the temperature of formation of high-grade metamorphic rocks.", "answer_prompt": "or Px", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An attack on a port in this present-day country began Operation Catapult and was followed up by a failed raid on Dakar. An event in this country was used as justification at Jean Bastien-Thiry's trial for an attempted assassination. This country's first president was placed under house arrest after a coup led by Houari Boumedienne (oo-AH-ree boom-dee-EN). Colonial loyalists during this country's war of independence included harkis and pied-noirs. Following that war, Ahmed Ben Bella became this country's first president. The Evian Accords, signed by this country's FLN and representatives of Charles de Gaulle, guaranteed its independence. For 10 points, name this large north African country once controlled by France.", "answer": "Algeria [or People's Democratic Republic of Algeria; or Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah] ", "page": "Algeria", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144776, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 232], [233, 357], [358, 450], [451, 525], [526, 644], [645, 724]], "first_sentence": "An attack on a port in this present-day country began Operation Catapult and was followed up by a failed raid on Dakar.", "answer_prompt": "or People's Democratic Republic of Algeria; or Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Malignant tumors often express higher levels of the AgNOR proteins found in this structure. Barbara McClintock was the first to describe this structure's formation around a namesake organizer region. A hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail motif containing ANANNA and ACA consensus sequences is found in a molecule specific to this structure called box H-slash-ACA, which guides pseudouridylation. The granular region encapsulates its fibrillar and dense fibrillar centers. This structure's snoRNAs process the rRNA transcribed within it. It is typically spherical and stains darker than the surrounding nucleoplasm. For 10 points, name this structure that synthesizes ribosomes and is found in the nucleus.", "answer": "nucleolus [prompt on nucleus before \"organizer\" is read]", "page": "Nucleolus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144777, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 199], [200, 386], [387, 462], [463, 527], [528, 605], [606, 696]], "first_sentence": "Malignant tumors often express higher levels of the AgNOR proteins found in this structure.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on nucleus before \"organizer\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The author of this book critiques complicated definitions by imagining a Dutchman defining the word \"beweeginge\" as \"actus entis in potentia quantenus in potentia.\" Its second book refers to an Indian philosopher who said the world rested on an elephant resting on a turtle resting on an unknown body to describe our understanding of \"substance.\" This book's author distinguishes simple ideas from complex ones, and argues that objects have both primary and secondary qualities. In its first book, the author refutes the theory of innate qualities and compares the mind of man to a tabula rasa. For 10 points, name this study on the origins and nature of knowledge by John Locke.", "answer": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ", "page": "An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144778, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 345], [345, 346], [347, 478], [479, 594], [595, 679]], "first_sentence": "The author of this book critiques complicated definitions by imagining a Dutchman defining the word \"beweeginge\" as \"actus entis in potentia quantenus in potentia.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Some of these substances such as EPTC prevent kaurene formation by inhibiting GGPP cyclization. They're not diabetes drugs, but acetolactate synthase is inhibited by a substituted urea group of these substances called sulfonylureas. Variant EPSPS genes provide resistance to a type of these compounds derived from a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The phenoxy class of these substances act as analogs of IAA and include 2,4- D and 2,4,5-T, which can be contaminated with dioxins. Those postemergence examples of these substances overstimulate ethylene production and cause unsustainable growth by mimicking auxins in dicots. For 10 points, name these commercial chemicals such as Agent Orange and Roundup that are used to kill weeds.", "answer": "herbicides [or defoliants; or weedkillers until \"kill weeds\" is read] ", "page": "Herbicides", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144779, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 232], [233, 352], [353, 484], [485, 629], [630, 738]], "first_sentence": "Some of these substances such as EPTC prevent kaurene formation by inhibiting GGPP cyclization.", "answer_prompt": "or defoliants; or weedkillers until \"kill weeds\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a poem by this writer, the refrain \"Children dear, was it yesterday?\" is repeated by the speaker, who calls, \"Margaret! Margaret!\" This poet wrote about a man who, \"tired of knocking at preferment's door, roamed the world with that wild brotherhood,\" and lamented \"this strange disease of modern life\" in a poem inspired by a tale from Joseph Glanvill's The Vanity of Dogmatizing. This author of \"The Forsaken Merman\" coined the modern usage of the word \"Philistine\" in his major work of criticism. The speaker of another of his poems notes that \"Sophocles long ago heard it on the Aegean\" before exclaiming, \"Ah, love, let us be true to one another!\" For 10 points, name this author of \"The Scholar Gipsy,\" Culture and Anarchy, and \"Dover Beach.\"", "answer": "Matthew Arnold", "page": "Matthew_Arnold", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144780, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 122], [123, 133], [134, 383], [384, 501], [502, 654], [655, 750]], "first_sentence": "In a poem by this writer, the refrain \"Children dear, was it yesterday?\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This city banned the sale of alcohol in response to a riot that erupted over the death of a construction worker in Little India. A man known as \"the Messiah\" hacked the webpages of a community foundation in this city, as well as a blog post published by its Straits Times. A complex in this city was constructed to look like a left hand from above, with the Fountain of Wealth making up its palm. People leaving this city via causeway arrive at the Sultan Iskandar Building, a checkpoint in Johor Bahru. This city still uses caning as a method of corporal punishment. Concerns over subway door sensors led this city to ban the sale of chewing gum. For 10 points, name this city-state found at the tip of the Malay peninsula.", "answer": "Singapore [or Republic of Singapore; or Republik Singapura] ", "page": "Singapore", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144781, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 272], [273, 396], [397, 503], [504, 567], [568, 647], [648, 724]], "first_sentence": "This city banned the sale of alcohol in response to a riot that erupted over the death of a construction worker in Little India.", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Singapore; or Republik Singapura", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character is described as having a \"sharp and biting way with hypocrites,\" and is said to be the type of man in whose presence \"a fool felt his foolishness instantly.\" After being asked to say \"a soft word,\" this man swears that he will cut off his hand before touching a girl whom he calls \"Child.\" Near the end of the play he appears in, this man argues that \"God does not need my name nailed upon the church!\" When asked to recite the Ten Commandments, this man only forgets the one about adultery. Ezekiel Cheever enters this man's house to look for poppets owned by his wife, who is accused of witchcraft by Abigail Williams. For 10 points, name this husband of Elizabeth, a resident of Salem in The Crucible.", "answer": "John Proctor [or John Proctor]", "page": "John_Proctor_(historian)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144782, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 303], [303, 304], [305, 417], [418, 506], [507, 635], [636, 719]], "first_sentence": "This character is described as having a \"sharp and biting way with hypocrites,\" and is said to be the type of man in whose presence \"a fool felt his foolishness instantly.\"", "answer_prompt": "or John Proctor", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It's not trivial, but the module generated by the empty set is referred to by this word, and is the identity of modules under direct product. In a field, the object referred to by this word is the only one that does not have a multiplicative inverse. This word describes the image of the kernel of a linear transformation. The Riemann hypothesis is about the nature of numbers which output this value when input into the zeta function. When this number is taken as a polynomial, it has degree negative infinity, though other constants considered as polynomials have degree equal to this number. The y-intercept of a function is its value at this x-coordinate. For 10 points, the roots of a polynomial are where it takes on what value?", "answer": "zero", "page": "0", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125617, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144783, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 250], [251, 322], [323, 435], [436, 594], [595, 659], [660, 734]], "first_sentence": "It's not trivial, but the module generated by the empty set is referred to by this word, and is the identity of modules under direct product.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In syntax, this letter denotes \"thematic roles\" such as agent, experiencer, source, and goal, which are assigned by verbs to nouns in a namesake \"grid.\" The sound denoted in IPA by this letter emerged in Germanic languages as a sound shift from voiceless dental stops in the last stage described by Grimm's Law. In the International Phonetic Alphabet and the alphabet from which it originated, this letter now denotes a voiceless dental fricative. Originally derived from a Phoenician letter resembling a wheel, this letter has a value of 9 in Greek numerals. For 10 points, name this consonant found before iota in the Greek alphabet, which represents in one letter a sound that English requires two consonants to spell.", "answer": "theta [or theta-roles; or theta-grid] ", "page": "Theta", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125616, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144784, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 311], [312, 447], [448, 559], [560, 721]], "first_sentence": "In syntax, this letter denotes \"thematic roles\" such as agent, experiencer, source, and goal, which are assigned by verbs to nouns in a namesake \"grid.\"", "answer_prompt": "or theta-roles; or theta-grid", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At the request of his mother, this king built a castle for unmarried daughters of the nobility at Quedlinburg. Archbishop William of Mainz oversaw the compilation of a liturgical book commissioned by this king, the Romano-German Pontifical. This man was assisted in one battle by a son-in-law whose death was related in a chronicle by Widukind of Corvey. After Conrad the Red helped him to defeat the chieftains Bulcsu, Lel and Sur, this king married his son to the Byzantine princess Theopanu. This son of Henry the Fowler defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld. For 10 points, name this German crowned by Pope John XII as the first Holy Roman Emperor.", "answer": "Otto the Great [or Otto I; prompt on Otto]", "page": "Otto_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125615, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144785, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 240], [241, 354], [355, 494], [495, 571], [572, 661]], "first_sentence": "At the request of his mother, this king built a castle for unmarried daughters of the nobility at Quedlinburg.", "answer_prompt": "or Otto I; prompt on Otto", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During a masked ball in the final scene of this opera's Act I, the orchestra plays a minuet in 3/4 time as two onstage ensembles simultaneously play a \"contradance\" in 2/4 time and a waltz in 3/8 time. A peasant wedding in this opera features a duettino whose two singers come together on the words \"Let's go, let's go, my love!\" In this opera, Anna and Elvira swear vengeance on the title character, who sings the duet \"La\u0300 ci darem la mano\" with Zerlina and has his sexual exploits recounted in Leporello's \"Catalogue Aria.\" At the end of this opera, the title character is dragged to hell by a statue of the Commendatore, whom he murdered at the start of the opera. For 10 points, name this Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart opera about a seducer.", "answer": "Don Giovanni [or The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni; or Il dissoluto punito, ossia il Don Giovanni]", "page": "Don_Giovanni", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125614, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144786, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 309], [310, 329], [330, 525], [526, 667], [668, 739]], "first_sentence": "During a masked ball in the final scene of this opera's Act I, the orchestra plays a minuet in 3/4 time as two onstage ensembles simultaneously play a \"contradance\" in 2/4 time and a waltz in 3/8 time.", "answer_prompt": "or The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni; or Il dissoluto punito, ossia il Don Giovanni", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man opened one text by distinguishing society, which promotes well-being positively by uniting affections, from government, which works negatively to restrain vices. James Chalmers used the pseudonym Candidus to rebut writings by this man, who was tried in absentia for libel against Edmund Burke for a work sharply critical of Reflections on the Revolution in France. This man wrote that \"Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered.\" Before writing The Rights of Man, he claimed that it is unreasonable for an island to rule a whole continent apart from itself and that \"These are the times that try men's souls\". For 10 points, name this author whose pamphlets The American Crisis and Common Sense supported American independence.", "answer": "Thomas Paine", "page": "Thomas_Paine", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125613, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144787, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 373], [374, 440], [441, 620], [621, 738]], "first_sentence": "This man opened one text by distinguishing society, which promotes well-being positively by uniting affections, from government, which works negatively to restrain vices.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a story in which a hospitalized motorcyclist intermittently dreams of being a sacrificial victim. The protagonist of a novel by him barricades himself in a room filled with traps consisting of yarn and basins of water to protect himself from a circus worker. While walking along the Seine, the protagonist of another story by this author observes a woman seducing a teenage boy, and then enlarges a photograph he takes of the scene. He wrote a novel in which the protagonist confuses Talita, the wife of Traveler, with La Maga, a member of the bohemian Serpent Club. That book by him is about Horacio Oliveira, contains 99 expendable chapters, and can be read nonlinearly. For 10 points, name this Argentine author of Hopscotch.", "answer": "Julio Cortazar [or Julio Florencio Cortazar]", "page": "Julio_Cort\u00e1zar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125612, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144788, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 276], [277, 450], [451, 584], [585, 690], [691, 746]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a story in which a hospitalized motorcyclist intermittently dreams of being a sacrificial victim.", "answer_prompt": "or Julio Florencio Cortazar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At this location, a teenager named Liz Seccuro found out the name of Will Beebe by flipping through his mail. Investigations of this location could not find anyone named \"Haven Monahan,\" whose forwarded love letters seem to be plagiarized from the show Dawson's Creek. An article about this place is bracketed with lyrics from the song \"Rugby Road,\" which urges listeners to \"fill up your cups, your loving cups\" and claims \"all the first-year women are morally uptight.\" Sabrina Erdely wrote about this place by telling the story of \"Jackie,\" who claimed to be viciously assaulted by the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house. For 10 points, name this university that was the subject of the now retracted Rolling Stone article \"A Rape on Campus.\"", "answer": "University of Virginia [prompt on Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house]", "page": "University_of_Virginia", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125611, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144789, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 268], [269, 471], [472, 620], [621, 740]], "first_sentence": "At this location, a teenager named Liz Seccuro found out the name of Will Beebe by flipping through his mail.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Violence against Native Americans during this event culminated in the Bridge Gulch Massacre. During this event, devices such as the Long Tom were used extensively for the first time. The land where this event began was granted to its owner by Juan Alvarado, the local governor, and was known as New Helvetia. Samuel Brannan started this event by being very indiscreet with a discovery that was made by James W. Marshall. A massive influx of prospectors ruined the lands of John Sutter during this event, causing him to go bankrupt. For 10 points, name this event in which \"forty-niners\" descended upon a newly acquired American territory in search of a precious metal.", "answer": "California Gold Rush [or Gold Rush of 1849; prompt on the Gold Rush]", "page": "California_Gold_Rush", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125610, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144790, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 182], [183, 308], [309, 420], [421, 531], [532, 668]], "first_sentence": "Violence against Native Americans during this event culminated in the Bridge Gulch Massacre.", "answer_prompt": "or Gold Rush of 1849; prompt on the Gold Rush", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During his country's lustration period, this leader was accused of having informed to the SB secret police with the pseudonym \"Bolek.\" This leader often threatened to dissolve parliament after it was won in 1993 by a coalition of the Peasants' Party and the Democratic Left Alliance. A list of 21 demands, including the application of Convention 87, was made by a group that this man led after he climbed over a fence to join them. This man negotiated in the Round Table Talks with Wojciech Jaruzelski's regime. In response to the firing of Anna Walentynowicz, this electrician led Lenin Shipyard workers in protest to form a labor union in Gdansk. For 10 points, name this founder of Solidarity and first democratically elected President of Poland.", "answer": "Lech Walesa (va-WEN-za)", "page": "Lech_Wa\u0142\u0119sa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125608, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144792, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 283], [284, 431], [432, 511], [512, 648], [649, 749]], "first_sentence": "During his country's lustration period, this leader was accused of having informed to the SB secret police with the pseudonym \"Bolek.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Placidus Fixlmillner calculated the orbit of this object based on data collected by John Flamsteed and Tobias Mayer. Anders Lexell computed the orbit of this entity and mathematically proved it was not a comet. Because of its limb darkening, the radius of this object was not correctly calculated until its 1977 stellar occultation. Like the asteroid Ceres, the existence of this planet was predicted by the empirical Titius-Bode law. A sea of water and ammonia gives rise to its magnetic field, which is unusual for not originating from its interior. William Herschel discovered this planet, whose moons include Titania and Umbriel. For 10 points, name this tilted gas giant between Neptune and Saturn.", "answer": "Uranus", "page": "Uranus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125607, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144793, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 210], [211, 332], [333, 434], [435, 551], [552, 633], [634, 703]], "first_sentence": "Placidus Fixlmillner calculated the orbit of this object based on data collected by John Flamsteed and Tobias Mayer.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As in nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing occurs in these substances, because the Hamiltonian of their wavefunctions includes a term for the wavefunction amplitude squared, times the wavefunction. The critical density for these substances includes a constant factor of the zeta function of three-halves. The expected particle number is proportional to the exponential of non-dimensionalized energy, minus one, in these substances. They form if the de Broglie thermal wavelength becomes larger than the interatomic distance. NIST first produced one using rubidium atoms. For 10 points, name these collections of integer-spin particles that collapse into a single quantum state at very low temperatures, the so-called \"fifth state\" of matter.", "answer": "Bose-Einstein condensates [or BE condensates; or BECs]", "page": "Bose\u2013Einstein_condensate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125606, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144794, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 302], [303, 429], [430, 522], [523, 568], [569, 739]], "first_sentence": "As in nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing occurs in these substances, because the Hamiltonian of their wavefunctions includes a term for the wavefunction amplitude squared, times the wavefunction.", "answer_prompt": "or BE condensates; or BECs", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This type of event titles a piece whose G minor Allegro ridicolo movement quotes \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" in its middle section. An overture on this subject is the most famous piece in Dvorak's trilogy Nature, Life, and Love. This event is the subject of a piano piece that ends with a \"March of the Davidsbu\u0308ndler against the Philistines,\" and uses a recurring \"A, E-flat, C, B\" motif also found in the movements \"Eusebius\" and \"Florestan.\" Besides that Robert Schumann piece, a musical depiction of one of these events quotes the composer's own Danse Macabre in the movement \"Fossils,\" which follows movements such as \"The Elephant.\" For 10 points, name this event which titles a Camille Saint-Saens piece about animals.", "answer": "carnivals [or carnavals; or Karnevals; or The Carnival of the Animals; or Le carnaval des animaux; or Carnaval]", "page": "Carnivals", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125605, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144795, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 232], [233, 447], [448, 640], [640, 641], [642, 728]], "first_sentence": "This type of event titles a piece whose G minor Allegro ridicolo movement quotes \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" in its middle section.", "answer_prompt": "or carnavals; or Karnevals; or The Carnival of the Animals; or Le carnaval des animaux; or Carnaval", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel has a statue built of an old servant whom he had angrily killed with a lantern. In this novel, the protagonist plans to free a woman from prison by having her brought to the Putrid Pits in a coffin. In this novel, a Greek merchant with two missing fingers is killed by a bear on the orders of a man nicknamed \"Bronzebeard.\" At the climax of this novel, the giant Ursus grips the horns of a charging bull and breaks its neck. In this novel, a character known as the \"arbiter of elegance,\" Petronius, owns a Christian slave girl named Ligeia with whom the protagonist, Marcus Vinicius, falls in love. For 10 points, name this \"Narrative of the Time of Nero,\" a biblically-titled novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz.", "answer": "Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero", "page": "Quo_Vadis_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125604, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144796, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 224], [225, 349], [350, 450], [451, 624], [625, 731]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel has a statue built of an old servant whom he had angrily killed with a lantern.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A woman from this kingdom swallows a butterfly sent a thousand years forward in time by a jealous witch. A king of this region grows so angry at hearing about Jesus's death that his head explodes. Because a pregnant woman from this region is forced to race against some horses, she curses the men of this kingdom to suffer labor pains in their hour of greatest need. A hero from this kingdom curses his infant son to never reveal his name or refuse a duel and later straps himself to a tall rock as he is killed by Lugaid's men. This province's king Conchobar mac Nessa fails to lead it against the warriors of Connacht during the Cattle Raid of Cooley. For 10 points, name this Irish province which titles a mythic cycle about Cu\u0301 Chulainn.", "answer": "Ulster [or Ulaidh; or Cu\u0301ige Uladh; prompt on Ireland] ", "page": "Ulster", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 125603, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 144797, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 196], [197, 366], [367, 528], [529, 653], [654, 740]], "first_sentence": "A woman from this kingdom swallows a butterfly sent a thousand years forward in time by a jealous witch.", "answer_prompt": "or Ulaidh; or Cu\u0301ige Uladh; prompt on Ireland", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Several characters in this novel are engaged in a lawsuit over a scheme in which the bones of American soldiers recovered from Lago di Pieta were used to make special charcoal. A society dedicated to a Confederate captain who clashed with the Russian Navy, Peter Pinguid, is revealed to this novel's protagonist at a bar called The Scope by Mike Fallopian. The protagonist attends a production of Richard (*) Wharfinger's play The Courier's Tragedy in this novel, in which a recurring muted post-horn symbol points to the existence of an underground postal service called Trystero. Its protagonist travels to San Narciso after being named executor of Pierce Inverarity's estate. For 10 points, name this postmodern tale about Oedipa Maas, the shortest novel by Thomas Pynchon.", "answer": "The Crying of Lot 49 ", "page": "The_Crying_of_Lot_49", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124447, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145733, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 356], [357, 581], [582, 678], [679, 776]], "first_sentence": "Several characters in this novel are engaged in a lawsuit over a scheme in which the bones of American soldiers recovered from Lago di Pieta were used to make special charcoal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Many members of the court of a ruler of this dynasty perished while crossing a wooden gallery from a cathedral to a palace, prompting the ruler to come up with a plan for succession called the Ordinatio imperii. The Latin alphabet was standardized for literate classes by a script known as this dynasty's namesake \"miniscule.\" The Spanish Marches were set up as a buffer zone by a ruler of this dynasty who employed the historian (*) Paul the Deacon. Two rulers of this dynasty exchanged the Oaths of Strasbourg, excluding their brother Lothair. The son of the first king of this dynasty, Pepin the Short, defeated the Lombards and was crowned \"Emperor of the Romans\" on Christmas Day, 800. For 10 points, name this Frankish dynasty whose rulers include Charlemagne.", "answer": "Carolingian dynasty [or Carlovingians; or Carolings; or Karlings] ", "page": "Carolingian_dynasty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124446, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145734, "tokenizations": [[0, 211], [212, 326], [327, 433], [434, 450], [451, 545], [546, 690], [691, 766]], "first_sentence": "Many members of the court of a ruler of this dynasty perished while crossing a wooden gallery from a cathedral to a palace, prompting the ruler to come up with a plan for succession called the Ordinatio imperii.", "answer_prompt": "or Carlovingians; or Carolings; or Karlings", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This god is reduced to ashes after being gazed upon by his uncle, the planet Saturn. While blocking the path of an angry traveler, this god allows himself to be struck with an axe when he realizes that the axe belongs to his father. This god falls off of his mount when it is scared by a snake, after which he is mocked by the moon. This god is victorious in a race around the (*) world when he chooses instead to run around his parents. This brother of Kartikeya is born when his mother desires to have someone guard the door as she bathes, but is decapitated when he refuses to let his angry father through. This god rides a mouse and is considered the \"remover of obstacles.\" For 10 points, name this son of Shiva, who bears the head of an elephant.", "answer": "Ganesha [or Ganapati; or Vinayaka]", "page": "Ganesha", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124445, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145735, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 232], [233, 332], [333, 437], [438, 609], [610, 677], [677, 752]], "first_sentence": "This god is reduced to ashes after being gazed upon by his uncle, the planet Saturn.", "answer_prompt": "or Ganapati; or Vinayaka", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Drosophila, the P element transposon effects the \"insertional\" type of this process. A population's expected heterozygosity depends on population size and the rate of this process. Two types of this process are notated using a greater than sign and an uppercase delta. This process is called \"dominant negative\" if the product antagonizes the (*) wild-type. Muller's ratchet explains that populations reproducing asexually experience deleterious forms of this process way more than populations reproducing sexually. Silent, missense, and nonsense forms make up the \"point\" type of this process, and insertions and deletions comprise the more serious \"frameshift\" form. For 10 points, name these permanent changes in the nucleotide sequence of an organism.", "answer": "mutations [or mutagenesis; or insertional mutation; or silent mutation; or missense mutation; or nonsense mutation; or point mutation; or frameshift mutation; accept insertions before mentioned; accept deletions before mentioned] ", "page": "Mutation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124444, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145736, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 183], [184, 271], [272, 360], [361, 518], [519, 671], [672, 758]], "first_sentence": "In Drosophila, the P element transposon effects the \"insertional\" type of this process.", "answer_prompt": "or mutagenesis; or insertional mutation; or silent mutation; or missense mutation; or nonsense mutation; or point mutation; or frameshift mutation; accept insertions before mentioned; accept deletions before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "If n is one of these numbers, the only odd numbers in the nth row of Pascal's triangle are the ones at the ends. One can tell whether a non-increasing non-negative series a-sub-n converges by looking at its values when n is one of these numbers, according to Cauchy's condensation test. The only currently known perfect numbers can each be written as a large prime times one of these numbers. The size of the power set of a finite set is a number of this type. Adding one to a (*) Mersenne prime always gives one of these numbers. They are the number of vertices of an n-dimensional hypercube, and the binary representation of these numbers have only one 1 in them. For 10 points, identify these numbers, like 16, 32, and 128, which are formed by exponentiating the smallest prime.", "answer": "powers of two [accept similar answers like two to the n] ", "page": "Powers_of_two", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124443, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145737, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 286], [287, 392], [393, 460], [461, 530], [531, 665], [666, 781]], "first_sentence": "If n is one of these numbers, the only odd numbers in the nth row of Pascal's triangle are the ones at the ends.", "answer_prompt": "accept similar answers like two to the n", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Civilian JTF was organized to oppose this group. After the rescue of seven members of the Moulin-Fournier family from this group, France declared that its national policy is to not pay ransoms. In the aftermath of an operation carried out by this group, Naomi Mutah was briefly arrested upon meeting with a First Lady named Patience. Public awareness of this group was raised when the White House (*) tweeted a picture of Michelle Obama holding a hand-written hashtag condemning this group. This group targeted the Chibok Government Secondary School early in 2014, pressuring a reluctant Goodluck Jonathan to act. For 10 points, name this subject of the #bringbackourgirls campaign, a terrorist group led by Abubakar Shekau which opposes the government of Nigeria.", "answer": "Boko Haram [or Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad; or Wilayat al Sudan al Gharbi]", "page": "Boko_Haram", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124442, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145738, "tokenizations": [[0, 197], [198, 337], [338, 494], [495, 617], [618, 768]], "first_sentence": "The Civilian JTF was organized to oppose this group. After the rescue of seven members of the Moulin-Fournier family from this group, France declared that its national policy is to not pay ransoms.", "answer_prompt": "or Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad; or Wilayat al Sudan al Gharbi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 2014, leaks about the TORNADO ALLEY program showed that the British agency GCHQ could use vulnerabilities in this product to control a target computer. The popularity of this brand-name product caused the market share of Lotus 1-2-3 to collapse. Errors using this product hurt the reputations of Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, two Harvard (*) economists who argued in favor of austerity measures. A bug in old versions of it displayed numbers close to 65,535 as the number 100,000. One can create a PivotTable for use in this program by using Visual Basic for Applications to write a namesake macro. An alternative to this program produced by Apple is called Numbers. For 10 points, name this Microsoft Office program that lets users create and edit spreadsheets.", "answer": "Microsoft Excel [prompt on either of the underlined words in Microsoft Office Suite]", "page": "Microsoft_Excel", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124441, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145739, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 248], [249, 404], [405, 489], [490, 607], [608, 675], [676, 771]], "first_sentence": "In 2014, leaks about the TORNADO ALLEY program showed that the British agency GCHQ could use vulnerabilities in this product to control a target computer.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on either of the underlined words in Microsoft Office Suite", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these pieces is dedicated to the memory of Joseph de Marliave, and is the last piece in a suite written in honor of friends who died in World War I. Another piece in this genre opens with a trill on A followed by a descent in sixty-fourth notes to C-sharp, which then resolves back up to D. Maurice Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin closes with one of these pieces, and Girolamo Frescobaldi wrote (*) two books that paired partitas with them. Although usually written for keyboard, their name can also refer to a fanfare such as one for brass and percussion that opens Monteverdi's L'Orfeo. Their name comes from the Italian for \"to touch.\" For 10 points, name this genre of virtuosic music which includes a spooky one for organ in D minor that J.S. Bach paired with a fugue.", "answer": "toccata", "page": "Toccata", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124440, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145740, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 294], [295, 446], [447, 594], [595, 643], [643, 644], [645, 779]], "first_sentence": "One of these pieces is dedicated to the memory of Joseph de Marliave, and is the last piece in a suite written in honor of friends who died in", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At the end of this war, thousands of prisoners were killed by being thrown into sinkholes known as foibe. During this war, a guerrilla force was targeted by the unsuccessful Operation Knight's Move, which paradropped thousands of troops in the Raid on Drvar. At the end of this war, Draza Mihailovic was executed for leading a group of royalist guerrilla fighters known as the Chetniks. During this war, the kidnapping of Miklos Horthy's son and the (*) Gran Sasso Raid were both carried out by the German commando Otto Skorzeny. Operation Husky was the code-name for the invasion of Sicily during this war, whose Battle of Monte Cassino occurred after the Allies invaded Italy. For 10 points, name this war during which Josip Broz Tito's Partisans resisted the Axis powers.", "answer": "World War II [or Second World War]", "page": "World_War_II", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124439, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145741, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 258], [259, 386], [387, 529], [530, 678], [679, 774]], "first_sentence": "At the end of this war, thousands of prisoners were killed by being thrown into sinkholes known as foibe.", "answer_prompt": "or Second World War", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A set of works produced in this sort of place claims that \"traditional\" intellectuals serve the State while \"organic\" intellectuals arise in every social class. An account of \"cultural hegemony\" was put forward in the philosophical notebooks of Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci, which are referred to by their origin in this sort of place. According to a 1975 book, the creation of \"docile bodies\" is best exemplified by these places. A proposal for a (*) semicircular building of this type, put forth as a humanitarian reform by Jeremy Bentham, would allow one individual to observe all others and was critiqued harshly by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. For 10 points, name these institutions exemplified by the Panopticon, which lock up people convicted of crimes.", "answer": "prisons [or jails", "page": "Prisons", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124438, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145742, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 340], [341, 435], [436, 666], [667, 778]], "first_sentence": "A set of works produced in this sort of place claims that \"traditional\" intellectuals serve the State while \"organic\" intellectuals arise in every social class.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's title characters is a doctor who writes a manuscript entitled All or Nothing after being confined to an insane asylum. This author wrote a conversation between himself and his character Augusto in a novel which ends with an epilogue spoken by Augusto's dog. A novel by this author is set in a lakeside mountain village and follows a priest who continues preaching to the villagers despite having lost his faith. This author claimed \"homo sum, ergo cogito\" in an essay which examines the human fear of death, The (*) Tragic Sense of Life. This author's anti-realist \"nivolas\" include one in which Joaquin gives a speech eulogizing his hated brother, the title painter of a depiction of the Cain story. For 10 points, name this associate of the Generation of '98, the Spanish author of Niebla and Abel Sanchez.", "answer": "Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo", "page": "Miguel_de_Unamuno", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124437, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145743, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 278], [279, 432], [433, 558], [559, 721], [722, 829]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's title characters is a doctor who writes a manuscript entitled All or Nothing after being confined to an insane asylum.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The \"at\" symbol is exclusively used in the chemical formula of these compounds. In nanotweezers, these compounds reversibly bend inward when a voltage is applied across them. They are \"doped\" with potassium to make superconductors above 18 Kelvin. These molecules have mass of either 720 or 840 amus. They have two different bond lengths: those from 6-6 and 6-5 bonds. These materials dissolve in nonpolar solvents to turn bright (*) purple. These molecules can be synthesized by firing a laser at soot. When rolled into cylinders, they form single or double walls. They can hold entire metal atoms inside an icosahedral body. For 10 points, name these allotropes of carbon which forms soccer-ball shaped \"buckyballs.\"", "answer": "fullerenes [or buckminsterfullerenes; prompt on buckyballs; prompt on carbon nanotubes]", "page": "Fullerene", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124436, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145744, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 174], [175, 247], [248, 300], [301, 368], [369, 441], [442, 503], [504, 565], [566, 626], [627, 718]], "first_sentence": "The \"at\" symbol is exclusively used in the chemical formula of these compounds.", "answer_prompt": "or buckminsterfullerenes; prompt on buckyballs; prompt on carbon nanotubes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After an argument about this subject, April Wheeler sleeps with Shep Campbell in Richard Yates's Revolutionary Road. Another character begins performing this task after adopting the identity of \"Fuzzy Stone\". Dewey Dell is raped by MacGowan after he gives her a faulty substance intended to be used for this purpose in As I Lay Dying. Jig is told this practice is \"really not anything... it's all perfectly natural\" in Ernest Hemingway's (*) \"Hills Like White Elephants\", which repeatedly alludes to it as an \"operation\". In The Cider House Rules, Homer Wells follows in the footsteps of Dr. Wilbur Larch, who performs these procedures safely using his training as an obstetrician. For 10 points, name these medical procedures, long performed in secret on pregnant women.", "answer": "performing abortions [or illegal abortions; prompt on \"miscarriages\"]", "page": "Abortion", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124434, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145746, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 208], [209, 334], [335, 387], [388, 521], [522, 681], [682, 771]], "first_sentence": "After an argument about this subject, April Wheeler sleeps with Shep Campbell in Richard Yates's Revolutionary Road.", "answer_prompt": "or illegal abortions; prompt on \"miscarriages\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A palm tree rests in front of Adam and Eve being driven out from Eden in a version of this scene in Cortona. Two donors look in on this scene as Joseph works in his tool shop in the right panel in one altarpiece. A painting of this scene at San Marco is divided by two arches, features an angel with multi- colored wings, and, like the one in Cortona, was painted by Fra Angelico. This scene occupies the center panel of the (*) Me\u0301rode Altarpiece by Robert Campin, as well as the middle row of back panels of the Ghent Altarpiece. In this scene, a white lily representing purity and virginity is often carried by Gabriel, and it is often followed by the Nativity. For 10 points, name this scene where Mary receives word that she is to bear Jesus.", "answer": "The Annunciation [or Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary or Annunciation of Our Lady or Annunciation of the Lord or Annuntiatio nativitatis Christi] ", "page": "The_Annunciation", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124433, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145747, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 212], [213, 380], [381, 530], [531, 663], [664, 746]], "first_sentence": "A palm tree rests in front of Adam and Eve being driven out from Eden in a version of this scene in Cortona.", "answer_prompt": "or Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary or Annunciation of Our Lady or Annunciation of the Lord or Annuntiatio nativitatis Christi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man organized female supporters into the anti-war National Legion of Mothers of America. Edward Mooney rebuked this man for doubting the mental health of one of his opponents, who often sent Joseph Kennedy to this man to try to placate him. This man helped organize a political party called the National Union that put William Lemke on its presidential ticket. This Ontario native used profits from his \"Golden Hour\" to construct the multi-million dollar Shrine of the Little Flower at Royal Oak. This man's magazine Social Justice published The (*) Protocols of the Elders of Zion and was notoriously supportive of fascism. In 1942, this man was banned from broadcasting by the Archbishop of Detroit. For 10 points, name this radio priest and vocal opponent of FDR.", "answer": "Father Coughlin [or Charles Edward Coughlin]", "page": "Father_Coughlin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124432, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145748, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 245], [246, 365], [366, 501], [502, 629], [630, 706], [707, 771]], "first_sentence": "This man organized female supporters into the anti-war National Legion of Mothers of America.", "answer_prompt": "or Charles Edward Coughlin", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of the oldest religious buildings in the Americas, built in 1674 in Curacao, is now affiliated with this denomination. The siddur used by this denomination is known as the Kol Haneshama. This movement's sole affiliated seminary is a rabbinical college in Wyncote, Pennsylvania. In 1945, the Sabbath Prayer Book published by this denomination was publicly burned. The founder of this denomination taught Ira Eisenstein, created the (*) bat mitzvah ceremony, and had his daughter Judith undergo the very first one. This movement, which rejects the idea of Jews as the chosen people and views Judaism as an evolving civilization, was founded in New York City in the 1920s by Mordecai Kaplan. For 10 points, name this progressive offshoot of conservative Judaism.", "answer": "Reconstructionist Judaism [or Reconstructionism", "page": "Reconstructionist_Judaism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124431, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145749, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 190], [191, 281], [282, 366], [367, 516], [517, 692], [693, 763]], "first_sentence": "One of the oldest religious buildings in the Americas, built in 1674 in Curacao, is now affiliated with this denomination.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This monarch was the first to mint a gold coin called the ecu d'or, and commissioned Vincent of Beauvais to write the encyclopedia Speculum majus. This king granted the appanage of Poitou to his brother, Alphonse, with whom he fought and won the Saintonge War and the Battle of Taillebourg against England. Various legends about this husband of Marguerite of Provence were told by his biographer, Jean de Joinville. This king allowed his vassal, Henry (*) III of England, to hold on to English territories in Aquitaine. This Capetian king's mother, Blanche of Castile, served as regent while he traipsed around North Africa leading the Seventh Crusade. He ultimately died in Tunisia during the Eighth Crusade. For 10 points, name this only French king to be canonized.", "answer": "Louis IX [or Saint Louis; prompt on Louis]", "page": "Louis_IX_of_France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124429, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145751, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 306], [307, 415], [416, 519], [520, 652], [653, 709], [710, 768]], "first_sentence": "This monarch was the first to mint a gold coin called the ecu d'or, and commissioned Vincent of Beauvais to write the encyclopedia Speculum majus.", "answer_prompt": "or Saint Louis; prompt on Louis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character was the alphabetically-later of two men who disrespected another character by serving him with a golden cup upon the silver table of Cadmus. In a long poem, he is recognized as \"the lion\" from a prophecy while fighting with an exile from Calydon in the court of Argos. Tisiphone and Megaera persuade this man to challenge his enemy to single combat near the end of an epic by Statius. This man gave the necklace of Harmonia to Eriphyle to secure the support of her husband (*) Amphiaraus. Creon sentenced Antigone to death because she insisted upon burying this man, who raised an army commanded by men like Parthenopaeus and Tydeus to win back his throne. For 10 points, name this son of Oedipus who led the Seven Against Thebes against his brother Eteocles.", "answer": "Polynices [or Polyneices]", "page": "Polynices", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124428, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145752, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 283], [284, 399], [400, 503], [504, 671], [672, 774]], "first_sentence": "This character was the alphabetically-later of two men who disrespected another character by serving him with a golden cup upon the silver table of Cadmus.", "answer_prompt": "or Polyneices", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In chronic forms of this disease, the infected cells take on a \"ground glass\" appearance. It's not HIV- AIDS, but during the \"window period\" of this disease, screens will be negative for the causative agent's surface antigens, but may turn up IgM and IgG antibodies to its core antigen. This is the more common disease whose causative agent gains entry to a cell by binding to NTCP, or sodium/bile acid cotransporter. This disease is caused by an unusual, partially double-stranded DNA virus. The chronic form of this disease, for which there is a vaccine, can lead to (*) cirrhosis and liver cancer. For 10 points, name this form of hepatitis that infects roughly a third of the world's population.", "answer": "hepatitis B virus [or HBV; prompt on hepatitis", "page": "Hepatitis_b_virus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124427, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145753, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 286], [287, 417], [418, 492], [493, 600], [601, 699]], "first_sentence": "In chronic forms of this disease, the infected cells take on a \"ground glass\" appearance.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a poem often attributed to this person, a tomb containing the talking corpse of an ancient judge is unearthed during the building of a cathedral. A story about idle workers in a vineyard is told to the speaker of a poem by this author after he falls asleep and sees his deceased daughter across a river. Another poem by this man depicts hunts for deer, a boar, and a fox, whose carcasses are traded for kisses with a man who hides a green girdle he receives from the wife of (*) Bertilak. All of this poet's extant works, including Cleanness and Patience, are found in the Cotton Nero A.x. (\"a\"-ten) manuscript. For 10 points, name this anonymous author usually named for his poem about the title gem or for his poem in which a man enters a beheading game with a green knight.", "answer": "the Pearl Poet [or the Gawain Poet]", "page": "The_Pearl_Poet", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124426, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145754, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 306], [307, 491], [492, 592], [593, 614], [615, 779]], "first_sentence": "In a poem often attributed to this person, a tomb containing the talking corpse of an ancient judge is unearthed during the building of a cathedral.", "answer_prompt": "or the Gawain Poet", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Handel's Messiah plays as paupers break into a house and recreate Da Vinci's Last Supper in a film by this director, in which Don Jaime plans to rape the title novice. Another film by this man opens with the Hebrides Overture playing over a documentary about scorpions and ends with the Duc de Blangis emerging beardless from a door in a scene inspired by 120 Days of Sodom. In that film, a woman sucks the toes of a religious (*) statue. This director of Viridiana collaborated with a painter on a film in which Pierre Batcheff bicycles in a nun's habit and pulls two pianos bearing two priests and dead donkeys. That film opens with a woman's eye being sliced open with a razor. For 10 points, name this Spanish surrealist director of L'Age d'Or and Un Chien Andalou.", "answer": "Luis Bun\u0303uel [accept Viridiana before \"this director\"]", "page": "Luis_Bu\u00f1uel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124425, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145755, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 374], [375, 438], [439, 613], [614, 680], [681, 769]], "first_sentence": "Handel's Messiah plays as paupers break into a house and recreate Da Vinci's Last Supper in a film by this director, in which Don Jaime plans to rape the title novice.", "answer_prompt": "accept Viridiana before \"this director\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In reduced units, the operator for this quantity for the hydrogen atom is often expressed as one over the radius minus one half del-squared. For a particle in a box, the average value of this quantity is the integral of psi-star times the Hamiltonian of psi, and is minimized at h squared over eight times the mass times the length squared. This quantity does not commute with time, in a common expression of the uncertainty principle. (*) Degeneracy occurs for two states where this quantity is the same. H psi equals this quantity times psi, according to the time-independent Schrodinger equation. For 10 points, name this quantity that is quantized by Planck's constant, and which is measured in electron-volts or Joules.", "answer": "energy [or total energy; or E; or kinetic energy; or Hamiltonian until it is read]", "page": "Energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124424, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145756, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 340], [341, 435], [436, 505], [506, 599], [600, 724]], "first_sentence": "In reduced units, the operator for this quantity for the hydrogen atom is often expressed as one over the radius minus one half del-squared.", "answer_prompt": "or total energy; or E; or kinetic energy; or Hamiltonian until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country sent no troops to participate in World War I because its army was busy suppressing the Contesado Rebellion. Officers from this country known as tenentes staged several uprisings. Soldiers from this country defeated a group of millenarian \"rebels in the backlands\" led by Antonio the Counselor. This country's fascist Integralist movement was crushed by a leader whose apparent involvement in the Rua Tonelero scandal prompted his (*) suicide. This nation was led by Washington Luis, the last of the \"coffee and milk\" presidents. Dictator Getulio Vargas established the Estado Novo in this nation, which is home to slums called favelas. For 10 points, name this country, one of the ABC powers alongside Argentina and Chile.", "answer": "Brazil [or Federative Republic of Brazil or Brasil] ", "page": "Brazil", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124423, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145757, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 191], [192, 306], [307, 455], [456, 541], [542, 648], [649, 735]], "first_sentence": "This country sent no troops to participate in World War I because its army was busy suppressing the Contesado Rebellion.", "answer_prompt": "or Federative Republic of Brazil or Brasil", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In glucose-6-phosphate deficiency, these cells lack a semicircular portion and are known as \"bite cells.\" Adhesion in these cells is driven by ICAM-4, or the LW factor. The A1C form of a protein expressed in these cells is measured in a common test for diabetes. These cells have a typical lifespan of 120 days before being destroyed in the (*) spleen. They mature from reticulocytes. These cells completely lack a nucleus, have a bi-concave shape, and can co-dominantly express the A and B antigens on their surfaces. A glutamic acid to valine mutation of a protein in these cells causes them to take a sickle shape. For 10 points, name these cells that carry oxygen and give blood its color.", "answer": "red blood cells [or RBCs; or erythrocytes]", "page": "Red_blood_cell", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124422, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145758, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 168], [169, 262], [263, 352], [353, 384], [385, 518], [519, 617], [618, 693]], "first_sentence": "In glucose-6-phosphate deficiency, these cells lack a semicircular portion and are known as \"bite cells.", "answer_prompt": "or RBCs; or erythrocytes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Gregory of Tours wrote about a massive tsunami caused by a landslide that destroyed this city in the sixth century. The future Antipope Clement VII, known as the butcher of Cesena, was born Robert, the count of this city. This city annually celebrates L'escalade, to commemorate the defeat of a 1602 surprise attack led by the Duke of Savoy. This city's governing council burnt the trinitarian Michael (*) Servetus at the stake. Prior to the publication of the King James Version, Protestants used a Bible translation produced in this city. The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion moved to this city and established his own Protestant denomination. For 10 points, name this Swiss city, home to John Calvin.", "answer": "Geneva, Switzerland [or Genf; or Ginevra]", "page": "Geneva,_Switzerland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124420, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145760, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 221], [222, 341], [342, 401], [402, 428], [429, 540], [541, 663], [664, 721]], "first_sentence": "Gregory of Tours wrote about a massive tsunami caused by a landslide that destroyed this city in the sixth century.", "answer_prompt": "or Genf; or Ginevra", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author ends with the lines, \"If I should meet thee / After long years, / How should I greet thee? / With silence and tears\". This author of \"When We Two Parted\" wrote a poem that lists \"A mind at peace with all below\" and \"A heart whose love is innocent\" among a particular woman's virtues. \"Ianthe\" is the dedicatee of long semi-autobiographical poem by this man whose title character (*) wanders across Europe and Asia Minor. Anne Wilmot is the subject of a poem by this man that notes \"all that's best of dark and bright / Meet in her aspect and her eyes\". For 10 points, identify this namesake of a type of moody Romantic hero, a British poet who wrote Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and \"She Walks in Beauty\" before he died fighting in Greece.", "answer": "Lord Byron [or George Gordon, Lord Byron]", "page": "Lord_Byron", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124419, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145761, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 114], [115, 139], [140, 305], [306, 442], [443, 574], [575, 759]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author ends with the lines, \"If I should meet thee /", "answer_prompt": "or George Gordon, Lord Byron", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This instrument plays the opening solo over tremolo strings in the \"Nocturne\" from Maurice Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe Suite No. 1, and it also plays the main solo in the \"Pantomime\" from Act III of the original ballet. In Gabriel Faure's Pavane, this instrument plays the opening theme over pizzicato strings. This instrument opens another French piece with a chromatic descent from (*) C-sharp to G-natural which then rises back up. Claude Debussy wrote the solo piece Syrinx for this instrument, which introduces the repeating theme of Ravel's Bolero and plays the beginning of Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. For 10 points, name this woodwind instrument whose smaller sibling is the piccolo.", "answer": "flute", "page": "Flute", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124418, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145762, "tokenizations": [[0, 217], [218, 308], [309, 432], [433, 624], [625, 707]], "first_sentence": "This instrument plays the opening solo over tremolo strings in the \"Nocturne\" from Maurice Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe Suite No. 1, and it also plays the main solo in the \"Pantomime\" from Act III of the original ballet.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An official set of guides for outdoor tours in this state was begun by a woman with a fondness for its Rangeley region known as Fly Rod Crosby. The Marginal Way footpath is in this American state, whose northern border was once home to the unrecognized Republic of Madawaska. This state lies west of Campobello Island, which contained the summer home of Franklin (*) Roosevelt. It contains the Hundred- Mile Wilderness, the longest uninhabited section of the Appalachian Trail. This state's Schoodic Peninsula is part of its Down East region, across the water from its city of Bar Harbor. For 10 points, name this home state of Acadia National Park, located southwest of the Bay of Fundy and the Canadian province of New Brunswick.", "answer": "Maine", "page": "Maine", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124417, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145763, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 275], [276, 377], [378, 477], [478, 588], [589, 731]], "first_sentence": "An official set of guides for outdoor tours in this state was begun by a woman with a fondness for its Rangeley region known as Fly Rod Crosby.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "H.T. Dean's \"21-city Study\" helped start this policy, which was partly inspired when Frederick McKay noted a community in Pikes Peak that exhibited what was called \"Colorado Brown Stain\". Charles Bett claimed this policy was \"better than using the atom bomb\" at achieving Communist goals, a conspiracy theory satirized as an attempt to \"sap and impurify\" the \"precious bodily fluids\" of Americans in Dr. Strangelove. Grand Rapids was the first (*) city to implement this policy. Recently, Health and Human Services recommended this supplementation be reduced to 0.7 milligrams per liter since Americans already receive the additive used through toothpaste. For 10 points, name this process in which a namesake ion is added to the water supply to help prevent tooth decay.", "answer": "fluoridation [or obvious equivalents such as adding fluoride to water]", "page": "Fluoridation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124416, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145764, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 416], [417, 478], [479, 656], [657, 771]], "first_sentence": "H.T. Dean's \"21-city Study\" helped start this policy, which was partly inspired when Frederick McKay noted a community in Pikes Peak that exhibited what was called \"Colorado Brown Stain\".", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents such as adding fluoride to water", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A dolphin-riding cupid clings to the right leg of a sculpture of one of these people, whose cuirass depicts the return of a stolen battle standard. A pair of cornucopias surrounds a shield at the base of a statue of one of these men. An upward-pointing hand and a head with enormous eyes remain as fragments of a colossal statue of one of these people. One of these men carries a club and wears the jaws and pelt of the (*) Nemean lion in a bust depicting him as Hercules. These people were often depicted raising their right arms in salute to their soldiers, as in a statue found at Prima Porta, as well as in an enormous equestrian statue that inspired Donatello's Gattamelata. For 10 points, name these supreme rulers, who included Commodus, Marcus Aurelius and Augustus.", "answer": "Roman emperors [or word forms; or Caesar; or Augustus; or imperator; or princeps; prompt on soldier or warrior or equivalents]", "page": "Roman_emperors", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124415, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145765, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 233], [234, 352], [353, 472], [473, 679], [680, 774]], "first_sentence": "A dolphin-riding cupid clings to the right leg of a sculpture of one of these people, whose cuirass depicts the return of a stolen battle standard.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; or Caesar; or Augustus; or imperator; or princeps; prompt on soldier or warrior or equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Four teenage boys from this country formed an embassy sent by Alessandro Valignano to Gregory XIII. After the wreck of the San Felipe in this country led to rumors about spies, the twenty-six martyrs were crucified here. In this country, people had to trample on flat bronze carvings of Virgin Mary and Jesus to prove that they weren't Christian. After traveling from (*) India, the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier introduced Christianity to this country in 1549. Christian peasants in this country revolted in the Shimabara Rebellion shortly after its government implemented the sakoku policy of national seclusion. For 10 points, name this country where the Portuguese originally helped spread Christianity from the port of Nagasaki.", "answer": "Japan", "page": "Japan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124414, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145766, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 220], [221, 346], [347, 460], [461, 613], [614, 732]], "first_sentence": "Four teenage boys from this country formed an embassy sent by Alessandro Valignano to Gregory XIII.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The coefficients of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind can be found using identities involving this function. This function of a complex number z is the arithmetic mean of e to the i times z and that exponential's reciprocal. This function is on the main diagonal of a two-dimensional rotation matrix. A complex number's magnitude times this function of its argument yields its (*) real part. This even function is equal to its own fourth derivative, and its Taylor expansion begins 1 minus x-squared over 2. c-squared equals a- squared plus b-squared minus 2 a b times this function of angle C, according to its namesake law in triangles. For 10 points, identify this trigonometric function, which for an angle in a right triangle equals adjacent over hypotenuse.", "answer": "cosine", "page": "Trigonometric_functions", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124413, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145767, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 230], [231, 306], [307, 341], [342, 397], [398, 513], [514, 530], [531, 556], [557, 644], [645, 769]], "first_sentence": "The coefficients of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind can be found using identities involving this function.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's books opens with a description of an invisible Malay creature in the Tower of Victory called the A Bao A Qu. He created a character who suffers septicemia after gashing his head on a beam while excitedly planning to read a copy of the Arabian Nights and later resigns himself to death in a knife fight. In another story by this man, Jaromir (*) Hladik is given a year to finish his masterpiece before he is shot by a Nazi firing squad. This author of the Book of Imaginary Beings and \"The Secret Miracle\" wrote about Juan Dahlmann in \"El Sur\" and penned a story about a universe consisting of an infinite number of hexagons containing all possible books. For 10 points, name this blind writer of \"The Library of Babel,\" which can be found in Ficciones.", "answer": "Jorge Luis Borges [or Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges]", "page": "Jorge_Luis_Borges", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124412, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145768, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 323], [324, 456], [457, 675], [676, 773]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's books opens with a description of an invisible Malay creature in the Tower of Victory called the A Bao A Qu.", "answer_prompt": "or Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Elector John George II of Saxony refused the crown of Bohemia because taking it would have interfered with his participation this activity. Count Gaston III of Foix-Bearn wrote a popular medieval handbook on this activity, which was also the subject of Xenophon's Kynegetikos. The most dangerous form of this activity was called \"par force.\" William the Conqueror's sons Richard and William (*) Rufus were both killed while participating in this activity. This activity ended with the baying, unmaking, and curee, and began with the quest and assembly. Royal Forests were established to protect this activity, whose variants include falconry. For 10 points, name this activity aided by hounds, which might reduce local populations of stags or foxes.", "answer": "hunting [or venery; accept more specific answers like stag hunting or fox hunting", "page": "Hunting", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124411, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145769, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 276], [277, 341], [342, 390], [391, 455], [456, 552], [553, 642], [643, 749]], "first_sentence": "Elector John George II of Saxony refused the crown of Bohemia because taking it would have interfered with his participation this activity.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Lorenz number, equal to 2.4 times ten to the negative eighth, appears in the empirical Wiedemann-Franz Law for these materials. A classical model of these materials proposes a constant drift velocity from a uniform field and elastic electronic collisions. Sommerfeld adapted the Drude model of these materials into his free-electron model. Cold work prevents the movement of dislocations in these materials, resulting in strain hardening. Sequences of (*) quenching, then tempering, are used to strengthen these materials. Crystal lattices model the microstructure of these materials, which have delocalized \"seas\" of electrons. As a result, they have high conductivity, and are ductile and malleable. For 10 points, name these materials that are mixed in alloys.", "answer": "metals [prompt on conductors or crystal lattices]", "page": "Metal", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124410, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145770, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 259], [260, 343], [344, 442], [443, 526], [527, 632], [633, 705], [706, 767]], "first_sentence": "The Lorenz number, equal to 2.4 times ten to the negative eighth, appears in the empirical Wiedemann-Franz Law for these materials.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on conductors or crystal lattices", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this non-science area of study, category members are organized around a core of most representative members in prototype theory. This field follows the principle of compositionality, which disregards implicatures. \"Logic and Conversation\" by Paul Grice introduced four maxims that distinguish this field. Violations in this field are marked by a pound sign. Noam Chomsky's sentence \"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously\" illustrates the difference between this field and the field one level below it in complexity, (*) syntax. Entailments and presuppositions are relations in this field, in which set theory relations can be used to express truth conditions of declarative sentences. For 10 points, name this field of linguistics that concerns the literal meaning of sentences.", "answer": "semantics [prompt on linguistics until \"syntax\"; prompt on \"cognitive psychology\"; prompt on \"meaning\"]", "page": "Semantics", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124409, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145771, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 218], [218, 307], [308, 360], [361, 530], [531, 687], [688, 781]], "first_sentence": "In this non-science area of study, category members are organized around a core of most representative members in prototype theory.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on linguistics until \"syntax\"; prompt on \"cognitive psychology\"; prompt on \"meaning\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Thermal expansion occurs because models for this quantity versus separation distance are asymmetric. This quantity is approximately the height of the well of a Morse potential. For a binary acid, this quantity equals proton affinity plus electron affinity minus ionization energy. It is exactly equal to the heat of reaction for homolysis, forming radicals. Though not heat of formation, this quantity is quite low for peroxides, explaining their (*) explosiveness. The heat of reaction equals the sum over this quantity for each of the reactants minus the sum of it for the products. It varies inversely with length and directly with order. For 10 points, name this quantity, the amount of energy released when two molecular fragments link covalently.", "answer": "bond energy [or bond dissociation energy; or BDE; or bond strength; prompt on stability]", "page": "Bond_Energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124408, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145772, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 176], [177, 280], [281, 357], [358, 465], [466, 584], [585, 641], [642, 752]], "first_sentence": "Thermal expansion occurs because models for this quantity versus separation distance are asymmetric.", "answer_prompt": "or bond dissociation energy; or BDE; or bond strength; prompt on stability", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this novel is the title subject of a 2013 \"Counter-Investigation\" by Kamel Daoud. Near the end of this novel, the protagonist answers affirmatively to the question \"Do you really live with the thought that when you die, you die, and nothing remains?\" posed to him by the Chaplain. On a \"night alive with sand and stars\", this novel's protagonist opens himself \"to the gentle (*) indifference of the world\". A railway worker in this novel who loses his scab-covered dog, Salamano, later testifies along with Marie at a trial resulting from the protagonist's having used Raymond's pistol to fire five shots. This novel opens with the line \"Mother died today\". For 10 points, name this novel in which Meursault shoots an Arab in Algeria, written by Albert Camus.", "answer": "The Stranger [or The Outsider or L'E\u0301tranger]", "page": "The_stranger", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124407, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145773, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 299], [300, 425], [426, 624], [625, 676], [677, 778]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this novel is the title subject of a 2013 \"Counter-Investigation\" by Kamel Daoud.", "answer_prompt": "or The Outsider or L'E\u0301tranger", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This book highlights the unity and diversity of the fellowship of Christ by asking where the body's sense of hearing would be if the whole body were an eye. It instructs those who speak in tongues to additionally pray for the interpretation of tongues. The most famous section of this book concerns a concept that \"is not easily angered\" and \"keeps no record of wrongs.\" This book controversially instructs women to (*) cover their heads in worship, and describes putting the \"ways of childhood behind me\" after becoming a man. Chapter 13 of this book describes a concept that \"does not envy, does not boast,\" and notes that \"Love is patient, love is kind.\" For 10 points, name this Pauline epistle, the first of two addressed to a church in Greece.", "answer": "First Corinthians [or 1 Corinthians; prompt on Corinthians]", "page": "First_Corinthians", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124406, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145774, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 252], [253, 369], [369, 370], [371, 527], [528, 656], [656, 657], [658, 749]], "first_sentence": "This book highlights the unity and diversity of the fellowship of Christ by asking where the body's sense of hearing would be if the whole body were an eye.", "answer_prompt": "or 1 Corinthians; prompt on Corinthians", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The second act of a play by this man opens with a pair of speeches offering the mottoes \"Enjoy Yourselves\" and \"Save the Family\". Food poisoning-stricken actors, including Miss Somerset, have to be replaced in the third act of that play by this man, which features a maid named Lily Sabina and a member of the \"Ancient and Honorable Order of Mammals\" who invents the wheel. A dead woman attempts to relive her (*) twelfth birthday in another of this man's plays, whose cast includes the alcoholic choir director Simon Stimson. The Antrobus family survives an ice age in one of his plays, while the Stage Manager officiates the wedding of Emily Webb and George Gibbs in Grover's Corners in another. For 10 points, name this playwright of The Skin of Our Teeth and Our Town.", "answer": "Thornton Wilder [or Thornton Niven Wilder]", "page": "Thornton_Wilder", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124405, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145775, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 373], [374, 526], [527, 697], [698, 772]], "first_sentence": "The second act of a play by this man opens with a pair of speeches offering the mottoes \"Enjoy Yourselves\" and \"Save the Family\".", "answer_prompt": "or Thornton Niven Wilder", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This number partly identifies a logical law from the book Foundations of Arithmetic which creates a \"course-of-values\" for functions. The failure of that \"Basic Law\" of this number by Gottlob Frege inspired Russell's paradox. As initially proposed by Philippa Foot, this is the number of people who would be saved if the switch is flipped in the \"trolley problem.\" A famous set of this many arguments includes an argument from degree, an argument for a (*) \"first cause,\" and a teleological argument. This many \"Ways\" of proving God's existence were proposed by Thomas Aquinas. Plato's Timaeus defines aether as the classical element of this number. For 10 points, give the number used since Aristotle for the number of senses humans have.", "answer": "five [or 5]", "page": "5", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124404, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145776, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 225], [226, 364], [365, 500], [501, 577], [578, 649], [650, 739]], "first_sentence": "This number partly identifies a logical law from the book Foundations of Arithmetic which creates a \"course-of-values\" for functions.", "answer_prompt": "or 5", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A commonly-depicted creature in early Athenian vase painting has the foreparts of this animal and the tail and wings of a rooster. The city of Abdera was founded near where the youth Abderus was killed by these animals. Heracles attacks Troy to collect his gift of twelve of these animals promised to him by Laomedon. After Hera gives one of these animals the power of speech, it portends the death of Achilles. As a wedding gift, Peleus receives two of these animals named (*) Balius and Xanthius. These land animals are tamed by Poseidon. Hercules steals four man-eating animals of this kind, and turns them against their original owner Diomedes. For 10 points, name these animals that pull the chariots of Greek gods and heroes.", "answer": "horses [or mares; or steeds; or Equus ferus caballus] ", "page": "Horse", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124403, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145777, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 219], [220, 317], [318, 411], [412, 498], [499, 540], [541, 648], [649, 731]], "first_sentence": "A commonly-depicted creature in early Athenian vase painting has the foreparts of this animal and the tail and wings of a rooster.", "answer_prompt": "or mares; or steeds; or Equus ferus caballus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Epworth Scale is a short questionnaire that measures this phenomenon. K-complexes and namesake \"spindles\" form during one type of this phenomenon, during which nearly half of all growth hormone production happens. \"Z-drugs\" like zolpidem and zopiclone treat defects in this phenomenon. Stages of this process, from 1 to 4, can be measured on an EEG. Some scientists believe that in humans before the Industrial Revolution, the (*) \"polyphasic\" form of this phenomenon dominated. Obesity is a common cause of interruptions in breathing during this phenomenon known as obstructive apneas. Acetylcholine dominates during the REM phase of this process. For 10 points, name this physiological process that is impaired in people with insomnia.", "answer": "sleep [or REM sleep; or rapid eye movement sleep; or NREM sleep; or non-rapid eye movement sleep; or polyphasic sleep; accept other forms]", "page": "Sleep", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124402, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145778, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 219], [219, 289], [290, 353], [354, 482], [483, 590], [591, 652], [653, 741]], "first_sentence": "The Epworth Scale is a short questionnaire that measures this phenomenon.", "answer_prompt": "or REM sleep; or rapid eye movement sleep; or NREM sleep; or non-rapid eye movement sleep; or polyphasic sleep; accept other forms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Owing in part to his failed experiment of mixing tempera and oil paints, this artist never completed a painting in the Hall of the Five Hundred. One of his sketches features a single dragon among an array of cats and horses in various poses. A mural he made for Santa Maria delle Grazie was painted on a surface of gesso, pitch, and mastic, causing it to quickly deteriorate. In another of his sketches, a circle is centered on the title man's (*) navel while a square cuts off at his head and feet. The man in that sketch both extends his arms horizontally and raises his arms over his head. He painted the twelve apostles reacting in shock as Jesus announces that a disciple would betray him. For 10 points, name this artist of the Vitruvian Man and The Last Supper.", "answer": "Leonardo da Vinci [or Leonardo da Vinci]", "page": "Leonardo_da_Vinci", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124401, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145779, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 241], [242, 261], [262, 375], [376, 499], [500, 592], [593, 694], [695, 768]], "first_sentence": "Owing in part to his failed experiment of mixing tempera and oil paints, this artist never completed a painting in the Hall of the Five Hundred.", "answer_prompt": "or Leonardo da Vinci", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this country, nearly 25,000 children, many of whose parents belonged to the DSE, were placed in \"child towns.\" The destroyer HNS Velos refused to return to this country during a NATO exercise in protest of a right-wing military junta that came to power after a 1967 coup. After World War II, this country regained the Dodecanese Islands, and backed a coup against archbishop Makarios III in an attempt to realize its idea of enosis during its Regime of the (*) Colonels. This country suffered a civil war from 1946-49 that prompted Truman to formulate his namesake \"doctrine.\" In 1974, this European country tried to unite with an island partitioned by the Green Line, with capital at Nicosia. For 10 points, name this country that fought with Turkey over Cyprus.", "answer": "Greece [or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas]", "page": "Greece", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124400, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145780, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 274], [275, 473], [474, 578], [578, 579], [580, 696], [697, 766]], "first_sentence": "In this country, nearly 25,000 children, many of whose parents belonged to the DSE, were placed in \"child towns.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This king may have been complicit in the disappearance of Philip Christoph von Konigsmarck, the lover of his first wife, whom he locked up in the Castle of Ahlden. The Whigs cemented their power during this man's reign by passing the Septennial Act. During this king's reign, the Battle of Preston went poorly for Lord Mar, who attempted to place the Old Pretender on the throne during the first of the (*) Jacobite Uprisings, the Fifteen. This king, who lost some of his own money in the South Sea Bubble and was advised by Robert Walpole, was slated to succeed his mother Sophia as per the Act of Settlement, but ended up ascending to the throne directly after the death of Queen Anne. For 10 points, name this first British monarch from the German House of Hanover.", "answer": "George I [or George Louis I or Georg Ludwig I; prompt on George] ", "page": "George_I_of_Great_Britain", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124399, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145781, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 249], [250, 439], [440, 687], [688, 768]], "first_sentence": "This king may have been complicit in the disappearance of Philip Christoph von Konigsmarck, the lover of his first wife, whom he locked up in the Castle of Ahlden.", "answer_prompt": "or George Louis I or Georg Ludwig I; prompt on George", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A passage in this novel contains sections on the pains of loss, conscience, and extension, the second of which takes the form of the \"worm...of the triple sting\". In its first chapter, Athy claims that several expelled boys had been caught \"smugging\". A Christmas dinner in this novel erupts into a shouting match between Mr. Casey and Aunt Dante over the downfall of Charles Stuart (*) Parnell. Its opening passage describes an encounter between a \"moocow\" and \"baby tuckoo\". Its protagonist hangs out with Davin, Lynch and Cranly at University College, and during a retreat at Belvedere, attends Father Arnall's sermon on hell, which convinces him to become a devout Catholic. For 10 points, identify this James Joyce novel about the childhood of Stephen Dedalus.", "answer": " Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", "page": "Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124398, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145782, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 251], [252, 395], [396, 476], [477, 678], [679, 765]], "first_sentence": "A passage in this novel contains sections on the pains of loss, conscience, and extension, the second of which takes the form of the \"worm...of the triple sting\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Einstein relation's most important application is in these materials because it sets the ratio of diffusivity and mobility equal to k T over q. Wafers of one type of this material are grown with the Czochralski process. III-V (\"three five\") and II-VI (\"two-six\") alloys are used to form the binary, ternary, and quaternary \"compound\" types of this material. Analyzing these materials often involves determining the rate and type of carrier generation and (*) recombination processes. These materials are useful because substitutional impurities can change their Fermi level in a process called doping, which can create its n-type and p- type. The most commonly used example of this material is silicon. For 10 points, name these materials that have a conductivity intermediate between that of conductors and insulators.", "answer": "semiconductors", "page": "Semiconductor", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124397, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145783, "tokenizations": [[0, 223], [224, 361], [362, 487], [488, 646], [647, 706], [707, 823]], "first_sentence": "The Einstein relation's most important application is in these materials because it sets the ratio of diffusivity and mobility equal to k T over q. Wafers of one type of this material are grown with the Czochralski process.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Simon \"The Marquis\" McTavish was a tycoon in this industry. A company dominant in this industry founded Cumberland House after its system of using coastal factories was challenged, and it later fought a rival company at the Battle of Seven Oaks. Companies in this industry would often hire hundreds of voyageurs. The mixed-race children of men in this profession became the Metis (meh-TEA). It's not real estate, but a city in (*) Oregon is named for a man who made his fortune in this industry. The North West Company controlled this industry around Lake Athabasca. An American company that secured a monopoly over this industry in the early 18th century was founded by John Jacob Astor. For 10 points, name this industry dominated by the Hudson Bay Company which nearly drove the beaver to extinction.", "answer": "fur trading [or fur trapping; or pelt trade; or beaver fur trade]", "page": "Fur_trading", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124396, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145784, "tokenizations": [[0, 245], [246, 312], [313, 390], [391, 495], [496, 566], [567, 688], [689, 803]], "first_sentence": "Simon \"The Marquis\" McTavish was a tycoon in this industry. A company dominant in this industry founded Cumberland House after its system of using coastal factories was challenged, and it later fought a rival company at the Battle of Seven Oaks.", "answer_prompt": "or fur trapping; or pelt trade; or beaver fur trade", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An unaccompanied operatic duet by this composer begins with the title male lead singing in F minor while the female lead begins in E major, before they converge on an E-flat. That duet ends the prologue to an opera in which the male lead sings \"Now the Great Bear and Pleiades.\" In another opera, a male virgin is selected Queen of May Day but vanishes that night to go on a debauched adventure. This composer wrote most of his principal tenor parts for his partner Peter Pears, including the title roles of (*) Albert Herring and Billy Budd. He extracted Four Sea Interludes from an opera in which a fisherman is charged with causing his apprentice's death and later sinks his own boat out at sea. For 10 points, name this British composer of Peter Grimes.", "answer": "Benjamin Britten", "page": "Benjamin_Britten", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124395, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145785, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 278], [279, 395], [396, 542], [543, 698], [699, 757]], "first_sentence": "An unaccompanied operatic duet by this composer begins with the title male lead singing in F minor while the female lead begins in E major, before they converge on an E-flat.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The two main characters of this short story awkwardly sit in silence for half an hour as one slowly eats a watermelon. This story ends with the statement \"the most complicated and difficult part was just beginning.\" \"A new face\" is said to have \"appeared on the embankment\" at the beginning of this short story, in which the protagonist refers to women as \"an inferior race.\" One character is married to a \"lackey\" of German descent named von (*) Dideritz, and is surprised when the protagonist shows up at the opening night performance of The Geisha. Dmitri Gurov begins an affair with the title character while they are both vacationing in Yalta. For 10 points, name this Anton Chekhov short story in which Dmitri's lover, Anna Sergeevna, is first seen accompanied by her Pomeranian.", "answer": "\"The Lady with the Dog\" [or \"Dama s sobachkoy\"; \"The Lady with the Lapdog\"; or \"The Lady with the Little Dog\"; or \"The Lady with a Dog\"; accept alternate answers in the same vein]", "page": "The_Lady_With_the_Lapdog", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124394, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145786, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 215], [216, 375], [376, 551], [552, 648], [649, 785]], "first_sentence": "The two main characters of this short story awkwardly sit in silence for half an hour as one slowly eats a watermelon.", "answer_prompt": "or \"Dama s sobachkoy\"; \"The Lady with the Lapdog\"; or \"The Lady with the Little Dog\"; or \"The Lady with a Dog\"; accept alternate answers in the same vein", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "ne can find things like the sum of the cubes of roots of a polynomial using Vieta's formulas and then applying this mathematician's identities about symmetric polynomials. Joseph Raphson is the real developer of a technique named for this man, in which one repeatedly finds where a tangent line intersects the x-axis, as part of a (*) \"method\" to iteratively approximate the roots of a differentiable function. This mathematician famously claimed that his success came because he \"stood on the shoulders of giants.\" Controversy exists whether this man or Gottfried Leibniz should be considered the inventor of calculus. For 10 points, name this mathematician whose Principia Mathematica laid out his three namesake laws of motion.", "answer": "Isaac Newton", "page": "Isaac_Newton", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124393, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145787, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 410], [411, 514], [514, 515], [516, 619], [620, 730]], "first_sentence": "ne can find things like the sum of the cubes of roots of a polynomial using Vieta's formulas and then applying this mathematician's identities about symmetric polynomials.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In sperm cells, a specific type of these proteins known as catsper is of the \"two-pore\" variety. In one of these proteins, the five residue sequence TVGYG forms a \"selectivity filter\" that removes a hydration shell. In another of them, the highly-conserved S4 segment acts as a \"sensor.\" Four types of conotoxin from cone snails and (*) tetrodotoxin from puffer fish block these proteins. The patch-clamp technique can be used to study these proteins, one type of which activates during the period of hyperpolarization. Two \"voltage- gated\" examples of these proteins keep the resting potential of a neuron at -70 mV. For 10 points, name these proteins that control the flow of charged atoms like sodium across a cell membrane.", "answer": "ion channels [prompt on membrane proteins; prompt on integral membrane proteins; prompt on channels; accept TRPs; accept transient receptor potential channels; accept sodium channels; accept potassium channels; accept ionotropic receptors]", "page": "Ion_channels", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124392, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145788, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 215], [216, 287], [288, 388], [389, 519], [520, 613], [614, 617], [618, 727]], "first_sentence": "In sperm cells, a specific type of these proteins known as catsper is of the \"two-pore\" variety.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on membrane proteins; prompt on integral membrane proteins; prompt on channels; accept TRPs; accept transient receptor potential channels; accept sodium channels; accept potassium channels; accept ionotropic receptors", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man with the very British name of \"Cambridge Fraudsham\" is deposed as headmaster of the Siriana school in a novel by this author in which several highway surveyors die in a plane crash. The deaf-mute Gitogo is shot in the back in another novel by this author, in which a carpenter is shuttled between seven detention camps overseen first by Thomas Robson, then John Thompson. This author explained his decision to renounce writing in (*) English in his essay Decolonizing the Mind, and was detained without trial for writing the play I Will Marry When I Want. The hunger striker Mugo and the villainous Karanja aid the British and betray the Mau Mau Rebellion in this man's best-known novel. For 10 points, name this Kenyan author of Petals of Blood and A Grain of Wheat.", "answer": "Ngugi wa Thiong'o [or James Ngugi; accept Petals of Blood until \"this author\" is read]", "page": "Ng\u0169g\u0129_wa_Thiong'o", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124391, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145789, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 377], [378, 435], [436, 561], [562, 693], [694, 773]], "first_sentence": "A man with the very British name of \"Cambridge Fraudsham\" is deposed as headmaster of the Siriana school in a novel by this author in which several highway surveyors die in a plane crash.", "answer_prompt": "or James Ngugi; accept Petals of Blood until \"this author\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "People of this ethnicity lobbied for the passage of the Helms-Burton Act, which built on the Torricelli Act. Many children of this ethnicity were helped by the US government as part of Operation Peter Pan. The \"Wet Foot, Dry Foot\" policy applies to people of this ethnicity, many of whom settled in the company town of Ybor City. Large numbers of these people emigrated to the US during the (*) Mariel Boatlift. In 2000, Janet Reno controversially ordered SWAT agents to return a child of this ethnicity to his native country. The CIA trained people of this ethnicity to lead a coup in the failed Bay of Pigs operation. For 10 points, name this large ethnic minority in Miami, many of whom are refugees from the Castro regime.", "answer": "Cuban-Americans [or Cuban exiles]", "page": "Cuban-Americans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124390, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145790, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 205], [206, 329], [330, 411], [412, 526], [527, 619], [620, 726]], "first_sentence": "People of this ethnicity lobbied for the passage of the Helms-Burton Act, which built on the Torricelli Act.", "answer_prompt": "or Cuban exiles", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's son-in-law Alcathous gets killed after Poseidon blinds and paralyzes him. This man encourages a group to travel to Crete after misinterpreting Apollo's instruction to steer their party to the land of their ancestors. A set of funeral games for this man is interrupted when the participants discover that their wives and daughters burned their ships. This man explains how souls reach the Elysian fields and reveals a lineage stretching to (*) Caesar and Romulus during a meeting in the underworld with his son. This man was crippled with Zeus's thunderbolt because he boasted about his affair with a goddess, so he is literally carried by his son out of the burning city of Troy. For 10 points, name this Trojan whose affair with Venus produced the son Aeneas.", "answer": "Anchises", "page": "Anchises", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124389, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145791, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 227], [228, 360], [361, 521], [522, 690], [691, 771]], "first_sentence": "This man's son-in-law Alcathous gets killed after Poseidon blinds and paralyzes him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The plywood backing installed to this painting by restorer Hannah Mee Horner created a horizontal seam that ran across the title figure's shoulders. Other early restorers of this painting increased the brightness of the red hallway in which two men stand watching the central scene. This painting was rejected by the art jury of the Centennial Exhibition. In this painting, an open box of equipment lies in front of a woman who is possibly the (*) supine man's mother and is recoiling in horror. Several bored students sit in the atrium in the background of this work. The title character of this painting holds a scalpel in his bloody right hand and was a professor at Jefferson College in Philadelphia. For 10 points, name this Thomas Eakins painting of a medical operation.", "answer": "The Gross Clinic [or Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross or The Clinic of Dr. Gross]", "page": "The_Gross_Clinic", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124388, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145792, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 282], [283, 355], [356, 495], [496, 568], [569, 704], [705, 776]], "first_sentence": "The plywood backing installed to this painting by restorer Hannah Mee Horner created a horizontal seam that ran across the title figure's shoulders.", "answer_prompt": "or Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross or The Clinic of Dr. Gross", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Six of this city's top naval commanders were executed for failing to rescue their crews. Overland shipping to this city was choked off by the capture of the nearby fortress at Decelea. Because a herald from this city was killed in Megara, this city imposed a set of economic sanctions known as the Megarian decree. In the midst of a campaign, a commander was recalled to this city to face trial for desecrating the hermai. The loss of this city's war hawk general (*) Cleon at the Battle of Amphipolis allowed a statesman from here to sign the Peace of Nicias. This city, which was serviced by the port of Piraeus, lost the naval battle of Aegospotami. For 10 points, name this city which controlled the seas for most of the Peloponnesian War, a conflict it lost to Sparta.", "answer": "Athens", "page": "Athens", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124387, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145793, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 184], [185, 314], [315, 422], [423, 560], [561, 652], [653, 773]], "first_sentence": "Six of this city's top naval commanders were executed for failing to rescue their crews.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One theory put forth by this man involves the prospect of \"vicarious reinforcement\" or \"vicarious punishment.\" This man described a \"judgmental sub-function\" in the mind as part of his negative feedback model of self-regulation. This man drew on Rotter's theory of locus of control for a paper about belief in one's own ability to succeed. As of a 2014 assessment by Diener (DEE-ner) et al., this coiner of the terms \"reciprocal determinism\" and \"self-efficacy\" is the most frequently cited (*) living psychologist. His work on social learning theory included a setup in which assistants shouted phrases such as \"sockeroo\" as children from Palo Alto observed their aggression against an inflatable toy. For 10 points, name this Canadian-born psychologist who did the bobo doll experiment.", "answer": "Albert Bandura", "page": "Albert_Bandura", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124386, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145794, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 228], [229, 339], [340, 461], [462, 515], [516, 702], [703, 788]], "first_sentence": "One theory put forth by this man involves the prospect of \"vicarious reinforcement\" or \"vicarious punishment.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Eigen and de Maeyer proposed the products of this reaction migrate away along a \"wire\", faster than diffusion would predict. This reaction explains why milli-Q has nonzero conductivity. This reaction forms hypervalent seven and thirteen-atom cations according to the Grotthuss mechanism. When the concentration of the reactant is 55.6 molar, the rate of this reaction is roughly one molecule per ten hours. The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 24 degrees Celsius is ten to the negative (*) fourteenth power, and is usually set equal to the product of K-sub-a and the conjugate K-sub-b. It forms hydronium and hydroxide. For 10 points, name this reaction in which two water molecules react to form positive and negative products.", "answer": "autoionization of water [or the dissociation of water; or the formation of hydronium and hydroxide from water; accept H2O instead of water, H3O+ instead of hydronium, and OH- instead of hydroxide; prompt on splitting water; prompt on similar equivalents]", "page": "Autoionization_of_water", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124385, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145795, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 185], [186, 217], [218, 287], [288, 406], [407, 463], [464, 594], [595, 628], [629, 737]], "first_sentence": "Eigen and de Maeyer proposed the products of this reaction migrate away along a \"wire\", faster than diffusion would predict.", "answer_prompt": "or the dissociation of water; or the formation of hydronium and hydroxide from water; accept H2O instead of water, H3O+ instead of hydronium, and OH- instead of hydroxide; prompt on splitting water; prompt on similar equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author criticized pretentious directors and film theory in \"I Can't Get That Monster Out of My Mind\". In another work, she recalls playing the song \"Wichita Lineman\" to get an Ezra Pound quote out of her head. This author's interviews with Linda Kasabian, a former Manson family member, as well as her visits to Black Panther Party meetings and (*) Doors recording sessions, are chronicled in an essay that begins with the statement \"we tell ourselves stories in order to live.\" She wrote about life in the aftermath of her husband in The Year of Magical Thinking and used a Yeats quote for the title of an essay on the Haight-Ashbury district in the 60's, \"Slouching Towards Bethlehem.\" For 10 points, name this female American essayist of \"The White Album\".", "answer": "Joan Didion", "page": "Joan_Didion", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124384, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145796, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 214], [215, 437], [438, 483], [484, 691], [691, 692], [693, 764]], "first_sentence": "This author criticized pretentious directors and film theory in \"I Can't Get That Monster Out of My Mind\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This monarch spurned his wife Marie of Hesse and entered a morganatic marriage with his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov. The Synodal Bible in the modern form of his nation's language was published during this man's reign. This man's country expanded eastward by signing the Treaty of Aigun. Universal male military service was introduced by this man's Minister of War, Count (*) Milyutin. The Loris-Melikov Constitution was never enacted during the reign of this man, who set up many local governments called zemstvos. The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood was erected at the site where a grenade was tossed under this man's carriage. For 10 points, name this Russian emperor who was assassinated by a member of the People's Will, and who freed the serfs.", "answer": "Alexander II [or Aleksandr II Nikolayevich; prompt on Alexander]", "page": "Alexander_II_of_Russia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124383, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145797, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 219], [220, 288], [289, 386], [387, 516], [517, 636], [637, 757]], "first_sentence": "This monarch spurned his wife Marie of Hesse and entered a morganatic marriage with his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov.", "answer_prompt": "or Aleksandr II Nikolayevich; prompt on Alexander", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The inverse of the Villari effect, in which magnetization causes a ferromagnetic material to change in length, is called this scientist's magnetostriction. This physicist is the first namesake of a coefficient that is anomalously negative for hydrogen gas at room temperature, equal to the derivative of pressure with respect to temperature at constant enthalpy, and symbolized mu. His \"first law\" gives the heat radiated from a resistor as proportional to the current squared. This scientist attached a falling weight to a series of (*) spinning plates suspended in water, heating up the water, in an experiment that proved conservation of energy. His namesake unit equals a volt times a Coulomb, or a Watt times a second. For 10 points, name this Englishman whose SI unit measures energy.", "answer": "James Prescott Joule ", "page": "James_Prescott_Joule", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124382, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145798, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 381], [382, 477], [478, 648], [649, 723], [724, 790]], "first_sentence": "The inverse of the Villari effect, in which magnetization causes a ferromagnetic material to change in length, is called this scientist's magnetostriction.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Otto Nicolai founded this city's premier orchestra, which uses a type of horn with double-cylinder pushrod valves and a more mellow sound than the double horn. The harpist Anna Lelkes became the first permanent female member of that orchestra in 1997. This city's Philharmonic Orchestra plays in the Musikverein and usually ends its annual New Year's Concert with the (*) \"Radetzky March,\" which was written by a resident of this city. That composer's sons included Eduard and Josef, and a son who wrote waltzes such as \"Tales From this City's Woods,\" and \"On the Beautiful Blue Danube.\" For 10 points, name this city which was home to Johann Strauss Sr. and Jr., and where Mozart and Beethoven spent most of their adult careers.", "answer": "Vienna [or Wien]", "page": "Vienna", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124381, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145799, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 251], [252, 435], [436, 587], [588, 729]], "first_sentence": "Otto Nicolai founded this city's premier orchestra, which uses a type of horn with double-cylinder pushrod valves and a more mellow sound than the double horn.", "answer_prompt": "or Wien", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An early paper by this man argued that the structure of metaphysics used to have a \"center,\" such as God or Man, but doesn't anymore. This man criticized the desire for a \"transcendental signified\" to which all signs eventually point. He lost popularity after publicly excusing the Nazi ties of his Belgian colleague Paul de Man. Gayatri Spivak translated a large book by this man, which shows Thoth on the cover and opens by declaring \"There is nothing outside the (*) text.\" This critic of \"logocentrism\" devised a way of reading texts which reveals apparently-binary opposites to actually be hierarchies and then destabilizes their meaning. For 10 points, name this Algerian-born author of Of Grammatology, a French post-structuralist who pioneered deconstruction.", "answer": "Jacques Derrida", "page": "Jacques_Derrida", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124380, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145800, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 234], [235, 329], [330, 476], [477, 643], [644, 767]], "first_sentence": "An early paper by this man argued that the structure of metaphysics used to have a \"center,\" such as God or Man, but doesn't anymore.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This play features the recurring image of a man standing in a saddle and banging on a window at dawn. A character in this play shouts \"fire!\" to demonstrate \"the misuse of free speech\" shortly after offering to lick another character's toe to test the wind. Two characters in this play attempt to trip another man with their belts by tying them together. In this play, a boy is told to put on a skirt in order to act out the (*) Rape of the Sabine Women. In the last scene of this play, drum and flute music precedes the appearance of the Tragedians from barrels on a ship. This play opens with the main characters flipping a coin which has come up heads ninety-two times in a row. For 10 points, name this play about two minor characters from Hamlet, written by Tom Stoppard.", "answer": "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ", "page": "Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124379, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145801, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 141], [142, 257], [258, 354], [355, 454], [455, 573], [574, 681], [682, 776]], "first_sentence": "This play features the recurring image of a man standing in a saddle and banging on a window at dawn.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A parable compares one of these people, standing in the distance and beating his breast in shame, to a Pharisee who is thankful that he is not one of these people. An encounter with Jesus prompts a man with this profession to declare that he will give half of his possessions to the poor. Jesus is often described as eating dinner with these people \"and sinners.\" A man with this job is so short that he is forced to (*) climb up a fig tree to see Jesus among a large crowd. A disciple with this job is alternately called Levi. This profession, shared by Zacchaeus and Matthew, was considered traitorous because its practitioners frequently overcharged their clients. For 10 points, identify this profession which was responsible for gathering money for the Roman Empire.", "answer": "tax collectors [or publicans; or publicanus; or publicani; or telones]", "page": "Tax_collectors", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124378, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145802, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 288], [289, 363], [364, 474], [475, 527], [528, 667], [668, 771]], "first_sentence": "A parable compares one of these people, standing in the distance and beating his breast in shame, to a Pharisee who is thankful that he is not one of these people.", "answer_prompt": "or publicans; or publicanus; or publicani; or telones", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After this conflict, most of a country's mutamassir community left or was expelled. An alliance in this conflict signed the secret Protocol of Sevres, whose existence was later unsuccessfully denied by the British. Prior to this conflict, one of its participants had acquired Soviet weaponry via the Czech arms deal. During this conflict, Operation Musketeer was launched as a response to Operation Kadesh. (*) Anthony Eden resigned as British prime minister after this conflict, which Dwight D. Eisenhower refused to join. The Canadian prime minister Lester Pearson spearheaded a UN resolution to end this conflict, in which Israeli, British, and French forces invaded the Sinai. For 10 points, name this 1956 \"crisis\" that began after Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized an Egyptian canal.", "answer": "Suez Crisis [or Suez War; or Tripartite Aggression]", "page": "Suez_Crisis", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124377, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145803, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 214], [215, 316], [317, 406], [407, 523], [524, 680], [681, 787]], "first_sentence": "After this conflict, most of a country's mutamassir community left or was expelled.", "answer_prompt": "or Suez War; or Tripartite Aggression", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man with this surname now names the dance theater opposite Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center. The 501(c)(6) political group Freedom Partners is primarily funded by a family of this name. A New York City mayor with this last name provided low income housing by repurposing buildings seized in tax foreclosures, and was criticized for closing (*) bathhouses after years of inaction on AIDS. A family with this surname sponsors the Defending the American Dream Summit and made its wealth through thermal cracking; that family, whose namesake Industries own Bounty paper towels, has been a major contributor to Wisconsin governor Scott Walker. For 10 points, give this surname of Charles and David, two brothers who fund various conservative PACs.", "answer": "Koch [or David H. Koch; or Ed Koch; or Charles Koch; accept pronunciations that sound like \"Cock\", \"Coke\" or \"Cook\"]", "page": "David_H._Koch", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124376, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145804, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 190], [191, 392], [393, 643], [644, 747]], "first_sentence": "A man with this surname now names the dance theater opposite Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center.", "answer_prompt": "or David H. Koch; or Ed Koch; or Charles Koch; accept pronunciations that sound like \"Cock\", \"Coke\" or \"Cook\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A play written in this language opens with Daja telling the title character how a Christian knight heroically saved his lover Recha from a burning house. That play in this language contains a parable of a father who does not reveal to his three sons which of the rings he gives them is genuine; that parable of the Abrahamic faiths is told to Saladin by Nathan the Wise. The protagonist of an epistolary novel in this language is overcome with emotion while reading from (*) Ossian, after which he borrows a brace of pistols from Albert and uses them to commit suicide due to his unrequited love for Lotte. For 10 points, name this language of Gotthold von Lessing, also used to write The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.", "answer": "German [or Deutsch]", "page": "German_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124375, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145805, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 370], [371, 606], [607, 744]], "first_sentence": "A play written in this language opens with Daja telling the title character how a Christian knight heroically saved his lover Recha from a burning house.", "answer_prompt": "or Deutsch", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The type I receptor for TGF-beta functions as this kind of enzyme, exposing the nuclear localization signal on R-SMAD. A family of these enzymes dimerizes and activates STAT transcription factors. Many proteins interact with these enzymes with the help of SH2 domains. ERK 1 and 2 are activated by a three- tiered system of these enzymes in the pathway named after their (*) MAP variety. These enzymes can be classified as those that act on serine/threonine residues, and those that act on tyrosines. Cyclins regulate the cell cycle by interacting with the cyclin-dependent type of these enzymes, which perform the opposite function as phosphatases. For 10 points, name these enzymes that add a phosphate group to a target protein.", "answer": "kinases [accept JAKs; accept Janus kinases; accept just another kinases; accept MAPK before \"MAP\" is mentioned; accept MAP kinase; accept mitogen-activated protein kinases]", "page": "Kinases", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124374, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145806, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 196], [197, 268], [269, 387], [388, 500], [501, 649], [650, 731]], "first_sentence": "The type I receptor for TGF-beta functions as this kind of enzyme, exposing the nuclear localization signal on R-SMAD.", "answer_prompt": "accept JAKs; accept Janus kinases; accept just another kinases; accept MAPK before \"MAP\" is mentioned; accept MAP kinase; accept mitogen-activated protein kinases", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A version of this character modeled on Jean-Paul Sartre is the protagonist of a novel in which he is wounded by a bull after becoming stuck in a tree. He learns about theology from Ork and becomes entranced by the poetry recited by the Shaper in a novel that ends with him surrounded by animals, whispering that he's \"had an accident...So may you all.\" In another literary work, this character is called a \"sceadugenga\", which is translated as \"shadow-stalker\" by (*) Seamus Heaney. This subject of a 1971 John Gardner novel is described as a \"descendant of Cain\", and his wrath is first invoked after he is disturbed by the loud noise of carousing at Heorot. For 10 points, name this scourge of Hrothgar's mead hall whose arm is torn off during his clash with Beowulf.", "answer": "Grendel", "page": "Grendel", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124373, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145807, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 336], [336, 352], [353, 482], [483, 659], [660, 769]], "first_sentence": "A version of this character modeled on Jean-Paul Sartre is the protagonist of a novel in which he is wounded by a bull after becoming stuck in a tree.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These things were placed in the fourth of the Neanderthal graves found in Shanidar Cave. The Samguk Sagi describes a force of knights named for these objects that fought for the Silla Kingdom. Vizier Ibrahim Pasha oversaw an opulent period named for a specific type of these things in the Ottoman court. These objects name the wars fought to gain captives for human sacrifices by the (*) Aztec Empire. A \"Hundred\" of these things names a campaign that briefly allowed free speech in Communist China. Prices for a specific type of these things skyrocketed during a namesake \"mania\" in the Dutch Republic. A type of these objects names the ceremonial seat of the Emperor of Japan, the Chrysanthemum Throne. For 10 points, name this sort of plant exemplified by the tulip.", "answer": "flowers [or tulips]", "page": "Flower", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124372, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145808, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 192], [193, 303], [304, 401], [402, 499], [500, 603], [604, 704], [705, 769]], "first_sentence": "These things were placed in the fourth of the Neanderthal graves found in Shanidar Cave.", "answer_prompt": "or tulips", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This quantity is represented as the ratio between the linewidths of arrows on Sankey diagrams. The coefficient of performance is approximately the inverse of this quantity. According to the Shockley- Quiesser limit, a bandgap of 1.4 eV corresponds to a maximum of this quantity for a p-n junction in solar cells. This quantity increases slowly as the compression ratio increases, since it is a function only of that ratio and the adiabatic index for many processes. This quantity will be (*) maximized if the hot and cold reservoirs have infinite and zero temperature respectively, and in a Carnot engine, it equals one minus the ratio of those temperatures. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized eta, which equals the ratio of net work output over heat input, which would ideally be 100% for a thermodynamic cycle.", "answer": "thermodynamic efficiency [or eta until it is read]", "page": "Thermodynamic_efficiency", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124371, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145809, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 172], [173, 312], [313, 465], [466, 658], [659, 822]], "first_sentence": "This quantity is represented as the ratio between the linewidths of arrows on Sankey diagrams.", "answer_prompt": "or eta until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This dynasty intermarried into several European royal houses during the reign of Amalia's husband Frederick Henry. Margaret of Parma appointed a member of this dynasty to negotiate an end to a wave of iconoclastic fury known as the Beeldenstorm. That member of this house was killed at the hands of French Catholic Balthesar Gerard in one of the first assassinations by firearm, and led several early raids during the (*) Eighty Years' War, during that \"silent\" leader served as stadtholder. A later member of this cadet branch of the House of Nassau won the Battle of the Boyne and took power in the not-entirely bloodless Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this dynasty that the Dutch prince William III belonged to before he became King of England.", "answer": "House of Orange-Nassau [prompt on Nassau until mentioned]", "page": "House_of_Orange-Nassau", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124370, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145810, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 245], [246, 491], [492, 644], [645, 757]], "first_sentence": "This dynasty intermarried into several European royal houses during the reign of Amalia's husband Frederick Henry.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Nassau until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The 2004 GaWC (GAWK) rankings identified the Alpha++ (plus plus) type of these things. Saskia Sassen introduced the \"global\" type of these things that have a direct influence on the international economy. Ernest Burgess divided these things into circular areas in his concentric zone model. George Kelling developed the broken windows theory after reading a book that claims (*) mixed-use development and density are ways of \"generating diversity\" in these things. Poorer people tend to be displaced by new development in these locations in gentrification. Walkability is one desired characteristic when planning these areas, whose roads are often laid out in radial or grid fashion. For 10 points, name these densely populated areas whose sprawl has led to the development of suburbs.", "answer": "city [or cities; or inner city; or urban areas; prompt on \"neighborhoods\"]", "page": "City", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124369, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145811, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 204], [205, 290], [291, 464], [465, 556], [557, 683], [684, 785]], "first_sentence": "The 2004 GaWC (GAWK) rankings identified the Alpha++ (plus plus) type of these things.", "answer_prompt": "or cities; or inner city; or urban areas; prompt on \"neighborhoods\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this piece, an ad libitum part for a military band is introduced. This piece begins in E- flat major with a Largo melody played by just four cellos and two violas. An E-flat minor section of this piece introduces a tambourine that accompanies the folk song \"At the Gate, at My Gate.\" This piece opens with a solemn rendition of the hymn \"O Lord, Save Thy People.\" This piece quotes the (*) French anthem \"La Marseillaise\" multiple times until it is overcome by the anthem \"God Save the Tsar,\" punctuated by a series of cannon shots. For 10 points, name this overture by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky that commemorates the Battle of Borodino.", "answer": "1812 Overture [or The Year 1812; or 1812 God; or 1812 Overture after \"overture\" is read]", "page": "1812_Overture", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124368, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145812, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 179], [180, 299], [300, 379], [380, 548], [549, 652]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this piece, an ad libitum part for a military band is introduced.", "answer_prompt": "or The Year 1812; or 1812 God; or 1812 Overture after \"overture\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This type of person is justified in standing above the universal by \"assuming the burden of the paradox\". It is impossible to tell externally whether a person is of this type, which is likened to a ballet dancer making a graceful leap that other people stumble over. This type of person gets everything back \"by virtue of the absurd,\" unlike people who merely let themselves lose everything. This sort of person is not merely a (*) tragic hero according to the pseudonymous Johannes de Silentio, who gives his highest praise to these people in an 1843 philosophy book analyzing a Biblical sacrifice. For 10 points, name this type of person, exemplified by Abraham, who trusts God even more than the \"knight of infinite resignation\" according to Soren Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling.", "answer": "knights of faith [prompt on knight, I guess]", "page": "Knight_of_faith", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124366, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145814, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 266], [267, 391], [392, 599], [600, 784]], "first_sentence": "This type of person is justified in standing above the universal by \"assuming the burden of the paradox\".", "answer_prompt": "prompt on knight, I guess", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Two characters in this film argue over whether \"we\" or \"are\" should be underlined in the campaign slogan \"We are the people.\" This film's director makes a cameo appearance as a man spying on his wife, who is cheating on him with a black man. The main character flirts with a girl employed by Senator Palantine but she rejects him after he takes her to see a Swedish (*) sex education film. After shaving his hair into a mohawk, the main character goes on a rampage to rescue Iris, a child prostitute played by Jodie Foster. In its most famous scene, the main character, Travis Bickle, looks at himself in the mirror and asks \"You talkin' to me?\" For 10 points, name this Martin Scorsese-directed film starring Robert De Niro as a violent cabbie.", "answer": "Taxi Driver", "page": "Taxi_Driver", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124365, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145815, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [124, 125], [126, 241], [242, 309], [310, 389], [390, 523], [524, 645], [646, 745]], "first_sentence": "Two characters in this film argue over whether \"we\" or \"are\" should be underlined in the campaign slogan \"We are the people.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 2002 novel of this name is followed by the novels Bro and 23,000 in a namesake trilogy by Vladimir Sorokin. Sally Carrol Harper has an epiphany while visiting her fiance Harry Bellamy's family in an F. Scott Fitzgerald story whose title contains this adjective. This substance is said to be \"the greatest invention of our time\" in a novel that opens with a man facing a firing squad and remembering his (*) father taking him to see it for the first time. The first line of One Hundred Years of Solitude mentions this substance, a variety of which causes a global catastrophe when Papa Monzano's corpse, which has been exposed to it, touches the ocean in a Kurt Vonnegut novel. For 10 points, name this substance, which appears in Cat's Cradle in its dangerous \"nine\" form.", "answer": "ice [prompt on \"water\" or \"frozen water\"; accept \"The Ice Palace\" or ice-nine or lyod or hielo]", "page": "Ice-nine", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124364, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145816, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 263], [264, 456], [457, 678], [679, 774]], "first_sentence": "A 2002 novel of this name is followed by the novels Bro and 23,000 in a namesake trilogy by Vladimir Sorokin.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"water\" or \"frozen water\"; accept \"The Ice Palace\" or ice-nine or lyod or hielo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man won an election for a university administrative position after his opponent, the Earl of Powis, was killed by his own son during a pheasant shoot. This man took a personal role in amending the designs of Balmoral Castle, which became one of his personal residences. A month before dying of typhoid fever, this man urged moderation in the resolution of the Trent Affair. The Proms are annually held in a concert hall dedicated to this man. With Henry Cole, this man organized an event for which he hired the (*) greenhouse designer Joseph Paxton to build a massive cast iron and glass structure in Hyde Park. This Saxe- Coburg-born man ordered the creation of the Crystal Palace for the 1851 Great Exhibition. For 10 points, name this prince-consort of Queen Victoria.", "answer": "Prince Albert [or Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; or Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel]", "page": "Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124363, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145817, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 274], [275, 378], [379, 447], [448, 616], [617, 717], [718, 776]], "first_sentence": "This man won an election for a university administrative position after his opponent, the Earl of Powis, was killed by his own son during a pheasant shoot.", "answer_prompt": "or Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; or Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Curved examples of these structures in extensional regimes can be termed listric. Minor examples of these structures are termed antithetic or synthetic depending on their relation to the master. When two of these structures are separated and angled away or toward each other, they form horsts and grabens. These structures are characterized by the rocks breccia, cataclasites, and pseudotachylyte. Brittle (*) deformation characterizes the damage zone surrounding them. Their angle from the horizontal is the \"dip\". Obliques examples of these zones of visible shear displacement have a non-vertical surface between their hanging walls and footwalls. For 10 points, name these geologic structures that occur in normal and reverse types and include the San Andreas.", "answer": "faults [or shear fractures; or microfaults]", "page": "Fault_(geology)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124362, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145818, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 194], [195, 305], [306, 397], [398, 469], [470, 515], [516, 649], [650, 763]], "first_sentence": "Curved examples of these structures in extensional regimes can be termed listric.", "answer_prompt": "or shear fractures; or microfaults", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A proto-socialist, free love-promoting reformer of this religion taught that inequality empowered the \"Five Demons\" of Envy, Wrath, Vengeance, Greed, and Need. Adherents to this religion perform an \"offering to the waters\" during the recitation of a text whose seventy-two chapters each correspond to the one of the white threads that make up the sacred girdle. Wholeness, Immortality, and Good Purpose are among the six \"divine sparks\" in this religion, which posits that the ideals of (*) \"asha\" and \"druj\" are in cosmic conflict. A community of its followers in India called the Parsis are virtually the only remaining community to worship at fire temples. For 10 points, name this religion based on the Avesta, which reveres Ahura Mazda and was founded in ancient Iran.", "answer": "Zoroastrianism [or Zarathustraism; or Mazdaism before \"Mazda\" is read; or Magianism; accept Mazdakism before \"Mazda\" is read]", "page": "Zoroastrianism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124361, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145819, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 361], [362, 532], [533, 659], [660, 773]], "first_sentence": "A proto-socialist, free love-promoting reformer of this religion taught that inequality empowered the \"Five Demons\" of Envy, Wrath, Vengeance, Greed, and Need.", "answer_prompt": "or Zarathustraism; or Mazdaism before \"Mazda\" is read; or Magianism; accept Mazdakism before \"Mazda\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One member of this movement made illustrations of fashion designs by Madeleine Vionet (vyo-nay) for the Gazette du bon ton. That artist also designed a unisex \"TuTa\" suit and went by the mononym Thayaht. Artists from this movement advocated an \"interpenetration of planes\" to integrate objects with their surroundings. A painting from this movement represents a dachshund's legs as multiple (*) blurs, and a sculpture from this movement depicts a striding humanoid with flame-like curves flowing from its legs. This movement produced Dynamism of Dog on a Leash and Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, and its manifesto was written by Filippo Marinetti. For 10 points, name this Italian art movement which included Giacomo Balla and Umberto Boccioni, and emphasized speed and modernity.", "answer": "Futurism [or Futurismo or Futurist] ", "page": "Futurism", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124360, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145820, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 203], [204, 318], [319, 510], [511, 653], [654, 786]], "first_sentence": "One member of this movement made illustrations of fashion designs by Madeleine Vionet (vyo-nay) for the Gazette du bon ton.", "answer_prompt": "or Futurismo or Futurist", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While serving as resident general of this country, Marshall Lyautey used his \"ink blot\" strategy of pacification. Before he was thrown to some lions, Bou Hmara was a pretender to this nation's throne. At a conference held in this country, Churchill and FDR first articulated the demand of \"unconditional surrender.\" European powers settled a \"question\" about this nation at the Algeciras Conference. In the (*) Green March, this country sought to assert its claim to a neighboring territory. Under Muhammad V of the Alaouite Dynasty, this country gained its independence from France, which had established a protectorate over this country after the German gunboat Panther arrived here in the Agadir Crisis. For 10 points, name this North African country, site of the Casablanca Conference.", "answer": "Kingdom of Morocco", "page": "Morocco", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124359, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145821, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 200], [201, 314], [314, 399], [400, 491], [492, 706], [707, 789]], "first_sentence": "While serving as resident general of this country, Marshall Lyautey used his \"ink blot\" strategy of pacification.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this novel is warned about \"cloppers\" by Tony Savo. A character in this novel spends five straight days explicating the various \"thought units\" of a difficult inyan, after which he is warned not to use his \"scientific\" method of reconstruction by his teacher. Another character in this novel tells a story about his brother's death in Auschwitz to explain why he raises his son in silence. After a character in this novel hits another in the face with a (*) line drive at a baseball game, they meet in a hospital, where one reveals his desire to become a Freudian psychologist, rather than a tzaddik as his father Reb Saunders wishes. For 10 points, name this novel about two boys, the Orthodox Reuven and the Hasidic Danny, by Chaim Potok.", "answer": "The Chosen", "page": "The_Chosen_(Potok_novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124358, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145822, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 278], [279, 408], [409, 653], [654, 759]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this novel is warned about \"cloppers\" by Tony Savo.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the 1980s, this body of water was the testing ground for a 240-foot-long military aircraft designed to only fly 10 feet above the water's surface, known as its namesake \"Monster\". Its eastern shore is indented by a hypersaline lagoon known as the Garabogazkol, and its western shore is home to the port of Rasht and the Absheron Peninsula. This body of water causes lake-effect snows to fall on Mount (*) Damavand, the tallest of the Alborz mountains to its south. An oil boom from discoveries in this body of water has brought wealth to Astrakhan and the port of Baku. For 10 points, the Volga River flows into what landlocked Central Asian \"sea\" east of the Caucasus?", "answer": "Caspian Sea", "page": "Caspian_Sea", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124357, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145823, "tokenizations": [[0, 182], [183, 342], [343, 467], [468, 572], [573, 672]], "first_sentence": "In the 1980s, this body of water was the testing ground for a 240-foot-long military aircraft designed to only fly 10 feet above the water's surface, known as its namesake \"Monster\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While employed at one of these places, Hollis Lomax clashes with the title character of John Williams's novel Stoner. The black conservative Monty Kipps and his liberal rival Howard Belsey are employed at one of these places in Zadie Smith's On Beauty. A rash of suicides at one of these places is caused by the arrival of Zuleika Dobson in a Max Beerbohm novella. An employee of one of these places leaves his coworker and girlfriend Margaret Peel in favor of Christine Callaghan after mocking his boss, Ned (*) Welch, during a speech on \"Merrie England\". Another of these places is where Charles Ryder meets and befriends Sebastian Flyte in Brideshead Revisited. For 10 points, identify the setting of Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim, as well as David Lodge's Campus Trilogy.", "answer": "colleges [or universities; or college campus(es); or university campus(es); prompt on \"campuses\" or \"schools\"]", "page": "Colleges", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124356, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145824, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 252], [253, 364], [365, 508], [509, 556], [557, 664], [665, 771]], "first_sentence": "While employed at one of these places, Hollis Lomax clashes with the title character of John Williams's novel Stoner.", "answer_prompt": "or universities; or college campus(es); or university campus(es); prompt on \"campuses\" or \"schools\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This process \"activates\" cell sorting in the most common method of flow cytometry. This process corresponds to the decay from S1 to S0 without internal conversion on a Jablonski diagram. This phenomenon is \"recovered\" after photobleaching in a technique used to study the cell membrane. The Stern-Volmer equation gives the decrease in quantum yield of this process in the presence of (*) quenchers. A common reporter protein which undergoes this process has a serine-tyrosine-glycine motif in a beta barrel. An arrow drawn from the excited to ground state represents this phenomenon, in which electrons absorb energy, and then emit at a lower wavelength, generating light. For 10 points, name this type of luminescence shown by GFP.", "answer": "fluorescence [or word forms; prompt on luminescence]", "page": "Fluorescence", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124355, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145825, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 186], [187, 286], [287, 398], [399, 507], [508, 672], [673, 732]], "first_sentence": "This process \"activates\" cell sorting in the most common method of flow cytometry.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; prompt on luminescence", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "As Attorney General, a future holder of this position tried to bar the Communist Egon Kisch from entering the country and got the nickname \"Pig-Iron Bob\" for forcing workers to ship iron to Japan. John Kerr dismissed a holder of this position during a 1975 constitutional crisis. This office was held by a man who gave a radio speech about the Forgotten People and by a Vietnam War enthusiast who disappeared while snorkeling. In 2008, the holder of this position finally acted on the (*) Bringing Them Home report and issued an apology to the Stolen Generations. The longest-serving holder of this position was succeeded by Harold Holt and entered his country into SEATO and ANZUS. For 10 points, name this office held by Robert Menzies, Kevin Rudd, and Tony Abbott.", "answer": " Prime Minister of Australia", "page": "Prime_Minister_of_Australia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124354, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145826, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 279], [280, 426], [427, 563], [564, 682], [683, 767]], "first_sentence": "As Attorney General, a future holder of this position tried to bar the Communist Egon Kisch from entering the country and got the nickname \"Pig-Iron Bob\" for forcing workers to ship iron to Japan.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The expression of an enzyme produced by this system is visually confirmed in a blue-white screen. A scientist who studied this system theorized that it is characterized by the \"diauxic growth\" model. IPTG is an analog of a compound that induces this system. EIIA shuts down a permease enzyme and the catabolite activator protein, or CAP, inactivates this set of genes during unfavorable (*) environmental conditions. However, when conditions are right, cAMP binds to CAP, promoting this set of genes. Jacob and Monod won the Nobel for discovering this set of genes, which produces beta-galactosidase and is turned off when glucose is available. For 10 points, name this operon in E. coli which controls the metabolism of a sugar found in milk.", "answer": "lac operon [or lactose operon; prompt on operon until mentioned]", "page": "Lac_operon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124353, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145827, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 199], [200, 257], [258, 416], [417, 500], [501, 644], [645, 743]], "first_sentence": "The expression of an enzyme produced by this system is visually confirmed in a blue-white screen.", "answer_prompt": "or lactose operon; prompt on operon until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A visitor to this place is given a box containing his old age, which he is told never to open, and travels forward 300 years in time when he departs this place. Hoori (HO-oh-ree) marries this realm's princess Otohime, the daughter of its ruler Watatsumi. After traversing this location, the Hare of Inaba is skinned by angry wanizame. A god of this place puts his son-in-law Okuninushi through a series of tests, and earlier transforms a young girl into a comb in order to slay the eight- (*) headed serpent Yamato-no-Orochi. That god of this place tosses a flayed horse at his sister, who flees into a cave. The nose of Izanagi produces a god of storms and this realm who is the brother of Tsukiyomi and Amaterasu. For 10 points, identify this domain ruled by Susanoo.", "answer": "the ocean [or the bottom of the sea; the seas; or underwater; or underwater palace; or dragon palace; or umi; or Ryugu-jo; or obvious equivalents; prompt on water; prompt on palace; do not accept \"rivers\"]", "page": "The_ocean", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124352, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145828, "tokenizations": [[0, 160], [161, 254], [255, 334], [335, 488], [489, 525], [526, 608], [609, 715], [716, 769]], "first_sentence": "A visitor to this place is given a box containing his old age, which he is told never to open, and travels forward 300 years in time when he departs this place.", "answer_prompt": "or the bottom of the sea; the seas; or underwater; or underwater palace; or dragon palace; or umi; or Ryugu-jo; or obvious equivalents; prompt on water; prompt on palace; do not accept \"rivers\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author called time \"the fatal wrack of mortal things\" in the long poem Contemplations. A poem by this author includes the lines \"I prize thy love more than whole Mines of gold\" and \"My love is such that Rivers cannot quench\". One of this author's poems states \"that fearful cry of 'fire' and 'fire,' let no man know was my desire\". This poet is asked \"moved you not restless, waiting for him?\" in John Berryman's (*) \"Homage\" to her. She addressed a poem to the \"ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain\" and wrote the line \"If ever two were one, surely we\". This author of \"To My Dear and Loving Husband\" included her poem \"The Author to Her Book\" in The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America. For 10 points, name this female Puritan poet from colonial Massachusetts.", "answer": "Anne Bradstreet [or Mistress Bradstreet; or Anne Dudley]", "page": "Anne_Bradstreet", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124351, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145829, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 230], [231, 336], [337, 398], [399, 438], [439, 562], [563, 579], [579, 665], [666, 699], [700, 773]], "first_sentence": "This author called time \"the fatal wrack of mortal things\" in the long poem Contemplations.", "answer_prompt": "or Mistress Bradstreet; or Anne Dudley", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When this man assumed his highest post, an observer warned \"Now we are in the power of a wolf... And if we do not flee, he will inevitably devour us all.\" This man put to rest any rumors that his son Gioffre had murdered his other son Giovanni. This man commissioned Pinturicchio to decorate his namesake apartments and organized the simultaneous opening of the holy doors of the four major basilicas as part of the Jubilee for the year (*) 1500. Charles VIII formed a coalition against this nephew of Calixtus III, who issued bulls dividing Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World, and excommunicated Girolamo Savonarola. This Pope's son inspired Machiavelli's The Prince. For 10 points, name this Spanish-born pope, father of the notorious Lucrezia and Cesare (say-ZAR-ay).", "answer": "Alexander VI [or Rodrigo Borja y Doms; or Rodrigo Borgia; prompt on Alexander]", "page": "Alexander_VI", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124350, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145830, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 153], [153, 154], [155, 244], [245, 446], [447, 629], [630, 680], [681, 782]], "first_sentence": "When this man assumed his highest post, an observer warned \"Now we are in the power of a wolf...", "answer_prompt": "or Rodrigo Borja y Doms; or Rodrigo Borgia; prompt on Alexander", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One poem about this man commands \"Earth, receive an honoured guest / [This man] is laid to rest.\" That poem mentions how \"the brooks were frozen, the airports almost deserted\" on the day when \"he disappeared in the dead of winter.\" This author asked \"What can I but enumerate old themes\" in a poem whose final stanza concludes with the speaker laying down \"where all the ladders start / in the (*) foul rag and bone shop of the heart\". This author, whose death was the subject of a poem by W.H. Auden, wrote a poem that asks \"What rough beast, its hour come round at last, / slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?\" For 10 points, name this Irish poet of \"The Circus Animals' Desertion\" who included the line \"Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold\" in his \"The Second Coming.\"", "answer": "William Butler Yeats", "page": "W._B._Yeats", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124349, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145831, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 97], [98, 230], [230, 231], [232, 251], [251, 435], [436, 614], [615, 709], [709, 779]], "first_sentence": "One poem about this man commands \"Earth, receive an honoured guest /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The dynamic theory of these phenomena models them as systems that include an amphidromic point. The namesake producing force of these phenomena is approximately ten to the seven times smaller than the force of Earth's gravity. A set of partial differential equations that govern these phenomena was developed by (*) Laplace. The equilibrium theory of these phenomena was first proposed in Newton's Principia Mathematica and models the Earth as a geoid. That theory allows for an intuitive description of their spring-neap cycle and their namesake bulge. Most places experience semi-diurnal ones. For 10 points, name these phenomena of which there are typically two \"high\" and two \"low\" every day.", "answer": "tides", "page": "Tide", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124348, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145832, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 226], [227, 324], [325, 452], [453, 553], [554, 595], [596, 696]], "first_sentence": "The dynamic theory of these phenomena models them as systems that include an amphidromic point.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The group named for this shape is isomorphic to R mod Z. An inversion in the plane is defined based on one of these figures. The product of the two halves of a pair of segments which intersect in these shapes are equal, according to the power of a point theorem. One of these shapes in the complex plane is given by plotting the equation absolute value of z equals 5. Tangents to these shapes are always (*) perpendicular to the line through their center and the point of tangency. An ancient problem asks if it is possible to construct a square with area equal to a given one of these shapes. The intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle gives the center of an inscribed one of these figures. For 10 points, identify these shapes, which have area equal to pi r-squared.", "answer": "circles", "page": "Circle", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124347, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145833, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 262], [263, 367], [368, 481], [482, 593], [594, 702], [703, 779]], "first_sentence": "The group named for this shape is isomorphic to R mod Z. An inversion in the plane is defined based on one of these figures.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "When a noblewoman protested this man's suppression of a revolt, he supposedly fired back \"As an old woman you should not anoint yourself with oils.\" This man prosecuted Cimon for accepting bribes from Alexander I of Macedon. This man's son of the same name was long excluded from political life because he was born to a hetaira from Miletus. This man said that \"famous men have the whole earth as their memorial\" in a speech coined the term (*) \"equal justice under law.\" This lover of Aspasia urged citizens to stay behind the \"Long Walls,\" commissioned Phidias to build many monuments, and died in a plague that afflicted his city in 429 BCE. For 10 points, name this deliverer of a famous \"funeral oration,\" a statesman who led Athens at the start of the Peloponnesian War.", "answer": "Pericles", "page": "Pericles", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124346, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145834, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 224], [225, 341], [342, 471], [472, 644], [645, 776]], "first_sentence": "When a noblewoman protested this man's suppression of a revolt, he supposedly fired back \"As an old woman you should not anoint yourself with oils.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Clomifene citrate, a SERM-class drug, induces this process. Baboons and felines are among the animals for whom this process is apparently asymptomatic, or \"concealed.\" Pain accompanying this process is referred to with the German word Mittelschmerz. This process is accompanied by a one-half to one degree increase in basal body temperature. During this process, a de Graaf's (*) follicle ruptures and later transforms into the corpus luteum. FSH and LH stimulate this event, after which cells begin to travel to the fallopian tube. For 10 points, name this process that occurs 14 days into the menstrual cycle, in which secondary oocytes are released from the ovary.", "answer": "ovulation [prompt on menstruation; prompt on menstrual cycle; prompt on periods; prompt on releasing egg cells or related answers; prompt on estrous cycle]", "page": "Ovulation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124345, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145835, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [166, 167], [168, 249], [250, 341], [342, 442], [443, 532], [533, 667]], "first_sentence": "Clomifene citrate, a SERM-class drug, induces this process. Baboons and felines are among the animals for whom this process is apparently asymptomatic, or \"concealed.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on menstruation; prompt on menstrual cycle; prompt on periods; prompt on releasing egg cells or related answers; prompt on estrous cycle", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Playing a first-inversion Neapolitan sixth chord in this note's major key produces a chord whose bottom note is a C. A scale played using only white keys is in the Mixolydian mode if it begins on this note. To change this note's natural minor scale to its harmonic minor scale, an F-natural is raised to an F- sharp. The second-lowest-pitched string on a viola is tuned to this note, whose minor key is the relative minor of (*) B-flat major and has two flats. This note's minor key was used to write Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphonies No. 25 and 40, while its major key, which has one sharp, was used to write Eine kleine Nachtmusik. For 10 points, name this note which lies a whole step between F and A.", "answer": "G", "page": "G", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124344, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145836, "tokenizations": [[0, 206], [207, 316], [317, 382], [382, 460], [461, 636], [637, 707]], "first_sentence": "Playing a first-inversion Neapolitan sixth chord in this note's major key produces a chord whose bottom note is a C. A scale played using only white keys is in the Mixolydian mode if it begins on this note.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel from this country, the dying protagonist imagines death as a beautiful woman in traveling clothes. That novel from this country ends with three sisters throwing their father's taxidermied dog onto a rubbish heap. A character from this country meets Aglie\u0300, who may be the immortal Comte de Saint- Germain, while in Brazil after the disappearance of Colonel Ardenti. Three employees of Garamond Publishing use the computer (*) Abulafia to invent \"the Plan\" in a novel by an author from this country who also created an abbey housing a copy of a lost Aristotle work that is visited by Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville. For 10 points, name this country home to the author of The Leopard and the author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose, Umberto Eco.", "answer": "Italy [or Italia; or Italian Republic]", "page": "Italy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124343, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145837, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 223], [224, 375], [376, 431], [432, 633], [634, 777]], "first_sentence": "In a novel from this country, the dying protagonist imagines death as a beautiful woman in traveling clothes.", "answer_prompt": "or Italia; or Italian Republic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this book uncovers an assassination attempt by two guards named Bigthana and Teresh. A character in this book is married to Zeresh and is undone when the king sees him \"falling on the couch\" that is wife is resting on. Along with the Song of Songs, this is the only book of the Bible that does not explicitly mention God by name. The title character of this book replaces (*) Vashti in the court of Ahasuerus. The villain of this book orders the construction of a 75-foot gallows that he himself is eventually hanged from. Purim commemorates the events of this book, whose title character and her cousin Mordecai prevent Haman from massacring her people. For 10 points, name this Old Testament book in which the title Jewish woman becomes Queen of Persia.", "answer": "Book of Esther [prompt on Megillah]", "page": "Book_of_Esther", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124342, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145838, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 205], [206, 233], [234, 344], [345, 424], [425, 537], [538, 669], [670, 770]], "first_sentence": "A character in this book uncovers an assassination attempt by two guards named Bigthana and Teresh.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Megillah", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The\u0301ophile Thore\u0301 revived interest in the study of this artist through an article in the Gazette de Beaux written under the pseudonym \"Willem Bu\u0308rger.\" A painting by this artist includes a strangely empty bell tower of the Nieuwe (NIV-uh) Kerk. In another painting by this artist, a pair of slippers lies on the floor of a hallway through which the viewer stares, as if intruding on the room within. In that painting, a woman with a (*) lute shows a piece of paper to her maid. This artist of The Love Letter included a fishing boat in a painting of his hometown seen from across the river. He also painted a tronie in which the unkown sitter wears a yellow- and-blue turban . For 10 points, name this Dutch painter of View of Delft and Girl With a Pearl Earring.", "answer": "Jan Vermeer [or Johannes Vermeer or Johannes Van der Meer]", "page": "Johannes_Vermeer", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124341, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145839, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 241], [242, 396], [397, 474], [475, 587], [588, 673], [674, 760]], "first_sentence": "Th\u00e9ophile Thor\u00e9 revived interest in the study of this artist through an article in the Gazette de Beaux written under the pseudonym \"Willem B\u00fcrger.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Johannes Vermeer or Johannes Van der Meer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Synchronized swimmers often use this substance in a process called \"knoxing.\" A \"10% ballistic\" formula of this material is used to simulate the effects of bullet wounds. Richard Leach Maddox invented a photographic process in which silver salts are suspended in it. A dichromated form of this material is often used in holography. This material is commonly used to give shape to (*) marshmallows, and substitutes for it include pectin and carageenan. It is produced from the hydrolysis of collagen, and its main sources include pig skins and cow hides. For 10 points, name this wobbly, translucent material used to make aspics and Jell-O.", "answer": "gelatine", "page": "Gelatine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124340, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145840, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 170], [171, 266], [267, 331], [332, 451], [452, 553], [554, 639]], "first_sentence": "Synchronized swimmers often use this substance in a process called \"knoxing.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A woman born into this family was a pioneering motorist who competed under the pseudonym \"Snail.\" When a member of this family decided to visit Athens, the Greek government tried to ban the tradition of burning Judas' effigy, leading the populace to vent their frustrations on Don Pacifico. Another member of this family used carrier pigeons to learn about the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo one day before the British government did. This dynasty arose in the Frankfurt (*) ghetto and was founded by Mayer Amschel. The Balfour Declaration was originally addressed to a member of this family. Its member Lionel provided funds to Benjamin Disraeli so that Britain could purchase a controlling interest in the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this Jewish banking family.", "answer": "Rothschild family", "page": "Rothschild_family", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124339, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145841, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 290], [291, 437], [438, 518], [519, 595], [596, 722], [723, 770]], "first_sentence": "A woman born into this family was a pioneering motorist who competed under the pseudonym \"Snail.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of these places is home to a preacher for the Church of the Quivering Brethren and a visiting writer named Mr. Mybug. A handbook called The Higher Common Sense is used by Flora Poste to solve the Starkadders' problems in a Stella Gibbons novel titled for one of these places called Cold Comfort. Residents of another of these places fantasize about a place where it is Sunday every day called (*) Sugarcandy Mountain. The \"Battle of the Windmill\" is fought at one of these places, which is home to a character who repeats \"I will work harder\" before being sent to the knackers. In a novel titled for one of them, Old Major introduces the song \"Beasts of England.\" For 10 points, what type of place is home to animals like Snowball and Napoleon in a George Orwell novel?", "answer": "farms [accept Cold Comfort Farm or Animal Farm]", "page": "Farms", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124338, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145842, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 299], [300, 421], [422, 581], [582, 667], [668, 773]], "first_sentence": "One of these places is home to a preacher for the Church of the Quivering Brethren and a visiting writer named Mr. Mybug.", "answer_prompt": "accept Cold Comfort Farm or Animal Farm", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Griffith's criterion sets the square root of the product of Young's modulus and this quantity for a solid equal to a constant to determine if a material fractures. The pressure differential inside a bubble equals four times this quantity over the radius of the bubble. Electrowetting is used when this quantity is high in order to decrease the contact angle. This quantity equals the increase in Gibbs energy per increase in (*) exposed area. If this quantity is negative, then a liquid in a barometer forms a concave meniscus. This value, which is given in dynes per centimeter and symbolized either sigma or gamma, leads to capillary action. For 10 points, name this quantity which is positive when cohesion is stronger than adhesion, and causes molecules at an interface to cling to each other.", "answer": "surface tension [or surface energy density]", "page": "Surface_tension", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124337, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145843, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 268], [269, 358], [359, 442], [443, 527], [528, 643], [644, 797]], "first_sentence": "Griffith's criterion sets the square root of the product of Young's modulus and this quantity for a solid equal to a constant to determine if a material fractures.", "answer_prompt": "or surface energy density", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man in this office made a replica of a symbolic signet ring he dropped in a well and was buried in a Jewish cemetery after his murder by Egyptian rebels. A prayer duel occurred during a naval battle won by forces fighting for a holder of this position, the Battle of the Masts. A general who worked for two people with this position won the Battle of Yarmouk against the army of Emperor Heraclius and fought the Ridda Wars. The assassination of a holder of this office sparked the First (*) Fitna, during which his successor won the Battle of the Camel against Aisha. The Rashidun, or \"Rightly Guided\" holders of this office included Abu Bakr and Umar. For 10 points, name this highest temporal position in the early Islamic world which was also held by rulers of the Umayyad dynasty.", "answer": "caliph [or caliphate; or khalifa; or kilafa; accept \"Rashidun caliphs,\" \"Rightly Guided caliphs,\" or equivalents until \"Mu'awiyah\"; prompt on Amir al-Mu'minin', Miramolinus, Commander of the Faithful, or equivalents]", "page": "Caliphate", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124336, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145844, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 279], [280, 425], [426, 569], [570, 654], [655, 786]], "first_sentence": "A man in this office made a replica of a symbolic signet ring he dropped in a well and was buried in a Jewish cemetery after his murder by Egyptian rebels.", "answer_prompt": "or caliphate; or khalifa; or kilafa; accept \"Rashidun caliphs,\" \"Rightly Guided caliphs,\" or equivalents until \"Mu'awiyah\"; prompt on Amir al-Mu'minin', Miramolinus, Commander of the Faithful, or equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This country's capital, which contains an International Center of Culture nicknamed \"La Piramida\" for its sloping shape, can be observed from the peak of Mount Dajt. Hundreds of thousands of hemispherical concrete containers were built all over this country during its phase of \"bunkerization.\" The Buna river runs through this country's historic city of (*) Shkodra. An ancient port once called Epidamnos and then Dyrrhacium is now this country's port of Durres. This country's namesake language has northern and southern dialects called Gheg and Tosk, which are also spoken by its namesake ethnic group in nearby Kosovo. For 10 points, name this country bordering the Adriatic Sea, the ex-Communist northwestern neighbor of Greece.", "answer": "Albania [or Shqiperia]", "page": "Albania", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124335, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145845, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 294], [295, 367], [368, 463], [464, 622], [623, 733]], "first_sentence": "This country's capital, which contains an International Center of Culture nicknamed \"La Piramida\" for its sloping shape, can be observed from the peak of Mount Dajt.", "answer_prompt": "or Shqiperia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The structure of these organs may be written out as a formula containing degree symbols, superscript 'r's and 'o's, and square and curly brackets. In many families, two parts of this structure are combined into a single organ called the \"column.\" The development of these structures depends on the additive effect of three kinds of genes according to the ABC model. An organism's ability to develop these structures is known as (*) vernalization. The outermost part of this structure, comprising the corolla and the calyx, is known as the perianth. A classic example of coevolution is the development of these organs and the evolution of bumblebees, which interact with their stamens. For 10 points, name these reproductive organs of angiosperms, where pollen is produced.", "answer": "flowers [prompt on stamens until mentioned; prompt on carpals; prompt on stamens until mentioned; prompt on sepals; prompt on anthers; prompt on corollas until mentioned; prompt on calyxes until mentioned; prompt on perianths until mentioned]", "page": "Flower", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124334, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145846, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 146], [147, 245], [245, 365], [366, 446], [447, 548], [549, 684], [685, 772]], "first_sentence": "The structure of these organs may be written out as a formula containing degree symbols, superscript 'r's", "answer_prompt": "prompt on stamens until mentioned; prompt on carpals; prompt on stamens until mentioned; prompt on sepals; prompt on anthers; prompt on corollas until mentioned; prompt on calyxes until mentioned; prompt on perianths until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Several characters in this profession, including Crack, Dime, and the protagonist, discuss a film deal with Norman Oglesby and participate in a show with Destiny's Child at a Cowboys game in Ben Fountain's novel Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk. One character in this profession likes to suck on a white pebble from New Jersey sent to him by Martha and was a companion of Ted Lavender. Henry Dobbins, Curt Lemon, and (*) Rat Kiley are people of this profession who appear in a short story collection whose namesake story is titled for objects like comic books, love letters, flak jackets, and jungle boots. For 10 points, name this profession of Jimmy Cross, the protagonist of Tim O'Brien's short story \"The Things They Carried\".", "answer": "soldiers [or American soldiers; or troops; or infantrymen; or servicemen; or Marines; or military employees]", "page": "Soldiers", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124333, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145847, "tokenizations": [[0, 244], [245, 384], [385, 605], [606, 729]], "first_sentence": "Several characters in this profession, including Crack, Dime, and the protagonist, discuss a film deal with Norman Oglesby and participate in a show with Destiny's Child at a Cowboys game in Ben Fountain's novel Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk.", "answer_prompt": "or American soldiers; or troops; or infantrymen; or servicemen; or Marines; or military employees", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "All of human society was likened to one of these locales in the social theory of Yale social scientists John Dollard and Neal Miller. A circular example of this type of locale filled with water, named for Richard E. Morris, is used in studies of tactile memory. In experiments, the \"T\" type of these places is the simplest variant, and their first use in the social sciences was inspired by the (*) garden at Hampton Court Palace. \"Latent learning\" was proposed by Edward Tolman after his observations of subjects in these locales led to his theory of cognitive mapping. Harvey Carr helped observe some hilarious failures to use these locales in John B. Watson's Kerplunk! experiment. For 10 points, name these convoluted constructs through which laboratory rats are often run.", "answer": "mazes [or labyrinths]", "page": "Mazes", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124332, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145848, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 261], [262, 432], [432, 570], [571, 684], [685, 777]], "first_sentence": "All of human society was likened to one of these locales in the social theory of Yale social scientists John Dollard and Neal Miller.", "answer_prompt": "or labyrinths", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in one of this man's novels breaks a lipstick-stained white bowl shortly before disappearing, possibly to follow her mother in committing suicide. A huge black birthmark mars the breast of Chikako, who attempts to interfere with the protagonist's plan to marry Yukiko, whose handkerchief bore the title pattern of a novel by this man. This creator of Kikuji Mitani wrote a novel in which a (*) fire at a former silkworm cocoon warehouse results in the death of Yoko. A self-made expert on Western ballet created by this author engages in a liaison with the geisha Komako while visiting the hot springs in the novel's title region. For 10 points, name this first Japanese winner of the literature Nobel, the author of Thousand Cranes and Snow Country.", "answer": "Yasunari Kawabata [accept names in either order]", "page": "Yasunari_Kawabata", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124331, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145849, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 346], [347, 478], [479, 642], [643, 762]], "first_sentence": "A character in one of this man's novels breaks a lipstick-stained white bowl shortly before disappearing, possibly to follow her mother in committing suicide.", "answer_prompt": "accept names in either order", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist showed three men from Vermont leaning on a car parked next to a tent in a work captioned \"Little Money.\" This artist collaborated with Pirkle Jones in depicting the desolation of Monticello, California before it was submerged under Lake Beryessa. That collaboration was published as the \"Death of a Valley\" issue of Aperture magazine. A picture taken by this artist shows Japanese children saying the (*) pledge of allegiance, and she also documented the Manzanar Japanese internment camp. While working for the Farm Safety Administration, she photographed Florence Owens Thomson and her two children at a campsite during the Great Depression. For 10 points, name this American photographer who took Migrant Mother.", "answer": "Dorothea Lange", "page": "Dorothea_Lange", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124329, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145851, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 258], [259, 346], [347, 501], [502, 655], [656, 727]], "first_sentence": "This artist showed three men from Vermont leaning on a car parked next to a tent in a work captioned \"Little Money.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Garry Wills called this man the \"last liberal\" in a book subtitled \"The Crisis of the Self-Made Man.\" Howard K. Smith broadcast a premature \"political obituary\" for this man, who echoed former opponent Manchester Boddy when he claimed that Senate candidate Helen Gahagan Douglas was \"pink right down to her underwear.\" This man claimed that his wife had a \"respectable Republican cloth coat\" in a speech in which he addressed allegations that he had misused political reimbursement (*) funds and adamantly refused to give up his children's new pet dog. This giver of the \"Checkers Speech\" appeared sweaty and nervous in a series of four televised debates. For 10 points, name this politician who lost to John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election, but won the presidency eight years later.", "answer": "Richard Nixon [or Richard Milhous Nixon]", "page": "Richard_Nixon", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124328, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145852, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 317], [317, 318], [319, 552], [553, 655], [656, 783]], "first_sentence": "Garry Wills called this man the \"last liberal\" in a book subtitled \"The Crisis of the Self-Made Man.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Richard Milhous Nixon", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The first self-assembling monolayers were formed by alkane-thiols bonding to this metal. Colloidal particles of this element are used to stain in electron microscopy. A cross-section proportional to the fourth power of the cosecant was first proposed for elastic scattering off this element. This metal has +1 and +3 oxidation states. This metal does not dissolve in nitric acid, but does (*) dissolve in a 1:3 mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. This element was described as a piece of tissue paper, deflecting a cannonball, into a ring of zinc sulfide, during the experiment which discovered the nucleus. It is the most malleable and ductile metal. For 10 points, name this element with symbol Au.", "answer": "gold [or Au until it is read]", "page": "Gold", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124327, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145853, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 166], [167, 291], [292, 334], [335, 452], [453, 613], [614, 657], [658, 706]], "first_sentence": "The first self-assembling monolayers were formed by alkane-thiols bonding to this metal.", "answer_prompt": "or Au until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This is the name most commonly used to refer to a man whom Livy claims was the first to free a slave using the vindicta staff. This is also the name most commonly used to refer to a man who quoted Euripides' Medea by asking \"Forget not, Zeus, the author of these ills,\" and had his corpse covered in an expensive purple mantle. The earlier man led the overthrow of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and founded the Roman (*) Republic. Lucius Junius was the ancestor of a son of Servilia with this name who killed himself at the Battle of Philippi, supposedly originated the expression sic semper tyrannis, and was asked \"You too, child?\" For 10 points, give the name most commonly used to refer to the man who led a conspiracy with Cassius to assassinate Julius Caesar.", "answer": "Brutus [or Brute; or Lucius Junius Brutus; or Marcus Junius Brutus; prompt on Junius until it is read]", "page": "Brutus", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124326, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145854, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 327], [328, 427], [428, 630], [631, 762]], "first_sentence": "This is the name most commonly used to refer to a man whom Livy claims was the first to free a slave using the vindicta staff.", "answer_prompt": "or Brute; or Lucius Junius Brutus; or Marcus Junius Brutus; prompt on Junius until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character this novel is asked to hold a paper rose and smile while having her picture taken, but she bursts into tears. A disastrous date in this novel ends with the \"country club gentleman\" Marco attempting to rape the protagonist. A spoiled batch of crab salad causes an outbreak of food poisoning in this novel, whose protagonist befriends Doreen after winning a scholarship donated by Philomena Guinea and has a tumultuous relationship with (*) Buddy Willard. It opens with the protagonist musing \"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs\", before leaving for an internship at Ladies' Day in New York. For 10 points, name this novel about the suicidal writer Esther Greenwood, a thinly-disguised version of its author, Sylvia Plath.", "answer": "The Bell Jar", "page": "The_Bell_Jar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124325, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145855, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 234], [235, 465], [466, 504], [504, 641], [642, 772]], "first_sentence": "A character this novel is asked to hold a paper rose and smile while having her picture taken, but she bursts into tears.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "PTTH stimulates the corpora allata to prevent this process by secreting juvenile hormone. A substage of this process ends with an eclosion which leaves behind an exuvium. Prolactin inhibits this process, whereas thyroxin promotes it. All amphibians except for (*) axolotls undergo it. A gradual form of this process known as hemimetabolism is undergone by nymphs via several rounds of ecdysis. A group of organisms that undergo this process enter an intermediate, inactive stage known as the pupa, or chrysalis. For 10 points, name this drastic post-birth transformation of an animal to its adult form, exemplified by caterpillars becoming butterflies.", "answer": "metamorphosis [or word forms; prompt on pupation; prompt on ecdysis before mentioned; prompt on molting before mentioned] ", "page": "Metamorphosis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124324, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145856, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 170], [171, 233], [234, 284], [285, 393], [394, 511], [512, 652]], "first_sentence": "PTTH stimulates the corpora allata to prevent this process by secreting juvenile hormone.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; prompt on pupation; prompt on ecdysis before mentioned; prompt on molting before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character from this author's most famous novel is imprisoned for murdering M'Lissa, who killed that character's sister Dura in a clitoridectomy, in her later novel Possessing the Secret of Joy. That character is a member of the Olinka tribe who marries Adam, who himself was adopted by the missionary Samuel. This author described posing as another author's niece while searching for her grave in her essay (*) \"Looking for Zora\". In her most famous novel, Nettie sends the protagonist letters from Africa that are intercepted by her abusive husband Albert, or Mister. After breaking up with Germaine, the blues singer Shug Avery returns to the protagonist Celie at the end of that novel by this woman. For 10 points, name this African-American author of The Color Purple.", "answer": "Alice Walker [or Alice Malsenior Walker] ", "page": "Alice_Walker", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124323, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145857, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 310], [311, 408], [409, 432], [433, 570], [571, 704], [705, 774]], "first_sentence": "A character from this author's most famous novel is imprisoned for murdering M'Lissa, who killed that character's sister Dura in a clitoridectomy, in her later novel Possessing the Secret of Joy.", "answer_prompt": "or Alice Malsenior Walker", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The penultimate movement of a piece by this composer begins with the trumpets and trombones blaring the cryptogram G \u00c2\u2013 E flat \u00c2\u2013 A \u00c2\u2013 B. He is not Hindemith, but he set a passage from Walt Whitman's \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\" in his piece \"Ode to Death.\" The Artistic Directorate of Aldeburgh Festival included this composer's daughter Imogen until her death. For much of his life, this composer worked in a soundproof room at a (*) girl's school for which he wrote a suite ending with an arrangement of his \"Fantasia on the Dargason.\" He set the poem \"I Vow to Thee, My Country\" to music from the central movement of a seven-movement suite, depicting the \"Bringer of Jollity.\" For 10 points, name this British composer of St. Paul's Suite and The Planets.", "answer": "Gustav Holst [or Gustav Theodore von Holst]", "page": "Gustav_Holst", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124322, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145858, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 268], [269, 373], [374, 549], [550, 691], [692, 770]], "first_sentence": "The penultimate movement of a piece by this composer begins with the trumpets and trombones blaring the cryptogram", "answer_prompt": "or Gustav Theodore von Holst", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This novel's ninety-seventh chapter consists of the two words \"The story.\" The protagonist of this novel hurriedly leaves an island where a tree bears fruit containing human teeth inside. This book uses a different font for passages translated from Japanese during the protagonist's interview with two ministers in the town of Tomatlan, Mexico, where he convalesces. As a child, the protagonist of this novel practices Islam, Christianity, and (*) Hinduism simultaneously, and spends a lot of time in his father's zoo in Pondicherry. After the successive deaths of a zebra, an orangutan, and a hyena, the protagonist of this novel is left alone with Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger. For 10 points, name this novel about an Indian boy's 227 days on a lifeboat, by Yann Martel.", "answer": "Life of Pi", "page": "Life_of_Pi", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124321, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145859, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 187], [188, 366], [367, 533], [534, 681], [682, 774]], "first_sentence": "This novel's ninety-seventh chapter consists of the two words \"The story.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The only album he recorded as the lead artist for Blue Note was one that featured a version of \"I'm Old Fashioned\" as well as the song \"Lazy Bird.\" Saxophonist Pharoah Sanders joined his band for the album Ascension. The title song of one of his albums is based on cycles of major thirds that outline an augmented triad, creating changes through three keys. Another of his albums begins with (*) Elvin Jones striking a gong, and is based on a four-note pattern inspired by the album title, which in turn comes from a devotional poem. He composed \"Naima\" in honor of his wife, and used a cover of a Rodgers and Hammerstein song as the title track of another album. For 10 points, name this jazz saxophonist of the albums My Favorite Things, Giant Steps, and A Love Supreme.", "answer": "John Coltrane [or John William Coltrane or Trane]", "page": "John_Coltrane", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124320, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145860, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 216], [217, 357], [358, 533], [534, 663], [664, 719], [720, 772]], "first_sentence": "The only album he recorded as the lead artist for Blue Note was one that featured a version of \"I'm Old Fashioned\" as well as the song \"Lazy Bird.\"", "answer_prompt": "or John William Coltrane or Trane", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The hindrance factor compares the theoretical and experimental rates of this process. The natural logarithm of the rate of this process is linearly related to Z over the square root of kinetic energy. This process occurs near the upper-right end of the belt of stability. A model of this process, based on quantum tunneling through a potential well from the strong force, replicated the empirical Geiger-Nuttall Law and was proposed by (*) George Gamow. This process is the source of ionizers used in smoke detectors. This phenomenon gives diagonal movement on a plot of A versus Z in the thorium chain. It decreases the mass number by four, the atomic number by two, and releases a helium nucleus. For 10 points, name this form of radioactive decay contrasted with beta decay.", "answer": "alpha decay [or alpha emission; prompt on radioactive decay or radioactivity]", "page": "Alpha_decay", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124319, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145861, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 200], [201, 271], [272, 453], [454, 517], [518, 603], [604, 698], [699, 777]], "first_sentence": "The hindrance factor compares the theoretical and experimental rates of this process.", "answer_prompt": "or alpha emission; prompt on radioactive decay or radioactivity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This king paid to re-inter the bodies of Arthur and Guinevere and set up his own Round Table at Nefyn. This man was knighted by Alfonso X of Castile before marrying Alfonso' daughter Eleanor. Before becoming king, this man helped relieve a siege in Tripoli in the Ninth Crusade. This \"English Justinian\" forced the abdication of John Balliol, seized the Stone of Destiny, and issued an edict expelling all the (*) Jews. After subjugating Llywelyn (lou-ELLEN) the Last, this king completed his conquest of Wales. Despite a setback at Stirling Bridge, this successor to Henry III won the Battle of Falkirk, soon before capturing the rebellious landowner William Wallace. For 10 points, name this tyrannical English king known variously as the \"Hammer of the Scots\" and \"Longshanks.\"", "answer": "Edward I [or Edward Longshanks before mentioned; or Hammer of the Scots before mentioned; or Malleus Scotorum before \"Hammer of the Scots\" is read; prompt on Edward; prompt on English Justinian before mentioned]", "page": "Edward_I_of_England", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124318, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145862, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 191], [192, 278], [279, 419], [420, 458], [459, 511], [512, 668], [669, 780]], "first_sentence": "This king paid to re-inter the bodies of Arthur and Guinevere and set up his own Round Table at Nefyn.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Longshanks before mentioned; or Hammer of the Scots before mentioned; or Malleus Scotorum before \"Hammer of the Scots\" is read; prompt on Edward; prompt on English Justinian before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The smallest animal in this order is named for the naturalist Philibert Commerson. Many animals within this order possess a mass of adipose tissue in the forehead called a melon. The closest living relatives of this extant order are the hippopotami. The carcasses of many members of this order are known as \"falls,\" and provide a rich ecosystem in the bathyal and (*) abyssal zones. Some animals in this order have cochleae with the highest amount of innervation of any mammal, enabling them to carry out a bat-like form of echolocation; other animals in this order generate sound with the spermaceti organ. These animals breathe through a blowhole at the top of their head. For 10 points, name this order of marine mammals consisting of porpoises, dolphins, and whales.", "answer": "cetaceans [or Cetacea; prompt on whales before mentioned; prompt on dolphins before mentioned; prompt on porpoises before mentioned]", "page": "Cetaceans", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124317, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145863, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 178], [179, 249], [250, 382], [383, 607], [608, 674], [675, 770]], "first_sentence": "The smallest animal in this order is named for the naturalist Philibert Commerson.", "answer_prompt": "or Cetacea; prompt on whales before mentioned; prompt on dolphins before mentioned; prompt on porpoises before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a suburb of this city, the Chinese-American draftsman Vincent Chin was murdered in 1982 by two laid-off workers who had mistakenly thought he was Japanese. In 1974 the Supreme Court controversially ruled that this city's de facto school segregation was constitutional in Milliken v. Bradley. A police raid on a \"blind pig\" in this city on the corner of Clairmount and 12th streets precipitated its 1967 (*) race riot, during which Governor George Romney sent in the National Guard. In another suburb of this city, Walter Reuther led a protest culminating in the Battle of the Overpass. A revolutionary $5 a day was paid to workers in this city's suburb of Dearborn, whose Independent newspaper became a vehicle for anti-Semitism. For 10 points, name this city where the Model T was built by workers at the Ford Motor Company.", "answer": "Detroit [accept Dearborn before mentioned; accept Highland Park]", "page": "Detroit", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124316, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145864, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 294], [295, 484], [485, 588], [589, 732], [733, 828]], "first_sentence": "In a suburb of this city, the Chinese-American draftsman Vincent Chin was murdered in 1982 by two laid-off workers who had mistakenly thought he was Japanese.", "answer_prompt": "accept Dearborn before mentioned; accept Highland Park", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one lecture, this man described an explorer's offer to go to the North Pole as a \"momentous option,\" rather than a trivial option, and the need to cross an icy ledge on an isolated trail as a \"forced\" option. In two writings, he used the example of a person chased by a bear in the forest, who first feels a racing heartbeat and then feels (*) fear, in his account of emotion. This man contrasted the \"healthy-minded temperament\" among some zealots with the \"sick soul\" of others. He claimed that truth is made when a belief has \"cash value\" in the daily life of its believer, and surveyed many mystics and credos in Varieties of Religious Experience. For 10 points, name this American professor of philosophy and psychology, who wrote \"The Will to Believe\" and Pragmatism.", "answer": "William James", "page": "William_James", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124315, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145865, "tokenizations": [[0, 211], [212, 379], [380, 483], [484, 654], [655, 776]], "first_sentence": "In one lecture, this man described an explorer's offer to go to the North Pole as a \"momentous option,\" rather than a trivial option, and the need to cross an icy ledge on an isolated trail as a \"forced\" option.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man is commanded to eat the animals inside a sheet that descends from heaven. A book attributed to this man references a \"proclamation to the impassioned spirits,\" which serves as the basis for the Harrowing of Hell. The \"Restoration\" of this man at the end of the Book of John ends with him being instructed to \"Feed my lambs,\" \"Take care of my sheep,\" and \"Feed my sheep,\" after he hauls in a miraculous catch of 153 fish. A servant of Caiaphas named Malachus was the victim of an (*) ear-slicing by this man, who nearly drowned attempting to replicate Jesus's water-walking. Jesus predicts that the rooster will crow after this man thrice denies him. For 10 points, name this Apostle whom Jesus called the rock upon whom he will build his church.", "answer": "Peter [or Simon Peter; or Petros; or Simon; or Cephas; or Shemayon Keppa; or Shemayon Keppa; or Shim'on bar Yona]", "page": "Simon_Peter", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124314, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145866, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 221], [222, 429], [430, 582], [583, 658], [659, 754]], "first_sentence": "This man is commanded to eat the animals inside a sheet that descends from heaven.", "answer_prompt": "or Simon Peter; or Petros; or Simon; or Cephas; or Shemayon Keppa; or Shemayon Keppa; or Shim'on bar Yona", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The HARPS instrument is used in a telescope at La Silla Observatory to search for these objects. Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz pioneered a technique for observing these objects that involved looking for small redshifts or blueshifts. After discovering a radiation pattern in a pulsar, Aleksander Wolszczan made the first discovery of these (*) bodies. These bodies, many of which are being discovered by the Kepler spacecraft, can be located through radial velocity or the transit method. Astronomers are looking for bodies of this type, such as Kepler-22b, that fall within the habitable zone. Many of the earliest discovered ones were called \"hot Jupiters.\" For 10 points, name these planets that do not orbit the Sun", "answer": "extrasolar planets [or exoplanets; prompt on planets]", "page": "Exoplanet", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124313, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145867, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 234], [235, 352], [353, 489], [490, 595], [596, 660], [661, 720]], "first_sentence": "The HARPS instrument is used in a telescope at La Silla Observatory to search for these objects.", "answer_prompt": "or exoplanets; prompt on planets", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play is called the \"one cock in the basket\" when discussing his lack of desire to intrude in a relationship he calls \"the triangle.\" In the first act of this play, the main character draws ire for claiming that a bonnet belonged to the servant Bertha. Police arrest a character in this play after he creates a disturbance when accusing Mademoiselle Diana of robbing him. At the beginning of this play, a character talks about his upcoming book on the (*) \"Domestic Industries of Brabant during the Middle Ages\" when asked about his honeymoon. The title character of this play burns a manuscript belonging to Eilert Lovborg and commits suicide after Judge Brack blackmails her. For 10 points, name this play by Henrik Ibsen about the wife of George Tesman.", "answer": "Hedda Gabler ", "page": "Hedda_Gabler", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 124312, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 145868, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [151, 271], [272, 390], [391, 562], [563, 696], [697, 775]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play is called the \"one cock in the basket\" when discussing his lack of desire to intrude in a relationship he calls \"the triangle.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This cause was hurt when peasants in the village of Bronte were massacred by troops led by Nino Bixio, and it was championed by the essay The Duties of Man. It was the motivation for a military campaign which overthrew Francis II and captured the towns of Calatafimi and Milazzo. Marshal Radetzky frequently defeated its supporters. France fought the Battle of Magenta against (*) Austria in support of this cause, one of the aims of the secret Carbonari society. The Expedition of the Thousand helped achieve this goal, which was promoted by the Piedmont-Sardinian prime minister Count Cavour and by the leader of the Redshirts. For 10 points, name this goal supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi, that was achieved in 1861 when Victor Emanuel II was elected king of a new country.", "answer": "Italian unification [or unifying Italy; or Italian independence; or Risorgimento; or descriptions like creation of Italy; or more specific answers like Italian independence from Austria or reunification of Sicily with Italy; prompt on Italian nationalism]", "page": "Italian_unification", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123142, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147032, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 279], [280, 332], [333, 463], [464, 629], [630, 776]], "first_sentence": "This cause was hurt when peasants in the village of Bronte were massacred by troops led by Nino Bixio, and it was championed by the essay The Duties of Man.", "answer_prompt": "or unifying Italy; or Italian independence; or Risorgimento; or descriptions like creation of Italy; or more specific answers like Italian independence from Austria or reunification of Sicily with Italy; prompt on Italian nationalism", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the Ottoman Empire, some of these buildings housed royal kiosks that were the end-points of a weekly procession called selamlik. A prominent twentieth-century designer of these buildings was Vedat Dalokay, whose plans for the Kocatepe were deemed too radical and re-worked for a pyramidal one of these buildings shaped like a tent and surrounded by four obelisk-shaped towers. The largest adobe building in the world is one of these structures in (*) Djenne, Mali. The grandest Ottoman versions of these buildings were built by Sinan and influenced by the huge central dome and semidomes of the Hagia Sophia. In these buildings, the qibla wall is marked with a mihrab, and the adhan is called from their minarets. For 10 points, name these houses of worship in Islam.", "answer": "mosques [or masjid; or cami]", "page": "Mosque", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123141, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147033, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 379], [380, 467], [468, 611], [612, 716], [717, 770]], "first_sentence": "In the Ottoman Empire, some of these buildings housed royal kiosks that were the end-points of a weekly procession called selamlik.", "answer_prompt": "or masjid; or cami", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man painted a fellow artist at work beside a red canoe in Portrait of Paul Helleu Sketching With his Wife. Two guitars hang on a wall as men and women clap their hands to encourage a dancer in another of this man's paintings. In a group portrait by this artist, a young girl plays with a doll on a rug as one of her sisters leans against a large (*) Japanese vase. Two girls dressed in white hang Japanese lanterns in a garden in a meticulously painted portrait by this artist of El Jaleo. This American ex-pat made a portrait of a woman in a black satin dress rejected by its subject, Virginie Gautreau. For 10 points, name this painter of The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit; Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, and Madame X.", "answer": "John Singer Sargent", "page": "John_Singer_Sargent", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123140, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147034, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 230], [231, 328], [329, 369], [370, 494], [495, 609], [610, 725]], "first_sentence": "This man painted a fellow artist at work beside a red canoe in Portrait of Paul Helleu Sketching With his Wife.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book was excoriated in Joan Acocella's (a-koe-CHEH-lah's) New Yorker article about its \"motive.\" The penultimate section of this book compares its subject to \"stand[ing] naked in the wind and [melting] into the sun\", and notes that \"when you have reached the mountain top, then you shall begin to climb\". A ploughman, an astronomer, and a rich man inquire about work, time, and giving in three of the (*) twenty-six discourses on various topics, including the aforementioned \"On Death\", that make up this book. At the end of this book, the priestess Almitra follows the title character's ship departing from Orphalese until it crosses the horizon. For 10 points, name this collection of vague inspirational ramblings attributed to Almustafa and written by Lebanese author Khalil Gibran.", "answer": "The Prophet ", "page": "Prophet", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123139, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147035, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 309], [310, 515], [516, 652], [653, 791]], "first_sentence": "This book was excoriated in Joan Acocella's (a-koe-CHEH-lah's) New Yorker article about its \"motive.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "People from this civilization destroyed old household utensils in preparation for a ceremony which began when the \"fire drill,\" or Orion's belt, rose above the horizon. They performed the Binding of the Years, or the New Fire ceremony, every 52 years at the end of a full cycle of the calendar. This civilization's \"Great Temple\" was dedicated to both the god of rain and the war god. Select members of this civilization would be wined and dined for a full year, before five priests (*) laid them upon a table and cut their hearts out. This civilization settled where an eagle was spotted with a snake in its talons, and eagerly awaited the return of a feathered serpent. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican civilization that revered Quetzalcoatl.", "answer": "Aztecs [or Mexica; or Nahua]", "page": "Aztecs", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123138, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147036, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 294], [295, 384], [385, 535], [536, 671], [672, 749]], "first_sentence": "People from this civilization destroyed old household utensils in preparation for a ceremony which began when the \"fire drill,\" or Orion's belt, rose above the horizon.", "answer_prompt": "or Mexica; or Nahua", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A composer from this country wrote a piano concerto in which a solo trumpet muted with a felt crown introduces the theme of the D-flat major second movement. Another composer from this country used a small orchestra of just strings, harp, and piano for a concerto whose two movements are linked by a cadenza for the solo clarinet. Three trumpets introduce an ascending F \u00c2\u2013 B-flat \u00c2\u2013 F motif near the start of a piece from this country, whose composer included (*)\"Saturday Night Waltz\" and \"Hoe-Down\" in a ballet. Another composer from here arranged his Opus 11 String Quartet into the Adagio for Strings. Fanfare for the Common Man and Rodeo are pieces from, for 10 points, what country home to Samuel Barber, George Gershwin, and Aaron Copland?", "answer": "United States of America [or U.S.A or America or United States]", "page": "United_States", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123137, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147037, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 330], [331, 512], [513, 604], [605, 745]], "first_sentence": "A composer from this country wrote a piano concerto in which a solo trumpet muted with a felt crown introduces the theme of the D-flat major second movement.", "answer_prompt": "or U.S.A or America or United States", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This number is the output when the Mo\u0308bius function is applied to a prime number. The product of all four basis elements of the quaternions, one times i times j times k, equals this number. The Legendre symbol of a over p is this number if a is NOT a quadratic residue modulo p. Every bit in this number's two's complement representation is a 1. According to (*) Euler's identity, this number equals e to the power of i times pi. This is the only value achieved exactly once by cosine in the range 0 to 2pi, inclusive. Raising a number to this power is the same as finding its reciprocal. For 10 points, identify this additive inverse of one, which is equal to the square of the imaginary number i.", "answer": "negative one ", "page": "Negative_One", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123136, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147038, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 188], [189, 277], [278, 344], [345, 428], [429, 517], [518, 587], [588, 697]], "first_sentence": "This number is the output when the M\u00f6bius function is applied to a prime number.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2014, a set of \"Black Notebooks\" written during this regime were edited by philosopher Peter Trawny. A man who wrote laws for this regime defined politics as the distinction of friend from foe in The Concept of the Political. A leader of this regime wrote before it took power that a populace willing to believe a \"Big Lie\" would easily trust in other small lies. Alfred Rosenberg's unified Protestant religious philosophy of this regime was opposed by the (*) Confessing Church. During this regime, phenomenologist Edmund Husserl was dismissed from his professorship by a philosopher who defined human existence as Dasein. For 10 points, name this regime supported by Carl Schmitt and Being and Time author Martin Heidegger, whose ideology was first put forth in Mein Kampf.", "answer": "Nazi Germany [or Third Reich]", "page": "Nazi_Germany", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123135, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147039, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 228], [229, 366], [367, 482], [483, 626], [627, 778]], "first_sentence": "In 2014, a set of \"Black Notebooks\" written during this regime were edited by philosopher Peter Trawny.", "answer_prompt": "or Third Reich", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one scene, this character offers up licorice to sooth another character, who is deliberately coughing to signal to her hiding husband. This character does not appear until Act III and is ironically described as \"the poor man\" by a man who is told by Dorine that his own wife is sick. The play in which he appears was banned due to this character's similarities to Madame de Maintenon. (*) Damis is banished from the house after revealing to his father that this character tried to seduce Elmire, while Mariane is told by her father that she must marry this character rather than Valere. An agent of King Louis XIV prevents this title character from seizing the house of Orgon and his family. For 10 points, name this title religious hypocrite of a Moliere play.", "answer": "Tartuffe", "page": "Tartuffe", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123134, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147040, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 286], [287, 387], [388, 589], [590, 694], [695, 764]], "first_sentence": "In one scene, this character offers up licorice to sooth another character, who is deliberately coughing to signal to her hiding husband.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A faction known as the \"Group of Twelve\" declared their loyalty to this party in a neighboring country. In 1980 this party launched a massive literacy campaign that cut illiteracy rates by nearly 38%. This party split into three \"tendencies\": the \"prolonged popular war\" tendency, the \"proletarian tendency,\" and the eventually-successful terceristas. The namesake of this party lured US Marines into a protracted (*) guerrilla war from 1927-33. This party's Junta of National Reconstruction was headed by future presidents Violeta Chamorro and Daniel Ortega. This party was opposed by rebel groups funded through the Reagan administration's arms sales to Iran, known as Contras. For 10 points, name this socialist party that ousted Anastasio Somoza and ruled Nicaragua.", "answer": "Sandinistas [or Sandinista National Liberation Front; or Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional; or FSLN]", "page": "Sandinistas", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123133, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147041, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 200], [201, 351], [352, 445], [446, 559], [560, 679], [680, 770]], "first_sentence": "A faction known as the \"Group of Twelve\" declared their loyalty to this party in a neighboring country.", "answer_prompt": "or Sandinista National Liberation Front; or Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional; or FSLN", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The addressee of this poem \"saw in sleep old palaces and towers\" while \"beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,\" and is held responsible for wakening a sea from \"his summer dreams.\" This poem describes \"winged seeds\" that lie \"cold and low\" like a \"corpse within its grave\" until they are moved by the addressee's \"azure sister\", who blows a \"clarion o'er the dreaming earth\". In the final stanza of this poem, the speaker commands, \"Drive my (*) dead thoughts over the universe\" to the title \"Wild Spirit,\" who is called both \"Destroyer\" and \"Preserver\". This poem ends with the question, \"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?\" For 10 points, name this poem addressed to the \"breath of Autumn's being,\" by Percy Shelley.", "answer": "\"Ode to the West Wind\"", "page": "Ode_to_the_West_Wind", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123132, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147042, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [177, 178], [179, 373], [374, 552], [553, 631], [632, 724]], "first_sentence": "The addressee of this poem \"saw in sleep old palaces and towers\" while \"beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,\" and is held responsible for wakening a sea from \"his summer dreams.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Either density or this quantity is used as the variable of integration when calculating residual properties. A truncated virial equation sets the compressibility factor equal to one plus b times this quantity. Cubic equations of state are written as explicit functions of this quantity. Enthalpy equals heat only if this quantity does not change for an open system. The fugacity coefficient is defined as fugacity over this quantity. (*) This quantity equals the liquid-phase concentration times Henry's constant for dilute solutions. Work is the area under a graph plotting this quantity versus volume. This quantity times volume has units of energy, and it multiplies volume in the ideal gas law. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in bars, torr, or atmospheres.", "answer": "pressure [or partial pressure; do not accept or prompt on \"vapor pressure\"]", "page": "Pressure", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123131, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147043, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 209], [210, 286], [287, 365], [366, 433], [434, 534], [535, 603], [604, 698], [699, 772]], "first_sentence": "Either density or this quantity is used as the variable of integration when calculating residual properties.", "answer_prompt": "or partial pressure; do not accept or prompt on \"vapor pressure\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This state is home to a cave full of utterly massive gypsum crystals, some larger than people, near its Naica mine. The Basaseachic Falls grace a natural landmark in this state. For the past two decades, this state's largest city has been the site of unresolved \"femicides\" that inspired part of Roberto Bolano's novel 2666. A canyon deeper at points than the Grand Canyon, known as (*) Copper Canyon, is in this state's portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental range. Explorer Zebulon Pike was once jailed in this non-U.S. state, which lies just west of Coahuila and north of Durango. The United States city of El Paso lies just across from this state's most populous city, Ciudad Juarez. For 10 points, name this largest state of Mexico by area, the namesake of a dog breed.", "answer": "Chihuahua", "page": "Chihuahua_(state)", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123130, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147044, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 177], [178, 324], [325, 466], [467, 583], [584, 687], [688, 774]], "first_sentence": "This state is home to a cave full of utterly massive gypsum crystals, some larger than people, near its Naica mine.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man collected $10,000 for writing an article promoting Lustron Corporation's prefabricated steel homes despite his opposition to the Taft-Ellender-Wagner Housing Act. This man stressed his participation in twelve combat missions by running for office with the slogan \"Congress needs a tail- gunner.\" The Tydings Committee was formed to investigate claims made by this man, who was implicitly targeted by Margaret Chase Smith's \"Declaration of (*) Conscience\" speech. This man was asked \"At long last, have you left no sense of decency\" by Joseph Welch in hearings between him and the Army. At a speech given in Wheeling, West Virginia, this man claimed to have a list of 205 suspect individuals. For 10 points, name this senator from Wisconsin and rabid anti-communist.", "answer": "Joseph Raymond McCarthy [or Joe McCarthy]", "page": "Joseph_McCarthy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123129, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147045, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 304], [305, 471], [472, 594], [595, 700], [701, 774]], "first_sentence": "This man collected $10,000 for writing an article promoting Lustron Corporation's prefabricated steel homes despite his opposition to the Taft-Ellender-Wagner Housing Act.", "answer_prompt": "or Joe McCarthy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poet describes how \"earth's inward narrow crooked lanes do purge sea water's fretful salt away,\" in a self-deprecating poem which concludes \"I, which was two fools, do so grow three.\" He wrote that \"soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still litigious men\" in a poem from which Cleanth Brooks chose the title The Well-Wrought Urn, and begins \"For God's sake (*) hold your tongue, and let me love.\" This poet listed \"Fate, Chance, Kings, and desperate men\" as masters of an entity that some have called \"Mighty and dreadfull.\" That poem by this author of \"The Canonization\" ends simply: \"death, thou shalt die.\" For 10 points, name this metaphysical poet whose tenth Holy Sonnet begins \"Death, be not proud.\"", "answer": "John Donne", "page": "John_Donne", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123128, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147046, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 366], [367, 406], [407, 534], [535, 618], [618, 619], [620, 716]], "first_sentence": "This poet describes how \"earth's inward narrow crooked lanes do purge sea water's fretful salt away,\" in a self-deprecating poem which concludes \"I, which was two fools, do so grow three.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Rhodospirillum rubrum, a gene encoding the key enzyme in this process is inactivated by ADP- ribosylation of a arginine-101. In the structures where this biochemical process takes place, Nod factors induce the production of the oxygen-carrier leghemoglobin. Sixteen equivalents of ATP are hydrolyzed in this process, which produces one molecule of hydrogen gas. This process requires a cofactor containing iron and (*) molybdenum atoms. This process has a very high activation energy because it requires cleaving a triple bond. Diazotrophs perform this process, the best-studied example of which is done by Rhizobia at root nodules. For 10 points, name this process of producing ammonia from the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.", "answer": "nitrogen fixation", "page": "Nitrogen_fixation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123127, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147047, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 260], [261, 364], [365, 439], [440, 530], [531, 635], [636, 735]], "first_sentence": "In Rhodospirillum rubrum, a gene encoding the key enzyme in this process is inactivated by ADP- ribosylation of a arginine-101.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Koide formula gave a theoretical estimate for the mass of a particle symbolized by this letter. A particle symbolized by this letter decays into two pi-plus and a pi-minus, giving negative parity, unlike the theta particle, which has decay with positive parity. A particle symbolized by this letter has energy of 1777 MeV and will decay into a hadron because of its enormous mass. The third (*) generation of leptons is named for this letter, which names a much heavier counterpart to the muon and electron. A quantity symbolized by this letter is the inverse of the decay constant and is a measure of the mean lifetime of a particle. For 10 points, name this Greek letter which is also used to symbolized proper time and torque.", "answer": "tau", "page": "TAU", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123126, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147048, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 265], [266, 384], [385, 511], [512, 638], [639, 733]], "first_sentence": "The Koide formula gave a theoretical estimate for the mass of a particle symbolized by this letter.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "On this island, the Latin name Lake Candidus is sometimes given to its central Sun Moon Lake, where the Thao people live. According to scholarly consensus, a set of native tribes that make up 2% of its population descend from the original speakers of the Austronesian language family. The Dutch East India Company built Fort Zeelandia on this island, where a large building contains a 730-ton ribbed yellow ball that acts as a tuned (*) mass damper. The nearby islands of Quemoy and Matsu were shelled during this island's namesake \"Straits Crises.\" The Pescadores are administered from this island, whose large cities include Kaohsiung. For 10 points, name this island mostly ruled by the Kuomintang party since 1949, whose capital is home to the skyscraper Taipei 101.", "answer": "Taiwan [or Formosa", "page": "Taiwan", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123125, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147049, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 284], [285, 449], [450, 549], [550, 637], [638, 770]], "first_sentence": "On this island, the Latin name Lake Candidus is sometimes given to its central Sun Moon Lake, where the Thao people live.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man quoted from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam at the end of a twelve-hour long speech directed at John Caverly. This man intervened to help a black man from Detroit who was harassed for moving into an all-white neighborhood, named Ossian Sweet. He grilled one of his opponents about the population of ancient Egypt and where Cain got his wife. This man, who severed ties with a railroad company to represent (*) Eugene V. Debs, argued that two University of Chicago students were suggestible to influence by Nietzsche and had them plea guilty for killing Bobby Franks. This man defended an teacher accused of violating the Butler Act against a prosecution led by William Jennings Bryan. For 10 points, name this lawyer who defended John Scopes in the monkey trial.", "answer": "Clarence Darrow [or Clarence Seward Darrow]", "page": "Clarence_Darrow", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123124, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147050, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 248], [249, 347], [348, 572], [573, 690], [691, 768]], "first_sentence": "This man quoted from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam at the end of a twelve-hour long speech directed at John Caverly.", "answer_prompt": "or Clarence Seward Darrow", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this man, a toast to \"the pirates, preachers, poteen-makers\", \"jobbing jockies\", and \"parching peelers\", is given by Sara Tansey. Arthur Griffith was enraged by the line \"a drift of chosen females, standing in their shift\" in a play by this man in which the widow Dame Quin fails to prevent another character from recognizing the winner of a mule race. Nora and Cathleen console Maurya after Bartley, the sixth and last of her sons, (*) drowns in one of this man's many works set in the Aran Islands. Riots broke out at the Abbey Theater premiere of a play by this man in which Pegeen Mike falls in love with Christy Mahon, who claims to have killed his father. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Riders to the Sea and The Playboy of the Western World.", "answer": "John Millington Synge [or Edmund John Millington Synge] ", "page": "John_Millington_Synge", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123123, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147051, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 365], [366, 513], [514, 674], [675, 775]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this man, a toast to \"the pirates, preachers, poteen-makers\", \"jobbing jockies\", and \"parching peelers\", is given by Sara Tansey.", "answer_prompt": "or Edmund John Millington Synge", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An orphan asylum set up by this organization inspired Andrew Bell's monitorial system of education. Several members of this organization were waterboarded and executed by Dutch authorities in the Amboyna Massacre. This organization expanded its influence via the controversial Doctrine of Lapse. This organization's main rival was once led by Joseph Dupleix, who was based in Pondicherry. It opposed (*) French interests in the Carnatic Wars, and it further consolidated its gains in the late 18th century by conquering the Kingdom of Mysore. Its employee Robert Clive fought the Battle of Plassey in retaliation for the mistreatment of British prisoners in the Black Hole of Calcutta. For 10 points, name this trading company that once ruled many British colonies in Asia.", "answer": "British East India Company [or EIC; or English East India Company]", "page": "East_India_Company", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123122, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147052, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 213], [214, 295], [296, 388], [389, 403], [404, 446], [447, 542], [543, 685], [686, 773]], "first_sentence": "An orphan asylum set up by this organization inspired Andrew Bell's monitorial system of education.", "answer_prompt": "or EIC; or English East India Company", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Formation of this tissue depends on the inactivation of the RANKL-RANK binding interaction. Sharpey's fibers connect this tissue to its outer membrane. The loss of this tissue can be visualized by DEXA scans, and can be treated by a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. Volkmann's canals connect the functional unit of one type of this tissue, which consists of concentric (*) lamellae arranged around a central Haversian canal. The adjectives flat, irregular, short, sesamoid, and long describe the possible shapes of this tissue. This tissue consists of inorganic carbonated hydroxyapatite. It is synthesized by and resorbed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. For 10 points, name this hard connective tissue that makes up the skeletal system.", "answer": "bone [or osseus tissue; accept spongy bone; accept cancellous bone; accept trabecular bone; prompt on connective tissue]", "page": "Bone", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123121, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147053, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 151], [152, 271], [272, 430], [431, 533], [534, 594], [595, 674], [675, 757]], "first_sentence": "Formation of this tissue depends on the inactivation of the RANKL-RANK binding interaction.", "answer_prompt": "or osseus tissue; accept spongy bone; accept cancellous bone; accept trabecular bone; prompt on connective tissue", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A type of this which is visible but cannot be collected is known as virga. This phenomenon occurs \"every day\" according to a refrain sung by Feste at the end of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Ibuse Masuji wrote a novel set partly during the Hiroshima atomic bombing, which was titled for the Black type of this phenomenon. This phenomenon often generates a pleasant odor known as (*) petrichor. In Greco-Roman myth, nymphs called Hyades control this stuff. Along with high temperature, its high frequency is a trait of Af and Am climates in the Koppen classification system. A namesake \"shadow\" where this phenomenon doesn't occur can be found on the leeward side of many mountain ranges. For 10 points, name this meteorological phenomenon, the main type of liquid precipitation.", "answer": "ain [prompt on \"water\"; prompt on \"precipitation\"]", "page": "Ain", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123120, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147054, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 189], [190, 320], [321, 392], [393, 454], [455, 572], [573, 686], [687, 777]], "first_sentence": "A type of this which is visible but cannot be collected is known as virga.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"water\"; prompt on \"precipitation\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this time period, authorities ran the Four Square Laundry operation in order to find traces of gunpowder on militants' clothes. The treaty that ended this period consists of three \"strands\" which create an Assembly and a Ministerial Council. Tapes from a Boston College oral history project were subpoenaed by prosecutors investigation the disappearance of Jean McConville during this period. During it, the (*) Provisionals carried out the Old Bailey bombings, Bobby Sands led a hunger strike at The Maze prison, and 26 people were shot by the Parachute Regiment in Derry on Bloody Sunday. It ended with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. For 10 points, name this period of unrest between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland.", "answer": "The Troubles in Northern Ireland [or Na Triobloidi; prompt on the conflict in Northern Ireland or similar answers until \"Northern Ireland\" is read]", "page": "The_Troubles_in_Northern_Ireland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123119, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147055, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 248], [249, 399], [400, 597], [598, 661], [662, 758]], "first_sentence": "During this time period, authorities ran the Four Square Laundry operation in order to find traces of gunpowder on militants' clothes.", "answer_prompt": "or Na Triobloidi; prompt on the conflict in Northern Ireland or similar answers until \"Northern Ireland\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this group's leaders, Douglas Young, was criticized as Axis-loving for encouraging followers to fight conscription during World War II. This group was previously led by a member of the 79 Group, which was expelled from this party in 1982 for espousing radical left-wing politics. These supporters of the right of 16- and 17-year olds to vote are currently led by (*) Nicola Sturgeon. This party's agenda under former leader Alex Salmond was countered by the Better Together campaign supported by celebrities such as JK Rowling. For 10 points, name this political party which spearheaded a 2014 referendum for the independence of a namesake northerly country from the United Kingdom.", "answer": "Scottish National Party [or SNP; or Partaidh Naiseanta na h-Alba; or Scots Naitional Pairtie]", "page": "Scottish_National_Party", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123112, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147062, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 286], [287, 390], [391, 534], [535, 689]], "first_sentence": "One of this group's leaders, Douglas Young, was criticized as Axis-loving for encouraging followers to fight conscription during World War II.", "answer_prompt": "or SNP; or Partaidh Naiseanta na h-Alba; or Scots Naitional Pairtie", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One artist with this surname painted The Forest in Winter at Sunset. He was called the \"Great Rejected One\" due to his lack of success with the Salon until the Revolution of 1848 caused a restructuring of the jury. Another artist with this surname boasted of his travels to Mexico when in fact he never left France, instead relying on trips to the Jardin des Plantes (jar-don deh plahnts) for ideas for foliage. That artist with this surname painted a (*) tiger illuminated by a flash of lightning about to attack its prey in his jungle painting Surprised!. That artist also painted a black woman being approached by a lion in the desert at night. For 10 points, give this surname shared by The\u0301odore, who co-led the Barbizon School, and Henri, who painted The Sleeping Gypsy.", "answer": "Rousseau [or The\u0301odore Rousseau; or Henri Rousseau]", "page": "Rousseau", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 123111, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147063, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 214], [215, 411], [412, 557], [558, 647], [648, 775]], "first_sentence": "One artist with this surname painted The Forest in Winter at Sunset.", "answer_prompt": "or The\u0301odore Rousseau; or Henri Rousseau", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The overall value for this quantity can be calculated knowing two j and two m quantum numbers in aproduct involving many square roots and factorials. The commutator of this quantity with the Hamiltonian iszero, but the commutator for two of its component operators equals i times h-bar times the operator of theother component. Spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of this quantity. This quantity equals h-bar timesthe square root of the azimuthal quantum number, times that number plus one. Vector addition of two formsof this quantity occurs in L-S coupling. Areal velocity is constant because it is conserved. For 10 points, namethis quantity that classically equals moment of inertia times angular velocity, and is symbolized L. ", "answer": "angular momentum operator [or L until \"L-S coupling\" is read] ", "page": "Angular_momentum_operator", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122692, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147480, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 327], [328, 384], [385, 493], [494, 562], [563, 614], [615, 734]], "first_sentence": "The overall value for this quantity can be calculated knowing two j and two m quantum numbers in aproduct involving many square roots and factorials.", "answer_prompt": "or L until \"L-S coupling\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, the unusual appearance of a hotel clerk in a romantic comedy greatly alarms thehistory teacher Tertuliano. In another novel, this author also wrote about several religious elders who orderthe burial of some mysterious glowing earth. Early in that novel by this author, the protagonist's father dieswhile attempting to save Ananias, and he sacrifices a sheep with a marked ear after being ordered to do so byGod. This author of The Double also wrote a novel in which the protagonist uses a pair of scissors to kill a rapistwhile quarantined with her doctor husband during the title pandemic. For 10 points, name this Portugueseauthor of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ and Blindness. ", "answer": "Jos\u00c3\u00a9 Saramago [or Jos\u00c3\u00a9 de Sousa Saramago]", "page": "Josa", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122691, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147481, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 259], [260, 438], [439, 617], [618, 673], [674, 714]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, the unusual appearance of a hotel clerk in a romantic comedy greatly alarms thehistory teacher Tertuliano.", "answer_prompt": "or Jos\u00c3\u00a9 de Sousa Saramago", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Van Maanen's star was the first star of this type not found in a binary or triple system. ZZ Ceti and GW Virstars are stars of this type that have variable luminosities, making them their \"pulsating\" type. In a cataclysmicvariable system, an accretion disk forms around a star of this type as it siphons matter from its companion.The progenitor of type Ia (one a) supernova is accretion onto a star of this type. Stars of this type are foundnear the bottom left corner of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The upper mass limit of these stars is givenby the Chandrasekhar limit. These stars are formed by stars, such as the Sun, that are not massive enough tobecome neutron stars. For 10 points, name this type of dwarf star. ", "answer": "white dwarf [or word forms; or white dwarf after \"dwarf star\" is read; prompt on dwarf stars until \"dwarf star\" is read] ", "page": "White_Dwarf", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122690, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147482, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 205], [206, 330], [330, 412], [413, 504], [505, 576], [577, 678], [679, 723]], "first_sentence": "Van Maanen's star was the first star of this type not found in a binary or triple system.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; or white dwarf after \"dwarf star\" is read; prompt on dwarf stars until \"dwarf star\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Mayor Fletcher Bowron claimed these events were sparked by Southerners. Eleanor Roosevelt was labeled aCommunist after she wrote \"it is a problem with roots going a long way back\" in response to these events. JackTenney suggested these events were Nazi attempts to spread disunity. Hatred in the city was high prior tothem after the Sleepy Lagoon murder case two years earlier. During these events, almost 200 men drovedowntown in 20 taxicabs to begin the second wave of violence. These events reflected tensions betweenservicemen and the \"Pachuco\" gangs. For 10 points, name these 1944 riots is Los Angeles in which sailorsattacked Latino youths wearing the namesake distinctive pieces of clothing. ", "answer": "Zoot Suit Riots ", "page": "Zoot_Suit_Riots", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122689, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147483, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 208], [209, 281], [282, 377], [378, 480], [481, 555], [556, 699]], "first_sentence": "Mayor Fletcher Bowron claimed these events were sparked by Southerners.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Gambia has announced their openness to housing people of this ethnicity. The 969 Movement, led byAshin Wirathu, has frequently attacked people of this ethnicity. Many people of this ethnicity have departedfrom the port of Sittwe. Thein Sein proposed a plan to relocate these people, many of whom have migrated toCox's Bazar. In their native country, these people have been marked as Bengalis as of 2014. People of thisethnicity, who have regularly been targeted by the Rakhine Buddhists, have been denied entry into Malaysiawhile seeking refuge as \"boat people.\" For 10 points, name this often persecuted Muslim minority in Burma. ", "answer": "Rohingya [prompt on Burmese until \"Burma\" is read; prompt on boat people until it is read] ", "page": "Rohingya", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122688, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147484, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 165], [166, 233], [234, 328], [329, 407], [408, 565], [565, 634]], "first_sentence": "The Gambia has announced their openness to housing people of this ethnicity.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Burmese until \"Burma\" is read; prompt on boat people until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, a woman \"pleads her belly\" to avoid going to prison until the birth of her daughter,whose first memory is traveling with a band of gypsies. Another character created by this man is surprisedwhen the wooden stakes he uses to keep up his bower end up sprouting. That character created by this writerbuilds a canoe out of a cedar tree but cannot bring it to sea. At the end of a novel by this author, the titlecharacter goes to a plantation with Jemy and sees her son Humphrey, who was conceived with her halfbrother.Another of his title characters becomes enslaved in Sallee before owning a plantation in Brazil andbefriending a cannibal he names Friday. For 10 points, name this author of Moll Flanders and Robinson Crusoe. ", "answer": "Daniel Defoe [or Daniel Foe]", "page": "Daniel_Defoe", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122687, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147485, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 286], [287, 386], [387, 541], [541, 679], [680, 749]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, a woman \"pleads her belly\" to avoid going to prison until the birth of her daughter,whose first memory is traveling with a band of gypsies.", "answer_prompt": "or Daniel Foe", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A concerto grosso by this composer begins with a ten-bar slow introduction, and then a fast fugue thatbegins with violins playing repeated F's in half notes, then quarter notes, then eighth notes. He is notArcangelo Corelli, but an E-flat major musette is the central movement of the G minor sixth piece in his twelveOp. 6 concerti grossi. This composer gave the tempo marking Largo alla siciliana to the \"La Paix\" movement of asuite that commemorates the end of the War of the Austrian Succession with movements such as \"LaRejouissance.\" He included \"Alla Hornpipe\" in a set of pieces written for a concert on the River Thames. For 10points, name this composer of Music for the Royal Fireworks and Water Music.", "answer": "George Friedrich Handel", "page": "George_Frideric_Handel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122686, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147486, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 339], [340, 538], [539, 628], [629, 711]], "first_sentence": "A concerto grosso by this composer begins with a ten-bar slow introduction, and then a fast fugue thatbegins with violins playing repeated F's in half notes, then quarter notes, then eighth notes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist earned a far smaller annuity than his successor in one post, the female miniaturist LevinaTeerlinc. This artist was championed by a letter declaring that \"the arts are freezing in this part of the world.\"This artist realistically depicted the effects of putrefaction on Christ lying horizontally in his tomb in hiswidest painting. The woodcut series he published in Basel include illustrations of Old Testament scenes calledthe Icones, as well as 42 Dances of Death. A Lutheran hymnal, a lute with a broken string, and an extremelyanamorphic skull appear in the most famous painting of this artist, who painted his close friend Erasmus. For10 points, name this German court painter to Henry VIII, who created The Ambassadors.", "answer": "Hans Holbein the Younger ", "page": "Hans_Holbein_the_Younger", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122685, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147487, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 215], [215, 220], [221, 342], [343, 478], [479, 648], [649, 737]], "first_sentence": "This artist earned a far smaller annuity than his successor in one post, the female miniaturist LevinaTeerlinc.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The characteristic of a field always has this property. The Meissel-Mertens constant relates log of log of n tothe partial sums of the reciprocals of numbers with this property. The log of a number with this property is theoutput when a number n, that is a power of a number with this property, is input to the von Mangoldtfunction. n minus one factorial equals negative one mod n only if n has this property, by Wilson's theorem.Carmichael numbers do not have this property, but nonetheless can serve as the modulus in Fermat's littletheorem. The number of them less than n is approximately n over log of n. Euclid proved their infinitude. For10 points, name these numbers only divisible by one and themselves. ", "answer": "prime numbers", "page": "Prime_Numbers", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122684, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147488, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 332], [333, 430], [430, 543], [544, 640], [641, 711]], "first_sentence": "The characteristic of a field always has this property. The Meissel-Mertens constant relates log of log of n tothe partial sums of the reciprocals of numbers with this property.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This god's enemies included the Syracusan man Cyanippus, who is driven to rape his own daughter Cyane.Another enemy of this god rejects him and instead tells the story of Pyramus and Thisbe; she and her twosisters, who then transform into bats, are the Minyades. As punishment for exiling this god from Thrace,Lycurgus is driven insane and axes his son Dryas to death. Acoetes is the only man aboard a ship to condemnthe kidnap of this god; the guilty remainder of those pirates are transformed into dolphins. This god rewardsthe rescue of Silenus by granting the golden touch to Midas. This god's mother, who perishes after sherequests to see Zeus in his full glory, is Semele. For 10 points, name this god of wine. ", "answer": "Dionysus [or Bacchus; or Liber] ", "page": "Dionysus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122683, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147489, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [102, 262], [263, 368], [369, 509], [510, 586], [587, 678], [679, 716]], "first_sentence": "This god's enemies included the Syracusan man Cyanippus, who is driven to rape his own daughter Cyane.", "answer_prompt": "or Bacchus; or Liber", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Plutarch reports that Marius deeply offended the Senate by appearing before them with a certain type ofthis item. By placing one of these items over his head, the Pontifex Maximus Scipio Nascia rallied the senatorsto assassinate Tiberius Gracchus. White chalk was used to mark a type of this item associated with officeseekers, the \"candida\" type. A crimson stripe differentiated the \"praetexta\" variety of this item. This itemlargely replaced the pallium and served as a counterpart to the stola. Marine snails were boiled to make theTyrian purple dye used for the picta type of this item, which were used by triumphing generals and later wornby emperors alone. For 10 points, name this garment composed of a folded piece of white, woolen fabric,which was worn in Ancient Rome. ", "answer": "togas ", "page": "Togas", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122682, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147490, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 247], [248, 347], [348, 417], [418, 497], [498, 662], [663, 778]], "first_sentence": "Plutarch reports that Marius deeply offended the Senate by appearing before them with a certain type ofthis item.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An opera in which one of these beings named Ada falls for a noble named Arindal was composed atWurzburg when its composer was only twenty. In a later operetta, a shepherd named Strephon is the son ofone of these beings, who come to dominate the British House of Lords. In an Italian opera, a male tutor namedAlidoro replaces one of these beings in the narrative. Gilbert and Sullivan's Iolanthe is titled for one of thesebeings, which also name the first completed opera by Richard Wagner. In an adaptation of Shakespeare byHenry Purcell, one of these beings sprinkles love-juice on the eyes of Demetrius. For 10 points, name this typeof supernatural being which is omitted from Rossini's opera version of Cinderella. ", "answer": " fairy [or The Fairies; or Die Feen]", "page": "Fairy", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122681, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147491, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 268], [269, 362], [363, 489], [490, 605], [606, 717]], "first_sentence": "An opera in which one of these beings named Ada falls for a noble named Arindal was composed atWurzburg when its composer was only twenty.", "answer_prompt": "or The Fairies; or Die Feen", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A book titled for this phrase contains an analysis of \"stable intermediate forms\" inspired by a Herbert Simonargument about two watchmakers, and introduces the concept of something that is both a whole and a part,which this book terms a \"holon.\" That book with this title argues that the pre-human features of the brain areresponsible for emotions and destructive impulses, and was written by Arthur Koestler. This phrase wascoined to be \"deliberately abusive\" in an earlier book that argues against a longstanding \"category mistake,\"which the book also refers to as \"the official doctrine\" in the section \"Descartes' Myth.\" For 10 points, give thisphrase used in The Concept of Mind by Gilbert Ryle to denounce mind-body dualism. ", "answer": "the ghost in the machine", "page": "The_Ghost_In_The_Machine", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122680, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147492, "tokenizations": [[0, 244], [244, 245], [246, 409], [410, 539], [540, 624], [625, 730]], "first_sentence": "A book titled for this phrase contains an analysis of \"stable intermediate forms\" inspired by a Herbert Simonargument about two watchmakers, and introduces the concept of something that is both a whole and a part,which this book terms a \"holon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote about talking to a woman who claimed a chestnut tree told her \"I am here\u00c2\u2014I am life,eternal life.\" He wrote about learning the truth behind the sentence \"The angels are lost in perpetualcontemplation of an 'infinite glory.'\" This man proposed that a \"Statue of Responsibility\" be built on the WestCoast to complement the Statue of Liberty. This author of The Unconscious God noted that people in hiscondition faced initial shock, apathy, and depersonalization but managed to survive by discovering salvation\"through love and in love.\" This founder of logotherapy wrote about his determination to find a purpose whileserving as an inmate in Auschwitz. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychiatrist who wrote Man's Search forMeaning. ", "answer": "Viktor Frankl", "page": "Viktor_Frankl", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122679, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147493, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 241], [241, 242], [243, 357], [358, 552], [553, 668], [669, 750]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote about talking to a woman who claimed a chestnut tree told her \"I am here\u00c2\u2014I am life,eternal life.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "William Huskisson, an MP from Liverpool, was killed by one of these objects while shaking the hand of theDuke of Wellington. Early examples of these objects were made to compete in the Rainhill Trials. A massproducedexample of these objects was named for Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind. George Stephensoncreated an example of these objects known as his namesake \"Rocket.\" The Whyte notation was made todifferentiate between types of these objects by the amount and placement of their wheels. A \"Great Western\"system for these vehicles was built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. For 10 points, name these vehicles that weretypically powered by steam engines and pulled trains along the Great Western Railway. ", "answer": "steam locomotives [prompt on trains until it is read] ", "page": "Steam_locomotives", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122678, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147494, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 201], [202, 287], [288, 312], [313, 372], [373, 492], [493, 573], [574, 703]], "first_sentence": "William Huskisson, an MP from Liverpool, was killed by one of these objects while shaking the hand of theDuke of Wellington.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on trains until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Ed Rollins quit working with this man shortly after an aide accused Rollins of being a CIA plant. During adebate, this man joked that he was not here to \"play Lawrence Welk music.\" He was mocked for repeatedlysaying \"let me finish\" during another debate on Larry King Live. This man promised there would be a \"giantsucking sound\" as jobs went to Mexico when speaking out against NAFTA. In a national election, he pickedAdmiral James Stockdale as his running mate and challenged both Bill Clinton and incumbent George H.W.Bush. For 10 points, name this Texan businessman who ran as a third party presidential candidate in 1992. ", "answer": "Ross Perot [or Henry Ross Perot] ", "page": "Ross_Perot", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122677, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147495, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 180], [181, 273], [274, 385], [386, 526], [527, 626]], "first_sentence": "Ed Rollins quit working with this man shortly after an aide accused Rollins of being a CIA plant.", "answer_prompt": "or Henry Ross Perot", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 1983 manifesto by Jerome McGann argued that scholars of this movement uncritically accept theassumptions of the writers they study in a diagnosis of its \"ideology.\" M. H. Abrams argued that thismovement triggered a shift between critical views of artists as the two title objects in The Mirror and the Lamp.Representatives of this movement are the subjects of The Ringers in the Tower by Harold Bloom, who revitalizedstudies of it in his early phase with a string of books including The Visionary Company. A member of thismovement distinguished between \"imagination\" and \"fancy\" in his Biographia Literaria. For 10 points, namethis movement whose English exemplars included the primary author of Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth. ", "answer": "Romanticism ", "page": "Romanticism", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122676, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147496, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 309], [309, 507], [508, 609], [610, 734]], "first_sentence": "A 1983 manifesto by Jerome McGann argued that scholars of this movement uncritically accept theassumptions of the writers they study in a diagnosis of its \"ideology.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, a man remembers tossing another character's child in the air at a party, but doesn't rememberthat it happened in his kitchen. The unseen author Casey is frequently mentioned by that play's male leads, who run apublishing company and play squash. A play by this author opens with a character reading news stories about an oldman being run over by a bus and an eight-year-old killing a cat. One of his plays details Jerry and Emma's affair inreverse chronological order. This author wrote a play in which an argument over the phrase \"light the kettle\" takes placein a basement equipped with a speaking tube where the hit men Gus and Ben wait for their assignment. For 10 points,name this playwright of Betrayal and The Dumb Waiter. ", "answer": "Harold Pinter", "page": "Harold_Pinter", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122675, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147497, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 271], [272, 414], [415, 494], [495, 687], [688, 755]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, a man remembers tossing another character's child in the air at a party, but doesn't rememberthat it happened in his kitchen.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The collision of two Standard Oil tankers in this body of water inspired \"planetwalker\" John Francis to stopusing motor vehicles. After World War II, shipyards on this body of water gave way to the houseboatcommunities of Sausalito. Landmarks on this body of water include Fisherman's Wharf and the sea liondominatedPier 39. The San Joaquin River flows into this body of water, which is frequently obscured by fog insummertime. Asian immigrants were processed at this body of water's Angel Island. The 1989 Loma Prietaearthquake damaged cities on its shores, including Oakland. For 10 points, name this body of water home toAlcatraz Island, whose outflow is spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. ", "answer": "San Francisco Bay", "page": "San_Francisco_Bay", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122674, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147498, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 232], [233, 302], [303, 324], [325, 427], [428, 497], [498, 577], [578, 692]], "first_sentence": "The collision of two Standard Oil tankers in this body of water inspired \"planetwalker\" John Francis to stopusing motor vehicles.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An equation named for this man can be obtained from the Klimontovich equation using an ensembleaverage over particles and no collisions, and that equation further simplifies to the Vlasov equation inplasmas. A second equation named for this man integrates the probability log probability over all space,assumes molecular chaos before collisions but not afterward, and violates time reversal symmetry. A third ofhis equations takes the logarithm of the number of permutations of the available thermodynamic states,which is symbolized W. This namesake of a transport theorem and an H-theorem had that third equationwritten on his tombstone. For 10 points, name this Austrian whose namesake constant, symbolized k, is usedto calculate entropy. ", "answer": "Ludwig Boltzmann ", "page": "Ludwig_Boltzmann", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122673, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147499, "tokenizations": [[0, 207], [208, 400], [401, 638], [639, 740]], "first_sentence": "An equation named for this man can be obtained from the Klimontovich equation using an ensembleaverage over particles and no collisions, and that equation further simplifies to the Vlasov equation inplasmas.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Indications for this process are represented by the mnemonics SLIME and AEIOU. Spondyloarthropathydue to beta-2 microglobulin accumulation can result from long-term use of a type of this process, which mayresult in a namesake form of amyloidosis. Standardized Kt over V and URR are used to assess the adequacy ofthis process. A Cimino fistula may be created during this process. A form of this process that can be automaticor continuous ambulatory uses the peritoneum as a semi-permeable membrane. This treatment performsdiffusion and ultrafiltration, which normally take place in the glomerulus. For 10 points, name this techniquewhose hemo- form removes creatinine and urea from the blood during treatment for kidney failure. ", "answer": "dialysis [or hemodialysis; or peritoneal dialysis; prompt on renal replacement therapy] ", "page": "Dialysis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122672, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147500, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 246], [247, 325], [326, 378], [379, 497], [498, 596], [597, 727]], "first_sentence": "Indications for this process are represented by the mnemonics SLIME and AEIOU.", "answer_prompt": "or hemodialysis; or peritoneal dialysis; prompt on renal replacement therapy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a film by this man, Pachelbel's Canon plays as the protagonist describes his vision of a processionclimbing a fog-covered hill to meet death. One of his films ends with the camera panning up a ski lift as asingle shot rings out, fired by a man who activated a coin-operated dancing chicken. The protagonist ofanother film by this man proclaims that he will marry his daughter and found a pure dynasty, after he is leftalone standing on a raft overtaken by monkeys. This director of Stroszek created movies about a mysteriousyouth who was imprisoned for twenty years and a rogue conquistador in the Amazon jungle. For 10 points,name this German director of The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser and Aguirre, the Wrath of God. ", "answer": "Werner Herzog [or Werner Herzog Stipetic]", "page": "Werner_Herzog", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122670, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147501, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 293], [294, 467], [468, 615], [616, 717]], "first_sentence": "In a film by this man, Pachelbel's Canon plays as the protagonist describes his vision of a processionclimbing a fog-covered hill to meet death.", "answer_prompt": "or Werner Herzog Stipetic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The first verse line of The Winter's Tale describes \"nine changes\" of a metaphorical \"watery\" one of theseobjects. Lear's Fool quips that the reason why seven of these things \"are no more than seven is a pretty reason.\"In the graveyard scene, Hamlet claims that Laertes's \"phrase of grief\" makes these things \"stand like wonderwoundedhearers.\" In Sonnet 116, love is said to be one of these objects for \"every wandering bark.\" Hamletsends a quatrain to Ophelia that begins by telling her to doubt that these objects are fire and to doubt that thenearest of them moves. For 10 points, name these bodies of which Cassius says, \"The fault, dear Brutus, is notin\" them, \"but in ourselves.\" ", "answer": "stars", "page": "Star", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122669, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147502, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 218], [218, 221], [222, 343], [344, 426], [427, 568], [569, 685]], "first_sentence": "The first verse line of The Winter's Tale describes \"nine changes\" of a metaphorical \"watery\" one of theseobjects.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During marriages in this religion, the father of the bride presents the two ends of a pink or red scarf to thebride and groom, who do not directly talk or gesture for the entire ceremony. Practitioners of this religion areobliged to engage in seva, or community service, and sacred gatherings called sangat. According to one story, aleader of this religion prepared liquid in a bowl with his wife and drank from it with five men from differentsocial classes, purifying all of them. When adherents of this religion die, the bhog ceremony is held by thedeceased's family, who then supply langar, or a meal for the gurdwara. For 10 points, name this religion whichfollows the teachings of its spiritual leaders, called gurus. ", "answer": "Sikhism", "page": "Sikhism", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122668, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147503, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 307], [308, 481], [482, 621], [622, 722]], "first_sentence": "During marriages in this religion, the father of the bride presents the two ends of a pink or red scarf to thebride and groom, who do not directly talk or gesture for the entire ceremony.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer depicted \"The Fairy Garden\" in a piano four hands suite whose third movement is based onthe tale of Laideronnette. He included a D minor, 6/8 time fourth movement to be played \"dry, the arpeggiosvery taut\" in a suite that includes \"Sad Birds.\" He ended another piano suite with a sixth-movement toccata inE minor and 2/4 time. This composer of Mother Goose included \"Alborada del gracioso\" in his Miroirs andcollected \"Ondine,\" \"Le Gibet,\" and \"Scarbo\" into another piano piece. For friends who died in World War I, hewrote Le tombeau de Couperin. This composer of Gaspard de la nuit wrote a piece in which the same two melodiesrepeat over a crescendoing snare drum rhythm. For 10 points, name this composer of Bol\u00c3\u00a9ro. ", "answer": "Maurice Ravel [or Joseph-Maurice Ravel] ", "page": "Maurice_Ravel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122666, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147505, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 257], [258, 340], [341, 492], [493, 561], [562, 687], [688, 732]], "first_sentence": "This composer depicted \"The Fairy Garden\" in a piano four hands suite whose third movement is based onthe tale of Laideronnette.", "answer_prompt": "or Joseph-Maurice Ravel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A brick wall in this film has graffiti reading \"Tawana told the truth!\" A character in this movie is shot frombelow with a fish-eye lens as he orders twenty D batteries from Asian grocers. In the opening credits, RosiePerez dances against monochrome backgrounds while wearing boxing trunks and a one-piece. Mister Se\u00c3\u00b1orLove Daddy interrupts a montage in this movie, in which characters like Pino shout slurs. A character in thisfilm has four-fingered rings that say \"Love\" and \"Hate,\" and carries a boom box blasting Public Enemy's \"Fightthe Power.\" The death of that character, Radio Raheem, at the hands of police causes Mookie to throw a trashcan through the window of Sal's Pizzeria. For 10 points, name this film set on a hot day in Bed-Stuy by SpikeLee.", "answer": "Do the Right Thing", "page": "Do_the_Right_Thing", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122665, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147506, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 188], [189, 306], [307, 408], [409, 548], [548, 549], [550, 687], [688, 759]], "first_sentence": "A brick wall in this film has graffiti reading \"Tawana told the truth!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The \"pack journalism\" surrounding this election was critiqued in Timothy Crouse's The Boys on the Bus. Priorto a primary in this election, a forged letter deriding French-Canadians as \"Canucks\" was used to ruin thechances of candidate Edmund Muskie. Pauline Kael supposedly claimed that \"everyone I know voted\" for thiselection's loser. A candidate in this election used the phrase \"1000 percent\" after it emerged that his runningmate had received electric shock therapy, leading that running mate, Thomas Eagleton, to be replaced withSargent Shriver. The incumbent in this election was popular for his policy of Vietnamization, which involvedwithdrawal of US troops. For 10 points, name this election in which George McGovern was defeated byincumbent Richard Nixon.", "answer": "U.S. Presidential Election of 1972", "page": "U.S._presidential_election_of_1972", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122664, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147507, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 249], [250, 336], [337, 551], [552, 667], [668, 766]], "first_sentence": "The \"pack journalism\" surrounding this election was critiqued in Timothy Crouse's The Boys on the Bus.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A major early collection of medieval French prose relates \"ancient history until\" this man. In a literaryappearance, this man is unmoved by Theodotus's pleas about burning books and is given dates by Rufio whilewaiting in a lighthouse during a siege in Egypt. This figure ascends into heaven at the close of Ovid'sMetamorphoses. In one of Shaw's Three Plays for Puritans, this man receives a rug that conceals the other titlecharacter rolled up inside. This subject of Lucan's Pharsalia is targeted by a man with a \"lean and hungry look\"in a namesake Shakespeare play. For 10 points, name this Roman who cries, \"Et tu, brute?\" after being stabbedin the Senate. ", "answer": "Gaius Julius Caesar [or Gaius Julius Caesar] ", "page": "Julius_Caesar", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122662, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147509, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 259], [260, 328], [329, 452], [453, 568], [569, 660]], "first_sentence": "A major early collection of medieval French prose relates \"ancient history until\" this man.", "answer_prompt": "or Gaius Julius Caesar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man who once held this Cabinet position later founded the group \"VotetoImpeach\" directed againstGeorge W. Bush. Another man who held it was married to a woman who names an effect in whichpsychiatrists mistake patients' perception of real events as delusions. A man in this position quoted Romeoand Juliet's lines about the world being in \"love with night\" in a speech at the Democratic National Conventionand had earlier investigated Jimmy Hoffa and the Teamsters. This was the Cabinet position held by the futurehead of CREEP. Elliot Richardson resigned this position in the Saturday Night Massacre. It was held in 1962 bythe President's brother. For 10 points, name this Cabinet position held by Robert F. Kennedy. ", "answer": "Attorney General [or Department of Justice] ", "page": "Attorney_general", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122661, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147510, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 260], [261, 466], [467, 529], [530, 602], [603, 649], [650, 718]], "first_sentence": "A man who once held this Cabinet position later founded the group \"VotetoImpeach\" directed againstGeorge W. Bush.", "answer_prompt": "or Department of Justice", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Carter and Wegman proposed a method of creating these structures that randomly selects one of a familyof sequences. That method is \"universal\", and a \"perfect\" method can be used when the set they contain isstatic. Primary clustering in these structures can be avoided using quadratic probing. Assuming simpleuniform conditions for one of these structures gives big theta of alpha plus one average-case search time,where alpha is these structures's load factor. Chaining and open addressing are two methods of preventingcollisions in these data structures. They can be searched in average-case constant time. For 10 points, namethese data structures that store keys in array indices given by their namesake functions. ", "answer": "hash tables", "page": "Hash_tables", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122660, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147511, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 214], [215, 293], [294, 461], [462, 556], [557, 608], [609, 717]], "first_sentence": "Carter and Wegman proposed a method of creating these structures that randomly selects one of a familyof sequences.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 85 BC, Fimbria besieged this city for supporting Sulla. A collection of artifacts from this citymysteriously showed up at the Pushkin Museum in 1993. This city, which the Hittites called Wilusa, is dividedinto nine archaeological layers, the seventh of which is most likely identical to a fictional depiction of this city.Frank Calvert performed preliminary surveys of this city on a mound at Hisarlik. Before working on Mycenae,Heinrich Schliemann examined this city's ruins and, in the process, smuggled out a collection of artifacts nowknown as \"Priam's Treasure.\" For 10 points, name this city whose siege is the subject of Homer's Iliad. ", "answer": "Troy [or Troia; or Ilium; or Ilion; or Hisarlik until it is read; or Wilusa until it is read] ", "page": "Troy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122659, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147512, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 325], [325, 405], [406, 569], [569, 645]], "first_sentence": "In 85 BC, Fimbria besieged this city for supporting Sulla. A collection of artifacts from this citymysteriously showed up at the Pushkin Museum in 1993.", "answer_prompt": "or Troia; or Ilium; or Ilion; or Hisarlik until it is read; or Wilusa until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel meticulously splits the household bills equally with her husband, but gets paid lessat their shared architectural firm, Livotny and Associates. The protagonist of this novel finds a similaritybetween two Schumann piano pieces years after being proclaimed a prodigy by her mother, who was inspiredby a girl playing \"Anitra's Dance\" on television. In this novel, Waverly quits playing chess after her mother, aformer child bride named Lindo, brags about her excessively. This novel opens after the death of Suyuan Woo.This novel is named for the group of \"aunties\" who played Mah-jongg with the protagonist's mother. For 10points, name this novel by the Chinese-American writer Amy Tan. ", "answer": "The Joy Luck Club ", "page": "Joy_Luck_Club", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122658, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147513, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 371], [372, 494], [495, 542], [542, 640], [641, 710]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel meticulously splits the household bills equally with her husband, but gets paid lessat their shared architectural firm, Livotny and Associates.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "When leading his country, this man's government introduced the H.O.R.S.A. and S.F.O.R.S.A. schemes toprevent children from leaving school. During an especially cold winter, he was forced to dismiss EmanuelShinwell as Minister of Fuel and Power. This man's government ended the failed Tanganyika GroundnutScheme. This man was the first ever Deputy Prime Minister, and he won his highest position after his partyused the slogan \"Let Us Face the Future.\" During this man's ministry, Aneurin Bevan fought to enact theBeveridge Report's recommendations by creating the National Health Service. For 10 points, name this LabourParty Prime Minister who succeeded Winston Churchill in 1945. ", "answer": "Clement Attlee [or Earl Attlee]", "page": "Clement_Attlee", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122657, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147514, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 244], [245, 311], [312, 451], [452, 588], [589, 681]], "first_sentence": "When leading his country, this man's government introduced the H.O.R.S.A. and S.F.O.R.S.A. schemes toprevent children from leaving school.", "answer_prompt": "or Earl Attlee", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The main speaker of this work recalls being ordered to summon Leon the Salaminian after he is electedsenator as a member of the Antiochis tribe. In this text, a man asks whether anyone believes in horsemanshipbut not horses, or flute-playing but not flute-players, in order to show how his belief in spiritual agencyimplies a belief in spirits. The primary speaker of this text posits that death leads to either an eternal sleep oran afterlife where one can talk to Homer and Orpheus. In this text, Meletus is embarrassed after his disregardfor the youth is revealed by a man who characterizes himself as a gadfly to the state. For 10 points, name thisPlatonic text which details Socrates's speech before his execution. ", "answer": " Apology [or Apologia Socratis] ", "page": "Apology_(Plato)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122656, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147515, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 344], [345, 484], [485, 627], [628, 719]], "first_sentence": "The main speaker of this work recalls being ordered to summon Leon the Salaminian after he is electedsenator as a member of the Antiochis tribe.", "answer_prompt": "or Apologia Socratis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Paul Samuelson showed how this thing could resolve Pareto inefficiencies in an overlapping generationsmodel where interest rates are below the population growth rate. Karl Polanyi called this thing, along withland and labor, one of the three \"commodity fictions\" in The Great Transformation. The set of interest rateoutputcombinations where the demand for this equals its supply traces out the LM curve in the IS-LM model.Stone wheels on the island of Yap are a famous example of an early \"fiat\" type. Its supply is directlyproportional to the price level according to the \"quantity theory\" of it, and in most countries the supply iscontrolled by a central bank like the Federal Reserve. For 10 points, name this thing used in exchange. ", "answer": "money ", "page": "Money", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122655, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147516, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 291], [292, 422], [422, 501], [502, 687], [688, 736]], "first_sentence": "Paul Samuelson showed how this thing could resolve Pareto inefficiencies in an overlapping generationsmodel where interest rates are below the population growth rate.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This effect manifests alongside absent deep tendon reflexes and anhidrosis in Adie syndrome. Lesions onthird-order neurons may be detected using the paredrine test for this effect in Horner's syndrome. This effectis caused by sympathetic stimulation of the radial muscle. When non-physiological, this response is also calledmydriasis and can result from damage to cranial nerve 3. Women sometimes induced this response to appearmore seductive by putting drops of deadly nightshade over their eyes. This response is opposed by the actionof the iris sphincter and is usually reversed upon exposure to bright light. For 10 points, name this process inwhich the eye lets in more light by expanding the pupil. ", "answer": "pupillary dilation [or light-near dissociation until \"Horner's\" is read; or mydriasis until it is read] ", "page": "Pupillary_dilation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122654, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147517, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 201], [202, 271], [272, 380], [381, 497], [498, 612], [613, 704]], "first_sentence": "This effect manifests alongside absent deep tendon reflexes and anhidrosis in Adie syndrome.", "answer_prompt": "or light-near dissociation until \"Horner's\" is read; or mydriasis until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This element reacts directly with chloromethane in the aptly named direct process, discovered by Rochowand M\u00c3\u00bcller. This element is the second-lightest to take on, in pure form, the crystal described as twointerpenetrating fcc lattices. A very pure form of this element is created using the Siemens process. TBS andTIPS belong to a class of protecting groups characterized by an ether of this element. This element, boron, andoxygen constitutes Pyrex glass. It's the element most commonly crystallized using the Czochralski (chokhRAL-skee)process. Because it has the same number of valence electrons, it can replace carbon in compounds.For 10 points, identify this semiconductor with atomic number 14. ", "answer": "silicon [or Si]", "page": "Silicon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122653, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147518, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 235], [236, 306], [307, 400], [401, 456], [457, 546], [547, 635], [635, 700]], "first_sentence": "This element reacts directly with chloromethane in the aptly named direct process, discovered by Rochowand M\u00fcller.", "answer_prompt": "or Si", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "T.J. Clark argued that this painting forced viewers to confront difficult aspects of modernity in an essaytitled for this painting's \"choice.\" This painting inspired a canvas in which a balding, bearded man in blackwatches a cloud-like sheet being removed from the subject. The subject of this painting wears a gold ribbonwith a black tassel, and has a black ribbon tied around her neck. At the right of this painting, a black cat withraised tail sits at the foot of a bed, and a bouquet of flowers is being presented by a black servant. The subjectof this painting covers her pubic area with her left hand, which critics have interpreted as a mark of defiance.For 10 points, name this scandalous painting by Edouard Manet of a prostitute. ", "answer": "Olympia", "page": "The_Olympia", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122652, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147519, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 273], [274, 387], [388, 537], [538, 661], [661, 739]], "first_sentence": "T.J. Clark argued that this painting forced viewers to confront difficult aspects of modernity in an essaytitled for this painting's \"choice.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country was home to a sect which raised children to the sky instead of baptizing them, theTheophilanthropists. A ceremony conducted in this country centered on an artificial mountain topped by agigantic statue of Hercules. Sophie Momoro helped found a religion in this country which inscribed \"death isan eternal sleep\" on cemetery gates. Priests were targeted by the September Massacres in this country, wherethe Civil Constitution of the Clergy was implemented. The Cult of Reason was promoted in this country, butwas eventually replaced with the Cult of the Supreme Being. In this country, a calendar with divisions likeFructidor, Prairial, and Thermidor was created to replace the Gregorian one. For 10 points, name this countrywhere Maximilien Robespierre led a \"Reign of Terror\" during its revolution. ", "answer": "Revolutionary France [or French Republic; or Republique Francaise]", "page": "Revolutionary_France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122651, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147520, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 227], [228, 343], [344, 468], [469, 580], [581, 704], [705, 742], [743, 812]], "first_sentence": "This country was home to a sect which raised children to the sky instead of baptizing them, theTheophilanthropists.", "answer_prompt": "or French Republic; or Republique Francaise", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem describes \"fine rosettes of lime\" and \"shapes like full-blown roses stained and lost through age.\"The speaker of this poem stares into eyes that have irises \"backed and packed with tarnished tinfoil seenthrough the lenses of old scratched isinglass.\" In this poem, brown skin is compared to \"ancient wallpaper,\"and the narrator describes a \"five-haired beard of wisdom\" made of objects \"like medals with their ribbonsfrayed.\" Near the end of this poem, the speaker recalls how \"victory filled up\" her little rented vehicle andexclaims, \"everything was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!\", after which she lets the title animal go. For 10 points,name this Elizabeth Bishop poem about an aquatic catch. ", "answer": "\"The Fish\"", "page": "The_Fish", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122650, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147521, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [107, 111], [112, 259], [259, 260], [261, 324], [325, 435], [436, 632], [633, 702]], "first_sentence": "This poem describes \"fine rosettes of lime\" and \"shapes like full-blown roses stained and lost through age.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The operating lines on a McCabe-Thiele diagram are drawn to obey this principle. This law is exploited bythe lever rule, which gives the ratio of concentrations at equilibrium on a phase diagram. This law applied to acontrol volume sets the partial derivative of concentration with time equal to the negative gradient of flux,which reduces to the continuity equation at steady state. The law of definite proportions, the law of multipleproportions and this law form the basis of stoichiometry. The classic example of this principle involvesburning magnesium in air, a variant of Lavoisier's original experiments that discovered it. For 10 points, namethis principle which implies that matter is neither created nor destroyed. ", "answer": " law of conservation of mass [or the law of conservation of matter; or the law of conservation of moles]", "page": "Law_of_Conservation_of_Mass", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122649, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147522, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 195], [196, 383], [384, 493], [494, 631], [632, 725]], "first_sentence": "The operating lines on a McCabe-Thiele diagram are drawn to obey this principle.", "answer_prompt": "or the law of conservation of matter; or the law of conservation of moles", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man with this profession is addressed in the extra canto that concludes Wallace Stevens's Notes Toward aSupreme Fiction. William Wordsworth characterized an ideal member of this profession as one who \"hathwrought upon the plan that pleased his boyish thought.\" A sonnet titled for a member of this professionidentifies the speaker's heartbeat as \"a pulse in the eternal mind\" giving back \"sights and sounds\" and\"laughter, learnt of friends\" to their source. Another poem about people with this occupation calls \"each slowdusk a drawing-down of blinds\" after comparing them to cattle, asking \"what passing-bells\" will send them ontheir way. For 10 points, name this profession whose members were memorialized by Rupert Brooke andWilfred Owen. ", "answer": "soldiers [or warriors]", "page": "Soldiers", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122648, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147523, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 261], [261, 262], [263, 409], [410, 459], [460, 641], [642, 743]], "first_sentence": "A man with this profession is addressed in the extra canto that concludes Wallace Stevens's Notes Toward aSupreme Fiction.", "answer_prompt": "or warriors", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This text, which draws its central idea from Jacques Turgot's history of physics, says that its title topic is\"distinguished from the ancient\" chiefly by the \"rejection of all inquiring into causes.\" It proposes a process forelucidating natural laws which John Stuart Mill labeled \"the inverse deductive method.\" This text argues thatmore complex fields of study progress more slowly than simpler ones, and uses Newton's laws of motion as anexample of the endpoint of the movement from theological, to metaphysical, to scientific knowledge. This textalso argues that sociology discovers the laws of all other fields. For 10 points, name this text which advancesthe \"law of three stages\" and explains the theories of Auguste Comte. ", "answer": "The Course in Positive Philosophy [or The Course of Positive Philosophy; or Cours de Philosophie Positive]", "page": "The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122647, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147524, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [198, 312], [313, 540], [541, 616], [617, 730]], "first_sentence": "This text, which draws its central idea from Jacques Turgot's history of physics, says that its title topic is\"distinguished from the ancient\" chiefly by the \"rejection of all inquiring into causes.", "answer_prompt": "or The Course of Positive Philosophy; or Cours de Philosophie Positive", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Genre and composer required. In a movement from one of these pieces, two recorders accompany asoprano soloist that represents the Roman deity Pales. The sinfonia that opens one of them is an F majorAdagio often transposed into G major and called the composer's \"Arioso.\" Hymns by Philipp Nicolai wereincorporated into two of these pieces, such as in the tenor chorale \"Zion hears the watchmen singing.\" Thesepieces include Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben and Wachet Auf, Ruft uns die Stimme, or Sleepers Awake, andinclude arias such as \"Sheep May Safely Graze.\" One of them ends with the chorale \"Jesu, Joy of Man'sDesiring.\" For 10 points, name these roughly two hundred choral pieces by the composer of The Well-TemperedKlavier. ", "answer": "cantatas by J.S. Bach [or cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach; prompt on Bach; prompt on J. Bach; prompt on Johann Bach; prompt on cantatas; do not accept \"J.C. Bach\" or \"Johann Christian Bach\"] ", "page": "Bach_cantata", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122646, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147525, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 270], [271, 402], [403, 560], [560, 624], [624, 730]], "first_sentence": "Genre and composer required. In a movement from one of these pieces, two recorders accompany asoprano soloist that represents the Roman deity Pales.", "answer_prompt": "or cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach; prompt on Bach; prompt on J. Bach; prompt on Johann Bach; prompt on cantatas; do not accept \"J.C. Bach\" or \"Johann Christian Bach\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "It's not Germany, but a politician in this country declared he wanted to \"clean out the city with a Karcher\"vacuum cleaner. This country's Prime Minister told Christine Amanpour his country did not experience riotsbecause \"nobody died\" during \"two weeks of unrest.\" Tension began in this country after the deaths ofteenagers Zyed Benna and Bouna Traore. In a suburb of this country's capital, two boys were electrocuted at apower substation, kicking off massive 2005 riots involving heavily North African immigrant populations. Thepresident of this country at the time had recently won re-election over the far right National Front leader JeanMarieLe Pen. For 10 points, name this country that was led by Jacques Chirac. ", "answer": "France [or the French Fifth Republic] ", "page": "France", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122645, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147526, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 221], [222, 264], [264, 353], [354, 527], [528, 655], [656, 720]], "first_sentence": "It's not Germany, but a politician in this country declared he wanted to \"clean out the city with a Karcher\"vacuum cleaner.", "answer_prompt": "or the French Fifth Republic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An older god challenges this deity to a contest to see who can stay submerged underwater for three months.This god is healed when some milk is poured into his wounds, which were created when some of his bodyparts were torn out, buried in a mountain, and bloomed into lotuses. Among his children is a radiant disk thatemerges from the head of a god who eats some lettuce filled with this god's semen. This deity paints a woodenboat to look like stone to win a race against the sinking stone boat of his rival. This god's mother reassemblesthe fourteen scattered remains of this god's murdered father. This god defeats his uncle Set in a series ofcontendings to become ruler of Egypt. For 10 points, name this falcon-headed son of Osiris. ", "answer": "Horus ", "page": "Horus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122644, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147527, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [106, 275], [276, 399], [400, 508], [509, 599], [600, 682], [683, 736]], "first_sentence": "An older god challenges this deity to a contest to see who can stay submerged underwater for three months.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "John Lydgate wrote an addition to The Canterbury Tales titled for the siege of this city. A play about a formerking of this place formed the basis for T. S. Eliot's last play, The Elder Statesman. A long poem named for thisplace describes the first Nemean games and describes a hero who gnaws the head of his enemy Melanippus.The maxim that no man should be considered happy until he is dead concludes a play set in this city, whichtitles an epic poem by Statius. In that play set in this city, a servant narrates how the offstage protagonist tookdown his wife's hanging corpse and used the gold pins from her dress to blind himself after learning that hiswife Jocasta was also his mother. For 10 points, name this city, the setting of Sophocles's Oedipus Rex.", "answer": "Thebes", "page": "Thebes,_Greece", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122643, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147528, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 196], [197, 326], [326, 463], [464, 689], [690, 760]], "first_sentence": "John Lydgate wrote an addition to The Canterbury Tales titled for the siege of this city.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this city's defense, William Jasper was recognized for valor after retrieving a flag that had been shot down. It's not New York, but an assault on this city began with forces landing on nearby Long Island. After this city's eventual capture, guerrilla warfare continued in the nearby swamps under the leadership of Francis Marion. One of this city's fortifications on Sullivan's Island was constructed largely of sand and palmetto wood. Forces based in this city fired upon the supply ship Star of the West and forced the capitulation of Robert Anderson. For 10 points, name this South Carolina city that was defended during the Civil War by Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter.", "answer": "Charleston", "page": "Charleston,_South_Carolina", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122642, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147529, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 212], [213, 337], [338, 443], [444, 561], [562, 679]], "first_sentence": "During this city's defense, William Jasper was recognized for valor after retrieving a flag that had been shot down.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "F6PPK is the key enzyme used in a variant of this process called the bifid shunt. Some organisms substitutethis pathway with one in which a dehydratase produces KDPG. TIM barrels were named after an enzyme inthis pathway that interconverts DHAP and GADP. In this pathway, a mutase moves a phosphate from the 3- tothe 2-position of PG, which is then converted to the penultimate substrate via an enzyme discovered byMeyerhof, enolase. AMP and ADP upregulate this pathway by activating production of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate through phosphofructokinase. One ATP is used in the first step of this pathway's \"investment\"phase, which is catalyzed by hexokinase. For 10 points, name this metabolic pathway that breaks down glucoseinto pyruvate. ", "answer": "glycolysis [or Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway; or EMP pathway; or Entner-Doudoroff pathway] ", "page": "Glycolysis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122641, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147530, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 166], [167, 254], [255, 433], [434, 552], [553, 657], [658, 739]], "first_sentence": "F6PPK is the key enzyme used in a variant of this process called the bifid shunt.", "answer_prompt": "or Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway; or EMP pathway; or Entner-Doudoroff pathway", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One painting from this artist's \"mythomorphic\" period depicts a pair of sinuous abstract creatures on abeige background. Late in life, this artist suffered an aortic aneurysm which restricted him to creating smallerworks on stretched paper, which he claimed were \"about death\" and eschewed bright colors. Fourteen blackhuedpaintings by this artist of Slow Swirl At The Edge Of The Sea can be found in a building fronted by BarnettNewman's Broken Obelisk. This artist, who pulled out of a commission to decorate the Seagram Building,painted many artworks that adorn a namesake Houston chapel. For 10 points, name this Latvian-Americanartist of paintings such as Black on Gray and Four Darks in Red that pioneered Color Field painting. ", "answer": "Mark Rothko [or Markus Yakovlevich Rotkovich] ", "page": "Mark_Rothko", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122640, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147531, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 304], [305, 454], [455, 591], [592, 733]], "first_sentence": "One painting from this artist's \"mythomorphic\" period depicts a pair of sinuous abstract creatures on abeige background.", "answer_prompt": "or Markus Yakovlevich Rotkovich", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A family of two-power density models for these objects is named for Walter Dehnen. A scaling relation forthese objects was derived by John Kormendy. The isophote twist of these objects indicates they are triaxialsystems. A scaling relation for these objects uses the diameter within which the average surface brightness is20.75 in the B-band and is the D-sub-n sigma relation. A de Vaucouleurs profile is followed both by theirnormal and extremely luminous cD types. The fundamental plane for these objects is formed by any two of theparameters effective radius, average surface brightness, and velocity dispersion. Their luminosity isproportional to their velocity dispersion according to the Faber-Jackson relation. They form the base of thetuning fork diagram. For 10 points, name this common galaxy type that's contrasted with spiral galaxies. ", "answer": "elliptical galaxies [prompt on galaxies] ", "page": "Elliptical_galaxy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122639, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147532, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 148], [149, 220], [221, 376], [377, 466], [467, 615], [616, 717], [718, 763], [764, 847]], "first_sentence": "A family of two-power density models for these objects is named for Walter Dehnen.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on galaxies", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Hilary of Athanaric was enraged by Ulfilas's missionary work promoting this heresy among the Goths. Alsoadopted by the Vandals, this heresy persisted most strongly in and around Constantinople, where it wasendorsed by Constantius II and Valens before being stamped out by Theodosius. This heresy prompted churchleaders to settle on the doctrine of Homoousios to dispute that the Logos had been created, and prompted theformulation of the Nicene Creed. For 10 points, name this heresy named after a preacher from Alexandria thatchallenged the Trinity by claiming Christ was created rather than synonymous with God, not to be confusedwith a modern racial theory.", "answer": "Arianism", "page": "Arianism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147533, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 283], [284, 451], [452, 660]], "first_sentence": "Hilary of Athanaric was enraged by Ulfilas's missionary work promoting this heresy among the Goths.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Under gauge freedom, the time derivative of a scalar function is subtracted from this quantity to maintaininvariance. In the Lorentz gauge condition, the time derivative of this quantity is divided by the speed of lightsquared. The relativistic case in Jefimenko's equations uses the retarded form of this quantity, derived from aspace integral over the charge density. This scalar, and a vector symbolized A, make up a four-vector whosederivative is the electromagnetic tensor. For conservative fields, the Laplacian of this quantity equals negativecharge density over vacuum permittivity in Gauss's Law, since the negative gradient of this quantity equals theelectric field. It equals Coulomb's constant times the sum of all point charges over their distances. For 10points, name this quantity measured in volts.", "answer": "electric potential [or phi; or voltage; or V; do not accept \"electric potential difference\"]", "page": "Electric_potential", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147534, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 227], [228, 369], [370, 478], [479, 676], [677, 762], [763, 814]], "first_sentence": "Under gauge freedom, the time derivative of a scalar function is subtracted from this quantity to maintaininvariance.", "answer_prompt": "or phi; or voltage; or V; do not accept \"electric potential difference\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Seekers of these objects established a type of music known as fijri. One of these objects was nicknamed \"LaPeregrina\" because it frequently changed hands for nearly five hundred years. The momme, the Japanese unitof mass, is often used outside of Japan to measure the weight of these objects, which are retrieved by the amaof Okinawa. These objects have historically been a mainstay of Bahrain's economy. The delta region of a rivernamed for these objects is home to Hong Kong. The production of these objects at Sri Lanka's Gulf of Mannarinspired an opera by Georges Bizet. These objects are often composed of nacre. For 10 points, name thesevaluable objects produced inside oysters. ", "answer": "pearls", "page": "Pearl", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147535, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 184], [185, 334], [335, 404], [405, 477], [478, 574], [575, 617], [618, 684]], "first_sentence": "Seekers of these objects established a type of music known as fijri.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, a woman has to act out the word \"winsomely\" during a game of adverbs and later launches into a scene beginning, \"Is this a game?\" from her play Love's Whirlwind. A character in a play by this author insists that the song Always be played for a seven-year-old with a cold named Daphne. This author wrote about the cocaine-addicted composer Nicky Lancaster in The Vortex. A play by this author features the Bliss family, who each invite a different guest to spend the weekend in their country house. In one of his plays, Ruth is killed by a car booby-trapped by Elvira, whose ghost was summoned during a seance conducted by Madame Arcati for Charles Condomine. For 10 points, name this British playwright of Hay Fever and Blithe Spirit.", "answer": "Noel Coward [or Noel Peirce Coward]", "page": "No\u00ebl_Coward", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147536, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 187], [188, 310], [311, 395], [396, 523], [524, 684], [685, 760]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, a woman has to act out the word \"winsomely\" during a game of adverbs and later launches into a scene beginning, \"Is this a game?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Noel Peirce Coward", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a hotel waiter unsuccessfully seeks a \"man's job\" building a road to the local river. At the end ofthis novel, a woman recalls the way calm water quelled the \"turbulent\" body of a young boy. The title characterof this novel has a grandmother who cuts off her leg to get insurance money and a mother who dies when herdress catches on fire. A character in this novel encourages everyone to kill themselves each year on January 3.This novel's setting, which was built on land that a slave bought thinking that the land was closer to heaven, isan Ohio town called The Bottom. Its title character accidentally drowns Chicken Little by throwing him into ariver. For 10 points, name this novel by Toni Morrison named for Nel's best friend. ", "answer": " Sula", "page": "\u0160ula", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147537, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 205], [206, 353], [354, 586], [587, 670], [671, 747]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a hotel waiter unsuccessfully seeks a \"man's job\" building a road to the local river.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this country, government documents and newspapers were unreadable to most citizens due to beingpublished in the \"purified\" language dialect. The disastrous Battle of Dragasani ended the campaign of a herofrom this country. Attacks by klephts intensified a crisis in this country. Men who were ethnically from thiscountry rose to prominence as \"phanariotes.\" Most of this country's navy avoided destruction after escapingfrom the Gerontas Bay. The Filiki Eteria secret society sponsored Alexander Ypsilanti, a national hero fromthis country. A combined British, French and Russian fleet won the critical battle of Navarino during thiscountry's war of independence. For 10 points, name this country whose first king, Otto, ruled from Athens. ", "answer": " Greece [or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas; or Elliniki Dhimokratia] ", "page": "Greece", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147539, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 225], [226, 282], [283, 359], [359, 445], [446, 543], [544, 666], [667, 742]], "first_sentence": "In this country, government documents and newspapers were unreadable to most citizens due to beingpublished in the \"purified\" language dialect.", "answer_prompt": "or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas; or Elliniki Dhimokratia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A tenor aria from this opera begins with the note D sung in a double-dotted \"LONG, short, LONG, LONG\"rhythm, after which the same melody is repeated an octave below. A soprano aria from this opera describes aking that \"unfurled\" seven banners, conquered a rival kingdom, and \"stifled\" the voice of its ruler. A slave girlin this opera stabs herself to death after proclaiming the title character to be \"encircled in ice\" in the aria \"Tuche di gel sei cinta.\" Its title character sings \"In questa reggia\" as she poses three riddles to the tenor lead, who inturn challenges her to discover his name by the next morning, but predicts her failure in the aria \"Nessundorma.\" For 10 points, name this Giacomo Puccini opera about a Chinese princess.", "answer": "Turandot", "page": "Turandot", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147540, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 308], [309, 457], [457, 669], [670, 742]], "first_sentence": "A tenor aria from this opera begins with the note D sung in a double-dotted \"LONG, short, LONG, LONG\"rhythm, after which the same melody is repeated an octave below.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 1993, Prince and Smolensky developed a new approach to this subfield based on evaluating \"constraint\"sets, called Optimality Theory. The basic units of study in this subfield are represented as a column ofproperties marked with pluses and minuses within a large set of brackets in Roman Jakobson's \"distinctivefeature\" theory. This subfield might study when \"underlying representations\" are affected by changes such assyncope or epenthesis, and seeks rules determining when people might produce or perceive features such asaspiration or voicing. For 10 points, name this subfield of linguistics focused on the rules and patterns ofsounds within language, whose basic unit is the phoneme. ", "answer": "phonology [prompt on \"linguistics\" or \"computational linguistics\" before mention; do not accept \"phonetics\"]", "page": "Phonology", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122630, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147541, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 329], [330, 548], [549, 690]], "first_sentence": "In 1993, Prince and Smolensky developed a new approach to this subfield based on evaluating \"constraint\"sets, called Optimality Theory.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"linguistics\" or \"computational linguistics\" before mention; do not accept \"phonetics\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These devices can analyze EBICs produced by semiconductors. Gaseous detection devices may replace thetypical Everhart-Thornley detector in different types of these devices. Gas escapes out of a series of pressurelimitingapertures through differential pumping stages in that \"environmental\" type of these machines. Theytypically use tungsten cathode thermionic guns. Gold on carbon samples are used for resolution tests in thesedevices, and sputter coating with a gold/palladium alloy is used to prepare its samples. These devices deflectan electron beam in a raster fashion to produce images with high depth of field. For 10 points, name this typeof electron microscope that images a sample's surface topography, unlike transmission EM.", "answer": "scanning electron microscope [or SEM; or scanning after \"microscope\" is read; prompt on \"electron microscope\"; do not accept \"scanning tunneling microscope\"]", "page": "Scanning_Electron_Microscope", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122629, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147542, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 313], [314, 365], [366, 515], [516, 617], [618, 736]], "first_sentence": "These devices can analyze EBICs produced by semiconductors. Gaseous detection devices may replace thetypical Everhart-Thornley detector in different types of these devices.", "answer_prompt": "or SEM; or scanning after \"microscope\" is read; prompt on \"electron microscope\"; do not accept \"scanning tunneling microscope\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This place was adjacent to a well where the water goddess Coventina was worshiped. Information aboutthis place was found on the Rudge Cup. The creation of this place is referenced in a limerick which promptedits designer to write \"I don't want to be a Florus, please.\" A revolt near this structure signaled the beginning ofthe Great Conspiracy, which was put down by Count Theodosius. A birthday invitation was found on one ofthe Vindolanda tablets, which were unearthed near this structure. The creator of this structure laterestablished the Panhellenion in Greece and put down the Bar Kokhba revolt. This structure was intended tostop Pictish raids from Caledonia. For 10 points, name this fortification supplemented by one built byAntoninus Pius, a wall in northern Britain sponsored by a \"good\" Roman emperor. ", "answer": "Hadrian's Wall [or Vallum Aelium] ", "page": "Hadrian's_Wall", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147543, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 138], [139, 268], [269, 384], [385, 491], [492, 601], [602, 666], [667, 813]], "first_sentence": "This place was adjacent to a well where the water goddess Coventina was worshiped.", "answer_prompt": "or Vallum Aelium", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this play, a woman decides that normal human relationships are \"two by two\" after being told that she isabout to lose one of her chicks. Another woman in this play says that people are \"shut up in little boxes,\" andasks her father to take her away on her wedding day. The first scene of this play includes a description of thePolish Town and a prediction of when the first car will appear in this play's setting. At the end of this play, adead woman returns to one of her birthdays, and asks if humans ever \"realize life while they live it.\" HowieNewsome serves as the milkman of this play's setting, the hometown of George Gibbs and Emily Webb. For 10points, name this play set in Grover's Corners by Thornton Wilder. ", "answer": "Our Town ", "page": "Our_Town", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147544, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 270], [271, 415], [416, 544], [545, 648], [649, 721]], "first_sentence": "In this play, a woman decides that normal human relationships are \"two by two\" after being told that she isabout to lose one of her chicks.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Nick Berg was killed as revenge for what happened at this place. A Seymour Hersh article blamed eventshere on a secret program called \"Copper Green.\" A cover of The Economist featured a photo of this place with acaption urging a Cabinet member to \"RESIGN.\" When talking about this place, Rush Limbaugh asked \"youever heard of emotional release?\" and compared it to the \"Skull and Bones initiation.\" Lynndie England wassentenced to prison for her actions here, which included giving the thumbs up in photos next to a pyramid ofnaked people. For 10 points, name this prison complex where Iraqi prisoners were abused by U.S. soldiers. ", "answer": "Abu Ghraib prison [or Baghdad Central prison; or Father of Raven; or Place of Ravens] ", "page": "Abu_Ghraib_prison", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147545, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 149], [150, 256], [257, 398], [399, 539], [540, 631]], "first_sentence": "Nick Berg was killed as revenge for what happened at this place.", "answer_prompt": "or Baghdad Central prison; or Father of Raven; or Place of Ravens", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Some cyanobacteria possess a gas-permeable type of this structure comprised of stacks of cylindrical gasvesicles. Acido-calcisomes were first discovered near a type of this structure in trypanosomes. Itsparasitophorous type forms during invasion and protects apicomplexan parasites from host attack. Inorganicions are found in this structure's \"cell sap\". It may store anthocyanins and other colorful flavonoids. Thisorganelle's central type is surrounded by the tonoplast, and osmoregulation is performed by its contractiletype to prevent lysis. It maintains turgor pressure in plants. For 10 points, name this large vesicle thatfunctions as a storage compartment and takes up much of the volume of plant cells. ", "answer": "vacuole [or central vacuole; or gas vacuole; or contractile vacuole; or vacuolar membrane; prompt on tonoplast until \"cell sap\" is read; prompt on vesicle until it is read]", "page": "Vacuole", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147546, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 199], [200, 299], [300, 355], [356, 412], [413, 546], [547, 586], [587, 712]], "first_sentence": "Some cyanobacteria possess a gas-permeable type of this structure comprised of stacks of cylindrical gasvesicles.", "answer_prompt": "or central vacuole; or gas vacuole; or contractile vacuole; or vacuolar membrane; prompt on tonoplast until \"cell sap\" is read; prompt on vesicle until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second Storegga event resulted in one of these phenomena. These phenomena can create symmetricalexamples of parabolic dunes that contain angular clasts or mud in addition to sand and are named chevronsfor their inverted-v shape. An intensity scale for these phenomena was devised by Soloviev. The PTWC wasfounded after one of these phenomena devastated Hilo. Their deposits are difficult to distinguish from thoseleft by hurricanes because both deposit continuous and discontinuous sand sediments, sometimes withisolated boulders, across large areas of coast. These natural hazards are shallow water waves even in the deepocean due to their long wavelength. For 10 points, name these fast moving waves, created by submarinelandslides and earthquakes, that can devastate coasts. ", "answer": "tsunamis [or seismic sea waves; prompt on harbor waves or earthquakes] ", "page": "Tsunami", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147547, "tokenizations": [[0, 61], [62, 232], [233, 296], [297, 362], [363, 563], [564, 661], [662, 781]], "first_sentence": "The second Storegga event resulted in one of these phenomena.", "answer_prompt": "or seismic sea waves; prompt on harbor waves or earthquakes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2014, this man's daughter provoked a scandal by personally participating in a revenge killing during theresearch for her ethnography of Philadelphia, On the Run. This writer described six patterns for how womenbehave in commercials and billboards in his book Gender Advertisements, and argued that people interpretpolitical events through what he called their \"primary frame.\" In his major work, this sociologist argued thatthe protection of \"secrets\" was necessary for the preservation of a \"team,\" whose \"front stage\" activity differsfrom its \"back stage.\" In that book, this sociologist analyzed the concept of \"impression management\" andused analogies from the theater to model the way people put on roles in front of others. For 10 points, namethis sociologist who developed the \"dramaturgical model\" of social interaction in The Presentation of Self inEveryday Life.", "answer": "Erving Goffman", "page": "Erving_Goffman", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147548, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 379], [380, 561], [562, 732], [733, 875]], "first_sentence": "In 2014, this man's daughter provoked a scandal by personally participating in a revenge killing during theresearch for her ethnography of Philadelphia, On the Run.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A man in this novel offers the protagonist a sniff of cocaine-laced powder from his gold snuffbox during aheated conversation. Mankind and machines are locked in an apocalyptic struggle in a scene from this novel,in which the protagonist sees a door reading \"ALL GIRLS ARE YOURS.\" The protagonist of this novel isdissuaded from committing suicide by a girl with whom he learns the fox-trot, and receives an invitationreading \"For Madmen Only -- Price of Admission Your Mind,\" to a place where he commits a murder with aknife that appears in his pocket. After the Fancy Dress Ball, the saxophonist Pablo invites this novel'sprotagonist into the Magic Theater, where he kills Hermine. For 10 points, name this novel about the halfbeastHarry Haller, by Hermann Hesse.", "answer": "Steppenwolf [or Der Steppenwolf] ", "page": "Steppenwolf_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147549, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 280], [281, 552], [553, 682], [683, 764]], "first_sentence": "A man in this novel offers the protagonist a sniff of cocaine-laced powder from his gold snuffbox during aheated conversation.", "answer_prompt": "or Der Steppenwolf", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Quanto's Law was passed in this country after the law's namesake, a police dog, was stabbed by a criminal high ondrugs. Red squares were worn by students during a 2012 protest in this country that led to a ban on wearing masksduring riots. In June 2015, this country passed a widely-criticized anti-terrorism bill that will increase the powers ofCSIS. In October 2014, two military officers in this country were hit by a car outside a shopping mall two days beforeMichael Zehaf-Bibeau killed a guardsman on Parliament Hill; both lone-wolf attacks were conducted by ISIS supporters.For 10 points, name this country that supplies its only neighboring country with oil through the Keystone Pipeline. ", "answer": "Canada ", "page": "Canada", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147550, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 239], [240, 351], [352, 471], [472, 581], [581, 696]], "first_sentence": "Quanto's Law was passed in this country after the law's namesake, a police dog, was stabbed by a criminal high ondrugs.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In an 1882 political cartoon from The Punch, this man was depicted as Frankenstein trying to stopFrankenstein's monster. With Timothy Healy and John Dillon, this leader traveled to America to fundraise forrelief. Due to the shortcomings of the 1881 Land Act, this man was one of six imprisoned for signing the \"norent manifesto.\" The reputation of this man was tarnished by a letter forged by Richard Pigott, whichappeared to condone the murders of Thomas Burke and Lord Cavendish in Phoenix Park. His fall from politicswas completed when his affair with Kitty O'Shea was made public in a divorce suit. For 10 points, name thisfirst president of the Irish National Land League, who advocated for home rule. ", "answer": "Charles Parnell [Charles Stewart Parnell]", "page": "Charles_Parnell", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147551, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 212], [213, 328], [328, 497], [498, 602], [603, 706]], "first_sentence": "In an 1882 political cartoon from The Punch, this man was depicted as Frankenstein trying to stopFrankenstein's monster.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 1982, this thinker claimed that Communism was \"the most successful variant of Fascism.\" In a PartisanReview essay, this author wrote that \"the white race is the cancer of human history.\" This person directed acandlelit performance of Waiting for Godot during the 1990s Siege of Sarajevo. In an essay, this thinker claimedthat Hitchcock's films fell into \"self-parody\" and could not be part of the title canon. This author wrote a 1978text that notes how both tuberculosis and cancer were once linked to a person's psychological traits. Sheproduced a series of theses that define picture postcards as part of the title \"love of the unnatural.\" For 10points, name this writer of the book Illness as Metaphor and the essay \"Notes on 'Camp.'\"", "answer": "Susan Sontag [or Susan Rosenblatt] ", "page": "Susan_Sontag", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147552, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 189], [190, 290], [291, 412], [413, 538], [539, 645], [646, 741]], "first_sentence": "In 1982, this thinker claimed that Communism was \"the most successful variant of Fascism.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Susan Rosenblatt", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character originally from this literary work inspired a suite whose fifth movement calls for four smallorchestras to play independently of each other to depict a hectic \"Marketplace in Ispahan.\" That suite openswith an \"Oriental Festival March\" and is by Carl Nielsen. This literary work inspired a theme in which harpglissandos accompany an undulating Lento recitative for solo violin that begins with a long, high E. Thattheme, which is reprised in a movement portraying a ship crashing against a cliff following a \"Festival atBaghdad,\" depicts a woman whose menacing husband is introduced in the movement \"The Sea and Sinbad'sShip.\" For 10 points, name this literary collection that inspired Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade. ", "answer": "The Arabian Nights [or The One Thousand and One Nights; or Kitab alf laylah wa-laylah; prompt on \"Aladdin\"]", "page": "One_Thousand_and_One_Nights", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147553, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 270], [271, 636], [636, 736]], "first_sentence": "A character originally from this literary work inspired a suite whose fifth movement calls for four smallorchestras to play independently of each other to depict a hectic \"Marketplace in Ispahan.\"", "answer_prompt": "or The One Thousand and One Nights; or Kitab alf laylah wa-laylah; prompt on \"Aladdin\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man in this novel begins to tell a story about the King of Bohemia's seven castles, but ends up describinghis sexual encounter with a nun who vigorously caresses his knee. A clergyman in this book supports thetraining of a midwife in his town so that people will stop using his horse to get to the doctor. In the firstvolume of this novel, the narrator explains \"hobby-horses.\" In this novel, a character builds replicas of theSiege of Namur after moving to the country on the advice of Corporal Trim. A falling window sash causes theaccidental circumcision of this novel's title character, whose Uncle Toby is the focus of much of its second half.For 10 points, name this long, digressive novel by Laurence Sterne. ", "answer": "Tristram Shandy [or The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman] ", "page": "Tristram_Shandy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122617, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147554, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 307], [308, 379], [380, 503], [504, 650], [650, 717]], "first_sentence": "A man in this novel begins to tell a story about the King of Bohemia's seven castles, but ends up describinghis sexual encounter with a nun who vigorously caresses his knee.", "answer_prompt": "or The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Along with a phosphate, this ion coordinates adenosine in a compound used to make ATP duringpyrosequencing. Its ammonium salt is used to salt out proteins. The proteoglycans heparan and chondroitinare found bound to this anion. This ion is the hydrophilic group in a lysing agent added before polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis. In that case, it's coordinated to a sodium dodecyl cation. Barium precipitates out this ion,whose anhydrous magnesium form is an ubiquitous drying agent. Gypsum is the calcium salt of this anion,and its monoprotic and diprotic acids are both strong. For 10 points, name this oxide of sulfur VI (six), adivalent anion with formula SO4 two minus.", "answer": " sulfate [or SO4 2 minus until it is read; do not accept or prompt on \"sulfite\" or \"bisulfate\"] ", "page": "Sulfate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122616, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147555, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 155], [156, 200], [201, 227], [228, 327], [328, 386], [387, 481], [482, 577], [578, 657], [658, 672]], "first_sentence": "Along with a phosphate, this ion coordinates adenosine in a compound used to make ATP duringpyrosequencing.", "answer_prompt": "or SO4 2 minus until it is read; do not accept or prompt on \"sulfite\" or \"bisulfate\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the eighteenth century, this lake was allegedly where a wooden tablet with an image of the Virgin Marydrifted up next to a washerwoman named Maria Cardenas. Nancy Wexler has studied the oddly highprevalence of Huntington's disease among the native population along this lake's shore. An Esso tanker oncecollided into the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge crossing this lake's outlet. In 2004, nearly twenty percent of this lakequickly became covered in duckweed. A significant amount of thunderless lightning occurs where theCatatumbo River empties into this lake. This lake's palafitos, or stilt houses, led Amerigo Vespucci to name itssurrounding region \"Little Venice.\" For 10 points, name this lake in Venezuela that is the largest in SouthAmerica. ", "answer": " Lake Maracaibo [or Lago de Maracaibo] ", "page": "Lake_Maracaibo", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122615, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147556, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 286], [287, 375], [376, 454], [455, 556], [557, 663], [663, 744]], "first_sentence": "In the eighteenth century, this lake was allegedly where a wooden tablet with an image of the Virgin Marydrifted up next to a washerwoman named Maria Cardenas.", "answer_prompt": "or Lago de Maracaibo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "People ancestrally from this modern-day country were killed by nationalists in pits called foibe. The Treaty ofOsimo partitioned a territory shared by this country and its eastern neighbor. Mark Clark inexplicably led theU.S. Fifth Army away from a retreating army in this country following the success of Operation Diadem. TheGothic Line, the site of the last major action for an entirely Japanese-American regiment, was constructed inthis country. In this country, a Benedictine monastery was bombed during a campaign that also included theBattle of Anzio. Following World War II, a city now in this country became the U.N.-controlled Free Territoryof Trieste (tree-EST). For 10 points, name this country where the Battle of Monte Cassino took place. ", "answer": "Italy [or Italian Republic; or Repubblica Italiana] ", "page": "Italy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122614, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147557, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 189], [190, 225], [226, 280], [281, 323], [324, 449], [450, 558], [559, 673], [674, 752]], "first_sentence": "People ancestrally from this modern-day country were killed by nationalists in pits called foibe.", "answer_prompt": "or Italian Republic; or Repubblica Italiana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This industry was controlled by businessmen called \"Randlords.\" A surge in this industry was centered onWitwatersrand and led to the foundation of the Ferreira's Camp district. Workers in this industry developedthe pidgin language Fanagalo and participated in a 2012 strike against Lonmin. Some of those strikers in thisindustry were killed by police in the Marikana massacre. This industry led to the growth of Johannesburg. DeBeers, a company in this industry, was founded by Cecil Rhodes and operates a facility at Kimberley. For 10points, name this industry that produces ores and precious gems. ", "answer": "South African mining [or specific types of mining, such as diamond mining or gold mining] ", "page": "Mining_industry_of_South_Africa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122613, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147558, "tokenizations": [[0, 63], [64, 176], [177, 201], [202, 289], [290, 376], [377, 425], [426, 528], [529, 599]], "first_sentence": "This industry was controlled by businessmen called \"Randlords.\"", "answer_prompt": "or specific types of mining, such as diamond mining or gold mining", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A mythical being from this modern-day country sleeps with a prostitute multiple times, but each timepreserves his essence by never ejaculating. In this country's myths, a sea monster rams into a mountain, whichknocks the earth off balance until a turtle's legs are used as pillars to hold up the sky. The creation myth of thiscountry concerns a horned, hairy giant that emerges from a primordial egg. In the mythology of this country,a goddess floats to the moon after drinking an elixir of immortality belonging to her husband, who shootsdown nine suns from the sky to cool down the Earth. For 10 points, name this modern-day country whoseEight Immortals and Jade Emperor have their roots in Taoism. ", "answer": "China", "page": "China", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122612, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147559, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 300], [301, 400], [401, 590], [591, 700]], "first_sentence": "A mythical being from this modern-day country sleeps with a prostitute multiple times, but each timepreserves his essence by never ejaculating.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A field whose amplitude is given by a Bessel function of the first kind would anomalously not demonstratethis effect. An equation for this phenomenon has a leading term of i over lambda times the surface integral ofthe average of the cosine of two angles, and is derived using two of Kirchoff's boundary conditions. Under theparaxial approximation, this phenomenon is governed by an equation with a sinc squared term applied to avariable symbolized beta. The equation 2 d, sine theta, equals n lambda is used to describe how it distinguishescrystal structures. This phenomenon and interference create alternating light and dark bands on the farscreen in Young's double-slit experiment. For 10 points, name this process in which light bends around anobstacle. ", "answer": "diffraction [prompt on interference] ", "page": "Diffraction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122610, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147561, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 315], [316, 454], [455, 560], [561, 685], [686, 758]], "first_sentence": "A field whose amplitude is given by a Bessel function of the first kind would anomalously not demonstratethis effect.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on interference", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An artist from this country created many paintings of nude women and oblivious clothed men roamingclassical landscapes, such as Entrance to the City. Another artist from this country depicted his grandmotherentering a room where his alcoholic father sits despondent in his canvas Scandalized Masks. Twenty artistsfrom this country formed the group The Twenty, and were led by the painter who depicted a procession under abanner reading \"Viva la sociale\" in Christ's Entry into this country's capital. A surrealist from this countrypainted several raining men in Golconda, which like his The Son of Man showcases his love of bowler hats. For 10points, name this home of country of Paul Delvaux, James Ensor, and Rene Magritte.", "answer": "Belgium [or Kingdom of Belgium; or Koninkrijk Belgie; or Royaume de Belgique; or Konigreich Belgien]", "page": "Belgium", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122609, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147562, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 298], [299, 500], [501, 636], [637, 725]], "first_sentence": "An artist from this country created many paintings of nude women and oblivious clothed men roamingclassical landscapes, such as Entrance to the City.", "answer_prompt": "or Kingdom of Belgium; or Koninkrijk Belgie; or Royaume de Belgique; or Konigreich Belgien", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A diagram system for one art form involving this material was popularized by Samuel Randlett and RobertHarbin and invented by Akira Yoshizawa. The Japanese Pavilion at Expo 2000 and a temporary 1995 buildingfor the Takatori Catholic Church were designed out of this material by Shigeru Ban. Hanji is a type of thismaterial made in Korea, similar to the Japanese washi. Colored pieces of this material are adhered to objects indecoupage. Henri Matisse painted pieces of this material with gouache in cut-outs like his Blue Nude series.Another art form based on this material uses folds like \"mountain\" and \"valley\" to make figures like cranes. For10 points, name this material that is used in origami and often made from dried wood pulp.", "answer": "paper [accept cardboard] ", "page": "Paper", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122608, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147563, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 210], [211, 290], [291, 368], [369, 436], [437, 534], [534, 642], [643, 736]], "first_sentence": "A diagram system for one art form involving this material was popularized by Samuel Randlett and RobertHarbin and invented by Akira Yoshizawa.", "answer_prompt": "accept cardboard", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2000, the British military was horrified to discover that it had paid for the retraining of an infamoussadist from this country, a female militia leader named Adama Cut-Hands. A rebel leader from this countrywas fond of giving menacing colloquial nicknames to military actions, like \"Operation Pay Yourself\" and\"Operation No Living Thing.\" This country used IMF funds to pay South African mercenary firm ExecutiveOutcomes to terrorize its citizens. The Abidjan and Lome Accords attempted to end a civil war in this countrydriven by Foday Sankoh and the Revolutionary United Front, backed by Liberia under Charles Taylor. For 10points, name this West African country whose rich diamond mines have led to various wars to controlFreetown. ", "answer": "Sierra Leone", "page": "Sierra_Leone", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122607, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147564, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [179, 324], [325, 341], [341, 342], [343, 451], [452, 623], [624, 738]], "first_sentence": "In 2000, the British military was horrified to discover that it had paid for the retraining of an infamoussadist from this country, a female militia leader named Adama Cut-Hands.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In April, this city launched the Indego bike-share network. Losing mayoral primary candidates in this cityinclude a former district attorney known as the \"Queen of Death\" and a State Senator backed by the procharterschools PAC American Cities. Lynne Abraham and Anthony Hardy Williams were defeated in theDemocratic primary here by a former councilman and Mummer whose 2013 LGBT equality bill was signed intolaw by Michael Nutter. Engineer Brandon Bostian claims not to remember a sequence of events here in whichhis vehicle took a signed 50 mile per hour curve at 106 miles per hour. Jim Kenney is likely to be the next mayorof, for 10 points, what city in which eight people died when Amtrak Train 188 derailed on May 12th? ", "answer": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", "page": "Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122606, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147565, "tokenizations": [[0, 243], [244, 430], [431, 524], [525, 584], [585, 725]], "first_sentence": "In April, this city launched the Indego bike-share network. Losing mayoral primary candidates in this cityinclude a former district attorney known as the \"Queen of Death\" and a State Senator backed by the procharterschools PAC American Cities.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A scientist with this surname names the cone-shaped propagation of force produced by a bullet enteringglass. Another scientist with this surname is the alphabetically last of two scientists who discovered thatelectrons colliding with a thin layer of mercury atoms either lost 4.9 electron volts of kinetic energy or nokinetic energy at all. That scientist, Gustav, was the brother of the inventor of the dipole antenna, which wasused to show that electromagnetic waves obeyed Maxwell's equations. A scientist with this surname noticedthat electrodes sparked more when surrounded by ultraviolet light, discovering the photoelectric effect. For 10points, give this last name of Heinrich, the scientist who names the SI unit of frequency. ", "answer": "Hertz", "page": "Hertz", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122604, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147567, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 340], [341, 496], [497, 638], [639, 735]], "first_sentence": "A scientist with this surname names the cone-shaped propagation of force produced by a bullet enteringglass.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A structure in this city contains undecorated empty spaces called \"voids,\" and includes oleasters growingatop very high pillars in its Garden of Exile. A neoclassical factory in this city's Moabit district was created byengineer Karl Bernhard and industrial designer Peter Behrens. A monument in this city, home to the AEGTurbine Factory and a Daniel Liebeskind-designed Jewish Museum, is topped by a quadriga designed byJohann Schadow, and consists of twelve Doric columns, six on each side. Another building in this city wasrenovated to add a glass dome designed by Norman Foster and, in 1995, was wrapped for two weeks by JeanClaudeand Christo. For 10 points, name this European city, home to the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstagbuilding.", "answer": "Berlin, Germany ", "page": "Berlin,_Germany", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122603, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147568, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 281], [282, 492], [493, 647], [648, 743]], "first_sentence": "A structure in this city contains undecorated empty spaces called \"voids,\" and includes oleasters growingatop very high pillars in its Garden of Exile.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A naval officer who opposed this country's independence shot a barrel full of gunpowder after being askedto surrender his ship. This country's first king earlier rejected an offer to become the king of a newlyindependentGreece. At the 1830 London Conference, Talleyrand proposed a plan to partition this country. TheTen Days' Campaign failed to quell a revolution in this country, which was sparked by the performance of TheMute Girl of Portici. This country, which has been ruled by the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha since itsindependence, must remain neutral according to the terms of the 1839 Treaty of London. For 10 points, namethis country whose first king, Leopold I, took power after splitting from the Netherlands. ", "answer": "Belgium [or Kingdom of Belgium] ", "page": "Belgium", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122602, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147569, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 227], [228, 312], [313, 445], [446, 610], [611, 720]], "first_sentence": "A naval officer who opposed this country's independence shot a barrel full of gunpowder after being askedto surrender his ship.", "answer_prompt": "or Kingdom of Belgium", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author catalogued fifty bad arguments used by politicians in The Book of Fallacies and wrote a sarcasticpamphlet about libel juries entitled The Art of Packing. An oft-excerpted book by this philosopher advocatesexpanding the freedom of contract and removing the reliance on tradition in law, and is a response to the legalcommentaries of William Blackstone. This man denounced the idea of \"relation\" as a \"fictitious entity\" and\"community\" as a \"fictitious body\" in his major book, which introduced the \"hedonistic calculus.\" For 10 points,name this author of the Fragment on Government whose Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislationintroduced the \"greatest happiness principle,\" causing him to be called the founder of utilitarianism. ", "answer": "Jeremy Bentham ", "page": "Jeremy_Bentham", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122601, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147570, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 363], [364, 531], [532, 757]], "first_sentence": "This author catalogued fifty bad arguments used by politicians in The Book of Fallacies and wrote a sarcasticpamphlet about libel juries entitled The Art of Packing.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While trying to put on as many articles of clothing as possible, this novel's protagonist knocks over a can ofhairspray, causing the can to fly around the bathroom and break a mirror. This novel's protagonist breaksdown crying after spending two hours staring at a photograph of James Clerk Maxwell in a failed attempt tooperate the Nefastis machine. A character in this novel, who was once a child movie star named Baby Igor, isthe protagonist's co-executor of Pierce Inverarity's will. This novel's protagonist frequently encounters asymbol resembling a muted post horn, which represents an underground mail organization called theTristero. For 10 points, name this novel about Oedipa Maas, which was written by Thomas Pynchon. ", "answer": "The Crying of Lot 49", "page": "The_Crying_of_Lot_49", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122600, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147571, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 350], [351, 487], [488, 642], [643, 729]], "first_sentence": "While trying to put on as many articles of clothing as possible, this novel's protagonist knocks over a can ofhairspray, causing the can to fly around the bathroom and break a mirror.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The exfoliatin exotoxin released by this genus of bacteria causes pemphigus neonatorum, or SSSS.Clumping factor A is found in a species of this genus that may be identified with the slide test. This genus isdivided into CoNS and coagulase-positive species. SCCmec elements spread a mecA mutation within this genusthat encodes PBP2a. The enterotoxin type B produced by a species in this genus can cause toxic shocksyndrome. Some strains in it are designated HA- or CA- depending on mode of transmission and cancontinue synthesizing the cell wall even in the presence of beta-lactams such as methicillin. For 10 points,name this bacterial genus that can cause MRSA with mutated strains of its aureus species. ", "answer": " Staphylococcus [or Staphylococcus aureus] ", "page": "Staphylococcus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122599, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147572, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 193], [194, 256], [257, 325], [326, 332], [333, 422], [423, 467], [468, 602], [603, 706]], "first_sentence": "The exfoliatin exotoxin released by this genus of bacteria causes pemphigus neonatorum, or SSSS.Clumping factor", "answer_prompt": "or Staphylococcus aureus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An aristocrat with this name, the rival of Plancina, gained prestige for rallying forces in the land of theTreveri, where monuments were constructed in honor of her puerperium. For fear of poison, a person withthis name offended an Emperor by refusing an apple. After being arrested, that person with this name and herson Drusus both starved to death. Another noblewoman with this name allegedly arranged the poisoning ofClaudius. Several accounts indicate that a woman with this name may have survived assassination attemptsinvolving sinking ships and a collapsing ceiling before requesting her eventual killers to strike at her womb.For 10 points, give this Roman female name shared by the mothers of Caligula and Nero. ", "answer": "Agrippina", "page": "Agrippin", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122598, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147573, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 261], [262, 351], [352, 430], [431, 635], [635, 721]], "first_sentence": "An aristocrat with this name, the rival of Plancina, gained prestige for rallying forces in the land of theTreveri, where monuments were constructed in honor of her puerperium.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Genre and composer required. The fourth of these pieces begins with violins playing a descending \"B, G,\"then an ascending \"E, C.\" The third of these pieces includes a waltz-like third movement in C minor and 3/8time, marked Poco allegretto. Their composer likened a horn solo in the finale of the first one to an alphornmelody. The third of these pieces, in F major, opens with an ascending \"F, A-flat, F\" motif that represents theidea \"free but happy.\" The last one ends with a passacaglia based on the bass line to a J.S. Bach cantata. Thefirst of these pieces contains a theme so similar to the \"Ode to Joy\" theme that it was nicknamed \"Beethoven'sTenth.\" For 10 points, name these four orchestral pieces by the composer of the Hungarian Dances.", "answer": "symphonies by Johannes Brahms ", "page": "List_of_symphonies_by_Johannes_Brahms", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122597, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147574, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [128, 240], [241, 327], [328, 453], [454, 537], [538, 657], [657, 748]], "first_sentence": "Genre and composer required. The fourth of these pieces begins with violins playing a descending \"B, G,\"then an ascending \"E, C.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The namesake factor of this phenomenon is raised to the power of either two or three plus the spectralindex in the equation for relativistic beaming. This effect causes boosting in blazars because of its strongdependence on the peak frequency. The namesake relativistic factor of this phenomenon depends only on theviewing angle and the Lorentz factor. This effect caused canal rays reflected by a concave mirror oriented at 7degrees to have slight changes to their spectral lines, as measured by Ives and Stilwell. A proof of specialrelativity is the existence of this effect's transverse form. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in whichdifferent source and receiver velocities causes the observed frequency of a wave to shift. ", "answer": "Doppler effect [or transverse Doppler effect; or relativistic Doppler effect; prompt on special relativity] ", "page": "Doppler_effect", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122596, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147575, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 243], [244, 352], [353, 515], [516, 595], [596, 730]], "first_sentence": "The namesake factor of this phenomenon is raised to the power of either two or three plus the spectralindex in the equation for relativistic beaming.", "answer_prompt": "or transverse Doppler effect; or relativistic Doppler effect; prompt on special relativity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Some restaurants in this country's capital sell \"Happy Pizza,\" which is topped with marijuana. AndreMalraux was once arrested for stealing a bas-relief from a site in this country. This country's residentscelebrate the water festival Bon Om Touk, during which a human stampede killed 347 people in 2010. Thiscountry's western border was fortified by the K5 Plan, leading to deforestation in the Cardamom Mountains. Ahigh school in this country was converted into a prison camp known as S-21. Siem Reap is an entry point to alarge temple complex in this country built by Suryavarman II. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asiancountry home to the Khmer people and Angkor Wat. ", "answer": "Cambodia [or Kingdom of Cambodia; or Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea] ", "page": "Cambodia", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122595, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147576, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 180], [181, 303], [304, 414], [415, 491], [492, 585], [586, 674]], "first_sentence": "Some restaurants in this country's capital sell \"Happy Pizza,\" which is topped with marijuana.", "answer_prompt": "or Kingdom of Cambodia; or Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A woman in this work has her pearls stolen by her husband before he elopes to South America with aSpanish dancer. In this work, Val fights in the Boer War after being dared to enlist by Jolly. The title characterof its first book chooses to save the baby Fleur's life over the life of the baby's mother, Annette Lamotte, but islater upset when Fleur falls for his ex-wife's son Jon. The young architect Philip Bosinney travels to Robin Hillto design a house for the title family of this series, whose members include Old Jolyon, Young Jolyon, andSoames. For 10 points, name this series of novels consisting of The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let,written by John Galsworthy. ", "answer": "The Forsyte Saga ", "page": "The_Forsyte_Saga", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122594, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147577, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 192], [193, 382], [383, 553], [554, 682]], "first_sentence": "A woman in this work has her pearls stolen by her husband before he elopes to South America with aSpanish dancer.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a sonnet by this author, a physician recalls how he used \"a slight kind of engine\" and asks, \"You wouldn'thang me? I thought not.\" This poet described a man who \"lifted up his voice and sang, secure, with only twomoons listening, until the whole harmonious landscape rang\" with the words \"for auld lang syne.\" This poet'spopularity peaked in the 1920s, a decade in which he won three Pulitzer prizes. This poet of \"How AnnandaleWent Out\" wrote about a drinker who \"mourned Romance, now on the town, and Art, a vagrant.\" He alsowrote about a \"gentleman from sole to crown\" who, \"one calm summer night, went home and put a bulletthrough his head.\" For 10 points, name this American poet of \"Mr. Flood's Party\" and \"Richard Cory.\" ", "answer": "Edwin Arlington Robinson", "page": "Edwin_Arlington_Robinson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122593, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147578, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 133], [134, 311], [311, 312], [313, 403], [404, 522], [523, 648], [649, 730]], "first_sentence": "In a sonnet by this author, a physician recalls how he used \"a slight kind of engine\" and asks, \"You wouldn'thang me?", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While living in Parma, this artist painted a red-headed woman with her hand on the shoulder of a womanwearing a gold head scarf in Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival. A lost mural painted by this artist forthe World's Columbian Exhibition depicted Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge. This artist's mother readsthe newspaper Le Figaro in a portrait. This artist painted Mary Ellison in Woman with a Fan. A woman in a pink,white, and green-striped shirt dips a child's foot in a bowl in a painting by this artist, who depicted a woman ina gold dress with a sunflower on her chest holding a child who looks at herself with a mirror. For 10 points,name this American Impressionist painter of The Bath and Mother and Child. ", "answer": "Mary Cassatt [or Mary Stevenson Cassatt] ", "page": "Mary_Cassatt", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122592, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147579, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 295], [296, 360], [361, 414], [415, 641], [642, 730]], "first_sentence": "While living in Parma, this artist painted a red-headed woman with her hand on the shoulder of a womanwearing a gold head scarf in Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival.", "answer_prompt": "or Mary Stevenson Cassatt", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this city, a man told musician Ben Branch to play the song \"Take My Hand, Precious Lord\" shortly beforegoing outside for a cigarette. In a speech here, a man admitted \"I would like to live a long life\u00c2\u2014longevity hasits place.\" At a Mason Temple in this city, a man announced \"I'm not fearing any man\u00c2\u2014my eyes have seen theglory of the coming of the Lord!\" Andrew Young and Jesse Jackson are photographed pointing while on a hotelbalcony in this city. While here to support striking sanitation workers, a man gave the \"I've Been to theMountaintop\" speech. A man was killed at the Lorraine Motel in 1968 in this city by James Earl Ray. For 10points, name this Tennessee city where Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. ", "answer": "Memphis ", "page": "Memphis,_Tennessee", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122591, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147580, "tokenizations": [[0, 63], [63, 136], [137, 228], [229, 356], [357, 451], [452, 555], [556, 634], [635, 720]], "first_sentence": "In this city, a man told musician Ben Branch to play the song \"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This organization fought with troops called \"Ruff Puffs\" as well as the FULRO, which was made up ofmembers of the Montagnard tribe. This group was targeted by Rome Plows in an area where it set up manypengi sticks, called the Iron Triangle. Agroville communities were built to oppose this group as part of a planreplaced by the Strategic Hamlet Program. An alleged stronghold of this group was codenamed Pinkville.Troops called \"tunnel rats\" explored this group's underground networks. This group was the target ofOperation Ranch Hand, which used Agent Orange against it. and it also fought William Westmoreland'stroops in the Tet Offensive. For 10 points, name this group which waged guerrilla warfare for North Vietnamduring the Vietnam War. ", "answer": "Viet Cong [or NLF; or National Liberation Front; prompt on related answers like \"PAVN,\" \"People's Army of Vietnam,\" \"North Vietnamese Army,\" or \"Viet Minh\"] ", "page": "Viet_Cong", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122590, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147581, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 240], [241, 353], [354, 414], [414, 485], [486, 571], [572, 641], [642, 743]], "first_sentence": "This organization fought with troops called \"Ruff Puffs\" as well as the FULRO, which was made up ofmembers of the Montagnard tribe.", "answer_prompt": "or NLF; or National Liberation Front; prompt on related answers like \"PAVN,\" \"People's Army of Vietnam,\" \"North Vietnamese Army,\" or \"Viet Minh\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This place houses a garden whose two guardians fail to realize that a swarm of ants are stealing away fourbowls' worth of flowers. Residents of this place have their names revealed when a mosquito stings each ofthem one by one. This locale is home to a pitch-black chamber in which visitors must stay the night withouttheir torch or cigars burning out. A visitor to this location uses a squash as a replacement for his head after heis decapitated by a screeching bat. This place contains several traps such as Razor House, Jaguar House, andBat House. One Death and Seven Death are two of the lords of this realm that are defeated in a ball game bythe Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque (shuh-buh-LAWN-kay). For 10 points, name this Mayanunderworld.", "answer": "Xibalba [prompt on Mayan underworld before \"Mayan underworld\" is read; prompt on underworld before \"underworld\" is read] ", "page": "Xibalba", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122589, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147582, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 227], [228, 352], [353, 467], [468, 550], [551, 705], [706, 747]], "first_sentence": "This place houses a garden whose two guardians fail to realize that a swarm of ants are stealing away fourbowls' worth of flowers.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Mayan underworld before \"Mayan underworld\" is read; prompt on underworld before \"underworld\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "While consulting a plywood manufacturer, a mathematician from this country developed a method offinding \"objectively determined valuations\" or \"shadow prices\" for goods through linear programming. In thearticle \"Plans, Profits, and Bonuses,\" an economist here argued for using profit rather than output as anindicator of economic success. Paul Samuelson's Economics textbook contained predictions of when thiscountry's GNP would surpass that of the United States that kept being pushed back in later editions. JosephSchumpeter named 50 year-long economic growth waves after a man from here who supported a policyallowing small private enterprises during the 1920s. Gosplan was in charge of setting production quotas in thiscountry, and its more long-term economic policies were laid out in Five-Year Plans. For 10 points, name thisformer Communist country. ", "answer": " Soviet Union [or USSR; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] ", "page": "Soviet_Union", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122587, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147584, "tokenizations": [[0, 196], [197, 338], [339, 509], [510, 664], [665, 806], [807, 856]], "first_sentence": "While consulting a plywood manufacturer, a mathematician from this country developed a method offinding \"objectively determined valuations\" or \"shadow prices\" for goods through linear programming.", "answer_prompt": "or USSR; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This statement's demonstration of the existence of a Hamel basis allows for non-linear solutions toCauchy's functional equation. This statement is equivalent to Tychonoff's theorem, the fact that the product ofany number of compact spaces is compact, or to the fact that any vector space has a basis. In graph theory, thisfact allows for the finding of a spanning tree in any connected graph. It means that, given a partially orderedset where every chain has an upper bound, there is a maximal element, a statement known as Zorn's lemma.It's often combined with the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory axioms to create ZFC. For 10 points, identify thisaxiom which, informally, says that one can select from a given collection of objects. ", "answer": "axiom of choice [accept anything mentioned in the question before it is mentioned, since they are all equivalent] ", "page": "Axiom_of_choice", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122586, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147585, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 300], [301, 392], [393, 537], [537, 582], [583, 615], [616, 729]], "first_sentence": "This statement's demonstration of the existence of a Hamel basis allows for non-linear solutions toCauchy's functional equation.", "answer_prompt": "accept anything mentioned in the question before it is mentioned, since they are all equivalent", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During debates, Congressman William Barksdale once drew a knife on this politician. Abraham Lincoln once told this man the country was trying to catch a \"pretty big hog.\" He reportedly sneered \"the country is going to the devil\" after Senator Edmund Ross broke with his party during a crucial vote. This man insisted \"if you don't kill the beast, it will kill you\" after Edwin Stanton was removed. The New York Herald claimed this clubfooted man had a \"face of corpselike color\" during the impeachment of his nemesis, Andrew Johnson. For 10 points, name this Pennsylvania Congressman who was one of the main Radical Republican leaders during Reconstruction.", "answer": "Thaddeus Stevens", "page": "Thaddeus_Stevens", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122585, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147586, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 170], [171, 298], [299, 397], [398, 533], [534, 657]], "first_sentence": "During debates, Congressman William Barksdale once drew a knife on this politician.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Dwight Waldo criticized this man's reliance on Rudolf Carnap's logical positivism in a protracted debate inthe American Political Science Review. He developed a theorem on the existence of solutions to input-outputmatrices along with David Hawkins. With Allen Newell, this man won the Turing Prize for creating the LogicTheorist, potentially the first program of artificial intelligence. This author's major work proposes a \"hierarchyof judgments\" in which \"value judgments\" are above \"factual judgments,\" and rejects the idea of an \"economicman.\" In that book, Administrative Behavior, this man argued that when an optimal solution cannot bedetermined, decision-makers instead seek out the first solution that meets most needs at hand. For 10 points,name this polymath from Carnegie Mellon who theorized \"bounded rationality\" and \"satisficing.\" ", "answer": "Herbert Simon ", "page": "Herbert_A._Simon", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122584, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147587, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 248], [249, 387], [388, 547], [548, 736], [737, 845]], "first_sentence": "Dwight Waldo criticized this man's reliance on Rudolf Carnap's logical positivism in a protracted debate inthe American Political Science Review.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The opening movement of this piece begins with the quarter notes \"G, F, B-flat,\" then the rising eighthnotes \"C, F,\" then a quarter note \"D.\" In a movement of this piece, a quivering theme depicting the destituteman Schmu\u00c3\u00bfle follows a Jewish theme that depicts Samuel Goldenberg. A section to be played \"with the deadin a dead language\" ends this piece's \"Catacombs\" movement, which follows a portrayal of French womenarguing at \"The Market at Limoges.\" This piece closes with depictions of \"The Hut on Fowl's Legs\" and \"TheGreat Gate of Kiev,\" and contains multiple \"Promenade\" movements that depict the composer walkingbetween museum displays. For 10 points, name this suite by Modest Mussorgsky. ", "answer": "Pictures at an Exhibition [or Kartinki s vystavki] ", "page": "Pictures_at_an_Exhibition", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122583, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147588, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 279], [280, 452], [452, 453], [454, 645], [646, 698]], "first_sentence": "The opening movement of this piece begins with the quarter notes \"G, F, B-flat,\" then the rising eighthnotes \"C, F,\" then a quarter note \"D.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Kartinki s vystavki", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2011 Criterion Collection special release of this film bundled it with the thematically-similar King, Queen,Joker, which stars its lead actor's brother. A character in this film shaves a man to the tune of Brahms'sHungarian Dance No. 5. The prelude to Lohengrin is played over both this film's closing speech and a scene inwhich the title character tosses around an inflatable globe. This film's closing speech addresses soldiers whoare controlled by \"machine men with machine minds and machine hearts,\" and is given by a Jewish barberwho looks identical to the title character. For 10 points, name this film in which Charlie Chaplin plays AdenoidHynkel, a parody of Adolf Hitler. ", "answer": "The Great Dictator ", "page": "The_Great_Dictator", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122582, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147589, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 238], [239, 385], [386, 580], [581, 682]], "first_sentence": "A 2011 Criterion Collection special release of this film bundled it with the thematically-similar King, Queen,Joker, which stars its lead actor's brother.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After this emperor appointed his former tutor as the \"Prince-Pope\" of a group of his drinking buddies, hedecided to have his \"Drunken Synod\" parody the sviatki folk custom. This emperor allowed the black generalAbram Gannibal, the grandfather of a famous poet, to rise to a position of power in his court. During a powerstruggle between the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky families, this ruler's sister Sophia encouraged a rebellion ofthe musket-wielding streltsy regiments. This ruler learned shipbuilding in the Netherlands as part of his\"Grand Embassy,\" and he attempted to westernize his country by making the boyars shave their beards. For 10points, name this modernizing tsar of Russia who won the Great Northern War. ", "answer": "Peter the Great [or Peter I; or Pyotr the Great; or Pyotr I; prompt on Peter or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov] ", "page": "Peter_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122581, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147590, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 305], [306, 468], [469, 634], [635, 717]], "first_sentence": "After this emperor appointed his former tutor as the \"Prince-Pope\" of a group of his drinking buddies, hedecided to have his \"Drunken Synod\" parody the sviatki folk custom.", "answer_prompt": "or Peter I; or Pyotr the Great; or Pyotr I; prompt on Peter or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this man, the phrase \"Tekeli-li\" is cried by natives of an island off the coast of Antarctica, whogleefully set fire to the Jane Guy. In that novel by this man, the half-Indian Dirk Peters launches a rebellionwith Augustus and the title character on the Grampus. In a story by this author, the title creature's imageappears on a wall with a hangman's noose around its head. At the end of that story of his, the police are alertedto the location of the narrator's wife's corpse by the cries of Pluto. General Lasalle rescues the narrator fromthe Spanish Inquisition in another of his stories. For 10 points, name this author of The Narrative of ArthurGordon Pym who also wrote \"The Black Cat\" and \"The Pit and the Pendulum.\" ", "answer": "Edgar Allan Poe", "page": "Edgar_Allan_Poe", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122580, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147591, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 276], [277, 387], [388, 445], [446, 513], [514, 605], [606, 737]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this man, the phrase \"Tekeli-li\" is cried by natives of an island off the coast of Antarctica, whogleefully set fire to the Jane Guy.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Scientists observing this region once thought an odd green emission line from it was due to a new elementcalled \"newtonium\", but later discovered it was due to highly ionized iron\u00c2\u2014Fe thirteen plus. Phenomenaobserved in this region include polar plumes and helmet streamers. Alfven waves have been proposed as anenergy source for this region, and the magnetic reconnection theory makes use of spicules that extend into it.X-ray telescopes first discovered its namesake holes, which are the origins of solar wind. Huge amounts ofplasma can be released in its \"mass ejections.\" Scientists are still confused as to why this region is so muchhotter than the Sun's surface. For 10 points, name this outermost layer of the Sun that's usually only visibleduring a solar eclipse. ", "answer": "corona [prompt on the Sun's atmosphere] ", "page": "CORONA", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122579, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147592, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 274], [275, 422], [422, 512], [513, 575], [576, 668], [669, 771]], "first_sentence": "Scientists observing this region once thought an odd green emission line from it was due to a new elementcalled \"newtonium\", but later discovered it was due to highly ionized iron\u00c2\u2014Fe thirteen plus.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on the Sun's atmosphere", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The penultimate chapter of this novel is a police report which describes how two men call each other nameslike \"Teresa\" and \"Perla.\" In a section of this novel set in Paris, a man with a clubfoot runs over a chorus girlwith his car. The lengthy footnotes of this novel describe the theories of psychologists like D. J. West, Lang,and Freud. This novel ends with the protagonist being tortured and having a morphine-induced dream inwhich he lands on a tropical island and meets his lover Marta. Stories told in this novel include one set on azombie-infested island and one featuring a woman who can turn into a \"cat person.\" For 10 points, name thisnovel in which the homosexual Molina relates the plots of movies to his cellmate Valentine, a work of ManuelPuig. ", "answer": "he Kiss of the Spider Woman [or El beso de la mujer arana] ", "page": "Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(film)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122578, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147593, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 232], [233, 340], [341, 493], [494, 623], [624, 761]], "first_sentence": "The penultimate chapter of this novel is a police report which describes how two men call each other nameslike \"Teresa\" and \"Perla.\"", "answer_prompt": "or El beso de la mujer arana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book credits a Prince Lichnowsky with coining the phrase \"hasn't go no date\" to describe historicalexistence transcending specific circumstances. A section of this book that argues against Nassau Senior'sconception of the crucial \"last hour\" says that all goods, and not just those produced at the point ofprofitability, contain \"c,\" \"v,\" and \"s\" values. This book introduces the \"MCM\" and \"CMC\" paradigms for the flowof money into commodities, and it claims that the \"use-value\" of every good is objective and inherent. Thisbook's labor theory of value blames a class of \"accumulators\" for creating a class of wage-dependents. For 10points, name this book which was redacted by Friedrich Engels following the death of its primary author, KarlMarx. ", "answer": "Capital [or Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen \u00c3\u2013konomie; or Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]", "page": "Capital_(economics)", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122577, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147594, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 359], [360, 525], [526, 632], [633, 753]], "first_sentence": "This book credits a Prince Lichnowsky with coining the phrase \"hasn't go no date\" to describe historicalexistence transcending specific circumstances.", "answer_prompt": "or Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen \u00c3\u2013konomie; or Capital: A Critique of Political Economy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Goursat's theorem makes it easy to check differentiability of a function over this set. If a function over thisset is bounded and entire, then it is constant by Liouville's theorem. Fractional linear transformations namedfor Mobius take this set to itself. Extending this set by adjoining a point at infinity in this set allows for it to bemapped to a sphere via stereographic projection. Differentiable functions from this set to itself satisfy theCauchy-Riemann equations and are referred to as holomorphic. This field is the algebraic closure of the realnumbers, and numbers of this type can be written in the form r times e to the i times theta. For 10 points,name this set of numbers which can be written in the form a + bi. ", "answer": "complex numbers", "page": "Complex_Numbers", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122576, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147595, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 181], [182, 256], [257, 388], [389, 509], [510, 649], [650, 729]], "first_sentence": "Goursat's theorem makes it easy to check differentiability of a function over this set.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this period, Ishida Baigan's religion of \"Heart Learning\" was among the various movements tolegitimize business. During this period, nobles were forced to leave their families in the imperial capital ashostages when they were at their castles in the sankin-kotai, or alternate attendance, policy. In the later part ofthis period, known as the Bakumatsu, the Convention of Kanagawa was signed, signaling the reversal of thisperiod's sakoku isolationist policy. The founder of this government defeated an alliance led by Ishida Mitsunariat the Battle of Sekigahara, and this shogunate was ended by the restoration to power of the Meiji Emperor.For 10 points, name this last shogunate of Japan that was founded by Ieyasu. ", "answer": "Tokugawa Shogunate [or Tokugawa bakufu; or Edo bakufu]", "page": "Tokugawa_shogunate", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122575, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147596, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 299], [300, 462], [463, 645], [645, 721]], "first_sentence": "In this period, Ishida Baigan's religion of \"Heart Learning\" was among the various movements tolegitimize business.", "answer_prompt": "or Tokugawa bakufu; or Edo bakufu", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The AK-47 was first used on a wide scale during this event. During this event, the Dudas Group attackedmembers of the AVH Secret Police. Its leader was deported to Romania after leaving the Yugoslavian embassydespite a promise of safe conduct. Tensions resulting from this event spilled over into an a Olympic water polomatch that became known as the \"Blood in the Water Match.\" It was inspired in part by the Secret Speech ofNikita Khrushchev, and following it, premier Janos Kadar instituted the system of \"goulash communism.\" For10 points, name this 1956 revolution in which Imre Nagy's attempt to withdraw a Central European countryfrom the Warsaw Pact was quelled by a Soviet invasion. ", "answer": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956 [or anything indicating an uprising in Hungary in 1956] ", "page": "Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122574, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147597, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 243], [244, 377], [377, 528], [529, 690]], "first_sentence": "The AK-47 was first used on a wide scale during this event. During this event, the Dudas Group attackedmembers of the AVH Secret Police.", "answer_prompt": "or anything indicating an uprising in Hungary in 1956", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man is baffled when he observes a mysterious figure that \"looks like a son of the gods\" walking amongsta group of prisoners. This man is described as \"drenched with the dew of heaven\" and eating \"grass like an ox\"after he is punished with seven years of madness, as prophesied by a dream in which a bountiful tree isordered to be chopped down. This man has a dream in which a statue is made of various precious metals buthas feet made of iron and clay. Three servants of this ruler are re-named Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednegoand ordered to be thrown into a fiery furnace. Daniel interprets the dreams of this emperor, who orders thedestruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this emperor who initiates the BabylonianCaptivity. ", "answer": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "page": "Nebuchadnezzar_II", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122573, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147598, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 348], [349, 457], [458, 577], [578, 683], [684, 755]], "first_sentence": "This man is baffled when he observes a mysterious figure that \"looks like a son of the gods\" walking amongsta group of prisoners.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Suppressor-of-White-APricot domain regulates this process. Prp24 helps form a duplex during thisprocess, which is promoted by serine/arginine-rich SR proteins binding to ESEs. Parts for this process arestored in namesake speckles. This process starts with an attack on a namesake donor site by the branchpoint,which then attacks the 3-prime acceptor site adjacent to a polypyrimidine tract in a second transesterification.Its \"alternative\" type produces protein isoforms. U4, U5, and U6 snRNAs form a triple-snurp complex during it.The reading frame can be restored in this process by skipping over exons. For 10 points, name this process inwhich introns are excised from pre-mRNA.", "answer": "RNA splicing [or splice; or alternative splicing; prompt on pre-messenger RNA processing and spliceosome formation] ", "page": "RNA_splicing", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122572, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147599, "tokenizations": [[0, 62], [63, 179], [180, 234], [235, 426], [426, 475], [476, 536], [536, 609], [610, 685]], "first_sentence": "The Suppressor-of-White-APricot domain regulates this process.", "answer_prompt": "or splice; or alternative splicing; prompt on pre-messenger RNA processing and spliceosome formation", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This hero strikes the ground with an arrow to bring forth water for a dying enemy, whom this hero hadpreviously struck with so many arrows that his fallen body appears to be resting on a bed of arrows. This manwins a battle against a warrior whose chariot becomes stuck in some mud. This slayer of Bhishma and rival ofKarna wins the hand of his wife after he shoots the eye of a golden fish while staring only at its reflection in abowl of oil. This hero is reluctant to fight Duryodhana in the Kurukshetra War until his companion declares\"Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.\" For 10 points, name this Pandava prince whose charioteerKrishna delivers the Bhagavad Gita in the Mahabharata. ", "answer": "Arjuna [or Arjun] ", "page": "Arjuna", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122571, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147600, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 282], [283, 444], [445, 543], [544, 587], [587, 699]], "first_sentence": "This hero strikes the ground with an arrow to bring forth water for a dying enemy, whom this hero hadpreviously struck with so many arrows that his fallen body appears to be resting on a bed of arrows.", "answer_prompt": "or Arjun", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2014, the Fresno City Council agreed to remove one of these places designed by Garrett Eckbo on FultonStreet. Victor Gruen built one for Kalamazoo, the first in the United States. Mayor Jane Byrne turned nineblocks of State Street in Chicago into one of these places in an unsuccessful attempt to keep businesses fromleaving the city center. In the 1960s and 70s, many were built in hopes of revitalizing downtowns andcompeting with places like the Southdale Center in the Minneapolis suburbs. More successful examples havebeen built in college towns, like the one in Charlotttesville, Virginia or on Pearl Street in Boulder, Colorado.For 10 points, name these shopping areas where cars are prohibited. ", "answer": "pedestrian malls [or pedestrian zones; prompt on \"mall\"] ", "page": "Pedestrian_zones", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122570, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147601, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 182], [183, 344], [345, 496], [497, 638], [638, 705]], "first_sentence": "In 2014, the Fresno City Council agreed to remove one of these places designed by Garrett Eckbo on FultonStreet.", "answer_prompt": "or pedestrian zones; prompt on \"mall\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A painting identified at the Prado in 2010 as being by this artist features a saint dividing his cloak on theright. Another of this artist's four surviving paintings in distemper includes a man who has just fallen on hisback in a ditch at the head of a diagonally-oriented procession connected by their staffs. He also depicted thatparable from Matthew at the background of a canvas in which a woman puts a blue cloak on her husband,indicating that he is a cuckold, one of many illustrations of idioms. In another of his paintings, a farmer,shepherd, and angler fail to notice a boy dangling his legs, about to drown. For 10 points, name this Flemishartist of Netherlandish Proverbs and Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.", "answer": "Pieter Bruegel the Elder [or Peasant Bruegel] ", "page": "Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122569, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147602, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 310], [311, 502], [503, 617], [618, 721]], "first_sentence": "A painting identified at the Prado in 2010 as being by this artist features a saint dividing his cloak on theright.", "answer_prompt": "or Peasant Bruegel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a story by this author, a woman begins a relationship with her stepson after breastfeeding him, buteventually dies of shock when a centipede bites her. A novel by this author ends with the protagonistcontemplating one of his father-in-law's puppets while awaiting the return of his estranged wife. In a novel bythis author, a firefly hunt is contrasted with a family's annual cherry blossom-viewing trips. A novel by thisauthor follows an engineer who molds the title teen waitress into a \"modern girl.\" In one of his novels, thebeauty parlor owner Itani suggests various marriage prospects for one of the title characters, Yukiko. For 10points, name this Japanese author of Naomi, Some Prefer Nettles, and The Makioka Sisters. ", "answer": " Jun'ichiro Tanizaki [or Tanizaki Jun'ichiro]", "page": "Jun'ichir\u014d_Tanizaki", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122568, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147603, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 300], [301, 408], [409, 506], [507, 634], [635, 730]], "first_sentence": "In a story by this author, a woman begins a relationship with her stepson after breastfeeding him, buteventually dies of shock when a centipede bites her.", "answer_prompt": "or Tanizaki Jun'ichiro", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the first scene of this play, a woman inquires of a messenger, \"how many hath he killed? for indeed Ipromised to eat all of his killing.\" A man in this play regrets that his friend would now rather hear \"the tabourand the pipe\" than \"the drum and the fife.\" In a climactic confrontation in this play, a man exclaims, \"Is this theprince? Is this the prince's brother?...Are our eyes our own?\" Women are told to convert all their \"sounds of woeinto hey nonny nonny\" in a song in this play urging them to \"sigh no more.\" In this play, Borachio andMargaret become part of a scheme by Don John that leads to the faked death of Hero, who is in love withClaudio. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play featuring a \"merry war\" between Beatrice and Benedick. ", "answer": "Much Ado About Nothing", "page": "Much_Ado_About_Nothing", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122567, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147604, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 140], [141, 260], [261, 339], [340, 372], [372, 393], [393, 394], [395, 449], [450, 519], [519, 520], [521, 658], [659, 755]], "first_sentence": "In the first scene of this play, a woman inquires of a messenger, \"how many hath he killed?", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The change in this quantity multiplies i in the exponential of the integral giving the atomic form factor.Einstein suggested that the change in this quantity for the far screen would determine which slit a photonpasses through. The \"transfer\" of this quantity, symbolized q, is a common term in scattering experiments.This quantity, divided by h-bar, gives the wavevector. The commutator of this quantity with x is i times h-bar.The energy of a photon equals the speed of light times this quantity. The Hamiltonian of a particle in a box isthe square of its operator, over twice the mass. The de Broglie wavelength is Planck's constant over thisquantity. For 10 points, name this quantity which, classically, equals mass times velocity. ", "answer": "linear momentum", "page": "Momentum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122566, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147605, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [106, 227], [228, 318], [318, 372], [373, 429], [429, 498], [499, 588], [589, 654], [655, 736]], "first_sentence": "The change in this quantity multiplies i in the exponential of the integral giving the atomic form factor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons are located in the solitary nucleus within this structure, which has a pair of swellings known as olivary bodies. Adolf Wallenberg names a syndrome characterized by frequent, violent hiccups which results from lateral damage to this structure. This region is home to paired white matter structures which decussate, known as the pyramids. The central chemoreceptors of this structure detect (*) pH changes caused by altered O2 or CO2 concentration. The area postrema within this structure controls vomiting. This structure is situated between the pons and the spinal cord. For 10 points, name this part of the brain stem that controls involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate.", "answer": "medulla oblongata [or word forms, such as medullary; prompt on brain stem until it is mentioned]", "page": "Medulla_oblongata", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122565, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147606, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 278], [279, 372], [373, 482], [483, 541], [542, 606], [607, 721]], "first_sentence": "Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons are located in the solitary nucleus within this structure, which has a pair of swellings known as olivary bodies.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms, such as medullary; prompt on brain stem until it is mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One person at issue during this event was Charles Maultsby, who veered off-course and got lost. A telegram whose first three words were \"YOUR ACTION DESPERATE\" was sent during this event by Bertrand Russell. An operation misleadingly codenamed with the place name Anadyr preceded this event,which was chronicled in the memoir Thirteen (*) Days. The claim \"I am prepared to wait until Hell freezes over\" was made by UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson during this event, which inspired the creation of a \"hotline\"between two world capitals. It was resolved when the Americans agreed to secretly remove its Jupiter weapons from Turkey. For 10 points, name this tense period in 1962 which began when nuclear weapons were discovered in a country ruled by Fidel Castro.", "answer": "Cuban Missile Crisis [prompt on October Crisis]", "page": "Cuban_Missile_Crisis", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122564, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147607, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 207], [208, 263], [264, 325], [326, 334], [335, 344], [345, 533], [534, 627], [628, 758]], "first_sentence": "One person at issue during this event was Charles Maultsby, who veered off-course and got lost.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on October Crisis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An author who returned to this country, his ancestral homeland, in 1935 made his name with the novel Wolf Solent. An author from this country wrote about people who \"though they sink through the sea they shall rise again\" in a poem that describes a time when \"though lovers be lost love shall not\". A characte rfrom this adopted home of John Cowper Powys (COO-per POW-iss) holds Edmund Mortimer captive and proposes lending his (*) magic to Hotspur's rebellion in Henry IV, Part 1. A poet from this country wrote \"And death shall have no dominion\" and a poem that urges the addressee to \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\".For 10 points, name this country, the birthplace of Owen Glendower and the author of \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", Dylan Thomas.", "answer": "Wales [or Cymru; prompt on Great Britain or the United Kingdom or the U.K.; do not accept or prompt on \"England\"]", "page": "Wales", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122562, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147609, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 298], [299, 481], [482, 631], [631, 770]], "first_sentence": "An author who returned to this country, his ancestral homeland, in 1935 made his name with the novel Wolf Solent.", "answer_prompt": "or Cymru; prompt on Great Britain or the United Kingdom or the U.K.; do not accept or prompt on \"England\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man harshly attacked the doctrine of \"probabilism\" in the first of a set of eighteen writings forwhich he used the pseudonym Louis de Montalte. This man sewed a page of writing into his coat toremember his \"night of fire,\" a transformative mystical experience. This man jumped into the formularycontroversy by defending Antoine Arnauld and the Port Royal abbey, whose religious views were underthreat. He argued in posthumously-published writings that the prospect of eternal (*) damnation is so badthat it's safer to receive the sacraments even if one is skeptical. For 10 points, name this author of the pro-JansensistProvincial Letters, a French philosopher and mathematician whose Pensees (pahn-SAYz) include a namesaketheological \"wager.\"", "answer": "Blaise Pascal", "page": "Blaise_Pascal", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122561, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147610, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 206], [207, 265], [266, 406], [407, 508], [509, 571], [572, 748]], "first_sentence": "This man harshly attacked the doctrine of \"probabilism\" in the first of a set of eighteen writings forwhich he used the pseudonym Louis de Montalte.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play describes hearing an oracle commanding him to \"Gore them like a bull!\" Inthis play, a morose nurse gives a speech about how babies must be taken care of because they cannotthink for themselves. A speech by this play's chorus begins \"Oh, the torment bred in the race.\" Two menspeak like Parnassians to gain access to the royal palace in this play, in which a woman dreams of a (*)snake that drinks milk from her breast, then bites her, drawing blood. This play opens with the disguisedprotagonist approaching his father's grave with Pylades and placing two locks of hair on it, after which he isrecognized by his sister Electra. For 10 points, name this play in which Orestes kills Aegisthus and Clytemnestra,the second in Aeschylus's Oresteia.", "answer": "The Libation Bearers [or Choephoroi]", "page": "Oresteia", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122560, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147611, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 107], [107, 218], [219, 291], [291, 292], [293, 322], [323, 474], [475, 652], [653, 768]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play describes hearing an oracle commanding him to \"Gore them like a bull!\"", "answer_prompt": "or Choephoroi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The historic Hotel Evropa was demolished in the riots following this event. This event was planned bya colonel who had overthrown King Alexander and Queen Draga in a military coup 11 years earlier, codenamed \"Apis.\" During this event, which took place at the northern end of the Latin Bridge, a man begged Sophie to \"live for our children.\" One of this event's planners failed to commit suicide by swallowing (*) expired cyanide and jumping into a shallow river. It sparked the July Crisis, during which the aggrieved country issued an intentionally unreasonable ultimatum in an attempt to provoke war. This event was perpetrated by a member of the Black Hand terrorist group named Gavrilo Princip. For 10 points, name this 1914 event in Sarajevo that sparked the first World War.", "answer": "assassination of Franz Ferdinand [accept equivalents that include Franz Ferdinand and the act of killing or murdering him; prompt on partial answers]", "page": "Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122558, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147613, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 215], [216, 339], [339, 462], [463, 602], [603, 698], [699, 780]], "first_sentence": "The historic Hotel Evropa was demolished in the riots following this event.", "answer_prompt": "accept equivalents that include Franz Ferdinand and the act of killing or murdering him; prompt on partial answers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man speculates that he will soon attend a girl's wedding shortly before the girl remarks that men are\"all palaver and what they can get out of you.\" This character tells the story of Johnny, a horse who wasfascinated with a statue of King Billy. Toward the end of the story he appears in, this character feels hisidentity \"fading out into a grey impalpable world.\" He is teased for his dedication to galoshes at a party hostedby Kate and Julia Morkan right before Epiphany. This character feels a \"vague terror\" seize him after his wifesays, \"I think he died for me,\" in reference to a boy in the gasworks who fell in love with her named MichaelFurey. For 10 points, name this husband of Gretta and protagonist of James Joyce's story \"The Dead.\"", "answer": "Gabriel Conroy [or Gabriel Conroy] ", "page": "Gabriel_Conroy", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122551, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147620, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 250], [251, 369], [370, 455], [456, 478], [479, 656], [657, 750]], "first_sentence": "This man speculates that he will soon attend a girl's wedding shortly before the girl remarks that men are\"all palaver and what they can get out of you.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Gabriel Conroy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Jozef Bem led a unit of exiled soldiers from this country who used the unofficial slogan \"For our freedomand yours\" while fighting in the Spring of Nations. A king of this country attempted to reform the power of thenobility by writing the 3rd of May Constitution, which was opposed by nobles in the Targowica Confederation.Any member of this country's parliament was allowed to nullify legislation by using the liberum veto, one of its\"Golden Freedoms.\" This country joined with an eastern neighbor in the Union of Lublin, and its parliamentwas known as the sejm (\"same\"). For 10 points, name this country that was joined in a commonwealth withLithuania. ", "answer": "Poland [or Republic of Poland; or Rzeczpospolita Polska; or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until \"Lithuania\" is read] ", "page": "Poland", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122550, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147621, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 324], [324, 454], [455, 573], [574, 655]], "first_sentence": "Jozef Bem led a unit of exiled soldiers from this country who used the unofficial slogan \"For our freedomand yours\" while fighting in the Spring of Nations.", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Poland; or Rzeczpospolita Polska; or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until \"Lithuania\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A work inspired by the philosophy of this non-Roman thinker is the principal subject of StephenGreenblatt's book The Swerve. This philosopher suggested eating and drinking simple foods because peopleused to luxury are likely to lose their luxuries. This philosopher's view of nature was mostly derived fromDemocritus of Abdera, though he believed some occurrences were under human control. This author of a Letterto Menoeceus is often considered the first person to state the problem of evil, which is his namesake paradox.This man's philosophy inspired Lucretius's De rerum natura. His guiding principles were ataraxia and aponia,or freedom from fear and the absence of pain. For 10 points, name this Greek philosopher whose standard ofjudgement was pleasure. ", "answer": "Epicurus ", "page": "Epicurus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122549, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147622, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 248], [249, 389], [390, 523], [523, 582], [583, 676], [677, 760]], "first_sentence": "A work inspired by the philosophy of this non-Roman thinker is the principal subject of StephenGreenblatt's book The Swerve.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man once declared that \"I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp ofexperience.\" After witnessing the condition of the Eastern State Hospital, this leader decided instead toconvert part of the Scotchtown plantation for the care of his mentally ill wife. In his early career, this speakeropposed James Maury in a legal case concerning debts paid with tobacco; that case was called the \"Parson'sCause.\" This Anti-Federalist refused to attend the Constitutional Convention because he smelled \"a rat inPhiladelphia.\" After an inflammatory speech, he allegedly said, \"If this be treason, make the most of it!\" For 10points, name this politician from Virginia who delivered an address that concluded with the phrase \"Give meliberty or give me death!\"", "answer": "Patrick Henry ", "page": "Patrick_Henry", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122547, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147624, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [112, 113], [114, 286], [287, 432], [432, 433], [434, 545], [546, 637], [638, 777]], "first_sentence": "This man once declared that \"I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp ofexperience.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a Franz Grillparzer play, this person orders the trusty servant Rhamnes to send away the slave Melitta.In a poem by this writer, the speaker is so enamored with a boy that she declares, \"Mother dear, I can't finishmy weaving.\" In a story named for a line by this author, a soldier gets time off to attend his brother's weddingto Muriel. This poet boasted, \"Although they are only breath, words which I command are immortal.\" Thespeaker of a poem by this writer says, \"I drip with sweat, trembling shakes my body,\" after seeing a man who is\"a god in my eyes.\" This poet addressed a \"Lady of beauty\" in the only complete surviving work by her, \"Hymnto Aphrodite.\" For 10 points, name this Greek poet from Lesbos. ", "answer": "Sappho ", "page": "Sappho", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122546, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147625, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [106, 229], [230, 339], [340, 427], [428, 561], [562, 664], [665, 713]], "first_sentence": "In a Franz Grillparzer play, this person orders the trusty servant Rhamnes to send away the slave Melitta.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 1967 Herbert Gans book used participant observation to study the \"ways of life and politics\" in one ofthese places. Kenneth Jackson studied the role of the HOLC in the history of these places in his book CrabgrassFrontier. Ta-Nehisi Coates's \"The Case for Reparations\" describes how these areas received \"green lines\" forinvestment while others were \"redlined.\" The poorly managed expansion of these communities, with negativeenvironmental consequences, is called \"sprawl.\" Four early examples of these communities were built forreturning World War II veterans by William Levitt. For 10 points, name these well-to-do areas where peoplereside just outside of cities. ", "answer": " suburbs [or suburbia; or Levittowns until \"Crabgrass\" is read; prompt on urban areas; prompt on cities] ", "page": "Suburbs", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122545, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147626, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 224], [225, 363], [364, 474], [474, 475], [476, 581], [582, 667]], "first_sentence": "A 1967 Herbert Gans book used participant observation to study the \"ways of life and politics\" in one ofthese places.", "answer_prompt": "or suburbia; or Levittowns until \"Crabgrass\" is read; prompt on urban areas; prompt on cities", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This kingdom worshiped at a temple built atop the Chamundi Hills. The Lalitha Palace built in the capital ofthis kingdom is now a five-star hotel. This kingdom's rule was dominated by the Wadiyar dynasty. Eyre Cootedied while fighting against this kingdom in a war that was ended by the Treaty of Mangalore. This kingdom'slast sultan successfully used rockets with attached blades in the Battle of Pollilur but died in 1799 whiledefending Seringapatam. This kingdom was centered on what is now Karnataka. This kingdom became aprincely state after the death of its ruler Tipu Sultan, who succeeded his father, Hyder Ali. For 10 points, namethis kingdom in southern India that fought four wars with England. ", "answer": "Mysore", "page": "Mysore", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122544, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147627, "tokenizations": [[0, 65], [66, 146], [147, 204], [205, 307], [308, 452], [453, 504], [505, 619], [620, 705]], "first_sentence": "This kingdom worshiped at a temple built atop the Chamundi Hills.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Empirically, constants in this equation are related to the reduced temperature raised to the negative 1.6 andnegative 4.2 powers. In this equation, a certain parameter times P over RT is equal to the residual Gibbs energyand, therefore, the logarithm of the fugacity coefficient. The constants in this equation get a prime whenthey're expressed using pressures. The Boyle temperature can be derived when it is truncated to one term.Kamerlingh Onnes proposed this equation and showed that after the first two terms, its coefficients areindependent of temperature. It gives the compressibility factor as one plus a power series of volume. For 10points, name this infinite-series equation of state contrasted with cubic equations of state. ", "answer": " virial equation of state", "page": "Virial_expansion", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122543, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147628, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 279], [280, 361], [362, 432], [432, 562], [563, 636], [637, 736]], "first_sentence": "Empirically, constants in this equation are related to the reduced temperature raised to the negative 1.6 andnegative 4.2 powers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "While visiting this city, Rowland Mallet nearly falls to his death to pick a flower for the title sculptor'sfiancee in the novel Roderick Hudson. This city, where Karen Stone engages in a love affair in a TennesseeWilliams novel, is the setting for a story whose final line of dialogue, \"I had Barbara,\" implies that Mrs. Ansleyhad sex with Delphin Slade. At the end of The Portrait of a Lady, Isabel Archer returns to this city, where shelived with Gilbert Osmond. Edith Wharton titled a story for this city's \"fever,\" an archaic euphemism formalaria. In this city, a young expatriate visiting from Geneva named Winterbourne becomes fascinated by theflirtatious title girl of a Henry James novella. For 10 points, name this amorous Italian city in which DaisyMiller visits the Colosseum. ", "answer": "Rome ", "page": "Rome", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122542, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147629, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 355], [356, 465], [466, 552], [553, 699], [700, 788]], "first_sentence": "While visiting this city, Rowland Mallet nearly falls to his death to pick a flower for the title sculptor'sfiancee in the novel Roderick Hudson.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Two historic neighborhoods in this city are linked by the \"neck-breaking steps.\" A natural feature on theborder of this city's northeastern borough of Beauport is one-and-a-half times taller than Niagara Falls. Thiscity is connected to its largest suburb of Levis by the Pierre Laporte Bridge. Its Dufferin Terrace overlooksLower Town from near a patina-roofed luxury hotel designed by Bruce Price. Parliament Hill is found west ofUpper Town in this home of Montmorency Falls and the Chateau Frontenac, whose Cap-Diamant is home tothe only remaining fortified city walls north of Mexico. General James Wolfe was killed at the Plains ofAbraham within this city. For 10 points, name this Francophone provincial capital. ", "answer": "Quebec City, Quebec ", "page": "Quebec_City,_Quebec", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122541, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147630, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 210], [211, 293], [294, 398], [399, 587], [588, 660], [661, 717]], "first_sentence": "Two historic neighborhoods in this city are linked by the \"neck-breaking steps.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In one of this composer's string quartets, the third movement is a short eleven-bar recitative thatmodulates from B minor to E major as an introduction to the lengthy fourth movement, a set of variations in Amajor and 2/4 time. That string quartet by this composer is in seven movements played attacca and written inC-sharp minor. The finale of this composer's last symphony begins with low string recitatives that alternatewith quotations of themes from the previous three movements and includes both a Turkish march in 6/8 timeand a choral setting of a poem about a \"spark of divinity\" and a \"daughter of Elysium.\" For 10 points, name thiscomposer whose Ninth Symphony includes the \"Ode to Joy.\" ", "answer": "Ludwig van Beethoven ", "page": "Ludwig_van_Beethoven", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122540, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147631, "tokenizations": [[0, 227], [228, 330], [331, 615], [615, 697]], "first_sentence": "In one of this composer's string quartets, the third movement is a short eleven-bar recitative thatmodulates from B minor to E major as an introduction to the lengthy fourth movement, a set of variations in Amajor and 2/4 time.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author includes questions like \"Will there be beds for me and all who seek?\" and \"Does theroad wind uphill all the way?\" In a poem by this author, the speaker's heart is compared to a \"singing bird,\" an\"apple tree,\" and a \"rainbow shell\" because \"my love has come to me.\" A poem by this author notes, \"One maylead a horse to water, twenty cannot make him drink,\" before describing a character being kicked and pinched.This author wrote, \"Better by far you should forget and smile,\" in the poem \"Remember.\" This poet includedthe moral \"there's no friend like a sister\" in a poem in which Lizzie begins to waste away after buying fruitfrom merchants crying \"come buy, come buy.\" For 10 points, name this poet of \"Goblin Market.\" ", "answer": "Christina Rossetti [or Christina Georgina Rossetti; prompt on Rossetti] ", "page": "Christina_Rossetti", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122538, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147633, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 286], [287, 433], [433, 520], [521, 548], [549, 690], [690, 691], [692, 741]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author includes questions like \"Will there be beds for me and all who seek?\" and \"Does theroad wind uphill all the way?\"", "answer_prompt": "or Christina Georgina Rossetti; prompt on Rossetti", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a parenthetical remark in this essay, the author insists, \"Never tell me, by the way, that the dead lookpeaceful.\" This essay opens with the author reminiscing about the only time he was important enough to behated by everyone. This essay's author admits that he is \"only an absurd puppet,\" though he seems like \"theleading actor,\" claiming that \"when the white man turns tyrant, it is his own freedom that he destroys.\" Thetitle event of this essay occurs after the \"mahout\" goes the wrong way to search for a creature that has \"gonemust.\" This essay's author performs that action in front of a crowd of villagers while serving as a British officerin Burma. For 10 points, name this George Orwell essay that describes the killing of a tusked animal. ", "answer": " \"Shooting an Elephant\"", "page": "Shooting_an_Elephant", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122537, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147634, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 230], [231, 422], [422, 423], [424, 543], [544, 661], [662, 753]], "first_sentence": "In a parenthetical remark in this essay, the author insists, \"Never tell me, by the way, that the dead lookpeaceful.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In response to a novel by the Marquis de Custine about traveling through his country, this ruler'sgovernment sponsored a scholarly investigation by August von Haxthausen. During his reign, this mancreated a secret police called the Special Corps of Gendarmes. This emperor's principle of \"Official Nationality\"was proclaimed by his Minister of Education, Sergei Uvarov. He appointed Alexander Benckendorff to lead theThird Section secret police. The Northern Society of Sergei Troubetzkoy attempted to replace this tsar with hisbrother Constantine in the Decembrist Revolt. For 10 points, name this tsar of Russia at the start of theCrimean War who succeeded Alexander I. ", "answer": "Nicholas I [or Nikolai I; or Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov; prompt on Nicholas; prompt on Nikolai] ", "page": "Nikolai_I", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122536, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147635, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 259], [260, 369], [370, 445], [446, 573], [574, 671]], "first_sentence": "In response to a novel by the Marquis de Custine about traveling through his country, this ruler'sgovernment sponsored a scholarly investigation by August von Haxthausen.", "answer_prompt": "or Nikolai I; or Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov; prompt on Nicholas; prompt on Nikolai", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sandwiching the metric between this operation and its transpose gives back the metric. The six parametersdescribing these operations combine with four translational parameters to form the Poincare group. Theseoperations do not change the invariant interval, which is often written as \"delta s-squared.\" If these operationsare purely spatial, they correspond to rotations, while those without rotations are called \"boosts.\" A onedimensionalone of them sets the new position equal to old position minus velocity times old time, all times itsnamesake's relativistic gamma factor. For 10 points, name these relativistic transformations that relatecoordinates in different inertial reference frames, named for a Dutch physicist. ", "answer": "Lorentz transformations", "page": "Lorentz_transformations", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122535, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147636, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 203], [204, 301], [301, 422], [423, 576], [577, 723]], "first_sentence": "Sandwiching the metric between this operation and its transpose gives back the metric.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The delta form of this substance is bound to albumin. Diazosulfanilic acid reacts with this substance in thevan den Bergh reaction. Excess levels of a form of it may cross the blood-brain barrier and cause kernicterus.The star-28 allele of UGT1A1 can cause high levels of this compound to circulate in the blood in Gilbert'ssyndrome. The Z,Z form of this compound is converted into the more soluble E,Z-isomer during phototherapyon newborns. This open-chain tetrapyrrole is solubilized by glucuronyltransferase, and increased amounts ofit are released in hemolytic anemia. It is metabolized from a \"verdin\" precursor and broken down to thecompounds that give feces and urine their colors. For 10 points, name this product of heme catabolism that athigh levels causes jaundice. ", "answer": "bilirubin [prompt on hematoidin; prompt on bile pigments]", "page": "Bilirubin", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122534, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147637, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 218], [218, 333], [334, 441], [442, 572], [573, 688], [689, 776]], "first_sentence": "The delta form of this substance is bound to albumin. Diazosulfanilic acid reacts with this substance in thevan den Bergh reaction.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on hematoidin; prompt on bile pigments", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Three circular rooms, each with a rotating \"poster rack\" allowing visitors to see forty-two artworks two at atime, compose this architect's Tomb of Agamemnon\u00c2\u2013inspired Painting Gallery. This architect refused to revealthe secret inscription atop the \"staircase to nowhere\" that makes up his Monument to Lincoln Kirstein. Theopen pediment atop a skyscraper designed by this architect earned that structure the nickname \"ChippendaleBuilding.\" A brick cylinder conceals the bathroom in this architect's personal residence in New Canaan,Connecticut, the design of which drew from another architect's Farnsworth House. For 10 points, name thiscollaborator with Mies on the Seagram Building who is best known for designing the Glass House. ", "answer": "Philip Johnson [or Philip Cortelyou Johnson] ", "page": "Philip_Johnson", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122533, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147638, "tokenizations": [[0, 185], [186, 320], [321, 440], [441, 613], [614, 733]], "first_sentence": "Three circular rooms, each with a rotating \"poster rack\" allowing visitors to see forty-two artworks two at atime, compose this architect's Tomb of Agamemnon\u00c2\u2013inspired Painting Gallery.", "answer_prompt": "or Philip Cortelyou Johnson", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Eva Moskowitz protested this man's policies by having children march with placards reading \"Let My Children Learn.\"He declined a March 2014 challenge from Liam Neeson to go on a horse stable tour. His wife, a former member of theCombahee River Collective, once wrote the Essence magazine article entitled \"I Am a Lesbian.\" Patrick Lynch claimed thispolitician threw Lynch and his colleagues \"under the bus.\" This man said he and his African American wife, ChirlaneMcCray, warned his son about being careful with the police, which led to numerous officers turning their backs to thispolitician following the December 2014 shootings of two cops. For 10 points, name this current Mayor of New York City. ", "answer": "Bill de Blasio [or Warren Wilhelm Jr.]", "page": "Bill_de_Blasio", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122532, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147639, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [92, 114], [114, 196], [197, 322], [323, 407], [408, 643], [644, 700]], "first_sentence": "Eva Moskowitz protested this man's policies by having children march with placards reading \"", "answer_prompt": "or Warren Wilhelm Jr.", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "About 20 lines into this text, its narrator remembers declaiming shepherds such as himself as \"mere bellies\"who \"know how to speak many false things\" and recalls being given a laurel rod by all the Heliconian muses towhom it is dedicated. Nausithous and Nausinous are the final characters introduced in the 1,022 survivinglines of this text, which claims that Eros predated the darkness spirits Erebus and Nyx. One of the earliestsources to mention the hundred-handed Hecatonchires, this text claims that the arche, or first substance, ofthe universe was Chaos, which existed before the many Titans, gods, and beasts it lists later on. For 10 points,name this eighth-century BCE account of the origins and genealogy of the gods by Hesiod. ", "answer": "Theogony ", "page": "Theogony", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122531, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147640, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 221], [222, 238], [239, 410], [411, 635], [636, 738]], "first_sentence": "About 20 lines into this text, its narrator remembers declaiming shepherds such as himself as \"mere bellies\"who", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A book by Hector Feliciano reignited investigations into these objects. The Wiesbaden manifesto was producedby a group concerned with these objects. Several of these objects were found in an apartment owned byCornelius Gurlitt in 2012. These objects were held at a facility named Jeu de Paume, which used to house tenniscourts. Salt mines, like the ones at Merkers and Altaussee, were often used to store these objects. A bombingraid destroyed one of these objects named The Stone-Breakers. These objects were tracked down by a groupknown as the \"Monuments Men.\" For 10 points, name these objects that were sometimes labeled as \"degenerate\"by the Nazis, who also looted hundreds of them. ", "answer": "paintings [or stolen artworks and other obvious equivalents; prompt on Nazi loot] ", "page": "Paintings", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122530, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147641, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 148], [149, 235], [236, 327], [328, 419], [420, 490], [491, 562], [563, 687]], "first_sentence": "A book by Hector Feliciano reignited investigations into these objects.", "answer_prompt": "or stolen artworks and other obvious equivalents; prompt on Nazi loot", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A supporter of this non-African political cause organized the delivery of weapons aboard the cargo shipLibau, and was delivered in a submarine to Banna Strand. That supporter of this movement was slanderedthrough the publication of his Black Diaries during his imprisonment. During a violent incident in support ofthis movement, one of its supporters captured Boland's Mill and avoided execution due to his birth in NewYork City. Support for this ideology led to the deaths of men like Roger Casement and James Connolly, but notof \u00c3\u2030amon de Valera. Arthur Griffith led a political party dedicated to this cause whose name means \"we ourselves.\"For 10 points, name this political cause supported by Sinn F\u00c3\u00a9in (shin FAYN). ", "answer": "Irish republicanism [or Irish nationalism; or Irish independence from Great Britain; do not accept \"Irish home rule\"] ", "page": "Irish_republicanism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122529, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147642, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 274], [275, 429], [430, 547], [548, 641], [641, 645], [646, 718]], "first_sentence": "A supporter of this non-African political cause organized the delivery of weapons aboard the cargo shipLibau, and was delivered in a submarine to Banna Strand.", "answer_prompt": "or Irish nationalism; or Irish independence from Great Britain; do not accept \"Irish home rule\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first movement of this composer's Symphony No. 5 quotes the \"Haba\u00c3\u00b1era\" from Carmen. He describedthe scherzo of one of his symphonies as a \"musical portrait of\" a certain historical leader, \"roughly speaking.\"His fifth symphony ends with a coda dominated by repeated shrill eighth note A's, which has been interpretedas either a genuine triumph or as forced rejoicing. This composer depicted himself in his Symphony No. 10with a recurring \"D, E-flat, C, B\" motif also found in his String Quartet No. 8. He billed his fifth symphony asan \"artist's response to justified criticism\" after he was censured for his opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.For 10 points, name this composer whose fifteen symphonies include the Leningrad. ", "answer": " Dmitri Shostakovich [or Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich] ", "page": "Dmitri_Shostakovich", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122528, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147643, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 211], [211, 215], [216, 288], [289, 371], [372, 505], [506, 656], [656, 737]], "first_sentence": "The first movement of this composer's Symphony No. 5 quotes the \"Haba\u00f1era\" from Carmen.", "answer_prompt": "or Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character erroneously says \"Queen to bishop three\" when announcing a checkmate, which may be anintentional blooper. In another film, this character is instructed by Dr. Chandra and tells Heywood Floyd to\"look behind you.\" This character's first memory is meeting Dr. Langley in Urbana, Illinois in January 1992. Atone point, this character babbles \"My mind is going\" before singing the song \"Daisy.\" After reading lips, thischaracter deduces that Frank Poole and Dave Bowman are plotting something. This character, represented asa red television camera eye, controls the Discovery One. It tells Dave that it cannot open the pod bay doors. For10 points, name this sentient computer in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. ", "answer": "HAL 9000 ", "page": "HAL_9000", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122527, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147644, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 226], [227, 316], [317, 404], [405, 503], [504, 590], [591, 643], [644, 720]], "first_sentence": "This character erroneously says \"Queen to bishop three\" when announcing a checkmate, which may be anintentional blooper.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When this hero's favorite bull is taken away to give as the prize for a contest, this hero enters the contestand wins back the bull. During a duel, this man is grabbed by his helmet and dragged along the ground untilhe is suddenly whisked away to his bedchamber. Before this hero's birth, his mother dreams of giving birth toa flaming torch. Ares transforms into a bull and wins a bull-judging contest arbitrated by this man. This herodies when his lover Oenone refuses to heal him of the wound inflicted by Philoctetes's arrow. This man shootsan arrow that strikes Achilles in the heel and earlier awards a golden apple to Aphrodite. For 10 points, namethis brother of Hector, a prince of Troy whose kidnap of Helen sparks the Trojan War.", "answer": "Paris [or Alexander; or Alexandrus] ", "page": "Paris_(mythology)", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122526, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147645, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 262], [263, 341], [342, 425], [426, 528], [529, 634], [635, 739]], "first_sentence": "When this hero's favorite bull is taken away to give as the prize for a contest, this hero enters the contestand wins back the bull.", "answer_prompt": "or Alexander; or Alexandrus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A variant of FRET couples this effect to absorption in quantum dot nanoparticles for high-sensitivity biologicalimaging. H.E.S.S., an array of telescopes in Namibia, uses this effect to detect gamma rays. A Heavisidefunction appears in the integral for the energy change per unit length from this phenomenon, which is proportionalto the charge squared. The cosine of the Mach cone angle produced by this effect equals one over theproduct of index of refraction and beta. Super-Kamiokande detects this effect from neutrinos colliding withelectrons in a tank of water. This phenomenon occurs if a charge particle is accelerated beyond the velocity oflight for a given medium. For 10 points, name this bluish glow seen near spent nuclear reactors. ", "answer": "Cherenkov radiation [or Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation]", "page": "Cherenkov_radiation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122525, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147646, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 204], [205, 352], [353, 470], [471, 566], [567, 673], [674, 744]], "first_sentence": "A variant of FRET couples this effect to absorption in quantum dot nanoparticles for high-sensitivity biologicalimaging.", "answer_prompt": "or Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The ATPase PINA is expressed at high levels under this stimulus. The DLMO response to this stimulus triggersPRC phase-advance. Some organisms occupy the epipelagic zone during diel vertical migration in responseto this exogenous stimulus. Phacelia is dependent on this stimulus for germination, and pitaya flowersonly bloom when it is present. A condition appearing under this stimulus is often the first symptom of retinitispigmentosa. A steady influx of sodium through certain cGMP-gated channels occurs under its namesake\"current\" and is reversed by activation of transducin by opsin. This phenomenon increases pineal gland secretionof melatonin, which stimulates sleep. For 10 points, name this phenomenon during which nocturnal animalsare active. ", "answer": "darkness [or synonyms of darkness, such as absence of light and scotopic conditions; or nighttime; or twilight; or day turning into night; or light turning into darkness; prompt on nocturnality, circadian rhythms, and sleep-wake cycle until \"exogenous\" is read; prompt on light/dark cycle]", "page": "Darkness", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122524, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147647, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 99], [100, 126], [127, 238], [239, 343], [344, 436], [437, 587], [588, 673], [674, 751]], "first_sentence": "The ATPase PINA is expressed at high levels under this stimulus.", "answer_prompt": "or synonyms of darkness, such as absence of light and scotopic conditions; or nighttime; or twilight; or day turning into night; or light turning into darkness; prompt on nocturnality, circadian rhythms, and sleep-wake cycle until \"exogenous\" is read; prompt on light/dark cycle", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel describes a novel he is writing, which features a love triangle on the planet Gazzaliin the year 3579. In this novel, the narrator finds videos of a porn star named Melinda while searching the protagonist'sapartment in Frankfurt for his green notebook. This novel includes a tape-recorded conversation inthe New Life Pastry Shop that ends with the assassination of the director of the Institute of Education. Duringthe performance of a play about \"My Fatherland\" in this novel, soldiers march onstage and fire into the crowd.The town where this novel is set is home to Blue, the radical lover of Ipek, and is plagued by the suicides ofgirls who are forced to remove their headscarves. For 10 points, name this novel about the poet Ka, by OrhanPamuk. ", "answer": "Snow [or Kar] ", "page": "Snow", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122523, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147648, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 278], [279, 434], [435, 551], [551, 710], [711, 775]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel describes a novel he is writing, which features a love triangle on the planet Gazzaliin the year 3579.", "answer_prompt": "or Kar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The most detailed account of this battle comes from a chronicle compiled by a mozarab. The winning side atthis battle lacked cavalry, causing the infantry to form a phalanx formation to counter the enemy's cavalry.Three years after this battle, its losing side looted Arles and successfully captured Avignon. A commander ofthe winning side at this battle was previously defeated at the Garonne River. Odo, the Duke of Aquitaine, assistedthe winning side at this battle, which surrounded the forces of Abd-al-Rahman (rock-MAHN). Followingthis battle, its winning commander was given the epithet \"Hammer\" after defeating Umayyad forces. For10 points, name this 732 battle in which Charles Martel stopped a major Muslim invasion of Gaul. ", "answer": "Battle of Tours [or Battle of Poitiers] ", "page": "Battle_of_Tours", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122522, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147649, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 214], [214, 308], [309, 400], [401, 527], [528, 634], [635, 734]], "first_sentence": "The most detailed account of this battle comes from a chronicle compiled by a mozarab.", "answer_prompt": "or Battle of Poitiers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These objects were stolen from the chimpanzees according to a myth from the Mali Empire. The Lembapeople believe that after the original Ark of the Covenant imploded, the Ten Commandments were housed inthe ngoma lungundu type of these objects. Red and black felt representing death and blood cover these objectsin the Akan and Ashanti cultures. Their bata type is used in Santeria, and the hourglass-shaped tama, or \"talking,\"kind uses tension cords to adjust pitch to resemble human speech. The dundun is often used in an ensemblewith a goblet type of these instruments called the djembe. These membranophones are frequentlymounted with cow or goat skin. For 10 points, name these percussion instruments beaten with namesakesticks.", "answer": " drums [or obvious equivalents; or ngoma, bata tama, dundun, or djembe until they are mentioned] ", "page": "Drum", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122521, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147650, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 243], [244, 291], [292, 344], [345, 491], [492, 589], [590, 655], [656, 732]], "first_sentence": "These objects were stolen from the chimpanzees according to a myth from the Mali Empire.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents; or ngoma, bata tama, dundun, or djembe until they are mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play describes how the moon has passed through a secret gateway while talking to a manhe calls \"ghostly one.\" In this play, a woman insults the protagonist by calling him a \"self-vaunted stem of theplantain\" and accuses him of eating the \"world's left-overs.\" This play's fourth scene opens with a band playing\"Rule Britannia\" as the Prince arrives at a masquerade. In this play, the main character tells the story of the\"Not-I bird\" to the praise-singer. After the body of the medical student Olunde is brought in rolled up in a matnear the end of this play, Simon Pilkings is unable to prevent Olunde's father from using his chains to stranglehimself. For 10 points, name this play in which Elesin must commit ritual suicide, written by Wole Soyinka. ", "answer": "Death and the King's Horseman ", "page": "Death_and_the_King's_Horseman", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122520, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147651, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [128, 278], [278, 385], [386, 475], [476, 673], [674, 772]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play describes how the moon has passed through a secret gateway while talking to a manhe calls \"ghostly one.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The maximum number of steps the Euclidean algorithm can take is asymptotically the natural log of n dividedby the natural log of this number. The worst case of Borel's theorem on rational approximation is fornumbers in an equivalence class with this one. The continued fraction expansion of this number consists entirelyof ones, and it is equal to twice the cosine of 36 degrees. This number and its negative appear in Binet'sformula for the nth Fibonacci number. This number is the length of a regular pentagon's diagonal divided byits side length. For 10 points, identify this number, equal to 1 plus the square root of 5 over two, often denotedby the Greek letter phi. ", "answer": " golden ratio [or golden mean; or obvious equivalents; or phi until it is read; or (1 + sqrt(5)) / 2 until it is read, prompt on 1.618033\u00c2\u2026] ", "page": "Golden_ratio", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122519, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147652, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 254], [255, 379], [380, 463], [464, 549], [550, 671]], "first_sentence": "The maximum number of steps the Euclidean algorithm can take is asymptotically the natural log of n dividedby the natural log of this number.", "answer_prompt": "or golden mean; or obvious equivalents; or phi until it is read; or (1 + sqrt(5)) / 2 until it is read, prompt on 1.618033\u00c2\u2026", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man wrote, \"Shakespeare was of us, Milton was for us,\" in a poem that laments, \"just for a handful of silver he leftus, just for a riband to stick in his coat,\" in reference to William Wordsworth. In another poem by this author, a \"girl witheager eyes and yellow hair\" waits for the speaker in a \"single little turret that remains on the plains.\" This poet of \"TheLost Leader\" also wrote a poem in which the speaker offers to show his interlocutor a bronze statue of Neptune cast byClaus of Innsbruck. That poem of his describes a woman who had \"a heart...too soon made glad\" memorialized in a portraitby Fra Pandolf. For 10 points, name this Victorian poet of \"Love among the Ruins\" and \"My Last Duchess.\"", "answer": "Robert Browning ", "page": "Robert_Browning", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122518, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147653, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [202, 351], [352, 506], [507, 622], [623, 711]], "first_sentence": "This man wrote, \"Shakespeare was of us, Milton was for us,\" in a poem that laments, \"just for a handful of silver he leftus, just for a riband to stick in his coat,\" in reference to William Wordsworth.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Kenneth Arrow and John Pratt developed a measure of how people react to this thing based on the ratio ofthe utility function's second derivative over its first derivative. Individuals whose behavior can be explained bya linear utility function are indifferent towards it. Beta is the ratio of this quantity for a specific asset over thisquantity of the entire market. Its price for a given portfolio is the expected excess return of the portfolio overits standard deviation. Frank Knight treated this quantity as something measurable to distinguish it from uncertainty.The variance of an asset's return is used to measure this thing, which treasury bonds are usually assumedto be free of. For 10 points, name this measure of how likely an investment is to fail. ", "answer": "risk [prompt on uncertainty; do not accept \"ambiguity\"] ", "page": "Risk", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122517, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147654, "tokenizations": [[0, 171], [172, 271], [272, 367], [368, 474], [475, 569], [569, 688], [689, 761]], "first_sentence": "Kenneth Arrow and John Pratt developed a measure of how people react to this thing based on the ratio ofthe utility function's second derivative over its first derivative.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on uncertainty; do not accept \"ambiguity\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sumner Welles resigned after his attempts to solicit sex from this company's workers were publicized. Employees of this company were addressed as \"George\" and were organized by C. L. Dellums. Robert Todd Lincoln served as president of this firm, and Solon Beman designed its company town. A union for this company's workers was led by a man who pressured FDR into passing Executive Order 9981 and directed the March on Washington. That man was Asa Philip Randolph. Richard Olney obtained an injunction against striking employees of this company during Grover Cleveland's presidency. This company faced a strike led by Eugene Debs. For 10 points, name this company which produced \"palace\" railroad cars.", "answer": "Pullman Palace Car Company", "page": "Pullman_Palace_Car_Company", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122516, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147655, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 191], [192, 288], [289, 430], [431, 464], [465, 582], [583, 630], [631, 702]], "first_sentence": "Sumner Welles resigned after his attempts to solicit sex from this company's workers were publicized.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "American artists such as Frederick Carl Frieseke, Theodore Earl Butler, and Willard Metcalf established anartists' colony in this place. A painting set in the woods near this location shows Blanche Hoschede at her easelwhile her sister Susanne reads. This location is the subject of a 42-foot wide triptych at the MoMA depictingthe \"reflection of clouds\" on a pond created by diverting the Epte river. This place is the setting of a set oftwelve views of a Japanese footbridge. An artist suffering from cataracts retreated to this place during the lastthirty years of his life and executed 250 paintings of Water Lilies. For 10 points, name this French communewhere Claude Monet maintained a garden. ", "answer": "Giverny [accept Monet's garden before \"commune\" is read] ", "page": "Giverny", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122515, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147656, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 224], [225, 250], [251, 401], [402, 477], [478, 620], [621, 665], [666, 699]], "first_sentence": "American artists such as Frederick Carl Frieseke, Theodore Earl Butler, and Willard Metcalf established anartists' colony in this place.", "answer_prompt": "accept Monet's garden before \"commune\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man opened one book by aligning his own views with Socrates listening to \"the old Protagoras\" and rebutting\"the so-called Sophist.\" This man described syllogisms as \"ratiocination\" in a text which laid out reasoning\"ratiocinative\" and \"inductive.\" In this man's simple theory of names, a name's meaning is merely thething it refers to and nothing more. After suffering a mental breakdown at age twenty from the prodigy trainingregimen of his philosopher father James, this thinker wrote A System of Logic, and collaborated with his loverHarriet Taylor on an 1869 text in favor of female equality. For 10 points, name this English author of The Subjectionof Women, whose major writings defended maximal liberty and utilitarianism. ", "answer": "John Stuart Mill", "page": "John_Stuart_Mill", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122514, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147657, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 252], [253, 357], [358, 601], [602, 734]], "first_sentence": "This man opened one book by aligning his own views with Socrates listening to \"the old Protagoras\" and rebutting\"the so-called Sophist.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Ships from this European country transported the German naturalist and historian Engelbert Kaempfer. Adoctor serving merchants from this country was discovered to possess secret maps and was exiled from Japanin the \"Siebold incident.\" Men from this country undertook annual \"court journeys\" and were referred to as\"Red-Haired Barbarians.\" Japanese scholars learned this country's language as part of the Rangaku movement.This country operated a trading post which was built by Portuguese merchants on the artificial island of Dejima.The VOC, this country's East India Company, had a limited presence in Japan during its isolationist period.For 10 points, name this country whose ships often traveled to Japan from Rotterdam.", "answer": "the Netherlands [or de Nederlanden; or Dutch Republic: or Holland] ", "page": "Netherlands", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122513, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147658, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 233], [233, 421], [421, 533], [533, 640], [640, 724]], "first_sentence": "Ships from this European country transported the German naturalist and historian Engelbert Kaempfer.", "answer_prompt": "or de Nederlanden; or Dutch Republic: or Holland", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this story, the protagonist wonders if women have minds or if they have \"just a little buzz like a bee in aglass jar.\" The narrator of this story imagines a family party complete with men in ice-cream suits and bowtiesafter another character tries to purchase herring snacks. In this story, the protagonist and his co-workerStokesie are captivated by a trio of women who are led by a girl nicknamed Queenie. This story concludeswhen Lengel chastises the three women for being barefoot and wearing bikinis, prompting Sammy to wonder\"how hard the world was going to be\" after quitting his job. For 10 points, name this short story set at a conveniencestore, written by John Updike. ", "answer": " \"A & P\" ", "page": "A&P_(short_story)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122512, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147659, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 278], [279, 410], [411, 594], [595, 682]], "first_sentence": "In this story, the protagonist wonders if women have minds or if they have \"just a little buzz like a bee in aglass jar.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sphagnum moss and peat cores are characteristic of palsas, structures that develop in areas unfavorable tothe formation of this layer. Aggradation of this layer around sandy sediments of drained lake bottoms formsconical hills topped by talik, a structure known as a pingo. Giant holes in this layer on the Yamal Peninsulahave created concern about methane release. This layer underlays the active layer, and the thermal offset is thedifference in the mean annual ground surface temperature and the temperature at the top of this layer. Collapseof this layer is associated with collapse-scar bogs, thermokarst lakes, and drunken trees. For 10 points,name this thick layer of soil that remains frozen year-round in cold climates. ", "answer": "permafrost [or permanent frost; prompt on perennially frozen ground or perennially cryotic ground] ", "page": "Permafrost", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122510, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147661, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 273], [274, 365], [366, 536], [537, 635], [636, 728]], "first_sentence": "Sphagnum moss and peat cores are characteristic of palsas, structures that develop in areas unfavorable tothe formation of this layer.", "answer_prompt": "or permanent frost; prompt on perennially frozen ground or perennially cryotic ground", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In both of these two countries, a football chant was co-opted into a slogan denouncing a politicalleader as a \"dickhead.\" The colloquial term \"little green men\" refers to masked soldiers in one of thesetwo countries armed with military equipment provided by the other. One of these two countries routinelydemonizes the far-right wing Right Sector party in the other. One of these two countries issued passportsto members of the secret police force (*) Berkut after it was dissolved by the other country. Both of these twocountries have been blamed for shooting down Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 during their ongoing war in the regionof Donbass. For 10 points, name these two countries whose relationship soured when one annexed Crimea fromthe other.", "answer": "Russia and Ukraine [or Russian Federation and Ukraine; or Rossiya and Ukrayina; accept answers listing the countries in either order]", "page": "DER", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122508, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147662, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 268], [269, 366], [367, 447], [448, 449], [449, 503], [504, 644], [645, 749]], "first_sentence": "In both of these two countries, a football chant was co-opted into a slogan denouncing a politicalleader as a \"dickhead.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Russian Federation and Ukraine; or Rossiya and Ukrayina; accept answers listing the countries in either order", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Madin-Darby canine cells from this organ are commonly used for vaccine manufacture. Drugs likeethacrynic acid and furosemide act on this organ to treat edema and hypertension. Foot processes linkpodocytes to this organ's basement membrane. Intercalated cells in this organ strongly express sodiumprotonantiporters. Calcium oxalate is the major component of a namesake (*) mineral concretion that formsin this organ. ADH stimulates this organ's collecting ducts to express aquaporins for osmoregulation.Countercurrent exchange in this organ through two tubules, an ascending limb, and the descending limb of the loopof Henle moderates glucose, sodium, and water concentration. For 10 points, name this organ whose nephronsfilter blood.", "answer": " kidneys [or glomerulus] ", "page": "Kidney", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122507, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147663, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 175], [176, 239], [240, 314], [315, 415], [416, 502], [502, 675], [676, 734]], "first_sentence": "Madin-Darby canine cells from this organ are commonly used for vaccine manufacture.", "answer_prompt": "or glomerulus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Edmund Morris wrote a semi-fictional biography of this man titled Dutch. This man signed the US'sfirst no-fault divorce law into law. This man asked \"Will [future generations] look back with appreciatedand say, 'Thank God for those people \u00c2\u2026 who headed off that loss of freedom?'\" in his \"A Time forChoosing\" speech. During a debate against an incumbent president, this man asked the audience, \"Areyou better off than you were four years ago?\" As president, this man defeated an (*) air traffic controllerstrike, launched Operation Urgent Fury against Grenada, and survived an assassination attempt from JohnHinckley. For 10 points, name this president who defeated Jimmy Carter to become president in the election of1980.", "answer": "Ronald Wilson Reagan", "page": "Ronald_Reagan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122506, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147664, "tokenizations": [[0, 72], [73, 133], [134, 316], [317, 443], [444, 617], [618, 722]], "first_sentence": "Edmund Morris wrote a semi-fictional biography of this man titled Dutch.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of a novel by this author receives a letter containing a $5000 bill, which he refers to as a\"portrait of Madison\". An affair with Linda Loring and threats from Mendy Menendez complicate the plotof a novel by this author in which the protagonist attempts to keep Roger Wade sober and eventuallylearns that Paul Marston and Terry Lennox are the same person. The blackmail efforts of Arthur Geigerprompt General Sternwood to hire the protagonist, who learns that Eddie (*) Mars helped Vivian Sternwoodconceal her sister Carmen's murder of Rusty Regan, in a novel by this author titled for a euphemism for death. For10 points, name this author of hardboiled novels like The Long Goodbye and The Big Sleep, which both star hisdetective Philip Marlowe.", "answer": "Raymond Chandler [or Raymond Thornton Chandler]", "page": "Raymond_Chandler", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122505, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147665, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 371], [372, 624], [625, 762]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of a novel by this author receives a letter containing a $5000 bill, which he refers to as a\"portrait of Madison\".", "answer_prompt": "or Raymond Thornton Chandler", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Haldane Mission attempted to curb the spending on these objects. Horace de Vere Colepretended to be part of a delegation from Abyssinia so that he and his friends, including Virginia Woolf,could visit one of these objects. This was the less common of the two objects that the country meeting the\"two-power standard\" built more of. Alfred von Tirpitz urged the construction of both the normal and (*)pocket type of these objects. A 5:5:3 ratio of these objects was fixed at the 1921-22 Washington Arms Conference.A generation of these objects known as \"dreadnoughts\" were revolutionary for their steam turbines and all-big-gunarmaments. For 10 points, name these vehicles that the Germans and British competed to build in an early 20thcentury naval arms race.", "answer": "battleships [prompt on ships; prompt on warships]", "page": "Battleships", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122504, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147666, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 226], [227, 334], [335, 432], [433, 516], [516, 639], [640, 762]], "first_sentence": "The Haldane Mission attempted to curb the spending on these objects.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on ships; prompt on warships", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One player of this instrument collaborated on the album At Basin Street with Clifford Brown. Anotherplayer of this instrument played on a duet with Sonny Rollins on the song The Surrey with the Fringe onTop. Two players of this instrument collaborated on an album that contains tracks of each of their\"blues\". In 1952, those two players \"battled\" at a Carnegie Hall concert. Another player of this instrumentrecorded the album (*) Moanin along with his Jazz Messengers. Played by Max Roach and Art Blakey, thisinstrument joins the piano and a bass in the normal lineup of a jazz trio. Players of this instrument frequently usethe hi-hat and sometimes use brushes. For ten points, name this instrument played by Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich,a percussion instrument. ", "answer": "drums [ or drum kit; prompt on percussion]", "page": "Drum", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122503, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147667, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 173], [174, 207], [208, 309], [310, 374], [375, 469], [470, 584], [585, 663], [664, 761]], "first_sentence": "One player of this instrument collaborated on the album At Basin Street with Clifford Brown.", "answer_prompt": "or drum kit; prompt on percussion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a character promotes healthy living with initiatives like Banish the Booze Week andBetter Babies Week. Joyce Lanyon enters a loveless marriage with this novel's main character before hemoves to Vermont at this book's end. A woman in this novel dies after smoking a half-finished cigarettewhile on St. Hubert. This novel's title character hosts a lunch to which he invites his two fiancees, ofwhom he eventually chooses a native of Wheatsylvania, North Dakota named (*) Leora Tozer. Theprotagonist of this book grows up in Elk Mills in the state of Winnemac, and discovers the X Principle whileworking with fellow scientists Terry Wickett and Max Gottlieb. For 10 points, name this novel by Sinclair Lewis,whose title character is a doctor named Martin.", "answer": "Arrowsmit", "page": "Arrowsmith_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122502, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147668, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 236], [237, 323], [324, 496], [497, 670], [671, 767]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a character promotes healthy living with initiatives like Banish the Booze Week andBetter Babies Week.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Cave of Ramban in this place is considered the final resting place of Nachmanides. In the birkathamazon, a set of blessings said after consuming bread, the third blessing concerns this place. TheTalmudic legend about Akiva being a \"lyre for all your songs\" inspired a popular song about this place\"of Gold.\" Many Passover services end with the participants singing the song (*) \"Next Year in\" this place.A pair of historical tragedies in this city is remembered on the Ninth of Av. Its \"Old City\" includes a popular site oflamentation, the Western Wall, as well as the Temple Mount, the place where the Tabernacle was kept within theHoly of Holies. For 10 points, name this city where many Jews believe a Third Temple will be built in end times. ", "answer": " Jerusalem [or Yerushalayim; or Old City until mentioned; accept Upper Kidron Valley until \"this city\" is read; accept Wadi al-Joz until \"this city\" is read] ", "page": "Jerusalem", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122501, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147669, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 195], [196, 311], [312, 381], [382, 408], [408, 485], [486, 652], [653, 749]], "first_sentence": "The Cave of Ramban in this place is considered the final resting place of Nachmanides.", "answer_prompt": "or Yerushalayim; or Old City until mentioned; accept Upper Kidron Valley until \"this city\" is read; accept Wadi al-Joz until \"this city\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Frank Ramsey translated this book into English at Cambridge while its author was allegedly twistingkids' ears as a provincial schoolteacher. According to this book, facts can be combined into a \"picture\"which has a \"representing relation\" to reality, though the limits of one's language are the limits of one'sworld. This book's author later rejected that theory in favor of a \"family resemblances\" theory of meaning.This book, which inspired the pro-science (*) Vienna Circle, has a title paralleling a book on religion by BaruchSpinoza. It starts by asserting \"The world is everything that is the case\" and ends \"What we cannot speak of, wemust pass over in silence.\" For 10 points, name this attempt to solve all of philosophy, a short early work by LudwigWittgenstein. ", "answer": "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus [prompt on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus] ", "page": "Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122500, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147670, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 316], [317, 417], [417, 538], [539, 668], [668, 772]], "first_sentence": "Frank Ramsey translated this book into English at Cambridge while its author was allegedly twistingkids' ears as a provincial schoolteacher.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Getty Museum contains a portrait study by this artist of a model from Santo Domingo namedJoseph with upturned eyes. During a trip to Rome, he painted a nude man holding back a terrified horsebefore it takes off down the Corso. The psychiatrist \u00c3\u2030tienne-Jean Georget commissioned him to makePortrait of a Kleptomaniac, for which this artist visited an (*) insane asylum. In another painting, a militaryofficer is seated almost completely turned around on his rearing horse, and brandishes a curved sword. This artist ofRace of the Riderless Horses and The Charging Chasseur also painted a black man standing atop a human pyramid andwaving a rag to attract a distant ship. For 10 points, name this French painter of The Raft of the Medusa.", "answer": "Jean Louis Theodore Gericault", "page": "Th\u00e9odore_G\u00e9ricault", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122499, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147671, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 230], [231, 372], [373, 506], [507, 673], [674, 740]], "first_sentence": "The Getty Museum contains a portrait study by this artist of a model from Santo Domingo namedJoseph with upturned eyes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In statistical mechanics, the expected number of these particles in a given state is inverselyproportional to an exponential weight minus one. Composite particles that belong to this general class arethe basis for the BCS theory of superconductivity. These particles leave the sign of the wavefunctionunchanged upon particle exchange and include (*) Cooper pairs. They do not obey the Pauli exclusionprinciple because they obey a set of statistics named for their namesake and Einstein. Photons are an example of the\"gauge\" type of these particles that have integer spin. For 10 points, name this particle whose Higgs type wasdiscovered at the Large Hadron Collider.", "answer": "bosons", "page": "Boson", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122498, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147672, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 196], [197, 250], [251, 363], [364, 486], [487, 571], [572, 666]], "first_sentence": "In statistical mechanics, the expected number of these particles in a given state is inverselyproportional to an exponential weight minus one.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The lands belonging to these people were partitioned during a period known as \"The Ruin.\" Thesepeople formed a vassal state after rebelling against the rule of foreign magnates in the KhmelnytskyUprising, which marked the beginning of The Deluge. The words \"Volga, Volga\" begin a popular folksong about a leader of these people named Stenka Razin. These people formed a (*) \"hetmanate\" called theZaporizhian host. One of their leaders impersonated Peter III and led a 1773 rebellion against Catherine the Great.Yemelyan Pugachev was a member of these people, many of whom lived around the Don or Dnieper River. For 10points, name these nomadic warrior people who alternately rebelled against or fought for Russia.", "answer": "Cossacks", "page": "Cossacks", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122497, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147673, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 246], [247, 347], [348, 413], [414, 511], [511, 610], [611, 713]], "first_sentence": "The lands belonging to these people were partitioned during a period known as \"The Ruin.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one work by this man, a judge named Bridoye reveals that he has always doled out sentences byrolling dice. This author was said to have employed the trope of the \"grotesque body\" to critique the warsof his time in a Mikhail Bakhtin study named after this man \"and his world\". Another of this man'scharacters determines whether or not he should get married by making a journey to (*) Bacbuc, where he istold to \"drink!\" One of this author's title characters builds a religious institution which has the motto \"Do whatthou wilt\". This author satirized contemporary religion by creating the Oracle of the Holy Bottle and the Abbey ofTheleme in a series of satirical novels named for two giants. For 10 points, name this French creator of Gargantuaand Pantagruel.", "answer": "Francois Rabelais [or Alcofribas Nasier] ", "page": "Fran\u00e7ois_Rabelais", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122496, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147674, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 278], [279, 421], [422, 530], [531, 694], [695, 762]], "first_sentence": "In one work by this man, a judge named Bridoye reveals that he has always doled out sentences byrolling dice.", "answer_prompt": "or Alcofribas Nasier", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The most common region used in animal DNA barcoding is a stretch of 600 base pairs encoding asubunit of one of these proteins. After being released into the cytoplasm, one of these proteins binds toApaf-1, initiating the instrinsic apoptosis pathway. In phase I of drug metabolism, polar groups areintroduced to chemicals by the P450 oxidase type of these proteins. One of these proteins in the thylakoidmembrane transfers electrons between (*) photosystems II and I. One of these proteins gets reduced by theoxidation of coenzyme Q in Complex III, and four of them each transfer an electron to one oxygen molecule tomake water in Complex IV. For 10 points, name these heme-containing proteins whose \"c\" variety plays a key rolein the electron transport chain.", "answer": "cytochromes [accept cytochrome c oxidase; accept cytochrome b6f; accept cytochrome bc1] ", "page": "Cytochromes", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122495, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147675, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 250], [251, 365], [366, 642], [643, 760]], "first_sentence": "The most common region used in animal DNA barcoding is a stretch of 600 base pairs encoding asubunit of one of these proteins.", "answer_prompt": "accept cytochrome c oxidase; accept cytochrome b6f; accept cytochrome bc1", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A prominent visitor center in this region is named for Ernest Coe, whose advocacy for this regionalienated pretty much everyone. The Bear Lake Mounds are in this ecological region, where humans builtthe Mud Lake Canal between 750 and 1200 AD. HM-69, a Nike Hercules Missile base, is located in thisregion. The Calusa people once inhabited this region which is cut through by the (*) Tamiami Trail. MarjoryStoneman Douglas advocated for saving this region, which is afflicted by invasive species such as the melaleuca treeand the Burmese python. It held an early ballistic anti-nuke system to defend against the Cuban nuclear threats. Forten points, name this so-called \"River of Grass,\" a protected wetlands between Lake Okeechobee and Biscayne Bayin southern Florida.", "answer": " Florida Everglades [or Everglades National Park; prompt on \"Florida\"] ", "page": "Florida_Everglades", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122494, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147676, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 217], [218, 242], [243, 305], [306, 397], [398, 544], [545, 633], [634, 768]], "first_sentence": "A prominent visitor center in this region is named for Ernest Coe, whose advocacy for this regionalienated pretty much everyone.", "answer_prompt": "or Everglades National Park; prompt on \"Florida\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In China, statues of this animal often appear as the pedestal of monuments like the Nestorian Stele.According to legend, a golden one of these animals took a sword called Heaven's Will back fromVietnamese freedom fighter Le Loi. Objects named for this animal were used in a \"crane formation\" towin the Battle of Hansan Island and the Battle of Sacheon during the Imjin War. Admiral Yi invented thattype of (*) vessel named for this animal, which was used to thwart Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempted invasion of theJoseon kingdom. Along with ox scapulae, a notable part of these animals were inscribed with questions then heatedto make oracle bones. For 10 points, name these animals, which name a sort of Korean ship with a shelled exterior.", "answer": "turtles [or tortoises; or bixi] ", "page": "Turtles", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122493, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147677, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [100, 228], [229, 373], [374, 526], [527, 645], [646, 738]], "first_sentence": "In China, statues of this animal often appear as the pedestal of monuments like the Nestorian Stele.", "answer_prompt": "or tortoises; or bixi", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a short story in which Mr. Swaffer gives a house to the title character and her husband Yanko Goorall, the latter of whom calls out for water in his native tongue and is abandoned before his death. In another of his stories, a captain decides to help the deserter Leggatt escape from the HMS Sephora. Another character created by this author describes his trip to a \"whited sepulchre\" to accept a job from the (*) Company to replace Fresleven. This author wrote a book about a journey made to the Central Station that is part of a framed narrative told on board the Nellie. For 10 points, name this Polish-born British author of the short stories \"Amy Foster\" and \"The Secret Sharer\" who wrote about Marlow's search for Kurtz in Heart of Darkness.", "answer": "Joseph Conrad [or Josef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski]", "page": "Joseph_Conrad", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122492, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147678, "tokenizations": [[0, 215], [216, 318], [319, 461], [462, 591], [592, 765]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a short story in which Mr. Swaffer gives a house to the title character and her husband Yanko Goorall, the latter of whom calls out for water in his native tongue and is abandoned before his death.", "answer_prompt": "or Josef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This deity transforms Nyctimene, who had been raped by her father, into a symbolic animal. During theGigantomachy, this deity hurls the island of Sicily at the fleeing Enceladus. This deity gives Heracles aHephaestus-crafted rattle with which to frighten the Stymphalian Birds. This deity assists Telemachus inthe disguise of Mentor. According to Ovid, this goddess angrily tears up the winning (*) tapestry ofArachne before turning her into a spider. She is born after her mother is turned into a fly and swallowed by Zeus,who suffers an enormous headache and calls for Hephaestus to cleave his skull, from which this goddess emergesfully armed. For 10 points, name this daughter of Metis and Zeus, the martial Olympian goddess of wisdom.", "answer": " Athena [or Minerva; or Athene; or Pallas Athena] ", "page": "Athena", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122491, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147679, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 178], [179, 277], [278, 333], [334, 451], [452, 646], [647, 739]], "first_sentence": "This deity transforms Nyctimene, who had been raped by her father, into a symbolic animal.", "answer_prompt": "or Minerva; or Athene; or Pallas Athena", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A body movement called \"arc de cercle\" affected people diagnosed with this condition by Jean-MartinCharcot. The idea of pressing a doctor's thumb to the patient's forehead to relieve this condition wasrelayed in a text co-written by Josef Breuer. In the late 19th century, physicians like George Taylor inducedwhat they called \"paroxysm\" to treat this condition, often using mechanical (*) vibrators. BerthaPappenheim, known as \"Anna O,\" was the main case study in Sigmund Freud's 1896 Studies on this disorder. TheGreek-derived name for this condition reflects the ancient view that it stemmed from an internally-wanderinguterus. For 10 points, name this now-discredited mental diagnosis usually given to women, whose purported \"mass\"form causes society-wide panic.", "answer": "hysteria [or conversion disorder]", "page": "Hysteria", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122490, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147680, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 246], [247, 400], [401, 511], [512, 630], [631, 766]], "first_sentence": "A body movement called \"arc de cercle\" affected people diagnosed with this condition by Jean-MartinCharcot.", "answer_prompt": "or conversion disorder", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This event largely did not affect institutions which belonged to the Suffolk system. A cartoon depicting \"The Times\" of this event shows a shining hat subtitled \"GLORY\" in the sky above a city street. During this event, thousands of New Yorkers attacked hoarding merchants in the Flour Riots. This event inspired the unsuccessful Divorce Bill and the narrowly-passed Independent Treasury Act. This event is often blamed on an order issued by Levi Woodbury which prevented (*)) public lands from being bought with\"wildcat currency.\" This event was partly caused by the Specie Circular and by the credit policies of \"pet banks.\" For 10 points, name this economic crisis, a financial panic that began in the first year of Martin Van Buren's term.", "answer": "Panic of 1837", "page": "Panic_of_1837", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122489, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147681, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 200], [201, 292], [293, 392], [393, 476], [477, 530], [530, 531], [532, 626], [627, 743]], "first_sentence": "This event largely did not affect institutions which belonged to the Suffolk system.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An unfinished piece by this composer contains a central \"Purgatorio\" movement surrounded by twoscherzos. Another of his pieces ends with an alto or baritone repeating \"Ewig\u00c2\u2026 ewig\" (ay-vig), or\"Forever\u00c2\u2026 forever.\" The opening adagio was the only movement of his tenth symphony that he fullyorchestrated before his death. Leonard Bernstein was the first to record the complete set of thiscomposer's symphonies and song cycles, one of which opens with \"The (*) Drinking Song of Earth'sMisery.\" This composer's eighth symphony sets the hymn \"Veni Creator Spiritus\" in the first part and the finalefrom Goethe's Faust in the second, and is nicknamed for the many musicians required. For 10 points, name thiscomposer of Das Lied von der Erde and the \"Symphony of a Thousand.\"", "answer": "Gustav Mahler ", "page": "Gustav_Mahler", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122488, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147682, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 210], [210, 211], [212, 318], [319, 489], [490, 676], [677, 768]], "first_sentence": "An unfinished piece by this composer contains a central \"Purgatorio\" movement surrounded by twoscherzos.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Nusselt film theory describes this process. The working fluid undergoes this process after it is turbined,before it is pumped, in a Rankine cycle. An exit stream undergoes this process, and then a recycle, duringreflux. This process shares its name with a method of polymerization contrasted with addition. Coldfingers are used to effect this process, which often occurs in glassware named for (*) Liebig. Silver iodideserves as a nucleus for this process to occur during cloud seeding. This process begins to happen as temperaturedips below the dew point. This process occurs in the tube leading to the receiving flask in a distillation. Thisexothermic process is the inverse of vaporization. For 10 points, name this process in which a vapor is convertedinto a liquid.", "answer": "condensation [or condensation polymerization; prompt on cooling or subcooling or supercooling]", "page": "Condensation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122487, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147683, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 219], [220, 306], [307, 405], [406, 486], [487, 556], [557, 638], [639, 693], [694, 770]], "first_sentence": "Nusselt film theory describes this process. The working fluid undergoes this process after it is turbined,before it is pumped, in a Rankine cycle.", "answer_prompt": "or condensation polymerization; prompt on cooling or subcooling or supercooling", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "At the end of this novel, the protagonist thinks \"Zero hour...time to go\" after habitually checking hisbroken watch. A flashback describes how its protagonist's father pursues a relationship with the lab techRamona after the protagonist's mother Sharon abandoned him, taking his pet rakunk Killer. In a narrativethread of this novel, the protagonist travels from the \"pleeblands\" to the ruins of Paradice. A character inthis novel who attends the Watson-Crick Institute and gets a job with (*) RejoovenEsense took his nicknamefrom the game Extinctathon. This novel's sequel in the MaddAddam trilogy is The Year of the Flood. For 10 points,name this 2003 novel in which Snowman's flashbacks detail his pre-apocalypse life with the two title characters, byMargaret Atwood.", "answer": "Oryx and Crake", "page": "Oryx_and_Crake", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122486, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147684, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 297], [298, 405], [406, 491], [491, 553], [554, 624], [625, 770]], "first_sentence": "At the end of this novel, the protagonist thinks \"Zero hour...time to go\" after habitually checking hisbroken watch.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the worst case, this function is the tight asymptotic lower bound of the median of medians algorithmto select the kth largest element. For a word size of k, the worst case performance of radix sort is big O ofk times this function with respect to the elements being sorted. Searching an unbalanced binary searchtree has a worst case runtime tightly bounded by this function. This function is the best case timecomplexity of (*) bubble sort. Algorithms that traverse from the first to last element in a singly linked list withouta tail pointer and ones that iterate through a one-dimensional array in a for loop are bounded by this function. For10 points, name this function that dominates algorithms that run in Big O of n time.", "answer": " linear function [or linear time; or Big O of n until it is read] ", "page": "Linear_function", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122485, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147685, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 276], [277, 377], [378, 443], [444, 643], [644, 731]], "first_sentence": "In the worst case, this function is the tight asymptotic lower bound of the median of medians algorithmto select the kth largest element.", "answer_prompt": "or linear time; or Big O of n until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man supposedly made a bet with the Earl of Lonsdale that Harry Bensley couldn't travel aroundthe world pushing a baby carriage and wearing a knight's helmet. This man gave Edward S. Curtis 60,000dollars to finance The North American Indian ethno-photography project. Edward Clark Potter sculptedmane-less lions for this man's library on Madison Avenue and East 36th Street, New York. This co-ownerof the White Star Line (*) merged the Thomas-Houston Company with one founded by Thomas Edison to formGeneral Electric. This American-born man lent the US 65 million dollars to halt the Panic of 1893, and establishedthe first billion dollar company via a merger that created US Steel. For 10 points, name this financier whosenamesake bank merged with Chase Manhattan in 2000. ", "answer": "John Pierpont Morgan ", "page": "J._P._Morgan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122483, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147686, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 271], [272, 388], [389, 404], [405, 424], [425, 521], [522, 686], [687, 777]], "first_sentence": "This man supposedly made a bet with the Earl of Lonsdale that Harry Bensley couldn't travel aroundthe world pushing a baby carriage and wearing a knight's helmet.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In an experiment at this location, the first-ever SCRAM mechanism, a vat of cadmium solution, wasintroduced. The actual goal of that experiment at this location was to determine the reproduction factor inthe four-factor formula. A giant square balloon surrounded the apparatus of that experiment at thislocation in order to remove all air. That experiment at this location was overseen by Arthur Compton, headof the Metallurgical Laboratory. That experiment at this location used 57 layers of a (*) graphite cubic latticefor deceleration and was conducted underneath a football field, on an abandoned squash court. For 10 points, namethis university where a 1942 experiment led by Enrico Fermi produced the world's first self-sustained nuclearreaction.", "answer": "University of Chicago [prompt on UC; prompt on Illinois until \"university\" is read] ", "page": "University_of_Chicago", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122482, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147687, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 228], [229, 339], [340, 441], [442, 494], [495, 614], [615, 752]], "first_sentence": "In an experiment at this location, the first-ever SCRAM mechanism, a vat of cadmium solution, wasintroduced.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on UC; prompt on Illinois until \"university\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's narrators stumbles upon a broken device labeled with \"hot\" and \"cold\" switches and surmises that it contained strong magic. That character from a short story by this author is told to avoid the \"Dead Places\" where ruined monuments to the god \"ASHING\" lie. Jack Ellyat and Clay Wingate join different armies in an (*) epic poem by this man that depicts its title character's trial in Charles Town. One of this author's title characters is told \"some will call you Ichabod\" in a story that includes Judge Hathorne among a set of jurors. In that story, Jabez Stone is successfully acquitted despite breaking his contract with Mr. Scratch. For 10 points, name this author of \"By the Waters of Babylon\", John Brown's Body, and \"The Devil and Daniel Webster\".", "answer": "Stephen Vincent Benet", "page": "Stephen_Vincent_Ben\u00e9t", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122481, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147688, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 276], [277, 417], [418, 555], [556, 656], [657, 774]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's narrators stumbles upon a broken device labeled with \"hot\" and \"cold\" switches and surmises that it contained strong magic.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This ruler fired his foreign minister, the Duke of Choiseul, for supporting Spain during the FalklandsCrisis. This man supported his father-in-law Stanislaw I during the War of the Polish Succession. Hisforces temporarily captured the Austrian Netherlands after Maurice de Saxe won the Battle of Fontenoy,but he gave up these gains in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This king aligned his country with Austriaduring the (*) Diplomatic Revolution, which occurred a mere decade after his country had allied with Prussia inthe War of the Austrian Succession. Madame Pompadour was a long-time mistress of this king. For 10 points, namethis French king who lost his North American territories after the French and Indian War, and was the grandson ofthe previous \"Sun\" king.", "answer": "Louis XV [prompt on Louis]", "page": "Louis_XV_of_France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122480, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147689, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 199], [200, 365], [366, 554], [555, 610], [611, 767]], "first_sentence": "This ruler fired his foreign minister, the Duke of Choiseul, for supporting Spain during the FalklandsCrisis.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Louis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The composer of this piece re-used the music from his earlier duet \"No, di voi non vo fidarmi\" in onemovement. In Mozart's re-orchestration of this piece, a difficult clarino trumpet solo is transferred to thehorn. The first choral movement of this piece closes with a plagal cadence on the words \"hath spoken it.\"This piece includes an instrumental Pifa interlude which is sometimes referred to as a (*) \"PastoralSymphony.\" The first aria in this piece promises to make \"The crooked straight and the rough pieces plane\" and istitled \"Every Valley Shall Be Exalted.\" Part 3 of this work opens with the soprano aria \"I know that my redeemerliveth.\" For 10 points, name this oratorio by George Frideric Handel which includes the \"Hallelujah Chorus.\"", "answer": "Messiah", "page": "Messiah", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122479, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147690, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 214], [215, 313], [313, 318], [319, 424], [425, 565], [565, 566], [567, 646], [646, 647], [648, 747]], "first_sentence": "The composer of this piece re-used the music from his earlier duet \"No, di voi non vo fidarmi\" in onemovement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "John Clarke helped secure the royal charter for the colony based in this modern-day state. Six of its colonial governors, including \"Judge\" William Coddington, are buried in its Coddington Cemetery. John Sullivan failed to expel the British from this state in the first combined Franco-American operation in the Revolutionary War. Canochet's Fort was in this modern-day state where Josiah Winslow won the GreatSwamp Fight. A less famous John Brown sunk the (*) Gaspee off of this state's coast. In this last of the original thirteen colonies to ratify the Constitution, a haven for Antinomians was established by Anne Hutchinson. For 10 points, name this state where Roger Williams set up a refuge for religious dissidents in Providence.", "answer": "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", "page": "Rhode_Island", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122478, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147691, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 198], [199, 330], [331, 422], [423, 452], [453, 494], [495, 629], [630, 737]], "first_sentence": "John Clarke helped secure the royal charter for the colony based in this modern-day state.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A literary character from this country poisons her devoutly-Catholic father Eugene after falling in love with the young priest Father Amadi. That character's creator is an author born in this country whose most recent novel is about two lovers, one of whom writes a blog partly titled \"Raceteenth\". Another literary work set in this country opens with a scene in which the protagonist tells the story of the \"Not-I Bird\" to the (*) Praise-Singer. The author of Purple Hibiscus and Americanah is from this country, which is the setting of a play in which Simon Pilkings attempts to prevent the ritual suicide of Elesin Oba. For 10 points, name this African nation, the birthplace of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the playwright of Death and the King's Horseman, Wole Soyinka.", "answer": "Nigeria [or Federal Republic of Nigeria or British Nigeria]", "page": "Nigeria", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122477, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147692, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 298], [299, 446], [447, 622], [623, 773]], "first_sentence": "A literary character from this country poisons her devoutly-Catholic father Eugene after falling in love with the young priest Father Amadi.", "answer_prompt": "or Federal Republic of Nigeria or British Nigeria", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A version of this architectural style that developed in America includes the Buffalo State Asylum andBoston's Trinity Church and is named for H.H. Richardson. Fontenay Abbey and other early Cistercianbuildings were created in this style, as were Pisa Cathedral and its leaning tower. The Byzantine style inWestern Europe began transforming into this one with buildings like Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in(*) Aachen. In England, this style is called \"Norman\" and includes the since-replaced original Westminster Abbeyand the still-extant Tower of London. The successor to this style replaced its round arches with pointed ones. For10 points, name this European architectural style that preceded the Gothic.", "answer": "Romanesque [accept Norman until it is read]", "page": "Romanesque_architecture", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122476, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147693, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 283], [284, 417], [418, 555], [556, 628], [629, 707]], "first_sentence": "A version of this architectural style that developed in America includes the Buffalo State Asylum andBoston's Trinity Church and is named for H.H. Richardson.", "answer_prompt": "accept Norman until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The economic independence of women was one of several links to this group's more ancient pastelucidated by the sociologist Melville Herskovits. John Howard Griffin went undercover to study thesepeople. The phrase \"blaming the victim\" was coined in a response to a Daniel Patrick Moynihan reporton these people that critiqued the \"tangled pathology\" of their family structures. A book on these peopleconcludes with a section on (*) \"sorrow songs\"; that same book explores the \"double-consciousness\" thesepeople face behind \"the veil\" when the \"doors of Opportunity [are] closed roughly in his face\". For 10 points, namethis group of people, whose \"Souls\" are discussed in a book by W. E. B. Du Bois and were often subject to JimCrow Laws after the Civil War.", "answer": "African Americans [or black people; or Negroes; or black folk; accept Africans or Haitians until \"John\"; prompt on Americans]", "page": "African_Americans", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122475, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147694, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 201], [202, 376], [377, 598], [599, 757]], "first_sentence": "The economic independence of women was one of several links to this group's more ancient pastelucidated by the sociologist Melville Herskovits.", "answer_prompt": "or black people; or Negroes; or black folk; accept Africans or Haitians until \"John\"; prompt on Americans", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This force names the cross-terms composed of the product of two different generalized coordinates inthe Euler-Lagrange equations. This force stabilizes the fourth and fifth Lagrange points. It opposespressure in geostrophic flow. Because this force always acts perpendicular to the velocity of the bob at theend of (*) Foucault's pendulum, it does no work on the bob. The magnitude of this force is given as two times thecross product of an angular velocity and a linear velocity. The namesake coefficient of this force is proportional tothe sine of the latitude and the rotation rate of Earth. It explains why a ball thrown from a carousel appears todeflect, depending on the hemisphere. For 10 points, name this fictitious force seen in rotating reference frames.", "answer": "Coriolis force [or the Coriolis effect]", "page": "Coriolis_force", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122474, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147695, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 189], [190, 229], [230, 314], [315, 316], [316, 367], [368, 480], [481, 594], [595, 688], [689, 765]], "first_sentence": "This force names the cross-terms composed of the product of two different generalized coordinates inthe Euler-Lagrange equations.", "answer_prompt": "or the Coriolis effect", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the Iliad, these people are called antianeirai, (AN tee ah nay rai) and Priam tells Helen about whenhe helped King Mygdon defend Phrygia against an attack by them. Heracles reaches a cordial, but shortlivedagreement with a leader of these people aboard a ship, because Hera spread a rumor that Heracleswas trying to abduct that leader. After killing one of these people and mocking the corpse, Achillesremoves the helmet and feels (*) remorse. These people annually mate with the Gargareans so their race doesn'tdie out, and they improve their archery by cutting off their right breast. A queen whose girdle is taken by Heracles,named Hippolyta, rules these people. For 10 points, name these warrior women in Greek mythology.", "answer": "Amazons [prompt on women] ", "page": "Amazons", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122473, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147696, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 338], [339, 446], [447, 589], [590, 668], [669, 728]], "first_sentence": "In the Iliad, these people are called antianeirai, (AN tee ah nay rai) and Priam tells Helen about whenhe helped King Mygdon defend Phrygia against an attack by them.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on women", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel by this author, notes taken by Dr. Bormenthal relate the history of a character who adoptsthe worldview of the housing committee leader Shvonder after encountering Dr. Preobrazhensky. In ascene from another of his novels, a crowd of women are left standing in their underwear after the clothingthey were given during a magic show disappears. In another of his novels, Ivan (*) Bezdomny is sent to anasylum, where he meets an author who is told \"manuscripts don't burn\" after he is handed a copy of his own novelabout Yeshua Ha-Notsri and Pontius Pilate. In that novel, Azazello and the talking cat Behemoth are among theretinue of Professor Woland, who is Satan in disguise. For 10 points, name this author of Heart of a Dog and TheMaster and Margarita.", "answer": "Mikhail Bulgakov [or Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov]", "page": "Mikhail_Bulgakov", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122472, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147697, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 352], [353, 564], [565, 685], [686, 764]], "first_sentence": "In a novel by this author, notes taken by Dr. Bormenthal relate the history of a character who adoptsthe worldview of the housing committee leader Shvonder after encountering Dr. Preobrazhensky.", "answer_prompt": "or Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A writing system for people of this ethnicity was developed by Erdeni. who was patronized by a leaderwho declared his \"Seven Grievances to Heaven.\" A monarch of this ethnicity put down the Revolt of theThree Feudatories and names a massive dictionary with over 40,000 entries. A leader of this ethnicity usedflags to organize his troops as part of the Eight Banner System. These people forced all males to adopttheir distinctive (*) hairstyle of a long pigtail down the back of the head, the queue. These people were unitedunder Nurhaci. The long-reining Kangxi Emperor belonged to this ethnicity. The namesake home of these peoplewas invaded following the Mukden Incident and was ruled Puyi, a puppet for the Japanese. For 10 points, namethese people who ruled China during the Qing dynasty.", "answer": "Manchu people [or Manzu or Manju; or Jurchens; prompt on Chinese; do not accept or prompt on \"Qing people\"]", "page": "Manchu_people", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122471, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147698, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 147], [148, 276], [277, 372], [373, 498], [499, 537], [538, 597], [598, 719], [720, 792]], "first_sentence": "A writing system for people of this ethnicity was developed by Erdeni.", "answer_prompt": "or Manzu or Manju; or Jurchens; prompt on Chinese; do not accept or prompt on \"Qing people\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "TPHA and FTA-ABS may be supported by a form of this technique to detect Treponema pallidum, thecausative agent of syphilis. Biological samples are stabilized by cryofixation prior to undergoing a form ofthis technique. DAPI staining is performed before a kind of this technique that takes advantage ofimmunofluorescence. Live cell imaging uses a form of this technique incorporating time-lapsephotography. Antonie van (*) Leeuwenhoek popularized this technique, as did the coiner of the word \"cell,\"Robert Hooke. In a simple form of this technique, a drop of sample is placed on a slide then covered with acoverslip. For 10 points, name this technique that comes in fluorescent, electron, and light varieties, whichmagnifies biological objects too small to see.", "answer": "microscopy [accept word forms; or electron microscopy; or EM; or fluorescent microscopy; or light microscopy; or dark-field microscopy]", "page": "Electron_microscopy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122470, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147699, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 218], [219, 320], [321, 405], [406, 417], [418, 512], [513, 616], [617, 761]], "first_sentence": "TPHA and FTA-ABS may be supported by a form of this technique to detect Treponema pallidum, thecausative agent of syphilis.", "answer_prompt": "accept word forms; or electron microscopy; or EM; or fluorescent microscopy; or light microscopy; or dark-field microscopy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these events unfolded after the newspaper Bessarabetz published a story about a girl whocommitted suicide in a hospital. The Black Hundreds enthusiastically participated in these events. In hisbook Two Hundred Years Together, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn controversially asserts that these events arosespontaneously, and Nikolai Ignatyev claimed that reducing them was the aim of passing the (*) MayLaws. They happened in Kishinev in 1903 and in Odessa multiple times, and were especially common in the Pale ofSettlement during the reign of Alexander III. These events were often sparked by allegations of blood libel, whereinthe targets supposedly used Christian blood to bake Passover bread. For 10 points, name these organized massacresof Jews.", "answer": "Russian pogroms [accept things like killing Jews or violence against Jews until the end]", "page": "Russian_pogroms", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122469, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147700, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 193], [194, 405], [406, 556], [557, 694], [695, 748]], "first_sentence": "One of these events unfolded after the newspaper Bessarabetz published a story about a girl whocommitted suicide in a hospital.", "answer_prompt": "accept things like killing Jews or violence against Jews until the end", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Nitroso or nitrone compounds \"trap\" this quantity by forming an adduct measured in EPRspectroscopy. This quantity is high for octahedral complexes with low splitting energy. Coupling of thisquantity makes doublets and triplets with peak ratios given by Pascal's triangle. This quantity allowsmolecular orbitals to be antisymmetric. In NMR, a magnetic field (*) \"flips\" this quantity. Hund's rule ofmaximum multiplicity says that atoms maximize the total amount of this quantity. A single-barbed arrow representsthis vector quantity in configuration diagrams. Two electrons in the same orbital must have the opposite value forthis quantity by the Pauli exclusion principle. For 10 points, name this measure of intrinsic angular momentum.", "answer": "spin [do not accept or prompt on \"angular momentum\"]", "page": "Spin_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122468, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147701, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 173], [174, 271], [272, 331], [332, 383], [384, 478], [479, 558], [559, 672], [673, 736]], "first_sentence": "Nitroso or nitrone compounds \"trap\" this quantity by forming an adduct measured in EPRspectroscopy.", "answer_prompt": "do not accept or prompt on \"angular momentum\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character is deeply affected by the performance of a barbershop quartet called the Four-EyedBastards at his eighteenth anniversary party. He has a vision of \"Adam and Eve in the golden depths\"while staring at a pair of boots taken from Roland Weary, who later convinces Paul Lazzaro to kill thischaracter. This character attends the Ilium School of Optometry and marries Valencia Merble after he isreleased from the mental hospital where (*) Eliot Rosewater introduces him to the novels of Kilgore Trout, andhe has a child with Montana Wildhack after being abducted by aliens from Tralfamadore. For 10 points, name thischaracter who survives the firebombing of Dresden and becomes \"unstuck in time\", the protagonist of KurtVonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five.", "answer": "Billy Pilgrim [accept either underlined portion] ", "page": "Billy_Pilgrim", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122467, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147702, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 310], [311, 599], [600, 759]], "first_sentence": "This character is deeply affected by the performance of a barbershop quartet called the Four-EyedBastards at his eighteenth anniversary party.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "To protect the Iazyges, this emperor ordered the construction of a fortification system called the Devil'sDykes. One of the best examples of spolia, or the reusing of earlier sculptural reliefs, is this emperor'striumphal arch next to the Colosseum. For unclear reasons, this man ordered his wife Fausta to besuffocated in an overheated bath. At the battle of Chrysopolis, this ruler, the first to use the (*) labarum,prevailed over his rival Licinius. This man gazed skyward and saw the phrase \"In this sign, you shall conquer,\"inspiring him to adopt the Chi-Rho standard to victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This manbuilt his new capital on the site of ancient Byzantium. For 10 points, name this first Christian Roman emperor.", "answer": "Constantine the Great [or Constantine I; or Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus] ", "page": "Constantine_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122466, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147703, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 202], [203, 249], [250, 342], [343, 452], [453, 631], [632, 695], [696, 751]], "first_sentence": "To protect the Iazyges, this emperor ordered the construction of a fortification system called the Devil'sDykes.", "answer_prompt": "or Constantine I; or Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2000, a sanctuary for these creatures was established on the Coromandel peninsula. Eco-activistPhilip Anderton faked the death of one of these creatures to inspire outrage against the pesticide 1080,which has little effect on them. A giant one of these creatures was carved in chalk on Sling Hill in Englandby visiting soldiers. These creatures, the smallest ratites, include a small brown-colored population whichoutlasted a now-extinct eagle in the Haast area. The (*) tokoeka and rowi are varieties of these birds, which aredistantly related to the predatory moa which once walked the same islands. Cloaks made from them were describedby James Cook. For 10 points, name these enormous-egged flightless birds, whose name is also used to refer tohuman New Zealanders. ", "answer": "kiwi birds", "page": "Kiwi_birds", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122465, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147704, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 234], [235, 331], [332, 465], [466, 604], [605, 655], [656, 771]], "first_sentence": "In 2000, a sanctuary for these creatures was established on the Coromandel peninsula.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "From classical times through the 19th century, the main source of this substance in Europe wasAlmaden in Spain. This substance is at the bottom of cells in which the Castner-Kellner process isperformed, in which it serves as a cathode. This substance was used along with saltwater in vats for the\"patio process\" to extract silver ores at sites in New Spain such as Potosi. A bond between it and sulfurexists in each molecule of the preservative (*) thimerosal, and it also exists bonded to sulfur in the ore cinnabar.Qin Shi Huangdi allegedly died by taking pills of this substance to extend his lifespan. For 10 points, name thismetal, the only one which is liquid at room temperature.", "answer": "mercury [or Hg; or quicksilver; prompt on amalgam]", "page": "Mercury_(mythology)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122464, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147705, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 235], [236, 372], [373, 517], [517, 605], [606, 686]], "first_sentence": "From classical times through the 19th century, the main source of this substance in Europe wasAlmaden in Spain.", "answer_prompt": "or Hg; or quicksilver; prompt on amalgam", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of Percy Shelley's \"To a Lady, with a Guitar\" compares himself to this character, whodelivers an epilogue in which he is \"echoed by the prompter\" in W.H. Auden's The Sea and the Mirror.The actor playing this character is instructed to use a \"quainte device\" to make food disappear during abanquet. This character mentions a \"sea-change / into something rich and strange\" in a speech thatbegins with the line (*) \"Full fathom five thy father lies\", given to convince another character of Alonso's death ina shipwreck. This character was trapped in a pine by Sycorax, and was freed by a character who rewards him formatchmaking Ferdinand and Miranda. For 10 points, name this servant of Prospero, a spirit who causes the titlestorm of Shakespeare's The Tempest.", "answer": "Ariel", "page": "Ariel_(The_Tempest)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122463, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147706, "tokenizations": [[0, 197], [197, 309], [310, 528], [529, 660], [661, 771]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of Percy Shelley's \"To a Lady, with a Guitar\" compares himself to this character, whodelivers an epilogue in which he is \"echoed by the prompter\" in W.H. Auden's The Sea and the Mirror.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Tur Halakhic law code developed in this present-day country outlined divisions of law thatcorrespond to each of the four rows of jewels on the priestly breastplate. A rabbi born in this countrydeclared giving money out of pity to be the lowest form of charity, and articulated thirteen principles offaith. The Xueta community of crypto-Jews arose in this country, the birthplace of the author who traveledthroughout the Middle East before writing his namesake (*) Mishnah Torah. Jews living in this countrydeveloped the language Ladino, and were called \"marranos\" after converting to Christianity. Most Sephardiccommunities developed in this country. For 10 points, name this country, from where Jews were expelled in 1492via the Alhambra Decree issued by Ferdinand and Isabella. ", "answer": "Spain [or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana]", "page": "Spain", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122462, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147707, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 309], [310, 482], [483, 601], [602, 654], [655, 783]], "first_sentence": "The Tur Halakhic law code developed in this present-day country outlined divisions of law thatcorrespond to each of the four rows of jewels on the priestly breastplate.", "answer_prompt": "or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Because it was deteriorating, one of these things was replaced by its artist after Steven Cohen boughtthe work for $8 million in 2004. These creatures dominate the bottom of an 1899 painting where the words\"Anna - Key West\" can be read. One of these things, preserved in formaldehyde, comprises DamienHirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living. A man standing in front ofMorro Castle drives a (*) spear down towards one of these things in a 1778 painting. These creatures can be seenin the foreground while a water spout swells ominously behind the black man in Winslow Homer's The Gulf Stream.For 10 points, name these sea creatures, one of which is about to eat Brook Watson in Havana harbor in a JohnSingleton Copley painting.", "answer": "sharks [or tiger sharks; prompt on installation before \"creatures\"; prompt on first-line buzzes of animal carcasses or animal corpses] ", "page": "Shark", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122461, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147708, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 134], [135, 236], [237, 375], [376, 486], [487, 625], [625, 760]], "first_sentence": "Because it was deteriorating, one of these things was replaced by its artist after", "answer_prompt": "or tiger sharks; prompt on installation before \"creatures\"; prompt on first-line buzzes of animal carcasses or animal corpses", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The ratio of two isotopes of this element is calibrated using troilite from the Canyon Diablo Meteorite.This element's namesake cycle begins with assimilative and dissimilative reduction from organic materialuntil it is re-incorporated into organic matter. The removal of this element from fossil fuels can be donewith the Claus process. A column of superheated water is used to extract this element in the (*) Fraschprocess. It is found bonded to lead in the mineral galena. An acid of this element is often naturally formed byweathering pyrite; along with nitric acid, that acid is the principal component of acid rain. For 10 points, name thiselement that is responsible for the smell of brimstone and whose odor is reminiscent of rotten eggs.", "answer": "sulfur [or S] ", "page": "Sulfur", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122460, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147709, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 213], [214, 256], [257, 337], [338, 425], [426, 475], [476, 621], [622, 746]], "first_sentence": "The ratio of two isotopes of this element is calibrated using troilite from the Canyon Diablo Meteorite.", "answer_prompt": "or S", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the penultimate chapter of this novel, the author remarks that camaraderie is \"seldom superadded to love between the sexes,\" but when it is present, it produces love that \"many waters cannot quench.\"The protagonist of this novel wipes away a message on a coffin indicating that both a woman and a child are within it. In this novel, a character helps put out a barn fire, after which he is advised to work at Weatherbury Farm. A soldier in this novel conceives a child with the poor girl (*) Fanny Robin and is thought to be dead at sea until he appears at a party where he is shot by Boldwood. Its protagonist gives up his farm after his sheep dog chases his sheep off a cliff. For 10 points, name this Thomas Hardy novel in which Bathsheba Everdene marries Gabriel Oak.", "answer": "Far From the Madding Crowd", "page": "Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122459, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147710, "tokenizations": [[0, 201], [201, 205], [206, 320], [321, 429], [430, 490], [491, 597], [598, 681], [682, 774]], "first_sentence": "In the penultimate chapter of this novel, the author remarks that camaraderie is \"seldom superadded to love between the sexes,\" but when it is present, it produces love that \"many waters cannot quench.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A photo taken during this war depicts a soldier marching with a flag and is entitled The Yomper. Thiswar effectively came to an end when Mount Tumbledown was captured after a day of trench warfare. Thiswar's main theater began with an amphibious landing at San Carlos Water and a paratroop attack on thetown of Goose Green. The ship (*) General Belgrano was controversially sunk in international waters during thiswar, which resulted in the collapse of Leopold Galteri's military government. The South Georgia Islands wererecaptured in the early stages of this war. It temporarily increased the popularity of Margaret Thatcher'sgovernment. For 10 points, name this 1980s war between Britain and Argentina over a group of disputed islands inthe South Atlantic.", "answer": "Falklands War", "page": "Falklands_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122458, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147711, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 197], [198, 323], [324, 491], [492, 565], [566, 639], [640, 759]], "first_sentence": "A photo taken during this war depicts a soldier marching with a flag and is entitled The Yomper.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A common ore of this element consisting of its various oxide-hydroxides is limonite. Shales and chertsalternate with minerals rich in this element in namesake banded formations of Precambrian age. A silicateof this element is fayalite, which is an endmember of the olivine group. This element commonlysubstitutes for magnesium in minerals that are solid solutions, including olivine. Bacteria that oxidize thiselement, such as Gallionella, are a common fouling organism in wells and create a (*) reddish-brown ororange-ish slime. The inner core consists primarily of nickel and this element. A sulfide of this element is pyrite andits most common ore is hematite. For 10 points, name this common magnetic metal in the Earth's crust, which haschemical symbol Fe.", "answer": "iron [or Fe until it is read] ", "page": "Iron", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122457, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147712, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 196], [197, 279], [280, 383], [384, 529], [530, 591], [592, 663], [664, 761]], "first_sentence": "A common ore of this element consisting of its various oxide-hydroxides is limonite.", "answer_prompt": "or Fe until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author created a character who imagines a \"phantom salutation of the dead\" as he stands \"in themiddle of the road / Like Roland's ghost winding a silent horn\". Another of this man's characters\"dreams of Thebes and Camelot / And Priam's neighbors\" in a poem that describes how he \"mournedRomance, now on the town / And Art, a vagrant\". A man climbs a hill to drink from a jug and talk tohimself in his poem \"Mr. (*) Flood's Party\", which like many of his short lyrics was set in the fictional TilburyTown. A \"gentleman from sole to crown\" who \"glittered when he walked\" chooses a calm summer night toinexplicably \"put a bullet through his head\" in this man's most famous poem. For 10 points, name this Americanpoet of \"Miniver Cheevy\" and \"Richard Cory\".", "answer": "Edwin Arlington Robinson", "page": "Edwin_Arlington_Robinson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122456, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147713, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 164], [165, 339], [340, 509], [510, 616], [617, 680], [681, 758]], "first_sentence": "This author created a character who imagines a \"phantom salutation of the dead\" as he stands \"in themiddle of the road /", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet described himself being carried \"from out our bourne of Time and Place\" in a poem thatdescribes waters \"Too full for sound and foam.\" In that poem, this author noted that after \"Twilight andevening bell\" comes \"the dark,\" and hoped that \"there be no sadness of farewell\" after his death. Thispoet penned the lines \"Sunset and evening star, and one clear call for me!\" in a poem that describesseeing \"my (*) Pilot face to face\" at his death. \"All the world wondered\" at the subjects of a poem by this manthat begins \"Half a league, half a league, half a league onward\" and describes six hundred soldiers riding \"into thevalley of Death.\" For 10 points, name this British poet of \"Crossing the Bar\" and \"The Charge of the LightBrigade.\"", "answer": "Alfred, Lord Tennyson [or Alfred Tennyson]", "page": "Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122455, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147714, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [142, 143], [144, 297], [298, 377], [378, 450], [451, 646], [647, 744]], "first_sentence": "This poet described himself being carried \"from out our bourne of Time and Place\" in a poem thatdescribes waters \"Too full for sound and foam.", "answer_prompt": "or Alfred Tennyson", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The \"Titeux dancer\" sculpture from this period is one of thousands uncovered in the town ofTanagra. A sculpture from this period discovered by French consul Charles Champoiseau originallyoverlooked the Sanctuary of the Great Gods. Another sculpture from this period was attributed by Plinythe Elder to Athanodoros, Hagesandros, and (*) Polydoros of Rhodes, although he inaccurately claims that itwas made from one block of marble. That sculpture shows a Trojan and his family in contorted poses beingdevoured by serpents, possibly for realizing that the Trojan horse was a ruse. For 10 points, name this period of arthistory which produced the Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Laoco\u00c3\u00b6n group, and began with the conquests ofAlexander the Great.", "answer": "Hellenistic period [prompt on Ancient Greek; do not accept classical or Hellenic]", "page": "Hellenistic_period", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122454, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147715, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 230], [231, 335], [336, 430], [431, 578], [579, 747]], "first_sentence": "The \"Titeux dancer\" sculpture from this period is one of thousands uncovered in the town ofTanagra.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Ancient Greek; do not accept classical or Hellenic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Spin-aligned electrons tunnel into the \"free layer\" in a form of magnetoresistive RAM named for thisquantity. In a noninertial reference frame, this quantity equals a time derivative in the body frame, plusomega-cross-L in the noninertial frame. The product of current, magnetic field, and the area of the loop ofwire gives this quantity, if the field is oriented perpendicular to the loop. Precession is either (*) \"induced\"or \"free\" of this quantity. The sum of this quantity for the system equals moment of inertia times angularacceleration. For a pulley, this quantity equals the tension in the rope times the radius of the disk. For 10 points,name this quantity that equals force cross distance, and which causes rotational motion if it's nonzero.", "answer": "torque [or tau; or T] ", "page": "Torque", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122453, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147716, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 245], [246, 390], [391, 452], [453, 544], [545, 633], [634, 752]], "first_sentence": "Spin-aligned electrons tunnel into the \"free layer\" in a form of magnetoresistive RAM named for thisquantity.", "answer_prompt": "or tau; or T", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A former senator from this state helped get John Yettaw out of prison, after Yettaw trespassed on theestate where Aung San Suu Kyi was under house arrest. The sudden June 2014 resignation of DemocratPhilip Puckett from its State Senate ended a 20-20 partisan deadlock. Libertarian Bob Sarvis got 6.5% ofthe vote against its current governor, who oversaw a failed factory in Mississippi as chairman of theelectric car company (*) GreenTech Automotive. From 2007 to 2013, a Democrat and former Marine named JimWebb was one of its senators. Recent Democratic gains in this state's suburban north led to narrow losses forRepublicans Ed Gillespie and Ken Cuccinelli. For 10 points, what \"swing state\" governed by Terry McAuliffe isrepresented in the Senate by Mark Warner?", "answer": "Virginia", "page": "Virginia", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122452, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147717, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 268], [269, 424], [425, 450], [451, 537], [538, 661], [662, 767]], "first_sentence": "A former senator from this state helped get John Yettaw out of prison, after Yettaw trespassed on theestate where Aung San Suu Kyi was under house arrest.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer's fifth symphony was originally in four movements but he fused the first two togetherfor the final version. That symphony closes with six tutti chords separated by silence and opens with ahorn call in E-flat. His violin concerto opens with the orchestral violins playing muted D minor arpeggiosand is the only concerto he ever wrote. His seventh and last symphony, which includes a theme named forhis wife (*) Aino, is in only one movement and in C major. He used the English horn to depict a bird swimmingthrough the underworld in \"The Swan of Tuonela\". His most frequently-performed symphony is his D majorsecond, often considered a nationalist statement inspired by his Scandinavian homeland. For 10 points, name thiscomposer of Finlandia.", "answer": "Jean Sibelius ", "page": "Jean_Sibelius", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122451, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147718, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 222], [223, 347], [348, 421], [421, 469], [470, 568], [569, 709], [710, 756]], "first_sentence": "This composer's fifth symphony was originally in four movements but he fused the first two togetherfor the final version.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This organization was designed during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island held between Nelson Aldrichand leading businessmen. In 2007, this organization introduced a temporary program called the TermAuction Facility that released short term funds to anonymous bidders. This organization's policy is set byits namesake Open Market Committee that includes the Board of Governors, the governor of its (*) NewYork branch, and 4 of its remaining 11 branch governors. This institution uses the discount window and, under itsfirst female leader, has introduced quantitative easing to help achieve its dual-mandate of maximum employmentand stable prices. For 10 points, name this Janet Yellen-led U.S. central bank that is independent from the Treasury.", "answer": "The Federal Reserve System", "page": "Federal_Reserve_System", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122450, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147719, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 266], [267, 459], [460, 644], [645, 743]], "first_sentence": "This organization was designed during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island held between Nelson Aldrichand leading businessmen.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Massachusetts Bay governor William Shirley failed to placate thousands of people protesting thispractice. Trinity House offered protections against all but the \"hot\" type of this practice, which escalatedat the county level through the passage of the 1795 Quota Acts. An urban legend states that this practicewas accomplished by depositing a king's shilling in a man's ale glass. Like (*) penal transportation, it has itslegal basis in the Vagrancy Act of 1597. Four men were subject to this practice in the Chesapeake-Leopard affair,prompting Thomas Jefferson to sign the retaliatory Embargo Act. This practice was carried out by men in \"pressgangs\" and was a key cause of the War of 1812. For 10 points, name this practice of forcing sailors to man Britishwarships.", "answer": "naval impressment [or word forms, such as impressing; accept answers indicating being pressed into service; prompt on naval recruitment; do not accept or prompt on \"shanghaiing\"]", "page": "Impressment", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122449, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147720, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 267], [268, 379], [380, 461], [462, 597], [598, 690], [691, 767]], "first_sentence": "Massachusetts Bay governor William Shirley failed to placate thousands of people protesting thispractice.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms, such as impressing; accept answers indicating being pressed into service; prompt on naval recruitment; do not accept or prompt on \"shanghaiing\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The LRL vector is usually scaled by the namesake vector of this quantity. This quantity equals thesquare root of 1 plus two times the energy times angular momentum squared over the mass times Big Gsquared. This quantity multiplies the sine of its namesake anomaly, then is subtracted from that anomaly,in order to calculate the mean anomaly. For Earth, this quantity is approximately 0.016. This quantitymultiplies the cosine of the angle to the point of (*) closest approach in the denominator of a mathematicaldescription of Kepler's First Law. The nonzero value for this quantity explains why the time between equinoxes isnot equal. For 10 points, name this quantity which represents the ratio of focal length and semimajor axis length foran elliptical orbit, symbolized epsilon.", "answer": " eccentricity [or epsilon until it is read]", "page": "Eccentricity_(mathematics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122448, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147721, "tokenizations": [[0, 73], [74, 205], [206, 341], [342, 390], [391, 546], [547, 635], [636, 782]], "first_sentence": "The LRL vector is usually scaled by the namesake vector of this quantity.", "answer_prompt": "or epsilon until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A popular legend recounts how this man drew inspiration from seeing a spider spin a web while he hidin a cave on Rathlin Island. Pope Clement V excommunicated this rival of John \"the Red\" Comyn, whosupported the overthrow of a king nicknamed \"empty coat\" for the ripping-off of his seal after the Battleof Dunbar. The kingship of this successor to John Balliol was the subject of a letter directed to Pope JohnXXII, called the Declaration of (*) Arbroath. This man's sovereignty was recognized by the Treaty ofNorthampton. Near the River Forth, this man defeated a force attempting to relieve a siege of Stirling Castle andwon a decisive victory over Edward II at the Battle of Bannockburn. For 10 points, name this king who won theFirst War of Scottish Independence.", "answer": "Robert I [or Robert the Bruce; or Robert Brus; or Roibert a Briuis; or Robert de Bruys; or Raibeart Bruis; prompt on Robert]", "page": "Robert_the_Bruce", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122447, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147722, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 313], [314, 455], [456, 522], [523, 690], [691, 767]], "first_sentence": "A popular legend recounts how this man drew inspiration from seeing a spider spin a web while he hidin a cave on Rathlin Island.", "answer_prompt": "or Robert the Bruce; or Robert Brus; or Roibert a Briuis; or Robert de Bruys; or Raibeart Bruis; prompt on Robert", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A benign Warthin tumor may form in a structure that produces this substance. An elevated level ofcortisol in this substance at midnight indicates Cushing's syndrome. The painkiller opiorphin was isolatedfrom this substance. Its production decreases in xerostomia. The bird genus Aerodramus, which lives inrural China, creates its nests out of this substance. HHV-6, the causative agent of roseola, is transmittedsolely through this substance, and (*) mononucleosis gets its nickname from being transmitted in it. Thesubmandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands secrete this liquid, which transforms food into a bolus and begins theprocess of digesting starch. For 10 points, name this mostly watery liquid found in the mouths of humans.", "answer": "saliva [prompt on spittle]", "page": "Saliva", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122446, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147723, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 165], [166, 223], [224, 263], [264, 358], [359, 512], [513, 660], [661, 737]], "first_sentence": "A benign Warthin tumor may form in a structure that produces this substance.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on spittle", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of a novel from this country encounters Marenda, who has a deformed arm, Lydia,with whom he has an affair, and the ghost of an author from this country who wrote the symbolist epicMessage. The protagonist of another novel from this country befriends the \"dog of tears\". Another novelby the same writer from this country opens with an election in which 83% of people cast (*) blank ballots. Apoet from this country wrote under many \"heteronyms\", including one reused by an author who wrote a novel inwhich the Doctor's Wife stabs the King of Ward 3 and is the only one not afflicted with the title condition. For 10points, name this home of Fernando Pessoa and the author of The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis and Blindness, Jos\u00c3\u00a9Saramago.", "answer": "Portugal [or the Portuguese Republic; or the Rep\u00c3\u00bablica Portuguesa] ", "page": "Portugal", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122445, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147724, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 285], [286, 405], [406, 520], [521, 623], [624, 756]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of a novel from this country encounters Marenda, who has a deformed arm, Lydia,with whom he has an affair, and the ghost of an author from this country who wrote the symbolist epicMessage.", "answer_prompt": "or the Portuguese Republic; or the Rep\u00c3\u00bablica Portuguesa", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Achates (uh-KAY-tees) and his best friend first arrive in this city enshrouded in a magical cloud. At abanquet held in this city, a man recounts tearing the branches of a tree, only to have dark blood spill out,since the tree was the spirit of Polydorus. Anna is the sister of the ruler of this city, which boasts a grandmural depicting the Trojan War. Two lovers first have sex in a cave outside this city where they take (*)shelter from the rain. Aeolus blows a fleet off course, causing it to end up on a shore near this city beloved by Juno.The ruler of this city, who had fled Tyre to establish a new homeland, throws herself onto a funeral pyre when shelearns that her lover is departing for Italy. For 10 points, name this North African city ruled by Dido in the Aeneid.", "answer": "Carthage ", "page": "Carthage", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122444, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147725, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 254], [255, 352], [353, 448], [449, 545], [545, 704], [705, 777]], "first_sentence": "Achates (uh-KAY-tees) and his best friend first arrive in this city enshrouded in a magical cloud.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One speech accused a politician of this surname of a \"common plan or draft\" drawn up with \"Franklinand Roger and James.\" A Supreme Court justice with this last name faced impeachment hearings in theSenate after he briefly stayed the execution of the Rosenbergs. He later wrote the majority opinionestablishing a right to privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut. A politician with this last name ran for Presidentwith running mate Herschel V. Johnson and devised the (*) Freeport Doctrine. That politician of this lastname, known as the \"Little Giant,\" engineered the Kansas-Nebraska Act during his time as a senator from Illinoisbefore the Civil War. For 10 points, give this surname of Stephen, a politician who engaged in seven debates withfuture president Abraham Lincoln. ", "answer": "Douglas [or William Orville Douglas; or Stephen Arnold Douglas] ", "page": "William_Orville_Douglas", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122443, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147726, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 261], [262, 356], [357, 483], [484, 645], [646, 770]], "first_sentence": "One speech accused a politician of this surname of a \"common plan or draft\" drawn up with \"Franklinand Roger and James.\"", "answer_prompt": "or William Orville Douglas; or Stephen Arnold Douglas", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A manifesto named for this city declared that the dynasty of Sultan al-Hakim was of Jewish descent andwas thus illegitimate. This city was the headquarters of an inquisition called the Mihna, which punishedopponents of the Mu'tazilite school. A family descended from Buddhist priests, the Barmakids, heldpower in this city. During an event in this city, a river here supposedly ran black with ink and its leaderwas rolled up in a carpet and (*) trampled by horses. The Banu Musa brothers and the mathematician alKhwarizmiworked in this city's House of Wisdom. Hulagu Khan sacked this city in 1258, ending its rule by adynasty that had included al-Mansur and Harun al-Rashid. For 10 points, name this capital of the Abbasid caliphateand of modern-day Iraq.", "answer": "Baghdad, Iraq", "page": "Baghdad", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122442, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147727, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 242], [243, 323], [324, 464], [465, 559], [560, 674], [675, 755]], "first_sentence": "A manifesto named for this city declared that the dynasty of Sultan al-Hakim was of Jewish descent andwas thus illegitimate.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one portrait, this artist painted his mistress Madeleine Knobloch powdering herself. A bassist withhis back to the viewer stands under leg-kicking dancers in his painting, Le Chahut (sha-oo). An acrobatdoes a backflip while a woman in yellow stands on a white horse in his unfinished Circus. His best-knownpainting hangs to the left of the three title nude women within his painting The Models. His (*) Bathers atAsnieres is set on the opposite riverbank from another painting now in the Art Institute of Chicago. That paintingfeatures a woman holding a monkey on a leash, and is painted using small dots that blur together when viewed froma distance. For 10 points, name this Pointillist artist of A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.", "answer": "Georges Seurat", "page": "Georges_Seurat", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122441, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147728, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 124], [125, 194], [195, 294], [295, 397], [398, 516], [517, 654], [655, 754]], "first_sentence": "In one portrait, this artist painted his mistress Madeleine Knobloch powdering herself.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poet from this country wrote \"Generous reader / Burn this book\" in \"I Take Back Everything I'veSaid\", one of his anti-poems. Another poet from this country instructed \"You shall love beauty, which isthe shadow of God over the Universe\" in \"Decalogue of the Artist\" and included the line \"I will lower youto the humble and sunny ground\" in one of her Sonnets of (*) Death. A poem by an author from this countryrepeats \"It is the hour of departure\" and tells a \"Pale blind diver\" that \"In you, everything sank!\" A collection fromthis country concludes with the poem \"Tonight I can write the saddest lines.\" For 10 points, name this home ofNicanor Parra, Gabriela Mistral, and the author of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, Pablo Neruda.", "answer": "Chile [or the Republic of Chile; or Republica de Chile]", "page": "Chile", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122440, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147729, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [70, 126], [127, 373], [374, 420], [420, 511], [512, 567], [567, 605], [605, 744]], "first_sentence": "A poet from this country wrote \"Generous reader / Burn this book\" in \"", "answer_prompt": "or the Republic of Chile; or Republica de Chile", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Neil Cohn studies works of this type from a linguistics perspective. William Gaines was asked about adepiction of a decapitated woman in a Senate investigation of these works led by Estes Kefauver. FredricWertham's book Seduction of the Innocent attacked these publications. A book titled for Understandingthem includes analyses by Scott McCloud. Guidelines such as \"in every (*) instance good shall triumph overevil\" were enforced by their namesake Code Authority. In part due to allegations that they promoted juveniledelinquency, the \"Golden Age\" of these publications ended in the 1950s. Jewish authors such as Jerry Siegel, JoeShuster, and Will Eisner all worked on them. For 10 points, name these publications that introduced The Spirit andSuperman.", "answer": " comic books [or comics; or superhero comics; or Golden Age comics; accept graphic novels during the first sentence; do not accept \"comic strips\"]", "page": "Comic_Books", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122439, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147730, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 197], [198, 274], [275, 346], [347, 375], [376, 393], [394, 465], [466, 591], [592, 640], [641, 676], [677, 755]], "first_sentence": "Neil Cohn studies works of this type from a linguistics perspective.", "answer_prompt": "or comics; or superhero comics; or Golden Age comics; accept graphic novels during the first sentence; do not accept \"comic strips\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "On intermediary days in Judaism, it is forbidden to deliver hesped during these events. In Islam, threefist-sized spheres are poured while reading Quranic verses during these events, which are called janazah.In Hinduism, the conductor of this ceremony sprinkles sesame seeds and rice, draws a line representingYama, and reminds attendees to go home and shower as soon as possible. The Prayer of Absolution inEastern Orthodoxy or the Absolute in Catholicism is said during this event. After this ceremony inJudaism, people (*) \"sit Shiva\" for seven days of sustained bereavement. This is the most frequent setting atwhich the Requiem Mass is sung. For 10 points, name these events, which in different religions usually culminatesin either cremation or burial of a corpse.", "answer": " funerals [accept burials before mention; accept cremations before mention; or janazah before mention; or antyesti]", "page": "Funerals", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122438, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147731, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 208], [208, 380], [381, 483], [484, 578], [579, 646], [647, 770]], "first_sentence": "On intermediary days in Judaism, it is forbidden to deliver hesped during these events.", "answer_prompt": "accept burials before mention; accept cremations before mention; or janazah before mention; or antyesti", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A stock-broker from this city takes a train to Chicago with his suicidal cousin after that cousin's fianceis killed in a car crash. In this city, a janitor who frequently exclaims \"woo-ee!\" and a woman who appearsas Harlett O'Hara in a cockatoo-related striptease act both work at the Night of Joy Bar. A character fromthis city dresses as a pirate while running a hot dog stand. Binx Bolling lives in this city in Walker Percy'sThe (*) Moviegoer. A character from this city hates Greyhound Buses, organizes a strike at Levy Pants to impressMyrna Minkoff, and always wears a green felt hat. Ignatius J. Reilly lives in this city in John Kennedy Toole's AConfederacy of Dunces. For 10 points, name this Gulf Coast city in Louisiana.", "answer": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "page": "New_Orleans", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122437, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147732, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 302], [303, 379], [380, 421], [422, 432], [433, 447], [448, 590], [591, 676], [677, 731]], "first_sentence": "A stock-broker from this city takes a train to Chicago with his suicidal cousin after that cousin's fianceis killed in a car crash.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These elements undergo oxidative additions and reductive eliminations. The sum of group number,charge, and the number of covalent and dative bonds is used to count electrons for these elements, andthat number adds up to around 18. The N plus L rule was formulated after observing that some of theseelements lose an electron from their valence shell to half-fill a (*) lower-energy shell. Most heterogeneouscatalysts are composed of these elements. The orbitals of these elements split according to crystal field theory,which explains why solutions of them are often colorful. Lewis bases coordinating these elements form octahedralcomplexes and are called ligands. For 10 points, name these elements with unfilled d orbitals, which occupy thecenter of the Periodic Table.", "answer": " transition metals [or transition elements; prompt on metals]", "page": "Transition_metal", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122436, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147733, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 230], [231, 387], [388, 447], [448, 575], [576, 664], [665, 771]], "first_sentence": "These elements undergo oxidative additions and reductive eliminations.", "answer_prompt": "or transition elements; prompt on metals", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The carpenter Joseph Arne was awarded a triumph for his role in this event. Mayor Flesselles wasexecuted for refusing to aid this event's participants, some of whom were crushed to death trying to obtainarms from Les Invalides. Stanislas Maillard received a set of never accepted surrender terms during thisevent, for which artillery was wheeled in by Pierre-Augustin Hulin from the Hotel de Ville. Three daysbefore this event, Jacques (*) Necker was dismissed as finance minister. The Marquis de Sade was transferred toan insane asylum from its location just days before this event, which liberated only seven prisoners. For 10 points,name this event. commemorated on a July 14th holiday, traditionally held to have kicked off the French Revolution.", "answer": "storming of the Bastille [accept equivalents that involve taking the Bastille; prompt on French Revolution] ", "page": "Storming_of_the_Bastille", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122434, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147734, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 227], [228, 398], [399, 435], [436, 481], [482, 621], [622, 652], [653, 750]], "first_sentence": "The carpenter Joseph Arne was awarded a triumph for his role in this event.", "answer_prompt": "accept equivalents that involve taking the Bastille; prompt on French Revolution", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 1993 History of this topic, which rejected the rational view of it, was written by John Keegan. Afrequently-read summary of this activity by a subordinate of Michel Ney named Baron Jomini wasoutmoded by a book which described the differences between expectations and reality as \"friction.\" Anearly treatise about this thing puts \"desperate ground\" at the end of a list of Nine (*) Situations. The ideathat this practice is \"the continuation of politics by other means\" was put forward in the 19th century by Carl vonClausewitz, whose writings reacted to the rise of its \"total\" form. The maxim \"Know your enemy, and you shallknow yourself\" comes from a text about it. For 10 points, name this type of organized violence whose \"art\" wasdescribed by Sun Tzu.", "answer": " warfare [or military operations; prompt on military strategy or military tactics]", "page": "Warfare", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122433, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147735, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 291], [292, 394], [395, 585], [586, 669], [670, 758]], "first_sentence": "A 1993 History of this topic, which rejected the rational view of it, was written by John Keegan.", "answer_prompt": "or military operations; prompt on military strategy or military tactics", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A family of this ethnicity gives all its jewelry to David Clancy in order to retrieve their son from customsofficials in \"In the Land of the Free\", a story by an author of this ethnicity who was born Edith MaudEaton. Grace and Steve take on mythological roles and eventually abandon Dale in a restaurant in a playby an author of this ethnicity who also wrote a play in which Rene Gallimard kills himself after his longtermlover reveals that he is male. The author of (*) F.O.B. and M. Butterfly is of this ethnicity, as is the authorof a novel in which June, Rose, Lena, and the chess prodigy Waverly are the daughters of a quartet of mahjongplayingwomen called the Joy Luck Club. For 10 points, identify this ethnicity of Sui Sin Far (\"sway\" sin far),David Henry Hwang, and Amy Tan.", "answer": " Chinese-American [or Chinese-British-American; or Chinese-British-Canadian; or Chinese-BritishCanadian-American]", "page": "Chinese-American", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122432, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147736, "tokenizations": [[0, 216], [217, 452], [453, 680], [681, 783]], "first_sentence": "A family of this ethnicity gives all its jewelry to David Clancy in order to retrieve their son from customsofficials in \"In the Land of the Free\", a story by an author of this ethnicity who was born Edith MaudEaton.", "answer_prompt": "or Chinese-British-American; or Chinese-British-Canadian; or Chinese-BritishCanadian-American", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A naval commander decided to wait twenty-seven more days before leaving this island after seeing alunar eclipse. The hot-blooded Lamachus got his army trapped in a ditch on this island, whose defensewas galvanized by Gylippus. Distracted defenders of this island were attacked during a festival to Artemisby Marcus Claudius Marcellus, whose forces were supposedly stymied by a (*) death ray made with a giantmirror and a mechanical claw that could drag entire ships out of the water. Nicias was executed at the end of amilitary campaign against this island planned by Alcibiades. While drawing circles, Archimedes was killed by Romansoldiers on this island. For 10 points, name this island, the target of an Athenian \"expedition\" that failed to captureSyracuse.", "answer": "Sicily", "page": "Sicily", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122431, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147737, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 226], [227, 483], [484, 579], [580, 657], [658, 761]], "first_sentence": "A naval commander decided to wait twenty-seven more days before leaving this island after seeing alunar eclipse.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One event planned in this country intended to use a special cooling technology developed by theBritish firm Arup. Carnegie Mellon's first undergraduate branch campus opened in this country'sextensive Education City. This country gave a 3.4 million dollar bribe to the daughter of Ricardo Teixeirain order to secure a 2010 (*) vote in its favor from Brazil. As many as one Nepalese migrant dies per dayconstructing this country's Lusail City, which is being built in preparation for an event moved to wintertime by anorganization led by Sepp Blatter. The Al-Thani family rules this country where Al Jazeera is based. For 10 points,name this Middle East country slated to host the 2022 World Cup.", "answer": "State of Qatar", "page": "Qatar", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122430, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147738, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 215], [216, 356], [357, 549], [550, 615], [616, 694]], "first_sentence": "One event planned in this country intended to use a special cooling technology developed by theBritish firm Arup.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Once every twelve years in several of these structures, a ceremony is performed during which aheavenly silver wire enters a granite sculpture. Most of these structures follow an 8-by-8 or a 9-by-9 squaregrid plan. The inner sanctum of these places is known as the \"womb chamber,\" and is often directlyunderneath a spire called the vimana. The term (*) prasada refers to both these buildings and to therefreshments served inside them after services. People remove their shoes before entering these religious structures,which contain murtis, or idols, of deities like Lakshmi or Ganesh. For 10 points, name these places of worship forthe predominant religion in India. ", "answer": "Hindu temples [or mandirs; or prasada before mentioned; prompt on partial answer; accept Hindu after \"places of worship\" is read] ", "page": "Hindu_temples", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122429, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147739, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 213], [214, 338], [339, 448], [449, 584], [585, 666]], "first_sentence": "Once every twelve years in several of these structures, a ceremony is performed during which aheavenly silver wire enters a granite sculpture.", "answer_prompt": "or mandirs; or prasada before mentioned; prompt on partial answer; accept Hindu after \"places of worship\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "For a group of sets of this type in the plane, if any three of the sets intersect, then they all intersect byHelly's Theorem. Two disjoint open sets of this type can always be separated by a hyperplane. Jensen'sinequality applies to functions described by this adjective, and basically states that a function's averagevalue across inputs is greater than that function of the average of the inputs. The smallest set of this typethat encloses a given set is known as that set's (*) \"hull\" of this type. A shape has this property if all linesegments between points in it remain in the figure. A function is described by this word if its second derivative ispositive. For 10 points, give this word that denotes polygons whose internal angles are all less than 180 degrees.", "answer": " convexity [accept any word forms]", "page": "Convex_polygon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122428, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147740, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 202], [203, 397], [398, 500], [501, 589], [590, 663], [664, 768]], "first_sentence": "For a group of sets of this type in the plane, if any three of the sets intersect, then they all intersect byHelly's Theorem.", "answer_prompt": "accept any word forms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's protagonists becomes a blacksmith's apprentice after his friend Heilner isexpelled from the Maulbronn seminary, then later gets drunk and drowns in a river. Another of hisprotagonists plans to commit suicide at age fifty, but is delayed by a chance visit to the Black EagleTavern, where he learns to dance and meets his future lover Maria. The pressures of academia crush (*)Hans Giebenrath in one of this man's novels, while in another, a jazz saxophonist named Pablo takes theprotagonist to a hall of mirrors inside the Magic Theater. The title character of another of his novels abandons hisfriend Govinda and falls in love with the beautiful Kamala. For 10 points, name this German author who createdHarry Haller in Steppenwolf and wrote Siddhartha.", "answer": " Hermann Hesse", "page": "Hermann_Hesse", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122427, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147741, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 360], [361, 557], [558, 674], [675, 774]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's protagonists becomes a blacksmith's apprentice after his friend Heilner isexpelled from the Maulbronn seminary, then later gets drunk and drowns in a river.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Chris Burden created an \"Other\" version of this artwork, while Diane Carlson Evans raised funds for a women's version of it. 287 additions were made to this work after its completion, and Duery Felton, Jr. organized a collection of objects left next to it. Viewers must walk down a slight grade to approach this work, whose two main components combine to form a \"V\" shape and are made from gabbro. The artist later created a similar sculpture for (*)) Montgomery, Alabama's Civil Rights Museum. This sculpture is accompanied by Frederick Hart's The Three Soldiers. During its construction, a Purple Heart was thrown into the concrete foundation. For 10 points, name this Maya Lin-designed memorial to American soldiers killed in an Asian conflict.", "answer": "Vietnam Veterans Memorial [or Vietnam Wall or Vietnam War Memorial]", "page": "Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122426, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147742, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 256], [257, 397], [398, 494], [495, 564], [565, 645], [646, 747]], "first_sentence": "Chris Burden created an \"Other\" version of this artwork, while Diane Carlson Evans raised funds for a women's version of it.", "answer_prompt": "or Vietnam Wall or Vietnam War Memorial", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The run-time of this procedure is measured by k, the clearing factor. Cesium chloride is used in theisopycnic form of this procedure, enabling identification of the AT to GC base pair ratio. A buffered tissuesample may be blended to homogenize the solution before performing the \"ultra\" type of this technique.Ribosomal subunits are distinguished based on their values for a parameter in this technique measured in(*) Svedberg units. This step of the cell fractionation process sediments a solution into a pellet and a supernatantand is often performed at 1200 rpm. For 10 points, name this technique in which a namesake machine separatescellular components by size or density by spinning it at a high angular velocity.", "answer": "centrifugation [or word forms such as centrifuge; prompt on spinning down; prompt on sedimentation until it is read] ", "page": "Centrifugation", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122425, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147743, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 190], [191, 310], [310, 433], [434, 565], [566, 719]], "first_sentence": "The run-time of this procedure is measured by k, the clearing factor.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms such as centrifuge; prompt on spinning down; prompt on sedimentation until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Rebecca Mead describes identifying with this character at age 17 in a book titled My Life In the novelin which this character appears. After encountering this character dressed in grey and lost in thought infront of the Sleeping Ariadne in the Vatican, Naumann paints a portrait of her as Santa Clara. Thiswoman's interest in improving the cottages of nearby tenant farmers attracts the interest of JamesChettam, who eventually marries her sister Celie. Her desire to help her husband research The (*) Key toAll Mythologies is rebuffed, and despite being disinherited by that husband, she marries Will Ladislaw after his death.For 10 points, name this woman who comes to regret having married Reverend Edward Casaubon in GeorgeEliot's Middlemarch.", "answer": "Dorothea Brooke [accept either underlined portion] ", "page": "Middlemarch", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122423, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147744, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 301], [302, 453], [454, 493], [494, 501], [502, 627], [627, 747]], "first_sentence": "Rebecca Mead describes identifying with this character at age 17 in a book titled My Life In the novelin which this character appears.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sets of these objects are classified as basic, alternative, or definitive by the Humphrey-Parkes system.These structures are found along the alar tract. Some of these objects contain thin segments calledbarbules organized around a rachis. Diogenes Laertius claimed that Socrates defined man as a bipedwithout any of these objects. Three white ones appear in the heraldic symbol of the (*) prince of Wales.These objects, a prized trade good in the Aztec empire, can be cut or fitted with metal to create a nib. Recent fossildiscoveries suggest that theropod dinosaurs had these features even earlier than the first discovered fossil of one onArchaeopteryx. For 10 points, name these biological structures which can be made into quill pens.", "answer": " feathers [or plumes; accept plumages until \"barbules\"]", "page": "Feather", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122422, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147745, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 152], [153, 238], [239, 330], [331, 405], [405, 509], [510, 655], [656, 738]], "first_sentence": "Sets of these objects are classified as basic, alternative, or definitive by the Humphrey-Parkes system.", "answer_prompt": "or plumes; accept plumages until \"barbules\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Hesiod reports that the men of the Golden Age lived in the air after undergoing this action, whereasthe men of the Silver Age stayed on the ground. Athena changes her mind about performing it on Tydeuswhen she saw him devour the brains of Melanippus. Metanira interrupts an instance of this action bystumbling upon her son Demophon inside the family hearth. This action is performed on a man whobecame a cicada because (*) Eos forgets to request eternal youth. Peleus interrupts the best-known instance ofthis action, which alternately takes the form of Thetis anointing her son with ambrosia and placing him atop a fire,or by dipping him in the river Styx. For 10 points, name this action that is nearly completely conferred uponAchilles, save for his heel.", "answer": "mortals becoming immortal [or men becoming gods; or deification; or becoming invulnerable, accept synonyms]", "page": "Deification", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122421, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147746, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 205], [206, 250], [251, 357], [358, 460], [461, 657], [658, 758]], "first_sentence": "Hesiod reports that the men of the Golden Age lived in the air after undergoing this action, whereasthe men of the Silver Age stayed on the ground.", "answer_prompt": "or men becoming gods; or deification; or becoming invulnerable, accept synonyms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author modeled several characters on the real Father Trevor Huddleston. One character with thatname is in a novel that begins with the arrest of an Indian headmaster's daughter named Prem at a libraryand depicts the start of the Defiance Campaign. Another novel by this author was adapted by Kurt Weilland Maxwell Anderson into the musical Lost in the (*) Stars. In that novel by this author, a man stays with theHarrisons and learns about his son's social justice work, which eventually leads to the farming expert NapoleonLetsitsi being sent to help Ndotsheni by James Jarvis. For 10 points, name this author of the novel Ah, But YourLand Is Beautiful, who wrote about a journey taken by Stephen Kumalo to Johannesberg in Cry, the Beloved Country.", "answer": " Alan Paton [or Alan Stewart Paton]", "page": "Alan_Paton", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122420, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147747, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 252], [253, 367], [368, 583], [584, 628], [629, 632], [633, 754]], "first_sentence": "This author modeled several characters on the real Father Trevor Huddleston.", "answer_prompt": "or Alan Stewart Paton", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This initiative was motivated by the three separate setbacks its proponent learned about on a lesser-known Black Monday. This initiative prompted the vice president to hold his nose and give a thumbs-down on the Senate floor. New officials called \"proctors\" were proposed in this initiative, which was secretly prepared by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Owen Roberts is credited with (*) defeating this initiative by choosing not to side with the so-called \"Four Horsemen.\" Three weeks after this initiative was discussed in the ninth fireside chat, a minimum wage law in Washington was upheld in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish thanks to \"the switch in time that saved nine.\" For 10 points each, identify this failed plan by Franklin D. Roosevelt to add six new Supreme Court justices.", "answer": "Franklin Roosevelt's court-packing scheme [or Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937; accept answers that convey packing the court]", "page": "Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122419, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147748, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 225], [226, 355], [356, 474], [474, 673], [673, 674], [675, 784]], "first_sentence": "This initiative was motivated by the three separate setbacks its proponent learned about on a lesser-known Black Monday.", "answer_prompt": "or Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937; accept answers that convey packing the court", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man claimed the morality of action depends on the merit of that action's motive, which in turndepends on the action's merit, in his \"circle argument.\" One of this man's characters pointed out theproblem of infinite regress in first cause theory in his attack on the cosmological argument. This creator ofPhilo and Cleathes divided statements into relations of ideas and matters of fact and formulated the (*)copy principle. This man created a thought experiment that contradicted his theory that ideas are derived fromimpressions. This man posited a missing shade of blue and warned against deriving an \"ought\" from an \"is\" in hisTreatise of Human Nature. For 10 points, name this author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, a Scottishempiricist philosopher.", "answer": "David Hume", "page": "David_Hume", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Philosophy European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122418, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147749, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [154, 293], [294, 428], [429, 535], [536, 660], [661, 772]], "first_sentence": "This man claimed the morality of action depends on the merit of that action's motive, which in turndepends on the action's merit, in his \"circle argument.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "On this island, Barghash bin Said built a palace with electricity and an elevator, the House of Wonders.This island's rulers employed the ivory and slave trader Tippu Tip. With the support of the ASP YouthLeague, John Okello declared himself Field Marshall and massacred this island's Arabs during its 1964revolution. Henry Rawson bombarded this island for 38 minutes before it surrendered during the shortestwar in history. Like nearby (*) Mafia Island and Pemba Island, this island is called a \"spice island\" for itsproduction of cloves. Until the late 19th century, this island's namesake sultanate controlled the nearby city ofMombasa. Julius Nyerere unified this island with the Republic of Tanganyika. For 10 points, name this largest islandin Tanzania.", "answer": " Zanzibar [or Unjuga]", "page": "Zanzibar", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122417, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147750, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 171], [172, 317], [318, 424], [425, 470], [470, 539], [540, 639], [640, 707], [708, 759]], "first_sentence": "On this island, Barghash bin Said built a palace with electricity and an elevator, the House of Wonders.", "answer_prompt": "or Unjuga", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In reactions, metal aquo complexes act as these species. These species are in the numerator of alphafractions. In organic chemistry, these compounds activate electrophiles like carbonyls or alkyl halides.KHP serves this role in reactions. These compounds dehydrate sugars to pure carbon. The inductive effectexplains why nearby electronegative groups increase the (*) strength of these compounds. The \"mineral\" typeof these compounds are inorganic. Ammonium chloride and ferric chloride act as these species. The strength ofthese compounds varies inversely with their pKas. In reactions, they are often written as \"HA.\" For 10 points, namethese compounds which accept electron pairs or donate protons to solution, the opposite of bases", "answer": "acids [or Lewis acids; or Bronsted-Lowry acids; or Arrhenius acids; or strong acids; or weak acids; prompt on electrophiles] ", "page": "Acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122416, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147751, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 204], [204, 238], [239, 287], [288, 396], [397, 448], [449, 508], [509, 573], [574, 619], [620, 735]], "first_sentence": "In reactions, metal aquo complexes act as these species. These species are in the numerator of alphafractions.", "answer_prompt": "or Lewis acids; or Bronsted-Lowry acids; or Arrhenius acids; or strong acids; or weak acids; prompt on electrophiles", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This person's prediction that displacement squared equals six multiplied by diffusivity multiplied bytime in random walks was used by Jean Perrin to measure Avogadro's number. The proportionalityconstants for the rates of spontaneous and stimulated emission are named for this person. This scientistshowed that, as temperature goes to infinity, heat capacity goes to 3R, if a solid is modeled as a lattice ofindependent (*) springs with quantized vibrations. This physicist also showed that light energy is quantized intophotons in a Nobel Prize-winning description of the photoelectric effect. The fourth of his Annus mirabilis paperspublished in 1905 introduced mass-energy equivalence. For 10 points, name this German physicist who proposedthat E equals m times c squared.", "answer": " Albert Einstein", "page": "Albert_Einstein", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122414, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147752, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 284], [285, 458], [459, 594], [595, 688], [689, 775]], "first_sentence": "This person's prediction that displacement squared equals six multiplied by diffusivity multiplied bytime in random walks was used by Jean Perrin to measure Avogadro's number.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "On the right-hand side of this painting, a pot, a metal spoon, and a yellow knapsack are laid out inpreparation for a meager lunch. The artist wrote, \"You begin like one and end like the other,\" in referenceto this painting's differently aged title figures. When this painting, which was destroyed in 1945, wasexhibited at the Salon of 1850, critics attacked it for being too large given the ugliness of its characters.The bare back of one of the men in this painting can be seen through a (*) hole in his tattered overalls. Astraw hat obscures the face of the older man in this painting, who uses a pickaxe to perform the title action whileworking to build a road. For 10 points, name this Gustave Courbet painting of two workers chipping away at rocks.", "answer": " The Stone Breakers [or Les Casseurs de pierres", "page": "The_Stone_Breakers", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122413, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147753, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 257], [258, 419], [419, 524], [525, 665], [666, 754]], "first_sentence": "On the right-hand side of this painting, a pot, a metal spoon, and a yellow knapsack are laid out inpreparation for a meager lunch.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In natural units, this quantity equals 0.303, or the square root of four pi times the fine structureconstant. The product of this quantity, the Josephson constant, and the von Klitzing constant equals two.It is raised to the fourth power in the Rydberg formula. An experimental measurement of this quantity,which differed from the true value by five standard deviations, was described as \"Cargo Cult Science\" byRichard Feynman. For quarks, this constant is prefixed by either (*) two-thirds or negative-one-third. Thisconstant was determined by manipulating voltage until the terminal velocity of falling oil droplets was reached. For10 points, name this constant measured by Millikan, whose magnitude is around 1.6 times ten to the negativenineteen, and which is symbolized e.", "answer": " elementary charge [or e until it is read; or fundamental charge; or charge on a proton; or charge on an electron] ", "page": "Elementary_charge", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122411, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147754, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 205], [205, 261], [262, 427], [428, 513], [514, 630], [631, 777]], "first_sentence": "In natural units, this quantity equals 0.303, or the square root of four pi times the fine structureconstant.", "answer_prompt": "or e until it is read; or fundamental charge; or charge on a proton; or charge on an electron", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man called for leniency in punishing James Nayler for recreating Christ's entry into Jerusalem.This man was given the power to appoint a new chamber of government in the Humble Petition andAdvice. This man built a pontoon bridge over the Thames to win the Battle of Worcester, one year to theday after he defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar. This man's son-in-law Henry Ireton was capturedby Prince (*) Rupert of the Rhine at the Battle of Naseby. Large numbers of prisoners and civilians were killedduring the Siege of Drogheda during this man's invasion of Ireland. This commander of the New Model Army wasbriefly succeeded by his son, Richard, who himself was succeeded by Charles II. For 10 points, name this LordProtector of England.", "answer": "Oliver Cromwel", "page": "Oliver_Cromwell", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122410, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147755, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [100, 201], [202, 353], [354, 412], [412, 459], [460, 579], [580, 699], [700, 750]], "first_sentence": "This man called for leniency in punishing James Nayler for recreating Christ's entry into Jerusalem.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a story in which a syphilitic soldier overhears a conversation between Scipio andBerganza about how they can talk even though they are animals. After one of this man's characters refusesto pay at an inn, another character is wrapped in a blanket and tossed up and down. A rash of spurioussequels to a work that this man initially attributed to (*) \"Cide Hamete Benengeli\" caused him to write acontinuation ten years later. \"The Colloquy of the Dogs\" is one of this man's Exemplary Novels. The title character ofanother of his novels confuses a washbasin for the helmet of Mambrino, names his horse Rocinante and anunsuspecting village girl Dulcinea, and tilts at windmills with his friend Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name thisauthor of Don Quixote.", "answer": " Miguel de Cervantes ", "page": "Miguel_de_Cervantes", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122409, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147756, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 287], [288, 440], [441, 442], [442, 506], [507, 720], [721, 767]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a story in which a syphilitic soldier overhears a conversation between Scipio andBerganza about how they can talk even though they are animals.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A chapter in this text likens virtuous people to newborns who have a strong grip despite their brittlebones and weak muscles. According to this text, the Heaven and Earth are just as heartless as humanswho fashion straw dogs to use in sacrifices. The sixth chapter of this text exalts the \"mysterious female\"for her role in bridging Heaven and Earth. This text declares that \"Knowing others is (*) intelligence,\" but\"Knowing yourself is true wisdom.\" The second line of this text declares that \"the names that can be named are notunvarying names.\" This text, which is more popular than the similar Zhuangzi, (JUANG zeh) promotes aparadoxical action through non-action, known as wu wei. For 10 points, name this key Taoist text sometimes namedfor its author, Lao-tzu.", "answer": " Daodejing [or Tao Te Ching; or Lao-tzu before mentioned]", "page": "Daodejing", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122408, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147757, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 246], [247, 350], [351, 450], [451, 546], [546, 685], [686, 766]], "first_sentence": "A chapter in this text likens virtuous people to newborns who have a strong grip despite their brittlebones and weak muscles.", "answer_prompt": "or Tao Te Ching; or Lao-tzu before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man is once taunted for having \"the face of a dog but the heart of a deer.\" This man is forcedfrom the battlefield by a wound inflicted by Coon (co-ON), who tries to avenge his brother Iphidamas.This man enters his house on an ornate purple carpet with his war bride, Cassandra, in tow. After Apollosends a plague in response to this man's capture of Chryseis, he pilfers another man's war prize (*) Briseis.This man is ensnared in a robe and chopped with an axe in his bath by Aegisthus and his adulterous wife. This man,who sacrifices his daughter Iphigenia to garner a favorable wind for his fleet, alienates Achilles at the start of theIliad. For 10 points. name this king of Mycenae and husband of Clytemnestra, who leads the Greeks during theTrojan War.", "answer": "Agamemnon", "page": "Agamemnon", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122407, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147758, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 200], [200, 291], [292, 413], [413, 517], [518, 651], [652, 666], [667, 764]], "first_sentence": "This man is once taunted for having \"the face of a dog but the heart of a deer.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The lumen of this structure contains BiP, or binding immunoglobulin protein. The desmotubulepasses through the plasmodesmata and links two of these organelles in adjacent cells. In eukaryotes,signal recognition particle targets proteins and sends them to the translocons on this organelle'smembrane. In excitation-contraction coupling, large stores of (*) calcium are released from a specialized formof this organelle in myocytes. One form of this organelle metabolizes lipids and detoxifies drugs, whereas anothertype is covered with ribosomes. Membrane-bound vesicles shuttle between the Golgi apparatus and this organelle.For 10 points, name this organelle, a network of flattened sacs that comes in \"smooth\" and \"rough\" forms", "answer": " endoplasmic reticulum [or sarcoplasmic reticulum; or ER; or SR; or smooth endoplasmic reticulum; or smooth ER; or SER; or rough endoplasmic reticulum; or rough ER; or RER]", "page": "Endoplasmic_reticulum", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122406, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147759, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 177], [178, 299], [300, 430], [431, 545], [546, 625], [625, 729]], "first_sentence": "The lumen of this structure contains BiP, or binding immunoglobulin protein.", "answer_prompt": "or sarcoplasmic reticulum; or ER; or SR; or smooth endoplasmic reticulum; or smooth ER; or SER; or rough endoplasmic reticulum; or rough ER; or RER", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This compound has two ESCA peaks, at 14.2 and 22.9 electron-volts, which valence bond theory cannotpredict. This is the simplest compound whose bond angles exactly equal the arccosine of negative onethird.Bacteria can metabolize glucose to three molecules of carbon dioxide and three molecules of thiscompound. It reacts with water during steam reforming to make syngas, and it is triply chlorinated tomake (*) chloroform. This compound is stored in ice in clathrates. After carbon dioxide, this compound is thesecond most common greenhouse gas emitted by humans. It is the most reduced form of carbon. One mole of thiscompound combusts with oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide and two moles of water. For 10 points,name this tetrahedral alkane found in natural gas, with formula CH4.", "answer": "methane [or CH4 until it is read]", "page": "Methane", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122405, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147760, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 205], [205, 310], [311, 422], [423, 468], [469, 563], [564, 602], [603, 707], [708, 790]], "first_sentence": "This compound has two ESCA peaks, at 14.2 and 22.9 electron-volts, which valence bond theory cannotpredict.", "answer_prompt": "or CH4 until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second subject of this symphony's first movement is unusually stated in the submediant G majorin the exposition, but in D major in the recapitulation. The second movement is marked \"andante conmoto\" and is in E major. Although not premiered until 1865, decades after its composer's death, this is theearliest symphony in B minor in the standard repertoire. August Ludwig modified this symphony by (*)adding a \"Philosopher's Scherzo\" and a \"March of Destiny.\" It has been theorized that an entr'acte from thecomposer's incidental music to Rosamunde was intended to serve as the finale. It was followed up by its composer's\"Great\" C Major symphony. For 10 points, name this symphony by Franz Schubert with only two completemovements.", "answer": "Unfinished Symphony [or Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8; Schubert's name is not required after it is read]", "page": "Unfinished_symphony", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122404, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147761, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 221], [222, 360], [361, 462], [463, 588], [589, 650], [651, 735]], "first_sentence": "The second subject of this symphony's first movement is unusually stated in the submediant G majorin the exposition, but in D major in the recapitulation.", "answer_prompt": "or Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8; Schubert's name is not required after it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 20th century philosophy, the question of what does or doesn't count as this activity was the\"problem of demarcation.\" A 1962 book defined the \"normal\" type of this activity as an accumulation of results from \"problem-solving,\" and used Wittgenstein's image of the \"duckrabbit\" to show how different types of it might perceive differently. This activity is disrupted during times of \"paradigm shift\" according to philosopher (*) Thomas Kuhn, and its claims must be falsifiable according to Karl Popper's work on this type of discovery. In 1620, a new way of doing this was proposed in Novum Organum. For 10 points, name this method of academic inquiry championed by Francis Bacon, whose \"revolutions\" might replace ideas such as Newtonian physics with special relativity.", "answer": "science [or scientific method; or scientific research; or scientific revolutions]", "page": "Science", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122403, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147762, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 341], [342, 537], [538, 601], [602, 773]], "first_sentence": "In 20th century philosophy, the question of what does or doesn't count as this activity was the\"problem of demarcation.\"", "answer_prompt": "or scientific method; or scientific research; or scientific revolutions", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man was abandoned by his cosmographer Ruy Faleiro, who either went insane or was spooked byan unfavorable horoscope. This man suppressed a mutiny on Easter day led by Juan de Cartagena (car-taHAY-na),an event chronicled by the scholar Antonio Pigafetta. This man ran into trouble when the SanAntonio abandoned the other ships at the Cape of the Virgins. Charles I of (*) Spain asked this man to find aroute to the Spice Islands. The chieftain Lapu-Lapu is revered as a hero on the island of Cebu for defeating thisman. Juan Sebastian del Cano, sailing aboard the Victoria, completed the voyage after this man was killed by nativesin the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the Philippines. For 10 points, name this explorer who led the first expedition tocircumnavigate the Earth.", "answer": " Ferdinand Magellan [or Fern\u00c3\u00a3o de Magalh\u00c3\u00a3es or Fernando de Magallanes or Hernando de Magallanes or Fernando de Magallanes]", "page": "Ferdinand_Magellan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122402, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147763, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 258], [259, 358], [359, 433], [434, 523], [524, 686], [687, 777]], "first_sentence": "This man was abandoned by his cosmographer Ruy Faleiro, who either went insane or was spooked byan unfavorable horoscope.", "answer_prompt": "or Fern\u00c3\u00a3o de Magalh\u00c3\u00a3es or Fernando de Magallanes or Hernando de Magallanes or Fernando de Magallanes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a poem that describes a scene \"in the childhood of the world\" in which a group callsfor \"milky sap\" and \"honey from the hollow oak\". A mention of a \"still, small voice of calm\" ends a poemby this man that was the source of the hymn \"Dear Lord and Father of Mankind\". The uncle tells huntingstories and the schoolmaster relays news from Dartmouth in a poem by this man whose speaker wakes upafter a storm to \"no cloud above, no earth below, / a universe of (*) sky and snow!\" In a poem by this authorof \"The Brewing of Soma\", Stonewall Jackson orders his men not to harm the title character, who says \"Shoot, ifyou must, this old gray head, / But spare your country's flag\". For 10 points, name this Quaker poet of \"SnowBound\"and \"Barbara Frietchie\".", "answer": "John Greenleaf Whittier ", "page": "John_Greenleaf_Whittier", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122401, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147764, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 284], [285, 492], [493, 691], [692, 767]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a poem that describes a scene \"in the childhood of the world\" in which a group callsfor \"milky sap\" and \"honey from the hollow oak\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This event disrupted a community of drug-addled aristocrats called the Happy Valley set. During thisevent, prisoners classified as \"White,\" \"Grey,\" and \"Black,\" were moved up and down the Pipelineconcentration camp system. In response to this event, land was redistributed to families via theSwynnerton Plan. Rawson Macuria claimed that participants in this event practiced blood-drinkinginitiations during the trial of the Kapenguria Six. General (*) China led forces in this conflict, during whichOperation Anvil occurred. This rebellion prompted Governor Evelyn Baring to declare a State of Emergency, and itwas begun by the Kikuyu-dominated Land and Freedom Army. For 10 points, name this rebellion against Britishrule in Kenya.", "answer": " Mau Mau Uprising [or equivalents such as Mau Mau Rebellion; or Kenya Emergency until \"Kenya\" is read]", "page": "Mau_Mau_Uprising", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122400, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147765, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 222], [223, 308], [309, 439], [440, 524], [525, 667], [668, 732]], "first_sentence": "This event disrupted a community of drug-addled aristocrats called the Happy Valley set.", "answer_prompt": "or equivalents such as Mau Mau Rebellion; or Kenya Emergency until \"Kenya\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist painted stones falling out of the arches of a building while the king who ordered itsconstruction oversees his workers. He made a series of six panels depicting different times of the year,although the panel depicting late spring is lost. In one of those paintings, three men and their dogs returnfrom an unsuccessful trip, and silhouettes can be seen ice skating in the distance. In another of hispaintings, bowls of soup at a (*) feast are carried on a door that has been removed from its hinges. This artist ofThe Tower of Babel and Hunters in the Snow painted a mythical character drowning in the sea, unnoticed by theshepherd on a cliff. For 10 points, name this Flemish painter of The Peasant Wedding and Landscape with the Fall ofIcarus", "answer": " Pieter Bruegel the Elder", "page": "Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122399, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147766, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 250], [251, 392], [393, 510], [511, 654], [655, 755]], "first_sentence": "This artist painted stones falling out of the arches of a building while the king who ordered itsconstruction oversees his workers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The final section of this poem claims that \"it was evening all afternoon\". A man who \"rode overConnecticut in a glass coach\" mistook the subject of this poem for \"the shadow of his equipage\". Itsspeaker claims to know \"noble accents and lucid, inescapable rhythms\" but notes that the subject of thepoem \"is involved in what I know\". This poem contrasts the \"beauty of inflections\" with the \"beauty of(*) innuendos\". One section of this poem opens by mentioning the \"thin men of Haddam\", while in another, thespeaker looks through icicles for the shadow of the title creature, whose eye is the only moving thing \"amongtwenty snowy mountains\". For 10 points, name this Wallace Stevens poem about various perspectives on a certainanimal.", "answer": "\"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird\" ", "page": "Thirteen_Ways_of_Looking_at_a_Blackbird", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122398, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147767, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 191], [192, 332], [333, 415], [416, 641], [642, 734]], "first_sentence": "The final section of this poem claims that \"it was evening all afternoon\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This present-day country was the place where a highly-regarded wine called cerentum was produced.Because it was manufactured by skilled swordsmiths from this present-day country, the gladius wasnicknamed the sword of this place. In this present-day country, Metellus Pius was deadlocked against therogue general Quintus Sertorius for three years until Pompey's arrival. The province corresponding to thiscountry was divided into regions marked (*) \"Citerior\" and \"Ulterior.\" The emperors Hadrian and Trajan wereborn in what is now this country, where the siege of Saguntum triggered the start of the Second Punic War. TheVisigoths settled in this country and its smaller western neighbor. For 10 points, name this present-day countrycorresponding to the Roman province of Hispania. ", "answer": "Spain [or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana]", "page": "Spain", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122397, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147768, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [97, 228], [229, 369], [370, 474], [475, 617], [618, 688], [689, 781]], "first_sentence": "This present-day country was the place where a highly-regarded wine called cerentum was produced.", "answer_prompt": "or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one campaign, this man vowed that his first act in office would be to fire Carey McWilliams, who didnot share his anti-Japanese-American views. In 1948 this man was unable to deliver his home state for hisrunning mate, Thomas Dewey. This man proposed a compulsory state health care system in 1945 whileserving as Governor of California. Eisenhower claimed he made a \"damned-fool mistake\" about thissuccessor to (*) Fred Vinson. This man was the subject of a 1961 campaign by the John Birch Society that calledfor his impeachment. This judge ordered that \"all deliberate speed\" be used to carry out his decision in a case thatoverturned Plessy v. Ferguson. For 10 points, name this Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote the Brown v.Board decision.", "answer": " Earl Warren ", "page": "Earl_Warren", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122396, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147769, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 235], [236, 339], [340, 430], [431, 532], [533, 658], [659, 741], [741, 756]], "first_sentence": "In one campaign, this man vowed that his first act in office would be to fire Carey McWilliams, who didnot share his anti-Japanese-American views.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This scientist is the first namesake of a strip reaction in which a deuterium nucleus gives a neutron to aheavier nucleus, causing the release of a proton. A Physical Review paper written by Hartland Snyder andthis physicist provided the modern concept of a black hole. With Tolman and Volkoff, he calculated theupper bound on the mass of a neutron star. He is the second namesake of a statement that permitsfactorization of an atomic (*) wavefunction by fixing the position of the nucleus and factoring out the electronicwavefunction, an approximation he names with Max Born. He quoted from the Bhagavad Gita after the success ofthe Trinity test near Alamogordo, New Mexico in 1945. For 10 points, name this American physicist who directedLos Alamos National Laboratory during the Manhattan Project.", "answer": "Robert Oppenheimer [or Julius Robert Oppenheimer]", "page": "Robert_Oppenheimer", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122395, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147770, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 269], [270, 354], [355, 576], [577, 683], [684, 800]], "first_sentence": "This scientist is the first namesake of a strip reaction in which a deuterium nucleus gives a neutron to aheavier nucleus, causing the release of a proton.", "answer_prompt": "or Julius Robert Oppenheimer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this author observes a pack of stubborn mules on a bridge, then returns homeand beats his wife, hoping that she'll make him his favorite meal. A book by this author with the subtitle\"Prince Galehaut\" contains a story beginning with King Solomon ordering a man to visit the Bridge ofGeese. Christine de Pizan was inspired by a collection of 106 biographies of (*) women by this man, whofictionalized his muse as \"Fiammetta\". In a story by this man, the Marquis of Saluzzo pretends to have his first twochildren killed in order to test the patience of his wife Griselda. Seven men and three women go to Fiesole in thecountryside to avoid the Black Death in Florence in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this Italian authorof The Decameron", "answer": "Giovanni Boccaccio", "page": "Giovanni_Boccaccio", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122394, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147771, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 311], [312, 446], [447, 591], [592, 711], [712, 753], [754, 767]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this author observes a pack of stubborn mules on a bridge, then returns homeand beats his wife, hoping that she'll make him his favorite meal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A very strong form of this statement holds in spaces like the p-adics. Along with symmetry and nonnegativityrestriction, this statement must be true for a distance function to be a metric. Thegeneralization of this statement to the p-norm is named for Minkowski, and it can also be derived from astatement named for (*) Cauchy and Schwarz. One reformulation of it states that absolute value of quantity x plusy is less than or equal to absolute value of x plus absolute value of y. This statement follows from the law of cosines,because the magnitude of cosine in the namesake shapes is less than one. For 10 points, identify this statementwhich says that, for a certain three-sided figure, a plus b is greater than c.", "answer": " triangle inequality [prompt on ultrametric inequality before the word metric is said, do not accept \"Cauchy-Schwarz\" inequality at any point] ", "page": "Triangle_inequality", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122393, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147772, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 188], [189, 339], [340, 481], [482, 601], [602, 718]], "first_sentence": "A very strong form of this statement holds in spaces like the p-adics.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on ultrametric inequality before the word metric is said, do not accept \"Cauchy-Schwarz\" inequality at any point", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Visitors to this city can spin around on top of a floor mosaic of a bull for good luck, below a massiveglass dome in a glass-covered shopping complex. The Fininvest holding company was founded in thiscity. This city, which founded a renowned tram system in 1881 which maintains an orange color scheme,contains an Arch of Peace lying at the northwest end of its Sempione Park. Expo (*) 2015 began in this cityon May 1. Malpensa airport brings visitors into this city, whose reputation as the financial center of its country grewin part due to native media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi. The Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele is in this city, whose operahouse is called La Scala. For 10 points, name this capital of Lombardy, a bustling city of northwestern Italy.", "answer": "Milan, Italy ", "page": "Milan,_Italy", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122392, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147773, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 205], [206, 375], [376, 417], [418, 580], [581, 666], [667, 751]], "first_sentence": "Visitors to this city can spin around on top of a floor mosaic of a bull for good luck, below a massiveglass dome in a glass-covered shopping complex.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of Jacob's life, he blesses his son Judah by comparing him to this animal. A dead variety ofthis animal inspires the riddle \"Out of the eater, something to eat; out of the strong, something sweet.\"The faces of an ox, a man, an eagle, and this animal characterize the drivers of the flaming chariot inEzekiel's vision. A swarm of bees populate the carcass of one of these animals discovered by (*) Samson onhis way to marry Delilah. When satraps push through a thirty-day ban on worshiping anyone who is not Darius, arighteous Jewish official is to be punished by being fed to these animals, but their mouths are kept shut by an angel.For 10 points, identify these animals which populate a den in which Daniel is imprisoned.", "answer": "lions [or Panthero leo; or P. leo] ", "page": "Lion", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122391, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147774, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 209], [209, 213], [214, 250], [251, 330], [331, 444], [445, 647], [647, 736]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of Jacob's life, he blesses his son Judah by comparing him to this animal.", "answer_prompt": "or Panthero leo; or P. leo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one of his operas, two characters remember how they both witnessed the appearance of a beautifulveiled woman, and now they notice that their hands push each other apart. One of those characters laterburns his village to allow his love interest and his rival to escape execution. This composer adaptedmaterial from the carol \"March of the Kings\" into the \"Farandole (fa-run-dole)\" that closes his (*)L'Arlesienne (lahr-lay-syen) Suite No. 2. Nadir and Zurga sing this composer's aria \"Au fond du temple saint,\" betterknown as the \"Friendship Duet.\" Another of his operas features Escamillo singing the \"Toreador Song,\" and endswith Don Jos\u00c3\u00a9 stabbing the title gypsy girl. For 10 points, name this French composer of The Pearl Fishers andCarmen.", "answer": "Georges Bizet", "page": "Georges_Bizet", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122390, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147775, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 281], [282, 381], [381, 430], [431, 436], [437, 443], [444, 550], [551, 673], [674, 746]], "first_sentence": "In one of his operas, two characters remember how they both witnessed the appearance of a beautifulveiled woman, and now they notice that their hands push each other apart.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the IS-LM model, the LM function is bounded by the liquidity preference and this other quantity. Ina liquidity trap, fluctuations of this quantity do not correspond to fluctuations in price levels. This quantityis equal to the base times the inverse of the reserve ratio when institutions employ a fractional-reservepolicy. A broad definition of this quantity includes negotiable order of withdrawals and certificates ofdeposits as well as (*) savings accounts and travelers checks. Those various components of this quantity are splitinto groups called M0, M1, and M2, which distinguish between that left in the bank and the amount of this value incirculation. For 10 points, name this value, which can be defined as the total quantity of currency in the economy.", "answer": "money supply", "page": "Money_supply", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122389, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147776, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 200], [201, 326], [327, 485], [486, 663], [664, 766]], "first_sentence": "In the IS-LM model, the LM function is bounded by the liquidity preference and this other quantity.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet first raised a recurring subject of his in a poem that described how \"Everywhere the eyeconcedes to / Encrouching horizon, / Is wooed into the cyclops' eye / Of a tarn.\" The work of P.V. Globinspired his poem \"Tolland Man\", a pseudo-sequel to the aforementioned poem from Door to the Dark.This author of several \"bog poems\" included a collection titled \"Sweeney Redivivus\" in his collection (*)Station Island. The speaker of another of his poems vows to use the \"squat pen\" resting \"between my finger and mythumb\" to perform the title action, which both his father and grandfather did with a spade. That poem, \"Digging\",was published in his collection Death of a Naturalist. For 10 points, name this Irish author of a famed 1996translation of Beowulf.", "answer": "Seamus Heaney [or Seamus Justin Heaney]", "page": "Seamus_Heaney", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 122388, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 147777, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [178, 179], [180, 299], [299, 419], [420, 608], [609, 684], [685, 761]], "first_sentence": "This poet first raised a recurring subject of his in a poem that described how \"Everywhere the eyeconcedes to / Encrouching horizon, / Is wooed into the cyclops' eye / Of a tarn.", "answer_prompt": "or Seamus Justin Heaney", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist depicted a man sleeping with a washbasin tied to his belt and a skull next to his cardinal hat, atthe bottom of a painting that he stopped working on during a siege. This artist's portrait of a young womanwith a headdress, ostrich fan, and Pegasus pendant was long mistitled Turkish Slave. At the age of twenty-one,this artist painted himself with a greatly distorted and elongated hand. This artist painted a small, thin St.Jerome at the bottom right of a painting in which Mary rests her right foot on two cushions, cradling agigantic infant Jesus in her lap. For 10 points, name this Mannerist painter of Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirrorand Madonna with the Long Neck.", "answer": "Parmigianino [or Francesco Mazzola; or Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola]", "page": "Parmigianino", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121798, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148006, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 301], [302, 399], [400, 573], [574, 683]], "first_sentence": "This artist depicted a man sleeping with a washbasin tied to his belt and a skull next to his cardinal hat, atthe bottom of a painting that he stopped working on during a siege.", "answer_prompt": "or Francesco Mazzola; or Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An article by Thomas Grey asks if we have an unwritten version of this thing in addition to the written one. In Freedom's Law, Ronald Dworkin proposed a \"moral reading\" of this thing, which is also the subject of Commentaries by Joseph Story. An argument that its writers were driven by financial interests forms Charles Beard's \"Economic Interpretation\" of it. The \"living\" view of this document is supported by loose constructionists, who dispute originalist claims that its meaning is fixed. This document's first three articles outline the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. For 10 points, name this document amended twenty-seven times and ratified in 1788, the supreme law of the United States.", "answer": "The Constitution of the United States of America", "page": "The_Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121797, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148007, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 242], [243, 361], [362, 494], [495, 590], [591, 711]], "first_sentence": "An article by Thomas Grey asks if we have an unwritten version of this thing in addition to the written one.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A bill named for this location sticks out of a man's pocket in the political cartoon \"The Able Doctor,\" in which that man forces a drink down a restrained woman's throat. A \"vile procession\" of half a mile from a courthouse to this location included flags hung upside down, a coffin labeled \"Liberty,\" and a crowd of as many as 50,000 people, when Anthony Burns lost a court case under the Fugitive Slave Law. Members of the Rotch family unsuccessfully tried to have cargo removed from this location after the cargo was brought on the Eleanor, Beaver, and Dartmouth. The first of the Intolerable Acts to be passed was named for this location, which was closed by that act. For 10 points, name this location where, in 1773, men dressed as Mohawks dumped chests full of tea.", "answer": "Boston Harbor [or Port of Boston; or Boston Port; prompt on Boston]", "page": "Boston_Harbor", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121796, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148008, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 170], [171, 409], [410, 566], [567, 672], [673, 772]], "first_sentence": "A bill named for this location sticks out of a man's pocket in the political cartoon", "answer_prompt": "or Port of Boston; or Boston Port; prompt on Boston", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In April 2015, a group of artists placed a bust of this person at a prison ship memorial in Brooklyn. Thisman called the attendees of the 2014 South by Southwest festival \"firefighters.\" This man performed his mostfamous act after watching James Clapper lie under oath. Suspicions surrounding this man caused thererouting of Evo Morales's plane to Austria. This man used the aliases \"Cincinnatus\" and \"Citizen Four\" whencontacting Laura Poitras and Glenn Greenwald, two journalists who later met him in Hong Kong. This manwas interviewed by John Oliver in Moscow, where he sought asylum after exposing the PRISM surveillanceprogram. For 10 points, name this man who became a fugitive after leaking classified NSA information in2013. ", "answer": "Edward Snowden [or Edward Joseph Snowden] ", "page": "Edward_Snowden", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121795, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148009, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 186], [187, 269], [270, 356], [357, 513], [514, 632], [633, 732]], "first_sentence": "In April 2015, a group of artists placed a bust of this person at a prison ship memorial in Brooklyn.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Joseph Snowden", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When this character is introduced, she is described as having eyes like \"two small pieces of coal pressed intoa lump of dough.\" This character explains to the Board of Aldermen that she has been granted an exemptionfrom paying taxes by Colonel Sartoris. Later, the Board of Aldermen sends four men to sprinkle lime on thischaracter's property in response to complaints of an odor coming from her house. This woman is rumored tobe suicidal after she purchases arsenic that is labeled for rats. In this character's bedroom, townspeopleeventually find a strand of her gray hair next to the rotting corpse of Homer Barron. For 10 points, name thisreclusive title character of a short story by William Faulkner titled \"A Rose for\" her. ", "answer": "Emily Grierson [or Emily Grierson]", "page": "Emily_Grierson", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121793, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148011, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [126, 127], [128, 253], [254, 402], [403, 492], [493, 618], [619, 730]], "first_sentence": "When this character is introduced, she is described as having eyes like \"two small pieces of coal pressed intoa lump of dough.", "answer_prompt": "or Emily Grierson", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A Deepwater, New Jersey facility that made this substance was dubbed the \"House of Butterflies.\" RobertKehoe was the foremost proponent of the safety of this material, whose use was opposed by Clair CameronPatterson after finding large traces of it in ocean water and ice cores. Its most prominent manufacturer wasEthyl Corporation. Herbert Needleman's studies of children's teeth and mental development led him toadvocate Clean Air Act regulation of this material. While working under Charles Kettering at General Motors,Thomas Midgley discovered this substance's anti-knock properties and lied about its toxicity. This additive isnow largely replaced with ethanol. For 10 points, name this octane-boosting gasoline additive banned in mostof the world for containing a toxic heavy metal. ", "answer": "tetraethyl lead [or leaded gasoline]", "page": "Tetraethyl_lead", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121792, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148012, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 278], [279, 332], [333, 465], [466, 615], [616, 666], [667, 788]], "first_sentence": "A Deepwater, New Jersey facility that made this substance was dubbed the \"House of Butterflies.\"", "answer_prompt": "or leaded gasoline", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A member of this school compared life to a dinner party in a book that ends with a \"maxim\" from Crito. Thisschool believed the souls of the wise are destroyed by a conflagration, or ekpyrosis. This school had a memberwho advised removing one's aversions to things like sickness and death, and who frequently used a termmeaning \"volition.\" A member of this school had a name meaning \"acquired,\" referring to his enslavement,and his student Arrian compiled the Discourses and Enchiridion. Epictetus taught this school's idea ofprohairesis. Proper action in accordance with nature, or kathekon, was taught by this school's founder from a\"painted porch\" in Athens. For 10 points, name this ancient school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium. ", "answer": "Stoicism", "page": "Stoicism", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121791, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148013, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 192], [193, 338], [339, 486], [487, 537], [538, 660], [661, 741]], "first_sentence": "A member of this school compared life to a dinner party in a book that ends with a \"maxim\" from Crito.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Shetland Bus was a network of vessels that transported individuals out of this country. OperationFreshman was a British airborne mission undertaken within this country. Agents in this country sunk the SFHydro, which prevented the removal of heavy water from this country. Josef Terboven was theReichskommisaar of this country and was responsible for the destruction of the town of Telavag here. Thiscountry was the location of the Falstad concentration camp, and its King Haakon VII fled the country in 1940.For 10 points, identify this Scandinavian country that was led by the puppet regime of Vidkun Quisling afterfalling to Nazi Germany in World War II. ", "answer": "Norway [or Kingdom of Norway; or Kongeriket Norge] ", "page": "Norway", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121790, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148014, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 172], [173, 275], [276, 398], [399, 660]], "first_sentence": "The Shetland Bus was a network of vessels that transported individuals out of this country.", "answer_prompt": "or Kingdom of Norway; or Kongeriket Norge", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The imaginary part of the propagation constant is this quantity's namesake constant. This quantity isplotted against frequency on the second, or lower, Bode plot. A form of this quantity symbolized gamma maybe nonzero after a cyclic adiabatic process, or if an electron passes near a solenoid even where no magneticfield is present. The wavelength over the period is its namesake velocity, which contrasts with the groupvelocity. For AC quantities such as current and voltage, this quantity is symbolized by a vector rotating arounda circular plot. A difference in it for two equal-frequency waves can lead to destructive interference. For 10points, name this quantity symbolized phi in the wave equation, the geometrical shift to where a wave begins. ", "answer": "phase [or phase constant; or phase velocity; or phase ratio; or Berry phase; or phase shift] ", "page": "Phase_(waves)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121789, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148015, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 162], [163, 332], [333, 429], [430, 548], [549, 635], [636, 751]], "first_sentence": "The imaginary part of the propagation constant is this quantity's namesake constant.", "answer_prompt": "or phase constant; or phase velocity; or phase ratio; or Berry phase; or phase shift", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a religious painting by this artist, a woman flees on a black donkey and an angel holds open a large greenscroll. This artist created a gouache painting in which a man stabs a boy and an inverted clock falls out of thesky. This artist's illustrations of scenes from the Song of Songs, Genesis, and Exodus are located in a nationalmuseum dedicated to him in Nice (NIECE). This artist depicted his wife towering over a meadow in Bella WithWhite Collar. Two upside down houses share the background with a female violinist and a man carrying ascythe in a painting this artist set in his hometown of Vitebsk, Belarus. For 10 points, name this artist whopainted a green-skinned man staring down a goat in I and the Village.", "answer": "Marc Chagall [or Marc Zakharovich Chagall]", "page": "Marc_Chagall", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121788, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148016, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 225], [226, 373], [374, 453], [454, 615], [616, 720]], "first_sentence": "In a religious painting by this artist, a woman flees on a black donkey and an angel holds open a large greenscroll.", "answer_prompt": "or Marc Zakharovich Chagall", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A strong predictor of this disease is the Arg-80-Gly variant of the complement C3 gene. Basal linear andbasal laminar deposits appear in this disease between the RPE and Bruch's membrane, which may bedisrupted with neovascularization. People with this disease perceive wavy lines on an Amsler grid. It mayadvance to central geographic atrophy in a type characterized by buildup of drusen. The abnormalangiogenesis in the \"wet\" form of this disease can be inhibited by injecting drugs directly into the vitreoushumor. The namesake affected structure in this disorder is a yellow spot in the center of the retina, soperipheral vision is usually retained. For 10 points, name this age-related disease that manifests as progressivecentral vision loss. ", "answer": "age-related macular degeneration", "page": "Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121787, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148017, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 234], [235, 298], [299, 388], [389, 516], [517, 652], [653, 747]], "first_sentence": "A strong predictor of this disease is the Arg-80-Gly variant of the complement C3 gene.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote about the Great Groby Tree, which symbolizes a family's curse, in a novel about thegodson of General Campion. In an oft-quoted comment, this novelist's friend John Rodker called one of hisnovels \"the finest French novel in the English language.\" A woman created by this writer is averse to sex due toa strict Catholic upbringing, leading her to suggest the sexual union of her ward Nancy and her husband. Thiswriter created a man called \"the last English Tory,\" who is constantly cheated on by his wife Sylvia, namedChristopher Tietjens. The narrator says, \"This is the saddest story I have ever heard,\" at the beginning of hisnovel about Edward Ashburnham. For 10 points, name this English author of Parade's End and The Good Soldier. ", "answer": "Ford Madox Ford ", "page": "Ford_Madox_Ford", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121786, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148018, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 263], [264, 422], [423, 555], [556, 675], [676, 753]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote about the Great Groby Tree, which symbolizes a family's curse, in a novel about thegodson of General Campion.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character tries to defend a captured servant who, after being fired by the widow with whom he was inlove, murdered his successor. A poem by William Thackeray about this character alludes to a scene in which hefirst sees his love interest, who is wearing a pink ribbon and cutting a loaf of bread for her eight youngersiblings. After playing a party game where guests have their ears boxed for making counting mistakes, thischaracter bursts out crying when a woman says \"Klopstock!\" This character reads a lengthy excerpt from histranslation of Ossian during a visit to Wahlheim. He shoots himself with a pistol lent to him by Albert, whohad married his beloved Lotte. For 10 points, name this youth whose \"sorrows\" are the subject of a novel byGoethe. ", "answer": "Werther [or Young Werther]", "page": "Werther", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121785, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148019, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 331], [332, 486], [487, 583], [584, 672], [673, 703], [704, 756]], "first_sentence": "This character tries to defend a captured servant who, after being fired by the widow with whom he was inlove, murdered his successor.", "answer_prompt": "or Young Werther", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The plea \"Let me be numbered among your sheep\" is carved beneath a kneeling man below this building'stympanum showing the Last Judgment. Bernard de Montfaucon made drawings of the now-destroyed thinstatues of Old Testament prophets and kings that flanked this building's portals. The west facade of thisbuilding has one surviving southern tower and three portals topped by a rose window. This building is bestknown for the slender-columned ambulatory consisting of nine chapels radiating around an apse. ManyCarolingian features of this building were demolished during the renovation of its choir, which concluded in1144 under the direction of Abbot Suger. (soo-ZHAY) For 10 points, name this French church, the first in theGothic style. ", "answer": "Basilica of Saint Denis [or Basilique royale de Saint-Denis; or Basilique Saint-Denis]", "page": "Basilica_of_Saint_Denis", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121784, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148020, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 279], [280, 387], [388, 503], [504, 656], [657, 667], [668, 737]], "first_sentence": "The plea \"Let me be numbered among your sheep\" is carved beneath a kneeling man below this building'stympanum showing the Last Judgment.", "answer_prompt": "or Basilique royale de Saint-Denis; or Basilique Saint-Denis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this poem, the endlessly-flowing red, black, and white breastmilk of three sisters gives rise to three typesof iron, which spread across the land to escape from fire. A blind shepherd in this poem throws a serpentthrough the heart of a man whose comb then starts to drip blood. At this poem's end, a man sails off into thesunset after he is chastised by a thinly-veiled Christ. In this poem, a many-colored lid covers a money-printingdevice that fails to win a beautiful wife for its creator. This poem's title \"land of heroes\" opposes the northernland of Pohjola. In this epic, the Sampo is destroyed in a battle between Louhi and the trio of Lemminkainen,Ilmarinen, and Vainamoinen. For 10 points, name this national epic of Finland. ", "answer": "The Kalevala", "page": "Kalevala", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121783, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148021, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 280], [281, 380], [381, 495], [496, 567], [568, 687], [688, 738]], "first_sentence": "In this poem, the endlessly-flowing red, black, and white breastmilk of three sisters gives rise to three typesof iron, which spread across the land to escape from fire.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "All exact differential forms can be described by this word, since their second exterior derivative is zero. A setis Hausdorff if and only if the diagonal can be described by this word. The union of a set and its boundaryalways has this property. Arbitrary intersections, but not arbitrary unions, of sets of this type produce anotherset of this type. A topological set is described by this word if it contains all of its limit points. If an operationapplied to two members of a set always remains in that set, the set is said to have this property with respect tothat operation. For 10 points, give this word which describes intervals that contain both of their endpoints. ", "answer": "closed [or word forms, such as closure]", "page": "CLOSE", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121782, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148022, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 184], [185, 245], [246, 350], [351, 434], [435, 578], [579, 672]], "first_sentence": "All exact differential forms can be described by this word, since their second exterior derivative is zero.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms, such as closure", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These people destroyed a group of settlements called the \"seven cities\" after winning the 1598 Battle ofCuralaba. These people were led by chieftains called lonco, who appointed military leaders called toqui, whodefeated and killed the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. These speakers of the Mapudungun language refer todescendants of Spanish colonists as wingka, a term derived from \"new Incas\". These people live mostly south ofthe Bio-Bio River in the Araucania region, and they have also lived in the Chiloe Archipelago. These peoplehave protested the use of Pinochet-era anti-terrorism laws against them. For 10 points, name these indigenouspeople of southern Argentina and Chile. ", "answer": "Mapuche [or Araucanians until \"Araucania\" is read]", "page": "Mapuche", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121781, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148023, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 267], [268, 394], [395, 522], [523, 607], [608, 683]], "first_sentence": "These people destroyed a group of settlements called the \"seven cities\" after winning the 1598 Battle ofCuralaba.", "answer_prompt": "or Araucanians until \"Araucania\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man created the Caisse des Travaux as a way to finance his undertakings, and his successor was JeanCharlesAlphand. He was satirized in Le Temps by future Prime Minister Jules Ferry. One of this man's goalsmay have been to prevent the creation of barricades, which had been used during the June Days Uprising. Healso replaced a system built by Pierre Bruneseau with one that had separate pipes for drinking water andsewage. He supervised the creation of the Bois de Vincennes, and this man cleared medieval streets to createboulevards in his role as prefect of the Seine. For 10 points, name this man who rebuilt Paris during the reignof Napoleon III", "answer": "Baron Haussmann [or Georges-Eug\u00c3\u00a8ne Haussmann] ", "page": "Baron_Haussmann", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121780, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148024, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 186], [187, 313], [314, 427], [428, 575], [576, 654]], "first_sentence": "This man created the Caisse des Travaux as a way to finance his undertakings, and his successor was JeanCharlesAlphand.", "answer_prompt": "or Georges-Eug\u00c3\u00a8ne Haussmann", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer reluctantly added titles such as \"The Obbligato Recitative\" to a piece whose third movementis based around a namesake \"Farben\" chord. His Op. 9 is a one-movement chamber piece with five distinctsections comprising an exposition, scherzo, development, slow movement, and recapitulation. He is notAnton Webern, but he wrote an E major Chamber Symphony No. 1 and a set of Five Pieces for Orchestra. Themovement \"Moondrunk\" opens his setting of twenty-one poems sung in the Sprechstimme style. A womanreveals she is pregnant with another man's child in this composer's setting of a Richard Dehmel poem. For 10points, name this composer of Pierrot Lunaire and Transfigured Night, who invented the twelve-tone technique. ", "answer": "Arnold Schoenberg", "page": "Arnold_Schoenberg", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121779, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148025, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 155], [156, 299], [300, 409], [410, 503], [504, 612], [613, 728]], "first_sentence": "This composer reluctantly added titles such as \"The Obbligato Recitative\" to a piece whose third movementis based around a namesake \"Farben\" chord.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A reservoir in this state, which flooded the former villages of Ashland and Kent, supplies sixty percent of itsdrinking water. In 2011, its city of Central Falls declared bankruptcy and has contemplated merging with itssouthern neighbor, whose namesake \"Falls\" mark the boundary between the estuarine Seekonk and theBlackstone River. This home of Scituate Reservoir is also home to a city which was the epicenter of the colonialslave trade and whose \"cottages\" include Land's End and The Breakers. Pawtucket is found in this state, whoseAquidneck Island is home to Newport and is situated in Narragansett Bay. For 10 points, what Ocean State isthe smallest by area in the U.S., and has its capital at Providence? ", "answer": "Rhode Island [or Rhode Island and Providence Plantations] ", "page": "Rhode_Island", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121778, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148026, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 333], [334, 497], [498, 609], [610, 712]], "first_sentence": "A reservoir in this state, which flooded the former villages of Ashland and Kent, supplies sixty percent of itsdrinking water.", "answer_prompt": "or Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During a conflict over this resource, the Numancia became the first ironclad ship to circumnavigate theworld. This resource was mined on Navassa Island, which is now disputed by the United States and Haiti.Isabella II warred with former Spanish colonies in the Chincha Islands, a center for mining this resource. An1856 act passed by James Buchanan allowed American citizens to seize islands abundant in this resource,including the Swan Islands now owned by Honduras. Peru heavily exported this nitrogen-rich resource in thenineteenth century. For 10 points, name this fertilizer produced from the droppings of bats and seabirds.", "answer": "guano [prompt on excrement or equivalents]", "page": "Guano", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121777, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148027, "tokenizations": [[0, 109], [110, 206], [206, 312], [313, 467], [468, 543], [544, 629]], "first_sentence": "During a conflict over this resource, the Numancia became the first ironclad ship to circumnavigate theworld.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on excrement or equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This phenomenon occurs when free flow transitions to synchronized flow, which can further transitioninto its wide-moving form, according to Boris Kerner's three phase theory. In a famous example of induceddemand, increasing capacity does not, in the long-term, decrease the incidence of this phenomenon becauseadditional peak-period trips take place until its incidence is back to previous levels. Some theories about thisphenomenon were formulated based on data collected from the Bundesautobahn 5. HOV lanes are designed todecrease the incidence of this phenomenon. For 10 points, name this transportation phenomenon oftenencountered during rush hour, in which an excess of cars leads to a slowdown in travel times. ", "answer": "traffic congestion [or traffic jams; or traffic congestion; or traffic jams]", "page": "Traffic_congestion", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121776, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148028, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 397], [398, 499], [500, 567], [568, 717]], "first_sentence": "This phenomenon occurs when free flow transitions to synchronized flow, which can further transitioninto its wide-moving form, according to Boris Kerner's three phase theory.", "answer_prompt": "or traffic jams; or traffic congestion; or traffic jams", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This prophet cuts his hair into three parts and burns one portion, cuts up the second portion, and scattersthe third portion in the wind; he also spends a year lying on his side. This prophet envisions a new city named\"The Lord Is There\" and details the architecture of a Third Temple. He declares that that God will strike downGog, ruler of Magog (MAY-gog), and bury his army in the Valley of Hamon-Gog. This prophet witnesses fourcreatures, each with faces of a human, a lion, an ox, and an eagle, who are carrying a flaming chariot. Later, hetravels to a valley where he brings dry bones to life. For 10 points, name this third of the Major Prophets whosebook follows those by Isaiah and Jeremiah. ", "answer": "Ezekiel [or Y'hez'qel; or Duhl-Kifl]", "page": "Ezekiel", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121775, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148029, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [179, 285], [286, 404], [405, 535], [536, 599], [600, 662], [663, 700]], "first_sentence": "This prophet cuts his hair into three parts and burns one portion, cuts up the second portion, and scattersthe third portion in the wind; he also spends a year lying on his side.", "answer_prompt": "or Y'hez'qel; or Duhl-Kifl", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This artist's brother was an inept painter nicknamed \"The Splinter.\" This artist depicted the infant Jesuseating grapes in his earliest-attested painting, the San Giovenale Triptych. This artist carved a Latin inscriptionreading \"I once was what you are and what I am you also will be\" atop a skeleton resting on a cadaver tomb in aversion of the Crucifixion under a Roman-style coffered barrel vault in the church of Santa Maria Novella. Hepainted an angel with a flaming sword chasing Adam and Eve in one painting, and depicted St. Peterextracting a coin from a fish's mouth in another. For 10 points, name this Renaissance artist whose BrancacciChapel paintings include The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden and The Tribute Money.", "answer": "Masaccio [or Tonmaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone Cassai]", "page": "Masaccio", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121774, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148030, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 182], [183, 228], [229, 267], [268, 438], [439, 588], [589, 733]], "first_sentence": "This artist's brother was an inept painter nicknamed \"The Splinter.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Tonmaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone Cassai", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This action was similar to one which occurred in Syracuse and used leaves, or petala. An illiterate farmer once calledfor this action because he was sick of hearing a leader referred to as \"the Just.\" An instance of this action occurred after aman built a sanctuary to Artemis of the Best Advice and put a statue of himself inside it. Aristotle claims that, for its firstthree years, the targets of this action were exclusively \"friends of the tyrants,\" the relations of Pisistratus. At least 6,000pottery shards had to be collected for this practice to occur. This practice did not deprive its victims of property rights orcitizenship during the ten year period it imposed. For 10 points, name this Athenian practice by which citizens could bebanished by popular vote. ", "answer": "ostracism [or other word forms; prompt on answers like banishment or exile]", "page": "Ostracism", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121773, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148031, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 200], [201, 334], [335, 483], [484, 560], [561, 674], [675, 769]], "first_sentence": "This action was similar to one which occurred in Syracuse and used leaves, or petala.", "answer_prompt": "or other word forms; prompt on answers like banishment or exile", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a play by this author, a huge effigy of the title character shaking his head and carrying a Bible withcrossed-out pages is paraded around in a float. A series of characters draw lots and receive the black cross ofdeath at the start of a play by this author interspersed with musical numbers like the \"Fraternization Song,\"sung by the army camp prostitute Yvette. In another of his plays, Andrea visits his former master, who is livingunder house arrest despite having recanted his scientific beliefs. The title character of his best-known playresolutely pulls the wagon despite the murder of Kattrin and the executions of Eilif and Swiss Cheese duringthe Thirty Years War. For 10 points, name this German dramatist of Mother Courage and Her Children.", "answer": "Bertolt Brecht", "page": "Bertolt_Brecht", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121772, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148032, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 365], [366, 503], [504, 675], [676, 753]], "first_sentence": "In a play by this author, a huge effigy of the title character shaking his head and carrying a Bible withcrossed-out pages is paraded around in a float.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The 1963 murder of Edmund Assare-Addo prompted African students to protest in this area. In 2013, as partof an act titled Fixation, a performance artist sat naked in this area with a nail driven through his scrotum.Orthodox Patriarchs once rode through this present-day area on a donkey during Palm Sunday. Mathias Rustlanded a Cessna plane in this area in 1987. Tanks and missiles were paraded through this place on Victory Day.The quote \"Lazar! Put it back!\" is attributed to a premier seeing a model of this area that omitted St. Basil'sCathedral. For 10 points, name this area next to the Kremlin, the central square of Moscow, Russia.", "answer": "Red Square [or Krasnaya Ploshchad; prompt on descriptive answers that mention Moscow until \"Moscow\" is read; do not accept \"the Kremlin\"] ", "page": "Red_Square", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121771, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148033, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 215], [215, 306], [307, 325], [326, 362], [363, 429], [429, 446], [447, 460], [461, 550], [551, 639]], "first_sentence": "The 1963 murder of Edmund Assare-Addo prompted African students to protest in this area.", "answer_prompt": "or Krasnaya Ploshchad; prompt on descriptive answers that mention Moscow until \"Moscow\" is read; do not accept \"the Kremlin\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The bregma is the intersection of two regions of this structure. Battle's sign may arise from the basilar typeof damage to this structure. Diploe [dip-lo-ee] forms a cancellous region between the outer and vitreous tablesof this structure. It's not the tooth, but Sharpey's fibers bind a type of synarthrodial fibrous joint only found inthis structure. A gland is positioned in a depression in this bony structure known as the sella turcica, which isa region of its sphenoid bone. In infancy, this structure's calvaria normally has fontanelles, or \"soft spots,\" dueto incomplete fusion of sutures, which join parts of it such as the parietal and frontal bones. For 10 points,name this bony structure that encases the brain. ", "answer": "cranium [or skull cap; or word forms, such as cranial]", "page": "Skull", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121770, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148034, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 138], [139, 223], [224, 239], [240, 352], [353, 480], [481, 660], [661, 723]], "first_sentence": "The bregma is the intersection of two regions of this structure.", "answer_prompt": "or skull cap; or word forms, such as cranial", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a man hanging onto a branch is mercifully killed with the last bullet of a character whoconstantly calls himself a \"man of no cross.\" A soldier in this novel pretends to be a doctor so that he can savehis beloved by wrapping her in a blanket and running away with a man dressed up as a bear. A man known as\"Le Renard Subtil\" in this novel lost his position after becoming an alcoholic. Near its end, a crowd awaits theverdict concerning \"La Longue Carabine\" given by the elder Tamanend. It opens as General Webb organizes amarch toward Fort William Henry, while Duncan Heyward accompanies the Munro sisters. For 10 points,name this novel in which Uncas and Hawk-Eye fight the Hurons in upstate New York, by James FenimoreCooper. ", "answer": "The Last of the Mohicans", "page": "The_Last_of_the_Mohicans", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121769, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148035, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 148], [149, 306], [307, 324], [325, 400], [401, 501], [502, 622], [623, 743]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a man hanging onto a branch is mercifully killed with the last bullet of a character", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man commissioned Christian Wilhelm Dohm to write a book on \"civil improvement\" and wrote a nonKantianessay entitled \"What is Enlightenment,\" which answers the question with \"bildung\" or the cultivationof human talents. This man responded to rumors that his friend had made a deathbed confession to being afollower of Spinoza by writing Morning Hours and To Lessing's Friends in denunciation of pantheism. This manbegan to doubt the possibility of assimilation after engaging in a debate with Johann Caspar Lavater in whichhe promised to convert to Christianity if he did not prevail. For 10 points, name this author of Jerusalem: Or, onreligious power and Judaism, who was a leading member of the \"haskala\" movement and grandfather ofcomposer Felix. ", "answer": "Moses Mendelssohn [or Moshe ben Mendel mi-Dessau] ", "page": "Moses_Mendelssohn", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121768, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148036, "tokenizations": [[0, 223], [224, 409], [410, 588], [589, 634], [635, 754]], "first_sentence": "This man commissioned Christian Wilhelm Dohm to write a book on \"civil improvement\" and wrote a nonKantianessay entitled \"What is Enlightenment,\" which answers the question with \"bildung\" or the cultivationof human talents.", "answer_prompt": "or Moshe ben Mendel mi-Dessau", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Early 20th century politics in this country were dominated by its Agrarian National Union. A blind faithhealer and mystic from this country, Baba Vanga, had a controversial relationship with Lyudmila, thedaughter of its longtime ruler. This country pursued the Treaty of Craiova to recover territory lost in theTreaty of Neuilly, its \"second national catastrophe,\" which saw it lose Southern Dobruja. A ricin-injectingumbrella was used to kill Georgi Markov, who fled this country's communist regime under Todor Zhivkov. For10 points, name this eastern European country with capital at Sofia.", "answer": "Bulgaria", "page": "Bulgaria", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121767, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148037, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 235], [236, 400], [401, 520], [521, 592]], "first_sentence": "Early 20th century politics in this country were dominated by its Agrarian National Union.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An argument between two native women in this country over Captain William Darby Brind led to the Girls'War. This country is where the missionary Carl Volkner was beheaded by members of the Pai Mariremovement. A conflict in this country was sparked by the cutting of a flagstaff. Nearly seventy crew members ofthe Boyd were eaten by this country's natives. After captaining the HMS Beagle, Robert FitzRoy served twoyears as this country's governor. The Musket Wars took place in this country, where William Hobson met withnative leaders to sign the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name this Pacific country home to the Maori. ", "answer": "New Zealand [or Aotearoa] ", "page": "New_Zealand", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121766, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148038, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 208], [209, 278], [279, 355], [356, 447], [448, 567], [568, 627]], "first_sentence": "An argument between two native women in this country over Captain William Darby Brind led to the Girls'War.", "answer_prompt": "or Aotearoa", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist depicted numerous bowler hatted men sitting under a pier in a work titled \"The Short Tail Gang.\"This artist wrote a very short children's book titled Is There a Santa Claus? In one work of art by this man, atleast ten threatening looking toughs stare at the viewer while standing in a back alley at 59 \u00c2\u00bd Mulberry Street.Another of his artworks, subtitled \"Five Cents a Spot,\" is set at Bayard Street and shows lodgers crammed intoa dirty bedroom. This artist created works like \"Bandit's Roost\" using a magnesium flash. His best known workis subtitled \"studies among the tenements of New York.\" For 10 points, name this photographer and journalistwho wrote How the Other Half Lives. ", "answer": "Jacob Riis", "page": "Jacob_Riis", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121765, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148039, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [107, 112], [113, 185], [186, 332], [332, 458], [459, 531], [532, 605], [605, 694]], "first_sentence": "This artist depicted numerous bowler hatted men sitting under a pier in a work titled \"The Short Tail Gang.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The van Laar equation defines the excess of this quantity based on component mole fractions. In proteinfolding calculations, the phi value is a ratio of two forms of this quantity, preceded by two deltas. Thedefinition of exergy is nearly identical to this other quantity. Phase equilibrium occurs where two surfaces forthis property, in different phases, intersect. This quantity uses temperature and pressure as its naturalvariables. Any thermodynamic driving force must cause this quantity to decrease. At standard state, the cellvoltage times nF equals this quantity. It is defined as the enthalpy minus temperature times entropy. For 10points, name this quantity whose change is negative in spontaneous processes, which is symbolized G. ", "answer": "Gibbs free energy [or G until \"symbolized\" is read; prompt on free energy; prompt on chemical potential or mu] ", "page": "Gibbs_free_energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121764, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148040, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 204], [205, 272], [273, 366], [367, 435], [436, 505], [506, 571], [572, 634], [635, 741]], "first_sentence": "The van Laar equation defines the excess of this quantity based on component mole fractions.", "answer_prompt": "or G until \"symbolized\" is read; prompt on free energy; prompt on chemical potential or mu", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "To boost interest in this group, James Colescott lowered membership fees to six dollars. Elizabeth Tyler andEdward Clarke were two public relations agents that improved this group's image, with Tyler publishing itsnewspaper, The Searchlight. This organization's \"northern realm\" was led by a rival of its leader Hiram WesleyEvans. This group sagged in popularity after the conviction of D.C. Stephenson for rape and murder. Itssecond incarnation was founded by William Simmons at Stone Mountain in 1915. Interest in this groupexploded after the success of D.W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation. For 10 points, name this group of whitehooded nativists who burn crosses. ", "answer": "Ku Klux Klan [or KKK; or the Klan] ", "page": "Ku_Klux_Klan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121763, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148041, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 241], [242, 330], [331, 423], [424, 503], [504, 599], [600, 673]], "first_sentence": "To boost interest in this group, James Colescott lowered membership fees to six dollars.", "answer_prompt": "or KKK; or the Klan", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "L.G. Freeman argued that the Spanish sites of Ambrona and Torralba provide evidence that this speciescould organize to hunt large animals. This species developed teardrop-shaped hand axes while being the firstto use the Acheulean tool making tradition. The name for this species was first proposed by Ernst Haeckel, theteacher of Eugene Dubois. A site with fossils of this species was excavated by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin andFranz Weidenreich. This hominid species, which lived about 1.8 million years ago, was the first to appearoutside of Africa. Examples of this extinct species include Peking Man and Turkana Boy. For 10 points, namethis hominid species whose name is Latin for \"upright man.\"", "answer": "Homo erectus [or H. erectus; or Pithecanthropus erectus; or P. erectus; or Homo ergaster; or H. ergaster]", "page": "Homo_erectus", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121761, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148043, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 252], [253, 344], [345, 446], [447, 551], [552, 620], [621, 699]], "first_sentence": "L.G. Freeman argued that the Spanish sites of Ambrona and Torralba provide evidence that this speciescould organize to hunt large animals.", "answer_prompt": "or H. erectus; or Pithecanthropus erectus; or P. erectus; or Homo ergaster; or H. ergaster", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer included a duet between a clarinet and the soloist in the second cadenza of the \"Allegro confermezza\" first movement of his violin concerto. Performances of a concerto by this composer made pianistWilliam Kapell famous. That piece uses an F-B double-flat-A flat theme and includes a flexatone part. HisViolin Concerto was written for David Oistrakh. An adagio depicting carpet weavers appears in a ballet by thiscomposer whose title character marries Kazakov after her husband Giko sets fire to a cotton warehouse. Anexcerpt from that ballet about workers on a collective farm begins with the xylophone playing F-sharp eighthnotes. For 10 points, name this Armenian Soviet composer whose Gayane includes the \"Sabre Dance.\" ", "answer": "Aram Khachaturian [or Aram Il'yich Khachaturian]", "page": "Aram_Khachaturian", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121760, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148044, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [155, 233], [234, 312], [313, 363], [364, 528], [529, 645], [646, 736]], "first_sentence": "This composer included a duet between a clarinet and the soloist in the second cadenza of the \"Allegro confermezza\" first movement of his violin concerto.", "answer_prompt": "or Aram Il'yich Khachaturian", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This phenomenon gives rises to the inversion of the nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule, splitting the ground state vibrational level. In a device that relies on this process, an increase in voltage is accompanied by a decrease in current, forming a region of negative resistance. This process is responsible for a form of magnetoresistance used by the read heads of hard drives. Finding the probability of this phenomenon is a prime application of the WKB approximation because it can be exact for this phenomenon. George Gamow was able to calculate the correct rate of alpha decay by supposing that this phenomenon was responsible. For10 points, name this purely quantum phenomenon in which a particle traverses a classically impenetrable barrier without going over it.", "answer": "quantum mechanical tunneling", "page": "Quantum_mechanical_tunneling", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121759, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148045, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 281], [282, 380], [381, 516], [517, 634], [635, 772]], "first_sentence": "This phenomenon gives rises to the inversion of the nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule, splitting the ground state vibrational level.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a novel, these objects are variously described as Ee Gee, the amazing editor, an Olympic lady crewchampion, and a brilliant professor. Esther says, \"I saw my life branching out before me\" and describes \"everybranch, like a fat purple\" one of these objects in The Bell Jar. These objects name a collection containing theline, \"We were very tired, we were very merry,\" that ends with a sonnet opening, \"I shall forget you presently,my dear.\" \"Recuerdo\" and a two-line poem beginning, \"Safe upon the solid rock the ugly houses stand,\" follow apoem that opens, \"My candle burns at both ends,\" in that collection titled after this fruit. For 10 points, namethese fruits, \"a few\" of which title a collection by Edna St. Vincent Millay.", "answer": "figs", "page": "Figs", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121758, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148046, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 275], [276, 442], [443, 635], [636, 732]], "first_sentence": "In a novel, these objects are variously described as Ee Gee, the amazing editor, an Olympic lady crewchampion, and a brilliant professor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Iliad, this man recounts how Hera influenced both the premature birth of Eurystheus and the delayedbirth of Heracles, which caused Zeus to banish the goddess Ate (AH-tee) from Olympus. This warrior remainsunharmed when a spear strikes his silver belt and its point uselessly bends. This man kills Iphidamas, but iswounded by his brother Co\u00c3\u00b6n (coh-AHN). This hero's arrogance is rebuked by the repugnant Thersites. Thiswarrior ends Apollo's plague by returning Chryseis to the Trojans, but fuels the rage of Achilles when he seizesBriseis as compensation. Electra and Orestes avenge this man's death, brought on in part by his wifeClytemnestra. For 10 points, name this Mycenaean king who leads the Greek army in the Trojan War. ", "answer": "Agamemnon", "page": "Agamemnon", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121757, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148047, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 191], [192, 288], [289, 359], [360, 420], [421, 561], [562, 650], [651, 734]], "first_sentence": "In the Iliad, this man recounts how Hera influenced both the premature birth of Eurystheus and the delayedbirth of Heracles, which caused Zeus to banish the goddess", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer's final piano sonata includes a scherzo marked Allegro vivace con delicatezza and begins with alengthy Molto moderato movement in B-flat major. He may have originally intended his Piano Trio No. 1 in Bflatmajor to include his Notturno in E-flat major as one of its movements. This composer included two cellos,rather than the traditional two violas, in his String Quintet in C major. One of his string quartets ends with a Dminor tarantella and includes a second-movement set of variations on the song \"Death and the Maiden.\" Thiscomposer included a double bass instead of a second violin in a piano quintet whose fourth movement quoteshis own lied \"Die Forelle.\" For 10 points, name this composer of the Trout Quintet.", "answer": "Franz Schubert [or Franz Peter Schubert]", "page": "Franz_Schubert", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121673, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148056, "tokenizations": [[0, 157], [158, 289], [290, 397], [398, 538], [538, 539], [540, 677], [678, 733]], "first_sentence": "This composer's final piano sonata includes a scherzo marked Allegro vivace con delicatezza and begins with alengthy Molto moderato movement in B-flat major.", "answer_prompt": "or Franz Peter Schubert", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This scientist revealed that an obviously fake seven-headed hydra owned by the burgomeister of Hamburgwas, in fact, fake. The twinflower was named for this man after his expedition to Lapland to study the Sami,which resulted in the book Flora Lapponica. He inverted the Celsius scale to make 0 degrees the freezing point,and inaugurated the field of phenology with Calendarium Florae. Carl Peter Thunberg was among the \"apostles\"this man sent on collecting expeditions around the world. He wrote Philosophia Botanica shortly after becomingrector of Uppsala University. This scientist, the type specimen of Homo sapiens, founded modern taxonomywith his Systema Naturae. For 10 points, name this Swedish naturalist who invented binomial nomenclature.", "answer": "Carolus Linnaeus", "page": "Carolus_Linnaeus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121672, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148057, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 253], [254, 384], [385, 486], [487, 568], [569, 647], [648, 668], [669, 748]], "first_sentence": "This scientist revealed that an obviously fake seven-headed hydra owned by the burgomeister of Hamburgwas, in fact, fake.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An Emlen funnel is most often used to study behavior linked to this phenomenon. The forebrain regionCluster N may assist this process through a quantum-entangling radical pair mechanism induced bycryptochrome activation in the retina. Anxiety during this process is called Zugunruhe. Vagrants can resultfrom defects in this process such as spring overshoot. The trigeminal nerve is thought to facilitate this processby transducing signals from magnetite-based receptors in the beak. Planetarium studies show that in somespecies it may be performed using celestial navigation. The record for this yearly action is held by the arctictern. For 10 points, name this mass seasonal movement undertaken by geese.", "answer": "bird migration [or migrating; prompt on orientation; prompt on animal behavior until \"behavior\" is read; prompt on navigation until it is read]", "page": "Bird_migration", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121671, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148058, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 234], [235, 283], [284, 357], [358, 482], [483, 575], [576, 636], [637, 705]], "first_sentence": "An Emlen funnel is most often used to study behavior linked to this phenomenon.", "answer_prompt": "or migrating; prompt on orientation; prompt on animal behavior until \"behavior\" is read; prompt on navigation until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 2008 issue of Time Magazine received criticism for depicting this action with its central object replacedby a tree. A person involved in this action lived on a Gila Indian reservation in Arizona and died as a result ofhis alcoholism. Another person involved in this action was erroneously identified as Hank Hansen, and was inreality Harlon Block. The first attempt at this action ended after James Forrestal asked to take its central objectas a souvenir. Ira Hayes participated in this action, which inspired Felix de Weldon to create the Marine CorpsWar Memorial outside of Arlington National Cemetery. This action was famously depicted in a photograph byJoe Rosenthal. For 10 points, identify this action done by six soldiers atop Mount Suribachi.", "answer": "raising the flag on Iwo Jima [or equivalents involving Mount Suribachi until it is read; prompt on partial answer]", "page": "Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121670, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148059, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 235], [236, 349], [350, 457], [458, 606], [607, 673], [674, 752]], "first_sentence": "A 2008 issue of Time Magazine received criticism for depicting this action with its central object replacedby a tree.", "answer_prompt": "or equivalents involving Mount Suribachi until it is read; prompt on partial answer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this poem recalls \"a day when historians left blanks in their writings\" and states \"theblossoms of the apricot blow from the east to the west and I have tried to keep them from falling.\" The line\"Pull down thy vanity\" is repeated in this poem. In this poem, Acoetes describes the appearance of vines andlynxes on a pirate ship after the exclamation \"Hang it all, Robert Browning!\" This poem attacks money-lendingin its \"with usura\" section. The first part of this poem is adapted from the Odyssey and begins, \"And then wentdown to the ship.\" One section of this poem quotes from the writings of John Adams, and another was writtenwhile the author was imprisoned in Pisa. For 10 points, name this lengthy unfinished poem by Ezra Pound.", "answer": "The Cantos ", "page": "The_Cantos", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121669, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148060, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 201], [202, 258], [259, 395], [396, 455], [456, 525], [525, 555], [555, 685], [686, 749]], "first_sentence": "A character in this poem recalls \"a day when historians left blanks in their writings\" and states \"theblossoms of the apricot blow from the east to the west", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It's not behavior, but Ulric Neisser coined the term for the \"echoic\" form of this process. A model of thisprocess includes a component known as the \"episodic buffer.\" John Palmer co-led a study showing that thisprocess was affected by verb choice like \"collided\" and \"smashed\" in analyzing a car crash. The conductor ofthat study observed errors in this process when participants in another study were told that they became lostin a shopping mall. The serial position effect explains troubles with this process, which was studied byElizabeth Loftus. George Miller proposed that \"seven plus or minus two\" bits of information can be held by the\"working\" form of this process. For 10 points, identify this process that is impaired by amnesia. ", "answer": "memory", "page": "Memory", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121668, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148061, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 167], [168, 303], [304, 448], [449, 550], [551, 674], [675, 740]], "first_sentence": "It's not behavior, but Ulric Neisser coined the term for the \"echoic\" form of this process.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play explains her fear of \"endless bitterness\" while her servant combs her hair. This playends with a lyric poem describing a knife that \"stops there in the quivering dark roots of the scream.\" In ascene from this play, a man asks a former flame whether she has received an orange corsage. Act III of thisplay opens with three woodsmen discussing the events of Act II, before a Beggar Woman prophesies thecoming tragedy while talking to a white-faced personification of the Moon. This play's title event isinterrupted by a man who is often reported as riding a horse near the estate, Leonardo Felix. For 10 points,name this play about the ill-fated marriage between the Bride and Bridegroom, by Federico Garcia Lorca.", "answer": "Blood Wedding [or Bodas de sangre]", "page": "Blood_Wedding", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121667, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148062, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 212], [212, 213], [214, 309], [310, 499], [500, 619], [620, 737]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play explains her fear of \"endless bitterness\" while her servant combs her hair.", "answer_prompt": "or Bodas de sangre", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A film center in this city is rumored to be haunted, since over a hundred workers were supposedly buriedalive in cement during its construction. A seaside park in this city now contains the Noli Me Tangere Gardenin honor of the park's namesake. The abac\u00c3\u00a1 plant was made into a type of durable hemp nicknamed for thiscity. Like Baguio (BAHG-yo) to its north, this city was redesigned by Daniel Burnham. Spanish ships thattraveled between this city and Acapulco were known as its namesake \"galleons.\" One of this capital city's majorroads is named for a former Governor-General, William Howard Taft. Quezon City is grouped into this city'smetropolitan area. For 10 points, name this capital of the Philippines.", "answer": "Manila", "page": "Manila", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121666, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148063, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 244], [245, 321], [322, 401], [402, 498], [499, 597], [598, 655], [656, 708]], "first_sentence": "A film center in this city is rumored to be haunted, since over a hundred workers were supposedly buriedalive in cement during its construction.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this man's paintings is traditionally covered up by a flag when exams are held in the gallery that it'sin, due to rumors that it can drive viewers to suicide. This artist satirized the legal profession in a painting inwhich a French poodle sits as the judge, titled Laying Down the Law. This artist painted the wreckage of JohnFranklin's lost expedition to the Northwest Passage being torn up by two polar bears in his painting ManProposes, God Disposes. This artist's most reproduced painting, set in the sunlit Scottish Highlands, depicts astag looking proudly up at the sky. For 10 points, name this British artist who sculpted the four bronze lions inTrafalgar Square and painted The Monarch of the Glen", "answer": "Edwin Landseer [or Sir Edwin Henry Landseer]", "page": "Edwin_Landseer", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121665, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148064, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [166, 293], [294, 461], [462, 584], [585, 714]], "first_sentence": "One of this man's paintings is traditionally covered up by a flag when exams are held in the gallery that it'sin, due to rumors that it can drive viewers to suicide.", "answer_prompt": "or Sir Edwin Henry Landseer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book has been criticized for switching between differential and physiocratic theories of rent. The fourprinciples of a good tax system outlined in this book are proportionality, transparency, convenience, and easyenforceability. This book analyzes the history of the ban on exporting live sheep in its discussion of monopolypower, and it claims that the relationship between income and fertility creates a wage floor that is static in thelong-term in its \"subsistence theory of wages.\" The start of this book contains a description of a factory wherea 2000-fold increase in productivity was achieved by the division of labor. For 10 points, name this 1776 textwhich denounces mercantilism and explains the functioning of the \"invisible hand,\" written by Adam Smith.", "answer": "The Wealth of Nations [or An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations] ", "page": "The_Wealth_of_Nations", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121664, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148065, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 233], [234, 489], [489, 630], [631, 770]], "first_sentence": "This book has been criticized for switching between differential and physiocratic theories of rent.", "answer_prompt": "or An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This group settled the strategically-critical city of Naupactus. Part of this group was given garlands andslain at the temple of Poseidon at Taenarus. This group staged a revolt after an earthquake took place at theTaygetus Mountains in 464 BC. Many of them received their status after two Messenian Wars. These people,who could become mothakes by completing the agoge, could often be indiscriminately killed by the krypteia.Every autumn, the ephors declared war on these people, who could become neodamodes by serving as hoplites orpaying a sum of 500 drachmas. For 10 points, name these people subjugated by the Spartan state.", "answer": "helots [prompt on Spartan slaves]", "page": "Helots", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121663, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148066, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 150], [151, 244], [245, 305], [306, 425], [425, 562], [563, 628]], "first_sentence": "This group settled the strategically-critical city of Naupactus.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Spartan slaves", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the fourth section of this poem, the speaker observes that \"flowers have been known to heal a commonman's despair.\" In this poem, the Chaplain refuses to pray beside the corpse of a man who \"did not wear hisscarlet coat, for blood and wine are red.\" This poem chiasmatically describes a man for whom \"mourners willbe outcast men, and outcasts always mourn,\" a passage chosen as the epitaph of the author, who wrote itunder the pseudonym C.3.3. This poem declares that \"some do it with a bitter look, some with a flatteringword,\" to elaborate upon his assertion that \"each man kills the thing he loves.\" For 10 points, name this poemin which Oscar Wilde describes his imprisonment for homosexuality in the title place.", "answer": " \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\" ", "page": "The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121662, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148067, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [117, 251], [251, 252], [253, 446], [447, 604], [604, 720]], "first_sentence": "In the fourth section of this poem, the speaker observes that \"flowers have been known to heal a commonman's despair.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Along with John Allen, this man intervened in a child custody dispute to help out mutual friend NatalieKhawam. He acquired the nickname \"Peaches\" as a youth because his name was viewed as too hard to say. A2007 advertisement from MoveOn.org claimed this man was \"cooking the books for the White House.\" Hisreputation was tarnished after the FBI received a complaint about cyberstalking from Florida socialite JillKelley, who was being harassed by this man's mistress. He recently pled guilty to misdemeanor chargesregarding classified information that stemmed from his affair with Paula Broadwell, the author of hisbiography All In. For 10 points, name this four-star general and former CIA chief.", "answer": "David Petraeus ", "page": "David_Petraeus", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121661, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148068, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 204], [205, 301], [301, 467], [468, 632], [633, 697]], "first_sentence": "Along with John Allen, this man intervened in a child custody dispute to help out mutual friend NatalieKhawam.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer's final keyboard concerto ends with a D major \"Rondo all'Ungarese.\" This composer wrote hisCello Concerto No. 1 in C major, a key he also used for a mass whose Agnus Dei introduces ominous timpanistrokes and trumpet fanfares to evoke the title phenomenon. Like Johann Nepomuk Hummel, this composerwrote a concerto for the new keyed trumpet invented by Anton Weidinger. This composer of the Mass in Timeof War wrote a symphony whose second movement prominently features a triangle, a pair of cymbals, and abass drum, in order to imitate Turkish music. Another of his symphonies ends with all but two musiciansleaving the stage. For 10 points, name this composer of symphonies nicknamed Military, Farewell, and Surprise.", "answer": "Franz Joseph Haydn", "page": "Joseph_Haydn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121660, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148069, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [80, 81], [82, 269], [270, 382], [383, 564], [565, 640], [641, 732]], "first_sentence": "This composer's final keyboard concerto ends with a D major \"Rondo all'Ungarese.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An oracle tells a king of this city that he can win a war if he sacrifices one of his daughters; when he does so,his other daughters all commit suicide together. A princess of this city turns into stone when she blocks adoorway to keep Mercury from reaching her sister. A woman from this city murders and cooks her son Itys,and her sister turns into a nightingale after weaving a tapestry depicting her rape and mutilation by Tereus.Herse and Philomela are from this city, in which Poseidon summons saltwater from a spring, only to lose itspatronage to a goddess that brings forth an olive tree. A king of this city navigates the Labyrinth and slays theMinotaur. For 10 points, name this Attican city named for the Greek counterpart to Minerva.", "answer": "Athens", "page": "Athens", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121658, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148071, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 269], [270, 433], [433, 595], [596, 662], [663, 744]], "first_sentence": "An oracle tells a king of this city that he can win a war if he sacrifices one of his daughters; when he does so,his other daughters all commit suicide together.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sylvester's theorem equates this function of the identity plus A times B to this function of identity plus Btimes A. This function is the unique antisymmetric multilinear form which takes the set of standard basisvectors to one. This quantity can be written as the sum over all permutations sigma of the sign of sigma timesan expansion term, the product of a sub i comma sigma i, which is known as expansion by cofactors. It givesthe area of the parallelogram formed by two vectors. The solutions to a system of linear equations are a ratio oftwo of these quantities, by Cramer's Rule. If this quantity is non-zero, a matrix is invertible. For 10 points,name this quantity that for a two by two matrix is a times d minus b times c.", "answer": "determinant", "page": "Determinant", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121657, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148072, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 228], [229, 421], [422, 482], [483, 585], [586, 639], [640, 731]], "first_sentence": "Sylvester's theorem equates this function of the identity plus A times B to this function of identity plus Btimes A.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Schechter Letter uses the name \"HLGW\" to describe a ruler of this empire who led two thousand boatstraveling on land to raid Constantinople, where he nailed his shield to the city gates. This empire sacked aneighboring state's city of Atil. Boleslaw the Brave intervened in a succession crisis in this empire, duringwhich he chipped his sword after striking its capital's Golden Gate. This empire's history is recorded inNestor's Primary Chronicle. A ruler of this empire was baptized at Chersonesus after marrying Basil II's sister,Anna. This empire, which conquered the Khazar Empire, was ruled by a dynasty began by Rurik. For 10 points,name this empire ruled by Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir the Great from the modern-day capital of Ukraine.", "answer": "Kievan Rus [or Kiev] ", "page": "Kievan_Rus", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121656, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148073, "tokenizations": [[0, 190], [191, 244], [245, 253], [254, 388], [389, 452], [453, 542], [543, 629], [630, 750]], "first_sentence": "The Schechter Letter uses the name \"HLGW\" to describe a ruler of this empire who led two thousand boatstraveling on land to raid Constantinople, where he nailed his shield to the city gates.", "answer_prompt": "or Kiev", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A correction functional for calculating this quantity equals the dot product of two gradients of a probabilityfunction, over eight times the probability, and is named for von Weizs\u00c3\u00a4cker. This quantity increases with thecurvature of a wavefunction since its operator is proportional to del-squared. Relativistically, this quantityequals m times c squared, times the Lorentz factor minus one. The maximum amount of this quantity equalsh-nu minus the workfunction in measurements of the photoelectric effect. Escape velocity is derived bysetting big G times two masses over the planetary radius equal to it. It is conserved for elastic collisions, butnot for inelastic collisions. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to half the mass times velocity squared.", "answer": "kinetic energy [or K; prompt on energy; do not accept \"potential energy\"] ", "page": "Kinetic_energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121655, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148074, "tokenizations": [[0, 186], [187, 297], [298, 390], [391, 505], [506, 604], [605, 677], [678, 758]], "first_sentence": "A correction functional for calculating this quantity equals the dot product of two gradients of a probabilityfunction, over eight times the probability, and is named for von Weizs\u00e4cker.", "answer_prompt": "or K; prompt on energy; do not accept \"potential energy\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this man begins with a Lord Oxford quotation that warns \"'Tis dangerous to be good,\" and istitled for a man who \"sits musing o'er his scars and wooden leg.\" The title subject of another of his poems is \"bynature's self in white arrayed,\" and is told by the speaker, \"when you die you are the same, the space between isbut an hour.\" That poem by this poet is addressed to a \"fair flower, that dost so comely grow.\" Another poem bythis writer begins, \"In spite of all the learned have said, I still my old opinion keep,\" and describes a site thatshows \"the fancies of a ruder race.\" For 10 points, name this \"Poet of the American Revolution\" who wrote \"TheWild Honeysuckle\" and \"The Indian Burying Ground.\"", "answer": "Philip Freneau [or Philip Morin Freneau] ", "page": "Philip_Freneau", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121654, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148075, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [165, 166], [167, 341], [342, 423], [424, 460], [460, 589], [589, 714]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this man begins with a Lord Oxford quotation that warns \"'Tis dangerous to be good,\" and istitled for a man who \"sits musing o'er his scars and wooden leg.", "answer_prompt": "or Philip Morin Freneau", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An opera by this composer uses an onstage ensemble of three piccolos, six horns, a tam-tam, and a windmachine to depict an oncoming storm in Act III. In that opera by this composer, the protagonist ignores thenagging of her nurse Mary and sings \"Traft ihr das Schiff,\" her namesake ballad, to a chorus of young girls attheir spinning wheels. An opera by this composer ends as a character sings that her lover smiles \"softly andgently\" and that his dead body \"shines ever brighter\" in her final aria, the \"Liebestod.\" The prelude to that operaby him introduces a dissonant chord named for the first title character, a knight of the Round Table. For 10points, name this German composer of The Flying Dutchman and Tristan und Isolde.", "answer": "Richard Wagner [or Wilhelm Richard Wagner] ", "page": "Richard_Wagner", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "NASAT", "difficulty": "regular_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 121653, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148076, "tokenizations": [[0, 149], [150, 341], [342, 516], [517, 544], [545, 643], [644, 730]], "first_sentence": "An opera by this composer uses an onstage ensemble of three piccolos, six horns, a tam-tam, and a windmachine to depict an oncoming storm in Act III.", "answer_prompt": "or Wilhelm Richard Wagner", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In many of these organisms, flagella are covered by lateral hairs called mastigonemes. Duringcytokinesis, some of these organisms form \"pit connections\" and \"pit plugs.\" A grouping of theseorganisms receives buoyancy from gas-filled structures called pneumatocysts (emphasize the \"U\" sound).Chlorophyte and charophyte ones possess both the a and b forms of chlorophyll. Most heterokonts arethese organisms. They produce the polysaccharide (*) agarose, and like Cyanobacteria, they can causediscolorations of water known as \"blooms.\" They range in size from the tiny phytoplankton diatoms to the massivegiant kelp. For 10 points, name these protists that come in brown, green, and red types.", "answer": " algae [prompt on protists; prompt on phytoplankton; accept heterokonts until mentioned; accept specific types of algae, such as brown algae or green algae or red algae]", "page": "Algae", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120804, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148830, "tokenizations": [[0, 86], [87, 169], [170, 369], [370, 406], [407, 531], [531, 532], [533, 613], [614, 690]], "first_sentence": "In many of these organisms, flagella are covered by lateral hairs called mastigonemes.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on protists; prompt on phytoplankton; accept heterokonts until mentioned; accept specific types of algae, such as brown algae or green algae or red algae", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The carpenter Joseph Arne was awarded a triumph for his role in this event. Mayor Flesselles wasexecuted for refusing to aid this event's participants, some of whom were crushed to death trying to obtainarms from Les Invalides. Stanislas Maillard received a set of never accepted surrender terms during thisevent, for which artillery was wheeled in by Pierre-Augustin Hulin from the Hotel de Ville. Three daysbefore this event, Jacques (*) Necker was dismissed as finance minister. The Marquis de Sade was transferred toan insane asylum from its location just days before this event, which liberated only seven prisoners. For 10 points,name this event. commemorated on a July 14th holiday, traditionally held to have kicked off the French Revolution.", "answer": "storming of the Bastille [accept equivalents that involve taking the Bastille; prompt on French Revolution] ", "page": "Storming_of_the_Bastille", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120803, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148831, "tokenizations": [[0, 75], [76, 227], [228, 398], [399, 435], [436, 481], [482, 621], [622, 652], [653, 750]], "first_sentence": "The carpenter Joseph Arne was awarded a triumph for his role in this event.", "answer_prompt": "accept equivalents that involve taking the Bastille; prompt on French Revolution", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A 1993 History of this topic, which rejected the rational view of it, was written by John Keegan. Afrequently-read summary of this activity by a subordinate of Michel Ney named Baron Jomini wasoutmoded by a book which described the differences between expectations and reality as \"friction.\" Anearly treatise about this thing puts \"desperate ground\" at the end of a list of Nine (*) Situations. The ideathat this practice is \"the continuation of politics by other means\" was put forward in the 19th century by Carl vonClausewitz, whose writings reacted to the rise of its \"total\" form. The maxim \"Know your enemy, and you shallknow yourself\" comes from a text about it. For 10 points, name this type of organized violence whose \"art\" wasdescribed by Sun Tzu", "answer": " warfare [or military operations; prompt on military strategy or military tactics", "page": "Warfare", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120802, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148832, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 291], [292, 394], [395, 585], [586, 669], [670, 757]], "first_sentence": "A 1993 History of this topic, which rejected the rational view of it, was written by John Keegan.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A family of this ethnicity gives all its jewelry to David Clancy in order to retrieve their son from customsofficials in \"In the Land of the Free\", a story by an author of this ethnicity who was born Edith MaudEaton. Grace and Steve take on mythological roles and eventually abandon Dale in a restaurant in a playby an author of this ethnicity who also wrote a play in which Rene Gallimard kills himself after his longtermlover reveals that he is male. The author of (*) F.O.B. and M. Butterfly is of this ethnicity, as is the authorof a novel in which June, Rose, Lena, and the chess prodigy Waverly are the daughters of a quartet of mahjongplayingwomen called the Joy Luck Club. For 10 points, identify this ethnicity of Sui Sin Far (\"sway\" sin far),David Henry Hwang, and Amy Tan.", "answer": "Chinese-American [or Chinese-British-American; or Chinese-British-Canadian; or Chinese-BritishCanadian-American]", "page": "Chinese-American", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120801, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148833, "tokenizations": [[0, 216], [217, 452], [453, 680], [681, 783]], "first_sentence": "A family of this ethnicity gives all its jewelry to David Clancy in order to retrieve their son from customsofficials in \"In the Land of the Free\", a story by an author of this ethnicity who was born Edith MaudEaton.", "answer_prompt": "or Chinese-British-American; or Chinese-British-Canadian; or Chinese-BritishCanadian-American", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A naval commander decided to wait twenty-seven more days before leaving this island after seeing alunar eclipse. The hot-blooded Lamachus got his army trapped in a ditch on this island, whose defensewas galvanized by Gylippus. Distracted defenders of this island were attacked during a festival to Artemisby Marcus Claudius Marcellus, whose forces were supposedly stymied by a (*) death ray made with a giantmirror and a mechanical claw that could drag entire ships out of the water. Nicias was executed at the end of amilitary campaign against this island planned by Alcibiades. While drawing circles, Archimedes was killed by Romansoldiers on this island. For 10 points, name this island, the target of an Athenian \"expedition\" that failed to captureSyracuse.", "answer": " Sicily", "page": "Sicily", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120800, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148834, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 226], [227, 483], [484, 579], [580, 657], [658, 761]], "first_sentence": "A naval commander decided to wait twenty-seven more days before leaving this island after seeing alunar eclipse.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One event planned in this country intended to use a special cooling technology developed by theBritish firm Arup. Carnegie Mellon's first undergraduate branch campus opened in this country'sextensive Education City. This country gave a 3.4 million dollar bribe to the daughter of Ricardo Teixeirain order to secure a 2010 (*) vote in its favor from Brazil. As many as one Nepalese migrant dies per dayconstructing this country's Lusail City, which is being built in preparation for an event moved to wintertime by anorganization led by Sepp Blatter. The Al-Thani family rules this country where Al Jazeera is based. For 10 points,name this Middle East country slated to host the 2022 World Cup.", "answer": "State of Qatar", "page": "Qatar", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120799, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148835, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 215], [216, 356], [357, 549], [550, 615], [616, 694]], "first_sentence": "One event planned in this country intended to use a special cooling technology developed by theBritish firm Arup.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Once every twelve years in several of these structures, a ceremony is performed during which aheavenly silver wire enters a granite sculpture. Most of these structures follow an 8-by-8 or a 9-by-9 squaregrid plan. The inner sanctum of these places is known as the \"womb chamber,\" and is often directlyunderneath a spire called the vimana. The term (*) prasada refers to both these buildings and to therefreshments served inside them after services. People remove their shoes before entering these religious structures,which contain murtis, or idols, of deities like Lakshmi or Ganesh. For 10 points, name these places of worship forthe predominant religion in India. ", "answer": "Hindu temples [or mandirs; or prasada before mentioned; prompt on partial answer; accept Hindu after \"places of worship\" is read] ", "page": "Hindu_temples", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120798, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148836, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 213], [214, 338], [339, 448], [449, 584], [585, 666]], "first_sentence": "Once every twelve years in several of these structures, a ceremony is performed during which aheavenly silver wire enters a granite sculpture.", "answer_prompt": "or mandirs; or prasada before mentioned; prompt on partial answer; accept Hindu after \"places of worship\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For a group of sets of this type in the plane, if any three of the sets intersect, then they all intersect byHelly's Theorem. Two disjoint open sets of this type can always be separated by a hyperplane. Jensen'sinequality applies to functions described by this adjective, and basically states that a function's averagevalue across inputs is greater than that function of the average of the inputs. The smallest set of this typethat encloses a given set is known as that set's (*) \"hull\" of this type. A shape has this property if all linesegments between points in it remain in the figure. A function is described by this word if its second derivative ispositive. For 10 points, give this word that denotes polygons whose internal angles are all less than 180 degrees.", "answer": "convexity [accept any word forms] ", "page": "Convex_polygon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120797, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148837, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 202], [203, 397], [398, 500], [501, 589], [590, 663], [664, 768]], "first_sentence": "For a group of sets of this type in the plane, if any three of the sets intersect, then they all intersect byHelly's Theorem.", "answer_prompt": "accept any word forms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's protagonists becomes a blacksmith's apprentice after his friend Heilner isexpelled from the Maulbronn seminary, then later gets drunk and drowns in a river. Another of hisprotagonists plans to commit suicide at age fifty, but is delayed by a chance visit to the Black EagleTavern, where he learns to dance and meets his future lover Maria. The pressures of academia crush (*)Hans Giebenrath in one of this man's novels, while in another, a jazz saxophonist named Pablo takes theprotagonist to a hall of mirrors inside the Magic Theater. The title character of another of his novels abandons hisfriend Govinda and falls in love with the beautiful Kamala. For 10 points, name this German author who createdHarry Haller in Steppenwolf and wrote Siddhartha.", "answer": " Hermann Hesse ", "page": "Hermann_Hesse", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120796, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148838, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 360], [361, 557], [558, 674], [675, 774]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's protagonists becomes a blacksmith's apprentice after his friend Heilner isexpelled from the Maulbronn seminary, then later gets drunk and drowns in a river.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Chris Burden created an \"Other\" version of this artwork, while Diane Carlson Evans raised funds for awomen's version of it. 287 additions were made to this work after its completion, and Duery Felton, Jr.organized a collection of objects left next to it. Viewers must walk down a slight grade to approach thiswork, whose two main components combine to form a \"V\" shape and are made from gabbro. The artistlater created a similar sculpture for (*) Montgomery, Alabama's Civil Rights Museum. This sculpture isaccompanied by Frederick Hart's The Three Soldiers. During its construction, a Purple Heart was thrown into theconcrete foundation. For 10 points, name this Maya Lin-designed memorial to American soldiers killed in an Asianconflict.", "answer": "Vietnam Veterans Memorial [or Vietnam Wall or Vietnam War Memorial]", "page": "Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120795, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148839, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 254], [255, 394], [395, 489], [490, 558], [559, 638], [639, 739]], "first_sentence": "Chris Burden created an \"Other\" version of this artwork, while Diane Carlson Evans raised funds for awomen's version of it.", "answer_prompt": "or Vietnam Wall or Vietnam War Memorial", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This composer's fifth symphony includes a frequently omitted part for the rare serpent instrument.He's not Hector Berlioz, but the second movement of his fourth symphony is sometimes described as a\"Pilgrim's March.\" The four movements of this composer's A minor third symphony are all performedwithout a break in between. The finale of his fifth symphony begins with a solo flute quoting the chorale A(*) Mighty Fortress Is Our God. This composer's A major fourth symphony ends with an A minor saltarello, while histhird symphony was inspired by the same trip that produced his Hebrides Overture. For 10 points, name thiscomposer of the Reformation, Scottish, and Italian symphonies, and incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn [Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy", "page": "Felix_Mendelssohn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120793, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148840, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [98, 215], [216, 321], [322, 432], [433, 596], [597, 734]], "first_sentence": "This composer's fifth symphony includes a frequently omitted part for the rare serpent instrument.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Rebecca Mead describes identifying with this character at age 17 in a book titled My Life In the novelin which this character appears. After encountering this character dressed in grey and lost in thought infront of the Sleeping Ariadne in the Vatican, Naumann paints a portrait of her as Santa Clara. Thiswoman's interest in improving the cottages of nearby tenant farmers attracts the interest of JamesChettam, who eventually marries her sister Celie. Her desire to help her husband research The (*) Key toAll Mythologies is rebuffed, and despite being disinherited by that husband, she marries Will Ladislaw after his death.For 10 points, name this woman who comes to regret having married Reverend Edward Casaubon in GeorgeEliot's Middlemarch.", "answer": "Dorothea Brooke", "page": "Middlemarch", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120792, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148841, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 301], [302, 453], [454, 493], [494, 501], [502, 627], [627, 747]], "first_sentence": "Rebecca Mead describes identifying with this character at age 17 in a book titled My Life In the novelin which this character appears.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Sets of these objects are classified as basic, alternative, or definitive by the Humphrey-Parkes system.These structures are found along the alar tract. Some of these objects contain thin segments calledbarbules organized around a rachis. Diogenes Laertius claimed that Socrates defined man as a bipedwithout any of these objects. Three white ones appear in the heraldic symbol of the (*) prince of Wales.These objects, a prized trade good in the Aztec empire, can be cut or fitted with metal to create a nib. Recent fossildiscoveries suggest that theropod dinosaurs had these features even earlier than the first discovered fossil of one onArchaeopteryx. For 10 points, name these biological structures which can be made into quill pens.", "answer": " feathers [or plumes; accept plumages until \"barbules\"] ", "page": "Feather", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120791, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148842, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 152], [153, 238], [239, 330], [331, 405], [405, 509], [510, 655], [656, 738]], "first_sentence": "Sets of these objects are classified as basic, alternative, or definitive by the Humphrey-Parkes system.", "answer_prompt": "or plumes; accept plumages until \"barbules\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Hesiod reports that the men of the Golden Age lived in the air after undergoing this action, whereasthe men of the Silver Age stayed on the ground. Athena changes her mind about performing it on Tydeuswhen she saw him devour the brains of Melanippus. Metanira interrupts an instance of this action bystumbling upon her son Demophon inside the family hearth. This action is performed on a man whobecame a cicada because (*) Eos forgets to request eternal youth. Peleus interrupts the best-known instance ofthis action, which alternately takes the form of Thetis anointing her son with ambrosia and placing him atop a fire,or by dipping him in the river Styx. For 10 points, name this action that is nearly completely conferred uponAchilles, save for his heel.", "answer": " mortals becoming immortal [or men becoming gods; or deification; or becoming invulnerable, accept synonyms]", "page": "Deification", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120790, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148843, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 205], [206, 250], [251, 357], [358, 460], [461, 657], [658, 758]], "first_sentence": "Hesiod reports that the men of the Golden Age lived in the air after undergoing this action, whereasthe men of the Silver Age stayed on the ground.", "answer_prompt": "or men becoming gods; or deification; or becoming invulnerable, accept synonyms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man claimed the morality of action depends on the merit of that action's motive, which in turndepends on the action's merit, in his \"circle argument.\" One of this man's characters pointed out theproblem of infinite regress in first cause theory in his attack on the cosmological argument. This creator ofPhilo and Cleathes divided statements into relations of ideas and matters of fact and formulated the (*)copy principle. This man created a thought experiment that contradicted his theory that ideas are derived fromimpressions. This man posited a missing shade of blue and warned against deriving an \"ought\" from an \"is\" in hisTreatise of Human Nature. For 10 points, name this author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, a Scottishempiricist philosopher.", "answer": "David Hume", "page": "David_Hume", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Philosophy European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120787, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148844, "tokenizations": [[0, 154], [154, 293], [294, 428], [429, 535], [536, 660], [661, 772]], "first_sentence": "This man claimed the morality of action depends on the merit of that action's motive, which in turndepends on the action's merit, in his \"circle argument.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "On this island, Barghash bin Said built a palace with electricity and an elevator, the House of Wonders.This island's rulers employed the ivory and slave trader Tippu Tip. With the support of the ASP YouthLeague, John Okello declared himself Field Marshall and massacred this island's Arabs during its 1964revolution. Henry Rawson bombarded this island for 38 minutes before it surrendered during the shortestwar in history. Like nearby (*) Mafia Island and Pemba Island, this island is called a \"spice island\" for itsproduction of cloves. Until the late 19th century, this island's namesake sultanate controlled the nearby city ofMombasa. Julius Nyerere unified this island with the Republic of Tanganyika. For 10 points, name this largest islandin Tanzania.", "answer": " Zanzibar [or Unjuga]", "page": "Zanzibar", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120786, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148845, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [104, 171], [172, 317], [318, 424], [425, 470], [470, 539], [540, 639], [640, 707], [708, 759]], "first_sentence": "On this island, Barghash bin Said built a palace with electricity and an elevator, the House of Wonders.", "answer_prompt": "or Unjuga", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In reactions, metal aquo complexes act as these species. These species are in the numerator of alphafractions. In organic chemistry, these compounds activate electrophiles like carbonyls or alkyl halides.KHP serves this role in reactions. These compounds dehydrate sugars to pure carbon. The inductive effectexplains why nearby electronegative groups increase the (*) strength of these compounds. The \"mineral\" typeof these compounds are inorganic. Ammonium chloride and ferric chloride act as these species. The strength ofthese compounds varies inversely with their pKas. In reactions, they are often written as \"HA.\" For 10 points, namethese compounds which accept electron pairs or donate protons to solution, the opposite of bases.", "answer": "acids [or Lewis acids; or Bronsted-Lowry acids; or Arrhenius acids; or strong acids; or weak acids; prompt on electrophiles] ", "page": "Acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120785, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148846, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 204], [204, 238], [239, 287], [288, 396], [397, 448], [449, 508], [509, 573], [574, 619], [620, 736]], "first_sentence": "In reactions, metal aquo complexes act as these species. These species are in the numerator of alphafractions.", "answer_prompt": "or Lewis acids; or Bronsted-Lowry acids; or Arrhenius acids; or strong acids; or weak acids; prompt on electrophiles", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a woman runs scalding water over the utensils used by her black maid, who eats lunch\"alone like a leper.\" A boy in this novel is berated for supposedly eating French fries with Melvin Weiner after he lies about having diarrhea. A man in this novel recalls bathing with his frequently-constipated father, an insurance salesman. This novel ends with the question, \"Now vee may perhaps to begin. Yes? \"While in Connecticut, its protagonist pretends to be married to his (*) sexually adventurous girlfriend, who he nicknames \"The Monkey.\" The title character describes his adolescent obsession with masturbation and his overbearing mother Sophie to his psychiatrist, Dr. Spielvogel. For 10 points, name this novel about the title \"nice Jewish boy,\" by Philip Roth.", "answer": "Portnoy's Complaint", "page": "Portnoy's_Complaint", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120784, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148847, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 242], [243, 341], [342, 407], [408, 412], [413, 414], [414, 548], [548, 693], [694, 775]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a woman runs scalding water over the utensils used by her black maid, who eats lunch\"alone like a leper.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This person's prediction that displacement squared equals six multiplied by diffusivity multiplied bytime in random walks was used by Jean Perrin to measure Avogadro's number. The proportionalityconstants for the rates of spontaneous and stimulated emission are named for this person. This scientistshowed that, as temperature goes to infinity, heat capacity goes to 3R, if a solid is modeled as a lattice ofindependent (*) springs with quantized vibrations. This physicist also showed that light energy is quantized intophotons in a Nobel Prize-winning description of the photoelectric effect. The fourth of his Annus mirabilis paperspublished in 1905 introduced mass-energy equivalence. For 10 points, name this German physicist who proposedthat E equals m times c squared.", "answer": "Albert Einstein", "page": "Albert_Einstein", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120783, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148848, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 284], [285, 458], [459, 594], [595, 688], [689, 775]], "first_sentence": "This person's prediction that displacement squared equals six multiplied by diffusivity multiplied bytime in random walks was used by Jean Perrin to measure Avogadro's number.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "On the right-hand side of this painting, a pot, a metal spoon, and a yellow knapsack are laid out inpreparation for a meager lunch. The artist wrote, \"You begin like one and end like the other,\" in referenceto this painting's differently aged title figures. When this painting, which was destroyed in 1945, wasexhibited at the Salon of 1850, critics attacked it for being too large given the ugliness of its characters.The bare back of one of the men in this painting can be seen through a (*) hole in his tattered overalls. Astraw hat obscures the face of the older man in this painting, who uses a pickaxe to perform the title action whileworking to build a road. For 10 points, name this Gustave Courbet painting of two workers chipping away at rocks.", "answer": "The Stone Breakers [or Les Casseurs de pierres]", "page": "The_Stone_Breakers", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120782, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148849, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 257], [258, 419], [419, 524], [525, 665], [666, 754]], "first_sentence": "On the right-hand side of this painting, a pot, a metal spoon, and a yellow knapsack are laid out inpreparation for a meager lunch.", "answer_prompt": "or Les Casseurs de pierres", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This politician resigned from the Cabinet when the Prime Minister proposed granting extra funds toMaynooth College. This man appointed Francis Napier head of a commission investigating theconditions of crofters and cotters in the Scottish Highlands. This prime minister, who introduced thesecret ballot and frequently donated his own money to rescue fallen women, seized upon Ottomanperpetratedatrocities in Bulgaria to go on a foreign policy speech tour in his (*) \"Midlothian Campaign.\"Despite signing the Kilmanhaim Treaty with Charles Parnell, this protege of Robert Peel was unable to secure IrishHome Rule across his four terms as Prime Minister. For 10 points, name this Liberal Prime Minister, the rival ofBenjamin Disraeli.", "answer": "William Gladstone [or William Ewart Gladstone]", "page": "William_Ewart_Gladstone", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 120781, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 148850, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 249], [250, 487], [487, 652], [653, 732]], "first_sentence": "This politician resigned from the Cabinet when the Prime Minister proposed granting extra funds toMaynooth College.", "answer_prompt": "or William Ewart Gladstone", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a man claims to have an informant with a \"blue welveteen waistcoat\" named MichaelJackson. Birds with names like Hope, Joy, Ruin, and Despair are owned by Miss Flite in this novel. Nearits end, former soldier George Rouncewell touchingly reunites with his mother after being wrongfullyimprisoned. In this novel, an opium overdose kills a lodger at the rag and bottle shop owned by Mr.Krook, who (*) spontaneously combusts. That lodger, Captain Hawdon, is the father of this novel's narrator withLady Dedlock. In this novel, Richard Carston wastes away while pursuing the a case involving a man who becomesthe guardian of Esther Summerson at this novel's title estate. For 10 points, name this novel about the case ofJarndyce and Jarndyce, by Charles Dickens.", "answer": "Bleak House", "page": "Bleak_House", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149707, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 194], [195, 310], [311, 436], [437, 522], [523, 681], [682, 772]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a man claims to have an informant with a \"blue welveteen waistcoat\" named MichaelJackson.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Lee and Osheroff investigated a solid phase of this element using a Pomeranchuk cell. This element isthe most common one used to study quantized vortices. New properties of this element were discoveredby Kapitza, Allen, and Misener, all working independently. Two isotopes of this element are continuouslymixed and undergo a spontaneous phase separation in a dilution refrigerator. An isotope of this elementthat is a (*) boson was used by Kamerlingh-Onnes for his most famous discovery. This element is the only one tonever form a solid and standard pressure. Below its lambda point, a form of this element becomes a superfluid,which has zero viscosity. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number two.", "answer": " superfluid 4-helium [or superfluid 4-He; or \"3\" in place of \"4\"]", "page": "Superfluid_helium-4", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149708, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 154], [155, 259], [260, 381], [382, 487], [488, 560], [561, 654], [655, 711]], "first_sentence": "Lee and Osheroff investigated a solid phase of this element using a Pomeranchuk cell.", "answer_prompt": "or superfluid 4-He; or \"3\" in place of \"4\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A few months after this conflict, two belligerents quarreled over the sinking of the Eilat. GunnarJarring's peace mission after this war partly failed due to the \"three no's\" of the Khartoum Resolution.After losing this war, a leader ceded power to his vice-president Zakaria Mohieddin, but popular supportdrew him back to office. UN Security Council Resolution 242 dealt with the territorial exchanges in thiswar, which began with an attack on 25 different (*) airfields after the Straits of Tiran were closed. In thisconflict, the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip were seized from Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt. This war was foughtsix years prior to the Yom Kippur War. For 10 points, name this 1967 victory for Israel over its Arab enemies,concluded in less than a week.", "answer": " Six-Day War [or June War; or Third Arab-Israeli War; or 1967 Arab-Israeli War until mentioned] ", "page": "Six-Day_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149709, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 202], [202, 330], [331, 511], [512, 612], [613, 670], [671, 772]], "first_sentence": "A few months after this conflict, two belligerents quarreled over the sinking of the Eilat.", "answer_prompt": "or June War; or Third Arab-Israeli War; or 1967 Arab-Israeli War until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These people often earned funds for traveling through the credit-ticket system. The citizenship of achild of two members of this ethnicity was confirmed via the jus soli concept in an 1898 Supreme Courtcase. The Six Companies catered to people of this ethnicity, who were the subject of the Geary Act. Thesepeople were the target of the Rock Springs massacre and were initially attracted by (*) \"Gold Mountain\".People of this ethnicity benefited from the Magnuson Act of 1943 which largely repealed the 1875 Page Act. Largenumbers of them worked on the Central Pacific Railroad. They were taxed by California's Anti-Coolie Act. For 10points, name these people whose entry to the United States was restricted through a namesake \"Exclusion Act\".", "answer": "Chinese-Americans [or Chinese immigrants to the United States]", "page": "Chinese-Americans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149710, "tokenizations": [[0, 79], [80, 207], [208, 301], [302, 411], [411, 517], [518, 578], [579, 627], [628, 743]], "first_sentence": "These people often earned funds for traveling through the credit-ticket system.", "answer_prompt": "or Chinese immigrants to the United States", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A bar being dragged down a metal rail by a constant external force may have an exponential decreasein its velocity because of this law. This equation explains how skin and proximity effects create eddies thatheat up metals. A commutator and a rotating solenoid are used to generate power in a commonapplication of this equation. This law gives the magnitude of the step-up or step-down in voltage from a(*) transformer. This law has a minus sign as a consequence of Lenz's law. It sets the electromotive force equal tothe negative time derivative of the B flux through a current loop. For 10 points, name this equation giving theinduced voltage from a change in magnetic field, the only one of Maxwell's equations named for an Englishscientist.", "answer": "Faraday's law of induction", "page": "Faraday's_law_of_induction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149711, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 223], [224, 328], [329, 419], [420, 477], [478, 584], [585, 744]], "first_sentence": "A bar being dragged down a metal rail by a constant external force may have an exponential decreasein its velocity because of this law.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel religiously watches the Luxembourg Gardens, hoping to see his beloved\"lark\", whom he calls Ursula. A boy in this novel unknowingly brings his infant brothers to live with himin a giant plaster elephant. This novel's villain is bribed to move with his daughter Azelma to America andbecome a slave trader. A street gang in this novel is known by the name (*) Patron-Minette. In the firstsection of this book, a man is turned away from inns because of his yellow passport but is given shelter by BishopMyriel, from whom he steals some silver. This novel's protagonist carries a body through the sewers, a deed whichThernardier eventually reveals to Marius. For 10 points, name this Victor Hugo novel about Jean Valjean. ", "answer": "Les Miserables [or The Dispossessed; or The Miserable Ones; or The Poor Ones; or The Wretched Ones; prompt on \"Les Mis\"]", "page": "Les_Mis\u00e9rables", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119633, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149712, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 228], [229, 329], [330, 398], [399, 565], [566, 679], [680, 742]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel religiously watches the Luxembourg Gardens, hoping to see his beloved\"lark\", whom he calls Ursula.", "answer_prompt": "or The Dispossessed; or The Miserable Ones; or The Poor Ones; or The Wretched Ones; prompt on \"Les Mis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this modern-day country, the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade led a four-year-long period ofpolitical terror known by a name which translates as \"the early rain that washes away the chaff.\" Thiscountry gained its independence after its \"Bush War,\" or Second Chimurenga, which ended with theLancaster House Agreement. In 1987, Joseph (*) Nkomo, an opposition leader from this country, was coercedinto leaving politics after thousands of his supporters were killed in this country's Matabeleland region. TheMovement for Democratic Change is the main opposition party in this country, where forced land redistributiontargeting whites carried out the ruling ZANU-PF party caused massive hyperinflation during the 2000's. For 10points, name this African country led by Robert Mugabe.", "answer": "Zimbabwe [or Republic of Zimbabwe] ", "page": "Zimbabwe", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149713, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 321], [322, 506], [507, 721], [722, 783]], "first_sentence": "In this modern-day country, the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade led a four-year-long period ofpolitical terror known by a name which translates as \"the early rain that washes away the chaff.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Zimbabwe", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author calls a woman a \"thin brown mouse... living all alone/In this cold house\" andcontrasts her with a woman who \"stayed home and scraped life with a fine tooth comb.\" This author of\"Sadie and Maud\" set a poem in a \"rented back room\" inhabited by two women \"who have lived theirday\" and are \"Mostly Good\", for whom \"dinner is a casual affair\". In addition to \"The (*) Bean Eaters\",her works include a collection of poems about a girl growing up in Bronzeville called Annie Allen. Her most famouspoem is about a group of pool players at \"The Golden Shovel\" who \"lurk late,\" \"strike straight,\" \"jazz June,\" and\"die soon\". For 10 points, name this first African-American Pulitzer Prize winner, the poet of \"We Real Cool.\"", "answer": "Gwendolyn Brooks [or Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks] ", "page": "Gwendolyn_Brooks", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149714, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [76, 184], [185, 360], [361, 496], [497, 636], [637, 735]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author calls a woman a \"thin brown mouse... living all alone/", "answer_prompt": "or Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This species was infected by the PtERV1 retrovirus four million years ago, possibly causing aspeciation event. Before she was moved to a namesake facility in Ellensburg, Washington, a female one ofthese animals was cared for by Allen and Beatrix Gardner and later by Roger Fouts. Some of these animalsplaced stalks of grass in termite holes to \"fish\" for termites, and formed (*) troops that cannibalized rivals.One of them named Washoe was the first non-human to learn ASL, inspiring research of one of these animals witha name punning on \"Noam Chomsky.\" These animals share the genus Pan with bonobos, and groups of them werestudied in Gombe by the primatologist Jane Goodall. For 10 points, name these great apes more closely related tohumans than gorillas.", "answer": "chimpanzees [or Pan troglodytes; prompt on great apes before it is read; prompt on primates before \"primatologist\" is read] ", "page": "Chimpanzee", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119630, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149715, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 279], [280, 412], [412, 554], [554, 678], [679, 760]], "first_sentence": "This species was infected by the PtERV1 retrovirus four million years ago, possibly causing aspeciation event.", "answer_prompt": "or Pan troglodytes; prompt on great apes before it is read; prompt on primates before \"primatologist\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 1862, the Provisional Theater was founded as a stage for opera in this language. In an opera in thislanguage, a stuttering teenager is convinced to dress up as a bear for a circus troupe, which enters in the\"March of the Comedians.\" In another opera in this language, a prince pursuing a white doe is the loveinterest of the title character, who sings the \"Song to the Moon\" and is a (*) water nymph similar to theUndine (un-DEEN). This language was used to tell the story of how Jenik (yen-ik) appears to accept money inexchange for the right to wed his lover, but instead ends up marrying Ma\u0159enka anyway. For 10 points, name thislanguage which was used to write the operas Rusalka and The Bartered Bride, the latter by Bed\u0159ich Smetana.", "answer": "Czech [or \u010de\u00c2\u0161tina] ", "page": "Czech_language", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119629, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149716, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 235], [236, 423], [424, 434], [435, 609], [610, 740]], "first_sentence": "In 1862, the Provisional Theater was founded as a stage for opera in this language.", "answer_prompt": "or \u010de\u00c2\u0161tina", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Many of these systems improve on the setup of Army Beta, which was introduced during World War I.One method of performing this activity features a price tag-shaped blank region in the lower right of cardsprinted with n-by-n patterns and was designed by John C. Raven. \"Progressive matrices\" and the WAISare two types of these things, whose results are often correlated with a value developed by CharlesSpearman called (*) g-factor. A increase in the results of these constructs over time, including the Wechslervarieties, is called the Flynn effect and requires these constructs to be periodically re-normed so calculations of\"mental age\" don't become inflated. For 10 points, name these evaluations of aptitude which often calculate aperson's IQ.", "answer": "intelligence tests [accept any answer indicating ways of evaluating, quantifying, testing, etc. the general intelligence of persons; or IQ tests before \"IQ\"] ", "page": "Intelligence_tests", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149717, "tokenizations": [[0, 267], [268, 431], [432, 661], [662, 747]], "first_sentence": "Many of these systems improve on the setup of Army Beta, which was introduced during World War I.One method of performing this activity features a price tag-shaped blank region in the lower right of cardsprinted with n-by-n patterns and was designed by John C. Raven.", "answer_prompt": "accept any answer indicating ways of evaluating, quantifying, testing, etc. the general intelligence of persons; or IQ tests before \"IQ\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The first novel by this author to appear in English was translated by Meredith Weatherby and has a protagonist who reattaches a ship to a mooring buoy during a typhoon in order to prove his worthiness to marry the shipowner's daughter. This author of a novel about the love between Hatsue (haht-soo-eh) and Shinji also created a student at the Peers School who dies after falling in love with Satoko Ayakura, then(*) reappears as Isao Iinuma (ee-ee-nu-ma), Ying Chan, and Toru Yasunaga. This author of The Sound of Waves wrote about Shigekuni Honda in a four-volume sequence that includes Runaway Horses and Spring Snow. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of the Sea of Fertility tetralogy and The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, who committed seppuku after his nationalist coup failed.", "answer": "Yukio Mishima [or Kimitake Hiraoka; accept either name in either order]", "page": "Yukio_Mishima", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149718, "tokenizations": [[0, 235], [236, 486], [487, 620], [621, 791]], "first_sentence": "The first novel by this author to appear in English was translated by Meredith Weatherby and has a protagonist who reattaches a ship to a mooring buoy during a typhoon in order to prove his worthiness to marry the shipowner's daughter.", "answer_prompt": "or Kimitake Hiraoka; accept either name in either order", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The risk of these events in major cities was documented by the Sanborn maps. Many victims of one ofthese events had earlier been led by Clara Lemlich in the Uprising of the 20,000. Ignatius Donnelly's crazybook Ragnarok claims that one of these events was caused by Biela's Comet. In a trial over one of theseevents, the lawyer Max Steur tricked Kate Alterman into repeating the testimony she had memorized.Daniel (*) \"Pegleg\" Sullivan may have caused one of these events which happened simultaneously with one inPeshtigo. Frances Perkins investigated claims that victims of one of these events were trapped by locked doors. For10 points, name this type of disaster, examples of which affected the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in 1911 andChicago in 1871.", "answer": " fires [or obvious equivalents; or Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire; or Great Chicago Fire of 1871]", "page": "Fires", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149719, "tokenizations": [[0, 76], [77, 180], [181, 280], [281, 407], [407, 522], [523, 624], [625, 753]], "first_sentence": "The risk of these events in major cities was documented by the Sanborn maps.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents; or Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire; or Great Chicago Fire of 1871", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Landmarkists held that this sect maintained an unbroken line of continuity since Apostolic times.The issue of whether or not to adhere to a Calvinist soteriology divides the \"General\" and \"Reformed\"sects within this denomination. This denomination believes in soul competency, two church offices, andtwo ordinances: the Lord's Supper and the (*) \"believer's\" form of a certain practice. The first congregation ofthis denomination in North America was established in Providence by Roger Williams. In 2012, Fred Luter waselected as the first African American president of the Southern Convention of this denomination, the largestProtestant group in the US. For 10 points, name this denomination that advocates performing the namesakesacrament by total immersion. ", "answer": " Baptists [prompt on Protestantism; accept word forms; accept specific types, such as Southern Baptist Convention]", "page": "Baptists", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149720, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [101, 233], [234, 390], [391, 499], [500, 658], [659, 764]], "first_sentence": "The Landmarkists held that this sect maintained an unbroken line of continuity since Apostolic times.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Protestantism; accept word forms; accept specific types, such as Southern Baptist Convention", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man wrote a treatise on the influence of the crusades on medieval architecture after taking abicycle trip around France. After this man refused the Order of the Bath and the DSO, a shocked KingGeorge V noted that he was left \"holding the box in my hand.\" This man adopted the alias John HumeRoss to escape the fame of a Lowell Thomas biography. This man was commanded by Edmund Allenbyin an operation in which his men crossed the treacherous (*) Nefud (neh-FOOD) desert and laid waste to theHejaz Railway. This man, who was raped by the Turks during a recon mission, died in a motorcycle crash. Helaunched an attack against Aqaba that was recounted in his memoir Seven Pillars of Wisdom. For 10 points, name thisBritish leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I.", "answer": "T. E. Lawrence [or Lawrence of Arabia; or Thomas Edward Lawrence; or Ned Lawrence; or John Hume Ross before mentioned] ", "page": "T._E._Lawrence", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149721, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 259], [260, 349], [350, 510], [511, 599], [600, 692], [693, 766]], "first_sentence": "This man wrote a treatise on the influence of the crusades on medieval architecture after taking abicycle trip around France.", "answer_prompt": "or Lawrence of Arabia; or Thomas Edward Lawrence; or Ned Lawrence; or John Hume Ross before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a concert overture by this composer, the English horn quotes a love song from one of his operas, which later gives way to the saltarello rhythm that opened the overture. This composer's Requiem contains a \"Lacrymosa\" in 9/8 time and sonata form, and also calls for four offstage brass choirs at the four cardinal directions which enter in the \"Tuba Mirum\". This composer reworked material from his opera (*) Benvenuto Cellini into the Roman Carnival Overture. Another of his pieces depicts an artist's opium trip and revolves around a recurring idee fixe symbolizing unrequited love. For 10 points, name this French composer who included \"March to the Scaffold\" and \"Dream of a Witches' Sabbath\" in his Symphonie fantastique.", "answer": "Hector Berlioz", "page": "Hector_Berlioz", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149722, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 359], [360, 462], [463, 586], [587, 728]], "first_sentence": "In a concert overture by this composer, the English horn quotes a love song from one of his operas, which later gives way to the saltarello rhythm that opened the overture.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poem originally appeared as the poem following \"Brother Square-Toes\" in the collection Rewardsand Fairies. It warns that truths can be \"twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools\" and suggests thatone's \"heart and nerve and sinew\" can be made subject to \"the Will which says to them: 'Hold on'\". Thispoem, which was inspired by the exploits of Leander Starr (*) Jameson, describes the \"two imposters\" of\"triumph and disaster\". It also encourages the addressee to \"fill the unforgiving minute / with sixty seconds' worthof distance run\" and to \"keep your head when all about you / Are losing theirs and blaming it on you\". For 10points, name this Rudyard Kipling poem that lays out the conditions by which \"you'll be a Man, my son!\"", "answer": "\"If\u00c2\u2013\" ", "page": "If\u2014", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149723, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 300], [301, 431], [432, 626], [627, 736]], "first_sentence": "This poem originally appeared as the poem following \"Brother Square-Toes\" in the collection Rewardsand Fairies.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A son-in-law of this man, who has gotten corruption charges for money-laundering through the No-osinstitute, is former handball star Inaki Urdangarin. This man claimed to be recovering in bed from abroken hip when he was actually out with a possible mistress named Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein on anelephant hunting trip. A June 2014 decision by this man led to a rise in rank for former television anchor(*) Letizia Ortiz. In part due to youth unemployment rates at or above 50% in his country, this man, who onceblurted out \"Why don't you shut up?\" to Hugo Chavez, decided to step aside in favor of his son, who becameFelipe VI. For 10 points, name this man who undid the dictatorial system left behind by Francisco Franco duringhis 37 years as King of Spain.", "answer": "King Juan Carlos I", "page": "King_Juan_Carlos_I", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149724, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 321], [322, 405], [405, 423], [424, 550], [551, 630], [631, 761]], "first_sentence": "A son-in-law of this man, who has gotten corruption charges for money-laundering through the No-osinstitute, is former handball star Inaki Urdangarin.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One thinker from this non-Greek tradition defended the immortality of the soul in Phaedon and waspart of this tradition's enlightenment or Haskalah. Another philosopher of this religion criticized themethods, but not the conclusions, of the Kalam school in a treatise whose third book begins with anexegesis of a passage about a chariot. That book argued that the God of this religion can only bedescribed by what he is (*) not and attempted to reconcile Aristotelianism with this religion. The TractatusTheologico-Politicus disputed this religion's claim to chosenness. The Guide for the Perplexed was written by a member ofthis religion, Maimonides. For 10 points, name this religion from which Baruch Spinoza was expelled for denyingthe divine origins of the Torah.", "answer": "Judaism [or Jewish; or other word forms] ", "page": "Judaism", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149725, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 337], [338, 419], [420, 490], [491, 570], [571, 651], [652, 768]], "first_sentence": "One thinker from this non-Greek tradition defended the immortality of the soul in Phaedon and waspart of this tradition's enlightenment or Haskalah.", "answer_prompt": "or Jewish; or other word forms", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Friedman's test, the distribution of the test statistic Q approximates this distribution. Wilks'stheorem shows that this distribution approximates negative two times the natural log of the likelihoodratio for nested models. Yates's continuity correction is applied to tests that use this distribution oncontingency tables. One test statistic is approximated by this distribution, calculated as the sum of theobserved minus expected values (*) squared, divided by the expected value. This distribution describes the sumof squares of a number of standard normal random variables. The only parameter of this distribution is degrees offreedom. For 10 points, name this distribution used in Pearson's \"goodness of fit\" test.", "answer": "central chi-squared distribution", "page": "Chi-squared_distribution", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149726, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 226], [227, 325], [326, 485], [486, 580], [581, 642], [643, 722]], "first_sentence": "In Friedman's test, the distribution of the test statistic Q approximates this distribution.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The mercuric salt of this ion is used for oxymercuration. Like borate, Tris bonds this ion in a commonbuffer for electrophoresis. This ion is the smallest short-chain fatty acid. This ion, which has a conjugatepKa of 4.76, is a much weaker base than ethoxide, as shown in a common classroom example of resonancestability. Cellulose esters are almost always made to this group, which is added to salicylic acid to make(*) aspirin. Like nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate, all salts of this anion are water-soluble. Adding vinegar tobicarbonate makes carbonic acid and this ion. This carboxylate has two carbon atoms. For 10 points, name this ionwith formula CH3COO minus, the conjugate base of acetic acid.", "answer": "acetate [or acetyl group; or acetoxy group; do not accept or prompt on \"acetic acid\"] ", "page": "Acetate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149727, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 178], [179, 321], [322, 429], [430, 513], [514, 576], [577, 615], [616, 656], [657, 705]], "first_sentence": "The mercuric salt of this ion is used for oxymercuration. Like borate, Tris bonds this ion in a commonbuffer for electrophoresis.", "answer_prompt": "or acetyl group; or acetoxy group; do not accept or prompt on \"acetic acid\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to its artist, a portrait of a man in this profession captured \"the heartbroken expression of ourtime\". A girl in a red beret holds up a doll to a man in this profession in a painting by Norman Rockwell,who also depicted a man in this profession preparing his equipment as a boy stands on a chair with hispants partially pulled down. A man in this profession rests his right elbow next to two yellow books in oneof two portraits by (*) Vincent Van Gogh. A large book is open on the right-hand side of the canvas where sevenmen in this profession watch the title man lecture on the sinewy arm of the central corpse. For 10 points, name thisprofession of Paul Gachet and Nicholaes Tulp, the latter of whom is the subject of Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lesson.", "answer": "medical doctor [or surgeon or physician] ", "page": "Medical_doctor", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119617, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149728, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 343], [344, 445], [446, 463], [464, 624], [625, 763]], "first_sentence": "According to its artist, a portrait of a man in this profession captured \"the heartbroken expression of ourtime\".", "answer_prompt": "or surgeon or physician", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Polish officer Jozef Kosacki invented a portable counter to these weapons that was first used at theBattle of El Alamein. In 1976 Christopher Ewart-Biggs, the British Ambassador to Ireland, was killed byone of these weapons. The United States, Russia and China are non-signatories to the 1997 Ottawa Treatyaiming to eliminate some of these weapons. The Belgian-based APOPO uses (*) rats to counter theseweapons in Africa. The Buffalo and the Casspir MRAPs employ a V-Hull to protect against these weapons. Thespecial-edition comic book Superman: Deadly Legacy warns about their dangers in Bosnia. Naval warships called\"sweepers\" protect against these weapons. For 10 points, name these weapons that trigger an explosion whenstepped on.", "answer": "anti-personnel land mines [or blast mines; or fragmentation mines; or naval mines; or IED; or culvert bomb; or roadside bomb; or improvised explosive device; or unexploded ordnance; or UXO; or UXB; or UO; prompt on bomb] ", "page": "Naval_mines", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119616, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149729, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 228], [229, 352], [353, 425], [426, 509], [510, 549], [550, 600], [601, 631], [631, 663], [664, 739]], "first_sentence": "The Polish officer Jozef Kosacki invented a portable counter to these weapons that was first used at theBattle of El Alamein.", "answer_prompt": "or blast mines; or fragmentation mines; or naval mines; or IED; or culvert bomb; or roadside bomb; or improvised explosive device; or unexploded ordnance; or UXO; or UXB; or UO; prompt on bomb", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this event, forces under the \"Fighting Bishop\" Henry le Despenser won at the Battle of North Waltham. One of its casualties was the Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury. Participants in this event were inspired by the sermons of the \"hedge priest\" John Ball. The leader of this event may have used the pseudonym Jack Straw and had successfully seized the Tower of London, but was killed and had his head put on a pike by supporters of King Richard II. This rebellion was precipitated by the passing of a poll tax and the black plague. For 10 points, name this English revolt of poor farmers often named after its leader, Wat Tyler.", "answer": "Peasant's Revolt [accept Wat Tyler's Rebellion before mentioned]", "page": "Peasants'_Revolt", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119595, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149750, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 179], [180, 268], [269, 461], [462, 544], [545, 641]], "first_sentence": "During this event, forces under the \"Fighting Bishop\" Henry le Despenser won at the Battle of North Waltham.", "answer_prompt": "accept Wat Tyler's Rebellion before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A member of this party won an election by campaigning under the slogan \"Let us Face the Future.\" A document that Tony Benn published for this party was derided as \"The longest suicide note in history.\" While the country was crippled by strikes, a leader from this party was panned for saying \"Crisis? What Crisis?\" during a press conference and was photographed swimming off of Guadeloupe. A member of this party, Aneurin Bevan, established the National Health Service. Prime Ministers from this party include James Callaghan and Clement Attlee. For 10 points, name this center-left British party that is currently the opposition to the Conservatives.", "answer": "British Labour Party", "page": "British_Labour_Party", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119594, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149751, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 203], [203, 301], [302, 315], [316, 390], [391, 470], [471, 546], [547, 652]], "first_sentence": "A member of this party won an election by campaigning under the slogan \"Let us Face the Future.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A work by this artist consists of twelve hourglass-shaped seats arranged around a circular table. A diminutive triumphal arch by this sculptor is titled Gate of the Kiss and stands near his Table of Silence. A bronze sculpture by this artist shows a disembodied head laying on its side and is titled Sleeping Muse. Three sculptures by this artist line a mile long walkway in a World War I memorial in his home town of Targu Jiu, which includes a tall sculpture made of stacked rhomboid units. A series of works in marble and bronze by this artist represents the essence of flight. For 10 points, name this Romanian sculptor of Endless Column and Bird in Space.", "answer": "Constantin Brancusi", "page": "Constantin_Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119593, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149752, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 207], [208, 314], [315, 386], [387, 492], [493, 580], [581, 660]], "first_sentence": "A work by this artist consists of twelve hourglass-shaped seats arranged around a circular table.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When a contest rejected this philosopher's essay \"On the Basis of Morality\", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his \"On the Freedom of the Will\". In a doctoral thesis, this thinker described classes of subjects whose distinction from an object gives rise to knowledge. This author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason included a \"Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy\" in a book arguing that humans perceive their bodies both objectively and subjectively through the two title concepts. For 10 points, name this German author of The World as Will and Representation.", "answer": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "page": "Arthur_Schopenhauer", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119592, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149753, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 312], [313, 553], [554, 633]], "first_sentence": "When a contest rejected this philosopher's essay \"On the Basis of Morality\", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his \"On the Freedom of the Will\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The rate of growth of this parameter is equal to the first eigenvalue of the Leslie matrix. This parameter is predicted to oscillate in a set of dynamics that requires estimation of conversion efficiency and attack rate. The \"effective\" version of this parameter is smaller than the absolute form due to nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is strongest at small values for this parameter, which is required to be infinitely large for Hardy-Weinberg dynamics. In logistic growth, the long-term maximum for this parameter is the carrying capacity. For 10 points, name this parameter that describes how many individuals are in a population.", "answer": "population size [accept effective population size; accept size after \"population\"; prompt on \"N\"]", "page": "Population_size", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119591, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149754, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 220], [221, 321], [322, 454], [455, 541], [542, 633]], "first_sentence": "The rate of growth of this parameter is equal to the first eigenvalue of the Leslie matrix.", "answer_prompt": "accept effective population size; accept size after \"population\"; prompt on \"N\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A leader of this nation was depicted by his supporters as a black pair of eyes against a solid red backdrop. Protests against this nation's government broke out after the murder of Miss Universe participant Monica Spear. A leader of this nation was the subject of King Juan Carlos' comment \"why don't you shut up?\" This country's previous leader launched the Barrio Adentro health care program. An opposition party here is called Popular Will. The United Socialist Party in this nation is fond of affixing the adjective \"Bolivarian\" to its policies and is currently led by Nicolas Maduro. For 10 points, name this South American nation once led by Hugo Chavez.", "answer": "Venezuela [or Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]", "page": "Venezuela", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119590, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149755, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 220], [221, 314], [315, 394], [395, 443], [444, 588], [589, 660]], "first_sentence": "A leader of this nation was depicted by his supporters as a black pair of eyes against a solid red backdrop.", "answer_prompt": "or Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This leader imprisoned his long-time rival J.B. Danquah. Joseph Ankrah's National Liberation Council deposed this man while he was meeting with Zhou Enlai on a state visit to North Vietnam. This leader founded the Convention People's Party. His political philosophy was influenced by W.E.B Dubois, who died in this leader's country. This leader powered his nation's aluminum smelters by building the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River. This prominent advocate of Pan-Africanism presided over his country's discarding of its colonial name, the Gold Coast. For 10 points, name this first president of an independent Ghana. ", "answer": "Kwame Nkrumah", "page": "Kwame_Nkrumah", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119589, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149756, "tokenizations": [[0, 189], [190, 240], [241, 332], [333, 432], [433, 551], [552, 617]], "first_sentence": "This leader imprisoned his long-time rival J.B. Danquah. Joseph Ankrah's National Liberation Council deposed this man while he was meeting with Zhou Enlai on a state visit to North Vietnam.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author criticized the \"vagueness\" of a lecture about his country's beauty in his own Nobel lecture discussing his country's \"ambiguousness\". In a novel by this man, the protagonist humiliates himself at a punching machine game, and is then beaten by a gang of boys. This author wrote a novel whose original-language title references a peasant uprising in 1860, which Takashi uses to stir a riot against \"the Emperor\", a Korean supermarket owner. In a novel by this man, Bird fantasizes about traveling to Africa to escape his brain hernia-afflicted son, inspired by the birth of Hikari, this author's own son. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of The Silent Cry and A Personal Matter.", "answer": "Kenzaburo Oe", "page": "Kenzabur\u014d_\u014ce", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119588, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149757, "tokenizations": [[0, 145], [146, 270], [271, 450], [451, 614], [615, 696]], "first_sentence": "This author criticized the \"vagueness\" of a lecture about his country's beauty in his own Nobel lecture discussing his country's \"ambiguousness\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The theory of seafloor spreading was connected to changes in this entity by the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis. Those changes involving this entity were first identified by Motonori Matuyama, and the homing pigeon is thought to get its navigation skills from its ability to sense this thing. This entity was impacted during the Laschamp event. It names a region of the atmosphere in which solar wind particles are deflected. The dynamo theory predicts that this thing is generated by the motion of liquid metals in the core. This thing occasionally undergoes complete reversals. For 10 points, name this field whose non-geographic poles are pointed to by a compass.", "answer": "Earth's magnetic field [or word forms; accept geomagnetic field; prompt on \"magnetic field\"; prompt on \"magnetosphere\"]", "page": "Earth's_magnetic_field", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119587, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149758, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 292], [293, 344], [345, 425], [426, 525], [526, 579], [580, 666]], "first_sentence": "The theory of seafloor spreading was connected to changes in this entity by the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; accept geomagnetic field; prompt on \"magnetic field\"; prompt on \"magnetosphere\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This piece's Allegretto pomposo fifth movement calls for a piano to accompany a solo double bass rendition of the \"Dance of the Sylphs\" from The Damnation of Faust. In a section of this piece, two pianists imitate beginning students playing scales poorly. This piece begins with an \"Introduction and Royal March\" for strings and two pianos. In the penultimate movement of this piece, two pianos accompany a solo cello melody that depicts the title bird gliding over water; in the preceding \"Fossils\" movement, themes from the composer's Danse macabre are quoted. For 10 points, name this Camille Saint-Saens piece whose title creatures include lions and elephants.", "answer": "Carnival of the Animals [or Le carnaval des animaux]", "page": "The_Carnival_of_the_Animals", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119586, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149759, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 255], [256, 340], [341, 562], [563, 664]], "first_sentence": "This piece's Allegretto pomposo fifth movement calls for a piano to accompany a solo double bass rendition of the \"Dance of the Sylphs\" from The Damnation of Faust.", "answer_prompt": "or Le carnaval des animaux", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "These events are traditionally preceded by the giving of a mohar, and modern versions of an item made for these events generally include a Lieberman clause to prevent these events from ending in an Agunah. The results of these events can be reversed by the issuing of a \"get\". Seven blessings are said during these events, which are preceded by an erusin period and the signing of a ketubah. These events usually take place underneath a canopy called a chuppah and always end with a man crushing a wine glass with his foot. For 10 points, name these events during which, according to Ashkenazi tradition, a veil covers the face of the bride.", "answer": "Jewish weddings [or Jewish marriage; or erusin until it is read; or nissuin; or kiddushin]", "page": "Jewish_wedding", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119585, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149760, "tokenizations": [[0, 205], [206, 276], [277, 391], [392, 523], [524, 641]], "first_sentence": "These events are traditionally preceded by the giving of a mohar, and modern versions of an item made for these events generally include a Lieberman clause to prevent these events from ending in an Agunah.", "answer_prompt": "or Jewish marriage; or erusin until it is read; or nissuin; or kiddushin", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author created a character who is told that stories \"all talk of woman's fickleness\", leading her to quip that \"Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story\". During a trip to Lyme Regis in a novel by this author, Louisa Musgrove has a concussion. This author wrote a novel in which William Collins praises Rosings Park, the estate of Lady Catherine de Bourgh. In a novel by this writer, Lady Russell convinces Anne Elliott not to marry Frederick Wentworth. Another novel by this author ends with the engagement of Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet. For 10 points, name this author of Persuasion and Pride and Prejudice.", "answer": "Jane Austen", "page": "Jane_Austen", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119584, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149761, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 269], [270, 382], [383, 479], [480, 576], [577, 647]], "first_sentence": "This author created a character who is told that stories \"all talk of woman's fickleness\", leading her to quip that \"Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "With Poinsot, this scientist names a set of polyhedra obtained by stellating the do\u00c2\u2022deca\u00c2\u2022hedron and i\u00c2\u2022cosa\u00c2\u2022hedron. This man is the namesake of a conjecture which states that approximately 74.04 percent is the maximum possible density of sphere packing arrangements. His Mysterium Cosmographicum proposed that the solar system could be modelled as a series of nested platonic solids. The conservation of angular momentum can be used to derive his law of areas. This scientist analyzed Tycho Brahe's data to determine that planetary orbits are elliptical. For 10 points, name this scientist who developed three laws of planetary motion.", "answer": "Johannes Kepler", "page": "Johannes_Kepler", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119583, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149762, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 265], [266, 382], [383, 459], [460, 553], [554, 634]], "first_sentence": "With Poinsot, this scientist names a set of polyhedra obtained by stellating the do\u2022deca\u2022hedron and i\u2022cosa\u2022hedron.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After he is refused hospitality, this hero angrily transforms Atlas into an enormous mountain. During his travels in Ethiopia, this hero slays the sea monster Cetus and takes the daughter of Cepheus as his wife. He is not Heracles, but this hero ascertains the location of the Hesperides by stealing the single eye shared by the Graeae. This hero is conceived when a shower of gold rains on his mother Danae. Equipped with Hades's cap of invisibility and Hermes's winged sandals, this husband of Andromeda keeps his vision firmly on the reflection of the Aegis as he kills the only mortal Gorgon. For 10 points, name this slayer of Medusa.", "answer": "Perseus", "page": "Perseus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119582, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149763, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 211], [212, 336], [337, 408], [409, 596], [597, 639]], "first_sentence": "After he is refused hospitality, this hero angrily transforms Atlas into an enormous mountain.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character dreams of meeting Merlin when he falls asleep for half an hour. Dorothea tricks this character into believing she is Princess Micomicona in a plan hatched by Cardenio. After dining with goatherds, this character attends the funeral of the Girostomo, where Marcela delivers a speech. A barber and a priest burn the books belonging to this character, whose life was supposedly documented by Cide Hamete Benengeli. This character pledges his love for Dulcinea del Toboso and embarks on a quest with his horse Rocinante and his squire Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this native of La Mancha who tilts at windmills in a book by Miguel Cervantes", "answer": "Don Quixote [or Alonso Quijano; or Alonso Quesada; or Alonso Quijada]", "page": "Don_Quixote", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119581, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149764, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 182], [183, 297], [298, 426], [427, 559], [560, 657]], "first_sentence": "This character dreams of meeting Merlin when he falls asleep for half an hour.", "answer_prompt": "or Alonso Quijano; or Alonso Quesada; or Alonso Quijada", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this general's campaigns is the subject of a Henry Clay Work composed marching song that begins with the lyrics \"bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song.\" This general ordered land to be confiscated and resettled by slaves with his Special Field Order 15. This general is believed to be the source of the expression \"war is hell.\" During one campaign, destroyed railroad ties were nicknamed this general's \"neckties.\" He presented the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift to President Abraham Lincoln after razing his way from Atlanta to the Atlantic. For 10 points, name this Union Civil War general who led a namesake \"March to the Sea.\"", "answer": "William Tecumseh Sherman", "page": "William_Tecumseh_Sherman", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119580, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149765, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 278], [279, 343], [344, 353], [354, 440], [441, 574], [575, 662]], "first_sentence": "One of this general's campaigns is the subject of a Henry Clay Work composed marching song that begins with the lyrics \"bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Like the grand potential, two of this thermodynamic quantity's natural variables are intensive quantities. This quantity can be obtained by performing two Legendre [\"luh-JOHN-druh\"] transforms on internal energy. For an electrochemical cell, the change in this quantity is equal to \"minus the number of electrons transferred, times cell potential, times Faraday's constant\". It applies to processes which occur at constant temperature and pressure, unlike a quantity named for Helmholtz. This quantity is equal to \"enthalpy minus temperature times entropy\", and it is negative for spontaneous processes. For 10 points, name this quantity that measures the amount of useable work available in a system.", "answer": "Gibbs free energy", "page": "Gibbs_free_energy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119579, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149766, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 212], [213, 374], [375, 487], [488, 603], [604, 701]], "first_sentence": "Like the grand potential, two of this thermodynamic quantity's natural variables are intensive quantities.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country's city of Helwan was created as an industrial center. This country's Qattara Depression contains the lowest point in Africa. A holiday on April 25th marks the return of a landmass to this country, whose highest point is Mount Catherine. Its capital contains the Khan el-Khalili market, and this country's local name for itself is Misr. In 1956, this country removed a statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps in its city of Port Said, which is situated on the Mediterranean Sea. Israel forms the eastern border of its Sinai Peninsula. This country is home to the northern parts of Lake Nasser. For 10 points, name this country that contains the Nile delta and whose capital is Cairo.", "answer": "Arab Republic of Egypt", "page": "Arab_Republic_of_Egypt", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119578, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149767, "tokenizations": [[0, 66], [67, 137], [138, 249], [250, 348], [349, 481], [482, 537], [538, 596], [597, 686]], "first_sentence": "This country's city of Helwan was created as an industrial center.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Leontief found that the United States' exports were produced with a lower ratio of capital to this commodity than its imports. As the Beveridge curve moves toward the origin, the market for this commodity becomes more efficient. Its supply curve may bend backwards at high prices. Unlike the subjective theory of value, Ricardo's theory of value suggested that the value of a good is proportional to the amount of this commodity required to produce it. This commodity is one of the primary factors of production, along with land and capital. For 10 points, name this commodity, whose price is also called the wage.", "answer": "labor", "page": "Wage_labour", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119577, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149768, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 228], [229, 280], [281, 452], [453, 541], [542, 614]], "first_sentence": "Leontief found that the United States' exports were produced with a lower ratio of capital to this commodity than its imports.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A painting by this artist shows a fair-skinned Bacchus getting drunk with dark-skinned figures wearing contemporary clothing. Francis Bacon created several distorted versions of a painting by this artist that shows a man wearing a red cape and red hat sitting on a red chair in a red room. Cupid holds a mirror that reflects his mother's sensual figure in this artist's Rokeby Venus. The left third of a painting by this artist is dominated by an easel behind which the artist stands, and the right foreground of that painting shows a dwarf and dog beside the Infanta Margarita. For 10 points, name this Spanish artist who made a portrait of Pope Innocent X and painted Las Meninas.", "answer": "Diego Rodr\u00c3\u00adguez de Silva Vel\u00c3\u00a1zquez", "page": "Diego_Vel\u00e1zquez", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119576, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149769, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 289], [290, 383], [384, 578], [579, 682]], "first_sentence": "A painting by this artist shows a fair-skinned Bacchus getting drunk with dark-skinned figures wearing contemporary clothing.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author is mockingly compared to a hippopotamus using its entire strength to move a pea in H.G. Wells' book-length satire Boon. A courier named Eugenio appears in a novel by this author in which the narrator tries to impress the title character by taking her to the Chateau de Chillon. The title character contracts \"Roman Fever\" after visiting the Colosseum with Giovanelli in a novella narrated by Frederick Winterbourne and written by this author. In another of this author's novels, an unnamed governess tries to protect Flora and Miles from the ghosts of Miss Jessel and Peter Quint. For 10 points, name this author of Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw.", "answer": "Henry James", "page": "Henry_James", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119575, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149770, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 289], [290, 454], [455, 592], [593, 667]], "first_sentence": "This author is mockingly compared to a hippopotamus using its entire strength to move a pea in H.G. Wells' book-length satire Boon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this author repeats the line \"such noise they make\" every time she is interrupted by an offstage airplane. Another character created by this author berates her husband for not recognizing the Bette Davis quote \"what a dump!\" In a play by this author, Nancy and Charlie's beach vacation is disrupted when two humanoid lizards walk out of the sea. One of his plays is split into sections like \"Fun and Games\" and \"Walpurgisnacht.\" In that play, a man shoots an umbrella out of a toy gun before he and Martha play \"Get the Guests\" with Nick and Honey. For 10 points, name this American author of Seascape and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf.", "answer": "Edward Albee [or Edward Franklin Albee III]", "page": "Edward_Albee", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119574, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149771, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 226], [227, 247], [248, 368], [369, 451], [452, 571], [572, 628], [629, 660]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this author repeats the line \"such noise they make\" every time she is interrupted by an offstage airplane.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Franklin Albee III", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote a novel whose title character tries to reconnect with the group of friends that suddenly abandoned him in college. In another of this author's novels, a former army lieutenant delivers a long monologue about being captured in Outer Mongolia. This author wrote a novel in which the Semiotecs compete with the Calcutecs. This author of Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage wrote a novel in which May Kasahara exchanges letters with Toru Okada, who searches for Kimiko, his wife. For 10 points, name this contemporary Japanese author of Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World and The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.", "answer": "Haruki Murakami [or Murakami Haruki]", "page": "Haruki_Murakami", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119573, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149772, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 259], [260, 336], [337, 510], [511, 647]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote a novel whose title character tries to reconnect with the group of friends that suddenly abandoned him in college.", "answer_prompt": "or Murakami Haruki", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This politician described his Herbert Croly-influenced philosophy in a campaign speech given in Osawatomie, Kansas. He coined the term \"hyphenated Americans\" and ran for president on the idea of \"New Nationalism.\" He was partially driven to enter a presidential election by the firing of Gifford Pinchot. He delivered a campaign speech in Milwaukee immediately after getting shot by John Schrank. This politician cut short a hunting trip to Africa to run as the Progressive Party candidate in the 1912 presidential election. For 10 points, name this \"Bull Moose\" who ran for a third term in office after growing disappointed with his successor, William Howard Taft.", "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt [or TR; accept the Bull Moose until it is read; prompt on \"Roosevelt\"]", "page": "Theodore_Roosevelt", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119572, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149773, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 213], [214, 304], [305, 396], [397, 524], [525, 665]], "first_sentence": "This politician described his Herbert Croly-influenced philosophy in a campaign speech given in Osawatomie, Kansas.", "answer_prompt": "or TR; accept the Bull Moose until it is read; prompt on \"Roosevelt\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Elements called turtles slow down an algorithm for doing this task. The cocktail algorithm for performing this action is stable, meaning that similar elements preserve their relative order as the algorithm runs. An algorithm for performing this action recursively splits a certain data structure in half and interleaves the results from the left and right halves. Another algorithm to achieve this task recursively places elements on both sides of a pivot in an array. The performance of the \"bubble\" and \"merge\" algorithms for this task is superseded by a \"quick\" algorithm. For 10 points, name this task in which array elements are ordered.", "answer": "sorting an array [or bubble sort; or merge sort; or quicksort]", "page": "Bubble_sort", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119571, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149774, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 211], [212, 363], [364, 468], [469, 575], [576, 642]], "first_sentence": "Elements called turtles slow down an algorithm for doing this task.", "answer_prompt": "or bubble sort; or merge sort; or quicksort", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This quantity's shift under an applied electric field is has a quadratic relation to the electric field in the Kerr effect. The left-hand rule applies in metamaterials, which have negative values for this quantity. This quantity is equal to the square root of the product of relative permeability and relative permittivity. The arc-sine of the ratio of this quantity for two materials at a boundary gives the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. This quantity for water at 20 Celsius is 1.333. This quantity is multiplied by the sine of the angle of incidence in Snell's law. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to the ratio of the speed of light in a medium to the speed of light in a vacuum. ", "answer": "index of refraction [or refractive index; prompt on \"n\"]", "page": "Refractive_index", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119570, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149775, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 214], [215, 323], [324, 463], [464, 511], [512, 593], [594, 715]], "first_sentence": "This quantity's shift under an applied electric field is has a quadratic relation to the electric field in the Kerr effect.", "answer_prompt": "or refractive index; prompt on \"n\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A section of a book by this philosopher praises Archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson's concise argument against the real presence. Immanuel Kant credited this author with awakening him from his \"dogmatic slumber\" through a book that divides all reasoning into relations of ideas or matters of fact. This man joked that an early essay \"fell dead-born from the press\". This author included sections like \"Of the Origin of Ideas\" and \"Of Miracles\" in a book that contradicts the \"copy principle\" by describing a man who knows all but one shade of the color blue. For 10 points, name this Scottish philosopher who wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.", "answer": "David Hume", "page": "David_Hume", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Philosophy European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119569, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149776, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 301], [302, 369], [370, 562], [563, 661]], "first_sentence": "A section of a book by this philosopher praises Archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson's concise argument against the real presence.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's best-known company was taken over by the Oppenheimer family. This man hired Frederick Selous to scout a frontier region. His business partner Charles Rudd convinced King Lobengula to concede Matabeleland's resources to this man's company. A political cartoon depicted this man as a giant straddling a continent and holding up a telegraph line. This man, who wanted to build the \"Cape to Cairo\" railroad, had his reputation tarnished by his support for the Jameson Raid. For 10 points, name this British diamond magnate who was the namesake of the predecessor-state to Zimbabwe, as well as a scholarship to Oxford.", "answer": "Cecil Rhodes [or Cecil John Rhodes; accept Rhodesia; accept Rhodes scholarships]", "page": "Cecil_Rhodes", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119568, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149777, "tokenizations": [[0, 71], [72, 131], [132, 249], [250, 354], [355, 480], [481, 624]], "first_sentence": "This man's best-known company was taken over by the Oppenheimer family.", "answer_prompt": "or Cecil John Rhodes; accept Rhodesia; accept Rhodes scholarships", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A painting of a person of this profession is titled for Jan Deijman [\"die-man\"]. Franklin West is taking notes behind a man of this profession in a painting that shows a woman recoil in horror from the central scene. A man of this profession is interacting with the criminal Aris Kindt in another painting. A portrait of a redheaded man of this profession shows him resting his head on his right hand and holding some foxglove with his left, and was created by Van Gogh. A man of this profession is holding a scalpel in Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic. For 10 points, name this profession of Paul Gachet [\"gah-SHAY\"] and Nicolaes Tulp, who Rembrandt depicted conducting an Anatomy Lesson.", "answer": "doctors [or anatomists; prompt on \"professors\" or \"teachers\"] ", "page": "Doctors", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119567, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149778, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 216], [217, 306], [307, 470], [471, 552], [553, 688]], "first_sentence": "A painting of a person of this profession is titled for Jan Deijman [\"die-man\"].", "answer_prompt": "or anatomists; prompt on \"professors\" or \"teachers\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Metamorphoses, the rainbow goddess Iris leads this hero's wife to a star that falls from the sky. This hero's sudden disappearance during a storm is later attributed to his rapture into the heavens and subsequent apotheosis as the god Quirinus. A rival mockingly leaps over a wall built by this man, who earlier witnesses the omen of twelve vultures flying overhead. He organizes a festival of Neptune as a ploy for his men to take the Sabine women as wives. As a baby, this hero and his short-lived brother are raised by a she-wolf after they are taken from their mother Rhea Silvia. For 10 points, name this twin brother of Remus and mythical founder of Rome.", "answer": "Romulus", "page": "Romulus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119566, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149779, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 251], [252, 373], [374, 465], [466, 591], [592, 668]], "first_sentence": "In the Metamorphoses, the rainbow goddess Iris leads this hero's wife to a star that falls from the sky.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A process that generates this compound is prevented by uncoupling proteins, such as thermogenin. Oligomycin binds to the \"F-sub-o\" subunit of an enzyme that synthesizes this compound. That enzyme that produces this compound contains three binding sites whose formations change as it rotates. The synthesis of this compound is driven by a proton gradient across which chemi\u00c2\u2022osmosis is used to generate this molecule via oxidative phosphorylation. On average, a molecule of N-A-D-H results in 2.5 molecules of this compound after going through the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this energy currency of the cell.", "answer": "ATP [or adenosine triphosphate]", "page": "Adenosine_triphosphate", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119565, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149780, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 183], [184, 291], [292, 445], [446, 571], [572, 625]], "first_sentence": "A process that generates this compound is prevented by uncoupling proteins, such as thermogenin.", "answer_prompt": "or adenosine triphosphate", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel advocates for a \"strict style\" echoed by his mentor's lecture concerning the \"magic square\". This novel's protagonist writes a secret manuscript after his friend R\u00c3\u00bcdiger Schildknapp leaves him. Durer's woodcuts influence a character in this novel to create a work titled Apocalypsis cum figuris. Its protagonist deliberately gets syphilis from a woman he calls Esmerelda. A performance of the protagonist's Lamentation of the title character concludes this novel narrated by Serenus Zeitblom. For 10 points, name this Thomas Mann novel about Adrian Leverkuhn, a composer who trades his soul to the devil for twenty-four years of genius.", "answer": "Doktor Faustus [or Doctor Faustus: The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkuhn, as Told by a Friend; or Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkuhn, erzahlt von einem Freunde]", "page": "Doctor_Faustus_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119564, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149781, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 219], [220, 321], [322, 397], [398, 518], [519, 662]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel advocates for a \"strict style\" echoed by his mentor's lecture concerning the \"magic square\".", "answer_prompt": "or Doctor Faustus: The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkuhn, as Told by a Friend; or Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkuhn, erzahlt von einem Freunde", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this city, one of Richard Serra's many weathering steel spirals can be found in the courtyard of a Tadao Ando-designed museum. Gyo Obata started this city's HOK architectural firm, which added a new wing to this city's namesake art museum, originally designed by Cass Gilbert. In this home city of the Pulitzer Arts Foundation and of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a brewer hired Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan to design a red-brick skyscraper, the Wainwright Building. This city is home to a flattened catenary-shaped monument designed by Eero Saarinen. For 10 points, name this city whose Mississippi waterfront includes the Gateway Arch.", "answer": "St. Louis, Missouri", "page": "St._Louis", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119563, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149782, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 279], [280, 486], [487, 571], [572, 657]], "first_sentence": "In this city, one of Richard Serra's many weathering steel spirals can be found in the courtyard of a Tadao Ando-designed museum.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The question of whether this country should enter World War I caused a \"National Schism\" between its monarchy and the Venizelist movement. This country mended relations with an eastern neighbor after several 1999 earthquakes, and that neighbor and this country both received aid against Soviet influence under the Truman Doctrine. This country has blocked EU membership of a former Yugoslav Republic because it disputes that country's name. This country's \"regime of the colonels\" collapsed after backing a coup against Archbishop Makarios III, causing Turkey to invade Cyprus. For 10 points, name this country also called the Hellenic Republic.", "answer": "Greece [or Republic of Greece; or Hellenic Republic or Hellas until \"Hellenic\" is read]", "page": "Greece", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119562, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149783, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 330], [331, 440], [441, 577], [578, 645]], "first_sentence": "The question of whether this country should enter World War I caused a \"National Schism\" between its monarchy and the Venizelist movement.", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Greece; or Hellenic Republic or Hellas until \"Hellenic\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This person was crowned after his predecessor fell on his sword at the end of a battle at Mount Gilboa. He earned the respect of that predecessor by bringing back 200 foreskins. When he was a child, this son of Jesse was taken from his family by a man whose spirit was later summoned by the Witch of Endor. He had Uriah [\"you-RYE-uh\"] the Hittite killed to hide the fact that he had impregnated Uriah's wife Bathsheba, who then married him and gave birth to his son Solomon. The story of this successor of Saul is one of the main subjects of the Books of Samuel. For 10 points, name this author of the Psalms, a King of Israel who killed the giant Philistine Goliath.", "answer": "David", "page": "David", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119561, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149784, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 177], [178, 306], [307, 474], [475, 564], [564, 668]], "first_sentence": "This person was crowned after his predecessor fell on his sword at the end of a battle at Mount Gilboa.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one episode, this character sings a modified version of \"Poker Face\" with the lyrics \"I don't give a crap about whales so go and hug a tree.\" This character pitches 800 films starring Adam Sandler while disguising himself as a cardboard robot named AWESOME-O. He takes revenge on a bully by killing his parents and serving them to him as chili. This sworn enemy of Scott Tenorman often says \"screw you guys, I'm going home.\" This character constantly makes fun of his friends Kenny and Kyle for being poor and Jewish, respectively. For 10 points, name this fat, obnoxious brat, one of the main characters of South Park. ", "answer": "Eric Cartman [accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Eric_Cartman", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119560, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149785, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 251], [252, 347], [348, 426], [426, 427], [428, 534], [535, 622]], "first_sentence": "In one episode, this character sings a modified version of \"Poker Face\" with the lyrics \"I don't give a crap about whales so go and hug a tree.\"", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem set at a memorial to this war repeats variations on the phrase \"leaves / flying, plunge and expire,\" and begins with the line \"row after row with strict impunity.\" A novel set during this war ends with the description of sun shining through \"the hosts of leaden rain clouds.\" The protagonist of that novel set during this war chucks a pine cone at a squirrel and encounters the Tattered Man. Allen Tate wrote an \"Ode\" to the dead of one side in this war. In a novel set during this war, Jim Conklin is survived by the cowardly Henry Fleming. For 10 points, name this war that provides the setting for Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage.", "answer": "the American Civil War", "page": "The_American_Civil_War", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119559, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149786, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 281], [281, 282], [283, 398], [399, 461], [462, 548], [549, 649]], "first_sentence": "A poem set at a memorial to this war repeats variations on the phrase \"leaves / flying, plunge and expire,\" and begins with the line \"row after row with strict impunity.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Nitroso containing compounds are used for analyzing these compounds by extending their lifetimes through the formation of a stable adduct. The previously mentioned spin-trap compounds are commonly used in E-S-R, which can detect these compounds due to their paramagnetism. Fishhook arrows often appear in reaction mechanisms involving these compounds, such as during homolytic cleavage. Glutathione [\"glue-ta-THY-own\"], superoxide dismutase, and vitamin C prevent the formation of these compounds, which Denham Harman proposed caused aging. For 10 points, name these reactive molecules which contain unpaired electrons and which are suppressed by antioxidants.", "answer": "free radicals", "page": "Radical_(chemistry)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119558, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149787, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 272], [273, 386], [387, 540], [541, 660]], "first_sentence": "Nitroso containing compounds are used for analyzing these compounds by extending their lifetimes through the formation of a stable adduct.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A city in this state is situated along the Maumee River and was originally part of this state's northern neighbor before a namesake war transferred nearly 500 square miles in 1836. A photograph in Time magazine in 1969 depicted a fire on this state's Cuyahoga River. This state is home to an I.M. Pei-designed museum that resembles a cylindrical tower attached to a pyramid, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The second oldest amusement park in the United States, Cedar Point, is located on a peninsula in this state along the shores of Lake Erie. For 10 points, name this state whose major cities include Akron, Toledo, and Columbus.", "answer": "Ohio", "page": "Ohio", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119557, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149788, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 266], [267, 406], [407, 545], [546, 632]], "first_sentence": "A city in this state is situated along the Maumee River and was originally part of this state's northern neighbor before a namesake war transferred nearly 500 square miles in 1836.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet imagined lovers thinking \"Life might last! we can but try!\" upon hearing \"Those commiserating sevenths.\" This poet wrote \"God's in His heaven / All's right with the world!\" in a drama about a girl who observes the happiest people in Asolo. This poet of \"A Toccata of Galuppi's\" and Pippa Passes described a gift of cherries from \"some officious fool\" to a woman whose \"looks went everywhere\" in one work. The speaker strangles the title character with \"all her hair / In one long yellow string\" in his \"Porphyria's Lover.\" He wrote about a figure painted by Fra Pandolf who had a \"heart too soon made glad.\" For 10 points name this English poet of \"My Last Duchess\".", "answer": "Robert Browning", "page": "Robert_Browning", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119556, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149789, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 113], [113, 114], [115, 153], [154, 182], [183, 249], [250, 414], [415, 477], [478, 532], [533, 617], [618, 676]], "first_sentence": "This poet imagined lovers thinking \"Life might last! we can but try!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A siege led by this man is the subject of an epic poem by Voltaire. He defeated Anne, Duke of Joyeuse at the Battle of Coutras [\"koot-RAH\"]. An event that happened shortly after this man's wedding was prompted by the attempted assassination of Gaspard de Coligny [\"COL-in-yee\"]. In order to obtain one position, this survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre said that a certain city was \"well worth a Mass\" and converted to Catholicism. He was assassinated by Francois Ravaillac, who was upset with him for giving the Huguenots too much freedom with the Edict of Nantes [\"nant\"]. For 10 points, name this victor of the War of Three Henrys, the first French king from the House of Bourbon.", "answer": "Henry IV of France [or Henry of Navarre; or Henry III of Navarre; or the Green Gallant; or le vert galant; prompt on \"Henry\"]", "page": "Henry_IV_of_France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119555, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149790, "tokenizations": [[0, 67], [68, 140], [141, 280], [280, 443], [444, 586], [587, 695]], "first_sentence": "A siege led by this man is the subject of an epic poem by Voltaire.", "answer_prompt": "or Henry of Navarre; or Henry III of Navarre; or the Green Gallant; or le vert galant; prompt on \"Henry\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A D-minor piece in this genre is nicknamed for its opening sequence of half notes: a descending \"A, D,\" followed by a descending \"E, A.\" Six pieces in this genre were collected into a prolific composer's Opus 20 and published with a drawing of the title Sun on the cover. A second movement theme-and-variations on the melody of \"Deutschland \u00c3\u00bcber alles\" characterizes a piece in this genre part of a set nicknamed Erd\u00c3\u00b6dy. During the Classical period, this musical form was modeled after the symphony's four-movement design. Joseph Haydn is called the father of the symphony and of this genre. For 10 points, name this genre of chamber music for two violins, one viola, and one cello.", "answer": "string quartet [prompt on \"quartet\"] ", "page": "String_quartet", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119554, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149791, "tokenizations": [[0, 271], [272, 420], [421, 522], [523, 591], [592, 682]], "first_sentence": "A D-minor piece in this genre is nicknamed for its opening sequence of half notes: a descending \"A, D,\" followed by a descending \"E, A.\" Six pieces in this genre were collected into a prolific composer's Opus 20 and published with a drawing of the title Sun on the cover.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on \"quartet\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This region first became a crown colony after the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Disputes over the control of this region led to Spain seizing British ships in the Nootka Crisis and a bloodless conflict known as the \"Pig War.\" Canada's first female Prime Minister, Kim Campbell, hailed from this province. Franz Boas studied the potlatch culture of the Kwakiutl nation in this province, whose other First Nations are known for their totem poles. This province planned to import snow to combat the effects of El Nino during the 2010 Winter Olympics. For 10 points, name this Canadian province, the home of Vancouver. ", "answer": "British Columbia", "page": "British_Columbia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119429, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149916, "tokenizations": [[0, 74], [75, 220], [221, 299], [300, 439], [440, 542], [543, 609]], "first_sentence": "This region first became a crown colony after the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Frederick Muhlenberg was stabbed for casting the deciding vote on a document named for this politician. Opponents of this politician chanted \"damn everyone who won't damn [this politician].\" He served as Minister to Spain during the American Revolution. This politician negotiated a document that forced a nation to vacate forts at Mackinac and Niagara. He contributed five articles to the Federalist Papers, much fewer than James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. This Founding Father names a 1795 treaty that normalized relations between the United States and the United Kingdom. For 10 points, name this first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.", "answer": "John Jay [accept Jay's Treaty] ", "page": "John_Jay", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119428, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149917, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 155], [156, 189], [189, 190], [191, 253], [254, 353], [354, 462], [463, 579], [580, 660]], "first_sentence": "Frederick Muhlenberg was stabbed for casting the deciding vote on a document named for this politician.", "answer_prompt": "accept Jay's Treaty", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two poems contained in this novel use the metaphor of a locust's shell for a woman's virginity. When his romantic intentions are rebuffed by a young woman, a man in this novel sleeps with the woman's brother instead. A chapter of this novel titled \"Vanished into the Clouds\" is completely blank, signifying the death of the title character. The title character of this novel is exiled by the emperor, who is secretly his illegitimate son with his stepmother Fujitsubo. The title character marries Princess Aoi in the first chapter of this Heian-period novel. For 10 points, name this early Japanese novel, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu.", "answer": "Tale of Genji [or Genji Monogatari]", "page": "The_Tale_of_Genji", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119427, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149918, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 216], [217, 340], [341, 468], [469, 558], [559, 639]], "first_sentence": "Two poems contained in this novel use the metaphor of a locust's shell for a woman's virginity.", "answer_prompt": "or Genji Monogatari", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Shah Deniz natural gas field is located underneath the southwestern portion of this body of water, and a proposed gas pipeline will run underneath this body of water to a city named after Saparmurat Niyazov. The proposed Trans-Adriatic pipeline will connect this body of water to southern Europe. Though not the Aral Sea, the Amu Darya River once flowed into this body of water. Oil extracted from beneath this body of water often travels by pipeline to Ceyhan and Tbilisi from the city of Baku, which is located on this body of water. For 10 points, name this large inland sea, which is fed by the Volga River and borders such countries as Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Iran.", "answer": "Caspian Sea", "page": "Caspian_Sea", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119426, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149919, "tokenizations": [[0, 211], [212, 300], [301, 382], [383, 539], [540, 680]], "first_sentence": "The Shah Deniz natural gas field is located underneath the southwestern portion of this body of water, and a proposed gas pipeline will run underneath this body of water to a city named after Saparmurat Niyazov.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play says the dead are \"weaned away\" from Earth in a monologue that includes the line \"there's something way down deep that's eternal about every human being.\" In this play, Joe Crowell wins a scholarship but dies during World War I. Each act of this play includes a singing of \"Blessed Be the Tie That Binds.\" A character in this play asks \"do any human beings ever realize life while they live it\" after re-living her 12th birthday. George Gibbs and Emily Webb are married by a character who arranges the set and explains the plot of this play, the Stage Manager. For 10 points, name this play about Grover's Corner written by Thornton Wilder.", "answer": "Our Town", "page": "Our_Town", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119425, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149920, "tokenizations": [[0, 105], [106, 179], [180, 253], [254, 330], [331, 454], [455, 585], [586, 665]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play says the dead are \"weaned away\" from Earth in a monologue that includes the line", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Activity is used as an effective form of this quantity for non-ideal systems. Peak size in HPLC is proportional to this value. The magnitude of properties dependent on this quantity is proportional to this quantity's product with the van't Hoff factor. This quantity is conventionally represented using square brackets. This non-partial pressure quantity is used along with the stoichiometric coefficient to define equilibrium constants. Colligative properties are dependent on this quantity, which can be found via a titration. For 10 points, name this quantity which can be measured in molarity which for a solution refers to how much solute is in some amount of solvent.", "answer": "concentration [prompt on molarity or molality]", "page": "Concentration", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119424, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149921, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 126], [127, 252], [253, 319], [320, 437], [438, 528], [529, 673]], "first_sentence": "Activity is used as an effective form of this quantity for non-ideal systems.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on molarity or molality", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A war fought over the succession of this person ended with the Battle of Toro, and this person was able to come to power after Alfonso, the Prince of Asturias, died of the plague. An institution founded by this person was responsible for carrying out several auto-da-f\u00c3\u00a8 ceremonies. With the assistance of Tomas de Torquemada, this daughter of John II issued the Alhambra Decree, which expelled all of the Jews from her country. With her husband, this woman funded the Atlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus. For 10 points, name this female member of the \"Catholic Monarchs,\" a Queen of Castile who was the wife of Ferdinand of Aragon.", "answer": "Isabella I [or Isabella of Castile before mention]", "page": "Isabella_I_of_Castile", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119423, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149922, "tokenizations": [[0, 179], [180, 281], [282, 427], [428, 509], [510, 636]], "first_sentence": "A war fought over the succession of this person ended with the Battle of Toro, and this person was able to come to power after Alfonso, the Prince of Asturias, died of the plague.", "answer_prompt": "or Isabella of Castile before mention", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel utters phrases like \"Never put off till tomorrow the fun you can have today\" and \"One cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments\" while sleeping. In this novel, a crowd chants \"We want the whip\" after the self-flagellation of a man living in an air-lighthouse is filmed. On a trip to New Mexico, this novel's protagonist meets Linda and her son, with whom the protagonist returns to London. In this novel, Helmholtz Watson and Bernard Marx are banished to remote islands by Mustapha Mond. This novel's character John the Savage does not enjoy the use of soma. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.", "answer": "Brave New World", "page": "Brave_New_World", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119422, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149923, "tokenizations": [[0, 173], [174, 205], [205, 298], [299, 418], [419, 516], [517, 587], [588, 646]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel utters phrases like \"Never put off till tomorrow the fun you can have today\" and \"One cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments\" while sleeping.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A formula which describes this phenomenon is obtained by approximating the Kirchhoff integral theorem with Kirchhoff's boundary conditions. The angular resolution of this phenomenon can be estimated by the formula \"1.22 times lambda over D\", which is the Rayleigh criterion. This phenomenon occurs due to every point on a wave front acting as a source for secondary spherical waves which interfere with each other. This phenomenon is explained by Huygens' principle. With interference, it causes the dark fringes that appear when light passes through a slit. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which light bends around an obstacle.", "answer": "diffraction", "page": "Diffraction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119421, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149924, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 274], [275, 414], [415, 466], [467, 558], [559, 635]], "first_sentence": "A formula which describes this phenomenon is obtained by approximating the Kirchhoff integral theorem with Kirchhoff's boundary conditions.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Jean Guitton was the leader of a group that opposed troops led by this man in one battle. This man oversaw negotiations that led to the Treaty of Stettin, which allied his country with Sweden during the Thirty Years War. This man rose to power after the death of Concino Concini. Marie de Medici was exiled after an attempt to remove this man in an event called the Day of the Dupes. In the Peace of Alais, signed after the Siege of La Rochelle, this man stripped away the rights of the Huguenots. He was succeeded in his highest position by Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this Chief Minister of France under Louis XIII.", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu", "page": "Cardinal_Richelieu", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119420, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149925, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 220], [221, 279], [280, 383], [384, 497], [498, 559], [560, 627]], "first_sentence": "Jean Guitton was the leader of a group that opposed troops led by this man in one battle.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man who claimed that this philosopher \"is not interested in madness\" is criticized in an essay by Jacques Derrida, who titled that essay for a concept this thinker created. Antoine Arnauld pointed out a circular argument in this philosopher's discussion of clear and distinct perceptions. This author attempts to consider all external things as traps created by an evil, deceiving demon. This philosopher's most famous text sets out to demolish his false opinions, like the idea that knowledge comes from the senses. For 10 points name this author of the Meditations on First Philosophy and Discourse on Method who wrote \"cogito ergo sum\".", "answer": "Ren\u00c3\u00a9 Descartes", "page": "Ren\u00e9_Descartes", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119419, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149926, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 290], [291, 389], [390, 518], [519, 641]], "first_sentence": "A man who claimed that this philosopher \"is not interested in madness\" is criticized in an essay by Jacques Derrida, who titled that essay for a concept this thinker created.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The fourth movement of this composer's Keyboard suite in D minor is his namesake \"Sarabande.\" This composer called for a chorus of youths, a chorus of virgins, and a chorus of Israelites to sing \"See, the conqu'ring hero comes!\" in Judas Maccabaeus. This composer began Part III of his piece Solomon with a sinfonia titled \"The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba.\" He interspersed settings of the words \"for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth\" in a section of a piece that uses arias such as \"I know that my Redeemer liveth\" to depict the life of Jesus Christ. For 10 points, name this German-born English composer, whose oratorio Messiah includes the \"Hallelujah\" chorus.", "answer": "George Frideric Handel [or Georg Friedrich H\u00c3\u00a4ndel]", "page": "George_Frideric_Handel", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119418, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149927, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 196], [196, 228], [229, 249], [250, 359], [360, 553], [554, 665]], "first_sentence": "The fourth movement of this composer's Keyboard suite in D minor is his namesake \"Sarabande.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Georg Friedrich H\u00c3\u00a4ndel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A group of athletes of this ethnicity that dominated the early American Olympics track-and-field squad was nicknamed this people's \"Whales.\" Immigrants of this ethnicity made up the majority of the Dead Rabbits gang and faced off against each other in the Orange riots. These people settled in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood and were discriminated by signs saying they \"need not apply.\" These people arrived in America on \"coffin ships\" and came to have the largest presence of any nationality in Boston. For 10 points, name this ethnic group whose contribution to America is recognized on St. Patrick's Day.", "answer": "the Irish [or Irish-American; or people from Ireland]", "page": "Irish-American", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119417, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149928, "tokenizations": [[0, 269], [270, 386], [386, 387], [388, 505], [506, 609]], "first_sentence": "A group of athletes of this ethnicity that dominated the early American Olympics track-and-field squad was nicknamed this people's \"Whales.\" Immigrants of this ethnicity made up the majority of the Dead Rabbits gang and faced off against each other in the Orange riots.", "answer_prompt": "or Irish-American; or people from Ireland", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The songs of the bard Demodocus drive this hero to tears some time after he uses Ino's magic veil to reach the island of Scheria and enjoy the hospitality of the queen Arete. Ajax refuses to speak to this hero on a journey to the underworld during which Tiresias advises him to avoid eating the cattle of Helios. This hero is forced to live with Calypso for seven years in part for incurring the wrath of Poseidon by introducing himself as \"Nobody\" and driving a wooden stake through the eye of the cyclops Polyphemus. For 10 points, name this father of Telemachus who reunites with his wife Penelope after a ten-year voyage home from Troy.", "answer": "Odysseus [or Ulysses]", "page": "Odysseus", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119416, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149929, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 312], [313, 518], [519, 640]], "first_sentence": "The songs of the bard Demodocus drive this hero to tears some time after he uses Ino's magic veil to reach the island of Scheria and enjoy the hospitality of the queen Arete.", "answer_prompt": "or Ulysses", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A theorem states that any positive number can be represented as the sum of two non-consecutive elements from this set of numbers. These numbers, which are the subject of Carmichael's Theorem, have a closed-form solution known as Binet's Formula. That formula includes the number \"one minus the square root of five over two\", which is known as phi or the golden ratio. They are defined as a recurrence relation where the nth value equals the sum of the \"n-minus-1\" and \"n-minus-2\" values. For 10 points, name these members of a sequence named after an Italian mathematician, the first five of which are 1, 1, 2, 3, and 5.", "answer": "Fibonacci numbers", "page": "Fibonacci_number", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119415, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149930, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 245], [246, 367], [368, 487], [488, 620]], "first_sentence": "A theorem states that any positive number can be represented as the sum of two non-consecutive elements from this set of numbers.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "At the left of this painting, a red-robed figure with a sheathed sword has his left hand on his hip and is using his right hand to hold up a staff, which is wrapped with snakes. A possible companion to this painting shows a woman holding a halberd standing next to a centaur. The right foreground of this painting shows a blue-skinned man grabing a woman whose mouth is spilling wildflowers; that is this painting's depiction of Chloris and Zephyrus. The top center of this painting shows Cupid aiming towards the three Graces, who are dancing next to Venus in a grove of oranges. For 10 points, name this Botticelli painting sometimes called Allegory of Spring.", "answer": "La Primavera [accept Allegory of Spring until \"Allegory\"]", "page": "Primavera_(painting)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119414, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149931, "tokenizations": [[0, 177], [178, 275], [276, 450], [451, 580], [581, 662]], "first_sentence": "At the left of this painting, a red-robed figure with a sheathed sword has his left hand on his hip and is using his right hand to hold up a staff, which is wrapped with snakes.", "answer_prompt": "accept Allegory of Spring until \"Allegory\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During evening prayer services on this holiday, many married men wear a robe called a kittel that is otherwise used as a funeral shroud. One minor tradition on this holiday is the reading of the entire Book of Jonah during the afternoon service. Oral tradition dictates that people may not wash themselves or have sex while observing this holiday. One important prayer during this holiday is recited in Aramaic rather than the usual Hebrew; that is the Kol Nidre. It is observed with a 25-hour fast and special synagogue services. For 10 points, name this Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the year in Judaism.", "answer": "Yom Kippur", "page": "Yom_Kippur", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119413, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149932, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 245], [246, 347], [348, 463], [464, 530], [531, 613]], "first_sentence": "During evening prayer services on this holiday, many married men wear a robe called a kittel that is otherwise used as a funeral shroud.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Ross Douthat explained this man's popularity in America in a New York Times opinion piece titled \"In Search of the [this man] Effect.\" Paul Gosar boycotted one of this man's speeches because this man supported Barack Obama's climate change initiative. He delighted Bernie Sanders by mentioning Dorothy Day alongside Thomas Merton, Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King in a speech. John Boehner resigned as Speaker of the House the day after he cried through portions of this man's speech. He's not a Republican presidential candidate, but this man secretly met with Kim Davis. For 10 points, name this man who made a much-publicized visit to the United States in the summer of 2015, the current Pope.", "answer": "Pope Francis [or Jorge Mario Bergoglio] ", "page": "Pope_Francis", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119412, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149933, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 251], [252, 382], [383, 490], [491, 578], [579, 702]], "first_sentence": "Ross Douthat explained this man's popularity in America in a New York Times opinion piece titled \"In Search of the [this man] Effect.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Jorge Mario Bergoglio", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process is made more efficient by a sliding clamp protein that prevents its central enzyme from dissociating from its substrate. In prokaryotes this process begins at ori sites. The mechanism of this process was determined by growing E. coli in a nitrogen-15 medium. This process was shown to be semiconservative by Meselson and Stahl and cannot occur without a primer. Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand during this process since it only occurs in the \"5-prime\" to \"3-prime\" direction. This process that occurs during the S phase requires enzymes like ligase, helicase and DNA polymerase. For 10 points, name this process which creates a copy of the genome.", "answer": "DNA synthesis [or DNA replication; or just synthesis or replication after \"DNA\" has been read]", "page": "DNA_synthesis", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119411, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149934, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 182], [183, 271], [272, 374], [375, 501], [502, 604], [605, 673]], "first_sentence": "This process is made more efficient by a sliding clamp protein that prevents its central enzyme from dissociating from its substrate.", "answer_prompt": "or DNA replication; or just synthesis or replication after \"DNA\" has been read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer wrote a ballet whose finale begins with a lyrical horn solo in 3/2 [\"three two\"] time. The title character is captured while plucking some golden apples in this composer's ballet featuring a sorcerer who is put to sleep by a solo bassoon-introduced lullaby shortly after he and his subjects are lulled into a frenzied \"Infernal Dance.\" In another of his ballets, Part I, titled \"The Adoration of the Earth,\" begins with an unusually high-pitched unaccompanied bassoon solo. A young girl is sacrificed at the end of that ballet, which sparked a riot at its 1913 premiere. For 10 points, name this composer of The Firebird and The Rite of Spring.", "answer": "Igor Stravinsky [or Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky]", "page": "Igor_Stravinsky", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119410, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149935, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 349], [350, 487], [488, 584], [585, 658]], "first_sentence": "This composer wrote a ballet whose finale begins with a lyrical horn solo in 3/2 [\"three two\"] time.", "answer_prompt": "or Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A play by this author features a song sung to a baby about a \"giant horse / who didn't want the water.\" The settings of that play by this man are sparsely described and include a yellow room and a cave. After inheriting a large amount of money, Angustias is able to find a suitor in a play by this author. One play by this author sees the Groom killed by the only named character, Leonardo. In another play by this author, Adela and Martirio disobey the title character in order to pursue the love of Pepe el Romano. For 10 points, name this Spanish author of Blood Wedding and The House of Bernarda Alba.", "answer": "Federico Garcia Lorca", "page": "Federico_Garc\u00eda_Lorca", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119409, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149936, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [102, 103], [104, 202], [203, 305], [306, 390], [391, 516], [517, 605]], "first_sentence": "A play by this author features a song sung to a baby about a \"giant horse / who didn't want the water.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Most knowledge about this city is derived from a Bernardino de Sahagun text held at a library in Florence. This city had districts called \"calpulli.\" It was surrounded by floating farms called chinampas. The ruins of this city's destroyed religious center are now covered by the Zocalo. Captives would be paraded into this city after successful \"Flower Wars.\" An invading army fled this city in La Noche Triste. This city formed a triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan and was legendarily founded on a site where an eagle was seen perched on a cactus. Hernando Cortez conquered, for 10 points, what city ruled by emperors named Montezuma, the capitol of the Aztec Empire?", "answer": "Tenochtitlan [or Mexico-Tenochtitlan; do not accept or prompt on Mexico City]", "page": "Tenochtitlan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "ACF Fall", "difficulty": "easy_college", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 119408, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 149937, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 148], [148, 203], [204, 286], [287, 359], [360, 411], [412, 555], [556, 675]], "first_sentence": "Most knowledge about this city is derived from a Bernardino de Sahagun text held at a library in Florence.", "answer_prompt": "or Mexico-Tenochtitlan; do not accept or prompt on Mexico City", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "People with family connections could avoid participating in this system via the \"protection privilege.\" This system was one of the chief influences on the Northcote-Trevelyan report. This system was modernized during the Hundred Days Reform, which included the abolishment of this system's focus on the notoriously rigid \"eight-legged\" form. After his lack of (*) success in this system, Hong Xiuquan declared himself the younger brother of Jesus and started the Taiping rebellion. This system culminated in a 72-hour process held in a tiny cell. Successful participants in this system could achieve the jenshi status and had to memorize many of the Four Books and Five Classics, a set of Confucian works. For 10 points, name this system by which the bureaucracy of Imperial China was selected.", "answer": "Chinese imperial examination [or Chinese civil service examination; or keju; prompt on partial answers like Chinese civil service or Chinese bureaucracy or Chinese government]", "page": "Chinese_civil_service_examination", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118660, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150464, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [102, 103], [104, 182], [183, 341], [342, 481], [482, 546], [547, 705], [706, 794]], "first_sentence": "People with family connections could avoid participating in this system via the \"protection privilege.", "answer_prompt": "or Chinese civil service examination; or keju; prompt on partial answers like Chinese civil service or Chinese bureaucracy or Chinese government", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The speaker of a section of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land recounts going out to do this activity with her cousin, who assuages her fear by saying, \"Marie, Marie, hold on tight.\" The groomsmen Peter and Pavel are the only survivors of a wolf attack that occurs while performing this activity after a wedding in a story Antonia Shimerda relates to Jim Burden. In another novel, the title character and his crush take part in this activity after reminiscing near (*) Shadow Pond and replicating a kiss they saw between Ned Hale and Ruth Varnum. Those characters then attempt to commit suicide by crashing into an elm during this activity. For 10 points, name this winter activity that leaves Mattie a paralyzed invalid under the care of Zeena and Ethan Frome.", "answer": "sledding [or sleighing; accept word forms or answers involving riding or using a sled or a sleigh]", "page": "Sledding", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118659, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150465, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 355], [356, 539], [540, 633], [634, 754]], "first_sentence": "The speaker of a section of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land recounts going out to do this activity with her cousin, who assuages her fear by saying, \"Marie, Marie, hold on tight.\"", "answer_prompt": "or sleighing; accept word forms or answers involving riding or using a sled or a sleigh", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This artist painted two masons carrying their hurt coworker away from an accident site in a tapestry cartoon requested by the German artist Anton Mengs. A young girl distances herself from a silhouetted goat presiding over a coven of witches in another painting by this artist. This artist depicted a woman, possibly the Duchess of Alba, in states of dress and (*) undress in his companion paintings The Clothed Maja and The Nude Maja. This artist made extensive use of aquatint in his 82-image series The Disasters of War. A man in a white shirt adopts the pose of Christ as he faces a firing squad in this artist's painting commemorating resistance to Napoleon's invasion. For 10 points, name this Spanish painter of The Third of May, 1808.", "answer": "Francisco Goya [or Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes]", "page": "Francisco_Goya", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118658, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150466, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 277], [278, 399], [400, 435], [436, 523], [524, 674], [675, 742]], "first_sentence": "This artist painted two masons carrying their hurt coworker away from an accident site in a tapestry cartoon requested by the German artist Anton Mengs.", "answer_prompt": "or Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Galactitol accumulates in this structure in galactokinase deficiency. In diseases such as homocystinuria and Marfan syndrome, this structure experiences subluxation. Type IV collagen is abundant in this structure's namesake capsule. 90% of the proteins in this structure are alpha, beta, and gamma-crystallins. The Zonules of Zinn connect it to the ciliary body. These structures are absent in aphakia, and are thought to lose their elasticity in presbyopia. A large patch of (*) gel located behind this structure is called the vitreous humor. These anatomical structures contribute the second most diopters, and they become clouded in cataracts. For 10 points, name these biconcave structures in the eye that work with the cornea to refract light.", "answer": "lenses", "page": "Lenses", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118657, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150467, "tokenizations": [[0, 69], [70, 165], [166, 232], [233, 310], [311, 362], [363, 458], [459, 543], [544, 646], [647, 748]], "first_sentence": "Galactitol accumulates in this structure in galactokinase deficiency.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A sinner in hell begs a man with this name to warn his five brothers to repent but is told they already have Moses and the Prophets. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the day before Palm Sunday is named for a man with this name. Another man with this name is told to dip his finger in the waters of heaven to cool the tongue of a rich man in hell. A story about a man with this name prompts the shortest verse in the Bible, which reads \"Jesus (*) wept.\" Jesus receives an invitation to visit a man with this name but waits two days before going to see that man's sisters Mary and Martha. Despite smelling after sitting for four days, that man with this name rises when Jesus orders him out of his tomb. For 10 points, give this name of a man who is resurrected by Jesus.", "answer": "Lazarus", "page": "Lazarus_of_Bethany", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118656, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150468, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 216], [217, 335], [336, 441], [442, 575], [576, 690], [691, 758]], "first_sentence": "A sinner in hell begs a man with this name to warn his five brothers to repent but is told they already have Moses and the Prophets.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Precues can be used to study this process in the Posner test. The stimuli \"money\" and \"river\" changesdd the interpretation of \"bank\" in a study by MacKay that challenged the \"leaky filter\" models of this process that are modulated by Treisman's attenuator. Daniel Kahneman proposed a model of this process that focuses on the mental effort it takes to process stimuli. An earlier model of this ability formulated by Broadbent posits a bottleneck filter and cannot account for the (*) cocktail party effect that allows multiple conversations to be processed at once. The load theory describes this skill as a limited resource that must be divided when multitasking. For 10 points, name this cognitive ability to focus on tasks impaired in a namesake deficit disorder.", "answer": "attention", "page": "Attention", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118655, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150469, "tokenizations": [[0, 61], [62, 256], [257, 368], [369, 565], [566, 664], [665, 766]], "first_sentence": "Precues can be used to study this process in the Posner test.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This book's digressions include a comparison of Bordeaux and Champagne wine and an ode to the beauty of women's feet, and it includes a love letter beginning \"I write to you! When that is said, What more is left for me to say?\" A character in this novel is compared to Childe Harold for bathing in an icy river each morning after inheriting a house from his uncle. Its protagonist angers Zaretsky by choosing his servant Guillot as his (*) second. This novel written in namesake sonnet stanzas which feature alternating masculine and feminine rhymes. After dancing with Olga at a party, this poem's title character kills his friend Lensky in a duel. For 10 points, name this verse novel whose title character is rejected by Tatyana, the masterpiece of Alexander Pushkin.", "answer": "Eugene Onegin [or Yevgeny Onegin]", "page": "Eugene_Onegin", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118654, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150470, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 227], [228, 364], [365, 447], [448, 550], [551, 649], [650, 770]], "first_sentence": "This book's digressions include a comparison of Bordeaux and Champagne wine and an ode to the beauty of women's feet, and it includes a love letter beginning \"I write to you!", "answer_prompt": "or Yevgeny Onegin", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One head of this organization, Bernadine Healy, was forced to resign after news broke that its Liberty Fund was being misappropriated. ProPublica exposed how this organization drove nearly-empty trucks to provide background images for press conferences given by its CEO, Gail McGovern. In 2008, a judge ruled in favor of this organization in a trademark dispute over its emblem with (*) Johnson & Johnson. A manual for this organization concerning AIDS and homosexuals was re-written under Elizabeth Dole. This affiliate of an international movement headquartered in Geneva was founded by a woman nicknamed \"the angel of the battlefield,\" Clara Barton. For 10 points, name this charity which provides the largest supply of blood to hospitals in the United States.", "answer": "American National Red Cross [prompt on Red Cross]", "page": "American_National_Red_Cross", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118653, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150471, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 285], [286, 405], [406, 505], [506, 652], [653, 763]], "first_sentence": "One head of this organization, Bernadine Healy, was forced to resign after news broke that its Liberty Fund was being misappropriated.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Red Cross", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Wilhelm Tranow performed this task for B-Dienst. A group of female performers of this task were nicknamed \"Dilly's girls,\" after the classics scholar and papyrologist Alfred Dillwyn Knox. Performers of this task bestowed the nickname \"Tunny\" upon the Lorenz SZ40. Marian Rejewski (mah-REE-ahn RAY- yev-ski), a Polish performer of this task, invented a device called the bomba. Several people were trained to perform this task on the (*) \"Ultra\" designation at Bletchley Park. The codename Magic was given to this task in the Pacific Theater, whereas in the European theater, performing this task often involved reverse-engineering Enigma machines. For 10 points, name this military intelligence task in which one accesses protected enemy communications.", "answer": "codebreaking [or cryptanalysis; or cryptography; accept answers that convey deciphering a code; prompt on military intelligence; prompt on espionage; prompt on spying]", "page": "Codebreaking", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118652, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150472, "tokenizations": [[0, 187], [188, 263], [264, 376], [377, 475], [476, 647], [648, 753]], "first_sentence": "Wilhelm Tranow performed this task for B-Dienst. A group of female performers of this task were nicknamed \"Dilly's girls,\" after the classics scholar and papyrologist Alfred Dillwyn Knox.", "answer_prompt": "or cryptanalysis; or cryptography; accept answers that convey deciphering a code; prompt on military intelligence; prompt on espionage; prompt on spying", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Oxides of this element are found in great leaving groups, like triflates and mesylates. An oxide of this element easily penetrates through nitrile gloves and leaves unsuspecting chemists with the taste of garlic. Iodine oxidizes this element from its +2 state in a common redox titration. Beta-mercaptoethanol reduces this element, unfolding proteins. Purple bacteria oxidize this element, not carbon. Oxides of (*) nitrogen and this element are subscripted with an X. Oxidation of this element crosslinks keratin fibers. This element's dioxide is oxidized by vanadium into oleum in the contact process. It gets oxidized during vulcanization of rubber. For 10 points, name this nonmetal in the same family as oxygen, which normally exists as a yellow solid or a smelly gas.", "answer": "sulfur [or S]", "page": "Sulfur", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118651, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150473, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 212], [213, 288], [289, 351], [352, 401], [402, 521], [522, 603], [604, 652], [653, 773]], "first_sentence": "Oxides of this element are found in great leaving groups, like triflates and mesylates.", "answer_prompt": "or S", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Two characters reminisce about \"the two by four where [they] kept house\" in this musical work's \"Tango-Ballad.\" In another scene, two men who had fought together in India sing about chopping up the the native population and eating them raw. A song imagining a \"Black Freighter\" massacring some rude hotel guests is sung at the main character's wedding. \"Cannon Song\" and (*) \"Pirate Jenny\" appear in this work, along with a murder ballad comparing the protagonist's jackknife to shark's teeth that was covered by Bobby Darin. Polly Peachum appears in this musical, which is a loose adaptation of an earlier John Gay work narrated by the Beggar. For 10 points, name this musical which contains \"Mack the Knife,\" the first collaboration between Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht.", "answer": "The Threepenny Opera [or Die Dreigoschenoper]", "page": "The_Threepenny_Opera", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118650, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150474, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 240], [241, 352], [353, 370], [371, 525], [526, 644], [645, 773]], "first_sentence": "Two characters reminisce about \"the two by four where [they] kept house\" in this musical work's \"Tango-Ballad.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Die Dreigoschenoper", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, this phenomenon is the \"ownmost possibility\" of Dasein, which can be authentic or inauthentic in \"being-towards\" this thing. Arthur Schopenhauer claimed that this thing is the \"true inspiring genius, or the muse of philosophy\". Xanthippe cries in anticipation of an event of this type in the dialogue Phaedo. A Michel de Montaigne essay claims that to study of philosophy is to learn how to undergo this process. Epicurus's atomism led him to argue that people need not (*) fear this event happening to them as it is \"nothing to us\". Chapter 1 of a Kierkegaard book claims that despair is The Sickness Unto this phenomenon. For 10 points, name this inevitable event for every living thing, which occurred for Socrates after he drank hemlock.", "answer": "death [or dying; accept more specific answers such as execution or suicide until \"learn\"]", "page": "Death", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118649, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150475, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 261], [262, 342], [343, 446], [447, 503], [504, 567], [568, 657], [658, 775]], "first_sentence": "In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, this phenomenon is the \"ownmost possibility\" of Dasein, which can be authentic or inauthentic in \"being-towards\" this thing.", "answer_prompt": "or dying; accept more specific answers such as execution or suicide until \"learn\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This poet wrote that \"Love is a ripe plum growing on a purple tree\" in his \"Love Song for Lucinda\". Another of his poems is about a student who admits \"I guess you learn from me--although you're older\" to a man who commands \"let that page come out of you--then, it will be true\". The speaker of a poem by this man asks \"The free? Who said the free? Not me?\" in a poem beginning \"Let (*) America be America again\". In a poem by this man, the speaker claims to have seen bodies of water as \"ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood\", including the \"Mississippi, when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans\". For 10 points, name this poet of \"Theme for English B\" and \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\", a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance.", "answer": "Langston Hughes [or James Mercer Langston Hughes]", "page": "Langston_Hughes", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118648, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150476, "tokenizations": [[0, 99], [100, 179], [179, 279], [280, 329], [330, 348], [349, 413], [414, 622], [623, 753]], "first_sentence": "This poet wrote that \"Love is a ripe plum growing on a purple tree\" in his \"Love Song for Lucinda\".", "answer_prompt": "or James Mercer Langston Hughes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "These instruments play the first two statements of the opening canon theme in Henryk Gorecki's Symphony of Sorrowful Songs. At the beginning of the third movement of Mahler's first symphony, a muted one of these instruments plays a minor-key version of \"Frere Jacques\" above the timpani. A \"C- extension\" is often added to this instruments to extend their range downward. Schubert's Trout Quintet (*) replaces the second violin with one of these. Unlike the rest of the strings, this instrument does not use fine tuners and its strings are tuned in fourths. Prior to the 19th century, it usually doubled the cellos an octave lower in orchestral music. For 10 points, name this lowest-pitched member of the string section.", "answer": "double bass [or string bass or contrabass]", "page": "Double_Bass", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118647, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150477, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 287], [288, 371], [372, 446], [447, 557], [558, 651], [652, 721]], "first_sentence": "These instruments play the first two statements of the opening canon theme in Henryk Gorecki's Symphony of Sorrowful Songs.", "answer_prompt": "or string bass or contrabass", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man's smoldering corpse gives off a noxious odor as the Argonauts sail up the river in which he landed. This man is a friend of a king of Liguria named Cycnus, who turns into a swan after this man's death. After his death, this man's body falls into the Eridanos river, next to which his two grieving sisters turn into poplar trees, while their tears turn into amber. After an insult from one of his (*) playmates, this son of Clymene sets out to prove his parentage. His actions explain why the Ethiopians have black skin. This man is killed by a thunderbolt from Zeus after his actions form deserts and scorch the earth. For 10 points, name this son of Helios who disastrously tries to drive the sun chariot.", "answer": "Phaethon [or Phaeton]", "page": "Phaethon", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118646, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150478, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 210], [211, 372], [373, 472], [473, 528], [529, 627], [628, 715]], "first_sentence": "This man's smoldering corpse gives off a noxious odor as the Argonauts sail up the river in which he landed.", "answer_prompt": "or Phaeton", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This country was depicted in one American political cartoon as a five-headed man pointing a dagger towards the ground at a group of Americans. A force of sailors referred to as the sitting president's \"Jackasses\" prepared for a war with this country. The USS Constellation captured this nation's The Insurgent. A boat originally called the Little Sarah was renamed by an out-of-control diplomat from this country in (*) Charleston Harbor. The toast \"Millions of dollars for defense, but not one cent for tribute\" was allegedly given to mock this country after a scandal in which John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry were told to pay a bribe for diplomatic access. For 10 points, name this home country of Citizen Genet, which fought the Quasi-War against John Adams' America after the XYZ affair.", "answer": "France [or First French Republic] ", "page": "France", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118645, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150479, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 250], [251, 310], [311, 438], [439, 689], [690, 822]], "first_sentence": "This country was depicted in one American political cartoon as a five-headed man pointing a dagger towards the ground at a group of Americans.", "answer_prompt": "or First French Republic", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Doppler shift is used to detangle spectral lines for the spectroscopic variety of these systems. The first indirect evidence of gravity waves came from observations of this type of system. That example of this type of system was the first discovered to contain a pulsar and was discovered by (*) Hulse and Taylor. Algol, a system of this type, is the name of a paradox in stellar evolution in which mass transfer can alter a star's evolutionary track. Every instance of a type Ia supernova has originated from this type of system. For 10 points, name this type of astronomical system, such as Sirius, in which two stars orbit each other.", "answer": "binary star system [or binary pulsar; prompt on pulsar before it is mentioned] ", "page": "Binary_star_system", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118644, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150480, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 192], [193, 317], [318, 455], [456, 534], [535, 641]], "first_sentence": "The Doppler shift is used to detangle spectral lines for the spectroscopic variety of these systems.", "answer_prompt": "or binary pulsar; prompt on pulsar before it is mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel uses a golden chain given to her by one man to wear the amber cross given to her by another. The betrayal represented by her sister's sudden elopement causes a woman in this novel to run off with Yates, her libertine brother's best friend. Two characters in this novel flirt during a racy amateur production of Elizabeth Inchbald's play (*) Lovers' Vows. A climactic event in this novel is a character's return from a year spent tending to his plantation in Antigua. The penurious Mrs. Norris is the antagonist of this novel, which begins with the daughter of a disabled, alcoholic naval lieutenant being sent to live with the Bertram family in the title estate. For 10 points, name this novel about Fanny Price, the third by Jane Austen.", "answer": "Mansfield Park", "page": "Mansfield_Park", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118643, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150481, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 265], [266, 380], [381, 492], [493, 688], [689, 764]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel uses a golden chain given to her by one man to wear the amber cross given to her by another.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Davydov splitting is caused by excitations of these systems within individual unit cells. The energy of two of these systems is proportional to 1 minus 3 times cosine squared of the angle between them, giving a critical value at 54.74 degrees. In linear optics, one of these things is created by an external field, with a magnitude proportional to the polarizability. The potential from this arrangement drops off with the (*) third power of distance. The potential energy of these objects is given by the dot product of the external electric field with their namesake moment, which is the product of charge and distance, and is symbolized mu. For 10 points, name these systems of a positive charge separated from a negative charge.", "answer": "electric dipoles [or electric dipole moment]", "page": "Electric_dipole_moment", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118642, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150482, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 243], [244, 367], [368, 451], [452, 643], [644, 732]], "first_sentence": "Davydov splitting is caused by excitations of these systems within individual unit cells.", "answer_prompt": "or electric dipole moment", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Swiss-Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari built several fortified towers in this city, which often vied for power with its northern rival Tver. A ruler of this city prevailed in the Great Stand on the Ugra River. A prince from this city was nicknamed for winning a battle on the Don river. Partly because a ruler of this city married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, this city styled itself the (*) \"Third Rome\" after the fall of Constantinople. Another prince of this city stopped paying tribute to the Mongols in 1476, ending the \"Tatar yoke.\" The Grand Duchy headquartered in this city came to an end in 1547 with the ascension of Ivan IV, who made it his capital. For 10 points, name this city where Ivan III renovated the Kremlin.", "answer": "Moscow [or Moskva; or Muscovy]", "page": "Moscow", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118641, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150483, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 220], [221, 297], [298, 482], [483, 582], [583, 704], [705, 772]], "first_sentence": "The Swiss-Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari built several fortified towers in this city, which often vied for power with its northern rival Tver.", "answer_prompt": "or Moskva; or Muscovy", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The amount of anesthetic required to prevent 50% of patients from moving in response to surgical stimuli is called the \"minimum concentration\" of these structures. The imbalance between alpha-1- antitrypsin and elastase in the walls of these structures can lead to a common disease. The type II \"great\" cells in these structures secrete lecithins such as DPPC, the primary constituent of (*) surfactant. As their radius decreases, these structures are more likely to collapse. Emphysema destroys the walls of these structures, which are shaped like hollow cavities, and interface with blood vessels that release carbon dioxide and load up on oxygen. For 10 points, name these thin-walled air sacs that are found all throughout the mammalian lung.", "answer": "alveoli [accept word forms, such as alveolus and alveolar; prompt on lungs]", "page": "Pulmonary_alveolus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118640, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150484, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 282], [283, 403], [404, 476], [477, 649], [650, 746]], "first_sentence": "The amount of anesthetic required to prevent 50% of patients from moving in response to surgical stimuli is called the \"minimum concentration\" of these structures.", "answer_prompt": "accept word forms, such as alveolus and alveolar; prompt on lungs", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This king was overthrown in an event that confirmed the \"right to work\" by establishing a series of \"National Workshops.\" During this king's reign, silk workers revolted against factory owners during the two Canut Revolts. His head was often depicted as a pear in contemporary political cartoons, which criticized the conservative policies promoted by his minister Francois (*) Guizot. This French king came to power in the \"Three Glorious Days\", which occurred shortly after France had invaded Algeria under the direction of Charles X. He himself was overthrown about a year before Napoleon III was elected president. For 10 points, name this king of France, who ruled from 1830 to 1848, and earned a nickname reflecting the populist support he enjoyed.", "answer": "Louis Philippe I [or Citizen King; do not accept or prompt on \"Louis\"]", "page": "Louis_Philippe_I", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118639, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150485, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 222], [223, 373], [374, 385], [386, 525], [526, 618], [619, 754]], "first_sentence": "This king was overthrown in an event that confirmed the \"right to work\" by establishing a series of \"National Workshops.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Citizen King; do not accept or prompt on \"Louis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author wrote about identifying with his young son upon returning to a camp in Maine in his Harper's essay \"Once More to the Lake\". The protagonist of a novel by this man rescues the drowning Applegate Skinner and learns to play taps and reveille (\"rev-ah-lee\") while working at Camp Kookooskoos. Sam Beaver befriends the mute Louis, whose father gives him the title (*) instrument, in a novel by this man, who also wrote an addendum to a book by another author featuring advice like \"Write with nouns and verbs.\" The title character of one of his novels weaves the words \"Some Pig\" to keep Wilbur from being slaughtered. For 10 points, name this New Yorker writer who revised Strunk's The Elements of Style and wrote The Trumpet of the Swan and Charlotte's Web.", "answer": "E.B. White [or Elwyn Brooks White]", "page": "E.B._White", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150486, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [112, 135], [136, 300], [301, 516], [516, 517], [518, 625], [626, 766]], "first_sentence": "This author wrote about identifying with his young son upon returning to a camp in Maine in his Harper's essay \"", "answer_prompt": "or Elwyn Brooks White", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The translational partition function equals volume over the cube of the thermal form of this quantity, which is proportional to the square root of beta over molar mass. In one experiment, this quantity was estimated as one over 0.815 times the square root of the accelerating voltage. For a ground-state particle in a box, this quantity is the twice the length of the box. This quantity for electrons equals twice the lattice (*) spacing, times the sine of the smallest scattering angle, as measured in the Davisson-Germer experiment. This quantity, first hypothesized in a 1924 PhD thesis, is equal to Planck's constant divided by a particle's momentum. For 10 points, name this quantity possessed by all matter according to de Broglie's wave-particle duality, but which for waves, is the distance from crest-to-crest.", "answer": "de Broglie wavelength [or lambda]", "page": "De_broglie_wavelength", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150487, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 284], [285, 372], [373, 534], [535, 654], [655, 819]], "first_sentence": "The translational partition function equals volume over the cube of the thermal form of this quantity, which is proportional to the square root of beta over molar mass.", "answer_prompt": "or lambda", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the form of an eagle, this hero calls upon the god of rain for a torrent of water to escape from an angry fire goddess, from whom this hero earlier receives ten fingernails and toenails filled with fire. This hero uses a stone axe to kill Long Eel, or Tuna, for spitting slime at his wife. This hero meets his end when some nearby birds break out in laughter, causing the queen of the underworld to wake up while this hero is trying to crawl into her body and gain (*) immortality. This husband of Hina uses his grandmother's jawbone and a lasso made of his sister's hair to beat the sun into submission and lengthen the day. In another story, he uses a magic hook to fish out some islands in the Pacific Ocean. For 10 points, name this Polynesian folk hero.", "answer": "Maui [accept longer answers that include the name Maui]", "page": "Maui", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150488, "tokenizations": [[0, 206], [207, 292], [293, 484], [485, 628], [629, 714], [715, 761]], "first_sentence": "In the form of an eagle, this hero calls upon the god of rain for a torrent of water to escape from an angry fire goddess, from whom this hero earlier receives ten fingernails and toenails filled with fire.", "answer_prompt": "accept longer answers that include the name Maui", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A city in this state was the site of the 1909 Greek Town Riot. It's not Tennessee, but it secured large government-owned hydroelectric power plants thanks to its senator George W. Norris. A politician from this state resigned a Secretary of State to protest America's entry into World War I. Ignatius Donnelly wrote a political platform named after the largest city in this state for the (*) Populist Party. Settlers in this state argued over whether its capital should be north or south of the Platte. A famous politician from this state was the prosecutor in the Scopes \"monkey\" trial and gave the Cross of Gold speech. For 10 points, name this home state of William Jennings Bryan, whose most populous city inspired the codename of Omaha Beach.", "answer": "Nebraska", "page": "Nebraska", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150489, "tokenizations": [[0, 62], [63, 187], [188, 407], [408, 502], [503, 621], [622, 747]], "first_sentence": "A city in this state was the site of the 1909 Greek Town Riot.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Residents of this place remember the order of streets with the mnemonic \"Jesus Christ Made [this city] Under Protest\". Kris Kime was murdered during this city's 2001 Mardi Gras Riots in Pioneer Square. The multi-site Mars Hill megachurch in this city disbanded after controversies involving its pastor Mark Driscoll. This city's alternative newspaper The Stranger was the first to run an advice column by (*) Dan Savage. Near Elliott Bay, one can find this city's Pike Place Market. A famous landmark of this city houses SkyCity, a rotating restaurant 500 feet above ground. Frank Gehry designed this King County city's Experience Music Project, which houses musical paraphernalia from Jimi Hendrix and Nirvana. For 10 points, name this West Coast city home to the Space Needle.", "answer": "Seattle, Washington", "page": "Seattle", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150490, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 201], [202, 316], [317, 420], [421, 482], [483, 574], [575, 711], [712, 778]], "first_sentence": "Residents of this place remember the order of streets with the mnemonic \"Jesus Christ Made [this city] Under Protest\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "G. Evelyn Hutchinson formally defined these entities as n-dimensional hypervolumes. These entities are often plotted on bell-shaped utilization curves along a resource spectrum above variables like prey size. Joseph Connell's studies of barnacles on rocks documented the concept of the \"realized width\" of these entities. Natural selection assigns these entities to competing species in a process alternatively called (*) \"partitioning\" or \"differentiation.\" An example of animals \"constructing\" this kind of entity by altering the environment is beavers buildings dams. When different species eat the same prey, these entities overlap. For 10 points, name this ecological concept that describes the roles that organisms play in their habitats.", "answer": "ecological niches ", "page": "Ecological_niches", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118633, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150491, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 208], [209, 321], [322, 458], [459, 570], [571, 636], [637, 744]], "first_sentence": "G. Evelyn Hutchinson formally defined these entities as n-dimensional hypervolumes.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Jan Tinbergen developed a model for this phenomenon which uses an equation similar to the law of universal gravitation to predict its amount. Another model of this phenomenon assumes that labor is the only variable factor. Paul Samuelson outlined a modification to a model of this phenomenon that uses a 2x2x2 (2 by 2 by 2) model that allows for variances in both capital and labor. Paul Krugman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in this area, which is described by the (*) Heckscher-Ohlin Model. The most basic model that claims every country should produce what it is best at was developed by David Ricardo and is called comparative advantage. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, which can be controlled by the application of tariffs, where two countries exchange goods and services.", "answer": "international trade", "page": "International_Trade", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150492, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 222], [223, 382], [383, 503], [504, 652], [653, 793]], "first_sentence": "Jan Tinbergen developed a model for this phenomenon which uses an equation similar to the law of universal gravitation to predict its amount.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Due to material defects, this phenomenon gives the overall lower bound on losses in propagation in optical fibers. The original derivation of this effect failed to predict the Arago point and two other neutral points of zero polarization. The intensity of this phenomenon is proportional to wavenumber to the fourth power and varies inversely with the (*) sixth power of radius. Its cross-section is proportional to the sine- squared of the angle, which creates a polarization pattern that varies with azimuth. This effect, which occurs only if the wavelength is much larger than the particle diameter, does not impact the energy of the incident photon, unlike Raman scattering. For 10 points, name this form of elastic scattering which explains why the sky is blue.", "answer": "Rayleigh scattering [prompt on Mie scattering]", "page": "Rayleigh_scattering", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150493, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 238], [239, 378], [379, 510], [511, 678], [679, 766]], "first_sentence": "Due to material defects, this phenomenon gives the overall lower bound on losses in propagation in optical fibers.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Mie scattering", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This author described an affable soldier with \"very flat and very fat\" feet marching through Normandy in \"Walter Schnaffs' Adventure.\" A woman created by this author is noted for her \"embonpoint\" and has fingers \"choked at the phalanges.\" A weak-willed man in a story by this man sleeps in a coat room while his wife dances at the Ministry of Education's ball. Morissot and Sauvage refuse to reveal a password and are shot by the (*) Prussians in his story \"Deux Amis\". The title prostitute of one of his stories, Elisabeth Rousset, helps her company by sleeping with a Prussian officer. In another of his stories, Madame Loisel borrows a piece of jewelry that turns out to be fake in another of his stories. For 10 points, name this author of \"Ball of Fat\" and \"The Necklace.\"", "answer": "Guy de Maupassant [or Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant] ", "page": "Guy_de_Maupassant", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118630, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150494, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 238], [239, 360], [361, 469], [470, 587], [588, 708], [709, 777]], "first_sentence": "This author described an affable soldier with \"very flat and very fat\" feet marching through Normandy in \"Walter Schnaffs' Adventure.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Members of this profession were often buried in hollowed-out trees rather than the ground. A device called the ngoni was first used by these people. While kidnapped, a man in this profession found that a rival king was invulnerable unless shot with an arrow tipped by a white rooster's nail. These people were seen in green feathered costumes by traveler (*) ibn Battuta. One of these people named Balla Fasseke was at Kirina as his king defeated the Soso kingdom of Sumanguru. The Mandinka term for these people is used less often than a French term of unknown origin which may mean \"servant\" or \"one who shouts.\" For 10 points, name these people who preserved the Epic of Sundiata into the present day, the traditional oral historians and ritual musicians of West Africa.", "answer": "griots [or jeli; or jali; or gewel; prompt on poets; prompt on musicians; prompt on praise-singers; prompt on advisors]", "page": "Griots", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150496, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 148], [149, 291], [292, 371], [372, 477], [478, 613], [613, 773]], "first_sentence": "Members of this profession were often buried in hollowed-out trees rather than the ground.", "answer_prompt": "or jeli; or jali; or gewel; prompt on poets; prompt on musicians; prompt on praise-singers; prompt on advisors", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "When Willard Phillips first read this poem out loud, Richard Henry Dana responded that \"no one on this side of the Atlantic is capable of writing such verses\". This poem describes how \"the rude swain turns with his share and treads upon\" the \"sluggish clod\". \"Patriarchs of the infant world\" \"and hoary seers of ages past\" will be joined by the addressee of this poem, who is told to \"lose thyself in the continuous woods where rolls the (*) Oregon\" and to \"pierce the Barcan wilderness\". This poem advises its addressee to \"go not like the quarry slave at night\" when joining \"the innumerable caravan\", but to go \"like one who . . . lies down to pleasant dreams.\" For 10 points, name this meditation on death written by William Cullen Bryant.", "answer": "\"Thanatopsis\"", "page": "Thanatopsis", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150497, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 260], [260, 488], [489, 633], [634, 663], [663, 743]], "first_sentence": "When Willard Phillips first read this poem out loud, Richard Henry Dana responded that \"no one on this side of the Atlantic is capable of writing such verses\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An artist from this country painted politicians of his time in spiritual form, leading the biblical beasts Behemoth and Leviathan into war. That artist also depicted a crouching, bearded figure holding out a gigantic compass from his sun-like perch in the sky in a watercolor. The first president of this nation's art academy advocated the Grand Style in his lectures and depicted an (*) actress seated between a figure holding a sword and another holding a cup. The Ancient of Days and Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse are paintings from this country. A monarch of this country stands beside his horse while \"at the hunt\" in a portrait by Anthony van Dyck. For 10 points, name this country home to William Blake and Joshua Reynolds.", "answer": "United Kingdom [or Great Britain; or England] ", "page": "United_Kingdom", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150498, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 276], [277, 462], [463, 552], [553, 657], [658, 733]], "first_sentence": "An artist from this country painted politicians of his time in spiritual form, leading the biblical beasts Behemoth and Leviathan into war.", "answer_prompt": "or Great Britain; or England", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A common cause of male infertility is the enlargement of a network of these structures, resulting in a \"bag of worms\" appearance. The longest of these structures, the great saphenous one, has an especially thick tunica adventitia. Surgical immobilization and long periods of sitting may predispose a patient to a problem in \"deep\" types of this structure. Enlarged and twisted examples of these structures are termed (*) \"varicose.\" The largest of these valved, vascular structures is the inferior vena cava, and the pulmonary one is one of the very few that are rich in oxygen. For 10 points, name these vessels that primarily carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, as opposed to arteries.", "answer": "veins [prompt on blood vessels]", "page": "Veins", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150499, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 230], [231, 355], [356, 432], [433, 578], [579, 690]], "first_sentence": "A common cause of male infertility is the enlargement of a network of these structures, resulting in a \"bag of worms\" appearance.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on blood vessels", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character who physically resembles, and is named for, a type of these creatures is pursued by the thieves Souris and Tigre and eventually kills an apparition at the urging of Corporal Lestrade. The fact that anything he puts in the water floats allows one of these creatures named Nala to construct a bridge. Another of these creatures is sent to retrieve an herb but comes back carrying an entire (*) mountain. A Derek Walcott play is titled for a \"dream\" on the \"mountain\" of these creatures, examples of which in another literary work include the commander Nila, the usurper Vali, and the king Sugriva, all of whom assist Rama. For 10 points, name these creatures, the most famous example of which in the Ramayana is Hanuman.", "answer": "monkeys [or monos; or vanaras; accept Makak or macaque; accept Dream on Monkey Mountain]", "page": "Monkey", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150500, "tokenizations": [[0, 195], [196, 310], [311, 413], [414, 632], [633, 669], [670, 730]], "first_sentence": "A character who physically resembles, and is named for, a type of these creatures is pursued by the thieves Souris and Tigre and eventually kills an apparition at the urging of Corporal Lestrade.", "answer_prompt": "or monos; or vanaras; accept Makak or macaque; accept Dream on Monkey Mountain", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Fourteen letters which appear twenty-nine times in seemingly meaningless arrangements in this text are called the \"initials\" or \"isolated letters.\" Its repeated challenge to readers to produce merely ten chapters of a text like it is taken to be evidence for this book's inimitability. This text, which declares that there is \"no compulsion in religion,\" can be read in a month by dividing it into thirty equally-apportioned (*) juz. An expunged, supposedly anti-monotheistic portion of this book that references three pagan goddess is known as the Satanic Verses. Over a period of twenty-three years in a mountain cave, this text was revealed through the angel Gabriel. For 10 points, name this holy book divided into chapters called surahs, the key religious text of Islam.", "answer": "the Qur'an [or Koran]", "page": "Quran", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150501, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [146, 285], [286, 433], [434, 564], [565, 670], [671, 775]], "first_sentence": "Fourteen letters which appear twenty-nine times in seemingly meaningless arrangements in this text are called the \"initials\" or \"isolated letters.", "answer_prompt": "or Koran", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this campaign, several soldiers committed suicide out of hunger, despite having plenty of watermelons and grain cakes to eat. At a battle in this campaign, a commander told his men that \"forty centuries look down upon you.\" Felicia Hemans's poem \"Casabianca\" dramatizes the explosion of the Orient during a battle in this campaign, which departed from Toulon after being reluctantly approved by the (*) Directory. Malta was captured on the way to its primary objective. Lord Nelson ambushed an anchored navy during this campaign at the Battle of Aboukir Bay. During this campaign, the soldier Pierre-Francois Bouchard discovered the Rosetta stone. For 10 points, name this 1798-1801 expedition, during which Napoleon's army lost the Battle of the Nile.", "answer": "French invasion of Egypt and Syria [or Napoleon's Egyptian invasion; or French invasion of Syria and Egypt; or Napoleon's Syrian invasion; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Egypt; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Syria] ", "page": "French_invasion_of_egypt_and_syria", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150502, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 230], [231, 420], [421, 476], [477, 565], [566, 654], [655, 759]], "first_sentence": "During this campaign, several soldiers committed suicide out of hunger, despite having plenty of watermelons and grain cakes to eat.", "answer_prompt": "or Napoleon's Egyptian invasion; or French invasion of Syria and Egypt; or Napoleon's Syrian invasion; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Egypt; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Syria", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This process can be performed everywhere on entire functions. The arc length of a function f from a to b is the integral of square root quantity one plus this operation of f squared. When this operation can be repeated infinitely, the input function is called smooth. The Jacobian is the determinant of a matrix whose entries come from performing this operation. It cannot be performed at the origin for the (*) absolute value function and cannot be performed anywhere on the Weierstrass function. This operation applied to a composition of two functions is this operation applied to the first times this operation applied to the second according to the chain rule. For 10 points, name this operation which finds the slope of the line tangent to a curve.", "answer": "differentiation [or taking a derivative, accept any more descriptive answers like complex/partial differentiation] ", "page": "Derivative", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150503, "tokenizations": [[0, 61], [62, 182], [183, 267], [268, 362], [363, 497], [498, 665], [666, 754]], "first_sentence": "This process can be performed everywhere on entire functions.", "answer_prompt": "or taking a derivative, accept any more descriptive answers like complex/partial differentiation", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An old man in this novel says that the hardest things in life to deal with are \"muddles.\" This novel's protagonist earns the ire of the Alan sisters after failing to get them Cissie House, a summer home near Windy Corner. In this novel, the pseudonym \"Joseph Emery Prank\" is used by Eleanor Lavish, who takes away the protagonist's Baedeker before she enters the Santa Croce. This novel's protagonist breaks off an engagement to the snobbish (*) Cecil Vyse. At the beginning of this novel, the protagonist arrives in the Pension Bertolini in Florence with her cousin Charlotte Bartlett, and meets George Emerson while complaining about not being given the title accommodation. For 10 points, name this novel about Lucy Honeychurch by E.M. Forster.", "answer": "A Room with a View", "page": "A_Room_with_a_View", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150504, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [88, 89], [90, 221], [222, 375], [376, 457], [458, 676], [677, 747]], "first_sentence": "An old man in this novel says that the hardest things in life to deal with are \"muddles.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The fourth movement of this piece begins with low strings playing two bars of pianissimo tremolos on D, after which second violins introduce a B-flat minor staccato melody depicting raindrops. The second movement of this piece is an Andante molto moto written in 12/8 time using the subdominant key of B- flat major. This piece's last two movements, played without a pause, are a (*) \"Storm\" and a \"Shepherd's Song.\" Woodwind instruments imitate birdcall near the end of its second-movement \"Scene by the brook.\" This F major symphony begins with an \"Awakening of cheerful feelings upon arrival in the countryside.\" For 10 points, name this programmatic symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven named for its depiction of nature.", "answer": "Pastoral Symphony [or Beethoven's Sixth; or Pastoral Symphony after \"Beethoven\" is read; or Symphony No. 6 after \"Beethoven\" is read; or obvious equivalents]", "page": "Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150505, "tokenizations": [[0, 192], [193, 316], [317, 416], [417, 511], [511, 512], [513, 614], [614, 721]], "first_sentence": "The fourth movement of this piece begins with low strings playing two bars of pianissimo tremolos on D, after which second violins introduce a B-flat minor staccato melody depicting raindrops.", "answer_prompt": "or Beethoven's Sixth; or Pastoral Symphony after \"Beethoven\" is read; or Symphony No. 6 after \"Beethoven\" is read; or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A winning commander in this war was boarded up to the point of near starvation in a temple to a deity of the Brazen House after being accused of collaborating with the losing side. The losing side of this war had planned to dig a canal across the isthmus of Mount Athos. A king in this war ordered the construction of two pontoon bridges to cross a body of water that he had (*) lashed for being uncooperative. Its first phase ended with the defeat of Datis and Artaphernes by Miltiades, and began soon after the Ionian Revolt was quashed. The winning side of this war formed the Delian League after winning the Battle of Plataea. For 10 points, name this series of wars in which the losing king Xerxes beat 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae.", "answer": "Greco-Persian Wars", "page": "Greco-Persian_Wars", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150506, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 270], [271, 374], [375, 410], [411, 539], [540, 630], [631, 750]], "first_sentence": "A winning commander in this war was boarded up to the point of near starvation in a temple to a deity of the Brazen House after being accused of collaborating with the losing side.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This theory inspired Rudolf Steiner's method of classifying children in the Waldorf educational system. A 1946 George Balanchine ballet with music by Paul Hindemith was inspired by this theory. Dyscrasia should be avoided according to this theory, whose basic concepts inform Robert Burton's encyclopedic treatise Anatomy of Melancholy. This theory inspired a play in which the servant Brainworm defies the orders of Old Kno'well, an early comedy by Ben (*) Jonson. A believer in this theory might assume that an excessively cheery, or \"sanguine,\" temperament results from vapors in the brain. For 10 points, name this now- discredited theory which attributed personality traits to a bodily imbalance between blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.", "answer": "theory of the four humors [or humorism; accept four classical temperaments before \"temperament\" and prompt afterwards; prompt on \"four classical elements\" or \"ancient Greek medicine\"]", "page": "Humorism", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118617, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150507, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 193], [194, 336], [337, 465], [466, 593], [594, 752]], "first_sentence": "This theory inspired Rudolf Steiner's method of classifying children in the Waldorf educational system.", "answer_prompt": "or humorism; accept four classical temperaments before \"temperament\" and prompt afterwards; prompt on \"four classical elements\" or \"ancient Greek medicine\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Venetians under Enrico Contarini stole the body of Saint Nicholas late in this campaign. Despite sending reports about this campaign back to his wife Adela, Stephen, the Count of Blois deserted it. Count Emicho carried out a series of massacres of Jews in the Rhineland during this campaign. The Battle of Ascalon was the last engagement of this campaign, which was chronicled by (*) Anna Comnena in the Alexiad. Raymond IV of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon led this campaign, which was preceded by an ill-fated adventure led by Peter the Hermit, and led to the creation of states headquartered at Edessa and Antioch. At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for this campaign. For 10 points, name this 1096-99 military campaign which managed to capture Jerusalem.", "answer": "First Crusade [prompt on German Crusade; prompt on People's Crusade]", "page": "First_Crusade", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118616, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150508, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 197], [198, 291], [292, 412], [413, 619], [620, 687], [688, 774]], "first_sentence": "Venetians under Enrico Contarini stole the body of Saint Nicholas late in this campaign.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on German Crusade; prompt on People's Crusade", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Programs written in Dart can be compiled to this other language. Cross-platform widgets are offered by the Dojo Toolkit, which is a library for this language. Google's V8 engine interprets this language. A framework for sending and receiving human-readable data was originally developed for this language and is called JSON (jay-sawn). Server-side applications written in this language can use the (*) Node framework. This dynamically typed language can be used to display an alert after attaching to the onClick event in an HTML link. For 10 points, name this scripting language often used in web browsers, not to be confused with a similarly named language developed by Sun Microsystems.", "answer": "JavaScript [or JS; do not accept or prompt on \"Java\"]", "page": "JavaScript", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118615, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150509, "tokenizations": [[0, 64], [65, 158], [159, 203], [204, 335], [336, 417], [418, 535], [536, 689]], "first_sentence": "Programs written in Dart can be compiled to this other language.", "answer_prompt": "or JS; do not accept or prompt on \"Java\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An author who claimed that \"imagination is the only weapon in\" these places wrote a novel partly titled for them in which Thomas gets a magic guitar from Robert Johnson. In a novel set in one of these locations called Turtle Mountain, Lipsha uses male and female goose hearts in an attempt to make a drug that will disrupt the love triangle between Marie, Lulu, and Nector. Abel stabs Juan Reyes to death after returning to one of these places in a novel by (*) N. Scott Momaday, while a novel titled after their \"blues\" follows includes characters from the collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie. For 10 points, name these communities that include the setting of Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine, a novel about Ojibwa people.", "answer": "Indian reservations [or the rez; accept Reservation Blues]", "page": "Indian_reservations", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118614, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150510, "tokenizations": [[0, 169], [170, 373], [374, 568], [569, 633], [634, 760]], "first_sentence": "An author who claimed that \"imagination is the only weapon in\" these places wrote a novel partly titled for them in which Thomas gets a magic guitar from Robert Johnson.", "answer_prompt": "or the rez; accept Reservation Blues", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Hundreds of tribal leaders in this country signed a treaty negotiated by Harold and Doreen Ingrams in 1937. Part of this country was ruled by Imam Yahya until his assassination during the coup of the al-Wazir family. The Zaydi religious minority in this country was ravaged by civil wars between the PDRY and the YAR. After being wounded by a (*) bomb during the Arab Spring, Ali Abd Allah Salih ceded power in this nation, which is coming under the control of the Houthis. An American citizen named Anwar al-Awlaki was killed in this country. In 2000, 17 sailors were killed in a suicide bombing of the USS Cole in one of this country's harbors. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern country that was once invaded by its northern neighbor, Saudi Arabia.", "answer": "Yemen", "page": "Yemen", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118613, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150511, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 216], [217, 317], [318, 473], [474, 543], [544, 646], [647, 756]], "first_sentence": "Hundreds of tribal leaders in this country signed a treaty negotiated by Harold and Doreen Ingrams in 1937.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A novel by this author contains chapters describing \"the Massacre of the Coconut Isles\" and \"the Skirmish in Normandy.\" This author's recurring character G.H. Bondy sells thousands of free-energy- producing Karburators in one novel, and in another finances a pearl-fishing business involving the title creatures that is organized by Captain van Toch. A play by this man opens with a man dictating to his secretary (*) Sulla and later suddenly proposing to a representative of the League of Humanity. That play by this man ends with Alquist trying to recreate a formula burned by Helena and dubbing Primus and Helena the new Adam and Eve. For 10 points, name this author of The Absolute at Large and The War with the Newts, a Czech writer who introduced the term \"robot\" in R.U.R.", "answer": "Karel Capek [\"cha-peck\", but literal English readings are also acceptable]", "page": "Karel_\u010capek", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118612, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150512, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [118, 119], [120, 153], [154, 350], [351, 499], [500, 637], [638, 779]], "first_sentence": "A novel by this author contains chapters describing \"the Massacre of the Coconut Isles\" and \"the Skirmish in Normandy.", "answer_prompt": "\"cha-peck\", but literal English readings are also acceptable", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man cooks a meal for forty people in a story that he narrates in which he is the only man to respond to a thrice-addressed plea for help. This man's letters and sermons are collected in the volume The Peak of Eloquence. This man tore down a door to use as a shield in a battle fought against the Jews of Khaybar Oasis, after which he was awarded the appellation \"Lion of God.\" The Kharijites (*) rejected this man's leadership, and assassinated him while he was praying in Kufah, ending the first Fitna. Though some consider this man the last of the four rightly-guided Caliphs, others think he is the first post-Muhammad Imam. For 10 points, name this son-in-law of Muhammad, whose importance is disputed by the Sunnis and Shia.", "answer": "Ali ibn Abi Talib [or al-Murtaza; or Amir Al-Mu'mineen; or Bab-e-Madinatul-ilm; or Murtadha; or Asadullah; or Haydar]", "page": "Ja'far_ibn_Abi_Talib", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118611, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150513, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 201], [202, 224], [225, 381], [382, 508], [509, 632], [633, 734]], "first_sentence": "This man cooks a meal for forty people in a story that he narrates in which he is the only man to respond to a thrice-addressed plea for help.", "answer_prompt": "or al-Murtaza; or Amir Al-Mu'mineen; or Bab-e-Madinatul-ilm; or Murtadha; or Asadullah; or Haydar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A group of protesters within this movement, infamous for covering paint spots on walls with graffiti of dwarves, is known as the Orange Alternative. This movement distributed the banned text Theses on Hope and Hopelessness, and grew out of a precursor called the KOR. This movement was reluctantly granted legal status by First Secretary of the PUWP, Edward Gierek. By engaging in the (*) Round Table Talks, this movement secured free elections in 1989 after the resignation of Wojciech Jaruzelski (VOI-check YA-ru-zelski). This movement was impelled by the first papal trip taken by John Paul II to his home country, and it was led by a former electrician at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. For 10 points, name this anti-Communist trade union led by Lech Walesa in Poland.", "answer": "Solidarity [or Solidarnosc; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union \"Solidarity\"; or Niezalezny Samorzadny Zwiazek Zawodowy \"Solidarnosc\"] ", "page": "Solidarity", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118610, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150514, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 190], [191, 267], [268, 365], [366, 523], [524, 689], [690, 771]], "first_sentence": "A group of protesters within this movement, infamous for covering paint spots on walls with graffiti of dwarves, is known as the Orange Alternative.", "answer_prompt": "or Solidarnosc; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union \"Solidarity\"; or Niezalezny Samorzadny Zwiazek Zawodowy \"Solidarnosc\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel proclaims that \"all human history moves toward one great goal\" at the exactmoment that a literal goal is scored in a nearby hockey game. A man tries to fend off the rotting ghost of his mother with a walking stick, only to destroy a chandelier, in a nightmarish chapter from this novel written as a play script. A long roman candle explodes in the sky at the end of a scene in which the protagonist spies on (*) Gertie MacDowell in this book's thirteenth chapter, \"Nausicaa.\" The concert manager Blazes Boylan has an affair with the wife of this novel's protagonist, who continually crosses paths with Stephen Dedalus throughout his sojourns in Dublin. For 10 points, name this modernist novel about Leopold Bloom, written by James Joyce.", "answer": "Ulysses", "page": "Ulysses_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118588, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150515, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 337], [338, 437], [438, 500], [500, 501], [502, 678], [679, 764]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel proclaims that \"all human history moves toward one great goal\" at the exactmoment that a literal goal is scored in a nearby hockey game.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Committee of 25 was an influential group of businessmen in this city that engineered thecampaign of Norris Poulson for mayor. Harrison Gray Otis founded the Merchants and ManufacturersAssociation to keep unions out of this city and published its major newspaper. He was succeeded aspublisher by Harry Chandler, and together Otis and Chandler bought up land surrounding this city while another friend bought water rights in the (*) Owens Valley. Buildings in Chavez Ravine were razed initially for public housing here, but the land was sold to Walter O'Malley to build a stadium instead. William Mulholland oversaw the construction of an aqueduct through the San Fernando Valley to this city where the Brooklyn Dodgers moved in 1958. For 10 points, name this largest city in California. ", "answer": "Los Angeles, California [or L.A., California] ", "page": "Los_Angeles,_California", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118587, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150516, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 266], [267, 448], [449, 590], [591, 736], [737, 789]], "first_sentence": "The Committee of 25 was an influential group of businessmen in this city that engineered thecampaign of Norris Poulson for mayor.", "answer_prompt": "or L.A., California", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart piece in this genre suddenly interrupts the rondo finale with songlikeminuet in the subdominant key of A-flat major. Mozart also wrote an A major piece in this genre whose second-movement Adagio in F-sharp minor is the only movement that Mozart ever wrote in that key. Mozart's C major twenty-first piece in this genre includes an F major Andante used prominently in the film (*) Elvira Madigan. A piece in this genre by Beethoven opens with three tutti chords from the orchestra, each followed by a brief cadenza from the soloist. That piece in E-flat major is his fifth and final piece is this genre, nicknamed Emperor. For 10 points, name these pieces for a keyboard soloist with orchestral accompaniment.", "answer": " piano concertos [or piano concerti; prompt on concertos; prompt on concerti]", "page": "Piano_concerto", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118586, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150517, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 191], [192, 294], [295, 421], [422, 557], [558, 647], [648, 734]], "first_sentence": "A Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart piece in this genre suddenly interrupts the rondo finale with songlikeminuet in the subdominant key of A-flat major.", "answer_prompt": "or piano concerti; prompt on concertos; prompt on concerti", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "W.T. Yasso studied the half-hearted and crenulate shaped type of these structures, which resembles the logarithmic spiral shape. Plants that grow at these locations include Honckenya peploides and thegrassleaf orache. The namesake \"cusps\" of these locations are marked alternating paths of horns andembayments. The sediment of these locations is refilled through \"nourishment\", and one can construct a revetment to reverse the loss of materials via (*) longshore drift at these locations. Sediment in these places is modified by standing waves, and water called swash weathers the rocks at them, including pebbles. For 10 points, name these locations along the coast which contain shoals and sand.", "answer": "beaches [or seashores, lakeshores, or shorelines until \"longshore drift\" is read; prompt on coasts or seasides] ", "page": "Beaches", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118585, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150518, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 217], [218, 310], [311, 488], [489, 614], [615, 697]], "first_sentence": "W.T. Yasso studied the half-hearted and crenulate shaped type of these structures, which resembles the logarithmic spiral shape.", "answer_prompt": "or seashores, lakeshores, or shorelines until \"longshore drift\" is read; prompt on coasts or seasides", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It didn't happen in 1948, but newspapers during this election prematurely announced the victory in the Wisconsin primary of former basketball player Mo Udall. Frank Church and Jerry Brown led a movement called \"anyone but\" this election's winner. The loser of this election blundered by claiming that \"there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe,\" overshadowing his opponent's admission in a (*) Playboy interview that he committed adultery in his heart. This election marked the last time that a Democrat won all the states in the Deep South. The incumbent going into this election, who never recovered from an unpopular pardon, lost to a dark horse candidate from Georgia. For 10 points, name this election which led to Jimmy Carter becoming president.", "answer": "United States Presidential Election of 1976 [prompt on 76] ", "page": "United_States_Presidential_election_of_1976", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118584, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150519, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 246], [247, 458], [459, 547], [548, 678], [679, 758]], "first_sentence": "It didn't happen in 1948, but newspapers during this election prematurely announced the victory in the Wisconsin primary of former basketball player Mo Udall.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on 76", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel joins a protest in Cambodia as part of his desire to be part of the Grand March of History. Its protagonist works as a window cleaner after twice refusing to retract an article he wrote about guilt, and repeatedly contemplates the German proverb \"einmal ist keinmal\" and the Beethoven quote \"Es muss sein\". Another character in this novel is a painter who declares a \"war on kitsch\" and wears her (*) grandfather's bowler hat while having sex. The protagonist's son Simon arranges his funeral after he dies in a car accident in this novel, in which the professor Franz has an affair with Sabina, who also sleeps with the protagonist. For 10 points, name this novel about Tereza and her womanizing husband Tomas, written by Milan Kundera.", "answer": "The Unbearable Lightness of Being [or Nesnesiteln\u00c3\u00a1 lehkost byt\u00c3\u00ad] ", "page": "The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118583, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150520, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 332], [333, 469], [470, 659], [660, 763]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel joins a protest in Cambodia as part of his desire to be part of the Grand March of History.", "answer_prompt": "or Nesnesiteln\u00c3\u00a1 lehkost byt\u00c3\u00ad", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, many of these objects were produced at Lugdunum.Participants in the Bar Kokhba revolt used a file to remove the original designs of these objects. Caracalla commissioned the antonianus type of these objects. Under Constantine, the solidus type of these objects was often replaced with the pecunia type. Standardization and reform of these objects was carried out by (*) Diocletian, who issued an edict that was heavily based on one of these objects called the denarius. The term for the study of these objects is derived from the Latin word numismatis. These objects, whose aureus type was made of gold, often contained a profile portrait of the emperor on the obverse. For 10 points, name these units of Roman currency.", "answer": "Roman coins [or Roman coinage; accept antonianus before mentioned; accept solidus before mentioned; accept pecunia before mentioned; accept denarius before mentioned; accept aureus before mentioned] ", "page": "Roman_coins", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118582, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150521, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [91, 189], [190, 250], [251, 345], [346, 512], [513, 595], [596, 712], [713, 763]], "first_sentence": "During the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, many of these objects were produced at Lugdunum.", "answer_prompt": "or Roman coinage; accept antonianus before mentioned; accept solidus before mentioned; accept pecunia before mentioned; accept denarius before mentioned; accept aureus before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Joan (HWAN) Gardy Artigas tiled a twenty-two meter-tall sculpture with a vulva-shaped opening ofone of these non-human animals, which overlooks the Joan (HWAN) Mir\u00c3\u00b3 park in Barcelona. For thefront steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Jacques Lipchitz sculpted one of these animals beingstrangled. Several sculptures of these animals never made it to a 1926 exhibition at the Brummer Gallery, curated by Marcel Duchamp. In seven marble and nine bronze sculptures of these animals, their creator reduced their (*) anatomical features to a simple slanted oval plane. Those sculptures of these animals by a Romanian were taxed by U.S. Customs officials who refused to believe they were art. For 10 points, name these animals depicted \"in space\" in a series by Constantin Brancusi.", "answer": " birds [or Aves; accept vultures; accept condors; accept Accipitridae; accept Cathartidae; accept Bird in Space]", "page": "Bird", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118581, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150522, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 183], [184, 300], [301, 422], [423, 567], [568, 690], [691, 780]], "first_sentence": "Joan (HWAN) Gardy Artigas tiled a twenty-two meter-tall sculpture with a vulva-shaped opening ofone of these non-human animals, which overlooks the Joan (HWAN)", "answer_prompt": "or Aves; accept vultures; accept condors; accept Accipitridae; accept Cathartidae; accept Bird in Space", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2012, this city completed work on a 58-story glass skyscraper with a roughly macaroni-shapedfootprint called The Bow, which was designed by Norman Foster's firm. The 201 Red Line and 202 Blue Line, which make up this city's light-rail system, share a west-to-east track just north of this non-U.S. city's central Beltline neighborhood. In 2013, floods in this city caused the Bow and Elbow rivers to burst their banks. The southwesternmost (*) riding in this city is represented by Stephen Harper in the House of Commons. This city, about an hour and a half east of Banff National Park, is served by an airport with the code YYC and hosts an annual rodeo called the Stampede. For 10 points, name this city south of Edmonton, the most populous in Alberta. ", "answer": "Calgary, Alberta", "page": "Calgary,_Alberta", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118580, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150523, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 338], [339, 421], [422, 524], [525, 678], [679, 757]], "first_sentence": "In 2012, this city completed work on a 58-story glass skyscraper with a roughly macaroni-shapedfootprint called The Bow, which was designed by Norman Foster's firm.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The LUBILOSA program sought to control these organisms with an isolate from Metarhizium funguscalled \"Green Muscle.\" A characteristic behavior of these animals results from a phase polymorphism in which serotonin accumulates in their brains, causing gregariousness. These animals return to Umuofia for the first time in many years in Things Fall Apart, allowing villagers to (*) catch them and roast them in clay pots. In a novel partly named for this arthropod, Tod Hackett falls in love with the starlet Faye Greener; that novel by Nathanael West is set in Hollywood. In the film Days of Heaven, these insects destroy the farmer's wheat field. For 10 points, name these insects, a phase of many short-horned grasshoppers, that form swarms.", "answer": " locusts [prompt on grasshoppers or Caelifera; prompt on Acrididae] ", "page": "Caelifera", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118579, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150524, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 265], [266, 374], [375, 418], [419, 569], [570, 645], [646, 741]], "first_sentence": "The LUBILOSA program sought to control these organisms with an isolate from Metarhizium funguscalled \"Green Muscle.\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on grasshoppers or Caelifera; prompt on Acrididae", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The mother of all of these animals is often pictured on posters with mountains making up her legs and gods making up her eyes and shoulders.The earth-goddess Prithvi, who worked with Prithu to overcome a famine, took this animal form. These animals are washed and decorated in temples on the eighth day of the month of Kartika, a holiday known as Gopastami. The (*) excrement of these animals is used as a fuel in many pujas, and is one of this animal's \"five products,\" along with ghee. A white, male example of these animals is the mount of Shiva and is named Nandi. The Law of Manu, Rig Veda, and Mahabharata all prohibit killing this animal. For 10 points, name these animals that are sacred in Hinduism.", "answer": " cows [or bulls; or cattle; or Bos taurus] ", "page": "Cattle", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118578, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150525, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [140, 234], [235, 357], [358, 487], [488, 568], [569, 645], [646, 708]], "first_sentence": "The mother of all of these animals is often pictured on posters with mountains making up her legs and gods making up her eyes and shoulders.", "answer_prompt": "or bulls; or cattle; or Bos taurus", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This species is disproportionated by reacting with sodium hydroxide in the Hooker process. In theclassic example of the reactivity-selectivity principle, this molecule abstracts any hydrogen from ahydrocarbon. Addition of this species to carbon monoxide makes phosgene. This oxidizing agent forms when acid reacts with bleach. Homolytic bond cleavage of this molecule is the first step in the Born-Haber cycle for (*) table salt. It forms at the anode when brine is electrolyzed. Before Zyklon B and mustard gas, Fritz Haber weaponized this molecule for the Germans in World War I. For 10 points, name this molecule which is added to water to sterilize it, a diatomic yellow poisonous gas composed of the second halogen. ", "answer": "chlorine gas [or Cl2 ] ", "page": "Chlorine_gas", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118577, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150526, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 209], [210, 269], [270, 326], [327, 429], [430, 479], [480, 720]], "first_sentence": "This species is disproportionated by reacting with sodium hydroxide in the Hooker process.", "answer_prompt": "or Cl2", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A work by this man claims that \"life is a self-evolving\" one of the title things, of which the horizon isthe second and the eye the first. This author examined \"essences unchanged by man\" that make up the \"NOT ME\" in an eight-part essay, and criticized \"faith that stands on authority\" in an essay about a concept \"within which every man's particular being is contained.\" He wrote a passage in which \"all mean egotism vanishes\" as the speaker becomes like a (*) \"transparent eyeball\". In another essay, he asserted that \"a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds\" and urged the reader to \"trust thyself\". For 10 points, name this author of \"Circles\", \"The Over-Soul\", and \"Self-Reliance\", whose essay \"Nature\" outlines the foundations of Transcendentalism.", "answer": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", "page": "Ralph_Waldo_Emerson", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118576, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150527, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 371], [372, 484], [485, 617], [618, 769]], "first_sentence": "A work by this man claims that \"life is a self-evolving\" one of the title things, of which the horizon isthe second and the eye the first.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The relative energy shift in the Kundig experiment is proportional to this quantity squared for theabsorber. This quantity was sinusoidally varied by a loudspeaker for the radiation source in the PoundRebka experiment. For a galaxy, the total value for this quantity equals its \"peculiar\" form plus H-nought times distance. This quantity multiplies the cosine of the angle between the emitter and receiver in a (*) transverse effect predicted by special relativity. The change in frequency equals the emitted frequency times a ratio of this quantity. If the radial form of this quantity is increasing, then a redshift is seen. For 10 points, name this quantity which causes a Doppler shift if it's different for the source and emitter, and equals the product of wavelength and frequency of a wave.", "answer": " wave velocity [or source velocity; or radial velocity; or speed] ", "page": "Wave_Velocity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118575, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150528, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 218], [219, 323], [324, 465], [466, 550], [551, 626], [627, 797]], "first_sentence": "The relative energy shift in the Kundig experiment is proportional to this quantity squared for theabsorber.", "answer_prompt": "or source velocity; or radial velocity; or speed", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a book about this thinker, Edmund Leach criticized him for obscurantism and for spending only afew weeks at each field site. This thinker applied \"normal-transformed\" and \"culture-nature\" axes to a construct that was modeled on Roman Jakobson's primary vowel-consonant triangle. That construct is the culinary triangle. He noted that trickster gods tend to play a mediating role as part of his analysis of (*) mythemes. This anthropologist rejected the distinction between totemism and caste in a work that described the title entity as one that builds with the materials at its disposal, a bricoleur. For 10 points, name this French structural anthropologist who included The Raw and the Cooked in Mythologiques and wrote The Savage Mind.", "answer": "Claude L\u00c3\u00a9vi-Strauss ", "page": "Claude_L\u00e9vi-Strauss", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118574, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150529, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 281], [282, 322], [323, 422], [423, 604], [605, 742]], "first_sentence": "In a book about this thinker, Edmund Leach criticized him for obscurantism and for spending only afew weeks at each field site.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Stucco sculptures by Antonio Raggi and Leonardo Retti are interspersed with a painting covering one of these things titled The Triumph of the Sacred Name of Jesus by Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Andrea Pozzo's Baroque masterpiece The Glory of St. Ignatius Loyola and the Missionary Work of the Jesuits covers one of these things. In a trompe-l'oeil (tromp-leh-ee) painting covering one of these places, putti (POO-tee) stand around a (*) circular opening; that painting was executed by Andrea Mantegna for the Camera degli (DAYyee) Sposi. A painting that covers one of these places contains an image of the title figure joining his index finger to that of God. For 10 points, name these parts of a room, one of which features Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam and is located in the Sistine Chapel. ", "answer": " ceiling [or dome or nave; prompt on room or church or chapel] ", "page": "Ceiling", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118573, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150530, "tokenizations": [[0, 191], [192, 226], [227, 326], [327, 535], [536, 657], [658, 796]], "first_sentence": "Stucco sculptures by Antonio Raggi and Leonardo Retti are interspersed with a painting covering one of these things titled The Triumph of the Sacred Name of Jesus by Giovanni Battista Gaulli.", "answer_prompt": "or dome or nave; prompt on room or church or chapel", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One pathogen affecting these non-feline organisms is the Friend virus, a serotype of a namesakeleukemia virus. A type of this organism with defective myelin is called its \"shiverer\" strain. The BALB/cstrain of these animals is frequently used to create monoclonal antibodies. Behavior known as barbering is often observed in females of this species, who will remove vibrissae and hair from subordinates. The 2007 Nobel Prize was awarded to the researchers who developed this animal's (*) knockout type. An albino strain of this creature's Mus musculus species is a common model organism in labs. The \"house\" type of this mammal is a common pest. For 10 points, name these small murine rodents related to rats.", "answer": "mouse [or house mouse; or Mus musculus or M. musculus before they are read] ", "page": "Mouse", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118572, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150531, "tokenizations": [[0, 110], [111, 189], [190, 275], [276, 403], [404, 502], [503, 595], [596, 645], [646, 709]], "first_sentence": "One pathogen affecting these non-feline organisms is the Friend virus, a serotype of a namesakeleukemia virus.", "answer_prompt": "or house mouse; or Mus musculus or M. musculus before they are read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel loses the right to marry a farmer's daughter when the farmer realizes he eats more than his work is worth, and is commonly referred to as \"the idiot\". One of its characters is tricked into wearing a headband that can be tightened at will by another character. In a scene from this novel, the protagonist urinates on one of five huge pink pillars, only to learn that he's on a giant (*) hand. Supporting characters in this novel include a man who transforms into a monster, haunting a river after smashing a crystal goblet, and the lecherous wielder of the nine-toothed iron rake, respectively known as Sandy and Pigsy. For 10 points, name this classical Chinese novel in which Xuanzang (shoo-wen-zahng) is accompanied by Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, on a trip to India.", "answer": " Journey to the West [or Xi You Ji; or Hsi-yu Chi", "page": "Journey_to_the_West", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118571, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150532, "tokenizations": [[0, 176], [177, 285], [286, 417], [418, 644], [645, 795]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel loses the right to marry a farmer's daughter when the farmer realizes he eats more than his work is worth, and is commonly referred to as \"the idiot\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A material demonstrating this phenomenon appears to decrease in weight in a Gouy balance. Anelectron in 2D orbit around a nucleus demonstrates this phenomenon due to Larmor precession, with a magnitude proportional to the radius squared over six times the mass. This phenomenon explains the strong downfield shift of aromatic compounds' ring currents in proton NMR. A normal conductor cooled into superconducting state displays the (*) perfect form of this phenomenon, with a susceptibility of negative one. This phenomenon occurs if all electrons in a material are paired. This behavior could be used to accomplish levitation because it causes materials to repel all B fields. For 10 points, name this type of magnetism contrasted with paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.", "answer": "diamagnetism", "page": "Diamagnetism", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118570, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150533, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 261], [262, 365], [366, 507], [508, 573], [574, 677], [678, 770]], "first_sentence": "A material demonstrating this phenomenon appears to decrease in weight in a Gouy balance.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second movement of this composer's piano concerto is an \"Intermezzo: Andantino Grazioso\"which transitions directly into the finale after a return of a theme from the \"Allegro affetuoso\" firstmovement. A song cycle by this composer ends with the speaker planning to put all his old bitter songs into a coffin. He composed two Liederkreis as well as (*) Dichterliebe in 1840, which is known as his \"Year of Song.\" Like Grieg, this composer's only piano concerto is in A minor, and his Symphony No. 3 was apocryphally inspired by a viewing of Cologne Cathedral. For 10 points, name this German composer of Scenes from Childhood, Carnaval, and the Rhenish Symphony, who wrote his piano concerto for his wife Clara.", "answer": "Robert Schumann", "page": "Robert_Schumann", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118569, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150534, "tokenizations": [[0, 204], [205, 312], [313, 415], [416, 562], [563, 714]], "first_sentence": "The second movement of this composer's piano concerto is an \"Intermezzo: Andantino Grazioso\"which transitions directly into the finale after a return of a theme from the \"Allegro affetuoso\" firstmovement.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man expressed a desire to \"unsphere / the spirit of Plato to unfold / what worlds or what vastregions hold / the immortal mind\" in a poem that features invocations of Saturn, Vesta, and Urania. He declares \"Mirth, with thee I mean to live\" at the end of one poem, while in that poem's companion, he dismissed \"vain deluding joys\" in favor of \"divinest Melancholy\". In a non-fiction work, this man asserted that \"he who destroys a good (*) book, kills reason itself.\" He coined the phrase \"they also serve who only stand and wait\" in a sonnet that begins with the line \"When I consider how my light is spent\" and reflects on his blindness. For 10 points, name this author of \"L'Allegro\" and \"Il Penseroso\", as well as Areopagitica and the epic poem Paradise Lost.", "answer": " John Milton", "page": "John_Milton", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118568, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150535, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 228], [229, 369], [370, 471], [472, 643], [644, 767]], "first_sentence": "This man expressed a desire to \"unsphere / the spirit of Plato to unfold / what worlds or what vastregions hold / the immortal mind\" in a poem that features invocations of Saturn, Vesta, and Urania.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A leader of this country killed thousands of supporters of Imam al-Hadi by bombing Aba Island, andexecuted a scholar who advocated \"the second message of Islam,\" Mahmoud Taha. This country'sopposition Umma Party developed from its Ansar movement, which reveres a 19th-century religiousfigure. John Garang founded this country's People's Liberation Army in response to Jaafar Nimeiri'simposition of (*) sharia law. A 2005 \"Comprehensive Peace Agreement\" ended this country's second civil war, and led to a referendum that created a state led by Salva Kiir. The International Criminal Court indicted this country's president, Omar al-Bashir, for his role in the Darfur conflict. For 10 points, name this African country whose south seceded in 2011.", "answer": "Republic of the Sudan [or Jumhuriyat as-Sudan] ", "page": "Sudan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118567, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150536, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 292], [293, 413], [414, 555], [556, 676], [677, 746]], "first_sentence": "A leader of this country killed thousands of supporters of Imam al-Hadi by bombing Aba Island, andexecuted a scholar who advocated \"the second message of Islam,\" Mahmoud Taha.", "answer_prompt": "or Jumhuriyat as-Sudan", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man promoted the use of his family's heraldic crest, consisting of grey wolves flanking a cookingpot. This man traced the turning point in his life to when he read a book by Ludolph of Saxony in his family's meager library. That happened while this man recovered from a botched surgery after suffering a leg wound at the siege of Pamplona. This man advocated going on a month-long secular retreat while reading his book of (*) prayers and meditations, and penned a set of Constitutions excluding female participation in his order and making his disciples swear allegiance to the Pope. Francis Xavier continued this man's work by leading missions into Asia. For 10 points, name this author of Spiritual Exercises, the founder of the Jesuits.", "answer": " Saint Ignatius of Loyola [accept either underlined part; or Ignacio de Loyola] ", "page": "Saint_Ignatius_of_Loyola", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118566, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150537, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 228], [229, 344], [345, 589], [590, 661], [662, 745]], "first_sentence": "This man promoted the use of his family's heraldic crest, consisting of grey wolves flanking a cookingpot.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined part; or Ignacio de Loyola", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man terrorizes the island of Paros until its inhabitants agree to hand over two grandsons of Minos to serve as his companions. This man bursts out of the shackles placed upon him by Busiris, an Egyptian king who sacrifices all visitors to his realm. This man is cheated out of one-tenth of the cattle promised to him by a king whom he deposes and replaces with Phyleus. This man gets his toe pinched by a crab during a fight in which he tells his (*) nephew Iolaus use a torch to cauterize several stumps. In another adventure, this man diverts two rivers. To atone for murdering his own family, this man helps a king who hides in a bronze jar, Eurystheus, by cleaning the Augean stables and killing the Hydra. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who completes Twelve Labors.", "answer": " Heracles [or Hercules]", "page": "Heracles", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118565, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150538, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 254], [255, 374], [375, 510], [511, 561], [562, 715], [716, 780]], "first_sentence": "This man terrorizes the island of Paros until its inhabitants agree to hand over two grandsons of Minos to serve as his companions.", "answer_prompt": "or Hercules", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This species was infected by the PtERV1 retrovirus four million years ago, possibly causing a speciation event. Before she was moved to a namesake facility in Ellensburg, Washington, a female one of these animals was cared for by Allen and Beatrix Gardner and later by Roger Fouts. Some of these animals placed stalks of grass in termite holes to \"fish\" for termites, and formed (*) troops that cannibalized rivals. One of them named Washoe was the first non-human to learn ASL, inspiring research of one of these animals with a name punning on \"Noam Chomsky.\" These animals share the genus Pan with bonobos, and groups of them were studied in Gombe by the primatologist Jane Goodall. For 10 points, name these great apes more closely related to humans than gorillas.", "answer": "chimpanzees [or Pan troglodytes; prompt on great apes before it is read; prompt on primates before \"primatologist\" is read]", "page": "Chimpanzee", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118556, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150543, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 281], [282, 415], [416, 559], [559, 684], [685, 767]], "first_sentence": "This species was infected by the PtERV1 retrovirus four million years ago, possibly causing a speciation event.", "answer_prompt": "or Pan troglodytes; prompt on great apes before it is read; prompt on primates before \"primatologist\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 1862, the Provisional Theater was founded as a stage for opera in this language. In an opera in this language, a stuttering teenager is convinced to dress up as a bear for a circus troupe, which enters in the \"March of the Comedians.\" In another opera in this language, a prince pursuing a white doe is the love interest of the title character, who sings the \"Song to the Moon\" and is a (*) water nymph similar to the Undine (un-DEEN). This language was used to tell the story of how Jenik (yen-ik) appears to accept money in exchange for the right to wed his lover, but instead ends up marrying Ma\u0159enka anyway. For 10 points, name this language which was used to write the operas Rusalka and The Bartered Bride, the latter by Bed\u0159ich Smetana.", "answer": "Czech [or \u010de\u0161tina]", "page": "Czech_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118555, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150544, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 237], [238, 427], [428, 438], [439, 614], [615, 746]], "first_sentence": "In 1862, the Provisional Theater was founded as a stage for opera in this language.", "answer_prompt": "or \u010de\u0161tina", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Researchers from the Royal Institute of Technology from Stockholm developed a type of this technique detecting the release of the anion pyrophosphate. The SOLiD and ion torrent types of this technique are grouped together as the \"next-generation\" methods, which supplanted an older version of this technique using phosphorus-32-labelled ATP, developed by Maxam and Gilbert. Multiple overlapping reads are combined into contigs in a (*) piecemeal type of this process. Chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs, are selectively incorporated in a type of this process named for a British biochemist. For 10 points, name these techniques, such as the \"shotgun\" and \"Sanger\" types, that determine the order of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA.", "answer": "DNA sequencing [or word forms; accept pyrosequencing; accept Maxam-Gilbert sequencing; accept Sanger sequencing; accept dideoxy method; accept shotgun sequencing]", "page": "DNA_sequencing", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118272, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150684, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 373], [374, 467], [468, 603], [604, 745]], "first_sentence": "Researchers from the Royal Institute of Technology from Stockholm developed a type of this technique detecting the release of the anion pyrophosphate.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms; accept pyrosequencing; accept Maxam-Gilbert sequencing; accept Sanger sequencing; accept dideoxy method; accept shotgun sequencing", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "John Anthony \"Shorty\" Powers was a spokesperson on behalf of several members of this profession. A politician who retired from this profession was unable to campaign for senator against Stephen M. Young because he suffered a concussion from hitting his head on a bathtub. The Rogers Commission investigated the death of seven people in this profession, who were eulogized in a speech stating that they \"touched the (*) face of God.\" Wally Schirra was one of the seven men in this profession profiled in Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff. Several O-rings around boosters failed and killed seven people in this occupation, including the former schoolteacher Christa MacAuliffe, in the 1986 Challenger disaster. For 10 points, name this profession of John Glenn and Neil Armstrong.", "answer": "astronauts [accept payload specialists; prompt on test pilot; prompt on NASA personnel or related answers; prompt on engineers]", "page": "Astronauts", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118271, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150685, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 271], [272, 432], [433, 531], [532, 702], [703, 772]], "first_sentence": "John Anthony \"Shorty\" Powers was a spokesperson on behalf of several members of this profession.", "answer_prompt": "accept payload specialists; prompt on test pilot; prompt on NASA personnel or related answers; prompt on engineers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a novel set in this country, a blue-painted thief escapes from prison and later helps Patrick Lewis blow up a filtration plant. An author from this country wrote a novel whose protagonist moves to Slocan with the title character and her uncle Isamu after her mother is disfigured in the bombing of Nagasaki. This country is the setting of In the Skin of a Lion, whose characters Caravaggio and Hana reappear in a novel whose title character reminisces about (*) Katherine Clifton. A Sri Lankan author who lives in this country wrote a novel about the burned Count Laszlo de Almasy that won its Governor General's Award. For 10 points, name this country home to the author of Obasan, Joy Kogawa, and The English Patient author Michael Ondaatje, both of whom live in Toronto.", "answer": "Canada", "page": "Canada", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118270, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150686, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 310], [311, 483], [484, 622], [623, 776]], "first_sentence": "In a novel set in this country, a blue-painted thief escapes from prison and later helps Patrick Lewis blow up a filtration plant.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Yehudi Menuhin performed a duet with one performer of this instrument at the 1966 Bath Musical Festival and recorded the album West Meets East with him. Da, ra, and dir are among the strokes one can make on this instrument using a mizraab, and a technique called meend is used to bend pitches on it. This instrument has three or four melody strings, three drone strings called (*) chikari, and eleven to thirteen sympathetic strings called taraf tuned in accordance with the raga being played. George Harrison's lessons from a virtuoso of this instrument led him to use it in songs like \"Norwegian Wood.\" For 10 points, name this plucked Hindustani instrument played by Vilayat Khan and Ravi Shankar.", "answer": "sitar", "page": "Sitar", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118269, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150687, "tokenizations": [[0, 152], [153, 299], [300, 493], [494, 604], [605, 700]], "first_sentence": "Yehudi Menuhin performed a duet with one performer of this instrument at the 1966 Bath Musical Festival and recorded the album West Meets East with him.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A comment by society hostess Francis Anne Crewe that this man's ministry would be over soon after Christmas led it to be called the \"mince-pie administration.\" This man appointed Thomas Townshend, the 1st Viscount Sydney president of his newly-created Board of Control for the East India Company. He returned to office after his successor Henry Addington signed the unpopular Peace of Amiens. This man (*) suspended habeas corpus for seven years and presided over the formal establishment of the United Kingdom. After this man's death, Lord Grenville set up the Ministry of All the Talents. This man was prime minister during both the French Revolution and the early Napoleonic Wars. For 10 points, name this British Prime Minister, the son of an earlier Prime Minister.", "answer": "William Pitt the Younger [prompt on William Pitt]", "page": "William_Pitt_the_Younger", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118268, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150688, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 296], [297, 392], [393, 511], [512, 590], [591, 683], [684, 770]], "first_sentence": "A comment by society hostess Francis Anne Crewe that this man's ministry would be over soon after Christmas led it to be called the \"mince-pie administration.\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on William Pitt", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Late in this poem, a man \"'Brushing with hasty steps the dews away / 'To meet the sun upon the upland lawn\" is described by the \"hoary-headed swain\" who narrates five of its final stanzas. The speaker of this poem describes how \"uncouth rhymes\" and \"shapeless sculpture\" bedeck objects that also bear names and years \"spelt by the unlettered muse\". It also imagines how \"Chill penury\" repressed the \"noble rage\" of a \"heart once pregnant with (*) celestial fire\". This poem's speaker imagines a \"Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood\" or a \"mute inglorious Milton\" inhabiting this poem's title location, from which a ploughman \"plods his weary way\" as \"the curfew tolls the knell of parting day\". For 10 points, name this meditation on death, an elegy by Thomas Gray.", "answer": "\"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\"", "page": "Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118267, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150689, "tokenizations": [[0, 188], [189, 348], [349, 463], [464, 700], [701, 771]], "first_sentence": "Late in this poem, a man \"'Brushing with hasty steps the dews away / 'To meet the sun upon the upland lawn\" is described by the \"hoary-headed swain\" who narrates five of its final stanzas.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A blue-covered book on this topic ends with a particularly-phrased account of the creation narrative and was written by George Demeter. Texts on this subject by Arthur Beauchesne (boo-shen) and John George Bourinot (bor-ih-noe) are used in Canada. The most authoritative text on this topic in the U.K. is by Thomas Erskine May. One version of this topic substitutes \"moving the previous question\" with (*) \"cloture\". Texts on this topic stress protecting the right of the minority to be heard while allowing the majority to make decisions and outline the ways people can bring motions. The most common American text on this subject is Robert's Rules of Order. For 10 points, give the term for the set of customs used in the operation of a deliberative assembly, such as a meeting or a legislature.", "answer": "parliamentary procedure [or parliamentary law; or parliamentary practice; accept legislative procedure until \"legislature\" is read; accept rules of order until \"rules\" is read]", "page": "Parliamentary_procedure", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118266, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150690, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 247], [248, 307], [308, 416], [417, 585], [586, 659], [660, 797]], "first_sentence": "A blue-covered book on this topic ends with a particularly-phrased account of the creation narrative and was written by George Demeter.", "answer_prompt": "or parliamentary law; or parliamentary practice; accept legislative procedure until \"legislature\" is read; accept rules of order until \"rules\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One of this artist's recurring symbols was inspired by a childhood incident in which he witnessed a dead bat being devoured. In one of his paintings, fingers protrude from the earth while holding a cracked egg from which a flower grows, although the crack also appears to be the flower's shadow. This painter of The (*) Metamorphosis of Narcissus often used ants to symbolize decay, and he included a small portrait of his wife Gala in The Hallucinogenic Toreador. He also painted \"The Disintegration of\" an earlier painting, which he claimed was inspired by Camembert cheese and not Einstein's theory of relativity. For 10 points, name this Catalan surrealist who painted melting clocks in The Persistence of Memory.", "answer": "Salvador Dali\u0301", "page": "Salvador_Dal\u00ed", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118265, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150691, "tokenizations": [[0, 124], [125, 295], [296, 464], [465, 616], [617, 717]], "first_sentence": "One of this artist's recurring symbols was inspired by a childhood incident in which he witnessed a dead bat being devoured.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel dies shortly after learning of the death of his favorite daughter Una. Another of its characters becomes rich selling beans in an effort motivated by his father's failure in a refrigerated lettuce-shipping venture. In this novel, the cook Lee tells a story about his Chinese relatives learning Hebrew to study the Bible, during which they discover that the word (*) timshel translates as \"thou mayest\". Samuel Hamilton attempts to help the protagonist of this novel, whose antagonist poisons the madame Faye and takes over a brothel after abandoning her family, including her sons Cal and Aron. Its protagonist marries the villainous Cathy Ames before moving to the Salinas Valley. For 10 points, name this novel about Adam Trask, by John Steinbeck.", "answer": "East of Eden", "page": "East_of_Eden_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118264, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150692, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 240], [241, 428], [429, 620], [621, 707], [708, 775]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel dies shortly after learning of the death of his favorite daughter Una.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In the Levins metapopulation model, the carrying capacity is one minus the rate of this process divided by the colonization rate. In island biogeography, species richness equilibrates where the rate of this process equals the colonization rate. Species formerly thought to have undergone this process are called Lazarus taxa. In the IUCN Red List, the opposite end of (*) \"least concern\" indicates that this process happened. Climate change may have contributed to this process in the golden toad. One of the largest \"mass\" examples happened at the Permian-Triassic boundary, and its main anthropogenic cause is habitat degradation. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which the population of a species declines to zero, which happened to the passenger pigeon in 1914.", "answer": "extinction", "page": "Extinction", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118263, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150693, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 244], [245, 325], [326, 425], [426, 497], [498, 632], [633, 771]], "first_sentence": "In the Levins metapopulation model, the carrying capacity is one minus the rate of this process divided by the colonization rate.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The colonial governors of this modern-day country demanded the output from 1/5th of each village's land through the Culture System established in the 1830s. Wahabi converts in this nation rebelled against aristocratic chiefs in the Padri War. Forces from this nation carried out the Santa Cruz Massacre against supporters of FRETILIN during its occupation of a territory that seceded in 2002. A wave of violence followed a failed coup by its (*) 30 September Movement. Its first leader advocated internationalism as part of his Pancasila policy and practiced \"Guided Democracy\" after expelling the Japanese and throwing off the Dutch colonial yoke. For 10 points, name this island country whose first post-independence leader was Sukarno, the world's most populous Muslim nation.", "answer": "Republic of Indonesia", "page": "Indonesia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118262, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150694, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 242], [243, 392], [393, 468], [469, 648], [649, 779]], "first_sentence": "The colonial governors of this modern-day country demanded the output from 1/5th of each village's land through the Culture System established in the 1830s.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Like pressure, this quantity is plotted on the y-axis of Fletcher-Munson contours after scaling via A- weighting. The net value for this quantity is zero in a diffuse field but is maximized in the active field. This quantity is proportional to both frequency squared and maximum displacement squared, or alternatively, it equals one-half the pressure squared over a non-electrical quantity called impedance. This quantity equals the product of particle velocity and pressure. It drops off with one over radius squared since it equals power over the (*) surface area of an imaginary sphere. The level of this quantity equals ten times the logarithm of it divided by one picowatt per square meter\u00c2\u2014a reference value also known as the threshold of hearing. For 10 points, name this quantity often measured in decibels.", "answer": "sound intensity [or acoustic intensity; or I; prompt on loudness or volume]", "page": "Sound_Intensity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118261, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150695, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 210], [211, 407], [408, 475], [476, 589], [590, 753], [754, 815]], "first_sentence": "Like pressure, this quantity is plotted on the y-axis of Fletcher-Munson contours after scaling via A- weighting.", "answer_prompt": "or acoustic intensity; or I; prompt on loudness or volume", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Three of these figures who can only say \"da\" or \"ja\", rather than \"yes\" and \"no,\" feature in George Boolos's Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever. Xenophanes wrote a scathing critique of earlier Greek views about them. Cicero wrote a three-book dialogue On the Nature of beings of this sort. In an early Platonic dialogue, a man who claims to be close to them insists on suing his father. Louis-Auguste Blanqui coined an anarchist slogan demanding (*) none of these beings and \"no masters.\" A dilemma in which the love of these beings seems to be arbitrary is presented in Plato's dialogue Euthyphro, which equates love for these beings with piety. For 10 points, name these beings whose existence is denied by as mere \"delusion\" by Richard Dawkins and other New Atheists.", "answer": "gods [or deities]", "page": "Gods", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 118260, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 150696, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 207], [208, 280], [281, 377], [378, 436], [437, 479], [480, 637], [638, 761]], "first_sentence": "Three of these figures who can only say \"da\" or \"ja\", rather than \"yes\" and \"no,\" feature in George Boolos's Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever.", "answer_prompt": "or deities", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Knut Wicksell claimed there was a version of this quantity that was \"neutral\" towards prices. More recent authors define Wicksell's \"natural\" version of this as the value at which GDP equals potential GDP. On the IS-LM diagram, this value must decrease as output increases in order for investment and savings to be in equilibrium. Paul Krugman has criticized the Federal Reserve's zero lower bound policies where this value is (*) left very close to nothing. The Taylor Rule suggests how a central bank can raise or lower this value to control inflation. The virtual inability of this value to go below zero can lead to a liquidity trap, when people hoard cash rather than invest by loaning it to others. For 10 points, name this rate that is the cost of borrowing money.", "answer": "interest rate", "page": "Interest_rate", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117493, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151140, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 205], [206, 330], [331, 458], [459, 554], [555, 704], [705, 771]], "first_sentence": "Knut Wicksell claimed there was a version of this quantity that was \"neutral\" towards prices.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character foils a mother's plan to remove her blindfold and make her son's body strong as iron by instructing the son to cover up his privates. This character essentially demands that his half-sister Subhadra be kidnapped and married. This character threatens Bhishma with a carriage-wheel, very nearly breaking his vow never to raise a weapon. An appendix known as the Harivamsa relates the infancy of this god, who is relocated, along with his fairer-skinned brother (*) Balarama, from the womb of Devaki to that of Rohini. This god, who steals butter and consorts with the gopi girl Radha, serves as the charioteer for a Pandava prince whom he reminds of his warrior duty. For 10 points, name this avatar of Vishnu who guides Arjuna throughout the Mahabharata.", "answer": "Krishna [prompt on Vishnu]", "page": "Krishna", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117492, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151141, "tokenizations": [[0, 148], [149, 239], [240, 349], [350, 530], [531, 680], [681, 768]], "first_sentence": "This character foils a mother's plan to remove her blindfold and make her son's body strong as iron by instructing the son to cover up his privates.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Vishnu", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This king made a politically-expedient pilgrimage to Rome to attend the coronation of Conrad II. This man used a dispute over a chess game as a pretext to kill his rebellious brother-in-law Ulf. This king legendarily set his throne up by a seashore and fruitlessly commanded the tides not to wet his robes to prove he had less power than God. This man's first wife Aelfgifu proved to be an unbearably autocratic ruler of (*) Norway. After winning the Battle of Assandun against Edmund Ironside, this king married Aethelred the Unready's widow Emma of Normandy, and soon ruled all of England. This king's son had a name prefixing his with \"Hartha.\" For 10 points, name this son of Sweyn Forkbeard, a powerful king who ruled both Denmark and England from 1018 to 1035.", "answer": "Canute the Great [or Cnut; or Knutr inn riki", "page": "Canute_the_Great", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117491, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151142, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 194], [195, 342], [343, 432], [433, 591], [592, 646], [646, 647], [648, 766]], "first_sentence": "This king made a politically-expedient pilgrimage to Rome to attend the coronation of Conrad II.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this short story attempts to make a portrait on a plate of metal, but he throws the metal into a jar of acid when it comes out \"blurred and indefinable.\" Another character in this story is unable to forget hearing the words \"It is in her heart now; we must have it out!\", which her husband had spoken aloud while dreaming. Late in this story, the \"yellow blotches\" on a geranium are (*) removed by a potion prepared with the assistance of Aminadab, which unfortunately for its inventor causes the death of his wife Georgiana. For 10 points, name this Nathaniel Hawthorne short story about Aylmer, who tries to remove the title imperfection, shaped like a small crimson hand, from his wife's cheek.", "answer": "\"The Birthmark\"", "page": "The_Birth-Mark", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117490, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151143, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [167, 168], [169, 240], [240, 337], [338, 540], [541, 712]], "first_sentence": "A character in this short story attempts to make a portrait on a plate of metal, but he throws the metal into a jar of acid when it comes out \"blurred and indefinable.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For the Lane-Emden equation, having a polytropic index take on this value appropriately models a stable, isothermally stratified atmosphere. This is the value in time at which the rate of expansion becomes zero if the density equals the critical density. When considering the Schwarzschild solution to the Field Equations, the curvature takes on this value when there is no radius. When calculating the escape velocity, this is the value that the distance takes on at the (*) final time. The luminosity of any point in a steady-state universe takes on this value according to the scenario analyzed in Olber's Paradox. As one approaches a singularity, this is the amount of force needed to maintain a particle in place. For 10 points, name this value at which things become immeasurably big.", "answer": "infinite [or infinity]", "page": "Infinity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117489, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151144, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 254], [255, 381], [382, 487], [488, 617], [618, 718], [719, 790]], "first_sentence": "For the Lane-Emden equation, having a polytropic index take on this value appropriately models a stable, isothermally stratified atmosphere.", "answer_prompt": "or infinity", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This character questions the opinion that genitals are only used to expel urine and to distinguish between the sexes, referring to an individual's sexual ability as one's \"belle chose.\" This character engages in the cloth trade at Ypres and Gaunt and refuses to perform the church offering unless she is the first one to offer. This character rips a page out of a book after hearing abuses against (*) women read out loud from it, prompting her husband Jankyn to strike her. In a tale told by this character, a knight rapes a woman and, as part of a punishment devised by Guinevere, discovers that what women want is sovereignty. For 10 points, name this woman who has been married five times, a pilgrim in The Canterbury Tales.", "answer": "the Wife of Bath [or Alisoun]", "page": "The_Wife_of_Bath's_Tale", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117488, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151145, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [184, 185], [186, 327], [328, 474], [475, 629], [630, 728]], "first_sentence": "This character questions the opinion that genitals are only used to expel urine and to distinguish between the sexes, referring to an individual's sexual ability as one's \"belle chose.", "answer_prompt": "or Alisoun", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Oscar V. Peterson suffered third-degree burns in the process of closing several steam-line valves during this battle, for which he won a posthumous Medal of Honor. This battle thwarted Operation Mo, which was later reattempted later the same year by an advance through the Kokoda Track. Just prior to this battle, one side had engaged in a successful invasion of Tulagi. The (*) Shoho was sunk and the Lexington was critically damaged in this battle, which prevented the Japanese from invading Port Moresby. This battle marked the first time in naval history that ships did not directly engage each other, instead launching aircraft from carriers. For 10 points, name this 1942 naval battle fought to the northeast of the Australian coast.", "answer": "Battle of the Coral Sea ", "page": "Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117487, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151146, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 286], [287, 370], [371, 507], [508, 647], [648, 739]], "first_sentence": "Oscar V. Peterson suffered third-degree burns in the process of closing several steam-line valves during this battle, for which he won a posthumous Medal of Honor.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A zinc atom binds to the H1 helix and L3 loop of this protein, whose oligomerization domain allows it to form a tetramer and interact with DNA. The E6 and E7 proteins encoded by HPV respectively degrade this protein and the very similar Rb. As a transcription factor, this protein upregulates the expression of Bax and PUMA, members of the Bcl-2 gene family. The serine/threonine kinase (*) ATM phosphorylates this protein to prevent it from being polyubiquitinated and degraded by Mdm2. This protein, which is essential for cell-cycle arrest at the G1 checkpoint, is mutated or deleted in over half of all human tumors. For 10 points, name this tumor suppressor gene known as the \"guardian angel of the genome.\"", "answer": "tumor protein p53 [or cellular tumor antigen p53; or phosphoprotein p53; or tumor suppressor p53; or antigen NY-CO-13; or transformation-related protein 53; or TRP53]", "page": "P53", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117486, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151147, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 240], [241, 358], [359, 388], [388, 487], [488, 620], [621, 712]], "first_sentence": "A zinc atom binds to the H1 helix and L3 loop of this protein, whose oligomerization domain allows it to form a tetramer and interact with DNA.", "answer_prompt": "or cellular tumor antigen p53; or phosphoprotein p53; or tumor suppressor p53; or antigen NY-CO-13; or transformation-related protein 53; or TRP53", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem by this author describes a group which does not care if the \"moon rattles like a fragment of angry candy.\" In a poem by this author, \"an host of overjoyed noncoms\" make use of \"brushes recently employed\" in a \"muddy toiletbowl.\" This poet wrote of people who \"believe in Christ and Longfellow, both dead\" in \"the Cambridge ladies who live in furnished souls.\" In another poem, he described a man who was \"more brave than me: more (*) blond than you\" and \"whose warmest heart recoiled at war.\" Several variants on the line \"sun moon stars rain\" appear in a poem by this man about a person who marries \"noone\" in a place with \"up so floating many bells down.\" For 10 points, name this American poet of \"I sing of olaf glad and big\" and \"anyone lived in a pretty how town.\"", "answer": "E. E. Cummings [or Edward Estlin Cummings]", "page": "E._E._Cummings", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117485, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151148, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [112, 366], [367, 499], [500, 664], [665, 777]], "first_sentence": "A poem by this author describes a group which does not care if the \"moon rattles like a fragment of angry candy.", "answer_prompt": "or Edward Estlin Cummings", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Some examples of this city's pottery was created by an artist known as Ninsei. Rulers from this city would abdicate and retire to a monastery in the system of \"cloistered rule.\" Two rival factions camped inside of this city in a 15th century civil war that kicked off the Warring States Period and left it mostly leveled. Five centuries later, it was spared from destruction in part because Henry Stimson had visited it on his honeymoon. A 1997 (*) treaty named for this city did not require developing nations such as China to restrict their greenhouse gas emissions. The temple of Kinkaku-ji was destroyed and then rebuilt following a 1950 arson in this city, whose fortunes declined after the Tokugawa Shogunate moved to Edo. For 10 points, name this former capital of Japan.", "answer": "Kyoto, Japan", "page": "Kyoto,_Japan", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117484, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151149, "tokenizations": [[0, 78], [79, 176], [176, 321], [322, 437], [438, 568], [569, 728], [729, 778]], "first_sentence": "Some examples of this city's pottery was created by an artist known as Ninsei.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One woman in this short story claims \"you never cross O'Connell Bridge without seeing a white horse.\" Its protagonist gives the maid Lily some money after he embarrassingly mentions her marriage prospects, and later imagines a painting of his wife titled \"Distant Music.\" This story's protagonist is called a \"West Briton\" by Molly Ivors for his refusal to vacation in the Aran Islands. This short story contains a performance of \"The Lass of Aughrim\" by tenor (*) Bartell D'Arcy at a dinner party thrown by the Morkan sisters. The protagonist's wife Gretta reveals her childhood love affair with a man who died waiting outside her window in the rain, Michael Furey. Gabriel Conroy has an emotional crisis in, for 10 points, what final short story from James Joyce's Dubliners?", "answer": "\"The Dead\"", "page": "The_dead", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117483, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151150, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 270], [270, 271], [272, 386], [387, 464], [465, 527], [528, 666], [667, 777]], "first_sentence": "One woman in this short story claims \"you never cross O'Connell Bridge without seeing a white horse.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the original solution of a first-order equation comprised of three alpha matrices and a beta matrix, this particle's wavefunction has a positive imaginary exponential. In a famous photograph, one of these particles travels through a lead plate and loses its radius of curvature as it travels upward. Fluorodeoxyglucose is a source of these particles. Pauli and Weisskopf explained how this particle gives a (*) negative energy density in the Klein-Gordon equation. When a photon of energy greater than 1.02 MeV undergoes pair production, an electron and this particle are formed. The Dirac equation predicted this particle as a \"hole\" in a sea of electrons. For 10 points, name this particle symbolized e+, which is the antiparticle of the electron.", "answer": "positron [or antielectron]", "page": "Positron", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117482, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151151, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 302], [303, 353], [354, 467], [468, 491], [492, 582], [583, 660], [661, 752]], "first_sentence": "In the original solution of a first-order equation comprised of three alpha matrices and a beta matrix, this particle's wavefunction has a positive imaginary exponential.", "answer_prompt": "or antielectron", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A study by Jonathan Haidt found that people who fit this descriptor worldwide express concern about only two or three \"moral foundations,\" whereas most people respond to five or six. An essay critiquing the Kinsey report appears in an essay collection titled for the Imagination of this sort of person by literary critic Lionel Trilling. Libertarians often (*) sympathize with one type of these people, whose economic views were often laissez-faire. Paul Krugman self-identified as one of these people in a book and blog that invert a Barry Goldwater title to discuss the Conscience of this type of person. For 10 points, name this political adjective for left-of- center people in favor of freedom and equality, who often oppose conservatives.", "answer": "liberal [or word forms such as liberalism; accept descriptive answers such as left-of-center until \"Imagination\"]", "page": "Liberalism", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117461, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151172, "tokenizations": [[0, 182], [183, 337], [338, 449], [450, 606], [607, 744]], "first_sentence": "A study by Jonathan Haidt found that people who fit this descriptor worldwide express concern about only two or three \"moral foundations,\" whereas most people respond to five or six.", "answer_prompt": "or word forms such as liberalism; accept descriptive answers such as left-of-center until \"Imagination\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Near the end of this novel, the protagonist makes a papal sign of the cross while overlooking a beach. A woman in this novel intentionally causes her husband to drive their car off the road, then proceeds to laugh maniacally as he checks on the children. After punching several Italian taxi drivers, the protagonist of this novel is bailed out of jail by Baby, whose sister later seduces the war hero Tommy Barban. In this novel, the young star of the film Daddy's Girl, (*) Rosemary Hoyt, loses her virginity to a psychiatrist who married one of his schizophrenic patients. The tumultuous relationship of this novel's central couple was based on that of the author and his wife Zelda. For 10 points, name this novel about Nicole and Dick Diver, by F. Scott Fitzgerald.", "answer": "Tender is the Night", "page": "Tender_Is_the_Night", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117460, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151173, "tokenizations": [[0, 102], [103, 254], [255, 414], [415, 574], [575, 685], [686, 769]], "first_sentence": "Near the end of this novel, the protagonist makes a papal sign of the cross while overlooking a beach.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the Metamorphoses, the rape of Persephone is retold during a narration of one of these events. In the aftermath of this type of event, the daughters of Pierus are transformed into magpies. An instance of this event is arbitrated by the mountain god Tmolus. A participant in one of these events uses a cursed object that Athena previously threw away because it ruined her beauty, but is defeated when that object, an aulos, cannot be used upside-down. For his poor (*) judgment of one of these competitions, donkey ears are given to Midas. After his defeat at this activity, Marsyas is flayed alive by Apollo. For 10 points, identify this type of competition which Pan participated in with his pipes, and Apollo with his lyre.", "answer": "music contests [or singing contests; or contests of the voice, flute, pipes, or lyre; or obvious equivalents; prompt on contests; prompt on competitions]", "page": "Lyre", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117459, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151174, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 191], [192, 259], [260, 453], [454, 541], [542, 611], [612, 728]], "first_sentence": "In the Metamorphoses, the rape of Persephone is retold during a narration of one of these events.", "answer_prompt": "or singing contests; or contests of the voice, flute, pipes, or lyre; or obvious equivalents; prompt on contests; prompt on competitions", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Norwegian-born sculptor Oscar J.W. Hanson designed a memorial commemorating 112 worker deaths during this project, many from carbon monoxide poisoning in four horrifyingly-hot diversion tunnels. Harold Ickes (ICK-uhs) lambasted the eventual namesake of this project for \"tak[ing] credit for something he had nothing to do with.\" The Six Companies, Inc. joint venture was founded to oversee this project, superintended by chief engineer Frank Crowe. The Bureau of (*) Reclamation received its first mass funding to carry out this project, which built four reinforced concrete intake towers feeding steel penstocks. This project was named at the time of its completion for Boulder Canyon, and it impounded Lake Mead. For 10 points, name this dam on the border between Arizona and Nevada.", "answer": "he construction of Hoover Dam [accept the construction of Boulder Dam before \"Boulder Dam\" is mentioned; accept the Boulder Canyon project before \"Boulder Dam\" is mentioned]", "page": "Hoover_Dam", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117458, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151175, "tokenizations": [[0, 194], [195, 327], [327, 328], [329, 448], [449, 613], [614, 714], [715, 785]], "first_sentence": "Norwegian-born sculptor Oscar J.W. Hanson designed a memorial commemorating 112 worker deaths during this project, many from carbon monoxide poisoning in four horrifyingly-hot diversion tunnels.", "answer_prompt": "accept the construction of Boulder Dam before \"Boulder Dam\" is mentioned; accept the Boulder Canyon project before \"Boulder Dam\" is mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Members of the \"crocodile,\" or \"Akali,\" order historically created elaborate \"fortress\" types of these objects. On the thirteenth day after the death of the eldest male in a family, one of these objects is transferred to the next oldest male family member. These items are exchanged between friends in the vatuani ceremony. People who don't own these objects must instead use a rumal before they can enter a (*) gurdwara. The kangha is typically tied underneath these objects, which in Punjabi are called dastaar or pagh, and serve to conceal the kesh. After being baptized into the khalsa, all men are required to wear these objects. For 10 points, name these distinctive pieces of headgear in Sikhism.", "answer": "Sikh turbans [or pagh before mentioned; or dastaar before mentioned; or pagri before \"pagh\" is read]", "page": "Turban", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117457, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151176, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 256], [257, 323], [324, 421], [422, 552], [553, 634], [635, 703]], "first_sentence": "Members of the \"crocodile,\" or \"Akali,\" order historically created elaborate \"fortress\" types of these objects.", "answer_prompt": "or pagh before mentioned; or dastaar before mentioned; or pagri before \"pagh\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In this film, a housekeeper named Anna notices the protagonist sneaking around upstairs by seeing his reflection in the glare of a TV screen. At its climax, the shot transitions from the male lead pulling up his love interest from the edge of a cliff to him helping her onto a bed in a Pullman car. Early in this film, the hero liquored up at the house of UN diplomat Lester Townsend. The protagonist gets out of a jam by punching a man and getting arrested at an auction also attended by (*) Phillip Vandamm and his lover, played by Eva Marie Saint. In one iconic scene, the protagonist, an oft-divorced ad exec played by Cary Grant, is almost run-down by a crop duster. For 10 points, name this Alfred Hitchcock film which ends with a descent of Mount Rushmore.", "answer": "North by Northwest", "page": "North_by_Northwest", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117456, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151177, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 298], [299, 384], [385, 550], [551, 671], [672, 763]], "first_sentence": "In this film, a housekeeper named Anna notices the protagonist sneaking around upstairs by seeing his reflection in the glare of a TV screen.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A ring of this organ's tissue constricts a nearby structure in a rare \"annular\" condition. A form of amyloidosis known as IAPP is frequently seen in diseased forms of this organ. The Golgi apparati of many cells in this organ contain C-peptide, which converts a protein made here to its active form. The centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts in this organ respond to the hormone secretin, enabling this structure to release bicarbonate. This organ's duct joins the common (*) bile duct just prior to the Ampulla of Vater. Like the salivary glands, this organ makes amylase. Cells in this organ are destroyed in type 1 diabetes. For 10 points, name this digestive organ whose beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin.", "answer": "pancreas", "page": "Pancreas", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117455, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151178, "tokenizations": [[0, 90], [91, 178], [179, 299], [300, 440], [441, 525], [526, 577], [578, 631], [632, 734]], "first_sentence": "A ring of this organ's tissue constricts a nearby structure in a rare \"annular\" condition.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An author with this surname penned a line beginning \"All true histories contain instruction\", which opens a novel in which the flirty Rosalie regrets marrying Lord Ashby. That author created a character who helps Nancy Brown read the Bible, during which she meets her future husband Edward Weston, and works as a governess for the Bloomfield and Murray families. Another author with this surname wrote a novel that includes the dogs Fanny, who is hanged during the elopement of its owner Isabella, and (*) Skulker, who bites a girl at Thrushcross Grange. Nelly Dean tells Mr. Lockwood the history of the Earnshaw family and its adopted member Heathcliff in a novel by that author. For 10 points, give the surname shared by the authors of Agnes Grey and Wuthering Heights.", "answer": "Bronte\u0308 [or Anne Bronte\u0308; or Emily Bronte\u0308; prompt on (Acton or Ellis) Bell]", "page": "Emily_Bront\u00eb", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117454, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151179, "tokenizations": [[0, 170], [171, 362], [363, 554], [555, 680], [681, 771]], "first_sentence": "An author with this surname penned a line beginning \"All true histories contain instruction\", which opens a novel in which the flirty Rosalie regrets marrying Lord Ashby.", "answer_prompt": "or Anne Bronte\u0308; or Emily Bronte\u0308; prompt on (Acton or Ellis) Bell", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An event named for these objects was instigated by the secret Council of Sixteen and resulted in the issuance of the Edict of Union. Jaroslaw Dabrowski (YA-row-slav da-BROV-ski) died on one of these objects during the \"Bloody Week.\" Many of them were built following the end of the \"banquets campaign.\" The Mobile Guard destroyed many of these structures erected after the closing of the National Workshops. Henry, Duke of Guise, seized power on the so-called (*) \"Day\" of these structures. Victor Hugo's experience traversing these structures inspired the battle scenes in Les Miserables. These structures were used to block troops during events like the June Days and the February Revolution. For 10 points, name these makeshift fortifications that were often built during Parisian revolutions.", "answer": "barricades [or barrier; or blockade; or roadblock", "page": "Barricades", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117453, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151180, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 231], [231, 301], [301, 407], [408, 490], [491, 589], [590, 694], [695, 796]], "first_sentence": "An event named for these objects was instigated by the secret Council of Sixteen and resulted in the issuance of the Edict of Union.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Two participants in this event converted to Christianity after getting Matthew Quintal drunk and murdering him with a hatchet. A participant in this event named his son \"Thursday October\" because he sought \"no name that will remind me of England.\" This event took place after a five-month layover during a breadfruit gathering expedition, and it forced a man to cover four thousand miles in an open (*) boat to reach safety. The HMS Pandora was sent to arrest the participants in this event, but ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef afterwards. Fletcher Christian led this revolt, many of whose participants ended up in Tahiti or Pitcairn Island. For 10 points, name this 1789 insurrection on a ship captained by William Bligh in the south Pacific", "answer": "mutiny on the Bounty [or Bounty rebellion; accept any answers indicating that this is an uprising on the HMS Bounty; accept HMS Bounty after \"insurrection\" is read]", "page": "Mutiny_on_the_Bounty", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117452, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151181, "tokenizations": [[0, 126], [127, 247], [248, 424], [425, 545], [546, 647], [648, 748]], "first_sentence": "Two participants in this event converted to Christianity after getting Matthew Quintal drunk and murdering him with a hatchet.", "answer_prompt": "or Bounty rebellion; accept any answers indicating that this is an uprising on the HMS Bounty; accept HMS Bounty after \"insurrection\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "After hearing that a man is crying, a character in this play replies: \"Then he's living.\" A character in this play tells a story about an Englishman frustrated that it took God only six days to create the world, when his tailor needs three months to make a pair of trousers. Another character in this play bestows the nickname \"Old stancher\" upon the large, bloodstained handkerchief covering his face. An (*) elderly couple who lost their legs in a biking accident in the Ardennes and live inside trash cans, named Nagg and Nell, torment their wheelchair-bound son and his always-standing servant in this play. For 10 points, name this one-act play about Hamm and Clov with a chess-inspired title, written by Samuel Beckett.", "answer": "Endgame [or Fin de partie]", "page": "Endgame_(play)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117451, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151182, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 274], [275, 402], [403, 611], [612, 725]], "first_sentence": "After hearing that a man is crying, a character in this play replies: \"Then he's living.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Fin de partie", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A dramatic cantata by this composer based on Jerusalem Delivered is often cited as the first use of tremolo and pizzicato in orchestral music. That piece appears in a series' eighth book, which is divided into songs of love and songs of war. Together with his brother Giulio Cesare, this composer advocated a new style in which words governed the music, a style he referred to as the (*) seconda pratica. He wrote a total of nine books of madrigals, and his last opera chronicles how the mistress of Nerone becomes Empress of Rome. For 10 points, name this Italian composer who is generally considered to mark the beginning of the Baroque era, and who wrote the operas The Coronation of Poppea and L'Orfeo.", "answer": "Claudio Monteverdi", "page": "Claudio_Monteverdi", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117450, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151183, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 241], [242, 404], [405, 531], [532, 706]], "first_sentence": "A dramatic cantata by this composer based on Jerusalem Delivered is often cited as the first use of tremolo and pizzicato in orchestral music.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "According to one thinker, this pair of concepts took on their present meaning after a process of ressentiment took hold among people akin to weak lambs being preyed upon by eagles. That same philosopher attributed the rise of this conceptual dichotomy to \"three Jews,\" namely Jesus, Peter, and Paul. These concepts partly title a book which lauds the \"free spirit\" and opens by comparing past philosophers to inept seducers, asking \"Suppose Truth is a (*) woman -- what then?\" According to The Genealogy of Morals, the \"slave morality\" based itself around these two concepts after it removed master morality's concept of \"the bad.\" For 10 p", "answer": "good and evil [or Gut und Bose; prompt on morals or slave morality until \"title\"; do NOT accept answers including \"bad\" or \"not good\"; do NOT accept answers including \"right\" and \"wrong\"]", "page": "Good_and_Evil", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117449, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151184, "tokenizations": [[0, 180], [181, 299], [300, 476], [477, 631], [632, 640]], "first_sentence": "According to one thinker, this pair of concepts took on their present meaning after a process of ressentiment took hold among people akin to weak lambs being preyed upon by eagles.", "answer_prompt": "or Gut und Bose; prompt on morals or slave morality until \"title\"; do NOT accept answers including \"bad\" or \"not good\"; do NOT accept answers including \"right\" and \"wrong\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An instructor peers over the shoulder of a woman in the center of a Samuel Morse painting set in one of these places. The light and temperature of one of these places varied as part of Olafur Eliasson's The Weather Project. A man symbolically puts Louis XIV to rest by packing up a crate in one of these places in the painting Gersaint's Shop Sign by Jean-Antoine Watteau. One of these places was filled with millions of porcelain sunflower seeds by Ai Weiwei (\"eye\" way-way) and is called (*) Turbine Hall. One in Washington, DC is split between a neoclassical west building and an east building designed by I. M. Pei, who also designed a glass pyramid that is outside of one of these places in Paris. For 10 points, name these locations that include the Tate Modern and the Louvre.", "answer": "art gallery [or salon or art museum, or art store before \"shop\" is mentioned; prompt on museum; prompt on hall or Turbine hall until mentioned]", "page": "Art_Gallery", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117447, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151186, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 223], [224, 372], [373, 507], [508, 702], [703, 783]], "first_sentence": "An instructor peers over the shoulder of a woman in the center of a Samuel Morse painting set in one of these places.", "answer_prompt": "or salon or art museum, or art store before \"shop\" is mentioned; prompt on museum; prompt on hall or Turbine hall until mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This quantity multiplies residence time in the Damko\u0308hler number, and is divided by the diffusivity in the Thiele modulus. The exponential of one-half, times the square root of eight times Boltzmann's constant over pi, appears in a classical derivation for this quantity. The kinetic isotope effect is a ratio of these quantities. This quantity has units of molarity to the one minus n, over seconds, where n is the (*) order. The natural logarithm of two, divided by this quantity, equals the half-life. According to collision theory, this quantity equals a pre-exponential factor times e to the negative activation energy, over RT, by the Arrhenius equation. For 10 points, name this constant which measures how quickly a reaction occurs.", "answer": "reaction rate constant [prompt on reaction rate; prompt on k]", "page": "Reaction_rate_constant", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117446, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151187, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 187], [188, 270], [271, 329], [330, 425], [426, 503], [504, 659], [660, 739]], "first_sentence": "This quantity multiplies residence time in the Damk\u00f6hler number, and is divided by the diffusivity in the Thiele modulus.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on reaction rate; prompt on k", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Goods produced by this ethnic group were carried by the ship United Kalavryta, which was stuck in legal limbo for six months off the coast of Texas in 2014. Photographer Jacob Russell captured many images of female fighters of this ethnic group within a force whose name means \"one who faces death.\" These people, who made up a plurality of the short lived Mahabad Republic after World War II, have yet to carry out a (*) self-rule referendum proposed by Masoud Barzani. Soldiers from this ethnic group's peshmerga force helped defend the city of Kobani against an ISIS siege. In Halabja, thousands of people of this ethnic group were killed in a gas attack orchestrated by Saddam Hussein. For 10 points, name this ethnic group concentrated in Turkey and Northern Iraq.", "answer": "Kurds [or Iraqi Kurds; do not prompt on just \"Iraqis\"]", "page": "Kurds", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117445, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151188, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [157, 299], [300, 470], [471, 576], [577, 689], [690, 769]], "first_sentence": "Goods produced by this ethnic group were carried by the ship United Kalavryta, which was stuck in legal limbo for six months off the coast of Texas in 2014.", "answer_prompt": "or Iraqi Kurds; do not prompt on just \"Iraqis\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Integrity checking can be used to identify a type of these things that operate at Ring 0. Some of these things use a polymorphic engine to obscure their signature. A recent example of these things called Cryptolocker encrypted file contents. They're often used to create large numbers of zombies and particularly hard to detect examples of these entities are called (*) rootkits. Melissa was one of many of these things that took advantage of macros, but more modern examples of them often use zero-day exploits reported to the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures index. These programs are studied by Kapersky Lab and one of them called Stuxnet was used against the Iranian nuclear program. For 10 points, name these types of malware.", "answer": "computer virus [or worm; or trojan horse; or backdoor; or adware; or scareware; or ransomware; or spyware; or keystroker; or malware or rootkit until they are read; prompt on exploits]", "page": "Computer_Virus", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117444, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151189, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 163], [164, 241], [242, 379], [380, 571], [572, 691], [692, 735]], "first_sentence": "Integrity checking can be used to identify a type of these things that operate at Ring 0.", "answer_prompt": "or worm; or trojan horse; or backdoor; or adware; or scareware; or ransomware; or spyware; or keystroker; or malware or rootkit until they are read; prompt on exploits", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This party worked with the COD, an organization whose members included Helen Joseph and the lawyer Bram Fischer. This organization's Programme of Action was replaced by a document which states \"we the people shall govern!\", its Freedom Charter. 156 members of this party were acquitted at the Treason Trial, which inspired Oliver Tambo to leave the country and lead this party from exile. A member of this party declared \"I am prepared to die\" at the Rivonia Trial. The (*) Church Street bombing was carried out by this party's armed wing known as Umkhonto we Sizwe, which was originally formed in response to the Sharpeville Massacre. A leader of this party was imprisoned for 27 years on Robben Island. For 10 points, name this South African political party once led by Nelson Mandela.", "answer": "ANC [or African National Congress] ", "page": "ANC", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117443, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151190, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 222], [222, 244], [245, 388], [389, 465], [466, 635], [636, 704], [705, 787]], "first_sentence": "This party worked with the COD, an organization whose members included Helen Joseph and the lawyer Bram Fischer.", "answer_prompt": "or African National Congress", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Sinapinic acid is most commonly used for this procedure. It often requires helium to be pumped into a collision cell in an intermediate step. This technique is done twice in a row, or in tandem, to sequence proteins. In a common method of prepping this procedure, a laser is fired at a matrix to desorb a sample. The output of this procedure is commonly shown as a bar graph with an M+1 signal right next to the (*) base peak, which is the radical cation formed in this procedure's first step. This technique measures the abundance of each m-over-z ratio in a sample by subjecting fragments to a magnetic field. For 10 points, name this form of spectrometry which distinguishes between isotopes because of the difference in ions' molecular weights.", "answer": "mass spectrometry", "page": "Mass_spectrometry", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117442, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151191, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 216], [217, 312], [313, 493], [494, 611], [612, 748]], "first_sentence": "Sinapinic acid is most commonly used for this procedure. It often requires helium to be pumped into a collision cell in an intermediate step.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of a novel by this author has a sister who goes into a near-catatonic state named for the \"13th Zodiac sign\" of the Starfish. A mother discovers an African-American washerwoman's baby buried alive in her garden in a novel by this author in which an Eastern-European immigrant who makes paper silhouettes becomes a \"baron\" in the animation industry. This man based Paul and Rochelle Isaacson's (*) execution on that of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for his novel The Book of Daniel. After his Model T Ford is destroyed by firemen, Coalhouse Walker becomes a terrorist in a novel by this author that includes historical characters such as J.P. Morgan and Harry Houdini. For 10 points, name this American author of Ragtime.", "answer": "E. L. Doctorow [or Edgar Lawrence Doctorow]", "page": "E._L._Doctorow", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117441, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151192, "tokenizations": [[0, 141], [142, 364], [365, 474], [475, 494], [495, 680], [681, 733]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of a novel by this author has a sister who goes into a near-catatonic state named for the \"13th Zodiac sign\" of the Starfish.", "answer_prompt": "or Edgar Lawrence Doctorow", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Erik Satie's Dessicated Embryos parodies a piano sonata of this number, although it falsely claims to be an homage to Schubert. Brahms's string sextet of this number contains a recurring musical cryptogram that spells out the name \"Agathe\" (A-ga-ta), and is the last such sextet he wrote. A chord based on the scale degree of this number is called \"supertonic\". Chopin's nocturne of this number from his opus 9 is in E-flat and is his most popular, while his (*) piano sonata of this number is in B-flat minor and is best-known for its third-movement funeral march. Mahler's symphony of this number is called \"Resurrection.\" For 10 points, give this minimum number of notes required to make a musical interval and the number of violins in a standard string quartet.", "answer": "two [or obvious equivalents, such as second]", "page": "TWO", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117440, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151193, "tokenizations": [[0, 127], [128, 288], [289, 361], [362, 565], [566, 624], [625, 765]], "first_sentence": "Erik Satie's Dessicated Embryos parodies a piano sonata of this number, although it falsely claims to be an homage to Schubert.", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents, such as second", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A unique type of these objects that has absorption lines greater than a thousand kilometers per second in width is the BAL, or broad-asborption line, type. Intense gravitational lensing creates four images of one of these objects in the Einstein cross. These objects are useful for studying density fluctuations in the early universe because their radiation is absorbed by intergalactic clouds and galaxies, creating a (*) forest of lines blueward of their Lyman-alpha line. It's conjectured that these objects having their relativistic jets pointed at Earth explains blazars. These active galactic nuclei are powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes. For 10 points, what most energetic objects in the universe are also called quasi-stellar radio sources?", "answer": "quasars [or quasi-stellar radio sources or QSOs until \"quasi-stellar\" is read]", "page": "Quasar", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117439, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151194, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 252], [253, 474], [475, 576], [577, 661], [662, 765]], "first_sentence": "A unique type of these objects that has absorption lines greater than a thousand kilometers per second in width is the BAL, or broad-asborption line, type.", "answer_prompt": "or quasi-stellar radio sources or QSOs until \"quasi-stellar\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This island is home to a giant who has a single nail that keeps shut a blood vein running from his ankle to his head. Two men from this island quarrel for the affection of Miletus. A plague is brought to this island by a king who sacrifices the first living thing he sees after returning from Troy. This island is the home of the bronze giant Talos and the king Idomeneus. After this island's champion Androgeus wins a (*) sporting event, it demands annual sacrifices from Athens. A hero that travels to this island is given a ball of yarn by Ariadne in order to navigate an impossible structure designed by Daedalus. For 10 points, name this Greek island home to the Labyrinth, which Theseus navigates to slay the Minotaur.", "answer": "Crete [or Knossos]", "page": "Crete", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117438, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151195, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 180], [181, 298], [299, 372], [373, 480], [481, 617], [618, 724]], "first_sentence": "This island is home to a giant who has a single nail that keeps shut a blood vein running from his ankle to his head.", "answer_prompt": "or Knossos", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Around this river, Henry Walter Bates's decade-long study of butterflies led to a pioneering biology paper on mimicry. This river's basin contains large amounts of charcoal-rich terra preta soil. This river is home to an aquatic mammal which turns pink when excited, a dolphin called the boto. This largest habitat of the bony-tongued arapaima fish joins a darker-colored tributary at the (*) Meeting of Waters after a sandy-colored upper section often called the Solimoes. It empties into the ocean near Marajo Island and rises near Iquitos, the largest city in the world inaccessible by road. The Rio Negro, which rises in Colombia, joins this river at the rainforest city of Manaus. For 10 points, name this longest river in South America.", "answer": "Amazon River", "page": "Amazon_River", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117437, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151196, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 195], [196, 293], [294, 473], [474, 594], [595, 685], [686, 742]], "first_sentence": "Around this river, Henry Walter Bates's decade-long study of butterflies led to a pioneering biology paper on mimicry.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The worst case runtime of Floyd's algorithm is a cubic function based on the number of these objects in the input. An articulation type of one of these things creates at least one new component and is more commonly called the \"cut\" type of these things. One of Karp's 21 problems involves finding the minimum number of these things that form a cover. An alternative to the Bellman-Ford algorithm repeatedly checks to see if a new (*) distance to one of these things is less than the best known distance. The cities in the NP-Hard traveling salesman problem generalize to these mathematical constructs. The shortest path between all of these things is found by Dijkstra's algorithm. For 10 points, name these structural elements of a graph that are connected by edges.", "answer": " vertices [or vertex; or nodes; or points", "page": "Vertex_(graph_theory)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117370, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151263, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 253], [254, 350], [351, 503], [504, 601], [602, 681], [682, 767]], "first_sentence": "The worst case runtime of Floyd's algorithm is a cubic function based on the number of these objects in the input.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "William Pitt the Younger unsuccessfully pursued an armament policy against this country as part of the Triple Alliance. This country warmly received the explorer Richard Chancellor. Ramsay MacDonald's Labor Party lost the 1924 general election in part due to a controversial and probably forged letter written by a government official from this country. Its navy accidentally fired on some British fishing vessels in the (*) Dogger Bank incident. In the Great Game, this country and the United Kingdom vied for supremacy of Central Asia. In the 16th century, this country granted trade privileges to England at its port of Arkhangelsk. For 10 points, name this country that opened trade relations with England during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.", "answer": "Russia [or the Soviet Union or USSR] ", "page": "Russia", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117369, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151264, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 181], [182, 353], [354, 446], [447, 537], [538, 635], [636, 748]], "first_sentence": "William Pitt the Younger unsuccessfully pursued an armament policy against this country as part of the Triple Alliance.", "answer_prompt": "or the Soviet Union or USSR", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one novel written in this language, the death of Colonel Delmare causes Ralph to abandon the suicide pact made with his lover Indiana. Another novel written in this language ends with the protagonist's severed head being buried in a cave inside of which is a shrine made of marble. One author who wrote in this language wrote A Winter in Majorca, which recounts her passionate affair with a (*) composer. This language was used to write a novel in which the son of a woodcutter falls in love with Mathilde de la Mole and struggles between choosing the army or the clergy. That novel in this language, which depicts the rise and fall of Julien Sorel, is The Red and the Black. For 10 points, name this language used by George Sand and Stendhal.", "answer": "French [or Francais] ", "page": "French_language", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117368, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151265, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 256], [257, 284], [285, 407], [408, 574], [575, 678], [679, 746]], "first_sentence": "In one novel written in this language, the death of Colonel Delmare causes Ralph to abandon the suicide pact made with his lover Indiana.", "answer_prompt": "or Francais", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This woman is advised to remain silent while passing old women weaving and a lame man driving a mule laden with sticks, and has sleep extracted from her face and placed in a box. This woman births the goddess of sensual pleasure, a companion of the Graces named Voluptas. This woman, whose story was first told in Apuleius's The Golden Ass, slips from a dragon-infested cliff from which black water pours, lets briers collect the golden (*) wool of the Sun, and receives a crust of bread after accepting the aid of insects who sort a huge pile of grains for her. Her envious sisters convince her to sneak in a lamp to a liaison with her lover, betraying her promise to never look upon his face. For 10 points, name this nemesis of Venus, a woman who falls in love with Cupid.", "answer": "Psyche", "page": "Cupid_and_Psyche", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117367, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151266, "tokenizations": [[0, 178], [179, 271], [272, 562], [563, 694], [695, 775]], "first_sentence": "This woman is advised to remain silent while passing old women weaving and a lame man driving a mule laden with sticks, and has sleep extracted from her face and placed in a box.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A recent exhibit of this artist's \"Regrets\" at the MoMA was inspired by a beat-up photo of Lucian (LOO-see-un) Freud owned by Francis Bacon. He exhibited his Number Paintings with Leo Castelli after being discovered in Robert Rauschenberg's studio. The names of loosely delineated states are stenciled onto his painting Map. A canvas by this artist, with five-inch-thick paint, plays with perspective so that the closest of the three superimposed objects appears smallest. That thick paint was made with (*) encaustic, which this artist also employed in his paintings of targets surrounded by plaster casts. His first painting of a recurring subject features 48 stars on a blue field, increased to 50 in later versions. For 10 points, name this American Pop artist of Three Flags.", "answer": "Jasper Johns", "page": "Jasper_Johns", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117366, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151267, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 248], [249, 324], [325, 472], [473, 607], [608, 719], [720, 780]], "first_sentence": "A recent exhibit of this artist's \"Regrets\" at the MoMA was inspired by a beat-up photo of Lucian (LOO-see-un) Freud owned by Francis Bacon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "As an outlet for his work, this composer founded a namesake ensemble comprised of three keyboards, some winds, and a soprano who generally only sings solfege. This composer wrote the score to a film in which the liftoff of a Saturn V rocket is followed by footage of an Atlas rocket exploding; an earlier section of that score contains the song \"Pruitt Igoe.\" (*) Time-lapse images comprise much of that film titled after the Hopi word for \"life out of balance.\" This composer wrote a \"Portrait Trilogy\" of operas and, along with Steve Reich, John Adams, and Terry Riley, is one of the major American minimalists. For 10 points, name this composer of the score for Koyaanisqatsi and the opera Einstein on the Beach.", "answer": " Philip Glass [or Philip Morris Glass] ", "page": "Philip_Glass", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117365, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151268, "tokenizations": [[0, 158], [159, 359], [360, 461], [461, 462], [463, 613], [614, 715]], "first_sentence": "As an outlet for his work, this composer founded a namesake ensemble comprised of three keyboards, some winds, and a soprano who generally only sings solfege.", "answer_prompt": "or Philip Morris Glass", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author opened a critical guide to appreciating literature with the \"parable of the sunfish\". He reused the meter from his translation of The Seafarer to create a version of the nekuia from the Odyssey for a poem that precedes one in which the speaker tells Robert Browning to \"hang it all\" because \"there can be but the one Sordello\". This author of The ABC of Reading wrote about a man whose \"true (*) Penelope was Flaubert\" and who seeks to \"resuscitate the dead art of poetry\" in his poem \"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\". Sections named for John Adams, Pisa, and a \"Rock-Drill\" are included in a collection by this author, whose study of Chinese characters inspired his development of Imagism. For 10 points, name this fascist American poet of The Cantos.", "answer": "Ezra Pound [or Ezra Weston Loomis Pound] ", "page": "Ezra_Pound", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117364, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151269, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 339], [340, 521], [522, 693], [694, 755]], "first_sentence": "This author opened a critical guide to appreciating literature with the \"parable of the sunfish\".", "answer_prompt": "or Ezra Weston Loomis Pound", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The instigator of this event describes angels that \"lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.\" After this event ends, it is noted that \"angels came and attended\" its subject. Milton's Paradise Regained dramatizes this event from the Gospel of Luke, which ends when its subject declares \"Do not put the Lord your God to the test.\" The narrative of this event immediately follows that of the (*) baptism of Jesus, and occurs after Jesus spends forty days fasting in the desert. During this event, Jesus is instructed to turn stones into bread, to leap off of the highest point of the temple, and to bow down and worship the devil. For 10 points, identify this event in which the devil attempts to influence Jesus to sin.", "answer": "the temptation of Jesus Christ [or answers akin to the testing of Jesus; prompt on Jesus in the desert for forty days or similar answers before \"forty days\" is read] ", "page": "Temptation_of_Christ", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117363, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151270, "tokenizations": [[0, 135], [136, 215], [216, 369], [369, 516], [517, 669], [670, 759]], "first_sentence": "The instigator of this event describes angels that \"lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.\"", "answer_prompt": "or answers akin to the testing of Jesus; prompt on Jesus in the desert for forty days or similar answers before \"forty days\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of this compound has erythrocyte, liver, and muscle isoforms, and is deficient in a condition that creates \"burr cells.\" An oxidized lipoate species with a \"swinging arm\" is attacked by an anionic carbon in a TPP cofactor in the three-enzyme complex that dehydrogenates this compound. This compound's carboxylase catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate in the first step of (*) gluconeogenesis. In anaerobic conditions, NAD+ can be regenerated by converting this compound to lactate. In respiration, this compound is made into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle. For 10 points, name this three-carbon compound that is the end-product of glycolysis.", "answer": "pyruvate [or pyruvic acid] ", "page": "Pyruvic_acid", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117362, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151271, "tokenizations": [[0, 159], [160, 323], [324, 433], [434, 522], [523, 618], [619, 704]], "first_sentence": "An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of this compound has erythrocyte, liver, and muscle isoforms, and is deficient in a condition that creates \"burr cells.\"", "answer_prompt": "or pyruvic acid", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a posthumously published collection of this man's poems, Andrew Marvell attacked critics as \"Word-peckers, Paper-rats,\" and \"Book-scorpions\". His poem addressed to Charles Cotton describes how \"The joys of earth and air are thine entire\". This author of \"The Grasshopper\" ended another poem with the couplet \"I could not love thee, Dear, so much, / Loved I not honor more\". \"Enlarged wings that curl the flood\" and \"fishes that (*) tipple in the deep\" are among the things that \"know no such liberty\" according to a poem by this man that also includes the famous line \"Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage\". For 10 points, name this Cavalier poet of \"To Lucasta, Going to the Wars\" and \"To Althea from Prison\". ", "answer": "Richard Lovelace ", "page": "Richard_Lovelace_(poet)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117361, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151272, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 181], [182, 241], [242, 310], [311, 351], [352, 376], [377, 628], [629, 731]], "first_sentence": "In a posthumously published collection of this man's poems, Andrew Marvell attacked critics as \"Word-peckers, Paper-rats,\" and \"Book-scorpions\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This mountain range is home to the shortest known viper, which grows to be just over a foot long, and to a species of gazelle named for naturalist George Cuvier. The Kabyle people, who build villages in a high section of these mountains, were studied by cultural sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Ouarzazate is a city high in a western \"Anti-\" section of this range, whose easternmost portion is called the (*) Aur\u00c3\u00a8s region. The Ourika and Draa Rivers flow through part of this range, which is separated by the Sebou River from the Rif region to its northwest. This range's highest peak is Jebel Toubkal. The highlands south of this range contain the city of Marrakesh, which was founded by Berbers. For 10 points, name this mountain range spanning Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria.", "answer": "Atlas Mountains [accept Tell Atlas until \"Anti-\"] ", "page": "Atlas_Mountains", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117360, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151273, "tokenizations": [[0, 161], [162, 291], [292, 419], [420, 555], [556, 599], [600, 694], [695, 773]], "first_sentence": "This mountain range is home to the shortest known viper, which grows to be just over a foot long, and to a species of gazelle named for naturalist George Cuvier.", "answer_prompt": "accept Tell Atlas until \"Anti-\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This is the family name most commonly used to refer to the politician who tried to stop the repeal of a law banning female displays of wealth, the Lex Oppia, who shared the consulship with his mentor Lucius Valerius Flaccus, and wrote the Origines, the first prose history in Latin. This is also the family name of the politician who, after hearing about the Republican defeat at the Battle of Thapsus, committed suicide in Utica, and rallied the (*) Optimates in opposing the agricultural reforms pushed by Julius Caesar. The earlier Roman politician with this name ended every speech, no matter the topic, with the phrase \"Carthago Delenda Est,\" meaning \"Carthage must be destroyed.\" For 10 points, give this name shared by an Elder and Younger Roman Republic statesman.", "answer": " Cato [or Cato the Elder; or Cato the Younger; or Marcus Porcius Cato; or Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis] ", "page": "CATO", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117359, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151274, "tokenizations": [[0, 282], [283, 522], [523, 684], [684, 772]], "first_sentence": "This is the family name most commonly used to refer to the politician who tried to stop the repeal of a law banning female displays of wealth, the Lex Oppia, who shared the consulship with his mentor Lucius Valerius Flaccus, and wrote the Origines, the first prose history in Latin.", "answer_prompt": "or Cato the Elder; or Cato the Younger; or Marcus Porcius Cato; or Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Measuring this value for a semiconductor is done with a four-point probe and allows one to determine the concentration of impurities. A device first fabricated at HP Labs using a thin film of titanium dioxide has a value for this quantity that depends on the history of current in the device. After the turn-on voltage, an ideal diode has a value of zero for this quantity. An unknown value of this quantity can be found by setting up a diamond shape and adjusting until there's no voltage drop across the bridge, a method popularized by Charles (*) Wheatstone. This quantity is the real part of impedance. For a wire this quantity equals rho times length over cross-sectional area, where rho is the inverse of the conductivity. This quantity adds when its namesake circuit elements are placed in series. For 10 points, what quantity is equal to voltage divided by current, by Ohm's law?", "answer": "resistance [or R; or resistivity or rho until \"impedance\" is read] ", "page": "R\u00e9sistance", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117358, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151275, "tokenizations": [[0, 133], [134, 292], [293, 373], [374, 561], [562, 606], [607, 728], [729, 804], [805, 887]], "first_sentence": "Measuring this value for a semiconductor is done with a four-point probe and allows one to determine the concentration of impurities.", "answer_prompt": "or R; or resistivity or rho until \"impedance\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua was jailed for facilitating Pierre Falcone's arms shipments to this country. Secret U.S. military aid to this country was prohibited by the Clark Amendment. Cuban troops deployed to this country fought in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale during a war interrupted by the Bicesse Accords. This country's northern border was home to Holden Roberto's FNLA during its war of independence. Its 26-year-long (*) civil war pitted Agostinho Neto's MPLA, which was mostly funded by oil revenue, against Jonas Savimbi's UNITA, which was mostly funded by the sale of diamonds. Eduardo dos Santos currently leads this country. For 10 points, name this African country, a former Portugese colony with a capital at Luanda.", "answer": "Angola", "page": "Angola", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117357, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151276, "tokenizations": [[0, 116], [117, 196], [197, 323], [324, 420], [421, 601], [602, 650], [651, 744]], "first_sentence": "French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua was jailed for facilitating Pierre Falcone's arms shipments to this country.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel complains to the Duchess of Monmouth that \"the man who could call a spade a spade should be compelled to use one\". This novel's preface states that \"dislike of realism is the rage of Caliban upon seeing his own face\" before stating \"all art is quite useless\". A sailor in this novel overhears a man being called \"Prince Charming\", though that man's (*) youthful face puts off the sailor's accusations that he was responsible for the suicide of the Shakespearean actress Sibyl Vane. The painter Basil Hallward is murdered by this novel's protagonist, who is mentored by Lord Henry Wotton. For 10 points, name this novel whose title portrait ages and becomes disfigured in place of its hedonistic subject, written by Oscar Wilde. ", "answer": "The Picture of Dorian Gray", "page": "The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117356, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151277, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 285], [286, 376], [376, 507], [508, 613], [614, 753]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel complains to the Duchess of Monmouth that \"the man who could call a spade a spade should be compelled to use one\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the late 1950s, Lacey and Lacey's studies of responses to this phenomenon introduced the concept of \"individual response-stereotypy.\" Modern understanding of this concept began in studies of a three-stage condition called GAS, or General Adaptation Syndrome, by Hans Selye (SEL-yay). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures the likelihood that this condition has been caused by major life events. It's not heart disease, but lower incidence of this thing distinguishes (*) \"Type B\" personalities from \"Type A\" personalities. The long-term type of this response results in release of the hormone cortisol. Lazarus and Folkman's first study of \"coping responses\"defined them as reactions to this condition. For 10 points, name this psychological response to disturbing stimuli.", "answer": "stress response", "page": "Stress_response", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117355, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151278, "tokenizations": [[0, 136], [137, 286], [287, 405], [406, 533], [534, 613], [614, 713], [714, 784]], "first_sentence": "In the late 1950s, Lacey and Lacey's studies of responses to this phenomenon introduced the concept of \"individual response-stereotypy.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man was followed around without his consent by journalist Gay Talese for several months as Talese wrote an article for Esquire titled \"[this man] Has a Cold\". He re-recorded a version of the song \"High Hopes\" to support a presidential campaign. Gennadi Gerasimov compared one of this man's songs to the Soviet Union's abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine, leading to a (*) new Soviet diplomatic policy named for this man. After helping organize an Inaugural Gala, this musician had a falling out with President Kennedy due to his relationship with the American Mafia. Peter Lawford and Sammy Davis, Jr. joined him in an informal group of performers named the \"Rat Pack.\" For 10 points, name this American singer of \"Theme from New York, New York\" and \"My Way.\" ", "answer": "Frank Sinatra [Francis Albert Sinatra]", "page": "Frank_Sinatra", "category": "Trash", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117354, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151279, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 249], [250, 426], [427, 572], [573, 674], [674, 675], [676, 765]], "first_sentence": "This man was followed around without his consent by journalist Gay Talese for several months as Talese wrote an article for Esquire titled \"[this man] Has a Cold\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Harry Pollitt was a leader of a movement urging non-intervention in this war, known as \"Hands Off\" the country where it took place. In this war;s aftermath, the \"Mad Baron\" Roman von Ungern-Sternberg attempted to establish his own independent state to the south. In this war's eastern front, Alexander Kolchak declared himself \"Supreme Ruler\" shortly before he was imprisoned by the rebellious Czechoslovak Legion. The policy of \"War (*) Communism\" was implemented during this war. After the Allied intervention in this war petered out, Japanese forces continued to occupy Siberia. At a basement in the Ipatiey House in Yekaterinburg during this war, Nicholas II and his family were executed. For 10 points, name this 1917-22 war between White Army and the Bolshevik Red Army. ", "answer": "Russia Civil War [or Grazhdankaya v Rossiy; prompt on Russian Revolution; prompt on October Revolution]", "page": "Russia_Civil_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117353, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151280, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 262], [263, 414], [415, 481], [482, 581], [582, 692], [693, 776]], "first_sentence": "Harry Pollitt was a leader of a movement urging non-intervention in this war, known as \"Hands Off\" the country where it took place.", "answer_prompt": "or Grazhdankaya v Rossiy; prompt on Russian Revolution; prompt on October Revolution", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The second section of this ballet begins with the strings playing persistent eight-note double stops with shifting accents, all down-bow. With assistance from Millicent Hodson, the Joffrey Ballet reconstructed the original choreography from this ballet in 1987. During the story, a series of games is interrupted by the \"Procession of the Wise Elder.\" In the final section of this ballet, which changes meter almost every measure, a (*)chosen victim dances herself to death. An unusually high bassoon solo opens this ballet, which closes with the \"Sacrificial Dance.\" The adventurous music, combined with Vaslay Nijinsky's angular, forceful choreography, caused a riot on the night of the Paris premiere. For 10 points, name his ballet by Igor Stravinsky about pagan Russia.", "answer": "The Rite of Spring or Le Sacre du Printemps or Vesna svyashchennaya", "page": "The_Rite_of_Spring", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117352, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151281, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 261], [262, 351], [352, 474], [475, 567], [568, 704], [705, 774]], "first_sentence": "The second section of this ballet begins with the strings playing persistent eight-note double stops with shifting accents, all down-bow.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In the Argonautica, Polydeuces kills the Bebrycian king Amycus with a pair of these objects made of cowhide. In the Aeneid, Entellus wins a contest using a cestus, an object of this kind. In the Gylfaginning, one of these objects owned by Utgard-Loki turns out to the \"great hall\" in which Thor and his servants had experienced earthquakes during the night. A set of these objects had to be used because a gadfly sent by Loki distracted Brokkr and forced him to make a (*) weapon's handle much shorter than it should have been. The belt Megingjorth, a hammer, and a set of these objects named Jarngreipr are the most important possessions of the Norse god of thunder. For 10 points, name these items of clothing, an iron pair of which enables Thor to grasp Mjolnir", "answer": "gloves [or gauntlets]", "page": "Gloves", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117351, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151282, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 187], [188, 357], [358, 527], [528, 667], [668, 764]], "first_sentence": "In the Argonautica, Polydeuces kills the Bebrycian king Amycus with a pair of these objects made of cowhide.", "answer_prompt": "or gauntlets", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of these author's characters receives an aquamarine bowl at a \"house-heating\" party where he is fired by Dr. Hagen. A character is misled by a magazine that misprints \"mountain\" as \"fountain\" in a story about a woman's near-death experience in one of his novels, while another features a recurring motif in which a hotel where the main characters sleep together and another character's play are among the things called a variant of \"The (*) Enchanted Hunter\". This author who wrote about an employee of Waindell College in Pnin also created Charles Kinbote, who believes himself to be the King of Zembla and provides commentary on a 999-line poem by John Shade. For 10 points, name this author of Pale Fire who wrote about Humbert Humbert in Lolita.", "answer": "Vladimir Nabokov [or Vladimir Vladirmirovich Nabokov]", "page": "Vladimir_Nabokov", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117350, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151283, "tokenizations": [[0, 119], [120, 463], [464, 665], [666, 753]], "first_sentence": "One of these author's characters receives an aquamarine bowl at a \"house-heating\" party where he is fired by Dr. Hagen.", "answer_prompt": "or Vladimir Vladirmirovich Nabokov", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Peptide bonds are reduced by this element in the Lowry assay for protein concentration. Complex IV of the ETC relies on iron and this element exchanging electrons. This element's tetraammine complex is colored indigo, making it a great detector for ammonia. The original high-temperature superconductors were oxides of this element. It only forms +1 and +2 oxidation states. This element and (*) zinc made up a Daniell cell, the prototypical galvanic cell. The standard for electrical conductivity is given relative to this element. This element reacts with carbonates to form verdigris. It alloys with both zinc and tin to make brass and bronze respectively. For 10 points, name this metal found right above silver and gold on the Periodic Table. ", "answer": "copper [or Cu]", "page": "Copper", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117349, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151284, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 163], [164, 257], [258, 332], [333, 374], [375, 456], [457, 532], [533, 587], [588, 659], [660, 747]], "first_sentence": "Peptide bonds are reduced by this element in the Lowry assay for protein concentration.", "answer_prompt": "or Cu", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "During this conflict, Leon Chester Thrasher died on the Falaba. In this war, Ralph Va Deman helped organize groups like the Terrible Threateners into the American Protective League and people volunteered as \"Four Minute Men\"to make short propaganda speeches. The profitable munitions industry of this war was later investigated by the Nye Committee. During this war, the Committee on Public Information was led by (*) George Creel. The U.S. Food Administration was created during this war and was headed by Herbert Hoover. Charles Evans Hughes ran for president a year before America entered this war in response to the Zimmerman Telegram. For 10 points, Woodrow Wilson claimed that \"he kept us out of\" what war in his 1916 presidential campaign?", "answer": "World War I [or First World War; or WWI; or the Great War]", "page": "World_War_I", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117348, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151285, "tokenizations": [[0, 63], [64, 258], [259, 349], [350, 431], [432, 524], [524, 640], [641, 747]], "first_sentence": "During this conflict, Leon Chester Thrasher died on the Falaba.", "answer_prompt": "or First World War; or WWI; or the Great War", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Alexander Kashlinsky used the term \"dark flow\" to describe an unexplained for of this quantity in galaxy clusters. The statistical dispersion of this quantity for an elliptical galaxy is related to its luminosity by the Faber-Jackson relation. This quantity's value relative to a rest frame is called the \"peculiar type of it, and it is not explained by (*) Hubble's Law. The change in this quantity is related to the logarithm of the initial mass divided by the final mass by the rocket equation. By setting the kinetic energy equal tot he potential energy, one can derive the minimum value for this quantity for an object to escape from a body's gravitational field. For 10 points, name this quantity, the time derivative of position.", "answer": "velocity [or motion; or speed] ", "page": "Velocity", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117347, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151286, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 243], [244, 371], [372, 497], [498, 668], [669, 736]], "first_sentence": "Alexander Kashlinsky used the term \"dark flow\" to describe an unexplained for of this quantity in galaxy clusters.", "answer_prompt": "or motion; or speed", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The mnemonic \"CLORPT\" summarizes Hans Jenny's state equation for these materials' formation. Ammonium acetate extraction is a way to measure the cation exchange capacity of these materials. The composition of these materials distinguishes edaphic communities. Their USDA classification has 12 orders, of which inceptisols and entisols are the most common. If their effective stress is near zero, these materials may undergo (*) liquefaction, as when they are saturated. They form from a parent material through the process of pedogenesis. The profiles of these materials are divided into layers called horizons, and they contain decayed organic matter called humus as well as sand and silt. For 10 points, name these mixtures of weathered rock that support plant life.", "answer": "soils", "page": "Soils", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117286, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151347, "tokenizations": [[0, 92], [93, 189], [190, 259], [260, 355], [356, 469], [470, 538], [539, 690], [691, 768]], "first_sentence": "The mnemonic \"CLORPT\" summarizes Hans Jenny's state equation for these materials' formation.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe work named for this genre, a ferryman refuses payment in gold and demands to be paid in vegetables instead. Andrew Lang produced books of twelve different colors which contained these works, including \"Allerleirauh\" (all-err-\"lie\"-rau). In one work of this type, members of the title group stand on top of each other to observe and foil a group of thieves in a cottage. In German, these works are called (*) m\u00c3\u00a4rchen (\"mare\"-chen). In another work in this genre, the title characters are abandoned in the forest by their woodcutter father before they encounter an edible house. For 10 points, name this type of story, examples of which include \"The Town Musicians of Bremen\" and \"Hansel and Gretel\", which appear in a collection by the Brothers Grimm.", "answer": "fairy tales [or folk tales; accept M\u00c3\u00a4rchen before mention; do not accept \"fables\"] ", "page": "Fairy_Tales", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117285, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151348, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 268], [269, 401], [402, 462], [463, 608], [609, 782]], "first_sentence": "In a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe work named for this genre, a ferryman refuses payment in gold and demands to be paid in vegetables instead.", "answer_prompt": "or folk tales; accept M\u00c3\u00a4rchen before mention; do not accept \"fables\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Along with chlorophyll and three iron-sulfur proteins, a form of this compound serves as an early electron acceptor in photosystem I, and is known as phylloquinone. In animals, this compound serves as a cofactor for reactions that gamma-carboxylate glutamate receptors into Gla receptors. The epoxide form of this vitamin is reduced by an enzyme targeted by the drug (*) Warfarin. This vitamin, which is abundant in green leafy vegetables, is needed to activate factors II, VII, IX, and X, and along with vitamins A, D, and E, it is fat- soluble. Hematomas and bruising can result from a deficiency of this vitamin, which is symptomatically similar to hemophilia. For 10 points, name this vitamin important for blood clotting.", "answer": "Vitamin K [or phylloquinone before mentioned; or menaquinones]", "page": "Vitamin_K", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117284, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151349, "tokenizations": [[0, 164], [165, 288], [289, 368], [368, 380], [381, 546], [547, 663], [664, 726]], "first_sentence": "Along with chlorophyll and three iron-sulfur proteins, a form of this compound serves as an early electron acceptor in photosystem I, and is known as phylloquinone.", "answer_prompt": "or phylloquinone before mentioned; or menaquinones", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During this campaign, William Scurry invented a self-firing \"drip\" rifle whose trigger was attached to a tin can. After the Battle of Scimitar Hill ended this campaign's failed August Offensive, Charles Monro replaced Ian Hamilton as Allied commander. At its beginning, minefields sank three Allied warships, prompting landings at Kum Kale and Cape Helles to clear surrounding artillery. It forced (*) Winston Churchill to resign as First Lord of the Admiralty and inflicted heavy casualties upon New Zealander and Australian forces, who are remembered on ANZAC Day. The Allied forces in this campaign were repelled by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. For 10 points, name this failed amphibious campaign against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. ", "answer": "Gallipoli Campaign [accept anything that mentions Gallipoli; accept Dardanelles Campaign; accept Battle of Canakkale] ", "page": "Gallipoli_Campaign", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117283, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151350, "tokenizations": [[0, 113], [114, 251], [252, 387], [388, 566], [567, 641], [642, 736]], "first_sentence": "During this campaign, William Scurry invented a self-firing \"drip\" rifle whose trigger was attached to a tin can.", "answer_prompt": "accept anything that mentions Gallipoli; accept Dardanelles Campaign; accept Battle of Canakkale", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this novel leads a revolution aiming to smash all of his country's clocks in defiance of the Empress. A character in this novel is forced to eat his own excrement by the immigration officers Novak and Stein, and after he finally returns home he loses his job on The Aliens and finds his wife Pamela Lovelace having an affair. Dreams in this novel include one in which Ayesha leads a pilgrimage into the ocean and one in which (*) Jahilia is conquered by Mahound. Allie Cone is killed by a character in this novel who develops schizophrenia after surviving a fall from an exploding airplane. Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta are the main characters of, for 10 points, which novel, for which Ayatollah Khomeini declared a fatwa on its author Salman Rushdie?", "answer": "The Satanic Verses", "page": "The_Satanic_Verses", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117282, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151351, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 257], [258, 341], [342, 478], [479, 606], [607, 775]], "first_sentence": "A character in this novel leads a revolution aiming to smash all of his country's clocks in defiance of the Empress.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This mountain range is home to the exclave of Llivia, which was unintentionally created by a 17th- century treaty ceding all of Llivia's surroundings. This mountain range was southwest of the historical border region of Septimania. The motto \"Virtus unita fortior\" appears on the coat of arms of a sovereign entity in this range, whose coat of arms shows the miter hat of its co-leader, the (*) Bishop of Urgell, in the upper-left. Five citadels known as the \"Sons of Carcassonne\" were built along this mountain range, where pilgrims to the Rosary Basilica honor the Lady of Lourdes. This range's Roncevaux Pass opens out near Basque country. For 10 points, name this mountain range home to Andorra, on the border between Spain and France.", "answer": "Pyrenees [or Pirineos] ", "page": "Pyrenees", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117281, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151352, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 231], [232, 431], [432, 583], [584, 642], [643, 739]], "first_sentence": "This mountain range is home to the exclave of Llivia, which was unintentionally created by a 17th- century treaty ceding all of Llivia's surroundings.", "answer_prompt": "or Pirineos", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One instance of this activity is performed until the first star is seen in the evening sky, and is called the \"Paramony,\" or \"Preparation.\" Some Pentecostals practice the particularly severe \"Black\" type. Isaiah 58:6-7 rebukes Israel for not performing the \"acceptable\" type of this activity by caring for the poor and oppressed. By preaching that this activity should not be mandatory, (*) Huldrych Zwingli kickstarted the Reformation in Switzerland. The four main seasons for this activity in Christianity include three named for the Dormition, the Nativity, the Apostles, and one starting on Ash Wednesday in which people often give up a luxury in lieu of performing this action. For 10 points, name this activity performed for forty days during Lent by not eating meat.", "answer": "fasting [or abstaining from food; or abstinence from food; or not eating; accept not eating meat and other answers specific to certain foods] ", "page": "Fasting", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117280, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151353, "tokenizations": [[0, 139], [140, 204], [205, 329], [330, 451], [452, 682], [683, 773]], "first_sentence": "One instance of this activity is performed until the first star is seen in the evening sky, and is called the \"Paramony,\" or \"Preparation.\"", "answer_prompt": "or abstaining from food; or abstinence from food; or not eating; accept not eating meat and other answers specific to certain foods", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Three statues of sacred oxen are located at a site in this empire's Roluos group of monuments. The people of this empire believed that its king spent every night with a nine-headed snake woman in a golden tower, according to Zhou Daguan's account of this empire. Raids on this kingdom by the Champas damaged its irrigation network, which used water tanks called (*) barays. This empire was preceded by the Funan Kingdom and the Chenla Kingdom. This empire was home to a site featuring many giant statues of smiling heads, Bayon. Several kings named Jayavarman and Suryavarman ruled this empire, which also built a massive temple complex designed to look like Mount Meru. For 10 points, name this Cambodian empire which built Angkor Wat.", "answer": "Khmer Empire [or Angkor Empire until \"Angkor\" is read; prompt on Kampuchea or Cambodia]", "page": "Khmer_Empire", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117279, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151354, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 262], [263, 373], [374, 443], [444, 528], [529, 670], [671, 736]], "first_sentence": "Three statues of sacred oxen are located at a site in this empire's Roluos group of monuments.", "answer_prompt": "or Angkor Empire until \"Angkor\" is read; prompt on Kampuchea or Cambodia", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Colin Turnbull depicted one culture from this landmass as callous and alienated in The Mountain People. Richard B. Lee's work on one culture on this landmass led Marshall Sahlins to use them as an example of \"the original affluent society.\" One culture on this landmass tells the future using termites and a ritual called benge (BEN-gay). E. E. Evans-Pritchard studied this landmass's (*) Nuer and the Azande (uh-ZAN-dee) people. This continent is the origin of the L0 (L zero) haplogroup and Mitochondrial Eve. This continent is home to nearly all click languages. The multiregional origin hypothesis competes with one termed \"out- of-\" this continent, where Lucy the fossil was discovered. For 10 points, name this continent where humans are thought to have originated that is south of Europe.", "answer": "Africa", "page": "Africa_(Petrarch)", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117278, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151355, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 240], [241, 338], [339, 429], [430, 511], [512, 565], [566, 637], [638, 691], [692, 795]], "first_sentence": "Colin Turnbull depicted one culture from this landmass as callous and alienated in The Mountain People.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One member of this family uses an analogy where if B picks up A's hat, B should not examine A's face for gratitude to explain why he does not expect his family to miss him, and requests books by authors like Guy de Maupassant in \"Hapworth 16, 1924\". Eloise Wengler regrets marrying her husband Lew rather than a member of this family named Walt. Lane Coutell dates a member of this family who repeats the (*) Jesus prayer over and over, and another member goes swimming at a beach with Sybil Carpenter before shooting himself. This family's members include Franny, Zooey, and Seymour, the last of whom appears in \"Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenter\" and \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\". For 10 points, name this literary family created by J.D. Salinger.", "answer": "The Glass Family", "page": "The_Glass_Family", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117277, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151356, "tokenizations": [[0, 249], [250, 345], [346, 526], [527, 686], [687, 753]], "first_sentence": "One member of this family uses an analogy where if B picks up A's hat, B should not examine A's face for gratitude to explain why he does not expect his family to miss him, and requests books by authors like Guy de Maupassant in \"Hapworth 16, 1924\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Bryan and Cox conducted influential work in modeling these things. A ground-breaking experiment that studied these things was the TOPEX satellite. Walter Munk's influential circulation model for these things built on the work of Sverdrup. Transgression and regression are eustatic changes for these structures. Curtis Ebbesmeyer, who studies these structures, found that a collection of (*) garbage moves in accordance with their gyres. Fridtjof Nansen discovered that wind stress on these things creates an Ekman spiral. Density gradients in these things are driven by the thermohaline circulation. The bottom of these things is bounded by the abyssal plain. For 10 points, name these bodies of water that include the Atlantic and Pacific.", "answer": "oceans [or seas; do not accept \"lakes\"] ", "page": "Oceans", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117276, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151357, "tokenizations": [[0, 66], [67, 146], [147, 238], [239, 310], [311, 436], [437, 521], [522, 599], [600, 659], [660, 740]], "first_sentence": "Bryan and Cox conducted influential work in modeling these things.", "answer_prompt": "or seas; do not accept \"lakes\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This leader spent three days in house arrest during an event masterminded by the \"Gang of Eight.\" More than a hundred civilians were killed on Black January after this leader ordered an invasion of Baku. This leader encouraged small-scale private ownership with his Law on Cooperatives and urged economic acceleration with his slogan uskoreniye. Cartoonists often poked fun at the port wine-colored (*) birthmark on this leader's forehead. A coup against this man was defeated by his successor, who spoke from atop the turret of a tank. This leader withdrew his country's troops from Afghanistan and pursued the duel policies of \"openness\" and \"restructuring.\" For 10 points, name this coiner of the terms glasnost and perestroika, the final leader of the Soviet Union.", "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev [or Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev] ", "page": "Mikhail_Gorbachev", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117275, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151358, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 203], [204, 345], [346, 439], [440, 536], [537, 659], [659, 769]], "first_sentence": "This leader spent three days in house arrest during an event masterminded by the \"Gang of Eight.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Calvin Bridges sketched a specific type of these structures that contain diffuse regions called Balbiani rings and puffs. Many plants and fungi contain extra \"B\" examples of these structures. In a widely-used technique, G-banding stains these structures. The two arms of these structures are denoted with the letters \"p\" and \"q.\" Salivary glands in Drosophila are home to over-sized, (*) \"polytene\" examples of these structures. Miller-Dieker syndrome and cri-du-chat are examples of abnormalities in these structures, called \"aneuploidies.\" Three of these structures are present in trisomies like Down syndrome, and can be easily visualized in a karyotype. For 10 points, name these DNA-containing structures that humans have 23 pairs of.", "answer": "chromosomes [accept specific kinds, like polytene chromosomes and B chromosomes] ", "page": "Chromosome", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117274, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151359, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 191], [192, 254], [255, 428], [429, 540], [540, 657], [658, 739]], "first_sentence": "Calvin Bridges sketched a specific type of these structures that contain diffuse regions called Balbiani rings and puffs.", "answer_prompt": "accept specific kinds, like polytene chromosomes and B chromosomes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The founder of this movement was inspired to develop its style by the stained glass windows he made for the De Lange (LAHN-guh) House. It's not Cubism, but one member of this group created the abstract painting The Gray Tree after his more realistic The Red Tree. A house in this style has an upper floor which can be divided in three using sliding panels. That house was designed for the (*) Schr\u00c3\u00b6der Family by Gerrit Rietveld. Another member of this movement limited himself to mostly primary colors in a painting in which a yellow grid represents the streets of Manhattan. For 10 points, name this Dutch art movement which produced Broadway Boogie Woogie, and whose members included Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian.", "answer": "De Stijl [or the Style or Neoplasticism]", "page": "De_Stijl", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117273, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151360, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 263], [264, 356], [357, 428], [429, 576], [577, 723]], "first_sentence": "The founder of this movement was inspired to develop its style by the stained glass windows he made for the De Lange (LAHN-guh) House.", "answer_prompt": "or the Style or Neoplasticism", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A 2011 play about this character was produced in collaboration between Rokia Traore, Peter Sellars, and Toni Morrison. According to some historians, performing this role made Margaret Hughes the first professional actress in England. She mentions a \"poor soul\" who \"sat sighing by the sycamore tree\" while reciting a ditty learned from her mother's maid Barbara, her \"willow song\". This character is compared to a \"white ewe\" in a scene in which (*) Roderigo and another character wake her father Brabantio. Her handkerchief is picked up by Emilia, after which it is used to frame Michael Cassio in a scheme that results in this character being suffocated to death. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean character who is murdered after Iago dupes her husband Othello.", "answer": "Desdemona", "page": "Desdemona", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117272, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151361, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 233], [234, 381], [382, 507], [508, 665], [666, 768]], "first_sentence": "A 2011 play about this character was produced in collaboration between Rokia Traore, Peter Sellars, and Toni Morrison.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In 1688, an empire in what became this country executed the Greek-born missionary Constantine Phaulkon. The phrase \"mai pen rai,\" which loosely means \"No problem,\" is used commonly in this country, where dance dramas known as khon are based largely on foreign epics. This country allied with Japan and the Axis Powers on the same week as the Pearl Harbor attack. This country, the non-United Kingdom signatory of the (*) Bowring treaty, is home to biologically-male people who present as women called kathoey, or \"ladyboys.\" The resort island of Phuket is off this country's portion of the Isthmus of Kra in the Andaman Sea. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country led by King Rama IX, which Westerners once called Siam.", "answer": "Thailand [or Prathet Thai]", "page": "Thailand", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117271, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151362, "tokenizations": [[0, 103], [104, 266], [267, 362], [363, 524], [525, 624], [625, 729]], "first_sentence": "In 1688, an empire in what became this country executed the Greek-born missionary Constantine Phaulkon.", "answer_prompt": "or Prathet Thai", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In geomelting, radioactive waste is turned into this type of material. Lyophilization of pharmaceuticals occurs at a temperature named for this material. At that temperature, polymers supercooled beyond the \"rubber\" state transition into a state named for this material. Sensitive pH electrodes are made out of this material. Primary network formers of this substance, like phosphorous oxide, have a decreased melting point because of fluxes, like (*) potash. Hydrofluoric acid reacts with this material to give silicon fluorides. Boric oxide is mixed into this material to prevent thermal expansion. It consists of amorphous silicon oxide. For 10 points, name this material used to make Pyrex beakers and flasks.", "answer": "glasses [or spin glasses; or glass transition temperature; or glass electrodes] ", "page": "Glasses", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117270, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151363, "tokenizations": [[0, 70], [71, 153], [154, 270], [271, 325], [326, 459], [460, 530], [531, 600], [601, 640], [641, 713]], "first_sentence": "In geomelting, radioactive waste is turned into this type of material.", "answer_prompt": "or spin glasses; or glass transition temperature; or glass electrodes", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A piano piece of this type in A minor begins with a four-bar lento fragment of the main theme before suddenly switching to allegro con brio for the rest of the piece. Claude Debussy's first book of these pieces is organized by intervals, and the first piece in that book was inspired by Carl Czerny. Franz Liszt wrote \"Paysage\" and \"Feux Follets\" as two of his (*) 12 exceedingly difficult \"Transcendental\" pieces of this type. Pieces of this type make up Frederic Chopin's Opus 10 and 25, which include ones nicknamed \"Winter Wind\" and \"Tristesse,\" as well as a piece supposedly inspired by Poland's November Uprising, which is often called the \"Revolutionary.\" For 10 points, name these pieces which focus on improving technique.", "answer": "etudes [or studies]", "page": "\u00c9tude", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117269, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151364, "tokenizations": [[0, 166], [167, 299], [300, 427], [428, 661], [661, 662], [663, 731]], "first_sentence": "A piano piece of this type in A minor begins with a four-bar lento fragment of the main theme before suddenly switching to allegro con brio for the rest of the piece.", "answer_prompt": "or studies", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A play by this author ends with a student warning the audience about the inescapability of sin after the main character reveals that the hyacinth girl is the daughter of the Colonel. Many of this author's chamber plays were staged in his \"Intimate Theater\". In another play by this man, the Officer spends years pining for the actress Victoria and visits Foulstrand and Fairhaven after rescuing Agnes, the daughter of (*) Indra. The reversal of power between the upper and lower classes is represented by Serena the canary's decapitation in a work by this author of A Dream Play and The Ghost Sonata. In that play by this man, the Count arrives shortly before the title character takes a razor from Jean to commit suicide. For 10 points, name this Swedish author of Miss Julie. ", "answer": "August Strindberg [or Johan August Strindberg] ", "page": "August_Strindberg", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117268, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151365, "tokenizations": [[0, 182], [183, 257], [258, 428], [429, 600], [601, 722], [723, 777]], "first_sentence": "A play by this author ends with a student warning the audience about the inescapability of sin after the main character reveals that the hyacinth girl is the daughter of the Colonel.", "answer_prompt": "or Johan August Strindberg", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The metacentric point is the intersection of two vectors representing this force. This force is represented by the isothermal compressibility times temperature difference between surroundings and surface in the numerator of the Grashof number, which compares it to viscous forces. The magnitude of this force is assumed not to be constant in the Boussinesq approximation. In a gas, the neutral type of this force exactly balances (*) gravity. This force opposes the direction of the hydrostatic pressure gradient, and its magnitude equals the density times gravity times the volume of an object. The center of this force must be close to the center of gravity for a ship to be stable. For 10 points, name this force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced and which causes objects to float.", "answer": "buoyancy [or the buoyant force] ", "page": "Buoyancy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117267, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151366, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 280], [281, 371], [372, 442], [443, 595], [596, 684], [685, 812]], "first_sentence": "The metacentric point is the intersection of two vectors representing this force.", "answer_prompt": "or the buoyant force", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "During the 1960 presidential campaign, a woman with this married name was telephoned by John F. Kennedy after her husband was jailed for driving with an out-of-state license. George Holliday videotaped a notorious action carried out against a man with this last name by Stacey Koon. A man with this surname gave the controversial speech, \"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence\" in 1967. That same man never had a chance to organize a (*) Poor People's March after stopping over to support a strike by sanitation workers. The acquittal of police officers who beat a man with this surname sparked riots that damaged much of Koreatown in LA in 1992. For 10 points, give this surname shared by the man shot by James Earl Ray and who gave the \"I Have a Dream\" speech.", "answer": "King [or Coretta Scott King; or Rodney King; or Martin Luther King, Jr.]", "page": "King", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117266, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151367, "tokenizations": [[0, 174], [175, 282], [283, 388], [389, 522], [523, 648], [649, 764]], "first_sentence": "During the 1960 presidential campaign, a woman with this married name was telephoned by John F. Kennedy after her husband was jailed for driving with an out-of-state license.", "answer_prompt": "or Coretta Scott King; or Rodney King; or Martin Luther King, Jr.", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "An annual festival devoted to this dance is held in the Finnish town of Seinajoki, which was hit by a worldwide craze over this dance in 1913. The International and American styles of this dance are characterized by an 8-count basic step. Music for this dance often features a bandone\u00c3\u00b3n, a type of accordion imported from Germany. The French-born Carlos Gardel was its leading vocalist during the early 20th century, and its popular tunes include (*) \"El Choclo\" and \"La Cumparsita,\" the latter of which is danced by Jack Lemmon in Some Like it Hot. Astor Piazzola blended it with jazz and classical music, and it was popularized in the U.S. by Rudolph Valentino in Four Horseman of the Apocalypse. For 10 points, name this partner dance from Argentina and Uruguay.", "answer": "tango", "page": "Tango", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117265, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151368, "tokenizations": [[0, 142], [143, 238], [239, 330], [331, 536], [537, 544], [545, 549], [550, 698], [699, 765]], "first_sentence": "An annual festival devoted to this dance is held in the Finnish town of Seinajoki, which was hit by a worldwide craze over this dance in 1913.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This person once poisons a mantle richly decorated with precious stones, but the gift is not delivered since its bearer is burnt to coals. In another story, this person makes a replica of an object that protects its bearer from dying from blood loss, giving the real one to Sir Accalon of Gaul. This person is described peddling healing ointments at the wedding of Erec and Enide by Chretien de Troyes, who calls her a \"chief physician.\" This unhappy wife of Urien gives her name to a (*) mirage seen off the coast of Sicily. She unsuccessfully competes for the affection of Lancelot with Guinevere. Along with Morgause, this woman is a daughter of Igraine and Gorlois, making her a half sister to Arthur. For 10 points, name this wicked sorceress in Arthurian myth.", "answer": "Morgan le Fey [or Morgane; or Morgaine; or Fata Morgana] ", "page": "Morgan_Le_Fey", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117264, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151369, "tokenizations": [[0, 138], [139, 294], [295, 436], [436, 525], [526, 599], [600, 705], [706, 766]], "first_sentence": "This person once poisons a mantle richly decorated with precious stones, but the gift is not delivered since its bearer is burnt to coals.", "answer_prompt": "or Morgane; or Morgaine; or Fata Morgana", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This group is represented by a dove in the Book of the Three Birds, written by a Welsh member of this group named Morgan Llwyd (HLOO-id). A member of this religious group adopted the pseudonym \"Martin Marprelate\" to pen a series of attacks against authorities. A thousand of them presented the king with the Millenary Petition, enabling them to receive a voice at the Hampton Court Conference. The mortal enemy of this religious group was William (*) Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Between 1620 and 1640, large numbers of these people left England for Holland, though many were dissatisfied with their lives there. For 10 points, name these English Protestants who settled in New England, whose name is now synonymous with extreme straight-laced piety.", "answer": "Puritans [or Separatists; prompt on Protestants; prompt on Nonconformists; prompt on Dissenters] ", "page": "Puritans", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117263, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151370, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 260], [261, 393], [394, 486], [487, 619], [620, 757]], "first_sentence": "This group is represented by a dove in the Book of the Three Birds, written by a Welsh member of this group named Morgan Llwyd (HLOO-id).", "answer_prompt": "or Separatists; prompt on Protestants; prompt on Nonconformists; prompt on Dissenters", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man is addressed as \"Dear son of memory, great heir of fame\" in a poem titled for him that exclaims \"What need'st thou such weak witness of thy name!\" Erskine becomes obsessed with a theory that this man was in love with a youth named Willie Hughes in a short story by Oscar Wilde. John Milton addressed this man's \"honoured bones\" in a poem titled \"On [him]\". He was praised for writing about \"the genuine progeny of common humanity\" in an introduction to his works by (*) Samuel Johnson. He's not Edward Gibbon, but his works were heavily censored by Thomas Bowdler. Virginia Woolf imagined the disadvantages that would have been faced by this man's imaginary sister, Judith, growing up in Stratford-upon- Avon. For 10 points, name this English author of As You Like It.", "answer": "William Shakespeare", "page": "William_Shakespeare", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117262, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151371, "tokenizations": [[0, 155], [156, 286], [287, 365], [366, 494], [495, 573], [574, 718], [719, 761], [762, 777]], "first_sentence": "This man is addressed as \"Dear son of memory, great heir of fame\" in a poem titled for him that exclaims \"What need'st thou such weak witness of thy name!\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Examples of these people include the kauwa in Hawaii. In 1962, about 300,000 of these people benefitted from the Ten-Point Program put forth by Faisal in Saudi Arabia. These people were helped by the Somerset case in England, and examples in Greece included the penestae of Thessaly. In South America, descendants of these people were the subject of a law named for a kind of (*) \"womb.\" These people were helped by the passage of the Golden Law under Isabella, regent for Pedro II in Brazil. In England, a prominent critic of the treatment of these people was William Wilberforce. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlaws the creation of these people. For 10 points, name these people, the subject of the Thirteenth Amendment, which emancipated them.", "answer": "slaves [or unfree people; prompt on serfs] ", "page": "Slavery", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117261, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151372, "tokenizations": [[0, 167], [168, 283], [284, 387], [388, 492], [493, 581], [582, 674], [675, 773]], "first_sentence": "Examples of these people include the kauwa in Hawaii. In 1962, about 300,000 of these people benefitted from the Ten-Point Program put forth by Faisal in Saudi Arabia.", "answer_prompt": "or unfree people; prompt on serfs", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Using Knuth's notation, this number can be written as 2, followed by 5 up arrows, followed by another 2. For a set of this many mutually tangent circles, Descartes' theorem gives the radius of one of them given the rest. The only case of Fermat's last theorem actually proved by Fermat is when n equals this number. This is the smallest number of elements in a non-cyclic group; that group is named for Felix (*) Klein. This is the largest degree of polynomials for which there is a general solution, by the Abel-Ruffini theorem. Appel and Haken were assisted by a computer in proving that only this many colors were needed to color a map. This is the smallest number of vertices a Platonic solid can have. For 10 points, give this number of faces of a tetrahedron.", "answer": "four", "page": "FOUR", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117260, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151373, "tokenizations": [[0, 104], [105, 220], [221, 315], [316, 408], [409, 419], [420, 529], [530, 639], [640, 706], [707, 765]], "first_sentence": "Using Knuth's notation, this number can be written as 2, followed by 5 up arrows, followed by another 2.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Transact extension to this language introduces try/catch blocks, local variables, and other concepts taken from procedural languages. Although this language does not natively support regular expressions, the percent sign can be used for wildcard matching in it. The concepts of this language can be used in .NET languages through LINQ. This language was developed from the relational algebra defined by Ted (*) Codd. Filtering in this language is achieved by using the WHERE clause. Different tables can be combined in this language using the JOIN keyword. This language is used against entities which support the ACID guarantees in their rows and columns. For 10 points, name this programming language used to query databases.", "answer": "SQL (\"sequel\" or \"S-Q-L\") [or Structured Query Language] ", "page": "SQL", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117259, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151374, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 265], [266, 339], [340, 420], [421, 486], [487, 560], [561, 660], [661, 731]], "first_sentence": "The Transact extension to this language introduces try/catch blocks, local variables, and other concepts taken from procedural languages.", "answer_prompt": "\"sequel\" or \"S-Q-L\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A novel by this author repeatedly references a pair of pink teacups and contains a scene in which a crowd watches the installation of a red record player called a gumba-gumba. One of this author's title characters watches children play with guinea fowl eggs and discovers a magazine about homosexuality in his son's bag. Another of this author's protagonists is bothered by a Life (*) magazine photo depicting her childhood servant Lydia carrying her schoolbooks. The body of an unidentified man is buried at Mehring's farm in one novel by this author, while another ends with Maureen running after a helicopter and follows the Smales family, who take refuge in their servant's village. For 10 points, name this South African author of The Conservationist and July's People.", "answer": "Nadine Gordimer", "page": "Nadine_Gordimer", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117258, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151375, "tokenizations": [[0, 175], [176, 320], [321, 463], [464, 686], [687, 774]], "first_sentence": "A novel by this author repeatedly references a pair of pink teacups and contains a scene in which a crowd watches the installation of a red record player called a gumba-gumba.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Prior to this event, its goals were advocated by the \"zero networks,\" secret societies set up by the \"Clan de Madame.\" The international response to this event was criticized in Shake Hands with the Devil, a memoir by the Canadian general Romeo Dallaire. Many participants in this event escaped via a controversial \"safe zone\" established by French forces in Operation Turquoise. It began after the RTLM (*) radio station issued the coded phrase \"Cut down the tall trees\" in response to the shooting down of President Juvenal Habyarimana's airplane. The Interahamwe militias primarily perpetrated this event, which forced millions of refugees into neighboring Zaire. For 10 points, name this 1994 mass killing of Tutsis by Hutus.", "answer": "Rwandan Genocide [or obvious equivalents] ", "page": "Rwandan_genocide", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117257, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151376, "tokenizations": [[0, 118], [119, 254], [255, 379], [380, 549], [550, 666], [667, 729]], "first_sentence": "Prior to this event, its goals were advocated by the \"zero networks,\" secret societies set up by the \"Clan de Madame.\"", "answer_prompt": "or obvious equivalents", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A large reorganization energy can make reactions of this type that are strongly exergonic enter an inverted region. Cofactor recycling is used in enzymatic catalysis of this type of reaction. These reactions can proceed via an inner-sphere or outer-sphere mechanism. These reactions are balanced for oxygen and hydrogen by adding water, then (*) protons, to each side. A reactivity series is used to determine if these reactions will occur, since they often result in single-displacements. Potassium permanganate is used as an indicator for these reactions. They only occur if the cell potential is positive, when modelled as half-reactions in galvanic cells. For 10 points, name this type of reaction which involves electron transfer.", "answer": "redox reactions [or reduction-oxidations; or oxidation-reductions; or electron transfer until it is read; prompt on reductions or oxidations specifically] ", "page": "Redox", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117256, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151377, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 191], [192, 266], [267, 368], [369, 489], [490, 557], [558, 659], [660, 735]], "first_sentence": "A large reorganization energy can make reactions of this type that are strongly exergonic enter an inverted region.", "answer_prompt": "or reduction-oxidations; or oxidation-reductions; or electron transfer until it is read; prompt on reductions or oxidations specifically", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A poem set in this city is about woman who \"whispered a song\" to \"Mal Waldron/ and everyone and I stopped breathing\". The author of \"The Day Lady Died\" and Lunch Poems was part of a \"school\" named for this city that also included the author of \"Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror\". A long poem about a structure in this modern city includes sections titled \"Ave Maria\" and \"Powhatan's Daughter\". Frank O'Hara ad John (*) Asbery worked in this city, which is home to the title structure of Hart Crane's \"the Bridge\" Another landmark in this displays the text of a sonnet called \"The New Colossus\"by Emma Lazarus. For 10 points, name this city, where the lines \"Give me tired, your poor, your huddled masses\" appears on the Statue of Liberty", "answer": "New York City [or NYC]", "page": "New_York_City", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117255, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151378, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 117], [118, 279], [280, 393], [394, 609], [610, 737]], "first_sentence": "A poem set in this city is about woman who \"whispered a song\" to \"Mal Waldron/ and everyone", "answer_prompt": "or NYC", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The patent case Diamond v. Chakrabarty greatly affected the law concerning these things. Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer worked to create another of these goods. Connecticut and Maine have passed laws to enforce new regulations on these things once enough other states pass similar bills. Vandana Shiva has linked these things to a rash of suicides in Maharashtra, India. In 2014, Vermont became the first state to pass a \"right to know\" law concerning these things; that bill caused a rift between Unilever and its subsidiary, (*) Ben & Jerry's. The designation \"RoundUp-Ready\" is given to many of these goods to indicate resistance to glyphosate. For 10 points, name this type of crop central to the business model of Monsanto, exemplified by Vitamin A-enriched Golden Rice.", "answer": "GMOs [or genetically modified organisms; or genetically modified crops; or GMO crops; or GMO plants; or GMO alfalfa]", "page": "GMOs", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117254, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151379, "tokenizations": [[0, 88], [89, 159], [160, 286], [287, 369], [370, 544], [545, 646], [647, 774]], "first_sentence": "The patent case Diamond v. Chakrabarty greatly affected the law concerning these things.", "answer_prompt": "or genetically modified organisms; or genetically modified crops; or GMO crops; or GMO plants; or GMO alfalfa", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a painting by this artist, one of the title characters sits in the shadow of a statue of Roma while clutching a paper edict as if in regret. That man stares at the viewer rather than at the stretcher behind the statue. In another of this artist's paintings, a man covers his eyes in anguish with his left hand, while passing along a goblet with his right. This artist of The (*) Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons depicted Plato sitting dejectedly at the foot of a bed while his teacher points his left index finger skyward and prepares to consume hemlock. He also depicted three brothers saluting their father while their mother and sisters weep. For 10 points, name this painter of The Death of Socrates and Oath of the Horatii.", "answer": "Jacques-Louis David", "page": "Jacques-Louis_David", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117253, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151380, "tokenizations": [[0, 143], [144, 221], [222, 358], [359, 373], [374, 571], [572, 662], [663, 745]], "first_sentence": "In a painting by this artist, one of the title characters sits in the shadow of a statue of Roma while clutching a paper edict as if in regret.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "For lying to this deity, Galanthis is turned into a weasel. Biton and Clobis pull a cart for 45 stadia to a festival dedicated to this deity, who rewards them by allowing them to die in their sleep. This goddess transforms Lamia into a child-eating demon and strikes Athamas with insanity, casing his wife Ino to leap in to the ocean. This goddess loses a contest over whether men or women (*) enjoy sex more. A cloud-like imitation of this goddess named Nephele is the target of Ixion's affections. This goddess takes away Echo's voice, and orders the hundred-eyed watchman Argos to guard a cow that she later torments with a stinging gadfly because it is her husband's lover Io. For 10 points, name this jealous wife of Zeus. ", "answer": "Hera [or Juno]", "page": "Hera", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117252, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151381, "tokenizations": [[0, 198], [199, 334], [335, 409], [410, 499], [500, 680], [681, 727]], "first_sentence": "For lying to this deity, Galanthis is turned into a weasel. Biton and Clobis pull a cart for 45 stadia to a festival dedicated to this deity, who rewards them by allowing them to die in their sleep.", "answer_prompt": "or Juno", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Six root two, times pi to the three halves, over the natural logarithm of the namesake parameter of these systems is used to calculate the Coulomb collision time. The magnetic diffusivity is used in the Reynolds number for these systems. Filaments in these systems get pinched inward due to external magnetic fields. Although these systems are (*) \"quasi-neutral\", redistribution of electrons in them forms an electrostatic sheath to screen out electric fields. Toroidal field lines are necessary to confine these substances stably, as in a tokamak. These extremely conductive substances can form when gas is ionized. For 10 points, name this \"fourth\" state of matter.", "answer": "plasma [prompt on conductors]", "page": "Plasma_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117251, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151382, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 237], [238, 316], [317, 461], [462, 549], [550, 617], [618, 668]], "first_sentence": "Six root two, times pi to the three halves, over the natural logarithm of the namesake parameter of these systems is used to calculate the Coulomb collision time.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on conductors", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The proceeds from the first Washington state screening of Gone With the Wind were forwarded to civilians in this war in an initiative organized by Herbert Hoover. This war began after the attacking side shelled its own village of Mainila in a false flag operation. At the end of this war, the losing side leased the Hanko Peninsula as a naval base. The losing side of this war annihilated a much larger force with the help of (*) ski troopers at the Battle of Suomussalmi, and employed the \"White Death,\" the most successful sniper in world history. It was followed by the Continuation War, and it began when the aggressors crossed the incomplete Mannerheim Line and entered the Isthmus of Karelia. For 10 points, name this 1939 to 1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland.", "answer": "Winter War [or Talvisota; or Vinterkriget] ", "page": "Winter_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117250, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151383, "tokenizations": [[0, 162], [163, 264], [265, 348], [349, 549], [550, 698], [699, 778]], "first_sentence": "The proceeds from the first Washington state screening of Gone With the Wind were forwarded to civilians in this war in an initiative organized by Herbert Hoover.", "answer_prompt": "or Talvisota; or Vinterkriget", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A Samuel Huntington book analyzes the professionalization of this institution since the 17th century. The Human Terrain System was criticized by anthropologists for its connections to this institution. The May 15th Incident is an example of gekokujo, or overthrowing one's superiors, within this institution in Japan. The first clause of Article Two Section Two of the Constitution gives the President (*) control over this institution. Dwight Eisenhower's Farewell Address warns of a complex created through the alliance of industry with this institution. In the United States, this institution is subject to civilian control. For 10 points, name this institution controlled in the US by the Department of Defense that includes branches like the Coast Guard, Marines, and Army.", "answer": "the military [or armed forces; accept answers like United States Armed Forces; accept army but do not accept any other branches of the military; do not accept \"Department of Defense\" or \"the Pentagon\"]", "page": "The_military", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117249, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151384, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 201], [202, 317], [318, 436], [437, 556], [557, 627], [628, 778]], "first_sentence": "A Samuel Huntington book analyzes the professionalization of this institution since the 17th century.", "answer_prompt": "or armed forces; accept answers like United States Armed Forces; accept army but do not accept any other branches of the military; do not accept \"Department of Defense\" or \"the Pentagon\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Guidepost cells direct and organize these structures. By binding to plexins, semaphorins direct the movement of these structures. In these structures, microtubules and F-actin at the \"growth cone\" move toward positive stimuli. The Hodgkin-Huxley model was formulated from data taken from the \"giant\" structure of this kind in squid. The last site of summation prior to this structure occurs at its namesake (*) \"hillock.\" Saltatory conduction takes place at naked sites along this structure known as Nodes of Ranvier. Either oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells supply a substance that insulates these structures. They terminate at synapses. For 10 points, name these often-myelinated long parts of neurons, contrasted with dendrites.", "answer": "axons [prompt on neurons before mentioned; prompt on nerve cells before \"neurons\" is mentioned]", "page": "Axon", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117248, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151385, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 226], [227, 332], [333, 421], [422, 517], [518, 610], [611, 638], [639, 731]], "first_sentence": "Guidepost cells direct and organize these structures. By binding to plexins, semaphorins direct the movement of these structures.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on neurons before mentioned; prompt on nerve cells before \"neurons\" is mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This poet wrote about a woman who is disappointed when she doesn't find \"marble well-governed cities\" and \"athletes at their games\" among the scenes forges into a poem's title object. This man, who collaborated with Chester Kallman on the libretto for Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, claimed that \"I and the public know\" that \"Those to whom evil is done/ Do evil in return\"in a poem whose speaker sits \"in one of the (*) dives on Fifty-second Street\". Another of his poems laments \"I though that love would last forever: I was wrong\" in describing a man whose death prompts the instruction \"Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone\". For 10 points, name this Anglo-American poet of the \"The Shield of Achilles\", \"Funeral Blues\" and \"September 1, 1939\".", "answer": "W.H. Auden [or Wystan Hugh Auden] ", "page": "W._H._Auden", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117247, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151386, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 327], [328, 453], [454, 522], [523, 637], [638, 756]], "first_sentence": "This poet wrote about a woman who is disappointed when she doesn't find \"marble well-governed cities\" and \"athletes at their games\" among the scenes forges into a poem's title object.", "answer_prompt": "or Wystan Hugh Auden", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The precedent set in the case of United States v. Sullivan eventually sealed this man's fate. This man was betrayed by a letter written by his lawyer Lawrence P. Mattingly and a document unearthed by Frank Wilson. This one-time member of the Brooklyn Rippers made an enemy of mayor \"Big Bill\"Thompson. This man once set up a business selling antiques in the Anton Hotel in Cicero. This man's (*) nickname came from an injury incurred while working in this Harvard Inn for Frankie Yale. Subordinates of this man put over 150 bullets into members of Bugs Moran's gang during the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. This gangster was eventually jailed for tax evasion. For 10 points, name this Chicago gangster known as \"Scarface\". ", "answer": "Al Capone [or Alphonse Gabriel Capone; prompt on Scarface] ", "page": "Al_Capone", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117246, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151387, "tokenizations": [[0, 93], [94, 213], [214, 301], [302, 380], [381, 485], [486, 606], [607, 659], [660, 722]], "first_sentence": "The precedent set in the case of United States v. Sullivan eventually sealed this man's fate.", "answer_prompt": "or Alphonse Gabriel Capone; prompt on Scarface", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A classic example of this operation exploits the principle of locality of reference in a matrix multiplication algorithm. When performing this operation for C, one might first pass the -pg flag to gcc and then use a tool such as gprof. Loop unrolling is an example of this operation that would be automatically performed by a compiler. A way to perform this operation is to move disk reads to (*) cached in-memory reads. This operation is typically performed by a programmer after using a profiling tool which identifies the program's bottlenecks. For 10 points, name this practice of improving the speed of an algorithm or program.", "answer": "program optimization [or software optimization; or algorithm optimization; or profiling until it is read]", "page": "Program_optimization", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117245, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151388, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 235], [236, 335], [336, 420], [421, 547], [548, 632]], "first_sentence": "A classic example of this operation exploits the principle of locality of reference in a matrix multiplication algorithm.", "answer_prompt": "or software optimization; or algorithm optimization; or profiling until it is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The architecture firm Populous receives most of its business by designing this kind of building. Eduardo Souto de Moura integrated the rock wall of a quarry into his design for one of these buildings in Braga, Portugal. A two-layered building of this kind was inspired by crazed pottery and features a red concrete main structure surrounded by an irregular steel mesh. That building was a collaboration between (*) Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Weiwei. A building of this type gave a new name to ChemGrass, which was used there because that building featured a domed roof. These buildings include one in Beijing is nicknamed the \"Bird's Nest,\" as well as the Houston Astrodome. For 10 points, name these buildings where spectator sports are played. ", "answer": "stadiums [or arenas; anti-prompt on soccer stadiums or football stadiums or ballparks or similar]", "page": "Stadiums", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117244, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151389, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 219], [220, 368], [369, 448], [449, 568], [569, 673], [674, 744]], "first_sentence": "The architecture firm Populous receives most of its business by designing this kind of building.", "answer_prompt": "or arenas; anti-prompt on soccer stadiums or football stadiums or ballparks or similar", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Leonard Dawe was suspected of leaking information about this event due to the answer selection of his Daily Telegrapher crossword. To spread disinformation before this event, numerous dummy aircraft and airfields were created as part of Operation Fortitude. Its perpetrators modified large numbers of tanks with extendable ramps, flotation screens, or flamethrowers, known as Hobart's (*) Funnies. Artificial Mulberry harbors were developed for this event, which fortuitously happened when Erwin Rommel was on leave for his wife's birthday. The \"Atlantic Wall\" was challenged by this event, which took place at sites nicknamed Sword, Gold, Juno, Utah, and Omaha. For 10 points, name this June, 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Europe", "answer": "D-Day [or Normandy landings; or Operation Overlord; or Operation Neptune; prompt on Allied invasion of Europe or similar answers]", "page": "Normandy_landings", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117243, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151390, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 257], [258, 397], [398, 541], [542, 663], [664, 728]], "first_sentence": "Leonard Dawe was suspected of leaking information about this event due to the answer selection of his Daily Telegrapher crossword.", "answer_prompt": "or Normandy landings; or Operation Overlord; or Operation Neptune; prompt on Allied invasion of Europe or similar answers", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Birmingham Temple in Michigan was established by a rabbi with this surname, the founder of Humanistic Judaism. The Chaldeans, the Medes, the Greeks, and the Romans are each represented by a serving of this substance. It is permissible for non-observant Hews to handle the mevushal type of this substance. The words \"boreh p'ri ha-gafen\" are said during the kiddush blessing, recited over this substance during the Friday night of (*) Shabbat. For each of the ten plagues, a drop of this substance is spilled during the seder. It's not matzo, but Manischewitz supplies most of the \"kosher\"type of this substance. For 10 points, name this alcoholic beverage important to many Jewish rituals.", "answer": "grape wine [or grape juice; prompt on alcohol; prompt on juice]", "page": "Grape_wine", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117242, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151391, "tokenizations": [[0, 114], [115, 220], [221, 308], [309, 325], [326, 446], [447, 529], [530, 615], [616, 693]], "first_sentence": "The Birmingham Temple in Michigan was established by a rabbi with this surname, the founder of Humanistic Judaism.", "answer_prompt": "or grape juice; prompt on alcohol; prompt on juice", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After dying, a character in this novel opens an eye and shudders when he sees the priest anointing him with oil. At the Governors' Ball in this novel, that character explains that \"free-thinking women are all monsters\", before visiting such a woman at Nikolskoe (\"nee-kol-sko-ye\") and offering her a chemistry textbook. Another character in this novel moves to Maryino after losing Princess (*) R, and winds up falling in love with his brother's maidservant. Two characters marry Katya and Fenichka in this novel, while another character saves a sick person from typhus, but accidentally infects himself, and reunites with Anna Sergeyevna Odintsova on his deathbed. For 10 points, name this novel about Arkady Kirsanov and his nihilistic friend Bazarov, written by Ivan Turgenev.", "answer": "Fathers and Sons [or Fathers and Children; or Ottsy i Det]", "page": "Fathers_and_Sons_(novel)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117241, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151392, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 319], [320, 458], [459, 666], [667, 780]], "first_sentence": "After dying, a character in this novel opens an eye and shudders when he sees the priest anointing him with oil.", "answer_prompt": "or Fathers and Children; or Ottsy i Det", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Derek Parfit melded this number of ethical theories into one in his 2011 book On What Matters. A theory about knowledge opposed in a 1966 paper by Edmund Gettier has this many criteria for establishing that \"S knows P\". In an allegory about Chinese philosophies, this many people taste vinegar and all have different reactions. The soul is divisible into this many parts according to Plato's Republic. The \"positive (*) stage\" comes last in a model of this many societal stages proposed by Auguste Comte. Hegel's dialectic is often erroneously divided into this many stages. For 10 points, give this number of Critiques written by Immanuel Kant, also the number of propositions in a classical syllogism that has a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.", "answer": "three [or 3] ", "page": "Three", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117240, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151393, "tokenizations": [[0, 94], [95, 219], [220, 327], [328, 401], [402, 504], [505, 574], [575, 763]], "first_sentence": "Derek Parfit melded this number of ethical theories into one in his 2011 book On What Matters.", "answer_prompt": "or 3", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A suite by this composer includes an often-omitted part for an ad lib baritone soloist used in places such as its second-movement \"Romance.\" This composer included a \"Battle on the Ice\" in a seven-movement cantata for a mezzo-soprano soloist, which he adapted from his own score to a 1938 film. He wrote the score to a film about a fictional military officer created from a typing error, from which he extracted a suite that includes a fourth-movement (*) \"Troika.\" This composer of Alexander Nevsky and Lieutenant Kije wrote a piece that uses a trio of horns to depict the second title character, whom a narrator describes as being roped by the tail and carried off to a zoo. For 10 points, name this composer of Peter and the Wolf.", "answer": "Sergei Prokofiev [Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev] ", "page": "Sergei_Prokofiev", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 117239, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151394, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 294], [295, 465], [466, 676], [677, 733]], "first_sentence": "A suite by this composer includes an often-omitted part for an ad lib baritone soloist used in places such as its second-movement \"Romance.\"", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This city was home to an artificial harbor with a rectangular outer section for merchants and a circular inner section for its navy, its Great Cothon. It's not Jerusalem, but this city contained the Tophet of Salammbo, a children's cemetary that was probably a site for human sacrifices. According to legend, this city was originally built around the Byrsa citadel, which a (*) queen encircled with cut-out strips of an oxhide to claim as her territory. This city's forces won the battles of Lake Trasimene and Cannae. This city was home to the Magonid dynasty and to generals named Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. FTP, name this North African city that was led by Hannibal Barca during the Second Punic War. ", "answer": "Carthage", "page": "Carthage", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116992, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151641, "tokenizations": [[0, 150], [151, 287], [288, 453], [454, 518], [519, 606], [607, 700]], "first_sentence": "This city was home to an artificial harbor with a rectangular outer section for merchants and a circular inner section for its navy, its Great Cothon.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play claims to have been offered a job at a nightclub in Berlin before rhapsodizing about a concert he supposedly once gave. Several characters in this play worry about the appearance of a large vehicle containing a wheelbarrow. Its central character is barraged with questions like \"why do you force that old man out to play chess?\" and \"Why did you betray the organization?\" During a game of (*) blind man's bluff, the central character of this play attempts to strangle a woman who'd previously given him a drum and also attacks Lulu. This play is set in a boarding house in which Goldberg and McCann take Stanley away after the title celebration, the second by Harold Pinter. ", "answer": "The Birthday Party", "page": "The_Birthday_Party_(play)", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116991, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151642, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 248], [249, 353], [354, 395], [395, 557], [558, 699]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play claims to have been offered a job at a nightclub in Berlin before rhapsodizing about a concert he supposedly once gave.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In engineering, the Newton number is defined as this quantity over density times rotational speed cubed times stirred diameter to the fifth. The integral of the Poynting vector over an exposed surface has units of this quantity, which can be used to show that it equals two-third times charge squared times acceleration squared over the speed of light cubed. The \"reactive\" form of this quantity in an AC circuit, caused by a nonzero phase angle, is measured in (*) volt-amps. The pump head times the volumetric flow rate equals this quantity. This quantity is given by the dot product of net torque and the resulting angular velocity, analogous to its definition of force dot velocity. For 10 points, name this quantity, the energy input per unit time in a system.", "answer": "Power", "page": "Power_(physics)", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116990, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151643, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 358], [359, 476], [477, 543], [544, 686], [687, 765]], "first_sentence": "In engineering, the Newton number is defined as this quantity over density times rotational speed cubed times stirred diameter to the fifth.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This series uses Bernice Reagon's a cappella rendition of \"We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder\" as a recurring musical theme. In its first installment, Paul Roebling reads a letter ending \"think I am gone and wait for me, for we shall meet again\" as a Jay Ungar piece plays. Horton Foote and Sam Waterston provide voice-overs for this series, which popularized Sullivan Ballou's final letter to his wife and the composition \"Ashokan Farewell.\" This series features interviews with (*) Shelby Foote and narration by David McCullough. It brought fame to the director's namesake \"effect,\" which in this series zoomed and panned across many historical photographs by Matthew Brady. For 10 points, name this documentary series directed by Ken Burns about a 19th century American conflict.", "answer": "The Civil War ", "page": "The_Civil_War", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116989, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151644, "tokenizations": [[0, 120], [121, 269], [270, 437], [437, 438], [439, 479], [480, 527], [528, 672], [673, 778]], "first_sentence": "This series uses Bernice Reagon's a cappella rendition of \"We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder\" as a recurring musical theme.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One division of this organization was mockingly referred to as \"Wisner's Group of Weirdos\". John F. Kennedy reportedly said that he would splinter this organization \"into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the wind.\" The Family Jewels report documents some of this organization's actions. Kermit Roosevelt was employed by this organization to arrange Operation (*) Ajax, in which this organization helped to overthrow Mohammed Mossadegh. Allen Dulles was the longest serving director of this agency that was the successor of the William Donovan-led Office of Strategic Services. For ten points, name this US government agency that is responsible for conducting foreign intelligence. ", "answer": "Central Intelligence Agency [or CIA] ", "page": "Central_Intelligence_Agency", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116988, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151645, "tokenizations": [[0, 91], [92, 219], [220, 291], [292, 440], [441, 581], [582, 685]], "first_sentence": "One division of this organization was mockingly referred to as \"Wisner's Group of Weirdos\".", "answer_prompt": "or CIA", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "An infinite version of this shape is the only non-trivial line bundle of the circle. Gluing a disk to this figure gives the real projective plane. Repeatedly dividing up this shape will give rise to paradromic rings. Like the torus, this surface, which is commonly pictured embedded in three-dimensional space, has Euler characteristic zero. It is the simplest (*) non-orientable surface. Two of these shapes are formed by cutting a Klein bottle in half. This shape is often used in conveyor belts, because it allows them to have uniform wear without ever having to be flipped inside out. For 10 points, identify this strange surface with only one side, which can be formed by taping together the ends of a paper rectangle after giving it a twist. ", "answer": "Mobius strip [M\u00c3\u00b6bius strip]", "page": "M\u00f6bius_strip", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116987, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151646, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 146], [147, 216], [217, 341], [342, 388], [389, 454], [455, 588], [589, 747]], "first_sentence": "An infinite version of this shape is the only non-trivial line bundle of the circle.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A museum dedicated to this site but not located on it was designed by Bernard Tschumi and features a rotated top floor in order to align with it instead of the street grid. A colonnaded trapezoid at this site was the urban auxiliary to a structure in Brauron. The Sacred Way from Eleusis ended at a gate guarding the buildings here, which was called the Propylaea. One structure on this site included sculptures of women serving as columns on its (*) Porch of the Caryatids, and another building at this site of the Erechtheion includes a frieze depicting a civic procession. This main building on this site was designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and was formerly home to the Elgin marbles. For 10 points, name this high outcropping in Athens that is the site of the Parthenon.", "answer": "The Acropolis of Athens", "page": "The_Acropolis_of_Athens", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116986, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151647, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 259], [260, 364], [365, 575], [576, 691], [692, 778]], "first_sentence": "A museum dedicated to this site but not located on it was designed by Bernard Tschumi and features a rotated top floor in order to align with it instead of the street grid.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Queen Teuta expressly endorsed this activity by law before she lost in the Illyrian Wars. While ruling Samos as tyrant, Polycrates was accused of sending out hundreds of penteconters to engage in this activity. According to Suetonius, a teenage Julius Caesar made good on an offhand joke by returning to crucify dozens of people who did this at Pharmacusa. The Lex Gabinia tried to counter this activity during the 1st century BCE. (*) Cilicia was a base for people who partook in this activity in whats now Turkey. After helping subdue the slave revolt of Spartacus, Pompey the Great got expanded proconsular powers to rid the Mediterranean of this activity. For 10 points name this activity which threatened ancient shipments. ", "answer": "piracy [or being a pirate; or kidnapping; or abduction; prompt on answers such as robbery, theft, naval raid, kidnapping, sailing, etc.] ", "page": "Piracy", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116985, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151648, "tokenizations": [[0, 89], [90, 210], [211, 356], [357, 431], [432, 515], [516, 659], [660, 728]], "first_sentence": "Queen Teuta expressly endorsed this activity by law before she lost in the Illyrian Wars.", "answer_prompt": "or being a pirate; or kidnapping; or abduction; prompt on answers such as robbery, theft, naval raid, kidnapping, sailing, etc.", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This quantity must be the same for each component of an apochromatic triplet. In one approximation, the reciprocal of this quantity equals the index of refraction, minus one, times the difference in the reciprocals of two radii. The inverse of this quantity is measured in diopters and is referred to as power. This quantity is divided by the diameter of the pupil in order to calculate a namesake stop. This quantity over this quantity minus the distance to the (*) object, gives the magnification. This quantity equals half the radius of curvature for a concave mirror. An object placed outside this distance for a convex lens produces an inverted, real image. FTP, name this quantity, the distance from the lens to the point where the light rays converge. ", "answer": "focal length [or f; prompt on partial answer] ", "page": "Focal_length", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116984, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151649, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 228], [229, 310], [311, 403], [404, 499], [500, 571], [572, 662], [663, 758]], "first_sentence": "This quantity must be the same for each component of an apochromatic triplet.", "answer_prompt": "or f; prompt on partial answer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This philospher referred to the consistent conjunction of virtue and happiness using Cicero's term summum bonum, or highest good. Before G.E. Moore or Wittgenstein, he pointed out the leftness of a free-floating left hand to rebut \"dogmatism\" about absolute space, arguing instead that space and time are \"forms of pure intuition\" within the mind along with twelve (*) \"categories of the understanding\". In his attempt at a \"Copernican revolution in metaphysics,\" this transcendental idealist argues that statements such as \"7+5=12\" can be deduced from simpler propositions without any empirical experience, showing that synthetic a priori truths are possible. FTP, name this Prussian Enlightenment-era philosopher who wrote Critique of Pure Reason. ", "answer": "Immanuel Kant", "page": "Immanuel_Kant", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116983, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151650, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 403], [404, 660], [661, 749]], "first_sentence": "This philospher referred to the consistent conjunction of virtue and happiness using Cicero's term summum bonum, or highest good.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The line \"A cold coming we had of it\" opens a poem by this man in which the speaker asks \"were we led this way for/ Birth or Death?\" That poem's line \"no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation\" inspired the title of a Chinua Achebe novel. \"Three white leopards sat under a juniper-tree\" in a poem by this man that begins with the statement \"Because I do not hope to (*) turn again\". This poet of \"Journey of the MAgi\" wrote \"this is the dead land/ this is the cactus land\" in a poem that ends by claiming \"this is the way the world ends/ not with a bang but with a whimper.\" For 10 points, name this American-born poet who defended his conversion to Anglicanism in \"Ash Wednesday\" and wrote \"The Hollow Men\"", "answer": "T.S. Eliot [or Thomas Stearns Eliot; accept \"Journey of the Magi\" until \"this man\" is read] ", "page": "T._S._Eliot", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116982, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151651, "tokenizations": [[0, 115], [116, 132], [133, 244], [245, 388], [389, 579], [579, 713]], "first_sentence": "The line \"A cold coming we had of it\" opens a poem by this man in which the speaker asks \"were we led this way for/", "answer_prompt": "or Thomas Stearns Eliot; accept \"Journey of the Magi\" until \"this man\" is read", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Experts on this non-U.S. country's legal system include NYU Law professor Jerome Cohen. Many articles about this present-day country's politics note a steady shift toward so-called \"collective leadership\" from its First Generation through its current Fifth Generation. Every November 11th, this country celebrates \"Singles' Day\", which has become a major sales day for online retailers. In May 2013 the S.E.C. began investigating J.P. Morgan's \"Sons and Daughters\" program, which hired this country's (*) \"Princelings\". Its popular WeChat messaging app was developed by Tencent, the owner of the web portal QQ. This country is also the origin of the online retailer Alibaba and microblogs known as weibo. For 10 points, name this country with a \"One Child\" policy.", "answer": "People's Republic of China [or Zhongguo; or Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo] ", "page": "China", "category": "Current Events", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116981, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151652, "tokenizations": [[0, 87], [88, 268], [269, 386], [387, 519], [520, 610], [611, 704], [705, 764]], "first_sentence": "Experts on this non-U.S. country's legal system include NYU Law professor Jerome Cohen.", "answer_prompt": "or Zhongguo; or Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In this novel, a man's purchase of Ralf von Maiboom's crops is ruined when the crops are destroyed by hail. Late in this novel, a boy makes friends with Kai Molin and is criticized by the fiery Pastor Pringsheim. A woman in this novel married Parmaneder after getting divorced from Herr Grunlich, the father of her daughter Erica. In this book, Christian goes to (*) South America and disdains working with his brother, who marries the music loving Gerda and is named Thomas. Other characters in this novel include the central family's lone daughter, Tony, and a sickly boy who dies from typhoid, named Hanno. FTP, name this novel about a merchant family in Lubeck inspired by the family of its author, Thomas Mann. ", "answer": "Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family [or Buddenbrooks: Verfall einen Familie] ", "page": "Buddenbrooks", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116980, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151653, "tokenizations": [[0, 107], [108, 212], [213, 330], [331, 475], [476, 609], [610, 715]], "first_sentence": "In this novel, a man's purchase of Ralf von Maiboom's crops is ruined when the crops are destroyed by hail.", "answer_prompt": "or Buddenbrooks: Verfall einen Familie", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "It's not Orthodox Christianity, but the Supreme Patriarch is the head of this major religious branch in one country, where illicitly-ordained women known as mae ji face discrimination. The \"Forest Tradition\" within this branch forsakes scriptural study for wilderness asceticism. The insight meditation, or vipasanna, movement in this tradition advocates focusing on the three marks of existence. This branch holds up the (*) arahant as an ideal, and stresses that it is nearly impossible for laypeople to become them. In this tradition, the Vinaya, Sutta, and Abhidhamma Pitakas, or \"baskets,\" make up the Pali Canon, or Tripitaka. For 10 points, name this \"Way of the Elders,\" a branch of Buddhism predominant in Southeast Asia, but with fewer practitioners than Mahayana.", "answer": "Theravada Buddhism [or Hinayana Buddhism; prompt on Thai Buddhism; prompt on Buddhism]", "page": "Theravada", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116979, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151654, "tokenizations": [[0, 184], [185, 279], [280, 396], [397, 518], [519, 632], [633, 774]], "first_sentence": "It's not Orthodox Christianity, but the Supreme Patriarch is the head of this major religious branch in one country, where illicitly-ordained women known as mae ji face discrimination.", "answer_prompt": "or Hinayana Buddhism; prompt on Thai Buddhism; prompt on Buddhism", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Drugs like cetirizine and loratidine are primarily used to treat this condition. Despite its name, this condition does not actually occur in a non-phototoxic, non-irritant form of contact dermatitis. This non- parasitic condition is mediated by the binding of IgE to Fc epsilon receptors, and is also known as a type I hypersensitivity response. This condition occurs in atopic forms of syndromes like (*) asthma. Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening form of this condition, which can be determined by skin prick or patch testing with substances like metals and food additives. A form of rhinitis in which this condition occurs is known as hay fever, and is caused by pollen. For 10 points, name these immune responses to normally harmless substances.", "answer": "allergy [or allergic response; or allergies; accept hypersensitivity or word forms before it is mentioned; accept anaphylaxis or word forms before mentioned] ", "page": "Allergy", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116978, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151655, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 199], [200, 345], [346, 413], [414, 583], [584, 681], [682, 757]], "first_sentence": "Drugs like cetirizine and loratidine are primarily used to treat this condition.", "answer_prompt": "or allergic response; or allergies; accept hypersensitivity or word forms before it is mentioned; accept anaphylaxis or word forms before mentioned", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In one of these people's myths, a thief opens nested bronze, iron, sycamore, ivory, silver and a gold boxes to access and all-powerful book. This people believed that a frog-headed goddess breathes life into a new born after her husband spins them on his potter's wheel. The chief god of this people mixes red dye with beer to prevent a lion-headed goddess from destroying (*) humanity, and s cowed by the lewd dancing of his daughter into revealing his own name. In their most extensive myth, a goddess reassembles her husband from the fourteen pieces of his body. Because it is Bast's animal form, these people considered cats sacred. For 10 points, name this people, whose falcon-headed god Horus ensured the divinity of the pharaoh.", "answer": "Ancient Egyptians", "page": "Ancient_Egyptians", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116977, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151656, "tokenizations": [[0, 140], [141, 270], [271, 463], [464, 565], [566, 636], [637, 736]], "first_sentence": "In one of these people's myths, a thief opens nested bronze, iron, sycamore, ivory, silver and a gold boxes to access and all-powerful book.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Leonard Bernstein called this composer's ninth symphony the \"anti-Ninth\" due to its humor compared to most other ninth symphonies. The six movements of this composer's last string quartet are all played adagio. Much controversy exists over the authenticity of his \"memoirs\" as related by Solomon Volkov in the book Testimony. This composer represented himself in his eighth (*) string quartet using the notes D \u00c2\u2013E-flat\u00c2\u2013C\u00c2\u2013B, and one of his symphonies is a setting of a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. He composed fifteen string quartets as well as fifteen symphonies, the seventh of which uses an ostinato which may represent Hitler's invasion. For 10 points, name this Soviet composer of the \"Leningrad\" and \"Babi Yar\" Symphonies.", "answer": "Dmitri Shostakovich", "page": "Dmitri_Shostakovich", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116976, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151657, "tokenizations": [[0, 130], [131, 210], [211, 325], [326, 496], [497, 640], [641, 727]], "first_sentence": "Leonard Bernstein called this composer's ninth symphony the \"anti-Ninth\" due to its humor compared to most other ninth symphonies.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "When the Soviet Union's national soccer team refused to travel to this nation, its dictator ordered its team to take the field anyways, leading them to score 11 times into an open goal. A leader of this nation was revealed to have accepted a shipment of weapons in the Cuban packages scandal. A dissident from this country, Orlando Letelier, was killed by a car bomb in Washington D.C. A leader of this country was supported by the Schneider Doctrine and was the subject of the CIA's Project Fubelt. It implemented free market policies under the guidance of a group of economists called the Chicago Boys. The \"Caravan of Death\"was created in this nation after a 1973 coup. For 10 points, name this South American country where Salvador Allende was overthrown by Augusto Pinochet. ", "answer": "Republic of Chile", "page": "Chile", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History World", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116975, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151658, "tokenizations": [[0, 185], [186, 292], [293, 369], [370, 499], [500, 604], [605, 672], [673, 779]], "first_sentence": "When the Soviet Union's national soccer team refused to travel to this nation, its dictator ordered its team to take the field anyways, leading them to score 11 times into an open goal.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This statement is applied separately to each component in multicomponent analysis. NanoDrop devices use this law to calculate the 260/280 ratio of DNA and proteins. This law can be written as I equals I-nought times the exponential of negative alpha times density times distance. A correction factor is added to this equation if turbidity is present. A parameter in this law has units of inverse molar times inverse centimeters. A calibration curve and a (*) blank are usually used to standardize before this law is applied, often to find the optimal wavelength. The cuvette path length in this law multiplies the extinction coefficient and concentration to give absorbance. For 10 points, name this law which governs spectrophotometers.", "answer": "Beer's law [or the Beer-Lambert law] ", "page": "Beer's_law", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116974, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151659, "tokenizations": [[0, 82], [83, 164], [165, 279], [280, 350], [351, 428], [429, 562], [563, 674], [675, 737]], "first_sentence": "This statement is applied separately to each component in multicomponent analysis.", "answer_prompt": "or the Beer-Lambert law", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this man's books claims that long-run expectations could not be quantified and were driven more by \"animal spirits\"than rational weighing of risks. One mathematical model based on this man's most influential book explains shifts in aggregate demand and was developed by Hicks and Hansen. That book by this man inspired the IS-LM model and rejected the idea that that supply creates its own demand and argued that an economy with full (*) employment was really an special case. This man attacked the Treaty of Versailles in The Economic Consequences of the Peace and argued for government spending to boost demand during depressions. For 10 points, name this British father of modern macroeconomics who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. ", "answer": "John Maynard Keynes", "page": "John_Maynard_Keynes", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116973, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151660, "tokenizations": [[0, 156], [156, 295], [296, 484], [485, 640], [641, 770]], "first_sentence": "One of this man's books claims that long-run expectations could not be quantified and were driven more by \"animal spirits\"than rational weighing of risks. ", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A man in this novel cries when he sees an advertisement for toffee being spelled out by an airplane. In this novel, a woman prays in Westminster Abbey after her student leaves to wait for an omnibus and meets an old friend who had \"five enormous boys\" with Lord Rosseter. Its protagonist's daughter is tutored by a woman who wears a bulky mackintosh and is a fanatical born-again Christian. Sally (*) Seton and Peter Walsh are among the guests of a dinner party in this novel that is interrupted by a man who avoids Dr. Holmes by jumping from a window. This novel's title character, the wife of Richard, shares a psychiatrist with World War I veteran Septimus Smith. For 10 paints, name this stream-of-consciousness novel about Clarissa, written by Virgina Woolf.", "answer": "Mrs. Dalloway", "page": "Mrs_Dalloway", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116972, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151661, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 271], [272, 390], [391, 398], [398, 552], [553, 666], [667, 763]], "first_sentence": "A man in this novel cries when he sees an advertisement for toffee being spelled out by an airplane.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The London Charter established the laws and procedures for an event that happened in this city. While serving as Gauleiter of Franconia, Julius Streicher published the Der Sturmer newspaper in this city. At an event in this city, 130 evenly-space anti-aircraft searchlights formed a \"cathedral of light\". A large prison complex adjoins Courtroom 600 in this city's Palace of Justice, where a proceeding was prosecuted by Robert (*) Jackson. The film Triumph of the Will by Leni Reifenstahl commemorates this city's large-scale rallies, where in 1935 a law forbidding marriage between Germans and Jews was introduced. Hermann Goering killed himself to avoid the death sentence received here. FTP, name this German city where the Nazi war crime trials took place. ", "answer": "Nuremberg [or Nurnberg] ", "page": "Nuremberg", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116971, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151662, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 203], [204, 304], [305, 440], [441, 616], [617, 690], [691, 761]], "first_sentence": "The London Charter established the laws and procedures for an event that happened in this city.", "answer_prompt": "or Nurnberg", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Wallace Collection holds a Francois Boucher (boo-SHAY) painting of this character held captive, and Boucher also included two swans in a painting of this character being disarmed. Caravaggio showed this character trampling a suit of armor, a compass, and other symbols of civilization in s Virgil-inspired painting of his \"victorious\". A statue of this character raises a finger to his lips in a sign of silence, while a man (*) looking up a lady's dress reclines against that statue, in Fragonard's The Swing. This character shares an incestuous kiss with his mother in a painting where the fourth title figure pulls back a curtain to expose them. For 10 points, name this god who appears with Folly, Time and Venus in a Bronzino painting, the god of love.", "answer": "Cupid [or Eros; or Amor]", "page": "Cupid", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116970, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151663, "tokenizations": [[0, 183], [184, 339], [340, 514], [515, 652], [653, 761]], "first_sentence": "The Wallace Collection holds a Francois Boucher (boo-SHAY) painting of this character held captive, and Boucher also included two swans in a painting of this character being disarmed.", "answer_prompt": "or Eros; or Amor", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This author invented the proscription in English against preposition stranding while objecting to a sentence written by Ben Jonson. In a play by this author, Rodophil and his wife Doralice are having affairs with, respectively, Melantha and her fianc\u00c3\u00a9 Palamede; meanwhile, Leonidas overthrows the usurper Polydamas and marries the princess Palmyra. Nahum Tate likely completed the second part of a poem by this author in which the two (*) Biblical title characters represent the Duke of Monmouth and the Earl of Shaftesbury. This author of Marriage a la Mode was heavily influenced by Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra in the production of his heroic drama All for Love. For ten points, name this Restoration-era Poet Laureate who wrote Mac Flecknoe and Absalom and Achitophel.", "answer": "John Dryden", "page": "John_Dryden", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116969, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151664, "tokenizations": [[0, 131], [132, 348], [349, 438], [439, 524], [525, 671], [672, 778]], "first_sentence": "This author invented the proscription in English against preposition stranding while objecting to a sentence written by Ben Jonson.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The protagonist of this story falls in love with a hunchbacked girl from a family of locksmiths in a 2013 Haruki Murakami story. Before the events of this story, the protagonist had framed a magazine photo of a woman bedecked in fur in his \"rather too small\" room. This story ends with a family taking a trolley ride to the countryside after firing their cleaning lady. Its main character dies after being (*) spotted by three visitors listening to his sister play the violin. This story opens with the protagonist waking from \"uneasy dreams\". In this story, the protagonist's mother is horrified to see him climbing the walls after most of his furniture is removed by Grete. For ten points, name this Franz Kafka short story in which Gregor Samsa turns into a vermin.", "answer": "\"The Metamorphosis\" [or \"Die Verwandlung\"; \"or \"The Transformation\"; accept \"Samsa in Love\" before the end of the first sentence] ", "page": "The_Metamorphosis", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116968, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151665, "tokenizations": [[0, 128], [129, 264], [265, 369], [370, 405], [406, 476], [477, 543], [544, 675], [676, 768]], "first_sentence": "The protagonist of this story falls in love with a hunchbacked girl from a family of locksmiths in a 2013 Haruki Murakami story.", "answer_prompt": "or \"Die Verwandlung\"; \"or \"The Transformation\"; accept \"Samsa in Love\" before the end of the first sentence", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Francois-Charles de Bourlamaque unsuccessfully tried to blow up this location while commanding it. After an uncontested surrender of this location, Philip Schuyler and Arthur St. Clair were court-martialed. Legendarily, a man shouted \"come out you old rat!\" to Captain William Delaplace at this location, followed by a demand to surrender \"in the name of the Great Jehovah and the (*) Continental Congress.\" After a military engagement at this location, Seth Warner led a raid on Crown Point. Henry Knox transported cannons from this location in winter to help relieve the siege of Boston. For 10 points, name this fort at Lake Champlain, New York, that was seized by Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys in 1776.", "answer": "Fort Ticonderoga [or Fort Carillon]", "page": "Fort_Ticonderoga", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116967, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151666, "tokenizations": [[0, 98], [99, 206], [207, 257], [258, 406], [406, 407], [408, 492], [493, 589], [590, 710]], "first_sentence": "Francois-Charles de Bourlamaque unsuccessfully tried to blow up this location while commanding it.", "answer_prompt": "or Fort Carillon", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Portraits by an artist from this modern-day country include one of a bearded woman breastfeeding and one of a grinning clubfooted boy. An artist from here painted a dead St. Serapion hanging by his arms. A style of still-life set in the kitchen called bodeg\u00c3\u00b3n evolved in this country. Yet another artist from this country showed Nicolas Pertusato poking a dog with his leg. That artist from this country showed (*) Justinus van Nassau handing over keys in his Surrender of Breda, and another of that artist's paintings includes a self-portrait of the artist at his easel, two dwarfs, and several maids of honor. For 10 points, name this home of Jose de Ribera, Francisco de Zurbaran, and the artist of Las Meninas, Diego Velazquez.", "answer": "Spain [or Espa\u00c3\u00b1a] ", "page": "Spain", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116965, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151668, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 203], [204, 284], [285, 373], [374, 611], [612, 731]], "first_sentence": "Portraits by an artist from this modern-day country include one of a bearded woman breastfeeding and one of a grinning clubfooted boy.", "answer_prompt": "or Espa\u00c3\u00b1a", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The footnote \"demon speaking from here on\" appears in this text after a narrative about how a hailstorm immediately extinguishes divinely-granted fire. One character in this text dies after eating a bird poisoned with white earth. Its protagonists trick their half-brothers into climbing an endlessly-growing tree. In this text, animals, mud and wood are used in three failed attempts at (*) creating mankind. In this text, two characters survive the Houses of Gloom and Knives, but one of them is decapitated int he House of Bats by Camazotz. Vacub-Caquix, Cabrakan, and Zipacna are defeated in this text, whose protagonists are called to Xibalba for playing a ball-game too loudly. For 10 points, name this compilation of stories about the Hero Twins, and other Mayan myths. ", "answer": "Popol Vuh [or Popol Wuj] ", "page": "Popol_Vuh", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116964, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151669, "tokenizations": [[0, 151], [152, 230], [231, 314], [315, 409], [410, 543], [544, 683], [684, 776]], "first_sentence": "The footnote \"demon speaking from here on\" appears in this text after a narrative about how a hailstorm immediately extinguishes divinely-granted fire.", "answer_prompt": "or Popol Wuj", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man hid from his creditors by stowing away on a ship in a barrel with his dog. This man undertook his most famous feat after the son of the cacique Comagre promised to show this man a place where people ate on plates of gold. This man, who named the Pearl Islands, was beheaded after great difficulty on trumped-up charges invented by his rival Pedrarias after being personally arrested by Francisco (*) Pizarro. This man established Santa Maria de la Antigua at Darien, the first stable settlement in the Americas. Reinforced by a thousand men supplied by his friend Careta, this man waded through dense forest to cross the Isthmus of Panama. For 10 points, name this conquistador, who in 1513 became the first European to see the Pacific.", "answer": "Vasco Nunez (noon-YEZ) de Balboa ", "page": "Vasco_N\u00fa\u00f1ez_de_Balboa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116963, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151670, "tokenizations": [[0, 83], [84, 230], [231, 417], [418, 520], [521, 648], [649, 745]], "first_sentence": "This man hid from his creditors by stowing away on a ship in a barrel with his dog.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This character learns how to read from Elective Affinities and a book about Rasputin. This character loves to spit onto his lover's orange fizz powder. He remembers his \"presumptive\"father holding up a queen of hearts after being arrested in the middle of a game of skat. this character deliberately falls down a trapdoor as a \"sacrifice\", then joins Bebra's troupe of circus freaks. Bruno (*) Munsterberg makes knot sculptures based on tales told by this character, who finds a murdered nun's severed finger and as a result is locked up in an asylum. This character, who eventually becomes a popular jazz musician at the Onion Cellar, can shatter glass with his voice and decides to stop growing after the age of 3. FTP, name this protagonist of The Tin Drum. ", "answer": "Oskar Matzerath [accept either underlined portion] ", "page": "The_Tin_Drum", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116962, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151671, "tokenizations": [[0, 85], [86, 151], [152, 271], [272, 383], [384, 389], [390, 551], [552, 716], [717, 760]], "first_sentence": "This character learns how to read from Elective Affinities and a book about Rasputin.", "answer_prompt": "accept either underlined portion", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Meredith Monk's dance Juice was first performed at this museum, which is where one can find Al Held's Untitled Y and The Yellow Cow by Franz Marc. This museum was originally called The Museum of Non-Objective Painting under the guidance of director Hilla von Rebay. Its architect intended for visitors to ride to the top of the museum and descend down a single incline while viewing its artworks. This museum, designed as a \"Temple of the Spirit\", resembles both an inverted (*) ziggurat and a ribbon on a cylindrical stack that has been made with curved surfaces. A sister museum to this one is located next to Jeff Koons' statue Puppy; that museum was designed by Frank Gehry and is in Bilbao. For 10 points, name this museum designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in New York City.", "answer": "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum [or Guggenheim New York; do not accept \"Guggenheim Bilbao\"]", "page": "Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116960, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151673, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 265], [266, 396], [397, 564], [565, 695], [696, 776]], "first_sentence": "Meredith Monk's dance Juice was first performed at this museum, which is where one can find Al Held's Untitled Y and The Yellow Cow by Franz Marc.", "answer_prompt": "or Guggenheim New York; do not accept \"Guggenheim Bilbao\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The Kelvin equation gives solubility as a function of this property. Dynamic light scattering is used to measure this quantity, which continuously increases due to Ostwald ripening. The mean free path is proportional to the negative second power of this quantity. This property of a polymer is determined using chromatography where a gel is the stationary phase. The cross section in (*) collision theory is roughly the sum of this quantity for the molecules. The difference between a colloid and a suspension is this property for the particles. The b term in the van der Waals equation accounts for this property, countering the ideal gas law's assumption that this property for gas molecules is zero. For 10 points, name this quantity which is small for particles that pass through a filter.", "answer": "particle size [or volume; or surface area; or radius; or diameter; or chain length; do not accept or prompt on \"mass\" or \"weight\" or \"molar mass\"] ", "page": "Particle_size", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116959, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151674, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 181], [182, 263], [264, 362], [363, 459], [460, 545], [546, 702], [703, 793]], "first_sentence": "The Kelvin equation gives solubility as a function of this property.", "answer_prompt": "or volume; or surface area; or radius; or diameter; or chain length; do not accept or prompt on \"mass\" or \"weight\" or \"molar mass\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A potential derived from this law predicts energy quantized by half-integer multiples of Planck's constant time frequency. This equation predicts the energy required for an IR-active mode given the reduced mass of a molecule. In the most common test on an Instron device, this aw fails to predict behavior like work hardening or necking as the load increases. This equation models chemical bond vibrations with a quadratic potential energy dependence. A straight line on a (*) stress-strain curve is a consequence of this equation. It uses a proportionality constant which has units of Newtons divided by meters. This law predict a restoring force that is negative and proportional to the distance extended from equilibrium. For 10 points, name this law which applies. ", "answer": "Hooke's Law", "page": "Hooke's_law", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116958, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151675, "tokenizations": [[0, 122], [123, 225], [226, 359], [360, 451], [452, 531], [532, 612], [613, 724], [725, 768]], "first_sentence": "A potential derived from this law predicts energy quantized by half-integer multiples of Planck's constant time frequency.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A cat stares at a caged bird in this artist's group portrait of the Graham Children. Faces taken from Raphael and Leonardo are contrasted with contemporary profiles in this artist's Characters and Caricaturas. A child falls from the breast of a woman seated on a flight of stairs in an allegorical etching by this artist warning against foreign spirits. This man's dog stands next to a tondo self-portrait in The (*) Painter and his Pug. The title figure of one of his works ends up naked and shackled to the floor of Bedlam, indifferent to the care of Sarah Young. This artist of Gin Lane created eight paintings of the downfall of Tom Rakewell. For 10 points, name this English artist of the satirical series, A Rake's Progress.", "answer": "William Hogarth", "page": "William_Hogarth", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Visual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116957, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151676, "tokenizations": [[0, 84], [85, 209], [210, 353], [354, 437], [438, 565], [566, 646], [647, 730]], "first_sentence": "A cat stares at a caged bird in this artist's group portrait of the Graham Children.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A short story character spends the night with some of these people and later dies with \"no hopeful verse upon his tombstone\". In a novel about this kind of people, three of them conspire to give Jenny cancer in revenge for her marriage to Darryl Va Horne, who has affairs with Alexandra, Jane and Sukie, residents of a small Rhode Island town. Reverend Hale exclaims \"I denounce these proceedings!\" in a (*) court case about this kind of people. John Updike wrote a novel about several of these people in Eastwick, Nathaniel Hawthorne's \"Young Goodman Brown\" is about one of their meetings. Martha Corey and John Proctor are executes on suspicion of being these people at the end of Arthur Miller's The Crucible. For 10 points, name these people who hang out in covens. ", "answer": "witches", "page": "Witchcraft", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116956, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151677, "tokenizations": [[0, 125], [126, 343], [344, 398], [399, 445], [446, 590], [591, 712], [713, 769]], "first_sentence": "A short story character spends the night with some of these people and later dies with \"no hopeful verse upon his tombstone\".", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A mother of ten named Etta Mae Miller was sentenced to life in prison for violating this legislation. Violations of this law were changed from misdemeanors to felonies by the Jones Law. This legislation's namesake, a Minnesota Congressman, also co-sponsored a bill that made farm combines exempt from anti-trust laws with Arthur Capper. The \"padlock\" provisions of this law were used to temporarily (*)close businesses like the Paradise in New York. 13 years after it was passed over Woodrow Wilson's veto, the Blaine Act made it unconstitutional. This legislation's restriction of 0.5% as the legal limit for certain substances were ignored by operators of blind pigs and speakeasies. For 10 points, name this legislation which enforced the 18th Amendment.", "answer": "Volstead Act [or National Prohibition Act; do not accept \"18th Amendment\"] ", "page": "Volstead_Act", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116955, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151678, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 185], [186, 336], [337, 449], [450, 547], [548, 685], [686, 757]], "first_sentence": "A mother of ten named Etta Mae Miller was sentenced to life in prison for violating this legislation.", "answer_prompt": "or National Prohibition Act; do not accept \"18th Amendment\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "After the protagonist of this novel comes home from work, he argues with his mother over whether he returned before or after two in the morning. In this novel, a lawyer gives a man a wooden cross necklace, only for it to be thrown away when the man sees the Ku Klux Klan. A couple eats fried chicken at Charlie's Kitchen Shack to experience (*) black life in this novel, in which the protagonist forges a ransom note with the signature \"Reds\". Boris A. Max defends this novel's protagonist, who kills a rat with a skillet in its opening scene. This novel's protagonist kills Jan Erlone's girlfriend Mary Dalton by suffocating her with a pillow. FTP, name this novel about Bigger Thomas, written by Richard Wright. ", "answer": "Native Son", "page": "Native_Son", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116954, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151679, "tokenizations": [[0, 144], [145, 271], [272, 443], [444, 543], [544, 644], [645, 713]], "first_sentence": "After the protagonist of this novel comes home from work, he argues with his mother over whether he returned before or after two in the morning.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This city's Jewish Ghisolfi family helped found the Bank of St. George, which was granted control over colonies in Gazaria and the Taman Peninsula. Constantinople's Galata Tower was built by traders from this city, whose colony of Caffa may have been an entry point for the bubonic plague into Europe. An admiral from this city led the allied fleet that lost to the Ottomans at the Battle of Preveza. (*) Crossbowmen from this city, which was once led by Andrea Doria, were outshot by English longbowmen at the Battle of Crecy. An explorer born in this city appealed to Ferdinand and Isabella for financial support for his four voyages to the New World. For 10 points, name this Italian city, the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, a major maritime rival of Venice.", "answer": "Genoa [or Republic of Genoa]", "page": "Genoa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116953, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151680, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 301], [302, 400], [401, 527], [528, 653], [654, 766]], "first_sentence": "This city's Jewish Ghisolfi family helped found the Bank of St. George, which was granted control over colonies in Gazaria and the Taman Peninsula.", "answer_prompt": "or Republic of Genoa", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 1965, a group of French scholars dedicated to Reading this book was led by Louis Althusser, who later analyzed the hailing of citizens by cops as \"interpellation.\" The \"transformation problem\" was first put forth in the last overarching segment of this text, whose title concept becomes prominent due to \"primitive accumulation\" and is said to be \"vampire-like.\" The fourth chapter of this book asks whether \"C-M-C\" or \"M-C-M\" is the proper formula for (*) circulation. This book, whose fourth volume was compiled posthumously, distinguishes \"use value\" from \"exchange value,\" and warns that viewing products apart from the laborers exploited to make them leads to commodity fetishism. For 10 points, name this treatise about the economy, by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.", "answer": "Das Kapital [or Capital]", "page": "Das_Kapital", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116952, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151681, "tokenizations": [[0, 165], [165, 365], [366, 472], [473, 688], [689, 776]], "first_sentence": "In 1965, a group of French scholars dedicated to Reading this book was led by Louis Althusser, who later analyzed the hailing of citizens by cops as \"interpellation.", "answer_prompt": "or Capital", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The Byzantine empire gave Geza Arpad one of these objects which is now named for Saint Stephen of Hungary. These objects name a type of phase-transfer catalyst that segregates cations inside a ring of ether monomers. During the Social War, Lucius Cornelius Sulla received a \"grass\" one of these objects, the highest (*) decoration of the Roman army. In 18th through mid-20th century Britain, these objects named a type of large silver coin worth five shillings. A white and red one symbolizing the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt was often shown in pharaohs' inscriptions. Before the Crucifixion, Jesus received one made of thorns. For 10 points, name these items which are usually heavier than a diadem or tiara, a type of royal headgear.", "answer": "crowns [or Holy Crown of Saint Stephen; or crown ethers; or Grass Crown; or Double Crown; or crown of thorns] ", "page": "Crown_(headgear)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116951, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151682, "tokenizations": [[0, 106], [107, 216], [217, 349], [350, 461], [462, 571], [572, 630], [631, 738]], "first_sentence": "The Byzantine empire gave Geza Arpad one of these objects which is now named for Saint Stephen of Hungary.", "answer_prompt": "or Holy Crown of Saint Stephen; or crown ethers; or Grass Crown; or Double Crown; or crown of thorns", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Frameworks for assisting in this practice include Selenium and Lime. Thoroughly performing this action tends to result in high block coverage. Forms of this practice include the integration and regression types. The term dogfooding is used to describe internal forms of this practice. This process can be performed using tools such as xUnit. Tools that simulate a high number of concurrent connections are useful in performing the (*) \"load\" or \"stress\" type of this practice. Alternative layouts might be shown to different groups of users in a website practicing the A/B form of this technique. The public is often asked to participate in the \"beta\" form of this process. For 10 points, name this practice that tries to root out bugs in programs.", "answer": "software testing [or unit testing; or integration testing; or load testing; or stress testing; or A/B testing; or beta testing; prompt on software validation] ", "page": "Software_testing", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Computer Science", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116950, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151683, "tokenizations": [[0, 68], [69, 142], [143, 211], [212, 284], [285, 341], [342, 476], [477, 596], [597, 673], [674, 748]], "first_sentence": "Frameworks for assisting in this practice include Selenium and Lime.", "answer_prompt": "or unit testing; or integration testing; or load testing; or stress testing; or A/B testing; or beta testing; prompt on software validation", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A religious leader in this city was accused of eating lozenges in church at the Synod of the Oak. A religious conflict began with the excommunication of Michael I Cerularius, the head of a church in this city. The second-ever ecumenical council was held in this city, and confirmed the Nicene creed. The Divine Liturgy of a church based in this city was penned by St. John Chrysostom. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus constructed a church in this city with a (*) gigantic dome supported on pendentives, which was dedicated to \"Holy Wisdom.\" The Ecumenical Patriarch is the head of a church based in this city that feuded with a church based in Rome during the Great Schism. For 10 points, name this city, home to the Hagia Sophia, the seat of Eastern Orthodoxy.", "answer": "Constantinople [accept Istanbul only after \"Ecumenical Patriarch\" is read, do not accept or prompt on it before] ", "page": "Constantinople", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116949, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151684, "tokenizations": [[0, 97], [98, 209], [210, 299], [300, 384], [385, 551], [552, 684], [685, 772]], "first_sentence": "A religious leader in this city was accused of eating lozenges in church at the Synod of the Oak.", "answer_prompt": "accept Istanbul only after \"Ecumenical Patriarch\" is read, do not accept or prompt on it before", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic neurons unusually innervate the structures responsible for this sudomotor process. Ceruminous glands and eyelid ciliary glands are modified forms of structures responsible for this process. This process is used to detect dysfunctional CFTR channels in a namesake test for (*) cystic fibrosis. After puberty, this process can be performed by axillary apocrine glands, where bacteria metabolize its products and produce odor. People suffering from heat stroke cannot perform this process. Dogs pant because they can only perform this thermoregulatory function in their paws. For 10 points, name this process in which evaporative cooling is achieved with salty fluids secreted from the skin.", "answer": "sweating [or perspiration; or diaphoresis; prompt on thermoregulation; prompt on temperature regulation; prompt on cooling] ", "page": "Sweating", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116948, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151685, "tokenizations": [[0, 121], [122, 228], [229, 331], [332, 462], [463, 525], [526, 611], [612, 727]], "first_sentence": "Sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic neurons unusually innervate the structures responsible for this sudomotor process.", "answer_prompt": "or perspiration; or diaphoresis; prompt on thermoregulation; prompt on temperature regulation; prompt on cooling", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "One of this author's protagonists uses a drug developed by Magnus Lane to experience the 14th-century unrequited affair between Isolda Carminowe and his doppelganger Roger. In a story by this author of The House on the Strand, Mr. and Mrs. Trigg are among the victims of a series of attacks that Nat Hocken realizes occur only at high tide. In one of this author's novels, the protagonist inadvertently attends a ball wearing a replica of a (*) dress belonging to the deceased title character due to the machinations of Mrs. Danvers. The unnamed narrator is the second wife of Maxim de Winter in that novel by this author, which opens \"Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again.\" For 10 points, name this Cornish woman who wrote \"The Birds\" and Rebecca. ", "answer": " Daphne du Maurier [or Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning] ", "page": "Daphne_du_Maurier", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116947, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151686, "tokenizations": [[0, 172], [173, 340], [341, 533], [534, 646], [647, 682], [682, 757]], "first_sentence": "One of this author's protagonists uses a drug developed by Magnus Lane to experience the 14th-century unrequited affair between Isolda Carminowe and his doppelganger Roger.", "answer_prompt": "or Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A solo piece for this instrument ends with a movement that quotes folk songs such as \"I have been away from you for so long\" and \"Cabbages and turnips have driven me away.\" A two-manual variety of this instrument plays the Italian Concerto. A solo piece for this instrument ends with a quodlibet (QUAD- lee-butt) and includes nine canons, one every three movements. This instrument plays a lengthy cadenza in the first movement of the fifth (*) Brandenburg Concerto. A solo piece for this instrument consists of thirty variations on a G major aria theme. This instrument cannot create dynamics because it plucks the strings rather than hammering them like the piano. For 10 points, the Goldberg Variations were written for what Baroque keyboard instrument? ", "answer": "harpsichords [or cembalo; or cembali] ", "page": "Harpsichords", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116946, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151687, "tokenizations": [[0, 129], [130, 173], [174, 241], [242, 366], [367, 467], [468, 555], [556, 667], [668, 757]], "first_sentence": "A solo piece for this instrument ends with a movement that quotes folk songs such as \"I have been away from you for so long\" and", "answer_prompt": "or cembalo; or cembali", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Ottoman Sultan Abdulmedjid I was forced to scale down his response to this event. The Ballinlass incident was a notorious eviction during this event, in which Count Paul de Strzelecki was tasked with dispersing over four hundred thousand pounds. Attempts to aid the victims of this event were often stymied by the \"Gregory clause\" of the Poor Law. It's not the Highland Clearances, but people boarded squalid (*) \"coffin ships\" to escape this event, which was exacerbated by extreme subdivision of land. Robert Peel responded to this event by repealing the Corn Laws. The fungus Phytophthora infestans caused this event. For 10 points, name this period from 1845-52, in which a million people starved to death due to a blight in a staple crop. ", "answer": "Irish potato famine [or Great Hunger; or Great Famine; or Irish famine; or An Gorta Mor]", "page": "Great_Famine_(Ireland)", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116945, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151688, "tokenizations": [[0, 81], [82, 245], [246, 347], [348, 503], [504, 567], [568, 620], [621, 743]], "first_sentence": "Ottoman Sultan Abdulmedjid I was forced to scale down his response to this event.", "answer_prompt": "or Great Hunger; or Great Famine; or Irish famine; or An Gorta Mor", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Deflection of starlight was observed by William Wallace Campbell while he was observing one of these events at the Lick Observatory. Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlen found that the green emission line found as a result of these events was not actually a new element, but was instead highly ionized iron. Arthur Eddington experimentally confirmed Einstein's theory of general relativity using one of these events in 1919. While working in Madras, Pierre (*) Hansen used one of these events to discover the element Helium. The \"annular\" type of this event occurs when a disk surrounds the occuluding body. For 10 points, name these events during which the corona becomes visible because the moon is in front of the sun.", "answer": "solar eclipse [prompt on eclipses until \"sun\" is read and accept it afterwards] ", "page": "Solar_eclipse", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Other", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116640, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151966, "tokenizations": [[0, 132], [133, 302], [303, 419], [420, 519], [520, 602], [603, 716]], "first_sentence": "Deflection of starlight was observed by William Wallace Campbell while he was observing one of these events at the Lick Observatory.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on eclipses until \"sun\" is read and accept it afterwards", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "Abraham Mendel Theben convinced this ruler to offer limited protections to Jews. This ruler appears on the obverse of a namesake silver bullion thaler which was circulated for over two centuries. Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz was state chancellor and foreign minister to this ruler, during whose reign the physician Gerard van Swieten was sent to Moravia to investigate the existence of vampires. Charles (*) VI's flagrant disregard for Salic law resulted in this ruler taking the throne. After this ruler's death, her country underwent a decade of temporary reform under her son Joseph II. The Pragmatic Sanction attempted to legitimate the rule of this queen, who lost the region of Silesia to Frederick the Great. For 10 points, name this 18th-century queen of Austria.", "answer": "Maria Theresa [or Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina; or Maria Theresia; prompt on partial answer] ", "page": "Maria_Theresa", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116639, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151967, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 195], [196, 391], [392, 399], [400, 483], [484, 585], [586, 711], [712, 767]], "first_sentence": "Abraham Mendel Theben convinced this ruler to offer limited protections to Jews.", "answer_prompt": "or Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina; or Maria Theresia; prompt on partial answer", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The momentum j-factor in the Chilton-Colburn analogy is given by a number describing this phenomenon, divided by two. A constant factor of 1.33, times the square root of the Reynolds number, gives the magnitude of this phenomenon on a flat plane. For high Reynolds numbers, the magnitude of this force is proportional to the velocity squared, but in creeping flow, the dependence is (*) linear, with a coefficient often symbolized b. This force is proportional to the radius and viscosity according to Stokes' Law for spherical particles. The \"form\" contribution to this force is greater when a surface is perpendicular to the oncoming streamlines. For 10 points, name this force that balances gravity at the terminal velocity, and opposes thrust in fluids. ", "answer": "drag force [or air resistance; prompt on air friction ", "page": "Drag_force", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116638, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151968, "tokenizations": [[0, 117], [118, 246], [247, 430], [431, 433], [434, 538], [539, 648], [649, 757]], "first_sentence": "The momentum j-factor in the Chilton-Colburn analogy is given by a number describing this phenomenon, divided by two.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man's medical practice with James Bates failed after Bates' death, after which he decided to go to sea. This man's cousin Richard Sympson edited out nearly half of a manuscript this man wrote, in which he described how he was taught languages by the Sorrel Nag and Glumdalclitch. In one episode, he is arrested after putting out a fire by urinating on it, while in another, he is forced out of a community of ultra-rational (*) horse-like creatures who believe him to be a Yahoo. He encounters the Little-Endians and Big-Endians in a country whose leaders charge him with treason, forcing him to flee to Blefuscu. For 10 points, name this fictional author and adventure who wisits Laputa, Brobdingnag, and Lilliput in a satirical travelogue by Jonathan Swift.", "answer": "Lemuel Gulliver {accept either underlined portion]", "page": "Lemuel_Gulliver", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116637, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151969, "tokenizations": [[0, 108], [109, 284], [285, 484], [485, 618], [619, 764]], "first_sentence": "This man's medical practice with James Bates failed after Bates' death, after which he decided to go to sea.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A character created by this author dismisses \"outward things\", claiming \"I am my Heaven and my Hell\". In a play by this author, a group of generals are shown a document with a clause pledging loyalty to the emperor, which is removed from a different copy that all but one general signs after Illo and Terzky get the generals drunk. A trilogy by this author is titled for a character who is found out to have been (*) negotiating with the Swedes. Another of his protagonists is plotted against both by the vengeful Spiegelberg and by his own brother, Franz, who desires Amalia and tricks the Old Moor into disowning Karl. For 10 points, name this author of Wallenstein and The Robbers, who also wrote a poem to the \"daughter of Elysium\" called \"Ode to Joy.\" ", "answer": "Friedrich Schiller [or Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller] ", "page": "Friedrich_Schiller", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116636, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151970, "tokenizations": [[0, 101], [102, 332], [333, 446], [447, 621], [622, 757]], "first_sentence": "A character created by this author dismisses \"outward things\", claiming \"I am my Heaven and my Hell\".", "answer_prompt": "or Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A leader of this country enjoyed demolishing huge swathes of urban areas as part of his North Korea- inspired \"systematization\" campaign. This country was represented on the world stage by female diplomat Ana Pauker. A dictator in this country encouraged women to become \"heroine mothers\" by having ten or more children, and controlled his populace with the Securitate secret police. The (*) Iron Guard carried out the Final Solution in this country, which joined Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in the Little Entente, and was led throughout most of World War II by the pro-German Ion (EON) Antonescu. A leader of this country was tried and executed with his wife Elena on Christmas, 1989. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country ruled by the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu (chow-SHES-koo).", "answer": "Romania", "page": "Romania", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116635, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151971, "tokenizations": [[0, 137], [138, 216], [217, 383], [384, 599], [600, 687], [688, 794]], "first_sentence": "A leader of this country enjoyed demolishing huge swathes of urban areas as part of his North Korea- inspired \"systematization\" campaign.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This composer's last three masses are all in the key of B-flat, and another of his masses is sometimes nicknamed for the prominent timpani solo in the \"Agnus Dei.\" Another of his choral pieces concludes part 1 with \"The Heavens are Telling the Glory of God.\" The melody from the second movement of this composer's \"Emperor\" (*) Quartet is now used for the German national anthem. This composer wrote Mass in Time of War and the \"Nelson\" Mass while under the patronage of Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy, and he also composed an oratorio inspired by Paradise Lost and the Book of Genesis, called The Creation. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer known as the \"Father of the String Quartet\" and \"Father of the Symphony.\"", "answer": "Joseph Haydn [or Franz Joseph Haydn]", "page": "Joseph_Haydn", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Auditory", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116634, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151972, "tokenizations": [[0, 163], [164, 216], [216, 258], [259, 379], [380, 602], [603, 719]], "first_sentence": "This composer's last three masses are all in the key of B-flat, and another of his masses is sometimes nicknamed for the prominent timpani solo in the \"Agnus Dei.\"", "answer_prompt": "or Franz Joseph Haydn", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "The alpha and beta Kamlet-Taft parameters quantify the extent of this effect. This phenomenon is modeled as a double-well potential between donors and acceptors. SN1 reactions, but not SN2, are sped up by solvents demonstrating this effect. It is often incorrectly given as the reason for the higher melting temperatures of CG-rich DNA sequences. This interaction occurs perpendicular to the chains of antiparallel (*) beta sheets and links the amide groups of every fourth residue of an alpha helix. Alcohols have higher boiling points than ethers because of this phenomenon. This strong class of dipole-dipole forces classically requires nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine to be present. For 10 points, name this intermolecular attractive force involving the lightest element.", "answer": "hydrogen bonding [or H bonding]", "page": "Hydrogen_bond", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Chemistry", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116633, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151973, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 161], [162, 240], [241, 346], [347, 414], [415, 500], [501, 576], [577, 684], [685, 773]], "first_sentence": "The alpha and beta Kamlet-Taft parameters quantify the extent of this effect.", "answer_prompt": "or H bonding", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In preparation for World War I, workers in this industry were granted an eight-hour day through the Adamson Act. In the Civil War, Herman Haupt supervised this industry for the Union and War Secretary Simon Cameron resigned due to his role in profiteering from it. An 1862 act issued bonds to a company in this industry established by Theodore Judah and financed by the Big Four. A Civil War raid using (*) infrastructure from this industry inspired Buster Keaton's film The General. Ruined infrastructure from this industry became \"Sherman's Neckties\" during the March to the Sea. An 1862 Act of Congress proposed a project in this industry completed at Promontory point with the driving in of a golden spike. For 10 points, the Union Pacific Company is in which industry. ", "answer": "railroads [or rail industry; prompt on transportation] ", "page": "Railroads", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116632, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151974, "tokenizations": [[0, 112], [113, 264], [265, 379], [380, 483], [484, 581], [582, 710], [711, 773]], "first_sentence": "In preparation for World War I, workers in this industry were granted an eight-hour day through the Adamson Act.", "answer_prompt": "or rail industry; prompt on transportation", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In 2010, Greenpeace protesters off the coast of this island scaled the Stena Don oil rig owned by Cairn Energy. This island's extremely agglutinative namesake language was first given a Latin orthography by missionary Samuel Kleinschmidt. Archaeologists divide sites on this island into Western, Middle, and Eastern Settlements, the last of which contains the well-preserved ruins of the medieval-era Hvalsey church. In 1888, this island was crossed for the first time by Fridtjof Nansen. The U.S. operates (*) Thule Air Base on the western shore of this island, part of which faces the Davis Strait. Since 1979, it has been administered under home rule from the settlement of Nuuk. For 10 points, name this large northerly island once owned by Denmark.", "answer": "Greenland [or Kalaallit Nunaat] ", "page": "Greenland", "category": "Geography", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116631, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151975, "tokenizations": [[0, 111], [112, 238], [239, 416], [417, 488], [489, 600], [601, 682], [683, 753]], "first_sentence": "In 2010, Greenpeace protesters off the coast of this island scaled the Stena Don oil rig owned by Cairn Energy.", "answer_prompt": "or Kalaallit Nunaat", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "The German Romantic opposition to this classical author was led by the Schlegel brothers, who claimed that an \"immeasurable gulf\" separated him from his contemporaries. The title character of a play by this man drunkenly calls another character \"Ganymede\", then drags that character into a cave to have sex with him. In the final scene of another of his plays, the antagonist appears in a dragon-pulled chariot with the bodies of (*) of her dead children. This author of Cyclops, the only surviving satyr play, wrote a play in which a group led by Agave rips apart Pentheus, as directed by Dionysus. He also wrote a play whose antagonist murders Glauce to take revenge on her unfaithful husband Jason. For 10 points, name this Greek tragedian who wrote The Bacchae and Medea. ", "answer": "Euripides", "page": "Euripides", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116630, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151976, "tokenizations": [[0, 168], [169, 316], [317, 455], [456, 599], [600, 701], [702, 775]], "first_sentence": "The German Romantic opposition to this classical author was led by the Schlegel brothers, who claimed that an \"immeasurable gulf\" separated him from his contemporaries.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "Selegiline raises the availability of this compound by selectively inhibiting MAO-B. This compound's second G protein-coupled receptor, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, is targeted by many antipsychotic drugs. This compound's beta-hydroxylase catalyzes its transformation into norepinephrine. The ventral tegmental area contains the largest group of neurons releasing this neurotransmitter in the brain. A chiral precursor to this compound with (*) L-configuration is used to treat a disease in which neurons releasing it in the substantia nigra die, leading to tremors and a slow, shuffling gait. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter involved in pleasure-reward pathways in the brain, whose levels fall in Parkinson's disease.", "answer": "Dopamine [or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine] ", "page": "Dopamine", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Biology", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116629, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151977, "tokenizations": [[0, 209], [210, 292], [293, 403], [404, 597], [598, 732]], "first_sentence": "Selegiline raises the availability of this compound by selectively inhibiting MAO-B. This compound's second G protein-coupled receptor, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, is targeted by many antipsychotic drugs.", "answer_prompt": "or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "One book subtitled for this condition in the United States asserts that this condition's invisibility made it particularly pernicious. That book was written in 1962 by Michael Harrington. Another book on this condition was a response to the legislation that created TANF and sees the author travel to three states to work temporary jobs. People in this condition leaked all four entitlements in a book examining the link between this condition and (*) famines by Amartya Sen. This condition described in The Other America was portrayed in Paris kitchens and London spikes in a book by George Orwell. For 10 points, name this economic condition explored by Barbara Ehrenreich in Nickel and Dimed that is often fought with welfare programs", "answer": "Poverty [or being down and out; or being poor] ", "page": "Poverty", "category": "Social Science", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116628, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151978, "tokenizations": [[0, 134], [135, 187], [188, 337], [338, 475], [476, 599], [600, 737]], "first_sentence": "One book subtitled for this condition in the United States asserts that this condition's invisibility made it particularly pernicious.", "answer_prompt": "or being down and out; or being poor", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This passage rhetorically asks \"Can any one of you by worrying add a single hour to your life?\" A large part of this passage consists of the phrase \"You have heard it said,\" followed by a prescription from Mosaic Law, then the phrase \"but I say unto you,\" followed by a refutation of the prescription. The final verse of this passage beseeches listeners to \"Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.\" This passage discards the metaphor of people being the (*) \"salt of the earth\" in favor of them being \"the light of the world.\" The declaration \"Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth\" is one of this passage's Beatitudes. For 10 points, name this section of the Book of Matthew, an oration Jesus delivered at an elevated place. ", "answer": "Sermon on the Mount [prompt on Book of Matthew; prompt to be less specific on Beatitudes before mentioned; prompt to be less specific on Matthew's Antitheses] ", "page": "Sermon_on_the_Mount", "category": "Religion", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116627, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151979, "tokenizations": [[0, 95], [96, 235], [235, 301], [302, 419], [419, 545], [545, 546], [547, 656], [657, 762]], "first_sentence": "This passage rhetorically asks \"Can any one of you by worrying add a single hour to your life?\"", "answer_prompt": "prompt on Book of Matthew; prompt to be less specific on Beatitudes before mentioned; prompt to be less specific on Matthew's Antitheses", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "A character in this play is ordered to first put several drops of vinegar in each of various sensory organs, then cry \"hum\" and \"buzz\" thrice each. Another character in this play disguises himself as Spanish nobleman and is mocked by two characters who think he can't speak English. Kastril receives a quarreling lesson in this play, which also features a character who wants to meet the Queen of Fairy and a group of Anabaptists lead by (*) Tribulation Wholesome. At the end of this play, Dame Pliant marries Lovewit, who had earlier left London because of the plague. Dol Common is courted by Epicure Mammon, who seeks out the protagonists in order to acquire the philosopher's stone in, for 10 points, what Ben Jonson play about the con artists Face and Subtle? ", "answer": "The Alchemist", "page": "The_Alchemist", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature British", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116626, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151980, "tokenizations": [[0, 147], [148, 283], [284, 438], [439, 465], [466, 570], [571, 765]], "first_sentence": "A character in this play is ordered to first put several drops of vinegar in each of various sensory organs, then cry \"hum\" and \"buzz\" thrice each.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "In a classic example of inverse Compton scattering, photons in this region of the spectrum gain energy through the redshift-independent SZ effect. The selection rule delta J equals plus or minus one applies to rotational spectroscopy using this type of radiation. This radiation has frequency slightly greater than ultra-high or super-high frequency radiation. Radiation at (*) 2.7 Kelvin has its maximum intensity wavelength in this region of the spectrum. A cavity magnetron produces this type of radiation. At Bell Labs in New Jersey, Penzias and Wilson discovered a nearly constant spectrum of this radiation in the universe left over from the Big Bang. For 10 points, name this form of radiation which is slightly less energetic than infrared and is often used to cook food. ", "answer": "Microwaves [prompt on radio waves]", "page": "Microwave", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Physics", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116625, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151981, "tokenizations": [[0, 146], [147, 263], [264, 360], [361, 457], [458, 509], [510, 657], [658, 779]], "first_sentence": "In a classic example of inverse Compton scattering, photons in this region of the spectrum gain energy through the redshift-independent SZ effect.", "answer_prompt": "prompt on radio waves", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "A \"college without walls\" named for this man in Mount Angel, Oregon, remained open from 1973-83. This man and his younger brother Richard joined a protest that pressured DiGiorgio Corporation into holding an election for its workers. This man's meeting with Ferdinand Marcos backfired and alienated many key allies, including Philip Vera Cruz. While undertaking his twenty-four day fast in Phoenix, Arizona, this man came up with the slogan (*) \"Yes, one can.\" The Filipino-dominated AWOC merged with the NFWA co-founded by this man and Dolores Huerta to form the UFW. This man had his followers persuade longshoremen not to load grape shipments. For 10 points, name this Mexican-American activist on behalf of farm-laborers, who is honored by a March 31st holiday.", "answer": "Cesar Chavez [or Cesar Estrada Chavez]", "page": "Cesar_Chavez", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116624, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151982, "tokenizations": [[0, 96], [97, 233], [234, 343], [344, 459], [459, 460], [461, 568], [569, 646], [647, 765]], "first_sentence": "A \"college without walls\" named for this man in Mount Angel, Oregon, remained open from 1973-83.", "answer_prompt": "or Cesar Estrada Chavez", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In a Teutonic myth, this god is slain by the sword belonging to the forest troll Miming (MIM-ing). This god lends his name to a poem that ends with the traveler Vegtam having his true identity revealed. One of this god's possessions can only be moved by a woman who rides a giant wolf bridled by snakes. A battle of wits ends when the words that were once (*) whispered into this god's ear cannot be identified by Vafthrudnir. Plans to retrieve this deity go awry when the jotun Thokk refuses to weep. This god's mother Frigg makes all but one substance in the world promise never to harm this god. For 10 paints, name this brother of Hoder, a Norse god who dies when Loki strikes him with a spear of mistletoe.", "answer": "Balder [or Baldr, or Baldur]", "page": "Baldr", "category": "Mythology", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116623, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151983, "tokenizations": [[0, 80], [81, 98], [99, 202], [203, 303], [304, 426], [427, 455], [456, 501], [502, 598], [599, 711]], "first_sentence": "In a Teutonic myth, this god is slain by the sword belonging to the forest troll", "answer_prompt": "or Baldr, or Baldur", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "In Act II of this opera, a gavotte is heard from outside the palace during a victory celebration in honor of General Melas. The male lead contrasts the blue eyes of an \"unknown beauty\" he has seen in church with the black eyes of his lover in \"Recondita Armonia.\" The villain uses a fan to arouse the title character's jealousy and convince her to betray (*) Angelotti in exchange for her lover's life. That title character asks God why she has suffered such misfortune in \"Vissi d'arte, vissi d'amore,\" and jumps to her death after realizing that Cavaradossi's \"fake\" execution was real after all. For 10 points, name this opera in which the title singer stabs the wicked police chief Scarpia, by Giacomo Puccini.", "answer": "Tosca", "page": "Tosca", "category": "Fine Arts", "subcategory": "Fine Arts Audiovisual", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116622, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151984, "tokenizations": [[0, 123], [124, 262], [262, 263], [264, 356], [356, 402], [403, 598], [599, 714]], "first_sentence": "In Act II of this opera, a gavotte is heard from outside the palace during a victory celebration in honor of General Melas.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This color appears in the title of a story in which the narrator sees a white patch on a \"brute beast\" slowly resolve itself into the shape of a gallows. A clock of this color regularly interrupts the musicians in a story in which a dagger-wielding man chases a \"mummer\" into a room decorated in this color, only to fall dead. In a short story, an alcoholic who buries his wife in his cellar uses a penknife to remove the(*) eye of Pluto, an animal of this color. Another animal of this color is asked \"is there balm in Gilead?\" as it sits on a bust of Pallas after appearing on a \"midnight dreary\" while the poet \"pondered, weak and weary\". For 10 points, name this color of the title cat of a story by Edgar Allen Poe, who used it to describe the \"plume\" of \"The Raven\".", "answer": "black [or ebony; accept \"The Black Cat\"]", "page": "Black", "category": "Literature", "subcategory": "Literature American", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116621, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151985, "tokenizations": [[0, 153], [154, 326], [327, 463], [464, 641], [642, 772]], "first_sentence": "This color appears in the title of a story in which the narrator sees a white patch on a \"brute beast\" slowly resolve itself into the shape of a gallows.", "answer_prompt": "or ebony; accept \"The Black Cat\"", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "All fields with characteristic zero contain a copy of this field. The cardinality of this set can be established by writing each element in a big square, then moving diagonally down the square to count them. The larger completion of this set can be constructed from it by partitioning it, then taking the least upper bound of the lesser partition. (*) Algebraic numbers are the roots of polynomials whose coefficients come from this set. This set is the starting point for doing Dedekind cuts, and it is dense in the reals. The set of all of these numbers is denoted Q, and they have eventually repeating or terminating decimal expansions. For 10 points, identify these numbers, which, for integers a and b, can be written as the fraction a over b.", "answer": "Rational Numbers", "page": "Rational_number", "category": "Science", "subcategory": "Science Math", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116620, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151986, "tokenizations": [[0, 65], [66, 207], [208, 347], [348, 437], [438, 523], [524, 639], [640, 748]], "first_sentence": "All fields with characteristic zero contain a copy of this field.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "This man's theology was examined by Marisilio Ficino, a prominent Florentine. Ralph Cudworth lead a group of theologians inspired by this man at Cambridge. He's neither W.V.O Quine nor Hillary Putnam, but this man's name often denotes the philosophical view that mathematical objects are ontologically real outside the imagination. A re-envisioning of this man's philosophy, which described reality as decreasingly pure (*) emanations from \"The One\", appeared in the Enneads of Plotinus in the 200s CE. Before Augustine was a Manichean, he was among the \"neo\" Followers of this philosopher, whose own views included a theory of ideal forms. For 10 points, name this author of the allegory of the cave, a Greek philosopher who taught Aristotle and was Socrates' student.", "answer": "Plato [or Platon; or Aristocles]", "page": "Plato", "category": "Philosophy", "subcategory": "Literature Classical", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116619, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151987, "tokenizations": [[0, 77], [78, 155], [156, 331], [332, 502], [503, 640], [641, 769]], "first_sentence": "This man's theology was examined by Marisilio Ficino, a prominent Florentine.", "answer_prompt": "or Platon; or Aristocles", "gameplay": false, "fold": "buzzdev"}, {"text": "For three months near the end of this war, William Fenwick Williams defended the small town of Kars. This war began shortly after France sent the ship-of-line Charlemagne as a show of force in violation of the London Straits Convention. 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For 10 points, name this war in which Lord Cardigan led the charge of the Light Brigade, fought by an Ottoman and European alliance against Russia.", "answer": "Crimean War", "page": "Crimean_War", "category": "History", "subcategory": "History European", "tournament": "PACE NSC", "difficulty": "national_high_school", "year": 2015, "proto_id": null, "qdb_id": 116618, "dataset": "quizdb.org", "qanta_id": 151988, "tokenizations": [[0, 100], [101, 236], [237, 316], [317, 433], [434, 620], [621, 768]], "first_sentence": "For three months near the end of this war, William Fenwick Williams defended the small town of Kars.", "answer_prompt": "", "gameplay": false, "fold": "guessdev"}, {"text": "This man was the leading light of the so-called \"Maler-Companie\" which decorates the northern wall of the Kunsthistorisches (koonst-hih-STOR-ih-shehs) Museum. Three women bow their heads below a pregnant woman who has a skull protruding from her gown in his painting Hope II. This artist's university ceiling paintings of Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence joined a painting of Theology by Franz Matsch. In 2006, The \u00c3\u2013sterreichische (us-tuh-RIE-kuh-shuh) Callery returned a Nazi-seized (*) portrait by this artist of a women in an eye-ball decorated cress. He painted multiple portraits of Adele Bloch-Bauer as well as the Beethoven Frieze. He also showed two lovers embracing on a bed of flowers in a sea of gold leaf. For 10 points, name this leader of the Vienna Secession movement who painted The Kiss. 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    Case Study for 2019-2020

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    PLEASE NOTE: This case study is from the 2019-2020 competition, and should be used for reference purposes only. The current case study for the competition can be found here: https://globalyouth.wharton.upenn.edu/investment-competition/case-study/

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    You can’t build an effective investment strategy without first knowing your client… Meet Reshma Sohoni!

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    CASE STUDY: You just graduated college and now work at an up-and-coming asset management company, Wharton Global Asset Management (WGAM). The firm currently manages a $100,000,000 portfolio that is invested across several different sectors, representing a broad range of industries and companies. You are an analyst, but you hope to one day become a portfolio manager who makes the final investment decisions for WGAM’s portfolio.

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    WGAM’s current portfolio manager (your team’s teacher/advisor) recently met with a potential client Reshma Sohoni, a professional with a deep interest in technology and business that began when she was an undergrad studying both economics and engineering at the Wharton School and Penn Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Reshma says, “I have always worked at the intersection of business and technology, that being the thread across my career…I love numbers and people.”

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    In 2007, Reshma co-founded Seedcamp, a European seed fund, which is a type of equity-based fund in which investors invest money in a business to get it up and running, and in turn own part of the business. Seedcamp is one of the most active investors globally, making more than 35 investments every year with a portfolio of more than 300 companies to date.

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    When she’s not working with her team and tech-driven startups as Seedcamp’s managing partner, Reshma is spending time with her husband and two sons, ages 2 and 7, in their London home. Reshma loves the fact that Seedcamp gives her the chance to continually build something from nothing across many different sectors. However, finding and supporting world-changing startups is more than a full-time job. Reshma needs a partner to help invest for her family’s financial future. She is looking to hire a team with the most compelling investment strategy to build and manage her wealth, primarily for the long-term.

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    Reshma’s key long-term investment goals include education, retirement and larger contributions to society. She also has some short-term financial goals. Her husband recently started a safari business in Africa, a capital-intensive endeavor that will use a portion of family money to grow. So, while your focus should be on building a portfolio with a clear goal of long-term wealth creation, it is recommended that a small portion of your portfolio — 20% — should be allocated to short-term liquidity to support Powerdown.co. Reshma told the portfolio manager that WGAM has 10 weeks to put together a detailed portfolio analysis proposal.

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    Your portfolio manager recognizes that it will not be easy to land Reshma as a client because she is also talking to other talented asset management firms (other classes and teams). As it is critical to make the most convincing case to Reshma, everyone on the team must contribute to ensure that WGAM creates the best proposal. Your portfolio manager tells you that this is your chance to shine!

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    Over the next 10 weeks, your team will develop and test an investment strategy using only the industries and companies from the competition’s approved stock list. Your team will conduct a thorough analysis of industries and companies, with the goal of ensuring both long-term and a small amount of short-term profitability for your prospective client. You will test your investment strategy using the Wharton School’s Online Trading and Investment Simulator (OTIS). And remember, OTIS can only accurately assess the performance of investments that are made for the short-term. So, while you should test your complete strategy and portfolio performance on OTIS, the majority of your investments should be long-term and therefore won’t require excessive buying and selling of stocks. Some active trading may well be necessary to fulfill Reshma’s short-term needs.

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    Your team will start out with a portfolio of $100,000 in virtual cash, and will compete against students from all over the world. At the end of the 10 weeks of trading, you will be required to submit a proposal detailing your recommended investment strategy. Judges will review your final investment thesis and select top teams. Those teams will be invited to present their strategies, either in person or virtually, to a panel of experts.

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    *Teams are not permitted to contact Reshma Sohoni, members of her family or her business. The investment scenarios included in this case study have been fabricated for the purpose of the competition.
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    Case Study for 2020-2021

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    PLEASE NOTE: This case study is from the 2020-2021 competition, and should be used for reference purposes only. The current case study for the competition can be found here: https://globalyouth.wharton.upenn.edu/investment-competition/case-study/

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    You can’t build an effective investment strategy without first knowing your client… Meet Florian Hagenbuch!

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    CASE STUDY: You just graduated college and now work at an up-and-coming asset management company, Wharton Global Asset Management (WGAM). The firm currently manages a $100,000,000 portfolio that is invested across several different sectors, representing a broad range of industries and companies. You are an analyst, but you hope to one day become a portfolio manager who makes the final investment decisions for WGAM’s portfolio.

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    WGAM’s current portfolio manager (your team’s teacher/advisor) recently met with a potential client Florian Hagenbuch. Born in Germany, raised in Brazil and educated in the United States at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Florian realized his passion for startups and entrepreneurship after spending two years working in the financial market in London. Florian says, “I love to invest my energy and money on startups and disruptive business.”

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    Florian is the founder and co-CEO of Loft, a startup that is reinventing the process of buying and selling real estate in Latin America by leveraging technology and data to simplify bureaucratic processes. Loft is backed by leading global financial technology and property technology investors, such as Andreessen Horowitz, QED, Thrive, Fifth Wall, and Monashees, and has raised more than $300 million in equity and debt capital.

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    Prior to Loft, Florian co-founded Printi, Latin America’s leading online printing marketplace. Printi was sold to U.S.-based global online printing leader Vistaprint (Nasdaq: CMPR) in 2014 after raising more than $50 million in equity.

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    In addition to his entrepreneurial endeavors, Florian is an active angel investor, having invested in more than 80 companies globally. In Brazil, he is an investment partner in Canary, the leading seed-stage investment firm in the region. Canary has more than $150 million in assets under management and has invested in more than 60 companies since its inception in 2017.

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    With so many competing priorities, Florian needs a partner to help invest for his family’s financial future and passions. He is looking to hire a team with the most compelling investment strategy to build and manage his wealth, primarily for the long-term.

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    Florian lives in São Paulo with his wife Geraldine and their dog, Kingsley. Florian and Geraldine have a deep appreciation for the arts (literature, music, movies, and so on). They appreciate the value that arts and culture bring to the world and are passionate about making them more accessible.

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    Florian wants at least part of his portfolio to support companies that are making wise internal and external decisions. Based on preliminary discussions, your portfolio manager has informed you that Florian expressed interest in adding a few stocks to his portfolio that align with his values. Florian specified that 20% of his portfolio must include sound investments in companies that are focused on making a profit and are also intentionally contributing to society in positive ways.

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    Given his cosmopolitan upbringing, Florian expects some level of geographic diversity in his investments. It would be appropriate to consider a blend of growth and value stocks to help balance the riskiness of his portfolio.

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    His long-term goals include pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities, supporting the arts and eventually retiring. Additionally, he has some short-term financial goals. Florian is an avid football (soccer) fan and has the opportunity to become a small-level investor in his favorite Brazilian professional football club, Palmeiras. The minimum buy-in is $10,000 by December 2020. Florian thinks that a shrewd active investor may be able to generate return on the $10,000 to increase his stake. However, if there is any loss he will not have enough money to meet the minimum investment. So, while your focus should be on building a portfolio with a clear goal of long-term wealth creation, it is recommended that a small portion of your portfolio — 10% — is allocated to short-term investments to support Palmeiras.

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    Florian told the portfolio manager that WGAM has 10 weeks to put together a detailed portfolio analysis proposal. Your portfolio manager recognizes that it will not be easy to land Florian. To make the most convincing case to Florian, everyone on the team must contribute to ensure that WGAM creates the best proposal.

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    Over the next 10 weeks, your team will develop and test an investment strategy using only the industries and companies from the competition’s approved stock list. Your team will conduct a thorough analysis of industries and companies, with the goal of ensuring both long-term and a small amount of short-term profitability for your prospective client. You will test your investment strategy using the Wharton Investment Simulator (WInS). And remember, WInS can only accurately assess the performance of investments that are made for the short-term. So, while you should test your complete strategy and portfolio performance on WInS, the majority of your investments should be long-term and therefore won’t require excessive buying and selling of stocks. Some active trading may well be necessary to fulfill Florian’s short-term needs.

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    Your team will start out with a portfolio of $100,000 in virtual cash, and will compete against students from all over the world. At the end of the 10 weeks of trading, you will be required to submit a proposal detailing your recommended investment strategy. Judges will review your final investment thesis and select top teams. Those teams will be invited to present their strategies, either in person or virtually, to a panel of experts.

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    *Teams are not permitted to contact Florian Hagenbuch, members of his family or his business. The investment scenarios included in this case study have been fabricated for the purpose of the competition.

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    Case Study for 2021-2022

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    PLEASE NOTE: This case study is from the 2021-2022 competition, and should be used for reference purposes only. The current case study for the competition can be found here: https://globalyouth.wharton.upenn.edu/investment-competition/case-study/

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    You can’t build an effective investment strategy without first knowing your client…

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    Meet Nichole Jordan!

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    CASE STUDY: You are an analyst team of recent college graduates, working at an up-and-coming asset management company, Wharton Global Asset Management (WGAM). The firm currently manages a $100,000,000 portfolio that is invested across several different sectors, representing a broad range of industries and companies. The members of your team hope to one day become portfolio managers who make the final investment decisions for WGAM’s portfolio.

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    WGAM’s current portfolio manager (your team’s teacher/advisor) recently met with a potential client, Nichole Jordan, who lives in San Francisco. Nichole is the Senior Vice President, Global Partner Success at Via, a TransitTech company that provides the digital infrastructure for public mobility systems, optimizing networks of shuttles, buses, wheelchair-accessible vehicles, school buses, and autonomous vehicles to meet the needs of large cities and smaller communities around the world.

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    On March 8, 2021, Via acquired Remix Software, Nichole’s previous company, in a $100-million cash and equity deal. At Remix, she was the Chief Operating Officer. She was responsible for managing global sales, customer success, finance, and people operations, as well as maintaining executive account relationships and ensuring customer satisfaction.

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    Nichole has a B.S. in Civil Engineering from U.C. Davis and an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School. She was the first African-American female to matriculate in the Wharton West Executive MBA program.

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    “The Wharton Executive MBA program was invaluable to my career journey and equally beneficial for my personal and professional lives. My classmates were phenomenal and the professors were the best of the best. It challenged me in ways that I didn’t expect and I developed friendships that have lasted for more than 15 years.”

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    Nichole enjoys spending her free time with her family, traveling, wine tasting, and reading. She is a dedicated Peloton member and also loves doing yoga.

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    Nichole is an active volunteer, a leader for several non-profit entities, and is passionate about mentoring women of color. She is currently the International Technology Chairman for Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first sorority founded by African-American women. She has also served as an executive mentor for Sequoia Capital’s Ascent Mentoring program, designed to support emerging women leaders in tech.

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    “What drives me is opening doors or creating opportunities for others like me. I had to figure a lot out in life on my own, but I also had strong mentors along the way that helped me become who I am. I want to serve as that person for others.”

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    — Nichole Jordan
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    Starting in 2022, Nichole would like to provide a small scholarship of $5,000 per year to a woman of color studying engineering at her alma mater, U.C. Davis. Nichole needs your help determining how best to fund this, as she wants to be able to offer the scholarship for at least 10 years. Should she keep $50,000 in cash? Should she invest in stocks that pay dividends? Another option? Nichole wants to hear your plan for funding the scholarship. (Please see the Placing Trades and Rules pages for more information about how to invest in stocks and bonds.)

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    Nichole also loves being an aunt to her six young nieces and nephews. She wants to ensure that she can help build generational wealth for them and contribute to their educational expenses, including college tuition. She specifically mentioned to your portfolio manager, “I feel very strongly about having them as part of my long-term financial plan.”

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    Nichole has $100,000 she wants WGAM to manage in order to achieve these two financial goals. She has set aside additional money for her other financial goals, including retirement, so WGAM does not need to focus on Nichole’s other financial goals.

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    Nichole told the portfolio manager that WGAM has 10 weeks to put together a detailed portfolio analysis proposal. Your portfolio manager recognizes that it will not be easy to land Nichole as a client. To make the most convincing case to Nichole, everyone on the team must contribute to ensure that WGAM creates the best proposal.

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    Over the next 10 weeks, your team will develop and test an investment strategy to meet Nichole’s two financial goals. Your team will conduct a thorough analysis of industries and companies, with the goal of ensuring both long-term and a small amount of mid-term profitability for your prospective client. You will test your investment strategy using the Wharton Investment Simulator (WInS). And remember, WInS can only accurately assess the performance of investments that are made for the short-term. So, while you should test your strategy and build your stock portfolio on WInS, the majority of your investments should be long-term and therefore won’t require excessive buying and selling of stocks. However, your strategy might include guidelines for certain factors that could influence your decision to sell, even in the short-term. On WInS, you will be getting some portfolio-management experience.

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    Your team will start out with a portfolio of $100,000 in virtual cash and will compete against other student teams from all over the world. At the end of the 10 weeks of active trading, you will be required to submit a proposal detailing your recommended investment strategy. Judges will review your final investment report and select top teams. Those teams will be invited to present their strategies to a panel of experts.

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    * Teams are not permitted to contact Nichole Jordan, members of her family, Via, or anyone else mentioned in this case study. The investment scenarios included in this case study have been embellished for the purpose of the competition.

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    Wharton Global High School
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    Registration for the 2026-2027 Competition will open on August 10.

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    Congratulations to the 2026 Global Champions, FigCapital from Stuyvesant High School, New York! Read the Global Finale wrap-up HERE.

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    The Wharton Global High School Investment Competition is a free, experiential investment challenge for high school students (9th to 12th grade) and teachers. Students work in teams of four to six, guided by a teacher as their advisor, and have access to an online stock market simulator. Together, they learn about strategy-building, teamwork, communication, risk, diversification, company and industry analysis, and many other aspects of investing.
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    About the Competition

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    Teams examine a short case study featuring a potential client (a real Wharton graduate working in business) and are tasked with collaborating to meet that client’s long-term investment goals as they try to win his or her business. Equipped with the Wharton Investment Simulator (WInS), which allows them to buy and sell stocks and ETFs, over the course of 10 weeks students develop an investment strategy, analyze industries and companies, and build a portfolio using a specified amount of virtual cash. Winners are selected on the strength and articulation of their team strategies, not on the growth of their portfolios, which is a key differentiator between this investment challenge and others. During the competition each team submits two deliverables.

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    Final reports are reviewed by a team of judges, who select 50 semifinalist teams. Those teams are invited to present their strategies to a panel of expert judges at the virtual Semifinals. The top 10 teams from the Semifinals move on to the Global Finale at Wharton in Philadelphia.

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    Academic Director: Professor Michael Roberts

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    Michael R. Roberts is the William H. Lawrence Professor of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and an affiliate of the Institute for Law and Economics and the Wharton Financial Institutions Center at the University of Pennsylvania. He also founded and heads the Wharton Financial Analytics Initiative. Professor Roberts’ research spans corporate finance, banking, and asset pricing. Recent work has examined equity pricing anomalies, collateralized loan obligation (CLO) performance, and the effect of interest rates on bank lending. His research has received several awards including two Brattle Prizes for Distinguished Paper published in the Journal of Finance, a Jensen Prize for best paper on Corporate Finance and Organizations published in the Journal of Financial Economics, and Best Paper awards from the Financial Management Association, Southwestern Finance Association, and Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.  

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    Professor Roberts earned his B.A. in Economics from the University of California at San Diego, and his M.A. in Statistics and Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley.  

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    Numbers from Last Year’s Investment Competition

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    * 2025-2026 Participation Numbers

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    Why Join the Competition?

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    • It’s run by the Wharton School, a world leader in business education
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    • You get to explore the exciting world of securities and strategies
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    • You learn about risk, diversification, company and industry analysis and more investing basics
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    • You develop teamwork, leadership and communication skills
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    • You enhance your college and scholarship applications by building your résumé
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    • You have a chance to compete against teams from around the world
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    • You learn finance skills that will last a lifetime
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    • It’s free and fun!
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