review_id stringlengths 8 8 | pmid list | title list | abstract list | target stringlengths 56 2.23k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CD007697 | [
"16394043",
"6751268",
"7845426",
"15590951",
"9600815",
"20074933",
"8305389",
"12850623",
"9284774"
] | [
"Aggressive surgical effort and improved survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer.",
"Radical pelvic surgery versus radical surgery plus radiotherapy for stage Ib carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized clinical study.",
"The effect of debulking surgery after induction ch... | [
"Residual disease after initial surgery for ovarian cancer is the strongest prognostic factor for survival. However, the extent of surgical resection required to achieve optimal cytoreduction is controversial. Our goal was to estimate the effect of aggressive surgical resection on ovarian cancer patient survival.\n... | We found only low quality evidence comparing ultra-radical and standard surgery in women with advanced ovarian cancer and carcinomatosis. The evidence suggested that ultra-radical surgery may result in better survival. It was unclear whether there were any differences in progression-free survival, QoL and morbidity between the two groups. The cost-effectiveness of this intervention has not been investigated. We are, therefore, unable to reach definite conclusions about the relative benefits and adverse effects of the two types of surgery.
In order to determine the role of ultra-radical surgery in the management of advanced stage ovarian cancer, a sufficiently powered randomised controlled trial comparing ultra-radical and standard surgery or well-designed non-randomised studies would be required. |
CD000174 | [
"3174314",
"3312552",
"11430325",
"1305392",
"10228288",
"3677969",
"10730525",
"8627434",
"2231212"
] | [
"Prophylactic indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.",
"Prevention of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus with a single dose of indomethacin.",
"Long-term effects of indomethacin prophylaxis in extremely-low-birth-weight infants.",
"[Indomethacin in the prevention of... | [
"The impact of early prophylactic use of intravenous indomethacin on the incidence and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus in 199 oxygen-requiring premature infants (less than or equal to 1300 g birth weight) was prospectively investigated. The trial was controlled, ... | Prophylactic indomethacin has short-term benefits for preterm infants including a reduction in the incidence of symptomatic PDA, PDA surgical ligation, and severe intraventricular haemorrhage. However, there is no evidence of effect on mortality or neurodevelopment. |
CD008805 | [
"2381003",
"9848045",
"20079572",
"10626971",
"6994679",
"14562531",
"9499605",
"15993304",
"16881426"
] | [
"Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and silver sulfadiazine cream in the outpatient management of second-degree burns.",
"A matched-pair, randomized study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Acticoat silver-coated dressing for the treatment of burn wounds.",
"Procutase versus 1% silver sulphadiazine in the... | [
"The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the use of an occlusive hydrocolloid dressing (Duoderm hydroactive, Squibb) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene, Marion) cream in the outpatient management of second-degree burns. The inclusion criteria consisted of burns less than 15% total body surf... | First aid for phosphorus burns involves the common sense measures of acting promptly to remove the patient's clothes, irrigating the wound(s) with water or saline continuously, and removing phosphorus particles. There is no evidence that using copper sulphate to assist visualisation of phosphorus particles for removal is associated with better outcome, and some evidence that systemic absorption of copper sulphate may be harmful. We have so far been unable to identify any other comparisons relevant to informing other aspects of the care of patients with phosphorus burns. Future versions of this review will take account of information in articles published in languages other than English, which may contain additional evidence based on treatment comparisons. |
CD000248 | [
"1159434",
"7355429",
"15489085",
"9403477",
"16129870",
"11096217",
"17239798",
"15045129",
"2233931"
] | [
"Trial of long-term anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of small stroke associated with a normal carotid arteriogram.",
"Anticoagulant vs anti-platelet therapy as prophylactic against cerebral infarction in transient ischemic attacks.",
"Comparative effects of antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or combined therapy... | [
"The clinical features of 49 patients who had sustained small strokes in the internal carotid artery territory, who were normotensive, free from cardiac or other relevant disease, and who each had a normal appropriate single vessel angiogram are presented. These were randomized into two groups: group A, 25 patients... | Compared with control, there was no evidence of benefit from long-term anticoagulant therapy in people with presumed non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, but there was a significant bleeding risk. |
CD004431 | [
"11212135",
"6487909",
"10780138",
"8116338",
"10450619",
"11317951",
"11777121",
"8481745",
"11784832"
] | [
"Neuropsychological counseling improves social behavior in cognitively-impaired multiple sclerosis patients.",
"An evaluation of cognitive-behaviour therapy for depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.",
"Telephone-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of depressive symptoms in mult... | [
"We studied the effectiveness of a newly-developed cognitive-behavioral intervention in 15 patients with marked cognitive impairment and behavior disorder. The design was a single-blind test of a neuropsychological intervention, with pre- and post-treatment assessments of personality and social behavior. MS patient... | The diversity of psychological interventions identified indicates the many ways in which they can potentially help people with MS. No definite conclusions can be made from this review. However there is reasonable evidence that cognitive behavioural approaches are beneficial in the treatment of depression, and in helping people adjust to, and cope with, having MS. |
CD008039 | [
"11554954",
"16492236",
"9825271",
"15482357",
"16618262",
"8427430",
"15579612",
"11014413",
"17563841"
] | [
"Efficacy of nonprescription doses of ibuprofen for treating migraine headache. a randomized controlled trial.",
"Rofecoxib in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized controlled clinical trial.",
"Effectiveness of ibuprofen-arginine in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.",
"Placebo-controlled compa... | [
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen, 200 mg and 400 mg, compared with placebo and each other for the treatment of pain of migraine headache.\n Migraine headache is a common illness with significant social and economic impact.\n Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind... | We found no new studies since the last version of this review. Ibuprofen is an effective treatment for acute migraine headaches, providing pain relief in about half of sufferers, but complete relief from pain and associated symptoms for only a minority. NNTs for all efficacy outcomes were better with 400 mg than 200 mg in comparisons with placebo, and soluble formulations provided more rapid relief. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient, occurring at the same rate as with placebo. |
CD003287 | [
"12213353",
"9545126",
"3520389",
"12873289",
"6343041",
"7555472",
"15523183",
"18466210",
"9083709"
] | [
"Insulin lispro therapy in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus.",
"Human insulin analogue [LYS(B28), PRO(B29)]: the ideal pump insulin?",
"[Comparison of intensified traditional insulin therapy and micropump therapy in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus].",
"Effect of the rapid-actin... | [
"To compare the efficacy and safety of preprandial administration of rapid-acting lispro analogue with regular short-acting insulin to pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.\n Open randomised multicentre study. Women were treated with multiple insulin injections aiming at normoglycaemia. Blood glucose ... | Our analysis suggests only a minor benefit of short acting insulin analogues in the majority of diabetic patients treated with insulin. Until long term efficacy and safety data are available we suggest a cautious response to the vigorous promotion of insulin analogues. For safety purposes, we need a long-term follow-up of large numbers of patients and well designed studies in pregnant women to determine the safety profile for both the mother and the unborn child. |
CD008194 | [
"15671460",
"16322168",
"434277",
"9917436",
"1861939",
"15582060",
"7847110",
"9002332",
"18686554"
] | [
"The State Children's Health Insurance Program: a multicenter trial of outreach through the emergency department.",
"A randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of community-based case management in insuring uninsured Latino children.",
"The effect of outreach workers' educational efforts on disadvantag... | [
"We evaluated emergency department (ED)-based outreach for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).\n We conducted a multicenter trial among uninsured children (< or = 18 years) who presented to 5 EDs in 2001 and 2002. On-site staff enrolled consecutive subjects for a control period fol... | The two studies included in this review provide evidence that in the US providing health insurance information and application assistance, and handing out application materials in hospital emergency departments can probably both improve insurance coverage of children. Further studies evaluating the effectiveness of different outreach strategies for expanding health insurance coverage of children in different countries are needed, with careful attention given to study design. |
CD000505 | [
"683224",
"8477163",
"3794867",
"671204",
"3312553",
"602256",
"7472106",
"8979185",
"463541"
] | [
"Low positioning of umbilical-artery catheters increases associated complications in newborn infants.",
"Randomized trial of umbilical arterial catheter position: clinical outcome.",
"Efficacy of thromboresistant umbilical artery catheters in reducing aortic thrombosis and related complications.",
"Umbilical ... | [
"We performed a randomized prospective study of the effect of placement position of umbilical-artery catheters on complication rates in high-risk newborn infants. A higher complication rate (31 of 40 vs. 13 of 33) (P less than 0.005) occurred in the group with the catheter tip at the third to fourth lumbar segment,... | There appears to be no evidence to support the use of low placed umbilical artery catheters. High catheters should be used exclusively. |
CD004493 | [
"21955873",
"7740012",
"19025276",
"19822836",
"14993087",
"7673531",
"14636795",
"2246637",
"11291373"
] | [
"Web-based intervention for adolescent nonsmokers to help parents stop smoking: a pilot feasibility study.",
"The television, school, and family smoking prevention and cessation project. VIII. Student outcomes and mediating variables.",
"Using the internet to assist smoking prevention and cessation in schools: ... | [
"A novel approach to tobacco control is to engage adolescent nonsmokers in support roles to encourage and help their parents stop smoking. This pilot study examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of a web-based support skills training (SST) intervention for adolescents to help a parent stop smoking. Forty n... | Some well-executed RCTs show family interventions may prevent adolescent smoking, but RCTs which were less well executed had mostly neutral or negative results. There is thus a need for well-designed and executed RCTs in this area. |
CD003734 | [
"15671970",
"9925973",
"18786425",
"16294597",
"16210193",
"16966982",
"20181120",
"15811544",
"16186521"
] | [
"Graduated driver licensing in Utah: is it effective?",
"The effectiveness of parents in promoting the development of road crossing skills in young children.",
"The Iowa Graduated Driver Licensing program: effectiveness in reducing crashes of teenage drivers.",
"Graduated driver licensing in Wisconsin: does i... | [
"We seek to examine the effectiveness of the graduated driver licensing system in Utah by determining whether crash rates of 16-year-old drivers decreased after graduated driver licensing implementation.\n We studied 16-year-old-driver crashes using statewide motor vehicle crash data probabilisticall... | This systematic review provides no evidence that post-licence driver education is effective in preventing road traffic injuries or crashes. Although the results are compatible with a small reduction in the occurrence of traffic offences, this may be due to selection biases or bias in the included trials. Because of the large number of participants included in the meta-analysis (close to 300,000 for some outcomes) we can exclude, with reasonable precision, the possibility of even modest benefits. |
CD000296 | [
"9691103",
"15017504",
"8536887",
"9692692",
"8881815",
"15709986",
"12135030",
"11922560",
"15095852"
] | [
"A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active Crohn's disease. International Budesonide-Mesalamine Study Group.",
"Budesonide versus mesalamine for maintaining remission in patients refusing other immunomodulators for steroid-dependent Crohn's disease.",
"Oral budesonide as maintenance treatment for Cro... | [
"Crohn's disease is often treated with glucocorticoids or mesalamine. We compared the efficacy and safety of controlled-ileal-release budesonide capsules and slow-release mesalamine tablets in patients with active Crohn's disease affecting the ileum, the ascending colon, or both.\n In a double-blind,... | Budesonide is more effective than placebo or mesalamine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Although short-term efficacy with budesonide is less than with conventional steroids, particularly in those with severe disease or more extensive colonic involvement, the likelihood of adverse events and adrenal suppression is lower. |
CD006181 | [
"2498657",
"3677969",
"2231212",
"11106052",
"15745109",
"3312552",
"14615738",
"10228288",
"10730525"
] | [
"A randomized, controlled trial of very early prophylactic ligation of the ductus arteriosus in babies who weighed 1000 g or less at birth.",
"Failure of prophylactic indomethacin to improve the outcome of the very low birth weight infant.",
"Prolonged indomethacin therapy for the prevention of recurrences of p... | [
"We speculated that prophylactic ligation of the ductus arteriosus would reduce mortality and morbidity in very-low-birth-weight infants. To test this hypothesis, we randomly assigned 84 babies who weighed 1000 g or less at birth and required supplemental oxygen either to receive standard treatment (n = 44) or to u... | Prophylactic surgical ligation of the PDA did not decrease mortality or BPD in ELBW infants. A significant reduction of stage II or III NEC was noted. Based on the current evidence, the high rate of spontaneous closure, availability of effective safe medical therapies, and the potential short and long-term complications of surgical ligation, the use such prophylactic surgical therapy is not indicated in the management of the preterm infants. |
CD002818 | [
"2889518",
"2730380",
"7501140",
"7611638",
"3902184",
"2972270",
"14759641",
"10579658",
"16806095"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of amantadine in fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. The Canadian MS Research Group.",
"Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis.",
"Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoli... | [
"One hundred and fifteen patients with definite multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and chronic persistent fatigue were studied. This ten-week cross-over study consisted of a 2-week baseline period and two 3-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week washout. Patients received either amantadine 100 mg bid or matching place... | The efficacy of amantadine in reducing fatigue in people with MS is poorly documented, as well as its tolerability. It is advisable to: (1) improve knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of MS-related fatigue; (2) achieve an agreement on accurate, reliable and responsive outcome measures of fatigue; (3) perform good quality RCTs. |
CD007182 | [
"11880065",
"14970093",
"11295408",
"10190914",
"16566424",
"9892331",
"2085989",
"16392777",
"2487304"
] | [
"Single-dose fluoroquinolone therapy of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing single-dose to 3-day fluoroquinolone regimens.",
"Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in older women: a do... | [
"To compare the efficacy and safety of single-dose and 3-day fluoroquinolone treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).\n Adult women with acute uncomplicated UTI were randomized to receive either a single dose of gatifloxacin (400 mg), 3 days of gatifloxacin (200 mg daily), or 3 days ... | No differences were observed between the classes of antimicrobials included in this review for the symptomatic cure of acute uncomplicated UTI. Fluoroquinolones proved more effective than beta-lactams for the short-term bacteriological outcome, probably with little clinical significance. Individualised treatment should take into consideration the predictable susceptibility of urinary pathogens in local areas, possible adverse events and resistance development, and patient preference. |
CD009148 | [
"1751442",
"8399011",
"9875920",
"2223682",
"9141579",
"12946338",
"8476803",
"11408301",
"9141577"
] | [
"Doppler flow velocity waveform analysis in high risk pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial.",
"The effect of introduction of umbilical Doppler recordings to obstetric practice.",
"A randomized, controlled trial of computerized physiologic trend monitoring in an intensive care unit.",
"Randomized compari... | [
"To test whether the introduction of Doppler waveform analysis into the ultrasound department of a tertiary level hospital reduces neonatal morbidity and improves obstetric management.\n A randomized controlled trial.\n Department of Ultrasound, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, We... | There are insufficient data from randomised trials to guide practice regarding the management of DFM. Based on the results of other systematic reviews of management strategies for women whose babies are thought to be at risk of compromise for various reasons, the following strategies show promise and may be prioritised for further research: Doppler ultrasound studies, computerised cardiotocography, and fetal arousal to facilitate cardiotocography.
For settings where electronic fetal assessment methods are not available, clinical fetal arousal tests should be investigated. |
CD004667 | [
"11251497",
"2406656",
"12092017",
"7819846",
"8924098",
"2927328",
"8494832",
"16154062",
"2406169"
] | [
"Team midwifery care in a tertiary level obstetric service: a randomized controlled trial.",
"A randomized trial of nurse-midwifery prenatal care to reduce low birth weight.",
"Traditional care of the perineum during birth. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study of 1,076 women.",
"Midwife managed delive... | [
"In 1996 a new model of maternity care characterized by continuity of midwifery care from early pregnancy through to the postpartum period was implemented for women attending Monash Medical Centre, a tertiary level obstetric service, in Melbourne, Australia. The objective of this study was to compare the new model ... | Most women should be offered midwife-led models of care and women should be encouraged to ask for this option although caution should be exercised in applying this advice to women with substantial medical or obstetric complications. |
CD006164 | [
"7835254",
"7974045",
"3285637",
"6866590",
"11332926",
"2205798",
"18208636",
"8632217",
"16946216"
] | [
"Factors affecting the morbidity of vitamin D deficiency rickets and primary protection.",
"Rickets in very-low-birth-weight infants born at Baragwanath Hospital.",
"Double blind study on the need for vitamin D supplementation in prepubertal children.",
"Nutrient and mineral retention and vitamin D absorption... | [
"Rickets was investigated in 860 children in the 3 to 36 month age group in 21 villages attached to Sinik Health Centre, in northeastern Turkey. The blood calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels of suspect cases were determined following examination and wrist x-rays taken. The prevalence of cross-sectio... | There a only few studies on the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Until new data become available, it appears sound to offer preventive measures (vitamin D or calcium) to groups of high risk, like infants and toddlers; children living in Africa, Asia or the Middle East or migrated children from these regions into areas where rickets is not frequent. Due to a marked clinical heterogeneity and the scarcity of data, the main and adverse effects of preventive measures against nutritional rickets should be investigated in different countries, different age groups and in children of different ethnic origin. |
CD003996 | [
"9432077",
"9738752",
"3124628",
"3172958",
"3324594",
"7282909",
"11773839",
"14758376",
"3553455"
] | [
"Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in ear surgery.",
"Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for chronic ear disease.",
"The role of prophylactic antibiotics in middle ear surgery. A study on phenoxymethylpenicillin prophylaxis.",
"Antimicrobial prophylaxis in ear surgery.",
"Single-dose v. short-term antibiotic t... | [
"A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was performed to evaluate the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in ear surgery. The present study reports on the results of 750 patients, half of whom received cefuroxime for 1 day, the other half, placebo. All postoperative infections occurring with... | There is no strong evidence that the large-scale use of prophylactic antibiotics in clean and clean-contaminated ear surgery is helpful in reducing postoperative complications such as wound infection, discharge from the outer ear canal, labyrinthitis and graft failure. |
CD005146 | [
"17954514",
"17954515",
"14512476",
"21537720",
"9090331",
"15231557",
"8561204",
"10722180",
"8625628"
] | [
"Rapid tranquillisation in psychiatric emergency settings in India: pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular olanzapine versus intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine.",
"Rapid tranquillisation in psychiatric emergency settings in Brazil: pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular ha... | [
"To compare the effect of intramuscular olanzapine with intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine on rapid tranquillisation of agitated or violent people with mental illness.\n Pragmatic, allocation concealed, randomised controlled trial.\n Emergency services of a general hospital ps... | All treatments evaluated within the included studies are effective. Benzodiazepines, however, have the potential to cause respiratory depression, probably midazolam more so than lorazepam, and use of this group of drugs outside of services fully confident of observing for and managing the consequences of respiratory distress is difficult to justify. Haloperidol used on its own is at such risk of generating preventable adverse effects that unless it is the only choice, this evidence directs that this sole treatment should be avoided. Olanzapine IM is valuable when compared with haloperidol plus promethazine but its duration of action is short and re-injection is frequently needed. Haloperidol plus promethazine used in two diverse situations in Brazil and India has much evidence to support its swift and safe clinically valuable effects. |
CD001744 | [
"10596681",
"9337824",
"8765628",
"9192929",
"1416422",
"15316206",
"7750335",
"8977608",
"11066186"
] | [
"A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.",
"Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia.",
"Inhaled nitric oxide in term infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure.",
"T... | [
"The beneficial effects of nocturnal oxygen therapy (NOT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with mild-to-moderate daytime hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2) in the range 7.4-9.2 kPa (56-69 mmHg)) and exhibiting sleep-related oxygen desaturation remains controversial. The effectivenes... | Long-term home oxygen therapy improved survival in a selected group of COPD patients with severe hypoxaemia (arterial PaO2 less than 55 mm Hg (8.0 kPa)). Home oxygen therapy did not appear to improve survival in patients with mild to moderate hypoxaemia or in those with only arterial desaturation at night. |
CD004931 | [
"2792672",
"2194894",
"16259890",
"10733802",
"16670131",
"11466598",
"15810049",
"12150647",
"15672051"
] | [
"A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial of the gastric bubble for obesity.",
"Intragastric balloon in the treatment of super-morbid obesity. Double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover evaluation of 500-milliliter balloon.",
"Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus open vertical banded gastroplas... | [
"We investigated the effect of an endoscopically placed gastric balloon, the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble (GEGB), on weight loss in obese patients. Fifty-nine obese patients were entered into a prospective double-blind study and randomized into two groups. In one group (34 patients) the GEGB was inserted, and in t... | Evidence from this review is limited for decision making, since there was large heterogeneity in IGB trials, regarding both methodological and clinical aspects. However, a co-adjuvant factor described by some authors in the loss and maintenance of weight has been the motivation and the encouragement to changing eating habits following a well-organized diet and a program of behavioural modification. The IGB alone and the technique of positioning appear to be safe. Despite the evidence for little additional benefit of the intragastric balloon in the loss of weight, its cost should be considered against a program of eating and behavioural modification. |
CD006245 | [
"2406126",
"16468111",
"4006888",
"2044499",
"8603630",
"16087407",
"2113015",
"12027917",
"3349967"
] | [
"Randomized trial of a program to enhance the competencies of children with epilepsy.",
"[Education of children with epilepsy and their parents by the modular education program epilepsy for families (FAMOSES)--results of an evaluation study].",
"Effects of a broad-spectrum behavior modification treatment progra... | [
"A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Santiago, Chile to test the impact of a child-centered, family-focused educational program for children aged 7-14 years with epilepsy and for their parents. The objectives of the program developed and pilot-tested in Los Angeles, California were to increase the child... | While each of the programmes in this review showed some benefit to children with epilepsy their impacts were extremely variable. No programme showed benefits across the full range of outcomes. No study appears to have demonstrated any detrimental effects but the evidence in favour of any single programme is insufficient to make it possible to recommend one programme rather than another. More trials, carried out by independent research teams, are needed. |
CD008234 | [
"18607963",
"15072419",
"16087029",
"9726671",
"7488373",
"14653370",
"8924287",
"10753321",
"207210"
] | [
"Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for control of vertigo in unilateral Menire's disease: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Selective vestibular ablation by intratympanic gentamicin in patients with unilateral active Ménière's disease: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-contro... | [
"Intratympanic application of gentamicin is a relatively safe and efficient treatment for the reduction of complaints of vertigo attacks associated with Menière's disease. The treatment also reduces the severity of the perceived aural fullness.\n To investigate the effectiveness of intratympanic gent... | Based on the results of the two included studies, intratympanic gentamicin seems to be an effective treatment for vertigo complaints in Ménière's disease, but carries a risk of hearing loss. |
CD008341 | [
"18383539",
"19066176",
"19644849",
"9920948",
"15146409",
"11840438",
"2084236",
"19560810",
"1642652"
] | [
"Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study.",
"Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor {alpha} given by monthly subcutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotr... | [
"To assess the efficacy, safety, and pharmacology of subcutaneous administration of golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite treatment with methotrexate (MTX).\n Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blinded manner to receive injections of placebo plus MTX or 50 mg or... | With an overall high grade of evidence, at the FDA-approved dose, golimumab is significantly more efficacious than placebo in treatment of patients with active RA , when used in combination with methotrexate. The short-term safety profile, based on short-term RCTs, is reasonable with no differences in total adverse events, serious infections, cancer, tuberculosis or deaths. Long-term surveillance studies are needed for safety assessment. |
CD003728 | [
"3679106",
"11260571",
"17077429",
"14606735",
"21515905",
"17332444",
"9803707",
"10616135",
"12435467"
] | [
"Group art therapy as an adjunct to treatment for chronic outpatients.",
"Art therapy as support for children with leukemia during painful procedures.",
"Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: exploratory randomised controlled trial.",
"A randomized controlled trial of an education and counselling ... | [
"Art therapy has lagged behind other therapeutic modalities in being subjected to rigorous evaluation of its effectiveness. This study examines psychosocial outcome for a group of chronic psychiatric outpatients. Half the patients were randomly assigned to a ten-week supportive art therapy group as an adjunct to tr... | Randomised studies are possible in this field. Further evaluation of the use of art therapy for serious mental illnesses is needed as its benefits or harms remain unclear. |
CD003466 | [
"17462166",
"19758364",
"15482502",
"16740868",
"15832550",
"17700083",
"11473908",
"16271570",
"17076751"
] | [
"Additional therapy for young children with spastic cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial.",
"Intensive speech and language therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: a systems approach.",
"A new social communication intervention for children with autism: pilot randomised controlled treatment study... | [
"To investigate whether, in the short and medium term, additional support by (a) a physiotherapy assistant improved physical function in young children with spastic cerebral palsy and (b) a family support worker improved family functioning.\n This was a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) ... | Firm evidence of the positive effects of SLT for children with cerebral palsy has not been demonstrated by this review. However, positive trends in communication change were shown. No change in practice is recommended from this updated review. Further research is needed to describe this client group, and its possible clinical subgroups, and the methods of treatment currently used in SLT. Research is also needed to investigate the effectiveness of new and established interventions and their acceptability to families. Rigour in research practice needs to be extended to enable firm associations between therapy and the communication change to be made. There are now sufficient data to develop randomised controlled studies of dysarthria interventions and group parent training programmes. Such research is urgently needed to ensure clinically effective provision for this group of children, who are at severe risk of social and educational exclusion. |
CD002173 | [
"10213547",
"6791596",
"413493",
"11379805",
"7573849",
"3133964",
"3929698",
"8387933",
"2167369"
] | [
"Randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled sodium cromoglycate in 1-4-year-old children with moderate asthma.",
"Nebulised cromoglycate, theophylline, and placebo in preschool asthmatic children.",
"Nebulized sodium cromoglycate in young asthmatic children. Double-blind trial.",
"Comparison of the cost-e... | [
"Inhalation therapy with sodium cromoglycate is recommended as the first-line prophylactic treatment for moderate asthma in children. The availability of spacer devices with face-masks has extended the applicability of metered-dose inhalers to younger children. We studied the feasibility and effects of this therapy... | There is insufficient evidence to be sure about the efficacy of sodium cromoglycate over placebo. Publication bias is likely to have overestimated the beneficial effects of sodium cromoglycate as maintenance therapy in childhood asthma. |
CD002886 | [
"2267922",
"7359263",
"3089439",
"2188543",
"9802368",
"7638372",
"2201941",
"12969999",
"9722255"
] | [
"Placebo controlled trial of systemic corticosteroids in acute childhood asthma.",
"Corticosteroids in status asthmaticus.",
"Short course of steroids in home treatment of children with acute asthma.",
"Early administration of corticosteroids in emergency room treatment of acute asthma.",
"Effectiveness and... | [
"In a randomised controlled trial 38 asthmatic children aged 2-11 yr who had not received regular oral or inhaled steroids during the previous year, were treated with a standard regime of nebulised salbutamol and intravenous aminophylline plus either hydrocortisone and oral prednisolone for 5 days, or placebo. The ... | Systemic corticosteroids produce some improvements for children admitted to hospital with acute asthma. The benefits may include earlier discharge and fewer relapses. Inhaled or nebulised corticosteroids cannot be recommended as equivalent to systemic steroids at this time. Further studies examining differing doses and routes of administration for corticosteroids will clarify the optimal therapy. |
CD006769 | [
"11078836",
"20675729",
"7945822",
"8708952",
"15803166",
"15284215",
"12870339",
"1547173",
"15522021"
] | [
"Amniotic membrane transplantation for repair of leaking glaucoma filtering blebs.",
"Amniotic membrane transplantation as an adjunct to medical therapy in acute ocular burns.",
"Honey-impregnated gauze versus amniotic membrane in the treatment of burns.",
"Periodontal regeneration of human intrabony defects ... | [
"To compare the safety and efficacy of human preserved amniotic membrane transplant with conjunctival advancement for repair of late-onset glaucoma filtering bleb leaks.\n A prospective, randomized clinical trial compared amniotic membrane transplant with conjunctival advancement in patients with lea... | Although a variety of treatments have been proposed for bleb leaks, there is no evidence of their comparative effectiveness.
The evidence in this review was provided by a single trial that compared two surgical procedures (conjunctival advancement and amniotic membrane transplant). The trial did show a superiority of conjunctival advancement, which was regarded as standard treatment, to amniotic membrane transplantation. There is a need for more randomised trials to validate the findings of this single trial and provide more information on the different types of interventions, especially non-surgical treatments compared to surgical procedures. We recommend that any intervention should be compared to a standard procedure, which is to date conjunctival advancement. |
CD005573 | [
"15479682",
"9354192",
"21453880",
"18240282",
"15647189",
"16696804",
"2202199",
"20049950",
"16670529"
] | [
"Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine.",
"Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis.",
"A randomised double-blind placebo-control... | [
"Evidence exists for the pathogenic role of the enteric flora in inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics contain living microorganisms which exert health effects on the host. We compared the efficacy in maintaining remission of the probiotic preparation Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and established therapy with mesal... | Conventional therapy combined with a probiotic does not improve overall remission rates in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. However, there is limited evidence that probiotics added to standard therapy may provide modest benefits in terms of reduction of disease activity in patients with mild to moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Whether probiotics are as effective in patients with severe and more extensive disease and whether they can be used as an alternative to existing therapies is unknown. Further well designed, larger randomised controlled trials are needed to determine whether probiotics can be used as an alternative to current treatment modalities. |
CD005976 | [
"10819344",
"9821420",
"21829969",
"16138795",
"12243918",
"12655535",
"1095132",
"11930093",
"8925987"
] | [
"Five vs. ten days of antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in young children.",
"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of 5 versus 10 days of antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in young children.",
"Antibiotic treatment schemes for very severe community-acquired pneumonia in children: a rand... | [
"Many publications in recent years have argued in favor of shortened therapy for acute otitis media. However, doubt persists regarding children younger than 2 years, and some authors therefore restrict short course therapy to children older than 2 years.\n In a prospective, comparative, double blind,... | The evidence of this review suggests that a short course (three days) of antibiotic therapy is as effective as a longer treatment (five days) for non-severe CAP in children under five years of age. However, there is a need for more well-designed RCTs to support our review findings. |
CD001289 | [
"786665",
"15741443",
"2403903",
"1745841",
"1615177",
"15562142",
"7741782",
"9730996",
"10464834"
] | [
"A controlled trial of intermittent oral acetylcysteine in the long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis.",
"Inhaled fluticasone in bronchiectasis: a 12 month study.",
"The National Mucolytic Study. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iodinated glycerol in chronic obstructive bron... | [
"In 69 out-patients with chronic bronchitis in 6 centres the effects of acetylcysteine 600 mg daily, 3 days a week for 6 months, and a placebo have been compared in a double-blind controlled trial. Thirty-five patients were treated with the mucolytic and 34 with the dummy preparation. In the former the clinical cou... | There is not enough evidence to evaluate the routine use of mucolytics for bronchiectasis. High doses of bromhexine coupled with antibiotics may help with sputum production and clearance. |
CD006189 | [
"15479896",
"1985618",
"11678298",
"9855212",
"3890159",
"14962967",
"19969160",
"1562888",
"14760802"
] | [
"Short course prednisolone for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder or stiff painful shoulder): a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial.",
"Corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis: investigation of their value and site.",
"Comparison of the efficacy of local corticosteroid injection and ph... | [
"To determine whether a short course of prednisolone is superior to placebo for improving pain, function, and range of motion in adhesive capsulitis.\n Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial.\n Community based rheumatology practice in Australia.\n 50 particip... | Available data from two placebo-controlled trials and one no-treatment controlled trial provides "Silver" level evidence (www.cochranemsk.org) that oral steroids provides significant short-term benefits in pain, range of movement of the shoulder and function in adhesive capsulitis but the effect may not be maintained beyond six weeks. |
CD009043 | [
"19948625",
"19797985",
"16810506",
"16483745",
"16648324",
"14628980",
"12610718",
"12860772",
"12363115"
] | [
"Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder.",
"A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder.",
"The neurocognitive effects of aripiprazole: an open-label comparison wi... | [
"The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder who were manifesting behaviors such as tantrums, aggression, self-injurious behavior, or a combination of these.\n This 8-wee... | Evidence from two randomized controlled trials suggests that aripiprazole can be effective in treating some behavioral aspects of ASD in children. After treatment with aripiprazole, children showed less irritability, hyperactivity, and stereotypies (repetitive, purposeless actions). Notable side effects must be considered, however, such as weight gain, sedation, drooling, and tremor. Longer studies of aripiprazole in individuals with ASD would be useful to gain information on long-term safety and efficacy. |
CD003582 | [
"16291160",
"8688396",
"48000",
"15925045",
"9442160",
"8760703",
"9359441",
"11767219",
"15294856"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of elective preterm delivery of fetuses with gastroschisis.",
"A multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing elective and selective caesarean section for the delivery of the preterm breech infant.",
"Elective induction of labour. A randomised prospective trial.",
"Inductio... | [
"Elective preterm delivery of the fetus with gastroschisis may help to limit injury to the extruded fetal gut and thus promote faster recovery of neonatal gut function and earlier hospital discharge. This hypothesis has not previously been tested in a prospective randomized controlled trial.\n Betwee... | The small trial identified was underpowered to detect the outcome measures of interest. Consequently, there are insufficient data available to support a practice of elective delivery from 37 weeks' gestation for women with an otherwise uncomplicated twin pregnancy at term. |
CD004765 | [
"9143888",
"7691775",
"8953976",
"1718250",
"6184769",
"11024412",
"1718253",
"9111254",
"1693496"
] | [
"Indirect scatter laser photocoagulation to subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.",
"Grid laser treatment of occult choroidal neovascularization in age related macular degeneration.",
"Macular scatter ('grid') laser treatment of poorly demarcated subfoveal choroidal neovasc... | [
"Occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV), poorly defined on fluorescein angiography, is present in the majority of patients with exudative complications of age-related macular degeneration. For patients who present with this type of subfoveal CNV but who have useful visual acuity, no form of treatment is of prove... | Despite its use over several years the effectiveness of laser photocoagulation for myopic CNV has not been established. Although there was a suggestion of short-term effectiveness in one small study on non-subfoveal CNV the results were potentially biased. Observational studies suggest that the enlargement of the atrophic laser scar after laser treatment of non-subfoveal CNV could be a potentially vision-threatening long-term complication, even in eyes free of CNV recurrence. |
CD003685 | [
"11087881",
"14530224",
"10979111",
"10566565",
"10096266",
"9751091",
"10500058",
"17039120",
"10609815"
] | [
"Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group.",
"Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of rofecoxib versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial.",
"Gastrointestinal toxicity with... | [
"Each year, clinical upper gastrointestinal events occur in 2 to 4 percent of patients who are taking nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We assessed whether rofecoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, would be associated with a lower incidence of clinically important upper gastroin... | In patients with RA, rofecoxib demonstrates a greater degree of efficacy than placebo, while having a comparable safety profile. Rofecoxib demonstrates a similar degree of efficacy as naproxen, but with a significantly lower rate of ulceration and gastrointestinal bleeding. Rofecoxib was associated with a greater risk for MI, but the exact significance and pathophysiology of this possible relationship is unclear.
Rofecoxib was voluntarily withdrawn from global markets in October 2004. It cannot therefore be prescribed and therefore there are no implications for practice concerning its use. None the less when considering which NSAID to use, it must be borne in mind that the toxicity of NSAIDs is variable amongst patients and drugs and it tends to be dose related and associated with variation in the mode of action, absorption, distribution and metabolism.There remains a number of questions over both the benefits and risks associated with Cox II selective agents and further work is ongoing. It is likely that this issue will not be resolved until research has enabled a fuller understanding of the complex mechanism by which the Cox system operates. |
CD003438 | [
"18853562",
"16435703",
"15530927",
"18074710",
"19171828",
"15713204",
"8907444",
"20390477",
"21700922"
] | [
"Highlighting human form and motion information enhances the conspicuity of pedestrians at night.",
"Limitations in drivers' ability to recognize pedestrians at night.",
"High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones.",
"Effects of age and illumination on night driving:... | [
"Exploring how biological motion can make pedestrians more conspicuous to drivers at night, one-hundred-and-twenty participants were driven along an open-road route at night and pressed a button whenever they recognized that a pedestrian was present. A test pedestrian wearing black clothing alone or with 302 cm2 of... | Visibility aids have the potential to increase visibility and enable drivers to detect pedestrians and cyclists earlier. Biomotion markings, which highlight the movement and form of the pedestrian, showed evidence of improving pedestrians' conspicuity at night. Public acceptability of various effective strategies which improve visibility would merit further development. However, the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety remains unknown. A cluster randomised controlled trial involving large communities may provide an answer to this question. It would, however, be a challenging trial to conduct. Studies that collect data of road traffic injuries relating to the use of visibility aids also warrant consideration. |
CD007825 | [
"16084925",
"18237352",
"15823886",
"11242721",
"15113492",
"18838727",
"15249520",
"22032247",
"16602835"
] | [
"Can a facilitated programme promote effective multidisciplinary audit in secondary care teams? An exploratory trial.",
"Strategies for improving the quality of health care in maternal and child health in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews.",
"Interdisciplinary collaboration bet... | [
"This 24-month exploratory study evaluated whether a 6-month programme supported by a trained external facilitator was feasible, acceptable and led to the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach to audit by secondary care staff. Undertaken in five acute hospital sites in the East Midlands UK, 22 multidisciplinary ... | Collaboration between local health and local government is commonly considered best practice. However, the review did not identify any reliable evidence that interagency collaboration, compared to standard services, necessarily leads to health improvement. A few studies identified component benefits but these were not reflected in overall outcome scores and could have resulted from the use of significant additional resources. Although agencies appear enthusiastic about collaboration, difficulties in the primary studies and incomplete implementation of initiatives have prevented the development of a strong evidence base. If these weaknesses are addressed in future studies (for example by providing greater detail on the implementation of programmes; using more robust designs, integrated process evaluations to show how well the partners of the collaboration worked together, and measurement of health outcomes) it could provide a better understanding of what might work and why. It is possible that local collaborative partnerships delivering environmental Interventions may result in health gain but the evidence base for this is very limited.
Evaluations of interagency collaborative arrangements face many challenges. The results demonstrate that collaborative community partnerships can be established to deliver interventions but it is important to agree goals, methods of working, monitoring and evaluation before implementation to protect programme fidelity and increase the potential for effectiveness. |
CD005940 | [
"20233384",
"15294856",
"18450604",
"1751431",
"6988006",
"17156466",
"1303639",
"9572206",
"11097068"
] | [
"Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (3 of 7): evidence for effectiveness of interventions.",
"Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery.",
"A behavioral intervention to improve obstetrical care.",
"Randomized controlled trial ... | [
"Interventions directed toward mothers before and during pregnancy and childbirth may help reduce preterm births and stillbirths. Survival of preterm newborns may also be improved with interventions given during these times or soon after birth. This comprehensive review assesses existing interventions for low- and ... | We found no evidence to support the use of RDCA in pregnancy to reduce the prevalence of preterm birth. We have found insufficient evidence to assess adverse effects of the intervention. |
CD006273 | [
"15684225",
"12411847",
"14718327",
"9168368",
"7893564",
"15800328",
"17267931",
"7532501",
"19050085"
] | [
"Association between hydration volume and symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients with abdominal malignancies.",
"Hypodermoclysis for control of dehydration in terminal-stage cancer.",
"The comprehensive care team: a controlled trial of outpatient palliative medicine consultation.",
"A double-blind randomi... | [
"To explore the association between hydration volume and symptoms during the last 3 weeks of life in terminally ill cancer patients.\n This was a multicenter, prospective, observational study of 226 consecutive terminally ill patients with abdominal malignancies. Primary responsible physicians and nu... | Since the last version of this review no new studies were found. However there is one ongoing, high quality study that has not reached full recruitment. There are insufficient good quality studies to make any recommendations for practice with regard to the use of medically assisted hydration in palliative care patients. |
CD006815 | [
"12444816",
"9809861",
"19907043",
"17984403",
"17683328",
"17382827",
"14643092",
"10676820",
"15364042"
] | [
"Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 3-month double-blind study.",
"A multicentre double-blind comparison of hydroxyzine, buspirone and placebo in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.",
"Outcome reporting in industry-sponsored trials of gabapentin for of... | [
"The prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) represents an important public health issue. Hydroxyzine, an antagonist of histamine receptors, showed both efficacy and safety in previous short-term double-blind studies over placebo in this pathology. The aim of the current study was to confirm those positive... | The included studies did not report on all the outcomes that were pre-specified in the protocol for this review. Even though more effective than placebo, due to the high risk of bias of the included studies, the small number of studies and the overall small sample size, it is not possible to recommend hydroxyzine as a reliable first-line treatment in GAD. |
CD002997 | [
"16467702",
"8323451",
"12665269",
"8703248",
"359091",
"8760776",
"18415831",
"2862819",
"20678306"
] | [
"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of macrolide in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.",
"[Effects of high doses of beclomethasone dipropionate in bronchial asthma].",
"The clinical efficacy of fluticasone propionate (Fluvent) compared with beclomethasone dipropionates (Becotide) in pati... | [
"The antiinflammatory effect of macrolide antibiotics has been well-established, as has their role in the treatment of certain disorders of chronic airway inflammation. Several studies have suggested that long-term, low-dose macrolides may be efficacious in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis; however, these st... | Considering the small number of patients studied, there is insufficient evidence to support or to refute the use of macrolides in patients with chronic asthma. Further studies are needed in particular to clarify the potential role of macrolides in some subgroups of asthmatics such as those with evidence of chronic bacterial infection. |
CD006358 | [
"11115031",
"18410212",
"12038883",
"11434842",
"12456542",
"17076751",
"17068074",
"18237352",
"10404442"
] | [
"Promoting secure attachment, maternal mood and child health in a vulnerable population: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Establishing family foundations: intervention effects on coparenting, parent/infant well-being, and parent-child relations.",
"A randomized, controlled trial of a community-based support pr... | [
"To evaluate the efficacy of an early home-based intervention on the quality of maternal-infant attachment, maternal mood and child health parameters in a cohort of vulnerable families.\n A total of 181 families were recruited to the study in the immediate postnatal period on the basis of a self repo... | The review set out to examine the potential of financial support to poor families to improve circumstances for children. However, on the basis of current evidence we cannot state unequivocally whether financial benefits delivered as an intervention are effective at improving child health or well-being in the short term. Our conclusions are limited by the fact that most of the studies had small effects on total household income and that, while no conditions were attached to how money was spent, all studies included strict conditions for receipt of payments. We note particular concerns by some authors that sanctions and conditions (such as working hours) placed on families may increase family stress. |
CD003309 | [
"12559133",
"3962941",
"15123970",
"15350708",
"3351688",
"12732859",
"9313829",
"6472970",
"3940358"
] | [
"The effects of the shallow and the deep endotracheal suctioning on oxygen saturation and heart rate in high-risk infants.",
"Partially ventilated endotracheal suction. Use in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome.",
"The efficacy of facilitated tucking for relieving procedural pain of endotracheal suctio... | [
"An experimental study involving repeated-measures within subjects was conducted to examine the effects of shallow and deep endotracheal suctioning (ETS) on the SpO(2) and HR in 27 ventilated high-risks infants. The order in which subjects received the ETS protocol was randomly assigned. The results showed no signi... | There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials concerning the benefits or risks of deep versus shallow suctioning of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and infants. Further high quality research is required. |
CD002309 | [
"14682412",
"19138505",
"10421835",
"10630654",
"12149529",
"11243949",
"17463412",
"15866309",
"12564609"
] | [
"Short- and long-term efficacy of fluticasone propionate in subjects with early signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results of the DIMCA study.",
"Fluticasone and N-acetylcysteine in primary care patients with COPD or chronic bronchitis.",
"A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the... | [
"Early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may prevent progression of irreversible obstruction in COPD, especially in patients with bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We investigated the clinical effects of early introduction of inhaled steroids in subjects showing early signs and symptoms of COPD without a prior cl... | In people with COPD, PDE4 inhibitors offered benefit over placebo in improving lung function and reducing likelihood of exacerbations, however, they had little impact on quality of life or symptoms. Gastrointestinal adverse effects and weight loss were common. The optimum place of PDE4 inhibitors in COPD management remains to be defined. Longer-term trials are needed to determine whether or not PDE4 inhibitors modify FEV1 decline, healthcare utilisation or mortality in COPD. |
CD001991 | [
"21714641",
"1991274",
"6734291",
"2776873",
"15013579",
"9428212",
"2166020",
"5345935",
"8226143"
] | [
"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening.",
"Screening for lung cancer. A critique of the Mayo Lung Project.",
"Screening for early lung cancer. Results of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study in New York.",
"A 10 year follow-up of semi-annual screening for early detection of ... | [
"The aggressive and heterogeneous nature of lung cancer has thwarted efforts to reduce mortality from this cancer through the use of screening. The advent of low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) altered the landscape of lung-cancer screening, with studies indicating that low-dose CT detects many tumors at earl... | The current evidence does not support screening for lung cancer with chest radiography or sputum cytology. Annual low-dose CT screening is associated with a reduction in lung cancer mortality in high-risk smokers but further data are required on the cost effectiveness of screening and the relative harms and benefits of screening across a range of different risk groups and settings. |
CD003144 | [
"2064291",
"8492040",
"7857145",
"9738217",
"3896372",
"17394048",
"3510704",
"7006425",
"18156032"
] | [
"[The best anastomoses after colonic resection].",
"Ileocolonic anastomosis after right hemicolectomy for carcinoma: stapled or hand-sewn? A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial.",
"Comparison of manually constructed and stapled anastomoses in colorectal surgery. West of Scotland and Highland Anastomosis ... | [
"Among the numerous anastomotic techniques after colonic resection, the mechanical sutures using staplers have been credited with a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage than hand-sewn anastomoses. This hypothesis has been tested in two multicentre, prospective, randomized trials after right hemicolectomy for carc... | The evidence found was insufficient to demonstrate any superiority of stapled over handsewn techniques in colorectal anastomosis surgery, regardless of the level of anastomosis. There were no randomised clinical trials comparing these two types of anastomosis in elective conditions in the last decade. The relevance of this research question has possibly lost its strength where elective surgery is concerned. However, in risk situations, such as emergency surgery, trauma and inflammatory bowel disease, new clinical trials are needed. |
CD004654 | [
"1748145",
"18426821",
"17391168",
"15334791",
"17392540",
"11678974",
"10063324",
"11772907",
"12453948"
] | [
"Prospective comparative study in NIDDM patients of metformin and glibenclamide with special reference to lipid profiles.",
"Impact of metformin versus repaglinide on non-glycaemic cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes.",
"Targ... | [
"Twenty-two NIDDM patients completed an open randomized cross-over study comparing metformin and glibenclamide over 1 year. The drugs had an equivalent effect on glycaemic control, but, in contrast to glibenclamide, metformin reduced body weight. Neither drug affected triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol or C-... | Meglitinides may offer an alternative oral hypoglycaemic agent of similar potency to metformin, and may be indicated where side effects of metformin are intolerable or where metformin is contraindicated. However, there is no evidence available to indicate what effect meglitinides will have on important long-term outcomes, particularly mortality. |
CD009138 | [
"2963054",
"7592505",
"3076905",
"2236455",
"9585655",
"8824057",
"375679",
"395129",
"3897204"
] | [
"Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial.",
"A double-blind comparison of Org 3770, amitriptyline, and placebo in major depression.",
"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline among depressed patients in general practice.... | [
"General practice depressives were treated for 6 weeks with amitriptyline or placebo in a controlled trial. Overall, drug was found strongly superior to placebo. Interactions were examined between drug effects and a number of variables, principally reflecting demographic characteristics, history of illness, severit... | Amitriptyline is an efficacious antidepressant drug. It is, however, also associated with a number of side effects. Degree of placebo response and severity of depression at baseline may moderate drug-placebo efficacy differences. |
CD007045 | [
"15499601",
"11843249",
"11697833",
"17374742",
"12243809",
"3528055",
"7844608",
"12506176",
"11955734"
] | [
"Randomised phase 2 trial of SIR-Spheres plus fluorouracil/leucovorin chemotherapy versus fluorouracil/leucovorin chemotherapy alone in advanced colorectal cancer.",
"Randomised trial of SIR-Spheres plus chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone for treating patients with liver metastases from primary large bowel cance... | [
"Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with SIR-Spheres(R) is a new technique for selectively targeting high doses of radiation to tumours within the liver. The primary objectives of this randomised trial were to compare the response rate, time to progressive disease (PD), and toxicity of a regimen of systemi... | There is a need for well designed, adequately powered phase III trials assessing the effect of SIRT when used with modern combination chemotherapy regimens. Further studies are also needed for patients with refractory disease with a particular focus on the impact on quality of life. |
CD007368 | [
"20375190",
"12052800",
"15158629",
"9651405",
"16168782",
"20882421",
"11433046",
"21829969",
"20619853"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of the effect of zinc as adjuvant therapy in children 2-35 mo of age with severe or nonsevere pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal.",
"Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum.",
"Zinc for sever... | [
"Pneumonia is a leading cause of illness and death in young children. Interventions to improve case management of pneumonia are needed.\n Our objective was to measure the effect of zinc supplementation in children with pneumonia in a population in which zinc deficiency is common.\n In ... | Evidence provided in this review is insufficient to recommend the use of zinc as an adjunct to standard antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in children aged two to 35 months. |
CD002973 | [
"10988090",
"9462190",
"17015530",
"8951252",
"8948561",
"9142019",
"12386574",
"9310511",
"9347370"
] | [
"Continuous tracheal gas insufflation in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease. A prospective randomized trial.",
"Randomised trial of volume controlled versus time cycled, pressure limited ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.",
"Randomized, controlled trial comparing synch... | [
"In mechanically ventilated neonates, the instrumental dead space is a major determinant of total minute ventilation. By flushing this dead space, continuous tracheal gas insufflation (CTGI) may allow reduction of the risk of overinflation. We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of CTGI in reducin... | There is evidence from a single RCT that TGI may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants - although the data from this small study do not give sufficient evidence to support the introduction of TGI into clinical practice. The technical requirements for performing TGI (as performed in the single included study) are great. There is no statistically significant reduction in the total duration of respiratory support or hospital stay. TGI cannot be recommended for general use at this time. |
CD004107 | [
"15184205",
"8296253",
"7842191",
"11405516",
"9476870",
"2148702",
"17603828",
"14514935",
"8609098"
] | [
"Peak flow monitoring for guided self-management in childhood asthma: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Controlled trial evaluation of an asthma education programme for adults.",
"Asthma self-management education program by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow.",
"Benefit from the inclusion of self-treatme... | [
"We asked whether the addition of PEF recordings to a symptom-based self-management plan improved outcome in school children with asthma. In an open-randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial, we studied children aged 7-14 years with moderate asthma. After a 4-week run-in, 90 children were randomized to receive e... | Optimal self-management allowing for optimisation of asthma control by adjustment of medications may be conducted by either self-adjustment with the aid of a written action plan or by regular medical review. Individualised written action plans based on PEF are equivalent to action plans based on symptoms. Reducing the intensity of self-management education or level of clinical review may reduce its effectiveness. |
CD002879 | [
"9228354",
"10027430",
"9850359",
"3282826",
"2669554",
"8323451",
"10983616",
"2844548",
"2236929"
] | [
"A comparison of double-strength beclomethasone dipropionate (84 microg) MDI with beclomethasone dipropionate (42 microg) MDI in the treatment of asthma.",
"Hydrofluoroalkane-134a beclomethasone dipropionate, 400 microg, is as effective as chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate, 800 microg, for the treatm... | [
"To compare the efficacy and safety of a double-strength formulation of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP 84) metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with that of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP 42) MDI in the treatment of chronic asthma.\n A 28-day, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, mul... | BDP appears to demonstrate a shallow dose response effect in long-term asthma for a small number of efficacy outcomes over range of daily doses from 400 mcg/d to 1600 mcg/d, although the clinical significance of the improvements afforded by higher doses is questionable. |
CD002086 | [
"17436825",
"1981436",
"138560",
"9649660",
"6216858",
"11586012",
"17436826",
"21269305",
"12695127"
] | [
"Dose-ranging efficacy of new once-daily extended-release minocycline for acne vulgaris.",
"A double-blind comparison of topical clindamycin and oral minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris.",
"Minocycline therapy in acne vulgaris.",
"A comparison of the efficacy and safety of lymecycline and minocyclin... | [
"A multicenter, 12-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study was conducted in 233 subjects with moderate to severe facial acne vulgaris to determine the lowest effective once-daily oral dose of a new extended-release (ER) minocycline hydrochloride formulation with the safest adverse e... | Minocycline is an effective treatment for moderate to moderately-severe inflammatory acne vulgaris, but there is still no evidence that it is superior to other commonly-used therapies. This review found no reliable evidence to justify the reinstatement of its first-line use, even though the price-differential is less than it was 10 years ago. Concerns remain about its safety compared to other tetracyclines. |
CD007598 | [
"14770380",
"10434220",
"11984383",
"9378876",
"17304779",
"19731848",
"12657991",
"10758471",
"3578726"
] | [
"Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea.",
"An alternative method to alleviate postoperative nausea and vomiting in children.",
"Isopropyl alcohol inhalation: alternative treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.",
"Peppermint o... | [
"To determine whether aromatherapy can reduce postoperative nausea, the investigators studied 33 ambulatory surgery patients who complained of nausea in the PACU. After indicating the severity of nausea on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), subjects received randomized aromatherapy with isopropyl alcohol, oil of... | Isopropyl alcohol was more effective than saline placebo for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting but less effective than standard anti-emetic drugs. There is currently no reliable evidence for the use of peppermint oil. |
CD001865 | [
"21149743",
"21636633",
"19418107",
"15749130",
"10564627",
"10632830",
"9734786",
"18573775",
"18308500"
] | [
"Electronic patient messages to promote colorectal cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Effect of evidence based risk information on \"informed choice\" in colorectal cancer screening: randomised controlled trial.",
"A randomized trial of generic versus tailored interventions to increase colorect... | [
"Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality, yet effective screening tests are often underused. Electronic patient messages and personalized risk assessments delivered via an electronic personal health record could increase screening rates.\n We conducted a randomized controlled trial i... | There is strong evidence from three trials that personalised risk estimates incorporated within communication interventions for screening programmes enhance informed choices. However the evidence for increasing the uptake of such screening tests with similar interventions is weak, and it is not clear if this increase is associated with informed choices. Studies included a diverse range of screening programmes. Therefore, data from this review do not allow us to draw conclusions about the best interventions to deliver personalised risk communication for enhancing informed decisions. The results are dominated by findings from the topic area of mammography and colorectal cancer. Caution is therefore required in generalising from these results, and particularly for clinical topics other than mammography and colorectal cancer screening. |
CD007070 | [
"15998750",
"16770975",
"1477566",
"18758677",
"11246937",
"8912507",
"19501658",
"17133529",
"11932074"
] | [
"A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia.",
"Improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms with acupuncture: results of a randomized controlled trial.",
"Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial.",
"A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture ... | [
"Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain condition for which patients frequently use acupuncture.\n To determine whether acupuncture relieves pain in fibromyalgia.\n Randomized, sham-controlled trial in which participants, data collection staff, and data analysts were blinded to treatmen... | There is low to moderate-level evidence that compared with no treatment and standard therapy, acupuncture improves pain and stiffness in people with fibromyalgia. There is moderate-level evidence that the effect of acupuncture does not differ from sham acupuncture in reducing pain or fatigue, or improving sleep or global well-being. EA is probably better than MA for pain and stiffness reduction and improvement of global well-being, sleep and fatigue. The effect lasts up to one month, but is not maintained at six months follow-up. MA probably does not improve pain or physical functioning. Acupuncture appears safe. People with fibromyalgia may consider using EA alone or with exercise and medication. The small sample size, scarcity of studies for each comparison, lack of an ideal sham acupuncture weaken the level of evidence and its clinical implications. Larger studies are warranted. |
CD001087 | [
"7498892",
"8353699",
"7953031",
"475542",
"9545998",
"7953033",
"10560218",
"3899049",
"9366661"
] | [
"Toward managed care for persons with severe mental illness: implications from a cost-effectiveness study.",
"A controlled trial of home-based acute psychiatric services. I: Clinical and social outcome.",
"Home-based versus hospital-based care for people with serious mental illness.",
"A comparative trial of ... | [
"Over the past two decades various models of community-based care for persons with severe mental illness have been developed. This study, which represents the first comparison of the most successful care approach (Program of Assertive Community Treatment or PACT adaptation model) with other, less intensive approach... | Care based on crisis intervention principles, with or without an ongoing home care package, appears to be a viable and acceptable way of treating people with serious mental illnesses. If this approach is to be widely implemented it would seem that more evaluative studies are still needed. |
CD000163 | [
"8688397",
"9492730",
"8623871",
"2030849",
"9740522",
"11423890",
"1988896",
"15515998",
"15983684"
] | [
"Nonclosure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum at caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial.",
"Randomized study of non-closure of peritoneum in lower segment cesarean section.",
"Closure or nonclosure of the visceral peritoneum at cesarean delivery.",
"A randomized study of closure of the periton... | [
"To assess the short term morbidity of nonclosure of the peritoneum at caesarean section.\n Women undergoing a lower segment caesarean section were randomly allocated to either closure or nonclosure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum.\n Tertiary Care University Hospital of Geneva.... | There was improved short-term postoperative outcome if the peritoneum was not closed. This in itself can support those who opt not to close the peritoneum. Long-term studies following caesarean section are limited; there is therefore no overall evidence for non-closure until long-term data become available.
[Note: The 18 citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the conclusions of the review once assessed.] |
CD009581 | [
"16454975",
"1537131",
"17202203",
"11666130",
"8114181",
"9922309",
"9159691",
"2526993",
"14769686"
] | [
"XS0601 reduces the incidence of restenosis: a prospective study of 335 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in China.",
"Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty.",
"Long-term results of sealed capsul... | [
"XS0601, consisting of active ingredients (Chuangxiongol and paeoniflorin), has been shown to inhibit arterial neointimal hyperplasia in animal models and in preliminary human studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XS0601 in preventing restenosis following percutaneous coron... | The summary estimates indicate a protective effect of Xiongshao on restenosis and suggest that Xiongshao capsule may be used to prevent restenosis after a PCI procedure in CHD patients. However, this evidence is derived from small randomised trials, all conducted in China, and two of the included trials showed important methodological limitations that undermine the validity of the findings. Additional high-quality research trials with sufficient sample size are required. |
CD009270 | [
"7413719",
"1839644",
"8964276",
"12617376",
"9578044",
"1920391",
"8404750",
"8764816",
"12011290"
] | [
"Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients.",
"Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease.",
"A randomised open multicentre comparative trial of lamotrigine and carbamazepine as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent epilepsy.",
... | [
"In phase 1 of the study, 3 mg/kg daily of cannabidiol (CBD) was given for 30 days to 8 health human volunteers. Another 8 volunteers received the same number of identical capsules containing glucose as placebo in a double-blind setting. Neurological and physical examinations, blood and urine analysis, ECG and EEG ... | No reliable conclusions can be drawn at present regarding the efficacy of cannabinoids as a treatment for epilepsy. The dose of 200 to 300 mg daily of cannabidiol was safely administered to small numbers of patients, for generally short periods of time, and so the safety of long term cannabidiol treatment cannot be reliably assessed. |
CD001213 | [
"6853785",
"1809589",
"20889234",
"8219661",
"1757612",
"14732659",
"8286257",
"20513160",
"11234559"
] | [
"Once-daily treatment of psoriasis with topical glucocorticosteroid ointments.",
"Intermittent corticosteroid maintenance treatment of psoriasis: a double-blind multicenter trial of augmented betamethasone dipropionate ointment in a pulse dose treatment regimen.",
"A phase II placebo-controlled study of photody... | [
"A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of two glucocorticosteroid ointments demonstrated that once-daily therapy for psoriasis was effective. After 3 weeks of once-daily therapy, psoriasis subjects treated with betamethasone dipropionate (BD) ointment or diflorasone diacetate (DD) ointment showed statistica... | There is currently no firm evidence on which to base treatment of acute guttate psoriasis. Studies comparing standard treatment modalities, including phototherapy and topical regimens, are required to enable informed decisions on treatment choices to be made. |
CD006842 | [
"15585539",
"15377573",
"18417560",
"15089956",
"17055767",
"7041850",
"1532760",
"17678655",
"9549021"
] | [
"Randomised trial of a brief physiotherapy intervention compared with usual physiotherapy for neck pain patients: outcomes and patients' preference.",
"Randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy compared with advice for low back pain.",
"A randomised controlled trial on whether a participatory ergonomics inte... | [
"Firstly, to compare the effectiveness of a brief physiotherapy intervention with \"usual\" physiotherapy for patients with neck pain. Secondly, to evaluate the effect of patients' preferences on outcome.\n Non-inferiority randomised controlled trial eliciting preferences independently of randomisati... | There was no clear evidence that oscillation was a more or less effective intervention overall than other forms of physiotherapy. More adequately-powered long-term randomised controlled trials are necessary. |
CD003651 | [
"11273219",
"12181464",
"17031321",
"18213382",
"20851460",
"20024738",
"15385901",
"18176319",
"19996048"
] | [
"Vaginal lavage with chlorhexidine during labour to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya.",
"15 Month follow up of African children following vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride of their HIV infected mothers during late pregnancy and delivery.",
"Integration of anti... | [
"To evaluate the effect of vaginal lavage with diluted chlorhexidine on mother-to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) in a breastfeeding population.\n This prospective clinical trial was conducted in a governmental hospital in Mombasa, Kenya. On alternating weeks, women were allocated to non-interventio... | Currently, there is no evidence of an effect of vaginal disinfection on the risk of MTCT of HIV. Given its simplicity and low cost, there is need for a large well-designed and well-conducted randomised controlled trial to assess the additive effect of vaginal disinfection on the risk of MTCT of HIV in antiretroviral treated women. |
CD006745 | [
"12889565",
"16009687",
"15566514",
"8665186",
"12759473",
"9086006",
"17058027",
"19075173",
"1354275"
] | [
"Comparison of percutaneous acetic acid injection and percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study.",
"Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injectio... | [
"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) are effective in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We conducted a prospective study to compare the therapeutic efficacy of both these methods.\n Sixty-three patients were treated by PAI... | PEI and PAI do not differ significantly regarding benefits and harms in patients with early HCC, but only a limited number of patients have been examined and the risk of bias was high in all trials. There is also insufficient evidence to determine whether PEI or segmental liver resection is more effective. While some data from the single trial suggested that PEI was safer, the high risk of bias and the lack of any confirmatory evidence make an assessment impossible. |
CD000299 | [
"16682258",
"8147352",
"2007362",
"7797827",
"8314510",
"15362027",
"8150348",
"7890238",
"2671739"
] | [
"Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial.",
"Antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease: results of a controlled, double-blind trial with a multiple antibiotic regimen.",
"Controlled trial of antimycobacterial t... | [
"Nutritional therapy has been reported to have an almost equivalent efficacy of corticosteroids in achieving clinical remission in active Crohn's disease (CD). However, the effects of both treatments on intestinal mucosal inflammation rarely are reported. In a randomized controlled trial in children with active CD ... | Anti-tuberculous therapy may be effective in maintaining remission in patients with Crohn's disease when remission has been induced with corticosteroids combined with anti-tuberculous therapy. However, the results which support this conclusion come from a subgroup of only two trials with small numbers of patients and should be interpreted with caution. Use of this therapy cannot be recommended on the basis of this evidence. |
CD007893 | [
"9832182",
"9468460",
"8007592",
"20433527",
"13679494",
"7594425",
"3904559",
"15502721",
"15731556"
] | [
"Lack of effect of a single oral dose of cyclosporine on systemic blood pressure and on forearm blood flow and vascular resistance in humans.",
"Cyclosporine-induced hypertension and decline in renal function in healthy volunteers.",
"Sequential effects of cyclosporine therapy on blood pressure, renal function ... | [
"The acute hemodynamic effect of cyclosporine in man is controversial. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a single oral dose of cyclosporine (20 mg/kg body weight) on mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), forearm blood flow (FBF), and vasc... | Cyclosporine statistically significantly increases blood pressure compared to placebo in a dose-related fashion. The magnitude of increase in blood pressure is clinically significant and increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and other adverse cardiovascular events associated with elevated BP. Consequently prescribers should try to find the lowest effective dose in all patients receiving cyclosporine chronically. |
CD000066 | [
"3305229",
"8735733",
"17023012",
"8155220",
"14556770",
"1609525",
"10076134",
"1547173",
"17355378"
] | [
"[Effectiveness of Alphastria cream in the prevention of pregnancy stretch marks (striae distensae). Results of a double-blind study].",
"Stretching of the cervix and stripping of the membranes at term: a randomised controlled study.",
"The cosmetic use of skin-lightening products during pregnancy in Dakar, Sen... | [
"nan",
"To determine whether routine antepartum stretching of the cervix and stripping of the membranes at term would shorten the length of pregnancies, and whether this correlated with cervical status and fetal and maternal parameters.\n A prospective, randomised, controlled study of 293 term grav... | We found no high-quality evidence to support the use of any of the topical preparations in the prevention of stretch marks during pregnancy. There is a clear need for robust, methodologically rigorous randomised trials involving larger sample sizes to evaluate the effects of topical preparations on the development of stretch marks in pregnancy. In addition, it is important that preparations commonly used by women to prevent and treat stretch marks are evaluated within the context of robust, methodologically rigorous and adequately powered randomised trials. |
CD009009 | [
"12100779",
"9602398",
"3711252",
"594708",
"7112052",
"15653255",
"8124120",
"10074017",
"7488463"
] | [
"General health screenings to improve cardiovascular risk profiles: a randomized controlled trial in general practice with 5-year follow-up.",
"Effects of an assessment of needs for medical and social services on long-term mortality: a randomized controlled study.",
"Multiphasic Health Checkup Evaluation: a 16-... | [
"To investigate the impact of general health screenings and discussions with general practitioners on the cardiovascular risk profile of a random population of patients.\n A population-based, randomized, controlled, 5-year follow-up trial conducted in a primary care setting.\n The stud... | General health checks did not reduce morbidity or mortality, neither overall nor for cardiovascular or cancer causes, although the number of new diagnoses was increased. Important harmful outcomes, such as the number of follow-up diagnostic procedures or short term psychological effects, were often not studied or reported and many trials had methodological problems. With the large number of participants and deaths included, the long follow-up periods used, and considering that cardiovascular and cancer mortality were not reduced, general health checks are unlikely to be beneficial. |
CD008613 | [
"14686958",
"12513038",
"16723306",
"1516762",
"7040192",
"14770192",
"16794994",
"16259492",
"15802410"
] | [
"Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women with diabetes.",
"Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Contraception in perimenopausal women w... | [
"Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women improves menopausal symptoms, decreases the incidence of osteoporotic fracture, but the effects on cardiovascular risk factors remain controversial.\n To test the hypothesis that HRT may have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk prof... | There is a lack of evidence around the use of HRT in women with type 1 diabetes. The one study that has been undertaken in this area is underpowered. More RCTs are required in the area to examine the impact of HRT on glycaemic control and cardiovascular outcomes. |
CD006286 | [
"12612277",
"23119911",
"18179756",
"17533178",
"7862473",
"6507997",
"18595959",
"20430451",
"16550943"
] | [
"Frequency of surgery among children who have adenotonsillar hypertrophy and improve after treatment with nasal beclomethasone.",
"Chronic adenoid hypertrophy in children - is steroid nasal spray beneficial?",
"Intranasal flunisolide treatment in children with adenoidal hypertrophy.",
"The role of mometasone ... | [
"To describe the long-term outcome of a cohort of children with symptomatic adenotonsillar hypertrophy treated with aqueous nasal beclomethasone.\n The children enrolled completed a 4-week single-blind, saline solution controlled crossover study of aqueous beclomethasone (total: 400 micro g/d). In a ... | Current evidence suggests that intranasal corticosteroids may significantly improve nasal obstruction symptoms in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy, and this improvement may be associated with a reduction in adenoid size. The long-term efficacy of intranasal corticosteroids in these patients remains to be defined. |
CD000175 | [
"15321453",
"10730733",
"10992845",
"9893537",
"11454372",
"9856707",
"15321547",
"10427382",
"19481203"
] | [
"A randomised controlled trial of fluid pre-loading before low dose epidural analgesia for labour.",
"Comparison of combined spinal-epidural and low dose epidural for labour analgesia.",
"Randomized study of intravenous fluid preload before epidural analgesia during labour.",
"Regional analgesia in early acti... | [
"Preloading with fluid is recommended before regional block in labour. Low dose epidurals may produce less haemodynamic disturbance than traditional stronger solutions of local anaesthetics. Our aim was to compare the incidence of hypotension in normal labouring women who received a low dose epidural (0.1% bupivaca... | Preloading prior to traditional high-dose local anaesthetic blocks may have some beneficial fetal and maternal effects in healthy women. Low-dose epidural and CSE analgesia techniques may reduce the need for preloading. The studies reviewed were too small to show whether preloading is beneficial for women having regional analgesia during labour using the lower-dose local anaesthetics or opioids. Further investigation of low-dose epidural or CSE (including opioid only) blocks, and the risks and benefits of intravenous preloading for women with pregnancy complications, is required.
[Note: The five citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the conclusions of the review once assessed.] |
CD000057 | [
"2707458",
"8299789",
"12070543",
"12413984",
"16543255",
"18505764",
"2245833",
"18321486",
"17239866"
] | [
"Unexplained infertility: evaluation of treatment with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin.",
"Evaluation of clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin treatment: a prospective, randomized, crossover study during intrauterine insemination cycles.",
"The effect of metformin plus clomiphe... | [
"A double-blind, randomized, prospective therapeutic trial was conducted in 148 couples with unexplained infertility. Treatment consisted of 4 consecutive months of placebo or clomiphene citrate (CC) (100 mg) by mouth on cycle days 5 to 9, and placebo or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (5,000 IU) intramuscularly... | There is no evidence of clinical benefit of clomiphene citrate for unexplained fertility. When making this treatment choice, potential side effects should be discussed. These include the increased risk of multiple pregnancy and the concern that use for more that 12 cycles has been associated with a three-fold increase in risk of ovarian cancer. |
CD004510 | [
"12694632",
"15108041",
"11730399",
"15190995",
"15066200",
"19366977",
"9746022",
"11490051",
"16084254"
] | [
"Randomised controlled trial of a theoretically grounded tailored intervention to diffuse evidence-based public health practice [ISRCTN23257060].",
"Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer, using different combinations of the intra... | [
"Previous studies have shown that Norwegian public health physicians do not systematically and explicitly use scientific evidence in their practice. They work in an environment that does not encourage the integration of this information in decision-making. In this study we investigate whether a theoretically ground... | The low methodological quality of the included studies means that results must be considered with caution. No adverse effects were reported. Nevertheless, although some studies find that the intervention had favourable effects for some outcomes, overall the studies show clinically-equivalent results between TFU and control groups. In summary, we cannot conclude that TFU is an effective intervention. |
CD000987 | [
"320856",
"1556523",
"11248360",
"14672612",
"1580295",
"15541406",
"2446877",
"9627740",
"8601552"
] | [
"Quantitative evaluation of vitamin E in the treatment of angina pectoris.",
"EDTA treatment of intermittent claudication--a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.",
"Vitamin E as treatment for chronic hepatitis B: results of a randomized controlled pilot trial.",
"A randomized placebo controlled trial of vi... | [
"Because of previous reports of the beneficial effect of vitamin E in angina pectoris patients, 48 patients, with both stable angina and positive (chest pain plus ishemic ST depression) maximal exercise treadmill tests, participated in a double-blind cross-over study of 6 months of vitamin E and 6 months of placebo... | While vitamin E - which is inexpensive and has had no serious side effects reported with its use - may have beneficial effects, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether it is an effective treatment for intermittent claudication. |
CD002777 | [
"8229541",
"11871742",
"1403448",
"15629973",
"18216861",
"9351723",
"16843936",
"21463215",
"18829790"
] | [
"Gastrointestinal tolerance, fat absorption, plasma ketone and urinary dicarboxylic acid levels in low-birth-weight infants fed different amounts of medium-chain triglycerides in formula.",
"Short-term efficacy of enteral nutrition in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a randomized, controlled trial compari... | [
"This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in a formula for low-birth-weight (LBW) infants on gastrointestinal tolerance, fat absorption, plasma ketone levels, and urinary dicarboxylic acid (DCA) excretion. At the start of enteral feedings, 64 LBW infants (< or = 1500 g) we... | There is no evidence of difference between MCT and LCT on short-term growth, gastrointestinal intolerance, or necrotizing enterocolitis. Therefore, neither formula type could be concluded to improve short-term growth or have less adverse effects. Further studies are necessary because the results from the included eight studies are imprecise due to small numbers and do not address important long-term outcomes. Additional research should aim to clarify effects on formula tolerance and on long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and include larger study populations to better evaluate effect on NEC incidence. |
CD007594 | [
"22624531",
"22738085",
"16790652",
"18542921",
"21857015",
"9503219",
"11331169",
"6190466",
"17054812"
] | [
"Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study.",
"Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis.",
"The value of an albumin-based intravascular volume replacement strategy... | [
"ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Inadequate initial treatment and delayed hemodynamic stabilization (HDS) may be associated with increased risk of death in severe sepsis patients. METHODS: In order to compare the hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% HES 130/0.4 and NaCl 0.9% for HDS in patients with severe sepsis, we desi... | Potential for increased risk of AKI should be considered when weighing the risks and benefits of HES for volume resuscitation, particularly in septic patients. Large studies with adequate follow-up are required to evaluate the renal safety of HES products in non-septic patient populations. RIFLE criteria should be applied to evaluate kidney function in future studies of HES and, where data is available, to re-analyse those studies already published. There is inadequate clinical data to address the claim that safety differences exist between different HES products. |
CD004963 | [
"11777093",
"9177594",
"12851185",
"21098340",
"12757574",
"1466871",
"14999030",
"16181164",
"17636154"
] | [
"Effect of a physical therapeutic intervention for balance problems in the elderly: a single-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre trial.",
"A comparison of the effects of three types of endurance training on balance and other fall risk factors in older adults.",
"Community-based group exercise improves bal... | [
"To establish the effect of a short, individualized exercise programme on balance dysfunction in the elderly.\n A single-blind, randomized, controlled, multicentre trial.\n Physical and recreational therapy departments from two rehabilitation centres.\n Ninety-four subje... | There is weak evidence that some types of exercise (gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks; strengthening exercise; 3D exercise and multiple exercise types) are moderately effective, immediately post intervention, in improving clinical balance outcomes in older people. Such interventions are probably safe. There is either no or insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions for general physical activity (walking or cycling) and exercise involving computerised balance programmes or vibration plates. Further high methodological quality research using core outcome measures and adequate surveillance is required. |
CD001497 | [
"10190639",
"9702146",
"9470264",
"9321533",
"14572438",
"17804046",
"9618623",
"11676378",
"20537841"
] | [
"The relationship between tobacco access and use among adolescents: a four community study.",
"The effects of community policies to reduce youth access to tobacco.",
"Interventions with retailers to reduce cigarette sales to minors: a randomised controlled trial.",
"The effect of enforcing tobacco-sales laws ... | [
"The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a longitudinal community intervention on the reduction of tobacco sales to minors and subsequent effects on tobacco consumption by youths. The study was conducted in Monterey County, CA. Four rural communities were randomized into treatment and compar... | Interventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths. However, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance. This may explain why there is limited evidence for an effect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour. |
CD005997 | [
"10428523",
"7641897",
"11679528",
"9459084",
"8513962",
"10992178",
"16446331",
"12909492",
"20883991"
] | [
"A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist compared with expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis.",
"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (goserelin) plus hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Post-operative GnR... | [
"To ascertain whether the frequency of pelvic pain recurrence is reduced and time to symptoms recurrence is prolonged in women with symptomatic endometriosis undergoing conservative surgery and post-operative hormonal therapy compared with women treated with surgery only. Pregnancy rates and time to conception in w... | Hormone replacement therapy for women with endometriosis in post-surgical menopause could result in pain and disease recurrence. However, the evidence in the literature is not strong enough to suggest depriving severely symptomatic patients from this treatment. There is a need for more randomised controlled studies. |
CD005543 | [
"12850603",
"15467557",
"1547173",
"10021717",
"14744821",
"15890830",
"15321623",
"9504513",
"16814225"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic maneuvers to reduce head-to-body delivery time in patients at risk for shoulder dystocia.",
"Randomized trial of McRoberts versus lithotomy positioning to decrease the force that is applied to the fetus during delivery.",
"Randomized trial of amniotomy in labour ve... | [
"To assess whether prophylactic use of the McRoberts maneuver and suprapubic pressure decreased the head-to-body time, as a proxy for shoulder dystocia, in at-risk patients.\n Patients with estimated fetal weights over 3800 g were randomized to undergo the McRoberts maneuver and suprapubic pressure b... | There are no clear findings to support or refute the use of prophylactic manoeuvres to prevent shoulder dystocia, although one study showed an increased rate of caesareans in the prophylactic group. Both included studies failed to address important maternal outcomes such as maternal injury, psychological outcomes and satisfaction with birth. Due to the low incidence of shoulder dystocia, trials with larger sample sizes investigating the use of such manoeuvres are required. |
CD007107 | [
"15235901",
"7543781",
"8826606",
"7691114",
"16823067",
"10382902",
"7751732",
"16110136",
"7595716"
] | [
"A prospective randomised evaluation of G-CSF or G-CSF plus oral antibiotics in chemotherapy-treated patients at high risk of developing febrile neutropenia.",
"Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.",
"Results of a randomized trial of granulocyte colony-... | [
"Febrile neutropenia (FN) remains a major dose-limiting complication among patients treated with chemotherapy. Haematopoietic colony stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) made possible a significant improvement in the management of FN, both in the therapeutic and in the prophylactic approach. The use of antibiotic... | There is no evidence for or against antibiotics compared to G(M)-CSFs for the prevention of infections in cancer patients. |
CD005077 | [
"16735589",
"11307071",
"10424554",
"12130413",
"15122134",
"11988719",
"10401657",
"12463655",
"15695959"
] | [
"Arthroscopic versus open shoulder stabilization for recurrent anterior instability: a prospective randomized clinical trial.",
"Comparison of an arthroscopic and an open procedure for posttraumatic instability of the shoulder: a prospective, randomized multicenter study.",
"Prospective randomized clinical tria... | [
"Arthroscopic stabilization for anterior shoulder instability has been reported to result in a higher rate of recurrent instability compared to traditional open techniques.\n To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder ... | There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials comparing arthroscopic with open surgery for treating anterior shoulder instability. Further research is needed on this subject and for other surgical interventions. Sufficiently powered, good quality, well reported randomised controlled trials with validated outcome measures and long-term follow up are required. |
CD003006 | [
"9523803",
"11159241",
"10714841",
"9523805",
"10757577",
"11167171",
"9523804",
"11159240",
"11012500"
] | [
"Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with mepivacaine and lidocaine.",
"Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with lidocaine in obstetric patients.",
"The incidence of transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing surgery in the supine posi... | [
"Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine is ideal for ambulatory surgery because of its short duration of action. However, transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) occur in 0-40% of patients. The incidence of TNS with mepivacaine, which has a similar duration of action, is unknown.\n Sixty ambulatory patients un... | The risk of developing TNS after spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine was significantly higher than when bupivacaine, prilocaine, or procaine were used. The term 'transient neurological symptoms' implies neurologic pathology. Failing identification of the pathogenesis of TNS, consideration should be given to choosing a neutral descriptive term which does not imply a particular causation. One study about the impact of TNS on patient satisfaction and functional impairment demonstrated that non-TNS patients were more satisfied and had less functional impairment after surgery than TNS patients, but this did not influence their willingness to recommend spinal anaesthesia. |
CD004872 | [
"8878223",
"2123239",
"8849215",
"3057159",
"3302916",
"3923180",
"8637789",
"15084807",
"7559195"
] | [
"Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and toleration of azithromycin vs. penicillin V in the treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children: results of a multicenter, open comparative study. The Swiss Tonsillopharyngitis Study Group.",
"Lack of impact of early antibiotic therapy for streptococcal pharyngi... | [
"For many years alternatives to penicillin have been studied for the management of pediatric group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis. As a result of its pharmacokinetic profile azithromycin is unique among these alternative antimicrobials in allowing once daily dosing and shorter duration of treatm... | Three to six days of oral antibiotics had comparable efficacy compared to the standard duration 10-day course of oral penicillin in treating children with acute GABHS pharyngitis. . In areas where the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease is still high, our results must be interpreted with caution. |
CD003037 | [
"7724098",
"9351414",
"6378516",
"299462",
"8191328",
"6586395",
"4533699",
"2905287",
"7726651"
] | [
"Second-trimester abortion by intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha or intravaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories: a randomized trial.",
"Effects of prostaglandin treatment and paracervical blockade on postoperative pain in patients undergoing first trimester abortion in general anesthesia.",
"Randomi... | [
"To compare intramuscular (IM) prostaglandin 15 methyl-F2 alpha (15M-PGF2 alpha) with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal suppositories for second-trimester abortion in terms of efficacy and side effects.\n Fifty-one women were randomized to receive either 15M-PGF2 alpha IM injections or PGE2 intravagina... | The results are derived from relatively small trials. Prostaglandins used alone seems to be less effective and more painful compared to surgical first-trimester abortion. However, there is inadequate evidence to comment on the acceptability and side effects of medical compared to surgical first-trimester abortions. There is a need for trials to address the efficacy of currently used methods and women's preferences more reliably. |
CD006266 | [
"18434189",
"10549990",
"19462303",
"17511748",
"11825860",
"21990176",
"17165363",
"10093649",
"12681528"
] | [
"An open randomized study of the treatment of escitalopram alone and combined with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and naltrexone in alcoholic patients.",
"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine.",
"Gamma-hydroxybutyric aci... | [
"gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram are effective in inducing and maintaining abstinence in alcohol. Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist, may be effective in preventing relapse in alcohol-dependent subjects. To evaluate whether each drug and its combinatio... | There is insufficient randomised evidence to be confident of a difference between GHB and placebo, or to determine reliably if GHB is more or less effective than other drugs for the treatment of alcohol withdrawl or the prevention of relapses. The small amount of randomised evidence available suggests that GHB 50mg may be more effective than placebo in the treatment of AWS, and in preventing relapses and craving in previously detoxified alcoholics during the first 3 months of follow-up. This review does not provide evidence in favour or against GHB compared to benzodiazepines and Clomethiazole for treatment of AWS; but, again based on a small amount of randomised evidence, GHB appears better than NTX and Disulfiram in maintaining abstinence and preventing craving in the medium term (3 to 12 months). The review does not provide evidence of a difference in side effects between GHB and benzodiazepines, NTX or Disulfiram. These findings should be considered alongside concerns that have been raised about GHB regarding the risk of developing addiction, and the misuse or abuse of the drug, suggesting to use GHB only under strict medical surveillance. |
CD003539 | [
"15297305",
"11533321",
"10645510",
"16389536",
"17403764",
"12069673",
"3200183",
"12623317",
"10790817"
] | [
"Effectiveness of a multiple intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract symptoms in primary care: randomised controlled trial.",
"A community intervention trial to promote judicious antibiotic use and reduce penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in children.",
"An evalu... | [
"To assess the effectiveness of a multiple intervention aimed at reducing antibiotic prescription rates for symptoms of the respiratory tract in primary care.\n Randomised controlled trial.\n Twelve peer review groups including 100 general practitioners with their collaborating pharmac... | The effectiveness of an intervention on antibiotic prescribing depends to a large degree on the particular prescribing behaviour and the barriers to change in the particular community. No single intervention can be recommended for all behaviours in any setting. Multi-faceted interventions where educational interventions occur on many levels may be successfully applied to communities after addressing local barriers to change. These were the only interventions with effect sizes of sufficient magnitude to potentially reduce the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Future research should focus on which elements of these interventions are the most effective. In addition, patient-based interventions and physician reminders show promise and innovative methods such as these deserve further study. |
CD008101 | [
"19767384",
"18715214",
"19132857",
"16801571",
"20711715",
"15595336",
"20587585",
"12728068",
"21294770"
] | [
"Incremental value of continuous glucose monitoring when starting pump therapy in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: the RealTrend study.",
"Sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy: results of the first randomized treat-to-target study.",
"Patient-reported outcomes for an integrated real-time contin... | [
"To compare the improvements in glycemic control associated with transitioning to insulin pump therapy in patients using continuous glucose monitoring versus standard blood glucose self-monitoring.\n The RealTrend study was a 6-month, randomized, parallel-group, two-arm, open-label study of 132 adult... | There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use in children, adults and patients with poorly controlled diabetes. The largest improvements in glycaemic control were seen for sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy in patients with poorly controlled diabetes who had not used an insulin pump before. The risk of severe hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis was not significantly increased for CGM users, but as these events occurred infrequent these results have to be interpreted cautiously.There are indications that higher compliance of wearing the CGM device improves glycosylated haemoglobin A1c level (HbA1c) to a larger extent. |
CD000493 | [
"16317669",
"20073212",
"8855091",
"8841797",
"15143715",
"16965225",
"22695903",
"12585148",
"9453428"
] | [
"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid.",
"[Effect of integrative Chinese and Western medicine in treating pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis].",
"Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in pregnant women with cholestasis.",
"S-ade... | [
"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterized by troublesome maternal pruritus, elevated serum bile acids (> or =10 micromol/L) and increased fetal risk. Recently we determined a cutoff level of serum bile acids, > or =40 micromol/L, to be associated with impaired fetal outcome. We have now studied ... | Different approaches to assessing and reporting pruritus precluded pooling of trials comparing the effects of UDCA versus placebo on pruritus, but examination of individual trials suggests that UDCA significantly improves pruritus, albeit by a small amount. Fewer instances of fetal distress/asphyxial events were seen in the UDCA groups when compared with placebo but the difference was not statistically significant. Large trials of UDCA to determine fetal benefits or risks are needed.
A single trial was too small to rule in or out a clinically important effect of early term delivery on caesarean section.
There is insufficient evidence to indicate that SAMe, guar gum, activated charcoal, dexamethasone, cholestyramine, Salvia, Yinchenghao decoction (YCHD), Danxioling and Yiganling, or Yiganling alone or in combination are effective in treating women with cholestasis of pregnancy. |
CD006897 | [
"10379017",
"8625660",
"11243949",
"9713447",
"10343624",
"10542974",
"10095821",
"11050258",
"10359405"
] | [
"Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group.",
"Effects of long-term treatment with corticosteroids in COPD.",
"Systemic glucocorticoids in severe exacerbations of COPD.",
"Randomised controlled trial of ... | [
"Although their clinical efficacy is unclear and they may cause serious adverse effects, systemic glucocorticoids are a standard treatment for patients hospitalized with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial of systemic glucocorticoids (given fo... | We based assessment of the efficacy of short (seven days or less) compared to longer duration (more than seven days) systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute exacerbations of COPD in this review on four of the seven included studies for which data were available. Two studies were fully published and two were published as conference abstracts but trialists were able to supply data requested for the review.
The finding in this review that there is no significant increase in treatment failure with shorter systemic corticosteroid treatment for seven days or less for acute exacerbations of COPD, does not give conclusive evidence to recommend change in clinical practice due to a wide confidence interval around the estimate of effect. The four studies which contributed to the meta-analysis were of relatively low quality and five of the seven studies were not published as full articles. Thus there are insufficient data to allow firm conclusions concerning the optimal duration of corticosteroid therapy of acute exacerbations of COPD to be drawn. |
CD002769 | [
"9311492",
"11596162",
"17675317",
"12550014",
"3296295",
"19703826",
"11208637",
"14514944",
"17005060"
] | [
"Nocturnal ventilatory support in patients with cystic fibrosis: comparison with supplemental oxygen.",
"Comparison of high-frequency chest wall oscillation and oscillating positive expiratory pressure in the home management of cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.",
"Randomised placebo controlled trial of non-invasi... | [
"Progressive deterioration of lung function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may lead to significant hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, especially during sleep. The effects of bi-level noninvasive positive pressure nasal mask ventilation (NIPPV) on respiration and sleep were compared to those of low-flow oxygen therapy in... | Non-invasive ventilation may be a useful adjunct to other airway clearance techniques, particularly in people with cystic fibrosis who have difficulty expectorating sputum. Non-invasive ventilation, used in addition to oxygen, may improve gas exchange during sleep to a greater extent than oxygen therapy alone in moderate to severe disease. These benefits of non-invasive ventilation have largely been demonstrated in single treatment sessions with small numbers of participants. The impact of this therapy on pulmonary exacerbations and disease progression remain unclear. There is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials which are adequately powered to determine the clinical effects of non-invasive ventilation in cystic fibrosis airway clearance and exercise. |
CD004305 | [
"17854434",
"9725926",
"15586837",
"17995993",
"17372796",
"11007655",
"2030194",
"19213683",
"17074945"
] | [
"Cost-effectiveness of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation and relapse prevention among low-income pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Use and cost effectiveness of smoking-cessation services under four insurance plans in a health maintenance organization.",
"Results of a randomized co... | [
"Low-income women have high rates of smoking during pregnancy, but little is known about the costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI), focused on the medical and psychosocial needs of this population, as an intervention for smoking cessation and relapse prevention.\n ... | Full financial interventions directed at smokers when compared to no financial interventions increase the proportion of smokers who attempt to quit, use smoking cessation treatments, and succeed in quitting. The absolute differences are small but the costs per additional quitter are low to moderate. We did not detect an effect on smoking cessation from financial incentives directed at healthcare providers. The methodological qualities of the included studies need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. |
CD004782 | [
"8673548",
"18005909",
"9116877",
"11505787",
"20573492",
"10534147",
"10929163",
"9648698",
"9643859"
] | [
"Pilot randomized controlled trial of Chinese herbal treatment for HIV-associated symptoms.",
"Efficacy of a pelargonium sidoides preparation in patients with the common cold: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.",
"Evaluation of efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatme... | [
"We wished to determine the short-term safety and efficacy of a Chinese medicinal herb preparation in treating symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in a University-affiliated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) clinic... | Chinese herbal medicines may shorten the symptomatic phase in patients with the common cold. However, the lack of trials of low enough risk of bias, or using a placebo or a drug clearly identified as a control, means that we are uncertain enough to be unable to recommend any kind of Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold. |
CD003218 | [
"12798791",
"19808135",
"12499477",
"17285226",
"14628981",
"15669893",
"17050212",
"9106123",
"19367356"
] | [
"Reduction in excess daytime sleepiness by modafinil in patients with myotonic dystrophy.",
"Modafinil for the treatment of hypersomnia associated with myotonic muscular dystrophy in adults: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week trial.",
"Modafinil reduces excessive so... | [
"Patients with myotonic dystrophy frequently suffer from excess daytime sleepiness, which can be a significant cause of disability. Previous studies have indicated that this excess daytime sleepiness is only occasionally due to obstructive sleep apnoea and may be principally of central nervous system origin. Modafi... | There is low quality evidence from two small trials that psychostimulants do not significantly improve the maintenance of wakefulness test in myotonic dystrophy. There is low quality evidence from four studies that modafinil significantly improves the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. More randomized trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of psychostimulants. |
CD003196 | [
"1728157",
"1984763",
"10770458",
"10486394",
"17148938",
"11779284",
"16190799",
"6431586",
"10807488"
] | [
"A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania.",
"Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study.",
"Valproate as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication for the treatment of acute episodes of mania: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-contr... | [
"This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of lithium carbonate with that of valproate in acute mania and to determine whether pretreatment clinical characteristics, such as the presence of a mixed affective state, might predict a differential response to the two drugs.\n Twenty-seven patien... | In view of the equivocal findings of this review, conclusions about the efficacy and acceptability of valproate compared to placebo and lithium cannot be made with any degree of confidence. With current evidence, patients and clinicians would probably wish to use lithium before valproate for maintenance treatment. At present, the observed shift of prescribing practice to valproate is not based on reliable evidence of efficacy |
CD001898 | [
"14681639",
"8245265",
"2403699",
"1920650",
"15580451",
"14974959",
"8066108",
"1862126",
"12625392"
] | [
"Randomized trial and local biological effect of autologous platelets used as adjuvant therapy for chronic venous leg ulcers.",
"Randomized trial comparing cryopreserved cultured epidermal allografts with hydrocolloid dressings in healing chronic venous ulcers.",
"Stimulation of repair in chronic, nonhealing, c... | [
"Platelet products have been proposed as adjuvant therapy for wound healing. We undertook this study to determine the healing effect of topically applied frozen autologous platelets (FAP) on chronic venous ulcers, compared with effect of placebo, and whether use of topical FAP modifies local expression of vascular ... | Trials comparing TNP with alternative treatments for chronic wounds have methodological flaws and data do demonstrate a beneficial effect of TNP on wound healing however more, better quality research is needed. |
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