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H.A. Prichard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Prichard | Harold Arthur Prichard (30 October 1871 – 29 December 1947) was an English philosopher. He was born in London in 1871, the eldest child of Walter Stennett Prichard (a solicitor) and his wife Lucy. Harold Prichard was a scholar of Clifton College from where he won a scholarship to New College, Oxford, to study mathemati... |
Bertrand Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell | Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science and various areas ... |
A.O. Lovejoy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy | Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (October 10, 1873 – December 30, 1962) was an American philosopher and intellectual historian, who founded the discipline known as the history of ideas with his book The Great Chain of Being (1936), on the topic of that name, which is regarded as 'probably the single most influential work in the h... |
Nikolai Berdyaev | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev | Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (; Russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бердя́ев; 18 March [O.S. 6 March] 1874 – 24 March 1948) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialist who emphasized the existential spiritual significance of human freedom and the human person. Alternative historical spellings of ... |
Ernst Cassirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer | Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( kah-SEER-ər, kə-, German: [ˈɛʁnst kaˈsiːʁɐ]; July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science.
After Cohen's death in 1918, Cassirer ... |
Max Scheler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Scheler | Max Ferdinand Scheler (German: [ˈʃeːlɐ]; 22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. Considered in his lifetime one of the most prominent German philosophers, Scheler developed the philosophical method of Edmund Husserl, the founder... |
Giovanni Gentile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile | Giovanni Gentile (Italian: [dʒoˈvanni dʒenˈtiːle]; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian philosopher, educator, and politician. Described by himself and by Benito Mussolini as the "philosopher of Fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for Italian Fascism, and ghostwrote part of "The ... |
Ralph Barton Perry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Barton_Perry | Ralph Barton Perry (July 3, 1876 – January 22, 1957) was an American philosopher. He was a strident moral idealist who stated in 1909 that, to him, idealism meant "to interpret life consistently with ethical, scientific, and metaphysical truth." Perry's viewpoints on religion stressed the notion that religious thinking... |
W.D. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Ross | Sir William David Ross (15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish Aristotelian philosopher, translator, WWI veteran, civil servant, and university administrator. His best-known work is The Right and the Good (1930), in which he developed a pluralist, deontological... |
Ludwig von Mises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises | Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (German: [ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs]; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and sociologist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of classical liberalism and the power of consumers. He is bes... |
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin | Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (French: [pjɛʁ tɛjaʁ də ʃaʁdɛ̃] (listen ); 1 May 1881 – 10 April 1955) was a French Jesuit priest, scientist, paleontologist, theologian, philosopher and teacher. He was Darwinian in outlook and the author of several influential theological and philosophical books.
He took part in the discov... |
Hans Kelsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen | Hans Kelsen (; German: [ˈhans ˈkɛlsən]; October 11, 1881 – April 19, 1973) was an Austrian jurist, legal philosopher and political philosopher. He was the author of the 1920 Austrian Constitution, which with amendments is still in operation. Due to the rise of totalitarianism in Austria (and a 1929 constitutional chang... |
Moritz Schlick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Schlick | Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick (; German: [ʃlɪk] (listen); 14 April 1882 – 22 June 1936) was a German philosopher, physicist, and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
== Early life and works ==
Schlick was born in Berlin to a wealthy Prussian family with deep nationalist and conservative ... |
Otto Neurath | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neurath | Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (German: [ˈɔtoː ˈnɔʏʁaːt]; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in museum practice. Before he fled his native country in 19... |
Nicolai Hartmann | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann | Paul Nicolai Hartmann (German: [ˈhaʁtman]; 20 February 1882 – 9 October 1950) was a Baltic German philosopher. He is regarded as a key representative of critical realism and as one of the most important twentieth-century metaphysicians.
== Biography ==
Hartmann was born a Baltic German in Riga, which was then the cap... |
José Ortega y Gasset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset | José Ortega y Gasset (Spanish: [xoˈse oɾˈteɣaj ɣaˈset]; 9 May 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher and essayist.
He worked during the first half of the 20th century, while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism, and dictatorship. His philosophy has been characterized as a "philosophy of life" th... |
C.I. Lewis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis | Clive Staples Lewis, (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer, literary scholar, and Anglican lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University (Magdalen College, 1925–1954) and Cambridge University (Magdalene College, 1954–1963). He is best known as the autho... |
Gaston Bachelard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard | Gaston Bachelard (; French: [baʃlaʁ]; 27 June 1884 – 16 October 1962) was a French philosopher. He made contributions in the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science. To the latter, he introduced the concepts of epistemological obstacle and epistemological break (obstacle épistémologique and rupture épistémologi... |
Georg Lukács | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs | György Lukács (born György Bernát Löwinger; Hungarian: szegedi Lukács György Bernát; German: Georg Bernard Baron Lukács von Szegedin; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, literary critic, and aesthetician. He was one of the founders of Western Marxism, an interpretive tr... |
Franz Rosenzweig | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig | Franz Rosenzweig (, German: [ˌfʁant͡s ˈʁoːzn̩ˌt͡svaɪ̯k] (listen); 25 December 1886 – 10 December 1929) was a German theologian, philosopher, and translator.
== Early life and education ==
Franz Rosenzweig was born in Kassel, Germany, to an affluent, minimally observant Jewish family. His father owned a factory for dy... |
Walter Terence Stace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Terence_Stace | Walter Terence Stace (17 November 1886 – 2 August 1967) was a British civil servant, educator, public philosopher and epistemologist, who wrote on Hegel, mysticism, and moral relativism. He worked with the Ceylon Civil Service from 1910 to 1932, and from 1932 to 1955 he was employed by Princeton University in the Depar... |
Karl Barth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth | Karl Barth (; German: [bart]; (1886-05-10)10 May 1886 – (1968-12-10)10 December 1968) was a Swiss Reformed theologian. Barth is best known for his commentary The Epistle to the Romans, his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of the Barmen Declaration, and especial... |
C. D. Broad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad | Charlie Dunbar Broad (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited as C. D. Broad, was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of argume... |
Ludwig Wittgenstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein | Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( VIT-gən-s(h)tyne; German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈjoːzɛf 'joːhan ˈvɪtɡn̩ʃtaɪn]; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is considered by some to be the greate... |
Martin Heidegger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger | Martin Heidegger (; German: [ˈmaʁtiːn ˈhaɪdɛɡɐ]; 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th century. He has been widely criticized for supporting... |
Rudolf Carnap | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap | Rudolf Carnap (; German: [ˈkaʁnaːp]; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. He is considered "one of the giants among twentieth-century ... |
Walter Benjamin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin | Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (; German: [ˈvaltɐ ˈbɛnjamiːn] (listen); 15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, and essayist.
An eclectic thinker who combined elements of German idealism, Romanticism, Western Marxism, Jewish mysticism, and Neo-Kantianism, Benjamin made e... |
F. S. C. Northrop | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_F-5 | The Northrop F-5 is a family of supersonic light fighter aircraft initially designed as a privately funded project in the late 1950s by Northrop Corporation. There are two main models, the original F-5A and F-5B Freedom Fighter variants and the extensively updated F-5E and F-5F Tiger II variants. The design team wrappe... |
Roman Ingarden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ingarden | Roman Witold Ingarden (; February 5, 1893 – June 14, 1970) was a Polish philosopher who worked in aesthetics, ontology, and phenomenology.
Before World War II, Ingarden published his works mainly in the German language and in books and newspapers. During the war, he switched to Polish out of solidarity with his homelan... |
Friedrich Waismann | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann | Friedrich Waismann (German: [ˈvaɪsman]; 21 March 1896 – 4 November 1959) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. He is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle and one of the key theorists in logical positivism.
== Biography ==
Born to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, Waismann... |
Georges Bataille | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bataille | Georges Albert Maurice Victor Bataille (; French: [ʒɔʁʒ batɑj]; 10 September 1897 – 9 July 1962) was a French philosopher and intellectual working in philosophy, literature, sociology, anthropology, and history of art. His writing, which included essays, novels, and poetry, explored such subjects as eroticism, mysticis... |
Xavier Zubiri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri | Xavier Zubiri (4 December 1898 – 21 September 1983) was a Spanish philosopher.
Zubiri was a member of the Madrid School, composed of philosophers José Ortega y Gasset (the founder of the group), José Gaos, and Julián Marías, among others. Zubiri's philosophy has been categorized as a "materialist open realism", which "... |
H.H. Price | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Price | Henry Habberley Price (17 May 1899 – 26 November 1984), usually cited as H. H. Price, was a Welsh philosopher, known for his work on the philosophy of perception. He also wrote on parapsychology.
== Biography ==
Born in Neath, Glamorganshire, Wales, Price was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. ... |
Hans-Georg Gadamer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer | Hans-Georg Gadamer (; German: [ˈɡaːdamɐ]; 11 February 1900 – 13 March 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode), on hermeneutics.
In Truth and Method, Gadamer argued against the idea that meaning could be found through objec... |
Jacques Lacan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacan | Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (UK: , US: , French: [ʒak maʁi emil lakɑ̃]; 13 April 1901 – 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Described as "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud", Lacan gave yearly seminars in Paris, from 1953 to 1981, and published papers that were later collected in... |
Henri Lefebvre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre | Henri Lefebvre ( lə-FEV-rə, French: [ɑ̃ʁi ləfɛvʁ]; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectical materialism... |
Alfred Tarski | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski | Alfred Tarski (, born Alfred Teitelbaum; January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish-American logician and mathematician. A prolific author best known for his work on model theory, metamathematics, and algebraic logic, he also contributed to abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic... |
E. Nagel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Nagel | Ernest Nagel (November 16, 1901 – September 20, 1985) was an American philosopher of science. Along with Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, and Carl Hempel, he is sometimes seen as one of the major figures of the logical positivist movement. His 1961 book The Structure of Science is considered a foundational work in the... |
Mortimer Adler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler | Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher, educator, encyclopedist, and popular author. As a philosopher he worked within the Aristotelian and Thomistic traditions. He taught at Columbia University and the University of Chicago, served as chairman of the Encyclopædia Britanni... |
Frank P. Ramsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ramsey_(mathematician) | Frank Plumpton Ramsey (; 22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and economist who made major contributions to all three fields before his death at the age of 26. He was a close friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein and, as an undergraduate, translated Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philo... |
Theodor Adorno | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno | Theodor W. Adorno ( ə-DOR-noh, German: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ʔaˈdɔʁno] (listen); born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund; 11 September 1903 – 6 August 1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist, psychologist, musicologist, and composer.
He was a leading member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, whose work has come to be associ... |
Ernest Addison Moody | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Addison_Moody | Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975) was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist. He served as professor of philosophy at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also served as department chair, and Columbia University. He has an annual memorial conference in his na... |
Jean-Paul Sartre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre | Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, US also ; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in t... |
Joseph Campbell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell | Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American writer. He was a professor of literature at Sarah Lawrence College who worked in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work covers many aspects of the human experience. Campbell's best-known work is his book The Hero with a Thousand ... |
Eugen Fink | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Fink | Eugen Fink (11 December 1905 – 25 July 1975) was a German philosopher.
== Biography ==
Fink was born in 1905 as the son of a government official in Germany. He spent his first school years with an uncle who was a Catholic priest. Fink attended a grammar school in Konstanz where he succeeded with his extraordinary mem... |
Kurt Gödel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del | Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( GUR-dəl, German: [kʊʁt ˈɡøːdl̩] (listen); April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel had an immense effect upon scientific and philosophical thi... |
Emmanuel Levinas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas | Emmanuel Levinas (; French: [ɛmanɥɛl levinas]; 12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics to metaphysics and ontology.
== Life and career ==
Emm... |
Hannah Arendt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt | Hannah Arendt (, US also , German: [ˌhana ˈaːʁənt] (listen); born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-born American historian and political philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theorists of the 20th century.Arendt was born to a Jewish family in Linden (now a district of... |
H.L.A. Hart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart | Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (; 18 July 1907 – 19 December 1992) was an English legal philosopher. He was the Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University and the Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford. His most famous work is The Concept of Law, which has been hailed as "the most important work of legal philosophy... |
C.L. Stevenson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stevenson_(philosopher) | Charles Leslie Stevenson (June 27, 1908 – March 14, 1979) was an American analytic philosopher best known for his work in ethics and aesthetics.
== Biography ==
Stevenson was born on June 27, 1908, in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was educated at Yale, receiving in 1930 a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in English literature, at... |
Maurice Merleau-Ponty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty | Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty (French: [mɔʁis mɛʁlo pɔ̃ti, moʁ-]; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest and he wrote on perception, art, politics, relig... |
Simone de Beauvoir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir | Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (UK: , US: ; French: [simɔn də bovwaʁ] (listen); 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she considered one at the time of her dea... |
Willard van Orman Quine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine | Willard Van Orman Quine (; known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century". From 1930 until his death, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard Uni... |
A.J. Ayer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer | Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer ( AIR; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
Ayer was educated at Eton College and the Unive... |
J.L. Austin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin | John Langshaw Austin (26 March 1911 – 8 February 1960) was a British philosopher of language and leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy, best known for developing the theory of speech acts.Austin pointed out that we use language to do things as well as to assert things, and that the utterance of a statement ... |
Marshall McLuhan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan | Herbert Marshall McLuhan (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian philosopher whose work is among the cornerstones of the study of media theory. He studied at the University of Manitoba and the University of Cambridge. He began his teaching career as a professor of English at several universities in the Unit... |
Wilfrid Sellars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars | Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 – July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism, who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States".
== Life and career ==
His father was the Canadian-American philosopher Roy Wood Sellars, a leading Ame... |
Paul Ricœur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur | Jean Paul Gustave Ricœur (; French: [ʁikœʁ]; 27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics. As such, his thought is within the same tradition as other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Gabriel ... |
J. L. Mackie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Mackie | John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917 – 12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language.
Mackie had influential views on metaethics, including his defence of moral scepticism and his sophisticated defence of athe... |
Louis Althusser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Althusser | Louis Pierre Althusser (UK: , US: ; French: [altysɛʁ]; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was an Algerian-born French Marxist philosopher who studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.
Althusser was a long-time member and sometimes a strong critic of the French... |
R. M. Hare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Hare | Richard Mervyn Hare (21 March 1919 – 29 January 2002), usually cited as R. M. Hare, was a British moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1966 until 1983. He subsequently taught for a number of years at the University of Florida. His meta-ethical th... |
P. F. Strawson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson | Sir Peter Frederick Strawson (; 23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that, he was appointed as a college lecturer at University College, Oxford, in 1947, and b... |
John Rawls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls | John Bordley Rawls (; February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral, legal and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999. The latter was presented by President Bill Clinton in recognition of how ... |
Stephen Toulmin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin | Stephen Edelston Toulmin (; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the... |
Zygmunt Bauman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman | Zygmunt Bauman (; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. He emigrated to Israel; three years later he moved to the United Kingdom. He resided in E... |
Frantz Fanon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon | Frantz Omar Fanon (, US: ; French: [fʁɑ̃ts fanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a Francophone Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, political philosopher, and Marxist from the French colony of Martinique (today a French department). His works have become influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory... |
Gilles Deleuze | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze | Gilles Louis René Deleuze ( də-LOOZ, French: [ʒil dəløz]; 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1972) a... |
Michel Foucault | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault | Paul-Michel Foucault (UK: , US: ; French: [pɔl miʃɛl fuko]; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationships between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social contro... |
Hilary Putnam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam | Hilary Whitehall Putnam (; July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century. He made significant contributions to philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and... |
David Malet Armstrong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong | David Malet Armstrong (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014), often D. M. Armstrong, was an Australian philosopher. He is well known for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, and for his defence of a factualist ontology, a functionalist theory of the mind, an externalist epistemology, and a necessitarian conception ... |
Eugene Gendlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin | Eugene Tovio Gendlin (born Eugen Gendelin; 25 December 1926 – 1 May 2017) was an American philosopher who developed ways of thinking about and working with living process, the bodily felt sense and the "philosophy of the implicit". Though he had no degree in the field of psychology, his advanced study with Carl Rogers,... |
John Howard Yoder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Yoder | John Howard Yoder (December 27, 1927 – December 30, 1997) was an American Mennonite theologian and ethicist best known for his defense of Christian pacifism. His most influential book was The Politics of Jesus, which was first published in 1972. Yoder was a Mennonite and wrote from an Anabaptist perspective. He spent t... |
Noam Chomsky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky | Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cogn... |
Robert M. Pirsig | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Pirsig | Robert Maynard Pirsig (; September 6, 1928 – April 24, 2017) was an American writer and philosopher. He was the author of the philosophical novels Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974) and Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991), and he co-authored On Quality: An Inquiry Into Excellence: ... |
Bernard Williams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams | Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams, FBA (21 September 1929 – 10 June 2003) was an English moral philosopher. His publications include Problems of the Self (1973), Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), Shame and Necessity (1993), and Truth and Truthfulness (2002). He was knighted in 1999.
As Knightbridge Professor o... |
Jean Baudrillard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard | Jean Baudrillard (UK: BOHD-rih-yar, US: BOHD-ree-AR, French: [ʒɑ̃ bodʁijaʁ]; 27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) was a French sociologist, philosopher and poet with interest in cultural studies. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of c... |
Jürgen Habermas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas | Jürgen Habermas (UK: , US: ; German: [ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈhaːbɐmaːs] (listen); born 18 June 1929) is a German philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere.
Associated with the Frankfurt School, Habermas's work focuses on the ... |
Jaakko Hintikka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka | Kaarlo Jaakko Juhani Hintikka (12 January 1929 – 12 August 2015) was a Finnish philosopher and logician.
== Life and career ==
Hintikka was born in Helsingin maalaiskunta (now Vantaa).
In 1953, he received his doctorate from the University of Helsinki for a thesis entitled Distributive Normal Forms in the Calculus of... |
Alasdair MacIntyre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre | Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (; born 12 January 1929) is a Scottish-American philosopher who has contributed to moral and political philosophy as well as history of philosophy and theology. MacIntyre's After Virtue (1981) is one of the most important works of Anglophone moral and political philosophy in the 20th century... |
Pierre Bourdieu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu | Pierre Bourdieu (French: [buʁdjø]; 1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist and public intellectual. Bourdieu's contributions to the sociology of education, the theory of sociology, and sociology of aesthetics have achieved wide influence in several related academic fields (e.g. anthropology, media and... |
Jacques Derrida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida | Jacques Derrida (; French: [ʒak dɛʁida]; born Jackie Élie Derrida; 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in numerous texts, and which was developed through close readings of the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and Hu... |
Alvin Plantinga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga | Alvin Carl Plantinga (born November 15, 1932) is an American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of philosophy of religion, epistemology (particularly on issues involving epistemic justification), and logic.
From 1963 to 1982, Plantinga taught at Calvin University before accepting an appointment as t... |
Jerry Fodor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor | Jerry Alan Fodor (; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, and he is recognized as ... |
Ioanna Kuçuradi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0oanna_Ku%C3%A7uradi | Ioanna Kuçuradi (born October 4, 1936) is a Turkish philosopher from Istanbul. She is currently the president of Philosophical Society of Turkey and a full-time academic of Maltepe University.
== Biography ==
Kuçuradi was born on October 4, 1936 in Istanbul, Turkey. After finishing Zappeion Greek Gymnasium for Girls... |
Alain Badiou | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Badiou | Alain Badiou (; French: [alɛ̃ badju] (listen) ; born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Jean-François Lyotard. Badiou has written ab... |
Robert Nozick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick | Robert Nozick (; November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University, and was president of the American Philosophical Association. He is best known for his books Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Ra... |
Saul Kripke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke | Saul Aaron Kripke (; November 13, 1940 – September 15, 2022) was an American analytic philosopher and logician. He was Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and emeritus professor at Princeton University. Kripke is considered one of the most important philosophe... |
Jean-Luc Nancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy | Jean-Luc Nancy ( nahn-SEE, French: [ʒɑ̃lyk nɑ̃si]; 26 July 1940 – 23 August 2021) was a French philosopher. Nancy's first book, published in 1973, was Le titre de la lettre (The Title of the Letter, 1992), a reading of the work of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, written in collaboration with Philippe Lacoue-Labarth... |
David K. Lewis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher) | David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton University from 1970 until his death. He is closely associated with Australia, whose philosophi... |
Joxe Azurmendi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi | Joxe Azurmendi Otaegi (born 19 March 1941) is a Basque writer, philosopher, essayist and poet. He has published numerous articles and books on ethics, politics, the philosophy of language, technique, Basque literature and philosophy in general.He is member of Jakin and the director of Jakin irakurgaiak, a publishing ho... |
Antonio Escohotado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Escohotado | Antonio Escohotado Espinosa (5 July 1941 – 21 November 2021), commonly called Antonio Escohotado, was a Spanish philosopher, jurist, essayist and university professor. His life's work primarily focused on law, philosophy and sociology, yet extended to many other disciplines. Escohotado gained public renown for his rese... |
Derek Parfit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Parfit | Derek Antony Parfit (; 11 December 1942 – 1 or 2 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with ... |
Giorgio Agamben | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben | Giorgio Agamben ( ə-GAM-bən, Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo aˈɡamben]; born 22 April 1942) is an Italian philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception, form-of-life (borrowed from Ludwig Wittgenstein) and homo sacer. The concept of biopolitics (carried forth from the work of Michel Foucau... |
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak | Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 24 February 1942) is an Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic. She is a University Professor at Columbia University and a founding member of the establishment's Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.Considered one of the most influential postcolonial intelle... |
Peter Singer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer | Peter Albert David Singer (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher and the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching the subject from a secular, utilitarian perspective. He wrote the book Animal Liberation (1975), in which he argues for veg... |
Camille Paglia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia | Camille Anna Paglia (; born April 2, 1947) is an American feminist academic and social critic. Paglia has been a professor at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, since 1984. She is critical of many aspects of modern culture and is the author of Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to ... |
John Ralston Saul | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul | John Ralston Saul (born June 19, 1947) is a Canadian writer, political philosopher, and public intellectual. Saul is most widely known for his writings on the nature of individualism, citizenship and the public good; the failures of manager-led societies; the confusion between leadership and managerialism; military st... |
Martha Nussbaum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum | Martha Craven Nussbaum (; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman phi... |
Oruç Aruoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Aruoba | Oruç Aruoba (14 July 1948 – 31 May 2020), was a Turkish writer, poet, and philosopher.His research subjects were epistemology, ethics and the philosophers he was influenced by were Kant, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Marx, Heidegger and Wittgenstein. His work mostly takes the form of poetry, arguing that the human's connecti... |
Hans-Hermann Hoppe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe | Hans-Hermann Hoppe (; German: [ˈhɔpə]; born 2 September 1949) is a German-American economist of the Austrian School, philosopher and political theorist. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Senior Fellow of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and the founder and president of ... |
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