Brigham Young (; June 1, 1801August 29, 1877) was an American religious leader and politician. He was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1847 until his death in 1877. During his time as church president, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Salt Lake Valley. He founded Salt Lake City and served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also worked to establish the learning institutions that would later become the University of Utah and Brigham Young University. A polygamist, Young had at least 56 wives and 57 children. He instituted a ban prohibiting conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, and led the church in the Utah War against the United States.

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Big Audio Dynamite (later known as Big Audio Dynamite II and Big Audio, and often abbreviated BAD) were an English band, formed in London in 1984 by Mick Jones, former lead guitarist and co-lead vocalist of the Clash. The band mixed various musical styles, incorporating elements of punk rock, dance music, hip hop, reggae, and funk. After releasing a number of well-received studio albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Big Audio Dynamite broke up in 1997. In 2011, the band embarked on a reunion tour.

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A chordate ( ) is a deuterostomic animal belonging to the phylum Chordata ( ). All chordates possess, at some point during their larval or adult stages, five distinctive physical characteristics (synapomorphies) that distinguish them from other taxa. These five synapomorphies are a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. The name "chordate" comes from the first of these synapomorphies, the notochord, which plays a significant role in chordate body plan structuring and movements. Chordates are also bilaterally symmetric, have a coelom, possess an enclosed circulatory system, and exhibit metameric segmentation.

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Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games such as  (Chinese chess) and  (Japanese chess). The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, chaturanga, in seventh century India. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games played by millions of people worldwide.

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The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. The official print version is available from the Government Publishing Office. The Factbook is available in the form of a website that is partially updated every week. It is also available for download for use off-line. It provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 266 international entities, including U.S.-recognized countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.

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A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while the country of Wales is a component of a multi-part sovereign state, the United Kingdom. A country may be a historically sovereign area (such as Korea), a currently sovereign territory with a unified government (such as Senegal), or a non-sovereign geographic region associated with certain distinct political, ethnic, or cultural characteristics (such as the Basque Country).

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Communication is usually understood to be the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies.

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Canada has a vast geography that occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing a land border with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is to the northeast with a shared border on Hans Island. To the southeast Canada shares a maritime boundary with France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the last vestige of New France. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth, the difference being due to it having the world's largest proportion of fresh water lakes. Of Canada's thirteen provinces and territories, only two are landlocked (Alberta and Saskatchewan) while the other eleven all directly border one of three oceans.

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Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure, Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main driver of population growth is immigration, and to a lesser extent, natural growth.

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The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy, with the world's tenth-largest economy , and a nominal GDP of approximately . Canada is one of the world's largest trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion. Canada's exports totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States. In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion.  The Toronto Stock Exchange is the tenth-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over .

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Canada, the world's second-largest country in total area, is dedicated to having an efficient, high-capacity multimodal transportation spanning often vast distances between natural resource extraction sites, agricultural and urban areas. Canada's transportation system includes more than  of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports,  of functioning railway track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's mining and oil and gas extraction industries.

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Christianity () is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories. They believe that Jesus is the Son of God, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible (called the Old Testament in Christianity) and chronicled in the New Testament.

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Khmer (; , UNGEGN:  ) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people, and the official and national language of Cambodia. Khmer has been influenced considerably by Sanskrit and Pali, especially in the royal and religious registers, through Hinduism and Buddhism. It is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the Mon–Khmer family, predating Mon and Vietnamese, due to Old Khmer being the language of the historical empires of Chenla, Angkor and, presumably, their earlier predecessor state, Funan.

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Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country  mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Cúcuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by  mass immigration from Europe  and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of the various Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is the official language, although English and 64 other languages are recognized regionally.

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Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film directed by, produced by, and starring Orson Welles. Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz wrote the screenplay. The picture was Welles' first feature film. Citizen Kane is frequently cited as the greatest film ever made. For 50 consecutive years, it stood at number 1 in the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound decennial poll of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. The film was nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories and it won for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Mankiewicz and Welles. Citizen Kane is praised for Gregg Toland's cinematography, Robert Wise's editing, Bernard Herrmann's music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting.

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In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. An early example is an invention of language, which enabled a person, through speech, to communicate what they thought, saw, heard, or felt to others. But speech limits the range of communication to the distance a voice can carry and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered. The invention of writing, which converted spoken language into visual symbols, extended the range of communication across space and time.

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Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyians, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opecula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

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Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. The onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during episodes. It has historically been related to schizophrenia (catatonic schizophrenia), but catatonia is most often seen in mood disorders. It is now known that catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may be observed in other mental, neurological, and medical conditions. Catatonia is not a stand-alone diagnosis (although some experts disagree), and the term is used to describe a feature of the underlying disorder.

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a, a, a, abnormal, abnormal, acute, alone, although, and, and, and, and, and, are, be, be, been, behavioral, behaviors, but, by, can, can, catatonia, catatonia, catatonia, catatonia, catatonic, catatonic, change, characterized, complex, conditions, describe, diagnosis, disagree, disorder, disorders, during, episodes, experts, feature, has, historically, immobility, in, in, is, is, is, is, is, is, it, it, known, may, medical, mental, mood, most, movements, neurological, neuropsychiatric, nonspecific, not, now, observed, of, of, often, onset, or, or, other, related, schizophrenia, schizophrenia, seen, some, stand, subtle, symptoms, symptoms, syndrome, term, that, that, the, the, the, to, to, underlying, used, wane, wax, withdrawal

a, a, a, be, be, by, in, in, is, is, is, is, is, is, it, it, of, of, or, or, to, to, and, and, and, and, and, are, but, can, can, has, may, not, now, the, the, the, wax, been, mood, most, seen, some, term, that, that, used, wane, acute, alone, known, often, onset, other, stand, change, during, mental, subtle, complex, experts, feature, medical, related, abnormal, abnormal, although, describe, disagree, disorder, episodes, observed, symptoms, symptoms, syndrome, behaviors, catatonia, catatonia, catatonia, catatonia, catatonic, catatonic, diagnosis, disorders, movements, behavioral, conditions, immobility, underlying, withdrawal, nonspecific, historically, neurological, characterized, schizophrenia, schizophrenia, neuropsychiatric


Crony capitalism sometimes also called simply cronyism, is a pejorative term used in political discourse to describe a situation in which businesses profit from a close relationship with state power, either through an anti-competitive regulatory environment, direct government largesse, and/or corruption. Examples given for crony capitalism include obtainment of permits, government grants, tax breaks, or other undue influence from businesses over the state's deployment of public goods, for example, mining concessions for primary commodities or contracts for public works. In other words, it is used to describe a situation where businesses thrive not as a result of free enterprise, but rather collusion between a business class and the political class.

permits, or, from, between, used, deployment, businesses, mining, where, from, with, result, corruption, a, a, influence, a, as, contracts, breaks, thrive, collusion, it, simply, called, rather, which, public, used, direct, largesse, describe, regulatory, for, and, in, state, competitive, political, free, cronyism, a, government, goods, but, primary, s, undue, enterprise, business, grants, state, in, government, public, describe, of, in, for, environment, pejorative, profit, businesses, either, the, is, concessions, include, other, capitalism, example, for, a, the, to, close, through, over, crony, power, or, words, crony, discourse, to, not, relationship, given, situation, and, or, an, works, obtainment, tax, examples, other, class, class, of, also, sometimes, situation, anti, capitalism, political, for, term, businesses, a, commodities, of, is

a, a, a, a, a, a, also, an, and, and, anti, as, between, breaks, business, businesses, businesses, businesses, but, called, capitalism, capitalism, class, class, close, collusion, commodities, competitive, concessions, contracts, corruption, crony, crony, cronyism, deployment, describe, describe, direct, discourse, either, enterprise, environment, example, examples, for, for, for, for, free, from, from, given, goods, government, government, grants, in, in, in, include, influence, is, is, it, largesse, mining, not, obtainment, of, of, of, or, or, or, other, other, over, pejorative, permits, political, political, power, primary, profit, public, public, rather, regulatory, relationship, result, s, simply, situation, situation, sometimes, state, state, tax, term, the, the, thrive, through, to, to, undue, used, used, where, which, with, words, works

a, a, a, a, a, a, s, an, as, in, in, in, is, is, it, of, of, of, or, or, or, to, to, and, and, but, for, for, for, for, not, tax, the, the, also, anti, free, from, from, over, term, used, used, with, class, class, close, crony, crony, given, goods, other, other, power, state, state, undue, where, which, words, works, breaks, called, direct, either, grants, mining, profit, public, public, rather, result, simply, thrive, between, example, include, permits, primary, through, business, cronyism, describe, describe, examples, largesse, collusion, contracts, discourse, influence, political, political, situation, situation, sometimes, businesses, businesses, businesses, capitalism, capitalism, corruption, deployment, enterprise, government, government, obtainment, pejorative, regulatory, commodities, competitive, concessions, environment, relationship


A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States.

of, the, be, united, is, creative, that, limitations, gives, usually, to, on, copyright, in, is, a, distribute, form, the, not, time, perform, work, copy, considerations, its, work, an, intended, the, or, display, a, doctrine, interest, literary, right, subject, but, a, based, adapt, a, protect, the, to, fair, states, the, for, property, limited, use, a, form, creative, original, artistic, creative, public, idea, the, is, work, musical, idea, owner, type, and, a, in, expression, a, as, copyright, in, such, educational, itself, of, exclusive, copyright, of, the, intellectual, to, may

a, a, a, a, a, a, a, adapt, an, and, artistic, as, based, be, but, considerations, copy, copyright, copyright, copyright, creative, creative, creative, display, distribute, doctrine, educational, exclusive, expression, fair, for, form, form, gives, idea, idea, in, in, in, intellectual, intended, interest, is, is, is, its, itself, limitations, limited, literary, may, musical, not, of, of, of, on, or, original, owner, perform, property, protect, public, right, states, subject, such, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, time, to, to, to, type, united, use, usually, work, work, work

a, a, a, a, a, a, a, an, as, be, in, in, in, is, is, is, of, of, of, on, or, to, to, to, and, but, for, its, may, not, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, use, copy, fair, form, form, idea, idea, such, that, time, type, work, work, work, adapt, based, gives, owner, right, itself, public, states, united, display, limited, musical, perform, protect, subject, usually, artistic, creative, creative, creative, doctrine, intended, interest, literary, original, property, copyright, copyright, copyright, exclusive, distribute, expression, educational, limitations, intellectual, considerations


Catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: ), is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of two autonomous communities in eastern Spain: Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. It is also an official language in Valencia, where it is called Valencian. It has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero, and it is spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the eastern strip of Aragon and the Carche area in the Region of Murcia. The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the  or "Catalan Countries".

called, andorra, it, alghero, a, italian, two, of, official, it, the, spain, the, status, western, in, valencian, in, the, further, areas, it, catalan, in, the, also, spoken, an, catalan, strip, region, eastern, of, two, language, the, communities, language, in, carche, or, semi, the, community, is, spain, orientales, autonym, language, carche, of, department, in, language, autonym, balearic, as, in, the, an, is, in, france, it, often, and, known, comune, and, pyrénées, romance, territories, has, and, called, autonomous, and, in, valencia, of, islands, official, area, catalan, where, countries, is, is, are, eastern, is, eastern, of, murcia, it, official, and, catalonia, of, valencian, and, speaking, valencian, official, the, the, the, aragon

a, alghero, also, an, an, and, and, and, and, and, and, andorra, aragon, are, area, areas, as, autonomous, autonym, autonym, balearic, called, called, carche, carche, catalan, catalan, catalan, catalonia, communities, community, comune, countries, department, eastern, eastern, eastern, france, further, has, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, is, is, islands, it, it, it, it, it, italian, known, language, language, language, language, murcia, of, of, of, of, of, of, official, official, official, official, often, or, orientales, pyrénées, region, romance, semi, spain, spain, speaking, spoken, status, strip, territories, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, two, two, valencia, valencian, valencian, valencian, western, where

a, an, an, as, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, is, is, it, it, it, it, it, of, of, of, of, of, of, or, and, and, and, and, and, and, are, has, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, two, two, also, area, semi, areas, known, often, spain, spain, strip, where, aragon, called, called, carche, carche, comune, france, murcia, region, spoken, status, alghero, andorra, autonym, autonym, catalan, catalan, catalan, eastern, eastern, eastern, further, islands, italian, romance, western, balearic, language, language, language, language, official, official, official, official, pyrénées, speaking, valencia, catalonia, community, countries, valencian, valencian, valencian, autonomous, department, orientales, communities, territories


In computing and telecommunication, a control character or non-printing character (NPC) is a code point in a character set that does not represent a written character or symbol. They are used as in-band signaling to cause effects other than the addition of a symbol to the text. All other characters are mainly graphic characters, also known as printing characters (or printable characters), except perhaps for "space" characters. In the ASCII standard there are 33 control characters, such as code 7, , which rings a terminal bell.

control, character, not, for, other, are, computing, and, except, text, character, a, addition, standard, in, also, ascii, set, terminal, to, graphic, cause, that, characters, code, effects, the, used, characters, signaling, a, non, rings, characters, all, character, printing, or, printing, symbol, in, or, written, a, control, in, 33, symbol, bell, code, characters, npc, a, perhaps, a, to, of, as, character, other, as, does, or, they, in, known, there, characters, the, as, space, a, characters, such, than, represent, the, are, point, are, printable, band, is, telecommunication, mainly, 7, which

33, 7, a, a, a, a, a, a, addition, all, also, and, are, are, are, as, as, as, ascii, band, bell, cause, character, character, character, character, characters, characters, characters, characters, characters, characters, code, code, computing, control, control, does, effects, except, for, graphic, in, in, in, in, is, known, mainly, non, not, npc, of, or, or, or, other, other, perhaps, point, printable, printing, printing, represent, rings, set, signaling, space, standard, such, symbol, symbol, telecommunication, terminal, text, than, that, the, the, the, there, they, to, to, used, which, written

7, a, a, a, a, a, a, 33, as, as, as, in, in, in, in, is, of, or, or, or, to, to, all, and, are, are, are, for, non, not, npc, set, the, the, the, also, band, bell, code, code, does, such, text, than, that, they, used, ascii, cause, known, other, other, point, rings, space, there, which, except, mainly, symbol, symbol, control, control, effects, graphic, perhaps, written, addition, printing, printing, standard, terminal, character, character, character, character, computing, printable, represent, signaling, characters, characters, characters, characters, characters, characters, telecommunication


In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction. The reaction rates of the forward and backward reactions are generally not zero, but they are equal. Thus, there are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactants and products. Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium.

a, as, the, are, system, rate, chemical, are, state, products, no, zero, that, but, changes, reaction, state, equilibrium, are, proceeds, equal, which, and, and, the, state, have, tendency, concentrations, concentrations, forward, the, time, is, there, no, further, reactions, change, there, the, products, reaction, chemical, in, both, reactants, is, equilibrium, no, are, the, reactants, such, a, they, of, observable, reaction, is, forward, this, to, in, dynamic, rates, at, so, same, the, backward, not, change, reverse, net, the, the, the, of, results, when, reaction, of, known, with, thus, the, present, generally, properties, in, the, as, in, and, in, which

a, a, and, and, and, are, are, are, are, as, as, at, backward, both, but, change, change, changes, chemical, chemical, concentrations, concentrations, dynamic, equal, equilibrium, equilibrium, forward, forward, further, generally, have, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, known, net, no, no, no, not, observable, of, of, of, present, proceeds, products, products, properties, rate, rates, reactants, reactants, reaction, reaction, reaction, reaction, reactions, results, reverse, same, so, state, state, state, such, system, tendency, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, there, there, they, this, thus, time, to, when, which, which, with, zero

a, a, as, as, at, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, no, no, no, of, of, of, so, to, and, and, and, are, are, are, are, but, net, not, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, both, have, rate, same, such, that, they, this, thus, time, when, with, zero, equal, known, rates, state, state, state, there, there, which, which, change, change, system, changes, dynamic, forward, forward, further, present, results, reverse, backward, chemical, chemical, proceeds, products, products, reaction, reaction, reaction, reaction, tendency, generally, reactants, reactants, reactions, observable, properties, equilibrium, equilibrium, concentrations, concentrations


In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange. More formally, a k-combination of a set S is a subset of k distinct elements of S. So, two combinations are identical if and only if each combination has the same members. (The arrangement of the members in each set does not matter.) If the set has n elements, the number of k-combinations, denoted by  or , is equal to the binomial coefficient

k, arrangement, denoted, of, subset, selection, is, equal, k, of, orange, are, each, set, orange, to, elements, given, the, matter, an, drawn, in, a, is, pear, a, if, and, has, members, three, selection, s, combinations, the, unlike, permutations, that, say, an, an, a, the, each, elements, a, set, a, and, a, s, example, of, combination, are, order, a, an, there, set, an, of, that, two, binomial, from, formally, distinct, does, has, has, by, orange, members, is, matter, k, apple, be, such, this, that, same, in, or, the, from, two, can, three, coefficient, for, distinct, combination, and, the, and, not, of, combinations, a, mathematics, of, pear, an, more, not, the, if, items, of, apple, so, only, n, a, set, number, and, if, the, pear, combination, apple, combinations, or, of, fruits, does, identical, set, members

a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, an, an, an, an, an, an, and, and, and, and, and, apple, apple, apple, are, are, arrangement, be, binomial, by, can, coefficient, combination, combination, combination, combinations, combinations, combinations, denoted, distinct, distinct, does, does, drawn, each, each, elements, elements, equal, example, for, formally, from, from, fruits, given, has, has, has, identical, if, if, if, in, in, is, is, is, items, k, k, k, mathematics, matter, matter, members, members, members, more, n, not, not, number, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, only, or, or, orange, orange, orange, order, pear, pear, pear, permutations, s, s, same, say, selection, selection, set, set, set, set, set, so, subset, such, that, that, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, there, this, three, three, to, two, two, unlike

a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, k, k, k, n, s, s, an, an, an, an, an, an, be, by, if, if, if, in, in, is, is, is, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, or, or, so, to, and, and, and, and, and, are, are, can, for, has, has, has, not, not, say, set, set, set, set, set, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, two, two, does, does, each, each, from, from, more, only, pear, pear, pear, same, such, that, that, that, this, apple, apple, apple, drawn, equal, given, items, order, there, three, three, fruits, matter, matter, number, orange, orange, orange, subset, unlike, denoted, example, members, members, members, binomial, distinct, distinct, elements, elements, formally, identical, selection, selection, arrangement, coefficient, combination, combination, combination, mathematics, combinations, combinations, combinations, permutations


Computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. It involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. Programmers typically use high-level programming languages that are more easily intelligible to humans than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. Proficient programming usually requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, details of programming languages and generic code libraries, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.

easily, or, instructions, programming, languages, by, and, machine, languages, implementing, more, different, writing, or, specifications, composition, algorithms, of, typically, tasks, more, programming, of, can, processing, by, expertise, intelligible, designing, programming, central, of, generic, the, follow, domain, and, that, subjects, by, humans, libraries, which, unit, to, of, computers, to, programming, is, high, in, executed, computer, and, knowledge, requires, languages, use, proficient, application, programmers, perform, procedures, several, the, one, level, formal, are, programs, is, step, details, coding, directly, sequences, that, algorithms, involves, called, than, code, logic, including, it, of, specialized, the, usually, code, in, step, code, programming

algorithms, algorithms, and, and, and, application, are, by, by, by, called, can, central, code, code, code, coding, composition, computer, computers, designing, details, different, directly, domain, easily, executed, expertise, follow, formal, generic, high, humans, implementing, in, in, including, instructions, intelligible, involves, is, is, it, knowledge, languages, languages, languages, level, libraries, logic, machine, more, more, of, of, of, of, of, one, or, or, perform, procedures, processing, proficient, programmers, programming, programming, programming, programming, programming, programs, requires, sequences, several, specialized, specifications, step, step, subjects, tasks, than, that, that, the, the, the, to, to, typically, unit, use, usually, which, writing

by, by, by, in, in, is, is, it, of, of, of, of, of, or, or, to, to, and, and, and, are, can, one, the, the, the, use, code, code, code, high, more, more, step, step, than, that, that, unit, level, logic, tasks, which, called, coding, domain, easily, follow, formal, humans, central, details, generic, machine, perform, several, usually, writing, computer, directly, executed, involves, programs, requires, subjects, computers, designing, different, expertise, including, knowledge, languages, languages, languages, libraries, sequences, typically, algorithms, algorithms, procedures, processing, proficient, application, composition, programmers, programming, programming, programming, programming, programming, specialized, implementing, instructions, intelligible, specifications


Charlemagne ( ) or Charles the Great (, Frankish: Karl; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and was crowned as the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne succeeded in uniting the majority of western and central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire approximately three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was the Carolingian Empire, which is considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. He was canonized by Antipope Paschal III—an act later treated as invalid—and he is now regarded by some as beatified (which is a step on the path to sainthood) in the Catholic Church.

the, emperor, frankish, charlemagne, was, of, the, europe, state, uniting, empire, emperor, leo, majority, he, regarded, pope, karl, history, church, the, fall, of, dynasty, 2, empire, founded, lombards, as, from, beatified, on, by, considered, by, franks, which, in, carolingian, holy, treated, the, was, centuries, roman, first, some, the, a, as, the, iii, in, of, in, path, is, the, expanded, member, 747, empire, as, 28, phase, canonized, the, after, roman, iii, rule, king, carolingian, earlier, charles, he, now, 814, europe, a, from, of, the, antipope, crowned, approximately, april, of, january, to, paschal, the, charlemagne, the, is, first, an, the, was, and, step, and, that, and, which, or, and, central, sainthood, western, act, charlemagne, western, romans, was, in, the, later, king, the, from, of, is, western, to, the, was, invalid, 768, by, catholic, recognized, succeeded, 800, frankish, of, great, the, the, three, 774

2, 28, 747, 768, 774, 800, 814, a, a, act, after, an, and, and, and, and, antipope, approximately, april, as, as, as, beatified, by, by, by, canonized, carolingian, carolingian, catholic, central, centuries, charlemagne, charlemagne, charlemagne, charles, church, considered, crowned, dynasty, earlier, emperor, emperor, empire, empire, empire, europe, europe, expanded, fall, first, first, founded, frankish, frankish, franks, from, from, from, great, he, he, history, holy, iii, iii, in, in, in, in, invalid, is, is, is, january, karl, king, king, later, leo, lombards, majority, member, now, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, on, or, paschal, path, phase, pope, recognized, regarded, roman, roman, romans, rule, sainthood, some, state, step, succeeded, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, three, to, to, treated, uniting, was, was, was, was, was, western, western, western, which, which

2, a, a, 28, an, as, as, as, by, by, by, he, he, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, on, or, to, to, 747, 768, 774, 800, 814, act, and, and, and, and, iii, iii, leo, now, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, was, was, was, was, was, fall, from, from, from, holy, karl, king, king, path, pope, rule, some, step, that, after, april, first, first, great, later, phase, roman, roman, state, three, which, which, church, empire, empire, empire, europe, europe, franks, member, romans, central, charles, crowned, dynasty, earlier, emperor, emperor, founded, history, invalid, january, paschal, treated, uniting, western, western, western, antipope, catholic, expanded, frankish, frankish, lombards, majority, regarded, beatified, canonized, centuries, sainthood, succeeded, considered, recognized, carolingian, carolingian, charlemagne, charlemagne, charlemagne, approximately


Czechoslovakia (; Czech and , Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and Zaolzie to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies.

to, hungary, german, part, while, in, austria, exile, president, and, germany, landlocked, declared, the, 1918, czech, after, the, further, slovensko, sudetenland, agreement, territories, when, government, to, country, czechoslovak, its, the, in, sought, nazi, and, remaining, a, ruthenia, allies, ceased, former, state, the, 1939, in, part, world, carpathian, in, ii, 1938, independence, remainder, war, from, between, exist, the, and, lost, was, central, europe, in, bohemia, to, hungary, of, in, east, and, became, formed, and, from, of, slovakia, state, munich, the, the, beneš, 1939, territories, 1945, the, its, proclaimed, the, edvard, protectorate, lands, moravia, and, recognition, zaolzie, independence, hungary, created, outbreak, czech, was, the, hungary, poland, the, to, of, after, česko, as, became, poland, proclaimed, a, it, and, while, czechoslovakia, of, in, of

1918, 1938, 1939, 1939, 1945, a, a, after, after, agreement, allies, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, as, austria, became, became, beneš, between, bohemia, carpathian, ceased, central, country, created, czech, czech, czechoslovak, czechoslovakia, declared, east, edvard, europe, exile, exist, formed, former, from, from, further, german, germany, government, hungary, hungary, hungary, hungary, ii, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, independence, independence, it, its, its, landlocked, lands, lost, moravia, munich, nazi, of, of, of, of, of, outbreak, part, part, poland, poland, president, proclaimed, proclaimed, protectorate, recognition, remainder, remaining, ruthenia, slovakia, slovensko, sought, state, state, sudetenland, territories, territories, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, to, to, to, to, war, was, was, when, while, while, world, zaolzie, česko

a, a, as, ii, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, it, of, of, of, of, of, to, to, to, to, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, its, its, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, war, was, was, 1918, 1938, 1939, 1939, 1945, east, from, from, lost, nazi, part, part, when, after, after, beneš, czech, czech, exile, exist, lands, state, state, while, while, world, česko, allies, became, became, ceased, edvard, europe, formed, former, german, munich, poland, poland, sought, austria, between, bohemia, central, country, created, further, germany, hungary, hungary, hungary, hungary, moravia, zaolzie, declared, outbreak, ruthenia, slovakia, agreement, president, remainder, remaining, slovensko, carpathian, government, landlocked, proclaimed, proclaimed, recognition, sudetenland, territories, territories, czechoslovak, independence, independence, protectorate, czechoslovakia


Chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people.

central, people, landlocked, one, located, with, population, chari, 0, e, excess, ethnically, measuring, kilometer, to, tibesti, linguistically, itself, lives, the, region, densities, the, is, the, cosmopolitan, and, than, south, 54, france, is, a, desert, california, of, is, ranging, at, france, diverse, the, confluence, and, population, the, nearly, of, the, 000, than, twice, countries, and, situated, its, basin, n, which, size, logone, africa, logone, and, of, capital, is, in, current, northern, with, the, per, 700, size, more, rivers, persons, 47, ennedi, t, in, times, world, city, in, persons, djaména, in, in, of, the, in, slightly, from, of, the, of, borkou, chad, most, larger, in, the, north, river, of, square, three, b, nature, 1

0, 000, 1, 47, 54, 700, a, africa, and, and, and, and, at, b, basin, borkou, california, capital, central, chad, chari, city, confluence, cosmopolitan, countries, current, densities, desert, diverse, djaména, e, ennedi, ethnically, excess, france, france, from, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, is, its, itself, kilometer, landlocked, larger, linguistically, lives, located, logone, logone, measuring, more, most, n, nature, nearly, north, northern, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, one, people, per, persons, persons, population, population, ranging, region, river, rivers, situated, size, size, slightly, south, square, t, than, than, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, three, tibesti, times, to, twice, which, with, with, world

0, 1, a, b, e, n, t, 47, 54, at, in, in, in, in, in, in, in, is, is, is, is, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, to, 000, 700, and, and, and, and, its, one, per, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, chad, city, from, more, most, size, size, than, than, with, with, basin, chari, lives, north, river, south, three, times, twice, which, world, africa, borkou, desert, ennedi, excess, france, france, itself, larger, logone, logone, nature, nearly, people, region, rivers, square, capital, central, current, diverse, djaména, located, persons, persons, ranging, tibesti, northern, situated, slightly, countries, densities, kilometer, measuring, california, confluence, ethnically, landlocked, population, population, cosmopolitan, linguistically


The economy of Chad suffers from the landlocked country's geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructure, and political turmoil. About 85% of the population depends on agriculture, including the herding of livestock. Of Africa's Francophone countries, Chad benefited least from the 50% devaluation of their currencies in January 1994. Financial aid from the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and other sources is directed largely at the improvement of agriculture, especially livestock production. Because of lack of financing, the development of oil fields near Doba, originally due to finish in 2000, was delayed until 2003. It was finally developed and is now operated by ExxonMobil. In terms of gross domestic product, Chad ranks 147th globally with $11.051 billion dollars as of 2018.

is, francophone, and, in, of, drought, globally, because, devaluation, 147th, 1994, countries, population, aid, on, the, and, 11, largely, of, of, of, including, the, livestock, 051, finish, agriculture, 85, billion, 50, product, doba, directed, other, agriculture, domestic, development, the, s, was, the, of, in, is, chad, gross, herding, and, political, now, improvement, the, january, remoteness, 2018, world, 2000, due, dollars, production, delayed, about, the, of, with, from, lack, bank, to, lack, of, terms, bank, ranks, chad, financing, it, of, as, from, finally, suffers, from, livestock, africa, especially, 2003, the, was, oil, economy, the, least, the, by, of, s, turmoil, at, sources, in, fields, until, their, operated, geographic, of, benefited, african, landlocked, of, country, financial, chad, originally, developed, depends, currencies, development, infrastructure, of, near, exxonmobil

051, 11, 147th, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2018, 50, 85, about, africa, african, agriculture, agriculture, aid, and, and, and, as, at, bank, bank, because, benefited, billion, by, chad, chad, chad, countries, country, currencies, delayed, depends, devaluation, developed, development, development, directed, doba, dollars, domestic, drought, due, economy, especially, exxonmobil, fields, finally, financial, financing, finish, francophone, from, from, from, geographic, globally, gross, herding, improvement, in, in, in, including, infrastructure, is, is, it, january, lack, lack, landlocked, largely, least, livestock, livestock, near, now, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, oil, on, operated, originally, other, political, population, product, production, ranks, remoteness, s, s, sources, suffers, terms, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, their, to, turmoil, until, was, was, with, world

s, s, 11, 50, 85, as, at, by, in, in, in, is, is, it, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, of, on, to, 051, aid, and, and, and, due, now, oil, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, was, was, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2018, bank, bank, chad, chad, chad, doba, from, from, from, lack, lack, near, with, 147th, about, gross, least, other, ranks, terms, their, until, world, africa, fields, finish, african, because, billion, country, delayed, depends, dollars, drought, economy, finally, herding, january, largely, product, sources, suffers, turmoil, directed, domestic, globally, operated, benefited, countries, developed, financial, financing, including, livestock, livestock, political, currencies, especially, exxonmobil, geographic, landlocked, originally, population, production, remoteness, agriculture, agriculture, devaluation, development, development, francophone, improvement, infrastructure


Transport infrastructure within Chad is generally poor, especially in the north and east of the country.  River transport is limited to the south-west corner. As of 2011 Chad had no railways though two lines are planned - from the capital to the Sudanese and Cameroonian borders during the wet season, especially in the southern half of the country.  In the north, roads are merely tracks across the desert and land mines continue to present a danger.  Draft animals (horses, donkeys and camels) remain important in much of the country.

the, in, the, the, the, horses, season, half, is, of, are, country, west, are, donkeys, remain, of, country, the, and, during, capital, of, corner, no, lines, east, to, the, merely, in, infrastructure, sudanese, south, land, north, of, generally, and, to, though, river, animals, from, in, the, the, danger, as, a, roads, and, chad, 2011, wet, especially, camels, transport, especially, mines, and, transport, country, north, the, tracks, poor, railways, across, to, planned, two, in, within, draft, continue, chad, the, cameroonian, is, the, borders, much, limited, had, present, important, desert, southern

2011, a, across, and, and, and, and, animals, are, are, as, borders, camels, cameroonian, capital, chad, chad, continue, corner, country, country, country, danger, desert, donkeys, draft, during, east, especially, especially, from, generally, had, half, horses, important, in, in, in, in, infrastructure, is, is, land, limited, lines, merely, mines, much, no, north, north, of, of, of, of, planned, poor, present, railways, remain, river, roads, season, south, southern, sudanese, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, though, to, to, to, tracks, transport, transport, two, west, wet, within

a, as, in, in, in, in, is, is, no, of, of, of, of, to, to, to, and, and, and, and, are, are, had, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, two, wet, 2011, chad, chad, east, from, half, land, much, poor, west, draft, lines, mines, north, north, river, roads, south, across, camels, corner, danger, desert, during, horses, merely, remain, season, though, tracks, within, animals, borders, capital, country, country, country, donkeys, limited, planned, present, continue, railways, southern, sudanese, generally, important, transport, transport, especially, especially, cameroonian, infrastructure


The Chad National Army (; , ANT) consists of the five Defence and Security Forces listed in Article 185 of the Chadian Constitution that came into effect on 4 May 2018.  These are the National Army ((including Ground Forces, and Air Force), the National Gendarmerie), the National Police, the National and Nomadic Guard (GNNT) and the Judicial Police. Article 188 of the Constitution specifies that National Defence is the responsibility of the Army, Gendarmerie and GNNT, whilst the maintenance of public order and security is the responsibility of the Police, Gendarmerie and GNNT.

the, gendarmerie, and, force, the, that, national, chadian, of, these, effect, police, army, the, maintenance, the, including, national, national, ant, chad, security, national, the, forces, that, is, ground, national, is, constitution, five, the, 4, and, constitution, the, are, the, 2018, the, 185, defence, article, of, defence, national, and, responsibility, public, may, article, and, consists, the, and, listed, nomadic, police, army, responsibility, security, on, of, of, the, gnnt, order, 188, judicial, into, whilst, in, police, specifies, gnnt, gnnt, the, of, and, air, gendarmerie, gendarmerie, the, army, guard, forces, came, the, of, and

185, 188, 2018, 4, air, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, ant, are, army, army, army, article, article, came, chad, chadian, consists, constitution, constitution, defence, defence, effect, five, force, forces, forces, gendarmerie, gendarmerie, gendarmerie, gnnt, gnnt, gnnt, ground, guard, in, including, into, is, is, judicial, listed, maintenance, may, national, national, national, national, national, national, nomadic, of, of, of, of, of, of, on, order, police, police, police, public, responsibility, responsibility, security, security, specifies, that, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, these, whilst

4, in, is, is, of, of, of, of, of, of, on, 185, 188, air, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, ant, are, may, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, 2018, army, army, army, came, chad, five, gnnt, gnnt, gnnt, into, that, that, force, guard, order, these, effect, forces, forces, ground, listed, police, police, police, public, whilst, article, article, chadian, defence, defence, nomadic, consists, judicial, national, national, national, national, national, national, security, security, including, specifies, gendarmerie, gendarmerie, gendarmerie, maintenance, constitution, constitution, responsibility, responsibility


The foreign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former Chadian President Idriss Déby. Chad is officially non-aligned but has close relations with France, the former colonial power. Relations with neighbouring Libya, and Sudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittent proxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

intermittent, is, officially, the, proxy, are, chadian, vary, support, chadian, sudan, and, with, countries, and, for, regime, of, by, those, déby, industry, relations, its, idriss, france, neighbouring, enjoys, the, waged, former, and, non, two, with, idris, influenced, déby, with, from, periodically, neighbouring, libya, the, states, relations, sudan, desire, close, lately, power, revenue, oil, chad, generally, war, president, significantly, with, foreign, colonial, chad, has, aside, former, chad, but, relations, good, in, investment, oil, for, aligned, relations, the, an

aligned, an, and, and, and, are, aside, but, by, chad, chad, chad, chadian, chadian, close, colonial, countries, desire, déby, déby, enjoys, for, for, foreign, former, former, france, from, generally, good, has, idris, idriss, in, industry, influenced, intermittent, investment, is, its, lately, libya, neighbouring, neighbouring, non, of, officially, oil, oil, periodically, power, president, proxy, regime, relations, relations, relations, relations, revenue, significantly, states, sudan, sudan, support, the, the, the, the, those, two, vary, waged, war, with, with, with, with

an, by, in, is, of, and, and, and, are, but, for, for, has, its, non, oil, oil, the, the, the, the, two, war, chad, chad, chad, déby, déby, from, good, vary, with, with, with, with, aside, close, idris, libya, power, proxy, sudan, sudan, those, waged, desire, enjoys, former, former, france, idriss, lately, regime, states, aligned, chadian, chadian, foreign, revenue, support, colonial, industry, countries, generally, president, relations, relations, relations, relations, influenced, investment, officially, intermittent, neighbouring, neighbouring, periodically, significantly


A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloidal suspension refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). The dispersed phase particles have a diameter of approximately 1 nanometre to 1 micrometre.

phase, a, mixture, the, particles, a, substances, suspended, include, a, suspension, definition, the, of, from, suspension, the, continuous, and, of, the, substance, term, a, to, in, although, another, phase, phase, must, that, consisting, suspension, to, others, particles, the, to, colloid, gels, of, particles, dispersed, microscopically, by, a, insoluble, nanometre, like, dispersed, while, approximately, extend, is, the, is, unambiguously, size, in, refers, throughout, colloid, has, larger, liquid, distinguished, a, a, specify, colloids, dispersed, sense, mixture, colloidal, overall, of, word, particles, micrometre, the, substance, narrower, medium, the, have, definitions, aerosols, which, is, dispersed, and, some, be, a, suspended, 1, one, particle, 1, diameter

1, 1, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, aerosols, although, and, and, another, approximately, be, by, colloid, colloid, colloidal, colloids, consisting, continuous, definition, definitions, diameter, dispersed, dispersed, dispersed, dispersed, distinguished, extend, from, gels, has, have, in, in, include, insoluble, is, is, is, larger, like, liquid, medium, micrometre, microscopically, mixture, mixture, must, nanometre, narrower, of, of, of, of, one, others, overall, particle, particles, particles, particles, particles, phase, phase, phase, refers, sense, size, some, specify, substance, substance, substances, suspended, suspended, suspension, suspension, suspension, term, that, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, throughout, to, to, to, unambiguously, which, while, word

1, 1, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, be, by, in, in, is, is, is, of, of, of, of, to, to, to, and, and, has, one, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, from, gels, have, like, must, size, some, term, that, word, phase, phase, phase, sense, which, while, extend, larger, liquid, medium, others, refers, another, colloid, colloid, include, mixture, mixture, overall, specify, aerosols, although, colloids, diameter, narrower, particle, colloidal, dispersed, dispersed, dispersed, dispersed, insoluble, nanometre, particles, particles, particles, particles, substance, substance, suspended, suspended, consisting, continuous, definition, micrometre, substances, suspension, suspension, suspension, throughout, definitions, approximately, distinguished, unambiguously, microscopically